<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alhadj Djidda Mahamat</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tenyang Noel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Issa Ramat Adam</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abdelaziz Arada Izzedine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abdelsalam Youssouf</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elisabeth Ngo Bum</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytochemical screening and evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of the hydroethanolic extracts of Ziziphus spina-christi L., Cassia obovata L., and Euphorbia hirta L. on the pathogenic bacteria of N'Djamena-Chad urinary tract infections</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antimicrobial activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cassia obovata</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chad</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Euphorbia hirta</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytochemical screening</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ziziphus spina-christi</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">240-245</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;The emergence of bacteria resistant to certain classes of antibiotics poses a global public health problem, particularly in developing countries. Traditional medicine plays a crucial role in the treatment of infectious diseases, particularly urinary tract infections, in Chad. It is in this context that this research was conducted in Chad to encourage the search for new antibacterial molecules derived from three medicinal plants used in traditional Chadian medicine. &lt;strong&gt;Objectives:&lt;/strong&gt; This research aims to study the groups of chemical compounds present in the hydroethanolic extracts of &lt;em&gt;Z. spina-christ L., C. obovata&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;L&lt;/em&gt;., and &lt;em&gt;E. hirta L.,&lt;/em&gt; and to evaluate their in vitro antibacterial activity against uropathogenic bacterial strains acquired and isolated at the bacteriology laboratory of the National University Hospital Center in N'Djamena, Chad. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; The plant samples were macerated in a hydroethanolic solvent (ethanol/water, 70/30). A phytochemical screening of the hydroethanolic extracts of&lt;em&gt; Z. spina-christ L., C. obovata L.&lt;/em&gt;, and&lt;em&gt; E. hirta L. &lt;/em&gt;was performed to identify alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins as secondary metabolites. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the liquid microdilution method combined with the agar plate technique to determine the MIC and MBC. &lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins in all hydroethanolic extracts of&lt;em&gt; Z. spina-christi L., C.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;obovata L.,&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;E. hirta L&lt;/em&gt;. All hydroethanolic extracts completely inhibited the growth of Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli at a concentration of 50 mg/mL. The hydroethanolic extracts of &lt;em&gt;Z. spin-christi L&lt;/em&gt;. and &lt;em&gt;C. obovata L&lt;/em&gt;. exhibited a bacteriostatic effect against &lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt; (MIC = 12.5 mg/mL), whereas &lt;em&gt;E. hirta &lt;/em&gt;exhibited a bactericidal effect. The hydroethanolic extracts of the three plants exhibited a bactericidal effect against &lt;em&gt;K. pneumoniae&lt;/em&gt;, with significant inhibition (P &amp;lt; 0.05). &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; In summary, these three medicinal plants possess significant in vitro antibacterial activity against uropathogenic bacterial strains. The results of this study scientifically confirm their use in traditional medicine, which should be the subject of further studies aimed at identifying the toxic effects of these plants. The isolation of active compounds and an in vivo evaluation are necessary prior to any therapeutic application.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">240</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alhadj Djidda Mahamat&lt;sup&gt;1*&lt;/sup&gt;, Tenyang Noel&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Issa Ramat Adam&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; , Abdelaziz Arada Izzedine&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, Abdelsalam Youssouf&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; , Elisabeth Ngo Bum&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Scientific Research, Diagnostics and Expertise Laboratory of the Faculty of Human Health Sciences of the University of N’Djamena, N’Djamena, CHAD.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Department of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 814 Maroua, CAMEROON.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;Research and Livestock Institute for Development (IRED), N’Djamena, CHAD.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alhadj Djidda Mahamat</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tenyang Noel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Issa Ramat Adam</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abdelaziz Arada Izzedine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abdelsalam Youssouf</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elisabeth Ngo Bum</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytochemical screening and evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of the hydroethanolic extracts of Ziziphus spina-christi L., Cassia obovata L., and Euphorbia hirta L. on the pathogenic bacteria of N'Djamena-Chad urinary tract infections</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antimicrobial activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cassia obovata</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chad</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Euphorbia hirta</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytochemical screening</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ziziphus spina-christi</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">246-251</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;The emergence of bacteria resistant to certain classes of antibiotics poses a global public health problem, particularly in developing countries. Traditional medicine plays a crucial role in the treatment of infectious diseases, particularly urinary tract infections, in Chad. It is in this context that this research was conducted in Chad to encourage the search for new antibacterial molecules derived from three medicinal plants used in traditional Chadian medicine. &lt;strong&gt;Objectives:&lt;/strong&gt; This research aims to study the groups of chemical compounds present in the hydroethanolic extracts of &lt;em&gt;Z. spina-christ L., C. obovata&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;L&lt;/em&gt;., and &lt;em&gt;E. hirta L.,&lt;/em&gt; and to evaluate their in vitro antibacterial activity against uropathogenic bacterial strains acquired and isolated at the bacteriology laboratory of the National University Hospital Center in N'Djamena, Chad. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; The plant samples were macerated in a hydroethanolic solvent (ethanol/water, 70/30). A phytochemical screening of the hydroethanolic extracts of&lt;em&gt; Z. spina-christ L., C. obovata L.&lt;/em&gt;, and&lt;em&gt; E. hirta L. &lt;/em&gt;was performed to identify alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins as secondary metabolites. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the liquid microdilution method combined with the agar plate technique to determine the MIC and MBC. &lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins in all hydroethanolic extracts of&lt;em&gt; Z. spina-christi L., C.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;obovata L.,&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;E. hirta L&lt;/em&gt;. All hydroethanolic extracts completely inhibited the growth of Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli at a concentration of 50 mg/mL. The hydroethanolic extracts of &lt;em&gt;Z. spin-christi L&lt;/em&gt;. and &lt;em&gt;C. obovata L&lt;/em&gt;. exhibited a bacteriostatic effect against &lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt; (MIC = 12.5 mg/mL), whereas &lt;em&gt;E. hirta &lt;/em&gt;exhibited a bactericidal effect. The hydroethanolic extracts of the three plants exhibited a bactericidal effect against &lt;em&gt;K. pneumoniae&lt;/em&gt;, with significant inhibition (P &amp;lt; 0.05). &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; In summary, these three medicinal plants possess significant in vitro antibacterial activity against uropathogenic bacterial strains. The results of this study scientifically confirm their use in traditional medicine, which should be the subject of further studies aimed at identifying the toxic effects of these plants. The isolation of active compounds and an in vivo evaluation are necessary prior to any therapeutic application.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">246</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alhadj Djidda Mahamat&lt;sup&gt;1*&lt;/sup&gt;, Tenyang Noel&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Issa Ramat Adam&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; , Abdelaziz Arada Izzedine&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, Abdelsalam Youssouf&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; , Elisabeth Ngo Bum&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Scientific Research, Diagnostics and Expertise Laboratory of the Faculty of Human Health Sciences of the University of N’Djamena, N’Djamena, CHAD.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Department of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 814 Maroua, CAMEROON.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;Research and Livestock Institute for Development (IRED), N’Djamena, CHAD.&lt;/p&gt;
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