@article {2461, title = {Marrubium vulgare Leaf Extract-Assisted Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Optimization, Characterization and In Vitro Exploration of Their Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Anti- Inflammatory Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {7-21}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {7}, abstract = {

Background: Biogenic metal nanoparticles are gaining popularity due to their remarkable biomedical properties, which provide hope in the fight against various diseases. Objective: This research produced silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from an aqueous extract of Marrubium vulgare leaves by a simple, onestep, bottom-up green route. For the first time in the literature, the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory potentials of AgNPs obtained using leaves of Marrubium vulgare are investigated. Methods and results: The optimal conditions for biosynthesis were 80 {\textdegree}C reaction temperature, 60 min incubation time, 2 mM AgNO3, and 100 μL extract volume. The FTIR results indicated that the distinct functional groups found in M. vulgare extract were also present in AgNPs, confirming their critical role in silver bioreduction and AgNP capping. The biosynthesized AgNPs were crystalline, with face-centered cubic geometry, according to XRD analysis. DLS analysis asserted that the constructed AgNP{\textquoteright}s average size was 34.58 nm, whereas SEM/TEM revealed their spherical morphology. The AgNPs produced through biosynthesis inhibited microbial proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. They exhibited bactericidal attributes against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, with MIC values ranging from 0.041 to 5.312 μg/mL and MBCs from 0.083 to 5.312 μg/mL. Furthermore, the AgNPs exhibited fungicidal activity against three Candida albicans strains, with MIC and MFC respective values recorded at 2.656 and 2.656-5.312 μg/mL. Additionally, the biosynthesized AgNPs demonstrated significant antioxidant potency compared to ascorbic acid and the extract. Their potent in vitro anti-inflammatory effect, attributed to the inhibition of BSA denaturation, was directly proportional to the AgNP concentration, with a maximum inhibition of 86.14\% observed at 200 μg/mL. Conclusion: Therefore, the findings suggest that AgNPs have promising applications in combating the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance and might be utilized as potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.

}, keywords = {Biological activities, Characterization, Green synthesis, Marrubium vulgare, Silver nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.2}, author = {Sarra Abbad and Nadia Aissaoui and Fatima Zahra Gana} } @article {2475, title = {The Mechanism of Nanocurcumin in Inhibiting Parasitemia in Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) Model Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {84-88}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {84}, abstract = {

Plasmodium falciparum is the cause of malaria falciparum, the most severe type of malaria, and the only malaria parasite that can cause complications such as microvascular disease, cerebral malaria, severe anemia, shock, acute renal failure, and shortness of breath. In Southeast Asia, Indonesia has the highest incidence of malaria. The WHO estimated that in 2019, there were 658,380 malaria cases and 1,170 malariarelated deaths. Curcumin (Curcuma longa) is a spice that has been used in Southeast Asia for centuries. It contains the active ingredient curcumin (bis-α, β-unsaturated β-diketone), which has antioxidant, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antimalarial properties. However, curcumin has low water solubility and very limited bioavailability. By examining the observed phenomenon, it is possible to investigate how nanocurcumin might impact parasitemia levels in P. berghei ANKA model mice. This research involved 36 female BALB/c mice aged 7{\textendash}10 weeks, divided into four groups, all of which were infected with P. berghei ANKA. After infection, the groups were treated for 2 weeks as follows: the control group (no nanocurcumin administered), treatment group I (50 mg/kg body weight [kgbw]), treatment group II (100 mg/kgbw), and treatment group III (150 mg/kgbw). The results indicated a significant difference among groups (p \< 0.05, 0.036). The conclusion of this experiment is that administering nanocurcumin to mice infected with the Plasmodium parasite significantly reduces parasitemia levels in the blood, particularly at a dose of 150 mg/kgbw.

}, keywords = {Nanocurcumin, Parasitemia, Plasmodium berghei Anka}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.11}, author = {Risma R and Aryati A and Bambang Purwanto} } @article {2517, title = {Mechanistic Insights on the Neuro-Modulatory Potential of Cannabis sativa: A Network Pharmacology- and Molecular Dynamics Simulation-Based Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {407-419}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {407}, abstract = {

Background: Although, studies have reported the use of cannabis as a temporary antidepressant and implicated its chronic use in neurological diseases, the exact mechanisms through which these happen remain elusive. Objective: This study aims to investigate the neuro-modulatory potential of cannabis as antidepressant and its role in neurological disorders Methodology: Network pharmacology and molecular dynamics simulation were employed to unveil the mechanism of cannabis as a temporary antidepressant and potential agent implicated in neurological disorders. Results: A total of 156 cannabis metabolites were retrieved from data mining. 22 genes were common in cannabis metabolites and central nervous system (CNS) neurotransmitters{\textquoteright} genes. Glutamate receptor activity and neuroactive ligand receptor activity (NALR) were the most enriched biological process and signalling pathway, respectively, with cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) and glutamate metabotropic receptor 2 (GRM2) being the hub targets in the NALR pathway. A probe into the structural stability of top-ranked metabolites identified cholesterol- CNR1 (-73.88 kcal/mol) and campesterol-CNR1 (-65.96 kcal/mol) with lower free binding energy than reference antidepressant drug (anandamide) (-65.08 kcal/mol), whereas for GRM2, the binding free energy of nerolidol (-43.57 kcal/mol) which was the least among the top ranked metabolites was higher compared to anandamide (-58.78 kcal/mol). Conclusion: Data from this study shows that the profiled cannabis metabolites displayed modulatory effects on key neurotransmitters of the CNS and their receptors and formed stable binding interaction with genes implicated in brain functioning suggestive of the mechanistic effect of cannabis on brain activity during depression and chronic use.

}, keywords = {Cannabinoid receptors, Cannabis, Depression, Neurological diseases, Neurotransmitters}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.51}, author = {Christina Peter and Halimat Yusuf Lukman and Nosipho Wendy S{\textquoteright}thebe and Usman Abiola Sanni and Saheed SABIU} } @article {2473, title = {Medicinal Application of the Iceland Poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) in Traditional Mongolian Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {71-76}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {71}, abstract = {

In recent years, there has been a considerable focus on the utilization of natural medicinal substances, including plant-based medicines and formulations. While traditional medicine has been utilizing various medicinal plants to treat a wide range of diseases, there are still many medicinal plants and substances that have not been thoroughly studied at the scientific level. One such plant is the Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) from the Papaveraceae family. Globally, the Papaveraceae family comprises 44 genera and 760 species of which 32 species, representing 7 genera, are identified within Mongolia. The Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) is extensively distributed throughout Mongolia, with all parts of the plant, including its fruit and flowers. In addition, it has been traditionally employed in Mongolian medicine to treat a variety of ailments. However, systematic research on the practical applications and studies of the status of the local Iceland poppy in both modern and traditional Mongolian medicine remains poorly reported. Therefore, we aim to conduct a comprehensive and comparative study of the Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) and its application in the Traditional Mongolian medicinal literature and internationally published studies. Materials and Methods: In this study, data was collected from a comprehensive review of the international and Traditional Mongolian medicine literature to understand the medicinal application of the Iceland poppy. Additionally, current study results were analyzed to assess its practical applications and efficacy in modern medicinal contexts. Results: "In a variant of Mongolian medicinal prescriptions, the Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) is combined with the herb {\textquotedblleft}Govo jad-5{\textquotedblright} Mongolian traditional prescription for treating surgical wounds, torn blood vessels, and both old and new wounds. Furthermore, the book {\textquoteright}Methods and Prescriptions for Using Medicinal Plants in Traditional Mongolian Medicine reports that Iceland poppy is part of a mixture of four types of poppies used to treat conditions such as diarrhea, intestinal inflammation, and dysentery, by boiling and administering the concoction. A study by Otgonpurev Sukhbaatar et al., (2018) determined that the optimal conditions for callus and suspension biomass production of Papaver nudicaule L. are 1 mg/L naphthalene acetic acid and 0.5 mg/L benzyl adenine in MS media. Additionally, Gerelt-Od Yadamsuren et al., reported that the alkaloids 8,14-dihydroamurin, 8,14-dihydroflavinantin, and flavinantin from Papaver nudicaule L. exhibit significant antiviral activity against human rhinovirus-14. Conclusion: Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) has been used in traditional Mongolian medical practice for a long time. it has been historically widely used in Mongolian traditional medicine to treat wounds under the name of {\textquotedblleft}wound healer{\textquotedblright}. As reported by the scientific literature, the primary uses of these plants include inhibiting acetylcholinesterase enzyme, anti-cancer effects, as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, regarding its chemical composition, researchers have conducted studies that confirm the presence of alkaloids in this plant, specifically isoquinoline alkaloids. These compounds are known for their diverse biological activities and potential therapeutic effects, which may contribute to the plant{\textquoteright}s traditional medicinal uses. In summary, the Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) has been utilized in traditional medicine for treating a variety of illnesses; however, it suggests that more comprehensive research is necessary to scientifically substantiate these applications.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Medicinal plant, Nudicaulins, Papaver nudicaule L., Protopine, Traditional Mongolian medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.9}, author = {Enkhtuul Bayarsaikhan and Turtushikh Damba and Buyanjargal Erdenebat and Norovnyam Ryenchinbyambaa and Otgonsuren Daramzav and Khuvitavilan Battulga and Munkhzul Boldbaatar and Myagmarsuren Badamtsetseg and Enkhjargal Dorjval and Davaadagva Damdinjav and Otgonbaatar Urjin and Maria Halabalaki and Wirginia Kukula-Koch and Daariimaa Khurelbat} } @article {2509, title = {Metabolomic Study on Indonesian Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis L.) Cultivation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {331-341}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {331}, abstract = {

Background: Indonesia has been one of the largest tea producers in the world with one of the reputable plantations in Ngargoyoso region, Java Island in which the plantation specified in five green teas variants, TRI 2024, TRI 2025, Gambong, Kiara and Chinruan. Despite their premium quality, there were limited metabolites information related to varieties, altitude, and plucking position existed in Ngargoyoso. Objective: this research aimed to investigate metabolite profiling affected by varieties, plucking positions and altitudes in the tea plantation grown in Ngargoyoso, Indonesia. Material and Methods: Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) grown in the plantation are five varieties TRI 2025, Gambong, TRI2024, Kiara and Chinruan in Ngargoyoso. Results: 1H NMR metabolomics protocol successfully identified TRI 2025 variety to have higher levels of theanine, catechins and caffeine than other varieties. The young leaves plucking position showed a higher level of catechin, EGCG, caffeine, theobromine, and L-glutamine than the older ones. While green tea at 1159 masl contains a higher level of theanine, L-glutamin, α-glucose, β-glucose, quinic acid, and succinic acid than those at 899 masl. This makes the TRI 2025 variety at the young position can be recommended to be the best quality in taste and benefits. Conclusion: Present study might suggest the tea quality based on metabolites profiling both for taste and benefits.

}, keywords = {Tea leaves; Camellia sinensis; metabolite profiling; 1H-NMR; Indonesia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.43}, author = {Dinar S. C. Wahyuni and Raissa. K. Putri and Anik Arniyanti and Sasha H. Audita and Syaiful Choiri and Saptono Hadi and Rita Rakhmawati and Estu R. Nugraheni and Soerya D. Marliyana and Yudi Rinanto and Ari Satia Nugraha and Ahmad Ainurofiq} } @article {2460, title = {Microencapsulation of Paracetamol with Polycaprolacone Coating}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {89-94}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Paracetamol is widely used as a medicine for fever and pain. Paracetamol has a normal half-life in the blood of 2 hours. If paracetamol is consumed frequently it will cause stomach irritation. This research aims to cover the unpleasant taste of paracetamol by microencapsulating using a coating and changing the release of paracetamol microcapsules. In this study, the coating material used was polycaprolactone because polycaprolactone is a biodegradable coating material. The amount of coating used in this study was 1.5g, 3g and 4.5g. Paracetamol microencapsulation was carried out in evaluation tests, namely organoleptic examination and particle size. Then a characterization test was carried out, namely the surface morphology test of the paracetamol microencapsulation using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) method and the dissolution test. The research results showed that the concentration obtained by Formula 1 was 95.66\%, Formula 2 was 97.17 and F3 was 98.81. The dissolution test results showed that the largest dissolution percentage of microcapsules in formula 1 was 97.85\% at 50 minutes, formula 2 was 98.13 at 55 minutes and formula 3 was 98.91\% at 60 minutes. Microencapsulation of paracetamol with polycaprolactone can cover the bitter taste and changing the release of paracetamol microcapsules into sustained release preparations.

}, keywords = {Microencapsulation, Paracetamol, Polycaprolactone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.12}, author = {Elmi Sariani Hasibuan and Ayus Diningsih and Cory Linda Futri Harahap and Anto J. Hadi and Hafni Nur Insan and Rini Fitriani Dongoran and Haslinah Ahmad and Hapiz Arlanda Sani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2563, title = {Microscopic Standardization and Bioactive Profiling of Cissampelos pareira Roots}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {733-741}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {733}, abstract = {

The present study focuses on the pharmacognostic characterization and phytochemical profiling of Cissampelos pareira roots to establish reliable diagnostic features for identification and standardization. C. pareira, a medicinal plant from the family Menispermaceae, is often erroneously identified as Cyclea peltata due to morphological similarities, highlighting the need for detailed microscopic evaluation. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses revealed distinctive features such as a multilayered cork, lignified stone cells, medullary rays, vascular strands, starch grains, and calcium oxalate crystals. Histochemical tests confirmed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, mucilage, lignin, starch, and oils in specific tissues. Preliminary phytochemical screening of ethanolic root extracts indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, sterols, tannins, terpenoids, essential oils, and amino acids, while saponins and anthraquinones were absent. Physicochemical parameters such as total ash (6.5\% w/w) and water-soluble extractive (16.8\% w/w) supported quality evaluation. These findings validate the ethnomedicinal uses of C. pareira in treating inflammatory, febrile, and reproductive disorders and provide essential pharmacognostic markers for authentication and prevention of adulteration. The study further underscores the plant{\textquoteright}s phytochemical richness, warranting advanced analytical and pharmacological investigations to substantiate its therapeutic potential.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.92}, author = {Sridevi N and Thirumal M} } @article {2492, title = {The Miracle Moringa Oleifera Tree: A Bibliometric Review of Its Neuroprotective Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {258-276}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {258}, abstract = {

Introduction: With its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities, Moringa oleifera is gaining interest for its neuroprotective potential. This bibliometric analysis examines Moringa oleifera research trends, gaps, and future prospects, focusing on its function in cognitive deficits and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s. Topiramate and riluzole{\textquoteright}s neuroprotective effects are also discussed.; Materials and methods: Research trends in Moringa oleifera were examined using Scopus-indexed literature. The plant parts studied (leaves, seeds, roots), doses, and methods were key. The review included antiepileptic medication trials to complement their neuroprotective properties. Results and discussion: Antioxidant and phytochemical properties made Moringa oleifera a promising neuroprotectant, according to the review. However, dose reporting and plant part specification variations compromised findings{\textquoteright} reliability and reproducibility. To maintain methodological consistency, dose-response studies, uniform reporting techniques, and interdisciplinary collaboration are future research topics. Antiepileptic medications like topiramate and riluzole modulate neurotransmitter systems and provide neuroprotection with natural products. Conclusions: This analysis emphasizes the necessity for rigorous research and standardized methods to enhance Moringa oleifera and related pharmacological compounds{\textquoteright} therapeutic potential. Addressing these obstacles will improve findings{\textquoteright} reliability and clinical application, enabling evidencebased neurological condition treatments. This research was conducted in January 2025.

}, keywords = {Brain, Herb, Moringa oleifera, Natural Agent, Neuroprotective, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.33}, author = {Arman Yurisaldi Saleh and Dwi Arwandi Yogi Saputra and Riezky Valentina and Tirta Darmawan Susanto} } @article {2523, title = {Moringa oleifera Fruit Secondary Metabolites Role in Sarcopenic Obesity via Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Protein: An In Silico Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {450-457}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {450}, abstract = {

Background: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) refers to the coexistence of sarcopenia and obesity, pathogenic interaction between loss of skeletal muscle and function and fat-mass accumulation. Fat mass and obesityassociated (FTO) protein is one of the proteins that involved in pathophysiology of SO. Moringa oleifera is one of potential drug candidates for degenerative diseases due to its various bioactive metabolites from most parts of this plant. Objective: An in silico study, employing computational methods to simulate molecular interactions through molecular docking, aims to investigate the potential of Moringa oleifera fruit secondary metabolites to interact with FTO protein. Methodology: This study was carried out the molecular docking analysis of Moringa oleifera fruit secondary metabolites that was retrieved from database and have been screened for drug-likeness and toxicity for FTO protein inhibitor candidates. Molecular docking was using Pyrx v0.8, AutoDock 4.2.6 by AutoDockTools 1.5.7, and BIOVIA Discovery studio client 2025 as visualization tools. Results: This study showed 9 bioactive compounds from Moringa oleifera fruit is bioavailable and safe for oral drugs according to Lipinski Rule of 5 (RO5) and Oral Rat Acute Toxicity (LD50). Molecular docking results showed riboflavin is the most potential compound as FTO protein inhibitor as its strongest affinity and interaction in active site compared to FTO protein native ligands 3-methylthymidine (DT). Conclusion: Therefore, Moringa oleifera fruit is potential for SO therapy candidates through regulation of FTO protein activity.

