Ethnobotanical Study of Qur ` an Plants

In Islam, the disease can be healed in two ways, first healing the soul through prayer and both healing through drugs curing illness through drugs. Islamic medicine started from the Prophet Adam AS to the time of Prophet Muhammad SAW and the exploration and compilation of this drug continues throughout the world.1 The Qur'an is a Muslim Scripture that has very clearly illustrated the importance of plants through certain letters in the Qur'an.


INTRODUCTION
In Islam, the disease can be healed in two ways, first healing the soul through prayer and both healing through drugs curing illness through drugs.Islamic medicine started from the Prophet Adam AS to the time of Prophet Muhammad SAW and the exploration and compilation of this drug continues throughout the world. 1 The Qur'an is a Muslim Scripture that has very clearly illustrated the importance of plants through certain letters in the Qur'an.
There are many potential plants as medicines already mentioned in the Muslim Scriptures of the Qur'an, which can provide pharmacological effects due to their nutritional or phytotherapeutics value.Several articles have identified the medicinal plants mentioned in the Qur'an and explored the benefits of phytotherapeutics both empirically and pharmacologically with different approaches.This paper will attempt to compile up-to-date information on medicinal plants mentioned in the Qur'an, thus generating articles that can be used as quick reference guides for further studies in ethnobotany.
Allah Almighty with His greatness and power has created the universe and its contents and with all its perfection has created various kinds of plants as one of the signs of His power.The diversity of plants can be used as medicinal plants, where the system of medicine in Islam has long been exemplified by Prophet Muhammad SAW, called Ath-Thibbun Nabawi (medication of the way of the Prophet) is a method of treatment used by Prophet Muhammad SAW when treating the illness he suffered, or he ordered the family and friends to do so.Al-Qur`an, hadith saheeh and atsar of the Companions narrated through the path that is accounted for by the rules of science of hadith is the source used as a reference method of treatment. 2According to Al-Jauziyah, 3 several methods of treatment of Prophet Muhammad SAW is using treatment with natural medicine (herbal).Some herbs that are used as natural remedies (herbs) have been mentioned in the Qur'an where the study of modern science has found that these herbs have properties to treat illnesses.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The writing of this article is done by collecting data from scientific articles that have made a review of the plants mentioned in the Qur'an.Comprehensive and detailed information about plants has been collected from Ayat and Surah in the Qur'an which states the specific name of the plant.Plant identities are arranged in a systematic sequence of confirmed botanical names from literature.To evaluate the electronic plant databases the following websites were searched: Google, scientific information database (SID) : www.theplantlist.org,ministry of healthcare, and also search in other electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed.The keywords used for the search process are the names of Indonesia and/or Latin names to find out studies related to these plants.Plants species were arranged in a systematic order of identity of the plant, followed by Indonesian name, English name, Family, references cited from Holy Qur`an, Part used, Chemical constituents, and efficacy of herbal medicine that has been used both empirically and scientifically.
Qamariah: Ethnobotanical Study of Qur`an Plants

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the Qur'an and hadith, some plants are expressed as beneficial food, and or as medicine.Some of them have been widely known, but some may still sound unfamiliar, one of the causes of the extraneous plants is that the less explicit translations refer to the natural material.
Based on the data the authors have collected, there are several articles covering the plants mentioned in the Qur'an, with different approaches, and the most recent article states that there have been identified 28 Surahs (chapters) and 47 verses which are mentioned specific names of plants.This finding is limited to a total of 27 species of medicinal plants. 4sed on the results of data collection, there are several terms of plants in the Qur'an, where some terms are interpreted more than one plant.As Acacia and Bananas are interpreted in the Qur'an as "Talh", two plants, namely Alhagi maurorum Medik and Tamarix mannifera (Ehrenb.)Bunge are identified as "Al-Mann" and three plants, namely Ceder, Indian jujube and Lote-tree interpreted from language Al-Qur'an "Sidar", and four plants, namely Bastard cinnamon, camphor tree, borneocamphor and henna, interpreted as "kafur".The same Qur'anic language, but interpreted to be more than one plant is likely due to different interpretations and views on Qur'anic verses.Chemical content Flavonoids, fatty acids, coumarins, sterols, vitamins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, unsaturated sterols, triterpenes, flavanones and glycosides. 9 Efficacy as medicine diaphoretic, expectorant, laxative, laxative, diuretic, antiulcer 4,9,10 .Used also to overcome the pain of rheumatism, bilharzia, liver and inflammation of the urinary tract and also used for various types of gastrointestinal discomfort.This plant is shown to have antidiarrheal activity and encourages relaxation of smooth muscle and anti-nociceptive effects.The flowers are used to treat piles, migraines, and warts.Oil from the leaves is used in the treatment of rheumatism.Water extract from its roots is used to enlarge the ureter and to remove kidney stones

Chemical content
oleoresin from bark consists of 83% resin acid and 17% non-synchronized component.Commonly observed resin acids occur in oleoresins except for pimaric acid.Its main constituents are sandaracopimaric and abietic acid.In addition to pimaric acid also levopimaric acid can not be detected in oleoresin skin.The main constituent of oleoresin skin is isopimaric acid in cedar 5,17 Efficacy as medicine Leprosy, animal skin disease, anti-parasites, insects, and lice, anti-microbial and anti ulcerogenic

Chemical content
Fruits contain routine; Seeds containing glucoside include cucurbitasid; The leaves contain cucurbitasides, feredoksin, alpha-apinasterol; Flowers contain free and bound sterols, as well as proteolic enzymes, ascorbic acid oxidase, and succinic dehydrogenase and malate 23

CONCLUSION
Traditional knowledge is passed down from generation to generation, as well as medicine in Islam has a long history.In this paper, attempts have been made to compile up-to-date knowledge of 27 species medicinal plants mentioned in the Qur'an, which can be used as a quick reference guide for further studies in ethnobotany.
At the same time also through this paper can encourage researchers who conduct ethno pharmacology research to explore the new pharmacological properties of the plants. 4 4 References from the Qur'an Surah 56.Al-Waqi'a, Verses 27-35 5 Chemical Content Acacia seyal pod contains more than 20% protein 6 Efficacy as medicine bark, leaves and sap are used for colds, diarrhea, bleeding, jaundice, headaches and burns.The decoction of bark is used to treat leprosy and dysentery, is a stimulant and acts as a laxative for humans and animals.Exposure to smoke from wood burning is believed to relieve rheumatic pain.The decoction of the roots is mixed with Combretum glutinosum leaves and condensed milk causes strong diuresis.Acacia is used in drug emulsions and troches, helping to mask the effects of bitter substances.Plant extracts act as antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antioxidant 4,6,7 2 Alhagi maurorum Medik Indonesia Name -English name Manna; Caspian manna, Persian Manna plant Name in the Qur'an Mann Family Leguminosae Parts used oil from leaves and stems, flowers and roots References from the Qur'an Surah 2. Al-Baqara, Verse 57; Surah 7. Al-A'raf, Verses 160; Surah 20.Ta-ha, Clause 80 5,9 5,50.