Comparative Micromorphological Investigations of Red Godji Berries ( Lycium barbarum L . ) and Black Godji Berries

The comparative morphological and anatomical research of the fruits and seeds of two species of the genre Lycium is conducted. An objective of this research was carrying out comparative studying of anatomical diagnostic signs of fruits of a red Godji berries (Lycium barbarum L.) and black Godjy berries (Lycium ruthenicum Murr.) for establishment of authenticity of medicinal vegetable raw materials. This work is a fragment of complex researches of plants of flora of the North Caucasus and also introduced species. Because of the conducted comparative this research the main signs allowing to carry out identification of medicinal vegetable raw materials both in integral and in the crushed look are revealed. The conducted researches can be used further for development of normative documentation on raw materials of these species.

neuropathy are conducted.Goji berries are applied at therapy of diseases of the central nervous system, including to prophylaxis of Alzheimer's disease. 12,13he received researches can be interesting further at prophylaxis of degenerative diseases of nervous system.Existence of anthocyanins, including derivants of a delphinidine is characteristic of Lycium ruthenicum (black goji berries). 9,23For both types of Lycium barbarum L. and L. ruthenicum Murr.existence of carotenoids is characteristic. 6,8Cholagogue, laxative action of fruits of a black godjy berries is characteristic.Fruits of L. ruthenicum Murr.are applied at diseases of the alimentary system and respiratory failure. 26,27n the Russian Federation there is no normative documentation on a red goji berries (Lycium barbarum L.) and to a black goji berries (Lycium ruthenicum murr.), these plants are not brought in the State Pharmacopoeia of Russia.For use in pharmaceutical practice of new types of medicinal vegetable raw materials, work on development of indexes of authenticity and high quality for creation in the subsequent normative documentation must be carried out.Purpose: Comparative studying of anatomical diagnostic signs of fruits of a red goji berries (Lycium barbarum L.) and black goji berries (Lycium ruthenicum Murr.) for identification, the characteristic, estab-lishment of authenticity of raw materials.This work is a fragment of complex researches of plants of flora of the North Caucasus and the introduced species growing in the territory of reserves and botanical gardens. 7,17,18,22,29,30bjects: Berries of a red goji berries (Lycium barbarum) introduced in the territory of a botanical garden of the Mountain State Agricultural University (MSAU) of Vladikavkaz RSO-Alania and the berries of a black goji berries (Lycium ruthenicum) picked in wild-growing flora in Apsheronsky District in the valley of the river Tugchay.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The genre Lycium includes more than 90 species among which galophytes occur.1] Red goji berries (Lycium barbarum L.) -long-term branchy bush 2-2,5 m high of family Solanaceae.Escapes are numerous the lengthiest, thin, on the ends hanging, light yellow with short, 6-15 mm long, thin, usually neodeciduous lateral prickles.Prickles represent the modified shortened escapes.Kidneys are small, often individual, with silvery renal the parts hidden under bark hardly noticeable from under the cracked stalk false skin.The sheet hem is poorly noticeable, with one sheet trace.Leaves only on growth escapes, individual, other in bunches on some from the kidneys shortened, which are not developing interstices of escapes side the lateral.From above leaves green, from below glaucescent, with side veins, tightly inverse lanceolate, elliptic lanceolate or narrow and elliptic, with the blunt, sharp or pointed top and tightly clinoid basis, is insensitive passing into a scape.The sheet plate 2-3 cm long and 2,5-8 mm wide, on the dolychoblast at cultural plants reaches 6 cm long and 3 cm wide and usually has the lanceolate form.The scape is 3-5 times shorter than a plate.Flowers pale violet, on the lengthiest up reinforced pedicels 5-15 mm long, on 1-4 in bosoms of leaves.Calice 4-5 mm long, campanulated, it is to the middle more deeply cut on 2-3 unequal shares, edges of shares or waves usually smooth, only on a tip felt are rarer 4-5-gear.The nimbus 11-15 mm long, funnel-shaped, with the tube considerably exceeding longwise bending in the bottom narrow cylindrical, then gradually funnel-shaped and expanded, outside of naked, is higher than attachment of stamens with a pilar and felt ring inside.Corolle is five-partite, light, pink or it is violet -pink, with more dark veins and the bases of shares.Bending shares ovoid, in the bottom quickly reduced to the basis, it is frequent with ears, on edge with infrequent cilia.Threads of stamens are attached near the middle of a tube and from the basis or a little above throughout 1-1,25 mm are very densely trimmed circle the lengthiest hairs.From five stamens two-three are equal to a nimbus, the others are a little shorter than it.The column is a little longer than stamens.Fruit -berry red, oblong and ovoid, blunt or sharp, 8-18 mm long, 5-10 mm wide.Blossoms from June to September.Fruits ripen in July-October.The natural area of growth of a look is limited to areas of Central China.