}, keywords = {and riboflavin, FTO protein, Molecular docking, Moringa oleifera fruit, sarcopenic obesity (SO)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.57}, author = {Mila Citrawati and Assyafiya Salwa and Yuni Setyaningsih and Cut Fauziah and Tiwuk Susantiningsih} } @article {2491, title = {Mucuna Pruriens Seeds Extract Loaded Phytosomal Intranasal Gel for the Effective Treatment of Parkinson{\textquoteright}s Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {129-154}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

One phytoconstituent derived from Mucuna pruriens (legumes) is levodopa. This medication{\textquoteright}s oral usage is limited by its high first-pass metabolism and low absorption. The goal of the present research was to develop a phytosomal gel filled with levodopa extract for better delivery and brain targeting. Various techniques, including solvent evaporation, salting out anti-solvent precipitation, direct egg yolk, and egg lipids methods, were used to create phytosomal formulations. Scanning electron microscopy, particle size, x-ray diffraction, and other techniques were used to characterize phytosomes. And added into gel formation, the more successful batch was examined for several parameters. The final batch underwent a variety of animal tests, including pharmacokinetic analysis, irritation to the nasal cavity testing. The most effective phytosomes were those made via the antisolvent precipitation approach. In this investigation, a 32-randomized complete factorial design was employed. Batch F4 had an entrapment efficiency of 70\%, a particle size of 15 (μg) and 60\% CDR. The gel-formulated batch F4G3 demonstrated improved results in terms of extrudability (90.82), amount of drug (89.32\%), viscosity (5421 cps at 100 rpm), and spreadability (25.18). Batch F4G3 of the Mucuna pruriens phytosome gel exhibited Higuchi{\textquoteright}s kinetics. According to the findings of the animal study, dopamine levels were significantly elevated. The pharmacokinetic and nasal irritation studies showed notable in vitro penetration of the nasal mucosa without resulting in skin irritation. For improving Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease treatment, the phytosomal gel formulation delivered via the nasal route would be the ideal option.

}, keywords = {Gel, L-Dopa extract, Mucuna pruriens, Nasal gel, Optimization, Phytosome}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.18}, author = {Aniruddha Kulkarni and Manoj Tare and Meera Singh} } @article {2487, title = {Myricitrin-Mediated Biogenic Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis, Characterization, and its Antioxidant, Anticancer, and DNA Cleavage Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {121-128}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {121}, abstract = {

Introduction: Myricitrin (MY) is a potent antioxidant flavonoid that has recently gained research interest due to its wide applications in food, cosmetics, and medicine. Objective: The current work reports MY, its isolation and characterization from Eugenia uniflora leaves, and green synthesis with AgNO3 to afford myricitrin-based silver nanoparticles (MY-Ag NPs). Materials and Methods: The biosynthesized nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized using UV, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Dynamic light scattering (DLS) methods. Antioxidant, anti-cancer, and DNA cleavage activities were based on standard in vitro bioassay methods. Results: The UV-vis absorption peak at 430 nm suggests the formation of silver-based NPs. The FESEM imaging showed spherical-to-cubical shaped MY-Ag NPs with an average size of 45.35 nm. The EDX analysis showed the presence of elemental Ag (89.40\%) and N (10.22\%), suggesting a successful synthesis. The XRD analysis revealed various peaks at 38.37$^{0}$, 43.56$^{0}$, 63.76$^{0}$, and 77.77$^{0}$, which suggest metallic silver reflections, further establishing the crystallinity of NPs. The MY-Ag NPs inhibited O2 -, OH-, H2O2, and NO free radicals in a dose-dependent manner. At 50 and 80 μg/mL, it demonstrated a better inhibitory effect on OH- radical than L-ascorbic acid. The cytotoxicity (IC50) against human cancer cell lines of the kidney (ACHN) and the liver (HepG2) were 54.21 {\textpm} 0.06 μg/mL and 33.36 {\textpm} 2.25 μg/mL respectively at 48 h post-treatment. Lastly, at 20 mg/mL for 120 minutes, MY-Ag NPs cleaved DNA, acting as chemical nucleases. This may suggest its capacity to impede cancer cells by cleaving the genome. Conclusion: Therefore, this study has shown that Myricitrinbased Ag NPs possess notable antioxidant and cytotoxicity that can be further exploited in the search for newer anticancer agents.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Antioxidant, DNA cleavage, Myricitrin, Silver nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.17}, author = {Pallab Kar and Ayodeji O. Oriola and Moganavelli Singh and Adebola O. Oyedeji} } @article {2375, title = {Mangifera indica Linn. Waste Peel Ethanol Extract on Inducing Citrus amblycarpa Hassk. Ochese Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1010-1014}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1010}, abstract = {

Background: Excessive production of reactive oxygen species plays a significant role in the proliferation and evolution of numerous high-risk diseases in humans, the antioxidant capacity of bioactive substances is of immense importance. Mangifera indica L., a medicinal plant has high bioactive metabolite contents and contributes to several positive biological processes in the plant. Citrus amblycarpa H.O. contains an excellent source of chemical compounds and the presence of these compounds can be a potential pharmacological activity as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and others. The aim of the study is to assess the effect of Mangifera indica and Citrus amblycarpa peel ethanol extract as an antioxidant agents. Method: Phytochemical screening of M. indica and C. amblycarpa peeled ethanol extract was done to identify alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, anthraquinone, tannins, and terpenoid contents. The antioxidant activity of the extract was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Result: Mangifera indica and Citrus amblycarpa peel ethanol extract have an antioxidant activity of IC50 29,28 μg/mL and IC50 669,52 μg/mL separately, while combination antioxidant activity was 48,05 μg/ mL. Conclusion: Mangifera indica Linn. peel ethanol extract could induce Citrus amblycarpa antioxidant activity producing a potential antioxidant agent.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Citrus amblycarpa, Mangifera indica, Peel Extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.163}, author = {Raden Anita Indriyanti and Yuktiana Kharisma and Meta Maulida Damayanti} } @article {2234, title = {Measuring Adolescent Mental Health and the Effect on Junevile Deliquency Behavior Tendencies. Case Study in Tana Toraja}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {231-234}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {231}, abstract = {

Background: Adolescence is a transitional phase of development from childhood to adulthood, involving various changes in the biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional aspects of the adolescent. These changes often lead to confusion in establishing their identity, which can result in behaviors that are not in line with their developmental responsibilities. The tendency towards delinquent behavior in adolescents is one of the forms of behavior that emerges during adolescence due to the dysfunction of various aspects within the adolescent. The presence of dysfunction in these aspects of the adolescent indicates that the adolescent is experiencing mental disorders. The aim of this study is to analyze how the mental health of adolescents influences their tendency to engage in delinquent behaviors. Method: Using a quantitative method with descriptive statistics and testing assumptions using multiple linear regression analysis. Result: Based on the characteristics of adolescents aged 14 to 18 years, it was found that the mental health condition of adolescents has an impact on the tendency of delinquent behavior in adolescents, with a value based on the linear regression model of 0.000 \< 0.05, indicating a significant level. Conclusion: The non-impulsive behavioral aspect is the most significantly influential factor on the tendency of adolescent delinquent behavior with a value of p \< 0.05.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Juneville delinquency tendency, Mental health, Self-Control}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.33}, author = {Librawaty Sara Tangibali and Muhammad Syafar and Ridwan M. Thaha and Sudirman Nasir and Hasanuddin Ishak and Sukri Palutturi and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2319, title = {Mechanism and Antifungal Activities Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Isolated from Patients Against Ethanol Extracts of Parameria laevigata (Juss.) Moldenke Stem Bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {684-688}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {684}, abstract = {

Introduction: Fungal diseases are not an exception to the current antibiotic resistance situation. Antimicrobial stewardship programs and high drug screening are two of the measures that are being used. Today, fungal infections are severe health problems. Utilizing plant-based natural compounds that are effective against various human pathogenic fungi is one method for preventing the issues associated with fungal infection. In this research, extracts are used as an option to treat patients with Candida albicans infection. The research aimed to examine the antifungal properties of an ethanol extract from Parameria laevigata (Juss.) Moldenke stem bark against C. albicans isolated from patients. Methods: This research used a microdilution method. C. albicans from patients diagnosed with vulvovaginal candidiasis. The test sample is 70\% and 96\% ethanol extracted from P. laevigata stem bark. Data analysis used One-way ANOVA with a P value of 0.000. Results: The result showed that PLE-70 can inhibit the growth of C. albicans with the highest \%inhibition for ATCC 14053, CP-1, CP-2, CP-3, and CP-4, respectively 36.39\%; 37.51\%; 38.66\%; 45.78\%; 84.87\%. PLE-96 can inhibit the growth of C. albicans with the highest \%inhibition for ATCC 14053, CP-1, CP-2, CP-3, and CP-4 respectively 17.49\%; 17.77\%; 29.27\%; 34.12\%; 38.42\%. Conclusion: It was concluded that the ethanol extract from P. laevigata stem bark can inhibit C. albicans isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis patients.

}, keywords = {Candida albicans, Compound, Medicine, Microdilution method, Ultrasound Assisted Extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.109}, author = {Wirda Anggraini and Djoko Agus Purwanto and Idha Kusumawati and Isnaeni} } @article {2420, title = {Metabolite Profiling of Different Parts of Syzygium cumini var. album and Physicochemical Testing of its Identical Compounds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1272-1280}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1272}, abstract = {

Indonesia is the second most biodiverse country in the world and is classified as a megadiverse country. Syzygium cumini is known to have various pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiarrheal, and others. This study aims to explore the metabolite profile of 70\% ethanolic extract from the leaves and bark of Syzygium cumini var. album and analyze the physicochemical properties of its identical compounds. Phytochemical screening was conducted using commonly used methods, and metabolite profiling was carried out using UPLC-QToF-MS/MS. Pharmacological bioactivity and physicochemical properties of the identified compounds were analyzed using web tools such as Way2Drug, SwissADME, and ProTox II. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of Syzygium cumini var. album leaves contain 33 compounds, while the bark extract contains 26 compounds. Morin and alnusiin were identified in both samples. Based on PASS activity testing, morin exhibited Chlordecone reductase inhibitor activity and has potential for further development due to its favorable physicochemical properties and safety profile based on toxicity tests. This study demonstrates that the leaf and bark extracts of Syzygium cumini var. album contain morin and alnusiin, with morin showing potential as an effective and safe therapeutic agent as a Chlordecone reductase inhibitor.

}, keywords = {Syzygium cumini var. album; Chlordecone reductase inhibitor; biological activity; physicochemistry; toxicity analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.206}, author = {Yanu Andhiarto and Faisal Akhmal Muslikh and Suciati and Sukardiman} } @article {2236, title = {Microbial Quantitative Risk Assessment in Springs as Community Drinking Water Sources in the Banggai Islands Karst Area, Central Sulawesi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {241-247}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {241}, abstract = {

The Banggai Karst Area of the Islands of Central Sulawesi Province is dominated by the appearance of the Karst Ecosystem, which covers 97\% of the total area, so it is very vulnerable to pathogenic bacterial contamination. This type of research is an observational study with a Cross-Sectional design with an Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) approach method to assess or forecast the amount of human health risk caused by exposure to environmental hazards. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) determines or predicts the human health risk caused by exposure to environmental hazards from pathogenic bacterial contamination. In this study, we collected 230 human samples and four samples of springs as a source of community drinking water, namely Paisu Lalomo Spring in South Buko District, Paisu Taabak in Liang District, Paisu Olulan in North Bulagi District and Paisu Sinangkal North Tinangkung District. The examination results on four springs as a source of community drinking water contained one sample with the highest probability of infection (Pinf) of 3.92 x10-4, namely Coliform bacteria in Paisu Lalomo springs. Furthermore, the annual chance of infection (Pinf / year), the highest pathogenic bacteria, was also found in Paisu Lalomo spring samples, namely in coliform bacteria with the same value (Pinf / year) = 1.32{\texttimes}10-1. However, examination of other bacteria also showed that all positive springs contained coliform bacteria and Enterococcus exceeding the specified limit (1x10-4). Risk management is needed to control risk factors that can cause health problems due to consuming and utilizing springs as a source of drinking water.

}, keywords = {Karst, Pathogenic bacteria, QMRA, Springs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.35}, author = {Ferdy Salamat and Anwar Daud and Agus Bintara Birawida and Amran Achmad and Muh. Syafar and Ridwan Amiruddin and Stang and Langgeng Wahyu Santoso and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2344, title = {Molecular Insights into Spirulina platensis Compounds Targeting TNFa and P21 in Delaying Cellular Senescence Mechanisms: An In Silico Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {809-815}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {809}, abstract = {

Spirulina platensis with bioactive compounds such as Phycocyanin, β-carotene, Genistein and α-glucan, have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. Our present study investigation utilizes an in silico methodology to examine the molecular interactions between Spirulina platensis chemicals compound with TNFa and p21. Utilizing computational techniques molecular docking, our goal is to clarify the possible pathways by which Spirulina platensis chemicals could affect these important regulators and postpone cellular senescence. Our research may shed important light on the creation of Spirulina platensis-based therapies for ageing and age-related illnesses. Our results imply that Spirulina platensis may contribute to overall cellular health and the mitigation of cellular senescence. Phycocyanin has the most negative ΔG value is -15.0 kcal/mol. Genistein has the lowest Ki value, namely 7.299 μM. The ΔG and Ki values of Genistein were lower than Quercetin. The potential chemical interactions between substances generated from Spirulina platensis and senescence pathways, including those involving TNFa and p21, are highly intriguing for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches targeted at ameliorating cellular senescence dysfunction associated with aging.

}, keywords = {in silico, p21 expression, Spirulina platensis, TNFa-induced cellular senescence}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.134}, author = {Tiwuk Susantiningsih and Fadilah Fadilah and Ani Retno Prijanti and Novi Silvia Hardiany} } @article {2255, title = {Mozart K488 Addition Can Improve Depressive-Like Behavior in Rats: In Search of Better Management}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {348-354}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {348}, abstract = {

Background: Fluoxetine is one of the medications used for the treatment of depression with several benefits, but some patients have a poor response to the drug. Several studies reported the use of Mozart music (K448) as an alternative therapy for treating the condition, yet the combination of Mozart and fluoxetine remains underexplored. In light of this, this study aims to assess the impact of combined fluoxetine and Mozart (K448) therapy on depressive-like behavior and associated hormonal changes in a rodent model subjected to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress (CUMS) conditions. Materials and Methods: The depression-induced animal model received one of these three specified treatments: fluoxetine (F), Mozart (M), or a combination of fluoxetine and Mozart (F+M). The depressive-like behavior was assessed using a 24-hour sucrose preference test (SPT). Additionally, after 21 days of treatment, plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal melatonin levels were assessed. Statistical analysis using either ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests was then performed. Results: The fluoxetine-Mozart group had higher SPT compared to CUMS group. However, they do not have a better result compared to other groups in terms of corticosterone and melatonin levels with values of respectively. Conclusion: The combined therapy of fluoxetine and Mozart improved depressive-like behavior.

}, keywords = {Corticosterone, Depressive-like behavior, Fluoxetine, Hippocampus, Melatonin, Mozart}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.53}, author = {Lisa Pangemanan and Irwanto and Margarita M. Maramis} } @article {2118, title = {Male and Female Rosy Barb Fish (Pethia conchonius) Predation Time Against Aedes aegypti Mosquito Larva and Pupa Stage in the Morning}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {781-785}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {781}, abstract = {

Introduction: The control program for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) outbreaks prioritizes controlling the mosquito vector population. One way of biologically controlling mosquitoes that is safer and more environmentally friendly is fish as natural predators of larval and pupae stage mosquitoes. One fish tested in this study was Rosy Barb (Pethia conchonius). Objective: This study aimed to compare the male and female fish predation ability of rosy barb (P. conchonius) in Aedes aegypti larval and pupal stages. Methods: This study is a laboratory experiment with a post-test-only design and five replications. One aquarium holds one litre of water, one fish, and 25 Ae. aegypti larval/pupa tails. Fish testing begins at 09.00 WIB in the morning. Fish predation was timed until the fish consumed all larvae and pupae. Results: The mean time of predation of male P. conchonius to larvae was 12.03 minutes, and pupae were 2.83 minutes. The mean time of predation of female P. conchonius on larvae was 11.70 minutes, and pupae were 4.28 minutes. The results of the independent sample t-test equal variance assumed statistical test showed that male and female fish had mosquito larvae feeding times that were not significantly different (p\> 0.05). Male and female fish had mosquito pupa feeding times that were not significantly different (p \> 0.05). Conclusions: Rosy barb fish (P. conchonius) has the potential as a natural predator of Ae. aegypti larval and pupal stages.

