<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nur Haseena Kajahmohideen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Siti NurSyafiqah Razi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ghasak Ghazi Faisal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abdelkader Elbadawy Ashour</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anisa Kusumawardani</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Essam A. Makky</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OE Ibrahim</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cytotoxic Activity of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack Root Extract Against Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cell Line</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cytotoxic activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E. longifolia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nasopharyngeal carcinoma</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1014-1018</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Eurycoma longifolia &lt;/em&gt;(&lt;em&gt;E. longifolia&lt;/em&gt;) or Tongkat Ali is a tree that grows in southeast Asia, the roots of which contain bioactive components that exhibit cytotoxic properties against various cancer cell lines. However, no study has been conducted to relate the cytotoxic properties against nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a type of cancer that shows poor prognosis for metastatic disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the &lt;em&gt;E. longifolia&lt;/em&gt; root extract exerts cytotoxic activity against nasopharyngeal carcinoma (ORL-115) cell lines. &lt;strong&gt;Materials and Method: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;E. longifolia&lt;/em&gt; root extracts were obtained through Soxhlet extraction method and by using two different solvents; ethanol and dicholoromethane. MTS assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the root extracts against ORL-115 cell line for three different incubation time which were 24-hour, 48-hour and 72-hour. &lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Ethanol extract was significantly more potent compared to DCM extract. Ethanol extract exhibited lower IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; value compared to DCM extract. The IC&lt;sub&gt;50 &lt;/sub&gt;of ethanol extract were 232.1 μg/ml, 66.86 μg/ml and 42.6 μg/ml. Meanwhile the IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; of DCM extract were 678.87 μg/ml, 136.71 μg/ml, 73.72 μg/ml for 24-hour, 48-hour and 72-hour incubation period respectively. The cytotoxic activity of both extracts increased as the incubation time prolonged. The cytotoxic activity of ethanol extract at each incubation time was significantly different from DCM extract except at 72 hours. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;E. longifolia&lt;/em&gt; root extracts exerted cytotoxic activity against the nasopharyngeal carcinoma (ORL-115) cell line. Ethanol extract exhibited lower IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; value compared to DCM extract. The cytotoxic activity of both extracts were dose dependent and time dependent.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1014</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nur Haseena Kajahmohideen&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Siti NurSyafiqah Razi&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Ghasak Ghazi Faisal&lt;sup&gt;2,&lt;/sup&gt;*, Abdelkader Elbadawy Ashour&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, Anisa Kusumawardani&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;, Essam A. Makky&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;, O.E. Ibrahim&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Kulliyyah of Dentistry, IIUM, MALAYSIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Lecturer, Department of fundamental dental and medical sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, IIUM, MALAYSIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;Lecturer, Basic Medical Science Unit, Kulliyyah of Medicine, IIUM, MALAYSIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Restorative Dentistry, Kuliyyah of Dentistry, IIUM, MALAYSIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;Faculty of Industrial Sciences &amp;amp; Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Gambang, 26300 Kuantan, MALAYSIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, MALAYSIA.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muhamad Iyad bin Ramzi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muhammad Hazzim bin Kosnin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ghasak Ghazi Faisal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohd Hafiz Arzmi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anisa Kusumawardani</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASM Sabere</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Essam A Makky</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OE Ibrahim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ghasak Ghazi Faisal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohd Hafiz Arzmi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anisa Kusumawardani</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASM Sabere</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Essam A Makky</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OE Ibrahim</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Effect of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) Root Extract on salivary S. Mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida Albicans Isolated from High-Risk Caries Adult Patients</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antimicrobial effect</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eurycoma longifolia Jack</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inhibition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Salivary isolate</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">787-791</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;Introduction: The roots of &lt;em&gt;E. longifolia jack&lt;/em&gt; (E.L.) or Tongkat Ali have been used in traditional medicine as well as supplements and food additives. Many chemical compounds have been detected in extracts of its roots which are believed to be responsible for its medicinal properties. In this study, our objectives were to study the effects of EL root extracts on the growth of &lt;em&gt;Streptococcus Mutans, Lactobacillus&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Candida Albicans &lt;/em&gt;isolated from saliva of adult patients with high caries risk. &lt;strong&gt;Materials and Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The ethanolic extract of the root of this plant was tested against saliva isolated &lt;em&gt;Streptococcus Mutans, Lactobacillus&lt;/em&gt; and&lt;em&gt; Candida Albicans&lt;/em&gt; via disc diffusion assay at a concentration of 200mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration was carried out by the standard broth microdilution method. Cell viability of test microorganisms against different concentration of the extract and inhibition zones were calculated.