Pharmacognostic Characterization and Comparative TLC Fingerprinting of Siphonodon celastrineus Griff. and Suregada multiflora (A. Juss) Baill. Heartwoods: Toward Ethnomedicinal Validation and Herbal Standardization

This study aimed to establish standards and perform a pharmacognostic analysis to compare of Siphonodon celastrineus Griff. (Ma Duuk) and Suregada multiflora (A. Juss.) Baill. (Khuan Thong Phayabaht) heartwood. Botanical characteristics, physicochemical properties, and TLC fingerprints were evaluated. Both species exhibited unique macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, with variations in bark texture and heartwood color. TLC fingerprints provide distinctive chromatographic profiles, enabling authentication. This study also established a limitation for the ethanolic-soluble extractive of both herbs at not less than 3% (w/w). The limitations of water-soluble extractive content of S. celastrineus Griff. and S. multiflora (A. Juss) Baill. were determined to be not less than 5% and 3% (w/w), respectively. The findings support the establishment of quality control criteria for the heartwood of S. celastrineus Griff. and S. multiflora (A. Juss) Baill., contributing to their potential inclusion in the Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia and validating their ethnomedical use.