}, keywords = {Aedes aegypti, Female fish, Larvae, Male fish, Pethia conchonius, Pupae.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.152}, author = {Hebert Adrianto and Sri Subekti and Heny Arwati and Etha Rambung and Natalia Christiani} } @article {2168, title = {Marginal Leakage Evaluation of Bioactive Bulkfill Restorative Materials in Class II Cavities: An In Vitro Comparative Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1098-1104}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1098}, abstract = {

The goal of this study was to estimate the gingival marginal leakage of two types of bioactive composite restorative materials of class II box cavities regarding of the storage in PBS. Methods: Forty sound molars with compared size, each tooth were prepared with two independed class II box cavities (mesially and distally). The teeth were divided into four major groups each of (n=10) according to type of restorative materials. After cavities restorations and samples thermocycling, each group was further separated into two subgroups (n=5); first subgroup does not undergo storage, while the second subgroup was stored for 28 days in PBS. After that all teeth samples were subjected to microleakage analyses to estimate the sealing ability of each restorative material. Statistical analyses were be done with IBM SPSS Statistics version 20, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test were be used to compare the results at 5\% significant level. Results: The study outlined a statistically significant difference at (P<=0.05) among groups regarding marginal leakage at the interface between restoration and gingival enamel for non-storage and storage groups, and the Cention N and the Predicta bioactive showed reduction in the marginal leakage after storage in PBS. Conclusion: Different types and qualities of resin restorative material can influence the marginal leakage between restoration and gingival enamel margin. The storage of bioactive composite material in the PBS can be reduced the marginal leakage.

}, keywords = {Bioactive bulkfill materials, Cention N, Marginal leakage, Predicta bioactive}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.200}, author = {Hadeer Sh Ibrahim and Raghad A Al-Askary} } @article {2030, title = {Mechanism of High Dosage Vitamin D Supplementation on The Lung Function and Quality of Life of Stable COPD Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {274-278}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {274}, abstract = {

Background: Oxidative stress results from the amplification mechanism of COPD, which leads to decreased lung function and the quality of life of the sufferers. Vitamin D has a function in reducing oxidative stress levels through several mechanisms, which can be revealed by analyzing several biomarkers to determine the role of vitamin D on lung function and the quality of life of stable COPD patients. Methods: The subjects included GOLD 2 and 3 stable COPD patients who had 25(OH)D levels of \< 32 ng/ml and were receiving bronchodilator Indacaterol maleate therapy. The biomarkers examined included Nrf2, HDAC2, MDA, MMP-9, pulmonary function tests 6MWT, and QOL. The patients in the control and treatment groups were administered with vitamin D at a dose of 1,000 and 5,000 IU, respectively, for three months. Results: The administration of vitamin D to the patients in the control and treatment groups can significantly reduce oxidative stress, as evidenced by reduced MDA (p-value \< 0.01) and MMP-9 levels (p-value \< 0.01). Vitamin D affects exercise tolerance, as evidenced by 6MWT (p-value = 0.01). Vitamin D affects the quality of life, as evidenced by 6MWT (p-value = 0.01). Vitamin D affects Nrf2 levels (p-value = 0.08) and HDAC2 (p-value = 0.01). Conclusion: The pathway analysis through the study of the Nrf2, HDAC2, MMP-9, and MDA levels does not prove that vitamin D can prevent decreased lung function and quality of life in patients with stable COPD.

}, keywords = {6MWT, COPD, FEF25-75, FEV1, FVC, HDAC2, MDA, MMP-9, Nrf2, Oxidative stress, QOL., Vitamin D}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.74}, author = {Adyan Donastin and Muhammad Amin and Yulistiani} } @article {2172, title = {The Mediating Role of Perceived Value on the Relationship between Quality Assurance and Student Satisfaction in Nursing Education}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1121-1125}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1121}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aimed to examine the connections between quality assurance, perceived value, and nursing student satisfaction. Methods: A survey was conducted with 200 nursing students in Indonesia. Data on quality assurance, perceived value, and satisfaction was gathered. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to assess the measurement and structural models. Results: PLS-SEM showed a significant positive link between quality assurance and perceived value (β=0.239, p=0.002), and between perceived value and satisfaction (β=0.510, p\<0.001). However, no direct relationship was found between quality assurance and satisfaction (β=0.042, p=0.571) in the structural model. Perceived value exhibited a mediating role. Conclusion: Enhancing quality assurance in nursing schools is essential for improving students{\textquoteright} perceived value, subsequently leading to higher satisfaction levels. However, it{\textquoteright}s crucial to note that quality alone doesn{\textquoteright}t directly impact satisfaction. Nursing schools should prioritize both quality assurance and increasing perceived value to maximize student satisfaction.

}, keywords = {Nursing education, Perceived value, Quality assurance, Student satisfaction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.204}, author = {Hammad and Parellangi and Kelana Kusuma Dharma and Anwar Mallongi and Sukri Palutturi and Ainun Sajidah and Naning Kisworo Utami and Khairir Rizani and Reza Fauzan and Heru Santoso Wahito Nugroho and Muhammad Rasyid} } @article {2017, title = {Medicinal Plants Adopted as Aphrodisiacs by Traditional Gynecologists in the Souss Massa Region}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {406-413}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {406}, abstract = {

The population of southern Morocco particularly that of Souss Massa uses traditional empirical care, several specialties of traditional medicine exist in the region including women healers considered traditional gynecologists, these women used medicinal plants to treat female genital disorders. This study was carried out in order to collect information on the therapeutic practices and medicinal plants adopted and used by women healers named locally by "ferraga" or "tachrift" and "tagouramt" in the Souss Massa region (Agadir Idaoutanan, Inzegane Ait Meloul and Chtouka Ait Baha), in order to preserve and protect this invaluable inheritance from loss and overlook. Using questionnaires, a series of surveys were conducted during the years 2020-2021, on the one hand, among the population (sample of 279 people) to determine the importance of these women healers in the health sector of the region of these women healers, and on the other hand, a survey was conducted among these women healers to collect the recipes adopted in the treatment of female genital disorders especially infertility and sterility in these situations they prescribe aphrodiasitic plants. we recorded 59 species, divided into 28 botanical families, of which the Lamiaceae (15\%) and the Apiaceae (12\%) are the most widespread, and generally Leaves (35.38\%) and seeds (18.48\%) are the most used plant parts. These results show that the women healers have a very important place in the health service, especially they have a very interesting knowledge of the treatment of female genital disorders. The plants identified in this study could constitute a data base for further research in the field of phytochemistry and pharmacology.

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.63}, author = {Taleb Ali Khalid and Aarab Ahmed} } @article {2038, title = {Metabolite Profiling of Compounds from Sargassum polycystum using UPLC-QToF-MS/MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {321-333}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {321}, abstract = {

Background: There are many types of seaweed that have high economic value. Brown seaweed (Sargassum polycystum) can be used as a raw material in the industry and as a medicinal plant. Maintaining the quality of a compound requires an analytical method that can identify the diversity of metabolome profiles. Objective: This investigation seeks to discover the metabolite profile of S. polycystum from Sumenep, Madura Island, Indonesia, utilizing the UPLC-QToF MS/MS equipment. Materials and Methods: The extract was further fractioned using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. The metabolite profiling of extract and fractions used the UPLC-QToF-MS/MS instrument. It was produced with SPE and then introduced into the MS Xevo G2-S QToF detector of the ACQUITY UPLC{\textregistered} H-Class System. The findings of the UPLC-QToF-MS/MS analysis were processed with the MassLynx 4.1 software to obtain chromatogram data and m/z spectra of each observed peak, which were then validated using the ChemSpider and MassBank databases. Results: Based on the results of metabolite profiling using UPLC-QToF-MS/MS, the 96 \% ethanol extract of S. polycystum indicated a total of 61 compounds, the n-hexane fraction indicated a total of 55 compounds, the ethyl acetate fraction indicated a total of 67 compounds, and the water fraction indicated a total of 49 compounds. Conclusion: There are 232 compounds in the extract and a fraction of S. polycystum consisting of 168 known compounds and 64 unknown compounds.

}, keywords = {Metabolite profiling, Sargassum polycystum, Seaweed, UPLC-QToF-MS/MS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.82}, author = {Pramudita Riwanti and Intan Kris Prasetyanti and Burhan Ma{\textquoteright}arif} } @article {2188, title = {Metrics to Catch on Innovation Culture in Hospital: A Scoping Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1213-1218}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1213}, abstract = {

Objective: This scoping review aimed to map measurement instruments of innovation culture in hospital. Introduction: A culture of innovation can reveal the strengths and opportunities of hospitals in driving strategic innovation and creating an organizational culture; however, suitable measurement instruments for depicting innovation culture are still being discussed. Inclusion criteria: This review considered studies that reviewed the measurement of organizational innovation culture, specifically in a hospital setting. Methods: This review adopted the JBI methodology for scoping review. Search strategies used PCC elements, and the terms "Metric OR Measure OR Questionnaire" AND "Culture of Innovation OR Innovation Culture" AND "Hospital OR Healthcare" were used as the main keywords, limited by quantitative research types in English. The data was extracted from qualified articles, compiled in a spreadsheet, and then imported into Microsoft Word to be combined into a table containing a grid synthesis and a summary of the main concepts. Results: Eight articles published from 2015 to 2022 were eligible for review. The mapping results obtained five metrics that depicted the innovation culture in the hospital. Groups of various dimensions and the measurement results also varied, including innovation tendency, value, climate, flexibility, and focus on being characteristic of innovation. Resource, process, role and involvement of health workers, technology support, and leadership were components of innovation. Reflexivity, behavior, and teamwork are essential to achieving a successful culture of innovation in the hospital. Conclusions: The measurement of innovation culture in hospitals consists of three main keys, namely the characteristics of innovation, the components of innovation, and teamwork: innovation in action.

}, keywords = {Innovation Culture in Hospital, Metrics, Team Work}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.220}, author = {Asnany and M. Alimin Maidin and Syahrir A. Pasinringi and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2195, title = {The Miracle of Moringa Oleifera Leaves for the Prevention of Anemia: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1258-1261}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1258}, abstract = {

Background: Moringa oleifera leaves contain very rich compounds that include nutrients, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and many other compounds with numerous benefits for humans. This literature review discusses the benefits of Moringa oleifera leaves in preventing anemia. Methods: This review is a narrative review using the research of international journal sources from databased, national journals in the last ten years. The keywords anemia, hemoglobin, and Moringa oleifera/M. oleifera leaves were used. Based on the 35 journals reviewed, 12 studies were included in this review. Results: The literature results show a positive relationship between Moringa leaf extract and an increase in the value of hemoglobin levels, with a p-value \<0.05. However, this review found other benefits of Moringa oleifera leaf extract, such as improving the morphology of damaged red blood cells and antioxidants. It has become an alternative in the treatment of anemia. Conclusions: The nutrient content in Moringa leaf extract plays a significant part in increasing hemoglobin levels in the blood. Other factors that can increase the risk of anemia are micronutrient deficiency, infectious diseases (HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria), worm infections, and genetic disorders. (25) We recommend conducting an experimental study to compare two groups given Moringa leaf extract and multi-micronutrient tablets to get more effective results in lowering the prevalence of anemia.

}, keywords = {Anemia, Moringa oleifera leaf extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.228}, author = {Dwi Wahyu Balebu and Ridwan Aminuddin and Veni Hadju and Arsunan Arsin and Nurhaedar Jafar and Herawati and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2047, title = {Model Prediction of Potential Disease Effects from PM2.5 Emission Among School Children in Coming 30 years in South Tangerang}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {400-404}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {400}, abstract = {

Background: The largest global environmental health risk factor is the ambient of air pollution, that largely attributed to transportation emissions. One of the main causes of PM2.5 emissions is thought to be onroad transportation. PM2.5 has an impact on health, especially on children that relate to the respiratory system such as asthma, lung cancer, and decreased intelligence. Objective: The research objective was to predict the risk potential disease due to PM2.5 in children from vehicle emissions in South Tangerang City. Method: This research is an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional study design using a dynamic model approach using STELLA software. The environmental and human samples aare used to calculate the exposure level to PM2.5 taken from 32 points in 7 sub-districts of South Tangerang City (North Serpong, Serpong, Pondok Aren, Ciputat, East Ciputat, Pamulang, and Setu). then, meteorological data was also collected. Results: The number of vehicles in the city of South Tangerang is quite high, especially between 11:00 and 15:00 with the majority of vehicles passing by are cars and motorbikes. PM2.5 pollution levels will fluctuate until 2053. The effects of temperature, weather, and humidity might cause an increase in PM2.5 pollutants at specific times. According to the modeling calculation results, even though there are occasions when PM2.5 pollution levels fall, acute respiratory infection (ARI) incidence in children will continue to rise over time. Although PM2.5 emissions fluctuate, exposure to PM2.5 in low concentrations poses a risk to human health.

}, keywords = {Acute respiratory infection., Children, Particulate matter, Transportation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.91}, author = {Ernyasih and Anwar Mallongi and Anwar Daud and Sukri Palutturi and Stang and Razak Thaha and Erniwaty Ibrahim and Wesam Al Moudhun} } @article {2013, title = {Molecular Docking and ADME Studies of Centella Asiatica as Anti Hyperuricemia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {384-389}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {384}, abstract = {

Centella asiatica is a traditional natural medicine used in a number of Southeast Asian nations. (also known as Centella asiatica L., Urb., or Gotu Kola). The aim of this study is to determine the antihyperuricemia properties of Centella asiatica extract and the possibility that they will interact with the XDH enzyme. The XDH enzyme is one of three enzymes that can influence the onset of hyperuricemia with the other two are SLC22A12 and ABCG2. In this research, we employ a computational method in collaboration with a number of applications and databases. ADME analysis was carried on for some Centella asiatica constituents to determine their similarities to the drug and bioavailability components. The analysis continued on with molecular docking between the chemical compounds and several enzymes related to hyperuricemia. According to the findings, Centella asiatica contains active constituents that can be used as an alternative therapy for hyperuricemia.

}, keywords = {Centella asiatica, Hyperuricemia, Molecular Docking.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.59}, author = {Ahmad Shobrun Jamil and Prayogi Galie Saputro} } @article {2068, title = {Molecular Docking of Thaflavine from Camellia sinensis in Inhibiting B-Cell Lymphoma Through BCl2 Apoptosis Regulator: An In Silico Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {500-505}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {500}, abstract = {

This study aims to analyze the potential of Thaflavine, a compound found in green tea (Camellia sinensis), as an inhibitor in inhibiting B-cell lymphoma through its interaction with the BCl2 apoptosis regulator using an in-silico approach. The research methodology involved the use of software tools such as PyMOL, PyRx, Protein Plus, and the Lepinski Rule. Through molecular docking analysis using PyMOL and PyRx, the findings of this study demonstrate significant interactions between Thaflavine and BCl2, with Binding Affinity values of -5.5, -4.6, and -4.6, and RMSD values of 0, 1.436, and 2.292. The analysis using Protein Plus indicates the presence of interactions between Thaflavine and BCl2. Additionally, the analysis using the Lepinski Rule of Five reveals that Thaflavine meets the criteria as a potential drug compound, with a molecular weight of 549, 9 hydrogen bond donors, 12 hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of -2.5, and a molar reactivity of 119.17. The findings of this study provide important contributions to the development of therapies for B-cell lymphoma through an in-silico approach. However, further research is needed for in vitro and in vivo validation.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis Regulator BCl2, B-cell Lymphoma, Camellia sinensis., In-Silico Thaflavine, Molecular docking}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.109}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Herland Satriawan and Teresa Liliana Wargasetia and Devi Purnamasari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Bahrun and Riso Sari Mandeli and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {1814, title = {Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.): Evaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {633-640}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {633}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), is an evergreen of the Guttiferae family that carries antioxidant activity. Objectives: to examine the antioxidant activity of the leaves, branches and rinds of the mangosteen using DPPH and CUPRAC methods, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), analyze the correlation between TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity, the correlation between two methods, and found the levels of flavonoid compounds. Methods: Extraction was performed by reflux method using solvents with graded polarity, namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. Determination of antioxidant activity with DPPH and CUPRAC, TPC and TFC were performed by UV-visible spectrophotometer. The correlation between TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity of DPPH and CUPRAC as well as the correlation between two methods were conducted by Pearson{\textquoteright}s method. The level of flavonoid compounds was performed by HPLC. Results: Mangosteen leaves, branches and rinds extracts had antioxidant activity of DPPH in the range of 39.920 {\textendash} 489.708 mg AAE/g and antioxidant activity of CUPRAC in the range of 116.360 {\textendash} 570.400 mg AAE/g. The highest TPC was given by the ethanol leaves extract (49.525 {\textpm} 4.263 g GAE/100 g) and the highest TFC was given by the n-hexane rinds extract (13.859 {\textpm} 1.451 g QE/100 g). The ethanol rinds extract contained rutin 0.0327\% and kaempferol 0.0049\%. Conclusions: TPC and TFC correlated positive and significant with the value of antioxidant activity, except for the n-hexane leaves extract using the DPPH method. The DPPH and CUPRAC methods gave linear results in determining the antioxidant activity of mangosteen extracts.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Branches, CUPRAC., DPPH, Leaves, Mangosteen, Rinds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.82}, author = {Defri Rizaldy and Nisrina Khairunnisa Ramadhita and Trishna Nadhifa and Irda Fidrianny} } @article {1854, title = {Massive Pleural Effusion with Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Test Positive and COVID-19 Confirmed: A Case Report}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {450-454}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {450}, abstract = {

A 26-year-old man complained of shortness of breath for 3 days before the hospital admission. The patient had a history of coughing up blood and had consumed alcohol and drugs. Decreased vesicular auscultation and dull percussion in the left lateral pulmo. Laboratory result showed increased neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio C-reactive protein, D-dimer, procalcitonin, ferritin, and decreased albumin level. Pleural fluid analysis indicated the presence of exudate, SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive, and increased ADA level to 43 U/L. Based on the examination results, we suspected that the etiology of the massive pleural effusion was tuberculous pleurisy, particularly due to increased ADA levels. The patient was diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia with massive pleural effusion and tuberculous pleurisy. Massive pleural effusion in SARS-CoV-2 infection is rare. Thus, laboratory modalities for massive pleural effusion diagnosis are needed to determine the etiology and effective treatment for the patient. ADA analysis could be considered as an initial examination in patients with pleural effusion during the wait for pleural fluid culture results.