&lt;strong&gt; Results:&lt;/strong&gt; Disk diffusion assay showed positive zones of inhibition for all test microorganisms with &lt;em&gt;S. mutans, Lactobacillus &lt;/em&gt;and &lt;em&gt;C. albicans&lt;/em&gt; exhibiting zones of inhibition of 8.3 ± 0.7mm, 12.4 ± 2.4mm and 21.4 ± 2.7mm respectively. For minimum inhibitory concentration, the test microorganisms were tested at concentration of 250mg/ mL, 125mg/mL, 62.5mg/mL, 31.3mg/mL and 0mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration showed that MIC of S. mutans was at 62.5mg/mL, Lactobacillus at 125mg/mL and C. albicans at 31.3mg/mL. Lastly, the cell viability results supported the MIC determined prior. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; Ethanol-based &lt;em&gt;E.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;longifolia Jack&lt;/em&gt; root extract has an antimicrobial effect on the following microorganisms isolated from the saliva of high-risk caries adult patients: &lt;em&gt;S. mutans, Lactobacillus&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;C. albicans.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">787</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Muhamad Iyad bin Ramzi1, Muhammad Hazzim bin Kosnin&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Ghasak Ghazi Faisal&lt;sup&gt;2,&lt;/sup&gt;*, Mohd Hafiz Arzmi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Anisa Kusumawardani&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, ASM Sabere&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;, Essam A. Makky&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;, O.E. Ibrahim&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Kuliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), MALAYSIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences, Kuliyyah of Dentistry, IIUM, MALAYSIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Restorative Dentistry, Kuliyyah of Dentistry, IIUM, MALAYSIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University, MALAYSIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;Faculty of Industrial Sciences &amp;amp; Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Gambang, 26300 Kuantan, MALAYSIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, MALAYSIA.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irani Binti Alloha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nurul ‘Ain Liyana Binti Aziz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ghasak Ghazi Faisal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zurainie Abllah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohd Hafiz Arzmi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) Alcoholic Root Extract Against Oral Pathogens</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antifungal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Candida albicans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eurycoma longifolia Jack</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lactobacillus casei.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root extract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Streptococcus mutans</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1299-1302</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Eurycoma longifolia jack (E.L) is a herbal medicinal plant of South-East Asian origin, popularly recognized as ‘Tongkat Ali.’ The plant roots have been scientifically proven to have many biological effects including antibacterial activity however, no previous research to date has studied the effect on oral pathogens including cariogenic bacteria. This study was done to determine the antibacterial and antifungal activities of E.L. root extract against three common oral pathogens. &lt;strong&gt;Material and Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; The microorganisms used were &lt;em&gt;Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans &lt;/em&gt;and &lt;em&gt;Lactobacillus casei.&lt;/em&gt; E.L root was extracted using soxhlet method. Disc diffusion assay was conducted using extract concentration of 200 mg/ml. Nystatin and Ampicillin were used as positive control for fungal and bacterial tests respectively. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was done to determine the lowest inhibitory concentration of the extract on the microorganisms. &lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;E.L extract inhibited the growth of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans at a concentration of 200 mg/ ml with a zone of inhibition of 16.0 ± 3.0 mm and 7.0 ± 1.0 mm respectively. There was no antimicrobial effect of the extract on Lactobacillus casei. The MIC of E.L extract against both Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans was 25 mg/ml. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;The results from this study revealed the potential use of Eurycoma longifolia jack as an antimicrobial agent which can be used to produce new oral care products.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1299</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Irani Binti Alloha&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Nurul ‘Ain Liyana Binti Aziz&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Ghasak Ghazi Faisal&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;,*, Zurainie Abllah&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, Mohd Hafiz Arzmi&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Students, Kuliyyah of Dentistry, IIUM, MALAYSIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Lecturer, Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences Department Kuliyyah of Dentistry, IIUM, MALAYSIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Paediatric Dentistry and dental public health, IIUM, MALAYSIA.