<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muhammad Jawad Yousaf Zai</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matthew James Cheesman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Edwin Cock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Interactive Antimicrobial Activities of Selected South African Terminalia spp. Extracts in Combination with Conventional Antibiotics against Gastrointestinal Pathogens</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antibiotic potentiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antibiotic-resistant pathogens</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combretaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diarrhoea.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Synergy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terminalia gazensis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terminalia prunioides</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">692-701</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; Recent declines in new antibiotic discovery and the increase in antibiotic resistance have resulted in failing against bacterial pathogens. To develop novel antibiotic therapies, medical researchers have begun to focus on traditional therapies. Combinational therapies consisting of medicinal plants and conventional antibiotics may reactivate current drugs that are otherwise ineffective against antibioticresistant bacteria. &lt;em&gt;Terminalia sericea&lt;/em&gt; Burch. Ex DC, &lt;em&gt;Terminalia prunioides&lt;/em&gt; Laws. and &lt;em&gt;Terminalia gazensis&lt;/em&gt; Bak. f. are native South African plants with antimicrobial properties. However, combinations of Terminalia sericea, Terminalia prunioides and &lt;em&gt;Terminalia gazensis w&lt;/em&gt;ith conventional antibiotics are yet to be evaluated for growth inhibitory activity against gastrointestinal pathogens. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Terminalia spp. leaves were extracted with solvents of varying polarity. Antimicrobial screening was performed using disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Toxicity was measured using &lt;em&gt;Artemia &lt;/em&gt;franciscana nauplii lethality assays. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; All extracts (except the T. sericea extracts) showed low to moderate inhibitory activity against &lt;em&gt;B. cereus&lt;/em&gt; and&lt;em&gt; E. faecalis, A. faecalis, A. hydrophilia&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;S. sonnei&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;S.&lt;/em&gt; newport in both the disc diffusion and liquid dilution assay. Twenty-three extract/antibiotic combinations produced synergy, 26 were additive, 24 were non-interactive and seven were antagonistic. Most of the antagonist interactions occurred in combinations containing gentamicin. All extracts were either non-toxic or of low toxicity in the &lt;em&gt;Artemia&lt;/em&gt; bioassay.&lt;strong&gt; Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;: Terminalia spp. extracts may mimic the actions of a resistance modifying agents, enhancing the activity of several antibiotics that are relatively ineffective alone. Further studies are required to identify the bioactive and potentiating components and their mechanisms of action.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">692</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Muhammad Jawad Yousaf Zai&lt;sup&gt;1,2&lt;/sup&gt;, Matthew James Cheesman&lt;sup&gt;3,4&lt;/sup&gt;, Ian Edwin Cock&lt;sup&gt;1,2,*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Planetary Health and Food Security, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Gold Coast, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;Menzies Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA.&lt;/p&gt;
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