}, keywords = {ADA test, COVID-19, Infectious disease, Pleural effusion, Pneumonia, Tb pleuritis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.120}, author = {Dewintha Airene Novianti and Puspa Wardhani} } @article {1779, title = {Mechanism of the Bioactive Sargassum cristaefolium in Inhibiting Inflammatory Mediators in a Nitroglycerin-Induced Migraine Model in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {388-396}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {388}, abstract = {

Background: Migraine headaches are a form of sterile neurogenic inflammation. The sterile inflammatory process of the trigeminal nerve releases the vasoactive neuropeptide CGRP which stimulates the release of inflammatory mediators. In the incidence of migraine there is an increase in TNF-α and IL-10. Sargassum cristaefolium ethanol extract contains flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids, steroids, and tannins, which has analgesic and anti-inflammatory function. Method: Sargassum cristaefolium was extracted using maceration method with 70\% ethanol as solvent. Animal models were divided into 5 groups and given NTG induction 5 times with 1 day intervals, treated for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 26.0. Results: Sargassum cristaefolium ethanol extract - CGRP levels β: -0.26, p: 0.17; Sargassum cristaefolium ethanol extract - CGRP expression β: -0.04, p: 0.85; Sargassum cristaefolium ethanol extract - TNF-α levels β: -0.63, p: 0.01; Sargassum cristaefolium ethanol extract - TNF-α expression β: -0.40, p: 0.04; Sargassum cristaefolium ethanol extract - IL-10 levels β: 0.77, p: 0.00; Sargassum cristaefolium ethanol extract - IL-10 expression β: 0.45, p: 0.01. Conclusions: A significant path between the administration of Sargassum cristaefolium ethanol extract and a decrease in TNF-α and an increase in IL-10. But the effect of giving Sargassum cristaefolium ethanol extract on CGRP levels did not have a significant relationship.

}, keywords = {Inflammatory mediator, Migraine, Nitroglycerin, Sargassum cristaefolium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.50}, author = {Olivia Mahardani Adam and Jusak Nugraha and Muhammad Hamdan and Agus Turchan} } @article {1924, title = {Medicinal Plants Adopted to Treat Children{\textquoteright}s Diseases by Traditional Pediatrics {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}Women Healers{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} In The Souss Massa Region (Agadir Idaoutanan, Inzegane Ait Meloul and Chtouka Ait Baha) Morocco}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {880-886}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {880}, abstract = {

The population of southern Morocco, particularly that of Souss Massa, uses traditional empirical care, several specialties of traditional medicine exist in the region including women healers considered traditional pediatricians, these women used medicinal plants to treat diseases of infants and children. this study was carried out in order to collect information on the therapeutic practices and medicinal plants adopted and used by women healers named locally by "ferraga" or "tachrift" and "tagouramt" in the Souss Massa region (Agadir Idaoutanan, Inzegane Ait Meloul and Chtouka Ait Baha), in order to preserve and protect this invaluable inheritance from loss and overlook.Using questionnaires, a series of surveys were conducted during the years 2018-2019 and 2019-2020, on the one hand, among the population (sample of 279 people) to determine the importance of these women healers in the health sector of the region of these women healers, and on the other hand, a survey was conducted among these women healers to collect the recipes adopted in the treatment of children{\textquoteright}s diseases. The population that uses traditional medicine frequently resorts frequently to these women healers to treat digestive and respiratory diseases and the incessant crying. The population that uses traditional medicine resorts to these women healers to treat digestive (30\% of population) and respiratory diseases and the incessant crying (24\% of population). The floristic analysis of the adopted recipes has revealed 56 plant species divided into 35 botanical families. The most used families are Lamiaceae (12,5\%) and Apiaceae (10,71\%). the leaves constitute the part more used 32.26\% followed by the seeds 22.58\%, the infusion is the mode of preparation most used by 35\% and the dose is generally by pinch, spoonful or by handful These results show that the women healers have a very important place in the health service, especially they have a very interesting knowledge of the treatment of digestive and respiratory disorders and especially of the effects attributed to sorcery. The plants identified in this study could constitute a data base for further research in the field of phytochemistry and pharmacology.

}, keywords = {Children{\textquoteright}s diseases, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine, Women healers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.183}, author = {Taleb Ali Khalid and Aarab Ahmed} } @article {1929, title = {Molecular Docking Estrogen Receptor Alpha Antagonist and P53- MDM2 Inhibitor, ADMET Prediction of Alkaloid Compound from Mitragyna speciosa for Breast Cancer Therapy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {912-916}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {912}, abstract = {

Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the major universal health problems affecting more than two million cases per year. Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and P53 are common targets for the treatment of breast cancer and are primarily involved in cell proliferation. The function of p53 protein is regulated by direct binding to MDM2 protein. Therefore, inhibition of p53-MDM2 interaction leads to reactivating p53 activity. Alkaloid compounds generally have potential anticancer effect. Alkaloid compound from Mitragyna speciosa have the potential for anticancer. Methods: The method used is molecular docking with AutoDockTools 1.5.6 program. Predict the properties of physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and toxicity prediction tests (ADMET) using pkCSM. Results: The results showed that speciophylline, corynoxine A, and corynoxine B have the best values in free binding energy (ΔG) for estrogen receptor (ERα) alpha receptor. Meanwhile, mitraphylline, mitrafoline, and corynoxine B have the best values for protein P53. Predict ADMET using the pkCSM, the alkaloid compound has strong lipophilicity and good permeability so it predicts the ability to penetrate intestinal cell membranes and the skin membrane. Spesiofilin, mitraphylline, and mitrafolin are not expected hepatotoxic. Conclusion: Speciophylline and mitraphylline have potential as anticancer drugs through the inhibitory of estrogen receptor alpha and MDM2 reseptor.

}, keywords = {ADMET, Alkaloid, Breast cancer, Docking, Mitragyna speciosa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.188}, author = {Puja Adi Priatna and Rizki Rahmadi Pratama and Retno Widyowati and Sukardiman} } @article {1764, title = {Molecular Docking, Physicochemical and Drug-likeness Properties of Isolated Compounds from Garcinia latissima Miq. on Elastase Enzyme: In Silico Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {282-288}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {282}, abstract = {

Garcinia latissima Miq. belongs to the Clusiaceae family that has been studied with activity as an antibacterial and anti-elastase in vitro. The inhibitory ability of the elastase enzyme from the G. latissima extract. This needs to be tested further by an in silico molecular docking study of the compound. Previous studies have shown that 4-oxo-β-lactam crystals are selective against the human neutrophil elastase (an enzyme protease). It has a structural relationship with its activity to become the basis for inhibiting the elastase enzyme. The purpose of this in silico study was to test whether the isolated compounds from G. latissima (including friedelin, 6-deoxyjacareubin, amentoflavone, and Robusta flavone). The in silico molecular docking method used was Autodock 4.2.6 molecular docking software. This protocol is used to test friedelin, 6-deoxyjacareubin, amentoflavone, and Robusta flavone as ligands for the elastase enzyme receptor. The protocol{\textquoteright}s output was analyzed using the Accelrys Discovery Studio Visualizer 4.0 post-docking analysis method. The results showed that isolated compounds, including amentoflavone, friedelin, and 6-deoxyjacareubin, are active ligands against porcine pancreatic elastase with the free binding energy of -10.94, -7.17, and -6.72 kcal/mol, respectively, and form hydrogen bonds, van der Walls, alkyl, electrostatic, and hydrophobic interaction. In silico physicochemical, lipophilicity, water-soluble, pharmacokinetics, and drug-likeness properties prediction showed characteristics prediction of isolated compound. This study provides an overview of the molecular interactions of isolates compounds from G. latissima against the elastase enzyme.

}, keywords = {Drug likeness, Elastase enzyme, Garcinia latissima Miq., Molecular docking study, Physicochemical properties}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.35}, author = {Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Azminah Azminah and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {1804, title = {Molecule Attachment and Prediction of ADMET Compounds in Cinnamomum burmannii on Orexin Receptor as Anti-insomnia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {576-583}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {576}, abstract = {

Background and Objectives: Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by a person{\textquoteright}s dissatisfaction with the quantity or quality of sleep. Suvorexant is a sedative and hypnotic drug that has been shown to be useful for the treatment of insomnia and can act more centrally and selectively on the orexin system. However, suvorexant has quite a lot of side effects. According to research, cinnamon has pharmacological benefits, one of which is anti-insomnia. The aimed this study to determine the interaction between the compounds contained in the cinnamon plant and the Orexin receptor with the molecular anchoring method and to determine the prediction of the ADMET properties of cinnamon compounds which have the potential as anti-insomniac. Material and Methods: The research method was in-silico study consisted of validation, bonding of cinnamon compounds and prediction of ADMET properties. Results: The results showed that cinnamon compounds, namely Cinnamic acid and Methylhidroxy calcone, had the best interactions with lower Gibbs bond energy values (ΔG) and inhibition constants (Ki). From the results of the prediction of ADMET properties, the Methylhydroxy calcone compound obtained positive results on the hepatotoxicity parameter and the Cinnamic acid compound obtained negative results, which means that the compound does not have toxic properties. Conclusion: The Cinnamic acid could be used as a new promising anti-insomnia agent.

}, keywords = {ADMET, Cinnamic acid, Cinnamomum burmanii, Insomnia, Orexin.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.74}, author = {Resmi Mustarichie and Nyi Mekar Saptarini and Sandra Megantara} } @article {1848, title = {Multi Bacterial Infection in Immunocompromised Patient}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {402-406}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {402}, abstract = {

Infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised cancer patients due to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or anti-inflammatory therapy. Approximately 0.9\%-39\% of cancer patients with febrile non neutropenia has bacteremia and about 7.3\% of cancer patients hospitalized have positive bacterial blood cultures. Multi-bacterial infection with Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) in immunocompromised cancer patients complicates therapy and is often fatal. A 6 years old boy diagnosed with left orbital tumor intracranial infiltration. Physical examination: lump in the left eye {\textpm} 8 x 10 cm, solid, reddish in color, there was a wound on the left eye {\textpm} 12 x 10 cm; Temperature 390C. Hematology examination Hb 10.3 g / dL; PLT 156 x103 / uL; WBC 28.92 x103 / uL. Blood culture results: Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) resistant to Gentamicin, Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid, Ampicillin, Penicillin G, Oxacillin and Enterococcus faecium resistant to Gentamicin, Ampicillin, Cotrimoxazole, Trimetoprim, Erythromycin, and Clindamycin. Results of pus culture from the left eye wound was Staphylococcus intermedius resistant to Gentamicin, Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid, Ampicillin, Penicillin G, Oxacillin, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin. Based on the results of blood and pus culture, all bacterial isolates included multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO). Multidrug resistant organisms are microorganisms, especially bacteria that are resistant to at least 1 antibiotic of three or more categories. Cancer patients are susceptible to infection with multi-drug resistant bacteria because of their decreased immune system, especially after undergoing chemotherapy. Appropriate antibiotic treatment determines patient morbidity and mortality. Infection due to multi-bacteria accompanied by multi-drug resistance in immunocompromised patients is a condition that has to be treated immediately since the onset of the disease to reduce morbidity and mortality.

}, keywords = {Immunocompromised, Multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR), Sepsis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.114}, author = {Ummi Nafi{\textquoteright}atil Ilmi and IGAA Putri Sri Rejeki} } @article {1359, title = {Medicinal Value of Three Agricultural Weed Species of the Asteraceae Family: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {264-277}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {264}, abstract = {

Ageratum conyzoides L., Tridax procumbens L. and Bidens pilosa L. are well known plant species of the Asteraceae family that are considered weeds in intensive agriculture. These weeds are traditionally known to have medicinal properties and have been used for therapeutic treatments. However, it is only the lack of proper knowledge, awareness and screening that have limited their use in pharmaceutical sectors. This review attempts to consolidate the traditional, phytochemical and pharmacological studies that have been carried out on Ageratum conyzoides L., Tridax procumbens L. and Bidens pilosa L., which we note are widely spread throughout the world. This study was conducted through a coherent search on Ageratum conyzoides L., Tridax procumbens L. and Bidens pilosa L. with respect to traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological studies that have been performed on these three agricultural weeds all over the world. An exploration of reported descriptions of the potential medical importance of three agricultural weed species (A. conyzoides, T. procumbens and B. pilosa) has been presented. The present review would encourage further clinical investigations into these three plants and their extracts to more closely define the range of uses of these herbs for clinical applications. This, in turn, would give a clear understanding whether these weed species might be targeted to be conserved in a sustainable manner rather than eradicated.

}, keywords = {Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa, Pharmacological, Phytochemical, Traditional use, Tridax procumbens}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.36}, author = {Mithila Jayasundera and Singarayer Florentine and Kushan U Tennakoon and Bhagirath Singh Chauhan} } @article {1402, title = {Metformin Potentiates the Antidiabetic Properties of Annona muricata and Tapinanthus globiferus Leaf Extracts in Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {614-619}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {614}, abstract = {

Background: There is paucity of experimental evidence on the complementary use of standard anti-diabetic drugs with herbal formulations. Materials and Methods: In this study, extracts of Annona muricata (AME) and Tapinanthus globiferus (TGE) were administered with metformin to diabetic rats in order to study the potential complementary effects. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of alloxan (150 mg/kg BW). AME and TGE (200 mg/ kg BW each) and Metformin (100 mg/kg BW) was administered to diabetic rats orally for 21 days. At the end of the study, rats were sacrificed; blood was collected for assessment of lipid profile and kidney function. Results: Treatment of diabetic rats with AME and TGE caused a significant decrease (p \< 0.05) in the concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and Coronary Risk Index (CRI) with a concomitant increase in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL). Similarly, urea and creatinine concentration decreased in diabetic rats administered plant extracts. Co-administration of the plant extracts with metformin significantly improved lipid profiles and kidney function relative to rats administered metformin alone. Co-administration of AME and TGE extracts with metformin produced significant improvement in biochemical indices of diabetic rats. Conclusion: The results suggest potential synergistic interaction between the plant extracts and metformin. Furthermore, this work provides scientific support for the concomitant use of the plants used in the study with orthodox drugs for the management of diabetes.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata, Diabetes, Drug interaction, Tapinanthus globiferus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.77}, author = {Francis O. Atanu and Oghenetega J. Avwioroko and Omotayo B. Ilesanmi and Ojochenemi E. Yakubu} } @article {1633, title = {MIC and MKC Analysis of Herbal Medicine in Indonesia Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1058-1064}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1058}, abstract = {

Data shows that the success of the Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse program(DOTS) in South Sulawesi Province was 74.8\%. Causes of failure include standard drug side effects, length of treatment period and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) bacterial resistance. The development of new drugs today in addition to synthetic chemical drugs are also natural materials that have the potential as antituberculosis with various mechanisms. The aim of the research is to prove the potential of plants used by the community as tuberculosis drugs empirically based on phytochemical screening extracts, M.tb sensitivity to extracts and determine the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MKC (Minimum Killing Concentration) values of M.tb. Selection of plant test materials based on survey results and Riskesdas data in 2015. Testing the potential of plant extracts based on the sensitivity of M.tb to the test material in vitro with an incubation period of 7 weeks. Showed 25 plants that have been used empirically as tuberculosis drugs proved to be potential antibacterial M.tb. Phytochemical screening produces flavonoids and tannins in all extracts. Some extracts contain alkaloids, saponins and steroids. Potential tests show that the extract concentration that is effectively used as a tuberculosis drug is: Meniran leaves and miana 100 ppm. Banana peel and basil leaves 125 ppm. 150 ppm bangle rhizome. Turmeric rhizome 175 ppm. Roselle flowers, soursop leaves and lime 200 ppm. Sandalwood, bitter melon leaves and binahong 225 ppm, Curcuma rhizome, kencur, turmeric and onion tubers, gotu kola leaves, sea lava and papaya 275 ppm. Ginger rhizome, brotowali stem, noni leaf, cloves and mangosteen peel \> 275 ppm. 90\% garlic bulb extract.