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imad M Al-Ani</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Norsidah Ku-Zaifah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fakhria A. Al-Joufi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rafidah H.Mokhtar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Norlelawati A. Talib</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ghasak Ghazi Faisal</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protective Role of Eurycoma longifolia Jack Root Extract Against High-Fat Diet Induced Testicular Damage in Sprague-Dawley Rats</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eurycoma Longifolia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">High-Fat-Diet</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seminiferous Tubules Tongkat Ali</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Testis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Testosterone</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">808-811</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;The aims of this study were to investigate the adverse effects of the high-fat-diet (HFD) on the testosterone level and testicular structure of male rats as well as to examine whether &lt;em&gt;Eurycoma longifolia&lt;/em&gt; (EL) is able to ameliorate these effects. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups each containing 6 rats. Group ND was given only normal diet, group NDEL was given normal diet and EL extracts (15 mg/ kg) dissolved in distilled water, group HFD was given only high-fat-diet and group HFDEL was given high-fat-diet and EL extracts (15 mg/kg). EL was administered orally for 12 weeks. The animal’s testosterone level was measured at week 0, 6 and 12. The rats were sacrificed at the end of 12&lt;sup&gt;th &lt;/sup&gt;weeks and the testes samples were processed for histological examination&lt;strong&gt; Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The testosterone level was significantly increased (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &amp;lt; 0.05) in the in the treated rats with EL (NDEL and HFDEL) compared with ND and HFD groups. Treatment with HFD revealed a marked degeneration of the seminiferous tubule epithelium and disruption of interstitial cells of the testis thereby interfering with spermatogenesis. Treatment of HFD rats with El reduced the adverse effects of HFD and improved the morphological structure of the seminiferous tubules. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;These findings revealed that EL has ameliorative effects against the testicular damage caused by high-fat-diet.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">808</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Imad M Al-Ani&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Norsidah Ku-Zaifah&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Fakhria A. Al- Joufi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, Rafidah H.Mokhtar&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;, Norlelawati A. Talib&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;, Ghasak Ghazi Faisal&lt;sup&gt;6,&lt;/sup&gt;* &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Dentistry, Al-Hikmah University College, Al-Yarmook, Baghdad, IRAQ.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University, MALAYSIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;College of Pharmacy, Al Jouf University, Aljouf, Skaka KSA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, MALAYSIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University, MALAYSIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Fundamental Dental and Medical sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University, MALAYSIA.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ghazi Faisal Najmuldeen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kamalanathan  Narayanan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deeveeya A/P Kirubananthan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ghasak Ghazi Faisal</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of Tongkat Ali Root Chemical Composition Extracted by Soxhlet, Conventional Steam and Microwave Assisted Extraction Techniques</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conventional Steam Extraction (CSE)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Essential oil</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eurycoma longifolia Jack</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microwave assisted extraction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soxhlet Extraction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">916-920</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) roots are used in traditional medicines for its wide range of biological effects. The process of extracting out this essential oil from the plant requires a delicate and efficient method. In this research the extract of the essential oil of &lt;em&gt;Eurycoma longifolia&amp;rsquo;s&lt;/em&gt; root using Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE), Soxhlet Extraction and Conventional Steam Extraction (CSE) methods, is characterized to identify the components of essential oil extracted and then to compare the yield percentage and components of the extracts from both methods. The extract obtained was characterized using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) by comparing the compositions of components present in commercial Tongkat Ali oil stored in the GC-MS library. The findings showed that the MAE gives a maximum yield percentage of 5% with six chemical components extracted in 20 min while SE and CSE gives high yield percentage of 28.3% in 3 h and 2.5 % in 6 h respectively with only three chemical components extracted. Therefore, MAE is the optimum method for extracting essential oil from Tongkat Ali with a high quality.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">916</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ghazi Faisal Najmuldeen&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Kamalanathan  Narayanan&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Deeveeya A/P Kirubananthan&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Ghasak Ghazi Faisal&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;* &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, MALAYSIA.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt; 2&lt;/sup&gt;Department of Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences, Kulliyya of Dentistry, International Islamic University, MALAYSIA.&lt;/p&gt;</style></auth-address></record></records></xml>