Importance of Cinnamomum Tamala in the Treatment of Various Diseases

Cinnamomum tamala (C. tamala) is a multipurpose valued, Perennial plant. It is commonly known as Tezpat/ Tezapatta or Indian Cassia and Indian bay leaf. Its belongs to Lauraceae Family.1 It is mainly found in moist slopes of Himalayan regions at height up to 900m to 2500m. Regions like uttrakhand, Manipur, nainital, Himachal Pradesh, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and some hills area includes mikir hill, garo hill, khasi hill, nilgiri hill jaintia hill and also found some regions of india, Nepal, Bhutan, China.2-4 The plant contains a up to 7-12m height, rugged bark which is dark brown to reddish brown in colour. And the leaf of the plant is thickened, ovate shaped and glossy in appearance. It is commonly used for its aromatic property in food, used in some perfumery industry for fragrance, used in pharmaceutical industries because it possess many medicinal property5,6 and leaves extract of plant is used as clarifier in dyeing method. In anient time the plant parts are also used in ayurveda system of medicine for preparation of Ayurvedic formulations includes Sudarshan choorna, chandraprabhavati.7 The plant possess a various pharmacological/ medicinal property useful for cure and treat various diseases due to the presence of many major bioactive constituents such as:-

limonene, eugenol (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyallylbenzene), methyl eugenol, methyl ether eugenol and eugenol acetate. [8][9][10][11] In the evaluation of leaf oil of plant the study found that plant leaf oil possess a major bioactive compound includes Furanogermenone, β-caryophyllene, germacerene d, curcumenol, curzerenone, furanodiene, furanodienone, and contains a rich amount of sesquiterpenoids compounds, and mainly contains some other phytochemical compounds cinnamaldehyde, eugenol,α-linalool, carophyllene oxide, geraniol, Benzaldehyde, 1,8-cineole, Salicylaldehyde, γ-terpinene, acetophenone, cis-sabinene hydrate, trans-sabinene hydrate, 3-phenyl propanala, Pinocarvone, borneol, 2-methylbenzofuran, tepinen-4-ol, p-cymen-8-ol, α-terpineol, bornyl acetate, cinnamyl alcohol, hydrocinnamyl acetate, cinnamyl acetate, cinnamic acid, coumarin, cinnamyl acetate, α-humulene, nerolidol, spathulenol, Monoterpenoid Hydrocarbons, Oxygenated Monoterpenes, Sesquiterpens Hydrocarbons, Oxygenated Sesquiterpens, Phenylpropanoids and also includes in small quantity of α -humulene, α -muurolene. 1,8,3,9 Numerous researchers study shown that the tejpatta possess a various pharmacological activity such as anti-hyperlipidemic activity, anti-diabetic activity, gastro protective activity, anti-helminthic/ antiprotozoal activity, anti-inflammatory property, antiemetic activity, anti-diarrhoeal, antifungal activity, it shown potent antibacterial property against various micro-organism such as Escherichia coli (E.Coli), Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, anti-oxidant property, free radical scavenging activity also exhibit CNS protective activity like anticonvulsant, hypothermic activity. The extract of plant reduces the oxidative damage and useful for the protective against renal toxicity induced by gentamicin etc. and useful for treat various diseases includes anal and rectal disease, protective against flatulence, cancer, coryza (inflammation in mucous membrane), anorexia, liver and spleen diseases, prevent bleeding (used as a coagulanting agent), cardio vascular diseases and used for induce blood circulation. leaves oil is useful for dermatophytic infection. [10][11][12] Tejpatta leaves is commonly used in foods, beverages, pickles, meats, fast foods, chewing gums as a flavouring agents, 6 it is also exhibit a mouth freshening property. It is a natural food preservative agent used in some juices like pineapple juice. In another hand the plant possess many other beneficial effect against nematode worms (used as nematicidal), useful to kill the insects in crops (insecticidal), exhibits mosquito larvicidal activity (kill mosquito/larvae), useful for pest control in field, used as anti-termitic agent (Table 1) All parts of plant possess a various different property which is useful for treat and cure many disease and contains a many major bioactive compounds and various pharmacological activity and also used as a commonly in spices , flavouring agent it is aromatic in nature (possess pleasant odour) and clove like taste. Some morphological properties of plant parts are discussed in below ( Figure 1 and Table 2).