}, keywords = {Antituberculosis, MIC, MKC, Plants, Potential}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.137}, author = {Sesilia Rante Pakadang and Maria Hilaria and Sisilia Teresia Rosmala Dewi and Santi Sinala and Jumain} } @article {1361, title = {Microparticles of Herbal Extracts with Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {285-295}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {285}, abstract = {

Plants that have antioxidant content have been shown to have efficacy on the body, antioxidants have several drawbacks including being sensitive to environmental factors such as light, heat, pH, and oxygen. Microencapsulation is a method that has several advantages including providing several benefits, namely microparticles formulated to protect the core from the environment, cover up discomfort, maintain volatility or cell survival, separate incompatible substances, protect the body from side effects, and optimize, extend, or target drug effects. The choice of the type of polymer used will determine the characteristics of the microparticles produced, therefore a suitable coating material is needed to produce the microparticles. This review article was made to find out the results of research conducted in the manufacture of microparticles by using polymers which are expected to be useful to provide information on the basis of the selection of polymers and methods of making microparticles produced to maintain the stability of substances that are efficacious as antioxidants. Based on the results of the literature search, microencapsulation is a method used to maintain the stability of antioxidant content that has a therapeutic effect.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Extract, Microparticle, Polymer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.38}, author = {Zulham and Gofarana Wilar and Yasmiwar Susilawati and Anas Subarnas and Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa} } @article {1654, title = {Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Identification of γ- Oryzanol from Rice Bran (Oryza sativa L. cv Ciliwung)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1242-1247}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1242}, abstract = {

Rice Bran (Oryza sativa L. cv Cilliwung) is a by-product of the rice milling process, consisting of an outer layer of rice grains with the whole seed institute. Rice bran oil is a result of rice bran extraction. Rice bran oil contains antioxidant compounds, one of which is oryzanol, so this study aims to determine the levels of or-oryzanol in rice bran. The stages of the research included sample preparation, extraction using Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), followed by Vacuum Liquid Column Chromatography (VLCC) was extracted using the MAE method produced 30 mL of black-brown rice bran oil extract. A total of 8 grams of rice bran extract was obtained at VLCC using eluent (n-hexane: ethyl acetate) with ratios 9:1, 7:3, and 1:1, respectively. Then the five factions obtained were characterized using HPLC, and GC/MS identified the mass of the γ-oryzanol compound.

}, keywords = {Microwave assisted extraction, Rice Bran (Oryza sativa L. cv Cilliwung), Secondary metabolite, γ- Oryzanol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.157}, author = {Maryono and Netti Herawati and Meuthia Aulia Farhani Gaffar and Sartini and Aliyah and Elly Wahyudin} } @article {1693, title = {Modeling relation between hospital efficiency and customer satisfaction of tertiary hospitals: A case of data envelopment analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1527-1532}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1527}, abstract = {

In the present circumstance, it has turned out to be difficult for hospitals to guarantee increasingly productive methods for administrations. Under the current conditions, it is fundamental to discover the fitting asset blend and its use. So also, it is important to distinguish the sources of relative cost wastefulness {\textendash} specialized and allocated both. The center point of this study is on surveying the hospitals in efficiency terms, for example, the perfect measure of inputs to deliver a given degree of output. The other inspiration driving this investigation has been to see how to address an issue of benchmarking in hospitals. Data envelopment analysis utilizes an amazing procedure of linear programming to help in doing this. The research of the study incorporates two different aspects one is to evaluate efficiency of hospitals considered for study and another is find satisfaction level of patients from these hospitals to find association among both these dimensions, Moreover, this study gives the proof that medical hospital size has a critical negative impact on efficiency of hospital i.e. Present research indicates that smaller hospitals have a higher level of efficiency than larger and medium-size hospitals, smaller size hospitals average efficiency is .80. The average efficiency of medium size hospitals is .75 and the large hospital is .71. Results of research also explains that efficiency is considered to be negative moderator between relation of number of specialized doctors and patient satisfaction. Results of study suggested that higher level of efficiency level of hospitals lessen the positive effect of specialized doctors on patient satisfaction.

}, keywords = {Association, Customer satisfaction, Hospital efficiency, Negative moderator}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.194}, author = {Suresh Chandra Akula and Pritpal Singh} } @article {1727, title = {Molecular Study of Acalypha indica to Leptin, Alpha Glucosidase, and its Antihyperglycemic Effect on Alpha Glucosidase}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1639-1647}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1639}, abstract = {

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to find potential inhibitors of leptin as a proinflammatory adipokine and alpha glucosidase as an enzyme that mediate hyperglycaemia; to alter the chronic complications of obesity from herbal Acalypha indica (Ai). This study was conducted using in silico molecular docking to evaluate the Ai compounds interaction with leptin and alpha glucosidase. The in vitro assay to alpha glucosidase was done to explore antihyperglycemic effect of Ai, as hyperglycaemia is the key process of chronic complication of obesity. Material and Methods: Protein target were leptin and alpha glucosidase; compounds from Ai plant were repundusinic, mauritanin, hesperetin, acaindinin, and glucogalin in pdb format. Molecular docking using autodock vinna. In vitro assay of Ai antihyperglycemic activity was done to alpha glucosidase and was define as IC50 level. Result: The results from the docking analysis demonstrated that compounds from Ai roots contain antihyperglycemic-antiobesity activity which acted by inhibiting leptin and alpha glucosidase receptors. Repundusininc and mauritanin compounds contain hydrogen bond with the greatest leptin enhancer activity on Ser9, Thr35, Glu8, Ser9, Thr25, Gln111, Lys211, Leu7 for repundisinic and Glu8, Thr25, Gly112 and Leu7 for mauritanin. Hesperetin, acaindinin and glucogallin were the most identical compounds with similar affinity binding value to alpha glucosidase. Ai roots was already proven as anti-hyperglycemic-antiobesity which was further confirmed by in vitro assay to alpha glucosidase (IC50 19,429 μg/ml.). Conclusion: The results demonstrated that Ai have anti hyperglycaemic-antiobesity effects and was found to be potentially as antihyperglycemic by in vitro assay to alpha glucosidase.

}, keywords = {Acalypha indica, Alpha glucosidase., Antiobesity, Leptin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.211}, author = {Rani Wardani Hakim and Fadilah Fadilah and Tri Juli Edi Tarigan and Sri Widia A Jusman and Erni H Purwaningsih} } @article {1640, title = {Myocardium Neutrophil Infiltration in Rat Model with Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated by Ramipril}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1116-1121}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1116}, abstract = {

Introduction: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a cardiovascular disease that attacks myocardial cells due to long-standing ischemia. In AMI there is neutrophil infiltration associated with the prognosis of the disease. One of the initial therapies for AMI is ACE inhibitors. Objective: To determine myocardial neutrophil infiltration In rat model with acute myocardial infarction which is given ramipril as an Ace inhibitor. Method: This research is an experimental study using the Post Test Only Control Group study design. This study used 24 experimental rats which were divided into 3 treatment groups. Data were analyzed using the One Way ANOVA test and the Least Significant Differences test. Results: The results obtained were the mean number of neutrophils in the K(-) group was 1.83, the K(+) group was 22.67, and the successive treatment group was 4,17. Significant differences were obtained between the K(+) group and the treatment group where the p value was 0.001 (p \<0.05). Conclusion: There is an effect of 4 mg/kg BW ACE Inhibitor ramipril and on the number of myocardial neutrophils of rats with AMI.

}, keywords = {ACE inhibitors, Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), Neutrophils, Ramipril}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.144}, author = {Biomechy Oktomalioputri and Meutia Savitri and Dwisari Dillasamola and Noverial} } @article {1149, title = {Memory Enhancing Efficacy of an Ayurvedic Polyherbal Formulation on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Deficit Experimental Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {589-597 }, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {589 }, abstract = {

The present study was performed to determine the efficacy of an ayurvedic polyherbal formulation (PHF) in the learning and memory process of animal models. The prepared PHF was a suspension of three plant extracts i.e. Alpinia galanga (AG), Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG) and Convolvulus pluricaulis (CP) along with other excipients. Learning and memory assessment of PHF was performed using different behavioral models in scopolamine-induced memory impairment animals. Biochemical estimation was performed to determine the enzymatic level of MDA, GSH and AChE level in rats. Results indicated that the time of social investigation trial 2 (SIT2) was reduced significantly compared to SIT1 due to the treatment of PHF. In the water maze test, plant extracts significantly decreased the latency time in the 4th and 5th sessions comparing to session 1. Administration of AG, CP, GG, and PHF caused amelioration of scopolamine-induced memory impairment in the MWM test. The extracts and PHF were also effective in reducing latency time in the pole climbing test. Biochemical parameters exhibited a reduction in MDA and AChE levels with an increase in GSH level after treatment with extracts and PHF. It can be concluded from the study that PHF is an effective formulation for learning and memory processes against scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Further, the isolation of active constituents is desired from different plant extracts.

}, keywords = {Alpinia galanga, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Latency time, Pole climbing test, Social recognition test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.88}, author = {Deepa Shukla and Sajal Srivastava and Talha Jawaid} } @article {1168, title = {Microencapsulation of Macaranga gigantea Leaf Extracts: Production and Characterization}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {716-724}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {716}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this research was to formulate the microcapsules of Macaranga gigantea leaves extract with solvent evaporation method using Ethocel 10 cP and Eudragit E100 as matrix. Methods: M. gigantea leaves were extracted using ethanol 96\%. This extract was dried by rotary evaporator. The microencapsulation process of M. gigantea leaves extract was conducted by solvent evaporation method (O/W: oil in water). The formula of M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsules were designed into six formulas (Eudragit E100: FA1, FA2, FA3 and Ethocel 10 cP: FB1, FB2, FB3). Microcapsules of M. gigantea leaves extract were characterized for particle size, in terms of surface morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and encapsulation efficiency. Antioxidant activity of the formulation have been evaluated by DPPH method. Physical characterization on microparticles were performed by conducting entrapment efficiency and SEM picture. Results: In this research, the micoparticles containing M. gigantea extract has been developed by using ethyl cellulose (Ethocel 10 cP ) and eudragit (Eudragit E100) as polymer matrix. The results showed that high concentration of polymer (Ethocel 10 cP and Eudragit E100) used in microencapsulation resulted in better M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsules in terms of physical characteristics. Particle size of microcapsules containing M. gigantea leaves extract were in the range of 3.564 to 5.887 μm. Encapsulation efficiency (\% EE) was categorized as good because the value were >= 80\% to which 85.978\% (FA3) and 88.992\% (FB3). SEM picture of FA3 (Eudragit E100) revealed that the surface of microcapsule were rough and porous. When Ethocel 10 cP used as polymer, a smoother surface and less visible pores of microcapsule were obtained. The antioxidant ability of M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsule showed that IC50 values was 64.51 ppm. Conclusion: It can be concluded that microcapsules of M. gigantea leaves extract can be prepared by solvent evaporation method by using Eudragit E100 and Ethocel 10 cP as polymer matrix. M. gigantea leaves has potent antioxidant activity either as extract or after formulated into microcapsules.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ethocel 10 cP, Eudragit E100, Macaranga gigantea, Microencapsulation, Solvent evaporation method}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.104}, author = {Muhaimin Muhaimin and Yusnaidar Yusnaidar and Wilda Syahri and Madyawati Latief and Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa} } @article {1248, title = {Microscopic Investigations and Pharmacognosy of Striga orobanchioides Benth}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1325-1331}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1325}, abstract = {

Objective: To study delineate Pharmacognosy of the stem of plant Striga Orobanchioides Benth (Scrophulariaceae), prime plant in Indian system of medicine. A comprehensive account on standardization of herbal drug Striga Orobanchioides Benth by using microscopic as well as Pharmacognostic parameters. In the field of herbal medicines, the main issues are quality, purity, and effectiveness, as in many cases herbal drugs are knowingly or unknowingly substituted or adulterated with similar species or varieties. Methods: The macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical analysis, preliminary phytochemical testing of the powder of plant stem and other WHO recommended methods for standardization was done. Results: T S of young as well as old stem was studied. T.S. of the young stem confirmed the presence of thin epidermal layer, fairly wide cortex and thin vascular cylinder having the pith disintegrated or retained as homogeneous parenchymatous tissue. T.S. of the old stem confirmed the presence of cortical cells, parenchyma cells, sclerenchyma cells, vascular tissue. The lower conical part of the stem has epidermis cortical zone and vascular cylinder continued from its wide upper part. The cortical zone consists of parenchymatous ground tissue with sealed masses of sclerenchyma cells. The xylem tissue becomes gradually narrow and thin in the end of the stem. It includes compact radial lines of vessels, filnes and xylem rays. Conclusion: The above parameters, being reported to the first time for the studied plant species, and are significant towards establishing the microscopic and Pharmacognostic standards for future identification and authentication of genuine herbal drug. It can be concluded that the Pharmacognostic outline of Striga Orobanchioides plant is beneficial in developing standards for quality, purity and sample identification.

}, keywords = {Pharmacognosy, Stem, Striga Orobanchioides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.182}, author = {Sunayana Vikhe and Rahul Kunkulol} } @article {1196, title = {Modern Approaches to the Analysis of Kelp (Laminaria sp.) as Pharmacopoeial Herbal Drugs and Food Products}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {929-937}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {929}, abstract = {

Background: Currently, the chemical composition of Laminaria J.V. Lamour. species is well studied; they have found applications in the food, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical industries. The main groups of biologically active compounds are polysaccharides (alginic acid, laminarin, mannitol, fucoidan, and others) and minerals (iodine compounds, magnesium, potassium, calcium, iron) that are determined according to pharmacopoeial and All-Union State Standards requirements. Materials and Methods: For data obtaining various types of search tools and engines such as Google, Google scholar, scientific literature (including Russian sources), normative documentation of Russian Federation (State Pharmacopoeia of Russian Federation IV edition, All-Union State Standards, and others) electronic databases such as e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed were used. Results: In the course of this review study, a modern characteristic of the kelp thallus as a pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, food substance of plant origin is presented. The data on the chemical composition, harvesting, and processing of raw materials are summarized. The standardization and safety issues of kelp thallus are considered taking into account modern pharmacopoeial and food international requirements. The approaches to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of biologically active compounds (polysaccharides, iodine) and the determination of safety indicators are studied. Conclusions: The regulatory documentation that is used in the quality control of kelp needs to be finalized and updated. For pharmacopoeial analysis, all possible physicochemical methods (gravimetric, titrimetric, spectrophotometric) should be presented in the newly approved monograph. In this case, modern procedures should be developed, including HPLC with various types of detection (determination of the carbohydrates profile and polysaccharides, including methods with acid and enzyme hydrolysis). This will ensure the required level of quality, the safety of kelp (Laminaria) raw materials.

}, keywords = {alginic acid, Fucoidan, Iodine, Kelp, Laminaria japonica, Laminaria saccharina, Laminarin, Mannitol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.132}, author = {Bokov DO and Potanina OG and Nikulin AV and Shchukin VM and Orlova VA and Bagirova GB and Kakhramanova SD and Al- Khafaji H and Balobanova NP and Evgrafov AA and Samylina IA and Krasnyuk II and Golubeva OA and Kuleshova ES and Moiseev DV and Bessonov VV} } @article {1194, title = {Molecular Mechanism of Capsaicin from (Capsicum Annuum L.) on Expression of MAPK1 and AKT1 Protein as Candidate of Anticancer Drugs: In silico Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {916-919}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {916}, abstract = {

One of the most important compounds in Capsicum annuum L. is capsaicin, capsaicin is a secondary metabolite of the Capsicum Annuum L. plant. In the pharmaceutical field in addition to relieving pain or pain, capsaicin is also known to have anticancer activity because it inhibits certain oncogenic proteins. Further screening of the capsaicin compound against the oncogenic protein produced in the HCC pathogenesis signaling is needed. Screening components in Capsicum annuum L. against MAPK1 and AKT1 target proteins is the initial stage of drug discovery. MAPK1 and AKT1 protein bundles and capsaicin ligand bundles that were prepared previously in Autodock 4.0 were molecular dockings (molecular docking). After molecular docking, it was found that capsaicin binds to MAPK1 / ERK with the free energy of Gibbs of -5.5 Kcal/mol and AKT1 of -6.7 Kcal/mol. The free energy of Gibbs is so negative that it is ensured that the reaction will take place spontaneously and lead to high affinity. The data that has been obtained, capsaicin in Capsicum annuum L. has a high affinity for MAPK1 and AKT1 receptor/protein targets with the binding energy of -5.5 Kcal/mol and -6.7 Kcal/ mol and Potential Activity Score (Pa ) equal to 0,690 for preneoplastic treatment, 0.590 for apoptosis agonist, and 0.366 for antineoplastic activity and accordingly become candidates for anticancer drugs.