(Figure 1) In Central Russia grows run wild mainly in the black earth belt.Grows on slopes, breaks, gardens, waste grounds of the Belgorod, Bryansk, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk and Tambov regions, sometimes runs wild 2,11,20,[24][25][26] Black godji berries (Lycium ruthenicum Murr.) -a bush, 50-200 cm high with the knotty, spread wide, naked, prickly, yellow-white branches.Escapes are robust, yellow-white, seated by styliform short prickles, up to 20 mm long.The branches which are spread wide, bearing short leafless prickles and the numerous prickly pointed escapes.Prickles are leafless, thin, the lengthiest 3-20 mm.Ash-gray bark.Kidneys with several external flakes, shallow.Leaves are simple, gray, pulpy, almost sedentary, mostly linaire, blunt, 0,5-3,5 cm of the lengthiest and 0,7-3 mm wide, strongly vary in a form.Flowers pink, located in bosoms of leaves, simple or on 2-3 in the bunches located on both parties of prickles or rather short prickly branches on pedicels 4-8 mm long.The calice is campanulated, with 2-3 unequal blades, seldom unequal 5-gear, 2,5-4,5 mm long.A corolle up to 15 mm long, with a funnel-shaped whitish tube and oblong 4-5 the made an incision bending.Stamens unequal longwise with a little expanded and trimmed at the basis threads.Fruits are black, juicy, berries of 4-8 mm in the diameter, with many seeds.Seeds brown, reniform, angular, about 2 mm long, and 1,5-1,8 mm wide (Figure 2).Blossoms twice, in April-July, fructifies in June-October. 2,10,25,27,31The ecological confinedness to open sites, edges, a look photophilous is characteristic and unpretentious, well transfers the salted soils.Grows on sandy substrates, saline soils. 13,24,25,28ecause of the conducted research the following morphological indexes as a form and coloring of a sheet plate and a form and coloring of fruits, a structure of seeds is studied.Results are presented in Table 1.Features of a morphological structure of fruits and seeds of two types are presented in the Figure 3.We conducted a micromorphological research of berries of red godji berries (Lycium barbarum L.) and black godji berries (L.ruthenicum Murr.).Vegetable raw materials fixed in system ethanol 96%-glycerinwater in the ratio 1:1:1.Transversal cuts of berries (pericarpe) and a seed carried out by means of edges, carried out coloring by histochemical reactants -solution of phloroglucinol and sulfuric acid of 50% for iden-  of anticlinal walls of cages of an exocarp (Figure 4).For an exocarp of fruits of black godji berries (L.ruthenicum Murr.) existence of cages of an izodiametrical form with direct anticlinal walls without thickenings is characteristic.(Figure 5).
On a transversal section of a pericarp of a red godjy berries (Lycium barbarum L.) exocarp cells have a rectangular form, are covered with the uniform layer of a cuticle.Mesocarp cells thin-walled, contain the significant amount of chromoplastes (Figure 8).Between parenchyme cells of a mesocarp are well noticeable the located joints of stony cells in a look tification of lignified elements. 3The received micropreparations studied by means of a microscope Biomed-2 with a DCEE MD300.The anatomic structure of fruits of a red godji berries is studied (Lycium barbarum L.), existence of a juicy pulpy pericarp, exocarp filmy, thin is characteristic of fruits, consists of one layer of cages of a rectangular and polyhedral form.The reference sign is existence of necklace-shaped thickenings     brachysclereids the oval or slightly extended form.Closer to the central area 7-8 vascular bundles of collateral type with shallow conductive elements (Figure 6) are well distinguishable.
When studying an anatomic structure of elements of a pericarp and seeds of L. ruthenicum Murr. on a transverse section the following blocks are found, the seed peel is presented by one layer of thick-walled cages with strongly lignified walls.When coloring by solution of phloroglucinol and sulfuric acid observed pink-violet coloring that testa to the maximal degree of a lignification.Under cells of a seed peel the lying sclereids of the extended form are located separately.The trace located cells with aleuron grains and endosperm cells, rich with starchy grains (Figure 7).There was a wish to pay special attention to an anatomic structure of a seed testa.Existence of cells with strongly sinuous anticlinal walls and evenly reinforced cell-like wall (Figure 9) is characteristic of both studied species.

CONCLUSION
Because of the conducted comparative this research we revealed the main signs allowing to carry out identification of medicinal vegetable raw materials both in integral and in the crushed look.The conducted researches can be used further for development of normative documentation on raw materials of a red godjy berries (Lycium barbarum) and the black godgy berries (L.ruthenicum).

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Appearance of a red godji berries (Lycium barbarum L.), introduced in the territory of a botanical garden of the Mountain State Agricultural University (MSAU) of Vladikavkaz RSO-Alania.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Appearance of a black godji berries (Lycium ruthenicum murr.), the exemplar is find in the territory of the republic Azerbaijan (Apsheronsky District).