Used Plant Parts: -Bark, Leaves, Fruit, Flowers, Seeds etc.
Bark:-The plant contains a up to 7m height, branches up to 95cm width, rugged bark which is greyish red to dark brown in colour. Bark of the plant produces a mucilage/gum.
Leaves:-Leaves of the plant is thickened, pointed/acuminate ovate shape. It is 12-20cm long, 5-8cm wide (centre), Progeny/Young leaves are reddish pink in colour and after some time leaves colour is change (dark green), glossy appearance. leaves of the plant consist a 3 nerves like line from the base to top. The taste of leaves is clove like and odour is pepper like.    Fruit:-the plant ripe fruit is dark purple colour, ovate drupe (fruit with thin skin and they contain a seed), the plant contains a drupe up to13mm long and the fruit required a seed for 1 year attaining full growth. The fruit contain a single seed.

Flowering & Fruiting Time:-The flowering period of the plant is
March last week to mid-April and fruiting period of plant is April -May.
TRADITIONAL USE OF C.TAMALA 5,6,14 The plant is used in many years ago in Indian system, ayurvedic system and also traditionally system for its medicinal property , aromatic property and used as a flavouring agent in food detail discussed in below:- • In traditionally tejpatta is used in food, beverages, fast food, pickle used as a flavouring agent or as a spices and also useful for its aromatic property.
• The presence of flavouring agent, mouth refreshning property the plant is also used in chewing gums and also beneficial for breath problems.
• Tejpatta powder is used for some dental problems like reducing tooth pain.
• Traditionally the plant is useful for the treatment of many diseases and disorders includes colon cancer, Diabetes, cardiac disease, CNS disorders, bleeding disorder (useful for increase blood circulation in uterus) and it is also useful in appetite problem, mouth problems like dryness of mouth, unpleasant/poor breath problem, rheumatism, etc.

CNS Disorders (Depression, anxiety)
Numerous researchers reports shown that the extract of plant possess anti-depressant effect same as imipramine (antidepressant drug) at proper dose administration (400 mg/kg) and in another hand the studied found that plant possess beneficial effect against anxiety disorder (used as a anti-anxiety/anxiolytic agent) and also useful for the treatment or management of psychological disorders. 2

Useful for the prevention of Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases
Leaves Extract of c. tamala possess GI protective activity. In the evaluation of study, the orally administration of leaves extract of plant in rats at proper dose level 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg (Body weight) for 5 day daily twice time. Result found that the extract of plant is effective against cold restraint stress, ethanol, pylorus ligation (increase acid secretion in stomach) which induced gastric ulcer.
In other words, say that the leaves extract of plant is useful for the prevention of gastric ulcer. 3

Useful for the prevention of Renal/nephrotic diseases
According to Authors c.tamala leaves extract possess renal protective effect against renal toxicity/nephro toxicity induced by gentamicin in rabbit. In Evaluation of study through various histopathological examination/test were measured such as serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, uric acid, volume of urine, blood urea nitrogen, body weight and excretion of urinary protein.
In study ' A' group rabbits treated with gentamicin. result showed that kidney damage through increase level of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, uric acid, increase level of urinary protein and also increases body weight. But In another hand 'B' group rabbits are treated with gentamicin and tejpatta they shown beneficial effect against kidney and shown no any harmful effect against renal function at administration of proper dose level 200 mg/kg per day. Hence, the study proves that the plant leaves extract is useful and possess significant effect against nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin. 3

C. tamala is useful for the treatment of cancer
The tejpatta plant leaves extract contains a various major bioactive constituents such as bornyl acetate which is useful against cancer (ovarian cancer). Study found that these major bioactive constituent possess cytotoxic effect against cancer cell and decreases the prostate growth and inhibit/reduces the growth of no. of abnormal cell (hyperplastic) and also possess anti-inflammatory activity. 2