}, keywords = {AKT1, Anticancer, Capsaicin, Capsicum annuum L., MAPK1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.130}, author = {Mohammad Sukmanadi and Sri Agus Sudjarwo and Mustofa Helmi Effendi} } @article {1197, title = {Molecules of Interest {\textendash} Karanjin {\textendash} A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {938-945}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {938}, abstract = {

Background: At the present time, several plants are largely contributing to the medical field due to its valuable use. Scientific evidence generated with their special inherent compounds gave more confidence to the scientific community. Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) is an Indian native plant and well exploited in Ayurvedic medicinal system. Concurrently, a few pieces of scientific research have been done to prove the therapeutic activity of this medicinal plant. The medicinal properties of this plant are most likely due to its principal active compound, karanjin. As a molecule of interest, karanjin is an antioxidant and also exerts other biological benefits. Karanjin has also been recognized to be used in agricultural and environmental management other than medicinal purposes. Objectives: This review aimed to provide a brief information on the chemical and biological properties of karanjin along with its traditional uses. It is also discusses the scientific evidences available for its various biological properties. Materials and Methods: Various databases such as Google, Google Scholar Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed had been searched and the data was obtained. Results: The chemistry and reported biological properties of karanjin were highlighted. Karanjin revealed antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s activities, and thus has several possible applications in clinical research. Conclusion: Therefore, further research may help in exploiting its properties and emergent phytopharmaceuticals based on it.

}, keywords = {Chemistry, Flavonoid, Karanja, Karanjin, Pharmacology, Pongam oil tree, Pongamia pinnata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.133}, author = {Aina Akmal Mohd Noor and Siti Nurul Najiha Othman and Pei Teng Lum and Shankar Mani and Mohd Farooq Shaikh and Mahendran Sekar} } @article {1082, title = {Morpho-anatomical, Phytochemical and TLC/HPTLC Studies on Whole Plant of Plectranthus vettiveroides (Jacob) N.P. Singh and B.D. Sharma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {58-65}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {58}, abstract = {

Background: Plectranthus vettiveroides is an aromatic perennial herb, which belongs to family Lamiaceae. The whole plant of P. vettiveroides is aromatic, bitter, cooling, febrifuge, diaphoretic, stimulant, diuretic, useful in vitiated conditions of pitta, burning sensation, leprosy, skin diseases, leucoderma, fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, ulcers, stomachic and emmenagogue. In the present investigation morpho-anatomical, preliminary phyto-chemical, physico-chemical parameters and TLC/HPTLC fingerprint of the whole plant of P. vettiveroids were carried out and reported. Objective: To carry out morpho-anatomical, phytochemical and TLC/HPTLC studies on dried whole plant of P. vettiveroides for authentication/identification. Methods: The morphology, microscopy and phyto-chemical investigation were carried out by following standard methods. Results: Microscopically spiral, reticulated, scalariform and pitted vessels, libriform and septate fibres, multicellular branched covering trichomes, glandular trichomes and silica crystals are the unique diagnostic characteristics in whole plant of P. vettiveroides. The preliminary phyto-chemical, physico-chemical parameters and number of spots and Rf values of TLC/HPTLC are found to be unique diagnostic characteristics of the plant for identification. Conclusion: The finding of present study is helpful in standardization of formulation consists of whole plant of P. vettiveroides as ingredient in their powdered form and also for authentication/ identification of dried whole plant of P. vettiveroides.

}, keywords = {Morpho-anatomy, P. vettiveroides, Phytochemistry, standardization, TLC/HPTLC finger print}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.10}, author = {Velvizhi D and Nartunai G and Susikumar S and Ilavarasan R} } @article {885, title = {Macro-Microscopic Identification of Dried Flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. and its Differentiation from Adulterant Rhododendron arboreum Sm.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {613-616}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {613}, abstract = {

Background: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. (Fam.Malvaceae) is a small evergreen shrub cultivated in gardens throughout India. The decoction of flowers is used in Indian system of Medicine for bronchial inflammation, urinary astringent and cardio tonic, to promote growth and to prevent graying of hair. The dried flowers of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. (Fam.Ericaceae) are morphologically looking similar to Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and used as adulterant in the market. Hence, the morphological, Micro-morphological and powder microscopical studies on dried flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Rhododendron arboreum was carried out and reported. Objective: To identify the dried flowers of Hisbiscus rosa-sinensis macro-microscopically and to differentiate it from adulterant Rhododendron arboreum. Methods: The morphology and powder microscopy were observed following standard methods and photographed. Results: The colour, taste, arrangement and appearance of calyx, corolla and stamen, trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, sclereids, oil globules and pollen grains are found to be differentiating diagnostic characters in raw drug/powdered form of dried flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Rhododendron arboreum. Conclusion: The finding of present study is helpful in standardization of formulation consists of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis as ingredient in their powdered form and also for authentication/identification of dried flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.

}, keywords = {Adulteration, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Macro-microscopy, Rhododendron arboreum, Semparathai}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.98}, author = {Nartunai Govindarajan and Susikumar Sundharamoorthy and Narayanan Kannan and Ilavarasan Raju} } @article {925, title = {Macroscopic and Microscopic Studies of Polyscias guilfoylei L. H. Bailey Leaves (Araliaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {824-827}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {824}, abstract = {

Introduction: The leaves of Polyscias guilfoylei L. (Araliaceae) were reported to have medicinal value. Therefore, authentication of the leaves of Polyscias guilfoylei L. is important to ensure the reproducible quality of herbal raw materials. Objective: This study aims to evaluate macroscopic and microscopic parameters of the leaves of Polyscias guilfoylei L. Methods: Organoleptic, macroscopy, and microscopy of fresh leaves and microscopy parameters of leaves powder were observed. Results: Organoleptic and macroscopic studies found that the leaves had a smooth surface with green color, pinnate venation, elonged to lanceolate shape, cuspidate apex, serrated margin, broad base steam, a bit of distinctive smell, and characteristic taste. The leaves microscopy indicated the presence of anisocytic and paracytic stomata, druses type of calcium oxalate crystals, spiral type xylem, and essential oil were found. Conclusion: The results obtained can be used as quality control parameters, especially diagnostic features for the herbal raw material of Polyscias guilfoylei L.

}, keywords = {Araliaceae, Morphological studies, Plant anatomy, Polyscias guilfoylei, Puding leaves}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.132}, author = {Siti Marwah Lestari and Berna Elya and Sutriyo} } @article {935, title = {Medicinal Plants in Basic Care: A Study of Clinical Practice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {796-802}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {796}, abstract = {

According to World Health Organization, 80\% of world population uses traditional practices for primary health care, and 85\% of this shares the use of medicinal plants or plants-based preparations. Thus, the present work had as objective to investigate the profile of herbal medicine use as well as the conditions to the alive pharmacy implementation in four basic health units in the city of Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil. For such, 84 family health professionals were interviewed about the use of medicinal plants. Concerning the indication of medicinal plants, 41.67\% of the health staff prescribes medicinal plants, 55.95\% reported never having prescribed medicinal plants and 2.4\% abstained from responding. Despite the intention to use phytotherapy as a therapeutic practice, this practice is not yet fully inserted in the analyzed units due to factors such as lack of training and specific protocols to assist professionals in the use of medicinal plants and phytotherapics.

}, keywords = {Brazilian Unified Health System, Healthcare Unit, Phytotherapy, Traditional and Complementary Medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.127}, author = {Carlos A.S. Souza and Wesley M.G. Andrade and Tha{\'\i}s S. Ramos and Alex J. S. Filho and Anderson L. Freitas and Tamires C. Lima and {\^A}ngelo R. Antoniolli and Wellington B. Silva and Francilene A. Silva} } @article {1041, title = {The Medicinal Plants Used in Anjir Pulang Pisau, Central Kalimantan-Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1572-1579}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1572}, abstract = {

Background: The use of medicinal plants in Anjir Pulang Pisau Village has been carried out for a long time through knowledge that is passed down through generations to family members. But there is no documentation of local knowledge about medicinal plants. Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the use of medicinal plants in Anjir Pulang Pisau Village, Central Kalimantan-Indonesia. Methods: The data were collected through individual interviews using semi{\textemdash}structured interviews. Information regarding the local names of the plant, medicinal uses, parts used, methods of preparation, and administration route were documented. Results: A total of 28 medicinal plants were identified. The family Anacardiaceae, Lamicaeae, Poaceae, and Myrtaceae had the highest proportion of medicinal plants used (7\% each). The most frequently utilized medicinal plant parts were roots (47\%). The plant species used to treat the high percentage of disease was Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe. (16\%). In terms of frequency of medicinal plant uses, the highest percentage of plant species (21\%) was used to treat wound. Majority of the plant remedies in this study were prepared by decoction (40\%), and most medicinal plant preparations were taken orally (75\%). Conclusion: Further research is needed to identify unidentified family and plant species. Pharmacognostical and pharmacological studies are also needed for the identification of chemical compounds and proving the efficacy of medicinal plants used by local people.

}, keywords = {Curcuma zedoaria, Ethnomedicine, Kahayan Hilir, Pulang Pisau, Traditional Knowledge}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.240}, author = {Susi Novaryatiin and Indah Indah} } @article {917, title = {A Methanolic Extract of Ocimum basilicum Exhibits Antioxidant Effects and Prevents Selenite-induced Cataract Formation in Cultured Lenses of Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {496-504}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {496}, abstract = {

Objective: An extract (Methanolic) of the Ocimum basilicum leaf was analysed for potential to abrogate experimental formation of cataract in-vitro. Methods: Phytoconstituents were first detected in O. basilicum extracts (Aqueous or methanolic) by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis. The putative antioxidant activity of these extracts was then assessed by measuring in-vitro radical-scavenging activity, ion-chelating potential and reducing potency. Potential cytotoxicity of the extract on Human lenticular epithelial B3 (HLE-B3) cells was also sought. Finally, possible prevention of cataract formation by the methanolic extract was gauged in selenite-exposed lenses obtained from Wistar rats. There were 3 groups (8 Lenses in each): Group I (Lenses incubated in Dulbecco{\textquoteright}s modified Eagle{\textquoteright}s medium [DMEM] alone); Group II (Lenses incubated in DMEM with sodium selenite [100 μM/ml]); Group III (Lenses incubated in DMEM with selenite [100 μM/ml] and the O. basilicum methanolic extract (200 μg/ml DMEM). Gross lenticular morphology was assessed. Levels of lenticular malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also measured. Results: A higher intensity of antioxidative activity was noted in the methanolic extract than in the aqueous extract. The methanolic extract exhibited negligible cytotoxicity. On morphological examination, marked opacification was seen in all 8 Group II lenses whereas there was no opacification in 7 of 8 Group III lenses. Near normal mean levels of reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde, were noted within Group III lenses. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of the O. basilicum leaf appears to prevent selenite-induced cataract formation in-vitro.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Cataract, Crystallins, Ocimum basilicum, Oxidative stress, Phytoconstituents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.79}, author = {Thiraviyam Anand and Mahalingam Sundararajan and Muniyandi Anbukkarasi and Philip Aloysius Thomas and Pitchairaj Geraldine} } @article {805, title = {Micromorphology of Salt glands and content of marker compound Plumbagin in the leaves of Plumbago zeylanica Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {161-170}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {161}, abstract = {

Background: Salt glands are highly specialized epidermal structures developed in recretohalophytic plants, intended for salt storage (reservoir) and as a means to alleviate the salt stress of the saline habitat by exo-recreto releases excess salts from the mesophyll tissues to the surrounding environment. Plumbago zeylanica Linn belongs to the family Plumbaginaceae is an important medicinal plant and espoused as a source for the drug Chitraka. Aim: The present study concerns the delineation of micromorphological characteristics of the paradermal and cross sections of the leaf epidermis, lamina, salt glands, petiole and mucilage secreting glands of the calyx of the flowers of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Materials and Methods: Delimiting the morpho-histological profile of the leaves and to develop the chromatogram of the methanol extract of the leaves and quantification of the marker compound plumbagin in the leaves using High Performance Thin- Layer Chromatographic (HPTLC) method. Results: Distribution of uniseriate, cruciate type clothing trichomes, characteristic contour of midrib, presence of amphistomatic epidermis with anisocytic stomata, crystals in idioblast of ground tissues of petiole and mesophyll, large palisade ratio, small stomatal index, multicellular salt gland structure with 8 cells, cuticular secretory cells, crescent shaped petiole, densely distributed mucilage secreting glands on the calyx of flowers were features characteristic of the taxon. The HPTLC finger printing profile of the leaves revealed six phyto-constituents. Densitometric scanning of plumbagin had shown the absorption spectra λ max at 270 nm. Spectral matching by overlaying the absorption spectra of standard marker compound with the phto-constituents present in the methanol extract of sample could fail to obtain any spectral matching at λ max 270 nm, suggestive that dried leaves of P. zeylanica did not contain any appreciable amount of Plumbagin. Calibration data obtained by polynomial regression had revealed that dried leaves of P. zeylanica Linn contained below 105 ng/μl of plumbagin in methanol extract of leaves.

}, keywords = {Absorption spectra, Chromatogram, Halophytes, Plumbagin, Salt glands, Stomatal index}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.27}, author = {Madathilparambil Vasu Sudhakaran} } @article {807, title = {Microscopic Characters, Phytochemical Screening Focus on Alkaloid and Total Phenolic Content of Uncaria gambir Roxb. and Uncaria sclerophylla Roxb. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {119-123}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {119}, abstract = {

Objective: Uncaria gambir Roxb. and Uncaria sclerophylla Roxb. are medicinal plants widely grown in Indonesia. Genus Uncaria is well known for catechin content that has potent antioxidant activity. Uncaria also was reported containing alkaloid that has antihypertensive action. This study aims to provide microscopic characters and phytochemical profiles associated with the phenolic and alkaloid compounds contained in these two species of Uncaria. Methods: Microscopic characteristics were performed on fresh leaf samples using a microscope. Presence of alkaloids from ethanol and chloroform extract of U. gambir and U. sclerophylla leaf were performed using Dragendorff reagents. Thin Layer Chromatography profile was developed in the mobile phase that consisted of acetone: chloroform (8:2). Total Phenolic Content was determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method using microplate reader spectroscopically at λ = 765 nm. Results: Microscopy of U. gambir leaf revealed the presence of vascular bundle fragment, oil fragments, parenchyma cells, midrib transverse-section and lower epidermis with paracytic stomata. Whereas in U. sclerophylla can be observed midrib transverse-section and lower epidermis unicellular with trichomes. Both U. gambir and U. sclerophylla positively contain alkaloids. Chloroform extract showed the presence of alkaloids while ethanolic extracts showed negative results. The TLC profile shows the presence of catechin compound in the ethanolic extract, whereas in the chloroform extract does not show the presence of catechin. The total phenolic content of U. gambir and U. sclerophylla leaf ethanolic extract and chloroform extract was 7.309; 5.734 and 0.437; 0.161 mg of gallic acid equivalents each gram sample, respectively. Conclusion: Microscopic characteristics, TLC and phytochemicals obtained can be used for the authentication of Uncaria gambir Roxb. and Uncaria sclerophylla Roxb leaf.

}, keywords = {Microscopic Characters, Phytocemical Screening, Thin Layer Chromatoghraphy, total phenolic content, Uncaria gambir, Uncaria sclerophylla}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.20}, author = {Aditya Sindu Sakti and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {800, title = {Mineral Content Analysis of Polyherbal Energy Bar Using X-Ray Fluorescence Technique}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {53-56}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {53}, abstract = {

Aim: The objective of the present study was to develop a novel energy bar which is nutritious and cost effective. Materials and Methods: The components used for the novel energy bar were banana, orange, peanuts, raisins, cocoa butter, stevia leaves and oats. Mineral contents of energy bar were analysed by XRF technique. Results: The mineral contents were present in comparable amount. Major elements viz. K 17.15\%, P 4.57\%, Mg 1.43\%, Ca 0.93\%, Na 0.66\%, S 0.54\%, Fe 0.15\%, Zn 0.05\% and Cu 0.02\% were present in energy bar. Conclusion: Minerals are good for overall growth of body. The energy bar also contains no preservatives, binding agents and sugar free. So, the energy bar is major source of energy and minerals for all age group individuals.

