<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Siham Chebili</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nesrine Sadaoui</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nesrine Lenchi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Souhila Bensmail</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mourad Djeziri</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khoukha Alileche</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asma Belkadi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optimizing Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Calicotome spinosa (L.) Link leaves using a Full-Factorial Design: linking Polyphenol Recovery to Biological Activities</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pharmacognosy Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anti-inflammatory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">antioxidant activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calicotome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Full-factorial design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HPLC-UV/VIS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toxicity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">315-323</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;Calicotome spinosa&lt;/em&gt; (L.) Link., is a Mediterranean medicinal plant traditionally used for the management of several health disorders. The present study aimed to optimize the extraction of total phenolic compounds from its leaves and to investigate the biological properties of the optimized extract. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Phenolic compounds were extracted by ultrasound-assisted extraction, and a three-level complete factorial design was applied to evaluate the influence of the ethanol/water ratio and sonication time on extraction efficiency. The optimized extract was characterized by determining its total flavonoid content and phenolic profile using HPLC-UV/VIS. Its antioxidant, acute oral toxicity, and anti-inflammatory activities were subsequently evaluated. &lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The ethanol/water ratio had the greatest effect on extraction efficiency, while both extraction parameters significantly influenced the recovery of phenolic compounds. The highest total phenolic content was obtained using 60% ethanol and 20 min of sonication. The optimized extract contained 36.94 ± 0.96 mg QE/g of flavonoids, and six phenolic compounds were identified by HPLC-UV/VIS. It also showed moderate antioxidant activity (DPPH IC₅₀ = 75.48 ± 5.04 μg/ mL), no signs of acute oral toxicity, and inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema by 31.72% at 200 mg/ kg. &lt;strong&gt;Discussion:&lt;/strong&gt; The results indicate that optimizing the extraction conditions improved the recovery of phenolic compounds, which may have contributed to the observed biological activities. These findings support the value of ultrasound-assisted extraction for obtaining phenolic-rich extracts from &lt;em&gt;C. spinosa&lt;/em&gt; leaves. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The optimized extract of &lt;em&gt;C. spinosa&lt;/em&gt; leaves constitutes a promising source of bioactive phenolic compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, supporting its further investigation for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">315</style></section><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Siham Chebili&lt;sup&gt;1,2&lt;/sup&gt;, Nesrine Sadaou&lt;sup&gt;i3&lt;/sup&gt;, Nesrine Lenchi&lt;sup&gt;2,3*&lt;/sup&gt;, Souhila Bensmail&lt;sup&gt;1,4&lt;/sup&gt;, Mourad Djeziri&lt;sup&gt;1,5&lt;/sup&gt;, Khoukha Alileche&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;, Asma Belkadi&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Laboratory of food technology research, Faculty of Technology, Boumerdes University, 35000 Boumerdes, ALGERIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Department of natural and life science, Faculty of science, Algiers 1 university, 16000 Algiers, ALGERIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;Bioinformatics, Applied Microbiology and Biomolecules Laboratory (BMAB), Faculty of Sciences, Boumerdes University, 35000 Boumerdes, ALGERIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;Laboratory of biotechnology and protection of agricultural and natural ecosystems, University of Bouira, 10000 Bouira, ALGERIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;Center for Scientific and Technical Research in Physico-Chemical Analysis (CRAPC), Bousmail, Tipaza, ALGERIA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;rtejustify&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;Laboratory of pharmacotoxicology, research and development center (CRD) SAIDAL, Algiers, ALGERIA&lt;/p&gt;
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