Essential Oil and Anatomical Study of Flowers Solidago caucasica

Introduction: Plant Solidago caucasica Kem.-Nath. (Asteraceae) is studied by us for the first time. We have established its diuretic and antimicrobial action. The study of essential oil and the anatomical structure of S. caucasica flowers is presented for the first time in this article. Materials and Methods: S. caucasica flowers were collected at the beginning of flowering in the botanical garden of the Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute. Essential oil was obtained by hydro distillation. The component composition of the essential oil was studied by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results: The main components of essential oil and microscopic diagnostic signs of S. caucasica flowers were established. Solidago caucasica flowers contain 0.57% essential oil. It contains humulene epoxide H (-)-spathulenol, β-linalool, α-terpinol, trans-geraniol, carvacrol and others. Numerous pappus hairs meet in the microscopy of the flower. Ligulate florets are characterized by round chromoplasts, covering trichomes multicellular. Epidermal cells of the tubular florets have polygonal chromoplasts, trichomes, consisting of several cells fused with each other, covering trichomes with a thick wall and a thin cavity inside. On the epidermis of the involucre there are stomata of anomocytic type, glandular trichomes, trichomes cone-shaped, trichomes wide and essential oil glands. Conclusion: The obtained standards will provide referential information for correct identification, purity, standardization and preparation of monograph of S. caucasica.


INTRODUCTION
We first explored Solidago caucasica Kem.-Nath (Goldenrod сaucasian).Earlier in the grass of this plant, we found flavonoids (rutin, vicenin, hesperidin), coumarins (umbelliferone, esculetin, dihydrocoumarin), phenol carboxylic acids (gallic, chicory, chlorogenic and caffeic acid), 1 tannins, organic acids (citric, malic and succinic acid), triterpene glycosides (oleanolic acid), 2 carbohydrates, 3 fatty acids, polyhydric alcohols and their derivatives, amino acids.In the rhizomes with roots of S. caucasica were found phenolic carboxylic acids, tannins, polyacetylene compounds, triterpene glycosides, carbohydrates and amino acids. 2 We established the diuretic and antimicrobial activity of the herb extract of S. caucasica. 2However, according to literature data, flowers of another species, S. virgaurea L., also have a diverse chemical composition (flavonoids, phenol carboxylic acids, coumarins, essential oils, triterpenoids) and are used in folk medicine as a diuretic and wound healing agent. 4In connection with the above, a more detailed study of S. caucasica flowers is necessary.2015 in the botanical garden of the Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute. 5(Figure 1).
The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus, hexane was used as the trap.The studies were carried out on chromatography-mass spectrograph an «Agilent Technolog» 6850/5973, HP-5MS capillary quartz column (30.0 m long, 250 μm in diameter).Analysis conditions: helium carrier gas, carrier gas flow rate 1.2 ml / min, column temperature is programmed from 60°C to 280°C at a rate of 20 degrees per minute, sample volume 1 μl, route of administration: without dividing the flow.Mass spectrometric detection conditions: the analysis was performed in a full ion current scan (SCAN); ion source temperature 230°C, analyzer temperature 150°C, mass range m/z 41-650 u.; voltage: the result of the automatic tuning for perfluorobutylamine in the ATUNE + 100kV mode.The identification of the substances was carried out by comparing the mass spectra with standard library spectra WILEY, NIST08 and NIST02.
The anatomical structure of S. caucasica flowers is considered in accordance with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia XIII. 6The material was fixed in the system ethyl alcohol-glycerol-water in the ratio 1: 1: 1.
Anatomical study of flowers.There are numerous pappus hairs (bristly structures) consisting of the hairs of different length which have grown together with the free pointed ends (Figure 2-A).The cells of the epidermis of ligulate florets are rectangular, the cell walls are straight or slightly sinuous, the thickening is uniform, the chromoplasts are rounded (Figure 2-B).The сuticle transversely wrinkled, the stomata absent (Figure 2-C).On the ligulate florets there are covering trichomes multicellular, the walls of the hairs are thin, the surface is smooth (Figure 2-D).The epidermis of tubular florets consists of cells of rectangular form (Figure 3-A), the cell walls are straight or slightly sinuous, a thickening is uniform and the chromoplasts are polygonal (Figure 3-C).The сuticle transversely wrinkled, the stomata absent (Figure 3-B).At the edge of the flower are trichomes, consisting of several cells fused with each other (Figure 3-D).There are numerous covering trichomes with a thick wall and a thin cavity inside.Some covering trichomes are two-pointed (Figure 3-E).The pollen grains is rounded, surface prickly, three-barbed (Figure 3-F).Cells of the epidermis of the involucre are also rectangular form, the cell walls are straight or slightly sinuous, the сuticle transversely wrinkled.There are numerous stomata.The stomata belongs to anomocytic type.Cells of the stomata are lenticular or spherical.The stomata are located on the same level as the epidermis.Glandular trichomes have a unicellular stem with a single-, two-celled head (Figure 4-A).On the edge of the flower are papillate outgrowths.On the surface there are covering trichomes -simple expanding cone-shaped hairs (Figure 4-B).At the edge of the involucre are wide trichomes (Figure 4-C).Essential oil glands such as Asteraceae (Figure 4-D).

DISCUSSION
Thus, the main components of the essential oil of S. caucasica flowers are humulene epoxide and (-) -spathulenol.The main anatomical signs of S. caucasica flowers are: essential oil glands on the epidermis of the involucre; Covering trichomes multicellular on the ligulate florets; trichomes of tubular florets, consisting of several cells fused with each other; the pollen grains is rounded, surface prickly, three-barbed; trichomes of involucre; numerous pappus hairs.

CONCLUSION
The present study deals with the pharmacognostic evaluation of S. caucasica.The morphological and microscopical characters of plant and pow-der were studied.The present study will provide useful information for correct identification, purity and standardization of plant.In addition the results of the present study could be useful for preparation of a monograph of the S. caucasica.