Useful for the treatment of diabetes
Numerous researchers studied shown that the plant extract contains many phytochemical constituents (procyanidins) which is effective against diabetes/ hyperglycaemia by increasing insulin level through treating pancreatic β-cells.
Ethanolic extract of the leaves of this plant also shown hypoglycaemic activity through increasing insulin level and also enhance the oral glucose tolerance by inducing the insulin level. Hence, the study proves that the plant possess anti-hyperglycaemic activity by reducing glucose level and induce insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells. It possess potent effect against diabetes. 2 In another study found that the diabetic patient recover delay wound/ cuts or any inflammation due to the presence of high glucose level in blood. The plant extract also contains many phenolic compounds; flavonoids may be due to the presence of thise compounds they possess wound healing activity. 15

Ulcer Preventive
The leaves extract (hydro alcoholic) of C.tamala shown protective effect against ulcer. They protect the gastric mucous membrane from secretion of harmful chemicals, stress/pressure, and any cause of ulcer. These extract is useful for block the hydrogen, potassium, ATPase activity and they inhibit/reduce gastric acid secretion. Hence, this shown that the extract of plant is useful for the treatment of ulcer. 16 Other Diseases • Malarial disease the leaves extract (hydro-alcoholic) of c. tamala possess inhibitory/protective effect against malaria pathogen (plasmodium falciparum) and also useful for the treatment of malaria. 17 • Food borne diseases the c. tamala leaves oil possess a antifungal activity against many fungi such as Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, Candida albicans, Rhizopus stolonifer and Penicillium spp which cause food spoilage and induce the risk of food borne diseases/food poisoning. In this study researchers found that c.tamala plant useful for inhibit the the growth of fungi which cause food spoilage and prevent food borne disease. 2 Important Pharmacological activity

C. tamala possess wound Healing Activity
According to researchers study reports that tejpatta leaves ethanolic extract are possess wound healing property and Earlier study shown the high glucose level cause the delay recovery of wounds and any incision.
These evaluation of study found in diabetic rat through administration of ethanol extract of leaves tejpatta they promote wound healing activity by reducing glucose level in blood, increase contraction of wound/cuts and also possess increased tensile strength. The plant possess this action due to the presence of many bioactive constituents includes phenolic compounds, tannins etc. 6,18 Useful for anti-inflammatory Activity The leaves powder of tejpatta extracted with distilled water through hot maceration method. These aqueous extract useful for anti-inflammatory activity. The administration of dose (100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, and 400 mg/ kg) in rats and induced paw oedema in rat through carrageenan and acetic acid is used in rat for vascular permeability. The plant extract Anti-inflammatory activity is evaluated through membrane stabilizing property. The aqueous extract inhibit or reduce the oedema in rat induced by carrageenan and also decrease/inhibit vascular permeability induced by acetic acid and the study also found that the In vitro administration of plant extract possess membrane stabilizing activity in conc. Dose dependent manner up to (1mg/ml). 19 Plant possess skin whitening property (anti tyrosinase activity) The plant exhibit many major bioactive constituents which possess skin whitening property. Compounds are: -cis-2-methoxycinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde.
These compounds inhibits the activity of tyrosinase enzyme (enzyme is responsible for the production of melanin and other pigments). 2

C. tamala possess antifungal activity
Numerous researchers study reports that used in agar diffusion evaluation for these study. leaves oil of this plant are possess potent anti fungal activity against many fungi such as Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, Candida albicans, Rhizopus stolonifer and Penicillium spp. And leaves oil also useful for the food spoilage.

C. tamala possess antibacterial activity
The bark extract of the tejpatta is a good source for antibacterial effect and the evaluation is done through using agar diffusion method. And these study show that the plant bark extract is possess anti-bacterial activity. 16 Ethanobotanical uses 1,19 • Bark and dried leaves powder are used for reducing fever, anaemia (lack of blood), unpleasant body odour, bad mouth odour and the plant seed powder are combined with honey prescribed for children in purpose of diarrhoea, cough problem.
• The plant possess aromatic property due to the presence of its property it is useful in perfumery industry and also useful in preparation of soaps, detergents, cosmetics, toothpaste etc and also useful in food industry as a spice.
• C.tamala plant parts are useful for preparation of some ayurvedic formulation like Sudarshan churna, Chandraprabhavati etc.
• Leaves extract of plant used as a clarifier in dyeing method with emblic myrobalans. C.tamala plant is also used as a food, fodder, medicine etc. Numerous study shown that the plant leaves is also use for its green dyeing property.