}, keywords = {Calcium, Energy bar, Iron, Mineral content, Polyherbal, Potassium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.10}, author = {Mansi Chitkara and Rajneet Kohli and Inderjeet Singh Sandhu and Didar Singh and Gagandeep Kaur and Rakesh Kumar Sindhu} } @article {933, title = {Modification of Hexavalent Chromate Hepatotoxicity by Ethanol Extract of Moringa oleifera in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {764-770}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {764}, abstract = {

Background: The association of hexavalent chromate toxicity with oxidative stress necessitated the search for antidote from medicinal plants with antioxidant properties. One of such plants is Moringa oleifera. Objective: To investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidative properties of ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera (EEMO) against potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) induced hepatocellular damage and oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty rats were assigned into six groups of five animals each: distilled water, 12 mg/kg bd.wt K2Cr2O7, 3.5 mg/kg bd.wt EEMO, 7.0 mg/Kg bd.wt EEMO, 3.5 mg/Kg bd.wt EEMO+K2Cr2O7, 7.0 mg/kg bd.wt EEMO+K2Cr2O7. The EEMO was administered consecutively for thirty-five days, while K2Cr2O7 was injected intraperitoneally once weekly before the animals were sacrificed. Liver function and oxidative stress markers including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione -S-transferase (GST) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were monitored in the serum and liver. Histopathology of the liver was also carried out. In addition, proximate analysis of the powdered leaves and phytochemical composition of EEMO were also evaluated. Results: The K2Cr2O7 significantly (p \< 0.05) increased AST, ALT and MDA levels coupled with decreased SOD and GST activities as well as hepatic lesions when compared with control. However, the two doses of EEMO modified the hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress towards that of control. The EEMO is rich in phenolics and other phytochemicals including hexamethylquercetagetin and hexa-Omethylmyricitin that may account for the observed antioxidative and ameliorative effect. Conclusion: Our results suggest that ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera modify hexavalent chromate hepatotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Hepatotoxicity, Moringa oleifera, Oxidative stress and potassium dichromate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.121}, author = {Akinwumi Kazeem A and Osifeso Olabode O and Jubril Afusat J and David Olaitan O} } @article {827, title = {Molecular Docking Studies of Phytochemicals from Leucas aspera Targeting Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis Subcellular Proteins}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {March 2019}, pages = {278-285}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {278}, abstract = {

Objective: Bacterial subcellular proteins play a vital role in cell division, pilus assembly and virulence. In addition, such proteins were perceived as potential antimicrobial targets. Therefore, in this article we attempt to screen for potential phytochemicals that can target those subcellular proteins. Methods: A computational screening for phytochemicals from Leucas aspera with better bioavailability followed by molecular docking studies for better understanding of interaction between phytochemical and target proteins. Results: erythro-2-(4-allyl-2,6- dimethoxyphenoxy)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) propan-1-ol and Leucasperone B from Leucas aspera possess great binding affinity (\> -100 kcal/mol) towards one or more bacterial subcellular protein targets and possess bioavailability. Conclusion: Based on the docking result we claim that erythro-2-(4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) propan-1-ol and Leucasperone B could serve as an effective antimicrobial compounds to treat bacterial infections.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobials, Computational screening, Docking, Phytochemicals, Subcellular proteins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.43}, author = {Vivek Jagadeesan Sharavanan and Muthusaravanan Sivaramakrishnan and Ram Kothandan and Shanmugaprakash Muthusamy and Kumaravel Kandaswamy} } @article {1010, title = {Momordica Charantia L. Variety from Northeastern Brazil: Analysis of Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Components}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1312-1324}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1312}, abstract = {

Introduction: Momordica charanthia L., Curcubitaceae, is a pantropical food and medicinal plant. The plant is included in the Official List of Brazilian Medicinal Plants of interest to the Brazilian Unified Health System. The study aimed to perfom microbiological studies with extracts of Momordica charanthia L. including chemical characterization of the active extracts. Methods: The antimicrobial activity was evaluated with the hydroalcoholic and acetone extracts of M. charantia leaves, fruits and seeds from northeastern Brazil using microdilution broth technique on the selected clinical bacterial and fungal strains. Extracts that presented antimicrobial were subjected to ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-ESI-MS). Results: The in vitro antimicrobial assays demonstrated that the leaves extracts presented good antibacterial effect against four Staphylococcus aureus strains, and a weak antifungal activity agaist Candida albicans. Fourteen compounds were identified in the hydroalcoholic extract, while 12 were found in the acetone extract. The most important compounds were kaempferol, quercertin and triterpenoids like cucurbitacins. Conclussion: The present study demonstrated the potential antibacterial activity of M. charantia L. from northeastern part of Brazil, in addition to important phytochemical metabolites known to possess antibacterial activities, particularly against microrganisms of clinical importance. The UPLC phytochemical profile of the Brazilian variety is reported here for the first time. The phytochemical profile of the LHE and FAE demonstrated the presence of biologically and pharmacologically active compounds. There is lack of biological and pharmacological studies to support the medicinal uses of this important plant. The Brazilian variety of M. Charantia could be a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of infections.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Ethnopharmacology, in vitro activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.203}, author = {William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui Guarniz and Kirley Marques Canuto and Paulo Riceli Vasconcelos Ribeiro and Hilania Valeria Dodou and Karla Nascimento Magalhaes and KellenMiranda S{\'a} and Patr{\'\i}cia Georgina Garcia do Nascimento and Karine Lima Silva and Gleilton Weyne Passos Sales and Mirian Parente Monteiro and Nadia Accioly Pinto Nogueira and Sikiru Olaitan Balogun and Mary Anne Medeiros Bandeira} } @article {846, title = {Morpho-anatomical Observations on Homoeopathic Plant Drug Hygrophila spinosa T. Anderson}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {286-291}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {286}, abstract = {

Background: Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine synonym Hygrophila spinosa T. Anderson is used in the homoeopathic system of medicine belongs to the family Acanthaceae. Plant contains terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids and is traditionally known as an aphrodisiac, renal tonic and for its health-promoting properties, this drug is most popularly used by homoeopathic practitioners for the treatment of urticaria, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, nausea etc. Complete morphological characterization of whole plant has not been reported so for. This study may provide complete information on the basis of morphological, anatomical and powdered studies. That will assist to differentiate between adulterants and authentic raw drug to maintain the quality of drugs. Objective: The aim of the present study is to examine the morpho-anatomical, powder and fluorescence analysis of whole plant i.e. root, stem, and leaf of the plant used in homoeopathy. Material and methods: The macroscopical, microscopical and powdered analysis of drug was performed. For morphological study simple observational methods applied while for anatomical and bio-statistical parameters microscopy including powder microscopy was performed by using different methods. Results: The drug was in form of dried pieces of leaves, small quadrangular pieces of stem with spines and roots. Microscopy showed few features like aerenchymatous cortex in the middle region of root; semi-quadrangular outline, four vascular bundles at each corner in young stem and developing fascicular vascular bundles between them, in mature stem 6 vascular bundles viz. 4 vascular bundles at corner and 2 vascular bundles present in between opposite to each other; broad cortical aerenchyma in mature stem, leaf amphistomatous, anomocytic stomata, crescent-shaped meristele in leaf. Conclusion: Present study can assist the diagnostic characters of Hygrophila spinosa may be taken as pharmacognostical standards for the identification of plant drug.

}, keywords = {Drug, Homoeopathy, Macroscopy, microscopy, Organoleptic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.44}, author = {Digvijay Verma and Shilpi Singh and Renu Arya and Soundararajan Rajan and Bhopal Singh Arya and Anil Khurana and Raj Kumar Manchanda} } @article {612, title = {Macro-Microscopic Atlas on Heartwood of Santalum album L. (Sandalwood)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {730-733}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {730}, abstract = {

Background: Santalum album L. (Fam. Santalaceae) is a small evergreen tree distributed in South India mainly on the Deccan plateau, especially in Mysore and Tamil Nadu. The heartwood is highly prized and medicinally useful; Santalum album is one of the ingredients in many Ayurvedic and Siddha formulations. Objective: The present study brings out macro-microscopic atlas on heartwood of medicinal plant Santalum album L. Materials and Methods: Sections and powder were observed and photographed under different magnifications with the help of Olympus BX51 Microscopic unit fitted with Olympus Camera. Results: Macroscopically odour and taste, microscopically tyloses, fibres, tailed pitted vessels, uni and biseriate medullary rays, brownish content and oil globules are the unique diagnostic characters reported. Conclusion: The finding of the present study is believed to be helpful in identifying the correct botanical source of the plant in crude form and also standardization of herbal formulation containing sandalwood as ingredient.

}, keywords = {Chandana, Macro-microscopic atlas, Pharmacognosy, Sandalwood, Santalum album}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.122}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/660}, author = {Susikumar Sundharamoorthy and Nartunai Govindarajan and Arunachalam Chinnapillai and Ilavarasan Raju} } @article {690, title = {Macrophage Immunomodulatory Activity of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Isolated from the Crown-of-thorns Star Fish (acanthaster planci)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {951-957}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {951}, abstract = {

Introduction: Immunomodulator are chemical compounds that can improve the body\’s defense mechanisms both specific and non-specific, and non-specific induction of both cellular and humoral defense mechanisms. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to investigate immunomodulator activity and to identify the chemical constituents of active fractions from star fish Acanthaster planci, based on bioassay guided isolation. Materials and Methods: A. planci was collected from Ternate Island, North Moluccas, extracted with distilled methanol, partitioned with gradient chloroform-hexane-water and fractionated in column chromatography using silica gel and gradient hexane-ethyl acetate. Profiling chemical constituent was done by thin layer chromatograpahy and GC-MS. The immunomodulator activity was measured based on percentage of phagocytic capacity (PC) and phagocytic index (PI). Results: The result showed that 3 partition fractions exhibited immunomodulator activity. Data analysis exhibited that the best fraction was hexane fraction, and the best dosesmost effective doses of PC and PI were at 0.5 mg/kg body weight (BW) and 0.7 mg/kg BW, respectively. Data analysis of the 3 hexane fractions exhibited that the best fraction was fraction 3 and the best doses of PC was at 0.5 mg/kg BW and that of PI was at 0.7 mg/kg BW. Metabolites analysis using GC-MS yielded a number of chemical constituents of fraction 2 dan fraction 3 that dominated by unsaturated fatty acid. The study concluded that star fish A. planci from Ternate Island has a potential source of immunomodulator.

}, keywords = {Acanthaster planci, Immunomodulatory, North moluccas, Phagocytic capacity, Phagocytic index, Ternate island}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.161}, author = {M Janib Achmad and Alim Isnansetyo and Noer Kasanah and Ustadi} } @article {498, title = {Maltase Inhibitory Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Zingiber officinale Rosc. and Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {226-229}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {226}, abstract = {

Context: An important approach to diabetes treatment involves the regulation of postprandial hyperglycemia by delaying the release of glucose into the bloodstream using inhibitors for carbohydrate digesting enzymes such as maltase. Current synthetic antidiabetic drugs are associated with side effects that have restricted their usage. Antidiabetic plants such as Zingiber officinale and Trigonella foenum-graecum, commonly used as medicinal herbs in India, provide an attractive alternative as a source of maltase inhibitors. Aim: This study aimed to determine maltase inhibitory activity in antidiabetic plants in comparison with that of a synthetic drug, Acarbose, used as a positive control. Study Design: In vitro Enzyme Inhibition Assay. Materials and Methods: Aqueous plant extracts were prepared using rhizome of Z. officinale and leaves of T. foenum-graecum. Varying concentrations of the aqueous plant extract were tested for maltase inhibitory activity using crude yeast maltase enzyme. Statistical Analysis: Unpaired, two tailed t-test was used to detect the significant difference between the mean maltase enzyme activity of the control and that of the test. Results: The aqueous extract of T. foenum-graecum exhibited a higher potent maltase inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 1.05\% as compared to that of the aqueous extract of Z. officinale with IC50 value of 2.13\%. Acarbose showed the highest potency of maltase inhibition with an IC50 value of 0.014\%. Conclusion: Z. officinale and T. foenum-graecum have significant maltase inhibitory activity (p \<0.05). Thus, a contributing factor to the antidiabetic property of the two plants may be attributed to their maltase inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {Acarbose, Antidiabetic Plants, Maltase Inhibitory Activity, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Zingiber officinale}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.39}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/469}, author = {Janhavi Jatin Damani and Radiya Pacha-Gupta and Nandita Mangalore} } @article {762, title = {Microscopic Leaf Constant Numbers of Chromolaena odorata in Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s95-s99}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s95}, abstract = {

Introduction: Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King and H. Rob. (syn. Eupatorium odoratum L.), commonly known as Siam Weed, Christmas Bush, or Common Floss Flower, is a species in family Asteraceae. It has been widely used as medicinal plants for a long time. In Thailand, C. odorata is locally used to treat skin diseases and insect bites. Leave juice from the crushed leaves can be used as a haemostatic and anti-inflammatory in the treatment of skin wounds. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the leaf constant values of microscopic characters of leaf in term of stomatal number, stomatal index, epidermal cell number, trichome number, trichome index and oil gland number of C. odorata in Thailand. Method: Microscopic evaluation of leaf constants are frequency used for the medicinal plant samples. Leaf constant numbers used to identify between some closely related species. Light microscope (LM) attached a digital camera and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used in this study. Results and Conclusion: The results showed anomocytic stomata and multicellular non-glandular trichomes on both upper and lower epidermis of C. odorata, while oil glands were found on only lower epidermis of the leaf. The microscopic leaf constant numbers of C. odorata were established and could be used for the species identification of C. odorata in Thailand.

}, keywords = {Chromolaena odorata, Epidermal cell number, Oil gland number, Stomata number, Trichome number}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.18}, author = {Yamon Pitakpawasutthi and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {641, title = {Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors from Gnetum gnemon L. Seed Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {793-797}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {793}, abstract = {

Objective: Gnetum gnemon L. (melinjo) seed extract contained trans-resveratrol which has been shown to inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase. Therefore it has a potent activity for lowering blood cholesterol. This study was carried out to determine the molecular dynamics simulation of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors from Gnetum gnemon L. seed extract. Methods: Molecular dynamics simulation using AMBER was used. The simulation was set at 300 K as default temperature and 310 K, average human body temperature. The main parameters of this study were ligand-residue interaction, binding affinity, root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), hydrogen bonds analysis, molecular mechanics Poisson Boltzmann surface area (MMPBSA), and molecular mechanics generalized born surface area (MMGBSA). Results: In the simulation study, trans-resveratrol, trans-piceid, gnemonol M, gnemonoside B, viniferin and gnetin C had shown lower energy than HMG (PDB ID: MAH), the substrate of HMG-CoA Reductase. Free energy binding obtained from simulation was between 11.1 to -31.38 kcal/mol. Conclusion: The simulation at 310 K was preferable than 300 K as more interactions were performed and higher affinity was obtained.

}, keywords = {Gnetum gnemon L, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor, Molecular dynamics, Trans-resveratrol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.134}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/672}, author = {Yuditya Artha and Arif Arrahman and Azminah and Arry Yanuar} } @article {224, title = {Micro-morphoanatomical approach for comparative analysis of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers and its adulterant plant using SEM and Cryostat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {39-45}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Background: Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, belongs to Menispermaceae, commonly known as \“Guduchi\”or \“Amrita\” and has immense importance in Ayurvedic medicine. Several studies have been carried out on pharmacology, pharmaceutical, anticancer activity and clinical trials of T. cordifolia, however not much information is available on the adulterants that are added with the genuine plant. Considerable work has been done on pharmacognosy but very few studies have been performed on the anatomy of T. cordifolia. Objectives: Comparative micro-morphoanatomical analysis of T. cordifolia and P. daemia, is important for quality control of fresh and dried samples of the root, stem and leaves. Material and Methods: The plant materials of T. cordifolia and P. daemia were collected, and identified. Fixed sample subjected to cryostat microtomy and sections were observed under light microscope. Micromorphology were studied by light as well as scanning electron microscope. Results: Anatomical studies are cheap and important tool for identification of the correct medicinal plant. Adulterant plant does not contain active principles like Berberine and Tinosporin nor have similar morpho-anatomical characters. Because of the similar appearance and resemblance of dried adulterant plant samples, medicinally important T. cordifolia often get adulterated with other plants. SEM study revealed morpho-anatomical differences like the abundance of starch in cortical and ray parenchyma, different types of trichomes, etc. Cryostat techniques were used for sectioning and showed the presence of xylem plates with wide multicelluar rays. Conclusion: Morphological and anatomical differences were observed in T. cordifolia and P. daemia. The given results showed significant differences therefore this study aims to help in accurate identification and avoid adulteration of a medicinally important plant.

}, keywords = {Berberine, Morpho-anatomy, Pergularia daemia, SEM study., Tinospora cordifolia, Tinosporin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.8}, author = {Vidya Shivram Patil and Nutan Padmnabh Malpathak} } @article {220, title = {Microscopic and Physicochemical Evaluation of Leaves of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {21-26}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {21}, abstract = {

Objective: To study the pharmacognostic characters of a medicinally important crude drug, Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. Methods: Various pharmacognostic parameters involved in organoleptic, microscopic, physicochemical, phytochemical and fluorescence evaluation were carried out. Results: The macroscopy study showed that the leaves was observed as sessile, obovate-oblong apex, tapered base, dentate margin, simple, serrate lamina, surface glabrous. The leaf microscopy showed the presence of diacytic stomata, unicellular covering trichomes, arc shaped vascular bundle which contain lignified xylem and non lignified phloem, cortical parenchyma and a thin strip of collenchyma, micro rosette calcium oxalate crystals. The powder characteristics of leaf showed the presence of lignified fibers, medullary rays, bordered pitted xylem vessels, calcium oxalate crystals, stomata, epidermal cells and covering trichomes. Physicochemical parameters like total ash value was 9.21\%, water soluble ash 1.56\%, acid insoluble ash 1.35\%, swelling index 4 mL, loss on drying 1.09\% and foreign matter was 0.20\%w/w respectively where as stomatal indexes of upper and lower surfaces were 33.2 and 23, respectively. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids, volatile oil, fats and oils, tannins and phenolic compounds. Conclusion: The present study provides the scientific data for the proper authentification and establishment of quality control standards for the therapeutic use of Sphaeranthus indicus.

}, keywords = {Histochemical evaluation, Organoleptic evaluation, Phytochemcial screening, Sphaeranthus indiucs.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.4}, author = {Sonia Singh and Bhupesh Chander Semwal and Gurulingappa S Neeli} } @article {329, title = {Microscopic Characterization of Croton cordiifolius Baill. (Euphorbiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {361-366}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {361}, abstract = {

Background: Croton cordiifolius Baill. is popularly known as \“quebra-faca\” in the Brazilian Northeast and is used to treat general inflammation, pain, and gastrointestinal disturbances. Objective: This paper aims to study the anatomical characteristics of C. cordiifolius. Materials and Methods: Cross-sections and paradermic sections of root, stem, petiole and leaf blade were obtained by hand and submitted to double staining with astra blue and safranin process for the anatomical study. Maceration was performed according to the method of Jeffrey. Results: The secondary root has peridermis, parenchymatic cortex, collateral vascular system surrounded by sclerenchyma. The secondary stem has peridermis, cortical region with lignified cells, isolated groups of fibers, laticifers, prismatic crystals, druses and starch. The vascular system of the stem is bicollateral. The petiole and the leaf blade have stellate, simple and glandular trichomes. The leaf blade is hypostomatic, with paracytic stomata. The mesophyll is isobilateral and the midrib shows a concave-convex contour. Laticifers occur in stem, petiole and leaf blade. Prismatic crystals and druses are found in all organs analysed. Through the maceration it was possible to identify the type of vessel elements. Conclusion: The anatomical features are useful for differentiation of other species of Croton and provide support to their quality control.

}, keywords = {Croton cordiifolius, Euphorbiaceae, Pharmacobotany, Plant anatomy, Quebra-faca}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.61}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.61}, author = {Iasmine Andreza Basilio dos Santos Alves and Rafaela Damasceno S{\'a} and Mar{\'\i}lia Barbosa Cadena and Rafael Matos Ximenes and Karina Perrelli Randau} } @article {375, title = {Microscopical Evaluation, Phytochemical Analysis and HPTLC Fingerprinting of Tuber of Actinoscirpus grossus (L.f.) Goetgh. \& D.A.Simpson}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {657-662}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {657}, abstract = {

Actinoscirpus grossus (L.f.) Goetgh. \& D.A.Simpson (Cyperaceae), is a Perennial with long stolons and rhizomes ending in small tubers. It is popularly known as Kasheruk in Sanskrit. The plant is traditionally used as anti-diarrheal, anti-emetic, and tonic to the liver. In order to do the detail standardization of plant macro-microscopical observation, phytochemical analysis and HPTLC Finger printing of tuber was performed according to pharmacopoeia procedure. Microscopic analysis has showed thick-walled polygonal epidermal cells of young root stalk in surface view, elongated phloem parenchyma filled with starch grains, spiral to annular vessel fragments and simple starch grains scattered all over the powder. Phytochemical analysis showed presence of carbohydrate, coumarins, flavanoids, steroid, tannin, and terpenoid. Ethanol extract of plant were fingerprinted in toluene: ethyl acetate (7:3). The developed plates were visualized in UV 254, 366, and then derivatised with vanillin sulphuric acid and scanned under UV 254 and 366 nm. These specific identities will be useful in identification and authentication of the raw drug.

}, keywords = {Ethanol Extract, HPTLC, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical analysis, Quality control, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.104}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.104/index.html}, author = {Savin Chanthala Ganapathi and Rajendra Holla and Shivaraja Shankara and Sunil Kumar Koppala Narayana and Ravi Mundugaru} } @article {442, title = {Molecular Docking, ADMET Analysis and Dynamics Approach to Potent Natural Inhibitors against Sex Hormone Binding Globulin in Male Infertility}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s35-s43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s35}, abstract = {

Objectives: The Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) plays an important role in male infertility. Methods: The present research computationally emphases to SHBG protein with 47 natural phytocompounds using docking studies. Results: From the results showed the interactions between 1KDM protein with 47 phytocompounds, a natural compound chlorogenic acid showed the best glide docking XP score -7.255 kcal/mol and the binding energy value of -47.869 kcal/ mol. Based on the result, the chlorogenic acid and target were run on MD simulations stable at 10 ns. Conclusion: Finally, this study concludes the chlorogenic acid is a suitable drug candidate for infertility.

}, keywords = {ADMET property, Male infertility, MD simulations, Molecular docking, Phytocompounds, SHBG}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.155}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/379}, author = {Morvin Yabesh Jobu Esther and Vijayakumar Subramaniyan and Arulmozhi Praveen Kumar and Mahadevan Subramanian and Manogar Palani} } @article {352, title = {Morphological and Anatomical Study of the leaves of Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae), growing in the Introduction of the Northern Caucasus region (Russia)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {519-522}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {519}, abstract = {

In this article results of morphological and anatomical research Laurus nobilis L. are resulted. These plants are growing in the conditions of culture in the Botanical garden of Pyatigorsk medical and pharmaceutical institute (Northern Caucasus region). Introduction: Laurus nobilis L. is grown up as a decorative species in Europe, RUSSIA, the USA and other countries. Chemical composition of the leaves is characterized by essential oil components, sesquiterpene lactones, phenolic and other compounds. Material And Methods: Micro morphological research of vegetative bodies was carried out with the help of a well-known technique. We carry out morphological and anatomical research of a leaf blade and a petiole of a leaf of a plant, which is grown up in a Botanical garden in the Pyatigorsk medical and pharmaceutical institute. Results: The diagnostic characteristics of a leaf blade necessary for an establishment of authenticity of raw materials are revealed. The leaf is hypostomal, dorsoventral, stomatal apparatus of paracytic type. The idioblasts with the essential oil are obtained between mesophyll cells. Idioblasts thin-walled, large enough. In the field of the main vein under an epidermis the collenchyma of lamellar type in 4-7 layers settles down. The leaf petiole on cross-section section has the saddle-like form, without a ledge on the abaxial side of leaf. Under an epidermis the parenchyma settles down, is presented by live cells of the roundish or oval form. Between parenchyma cells it is possible to observe numerous cells-idioblasts with contents of yellow colour. Conclusions: As diagnostic signs of leaf (a leaf blade and a petiole) it is possible to consider numerous cells - idioblasts with an essential oil, the leaf is hypostomatical, dorsoventral, stomatal apparatus of paracytic type. The idioblasts with the essential oil are obtained between mesophyll cells.

}, keywords = {Anatomical Structure of Leaf, Essential Oil., Laurus Nobilis, Morphological and Anatomical Study}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.83}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.83}, author = {Fatima Kazbekovna Serebrynaya and Naida Mahmudovna Nasuhova and Dmitryi Alexeevich Konovalov} } @article {400, title = {Mosquito Larvicidal and Pupicidal Activity of Tephrosia purpurea Linn. (Family: Fabaceae) and Bacillus sphaericus against, Dengue Vector, Aedes aegypti}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {737-742}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {737}, abstract = {

Objective: The bio-efficacy of Tephrosia purpurea leaf extract and bacterial insecticide, Bacillus sphaericus larvicidal activity was assessed against the first to fourth instars larvae of Aedes aegypti, under the laboratory conditions. Methods: The plant material was shade dried at room temperature and powdered coarsely. T. purpurea and B. sphaericus show the various concentrations of larvicidal and pupicidal activity against various instars larvae of A. aegypti. Results: The LC50 of T. purpurea against the first to fourth instars larvae were 139.24, 176.24, 219.28, 256.27, and 326.29 ppm and the 480.72, 541.21, 580.34, 672.20, and 762.80 ppm, respectively. B. sphaericus against the first to fourth instars larvae the LC50 values were 46.16, 56.23, 69.82, 80.81 and 96.12 ppm and the LC90 values 141.68, 172.46, 184.21, 193.31 and 218.16 ppm, respectively. However, the combined treatment of T. purpurea + B. sphaericus (1:2) material shows highest larvicidal activity of the LC50 values 80.08, 82.21, 88.00, 92.21 and 98.16 ppm; The LC90 values of 108.39, 118.71, 136.75, 149.02 and 153.24 ppm, against A. aegypti in all the tested concentrations than the individuals and clearly established that there is a substantial amount of synergist act. Conclusion: The present study reported that both T. purpurea and B. sphaericus materials could serve as a potential larvicidal agent. Since, A. aegypti is a container breeder vector mosquito this user and eco-friendly and low-cost vector control strategy could be a viable solution to the existing dengue disease burden. Therefore, this study provides first report on the mosquito larvicidal activity the combined effect of T. purpurea leaf extract and B. sphaericus against as target species of A. aegypti.

}, keywords = {Aedes aegypti, Bacillus sphaericus, Dengue vector, Larvicidal activity., Tephrosia purpurea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.116}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/169}, author = {Ramesh Venkadachalam and Vijayakumar Subramaniyan and Manogar Palani and Mahadevan Subramaniyan and Prabhu Srinivasan and Murugan Raji} } @article {186, title = {Macro-Microscopic evaluation, Physicochemical analysis and HPTLC Finger printing of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Rhizome}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {430-434}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {430}, abstract = {

Introduction: Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Family Hypoxydaceae (Amaryllidaceae) is a perennial herb with finger like rhizome. Its rhizomes have been significantly used in treatment of various ailments including cancer. Methods: Macro-microscopic analyses, physico-chemical studies and HPTLC finger printing of rhizomes of C. orchioides were performed according to pharmacopoeial procedures. Results: Microscopic analysis has shown rows of rectangular and conical cells in cork, thin walled cortex, parenchymatous cells, starch grains, crystal of calcium oxalate, mucilage cell and spiral xylem vessel in the rhizomes of C. orchioides. Physicochemical studies revealed loss on drying (10.469\%), total ash (8.463\%), acid insoluble ash (1.10\%), water-soluble ash (2.163\%), alcohol soluble extractive value (3.036\%), and water-soluble extractive value (22.666\%) of the raw drug. Ethanol extract of the plant were fingerprinted in petroleum ether and ethyl acetate (7.0:3.0) solvent system and scanned densitometrically after dipping in anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid reagent followed by heating at 105\°C. Conclusion: These specific identities will be useful in identification and authentication of the raw drug in dried form.

}, keywords = {Curculigo orchioides, HPTLC fingerprinting, Pharmacognostic, Quality control., Standaridisation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.3}, author = {Deepa Yadav and Mohd Salim Reshi and Sadhana Shrivastava and Nalini Srivastava and Sunil Kumar Koppala Narayana and Sangeeta Shukla} } @article {126, title = {Medicinal Plants for Treatment of Cancer: A Brief Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {87-102}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {87}, abstract = {

Cancer is actually a group of many related diseases that all have to do with cells. Cancer cells are characterized by unregulated growth, as well as insufficient and inappropriate vascular supply. Moreover, a core of cells was subjected to micro environmental stress conditions, and has decreased apoptotic potential through genetic alterations, thereby resulting in resistance to apoptosis. Cancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide where the number of cancer patients is in continuous rise. Cancer is a major public problem whose estimated worldwide new incidence is about 6 million cases per year. It is the second major cause of deaths after cardiovascular diseases. Chemotherapy remains the principal mode of treatment for various cancers. A number of synthetic anticancer drugs are available in practice, but the side effects and the drug interactions are major drawbacks in its clinical utility. Most of the currently used chemotherapy drugs for cancers are known to develop resistance, exhibit non-selective toxicity against normal cells and restrict by dose-limiting side effects. Hence, cancer treatment and development of drugs for this disease remains a major clinical challenge. On the other hand, plants are an exceptionally viable source of biologically active natural products which may serve as commercially significant entities in themselves or which may provide lead structures for the development of modified derivatives possessing enhanced activity and/or reduced toxicity in traeatment of cancer. Herbal medicines are now attracting attention as potential sources of anticancer agents and are widely used due to availability of the materials, affordability, relatively cheap and little or no side effects, wide applicability and therapeutic efficacy which in turn has accelerated the scientific research. For these reasons, World Health Organization (WHO) supports the use of traditional medicines which are efficacious and non toxic. In this review we have summarized few plants having anticancer activity.

}, keywords = {Allopathic Drugs, Breast cancer, Cancer, Cancer Cell Lines., Chemotherapy, Medicinal Plants.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.1}, author = {Sonika Jain and Jaya Dwivedi and Pankaj Kumar Jain and Swaha Satpathy and Arjun Patra} } @article {59, title = {Morphological and anatomical investigations of Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {205-209}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {205}, abstract = {

Introduction: Micromorphological research of vegetative bodies of Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb. as a source of a sum of diosmetine biozides (flavicine) with high antioxidant hepatoprotective and endothelial-protective activities. We have identified the main diagnostic signs of vegetative bodies which can be used when standard documentation on medicinal vegetable raw materials compile. Materials and Methods: The objects of the study were collected in North Caucasus (Russia) in June 2013-2014. Materials morphological study herbarium specimens were stored in the herbarium fund the Department of Botany (acronym PGFA). Materials micromorphological study were temporary slides are the root, leaf, stem and flowers. Results: The morphological results were compared with the Flora of the USSR. Anatomical characters of leaves and stems of the species were observed to be similar to the usual features of genus Vicia anatomy. All results are supported by photographs. The stomatal apparatus belongs to anomocytic and paracytic types, simple multicellular hairs. Conclusion: we would like to note that these investigations are one of the phases of Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb. examination and the medicinal plant is considered to be a perspective source of flavicine. The morphological and anatomical research obtained data can be used in standard documentation for medicinal vegetable raw material compiling.

}, keywords = {Anatomy, Morphological and Anatomical investigations, Morphology, Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.10}, author = {Fatima Kazbekovna Serebryanaya and Oksana Michailovna Sharenko and Michail Alexandrovich Serkov} } @article {1481, title = {Morphological and anatomical investigations of Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {09th Mar, 2015}, pages = {205-209}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {205}, abstract = {

Introduction: Micromorphological research of vegetative bodies of Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb. as a source of a sum of diosmetine biozides (flavicine) with high antioxidant hepatoprotective and endothelial-protective activities. We have identified the main diagnostic signs of vegetative bodies which can be used when standard documentation on medicinal vegetable raw materials compile. Materials and Methods: The objects of the study were collected in North Caucasus (Russia) in June 2013-2014. Materials morphological study herbarium specimens were stored in the herbarium fund the Department of Botany (acronym PGFA). Materials micromorphological study were temporary slides are the root, leaf, stem and flowers. Results: The morphological results were compared with the Flora of the USSR. Anatomical characters of leaves and stems of the species were observed to be similar to the usual features of genus Vicia anatomy. All results are supported by photographs. The stomatal apparatus belongs to anomocytic and paracytic types, simple multicellular hairs. Conclusion: we would like to note that these investigations are one of the phases of Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb. examination and the medicinal plant is considered to be a perspective source of flavicine. The morphological and anatomical research obtained data can be used in standard documentation for medicinal vegetable raw material compiling.

Key words: Anatomy, Morphological and Anatomical investigations, Morphology, Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb.

}, keywords = {Morphological and Anatomical investigations, Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb.}, author = {Fatima Kazbekovna Serebryanaya and Oksana Michailovna Sharenko and Michail Alexandrovich Serkov} } @article {1544, title = {Morphological and Anatomical Investigations of Ecbolium viride (Forssk.) Alston}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {19-27}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background:Ecbolium viride commonly known as green shrimp is a medicinal plant that grows well in the tropical and temperate regions of the world. International criteria for validation and standardization of herbal product as phytomedicine include the integration of microscopic characteristics of herbal drug to guarantee its authenticity. Objective: The present study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the macroscopic and microscopic characters of the leaves and roots of E. viride, used in traditional medicine for treating jaundice. Methods: Leaf and root sections of E. viride were sectioned with rotary microtome and microscopical features were examined using bright field microscope. Results: Anatomical characteristics such as crystal distribution in leaf, secondary xylem and vessel elements in root, glandular and non-glandular trichome in powder microscopy are some of the unique features of the plant with taxonomic value. The most distinguishing anatomical feature of this plant is the presence of cystolith calcium carbonate crystals. Conclusion: Morphological and anatomical parameters presented in this paper would serve as a useful gauge in ensuring quality formulations of drug preparation and in determining the genuineness of the drug.

Key words:Acanthaceae, Cystolith, Ecbolium viride, Leaf microscopy, Trichome.

}, keywords = {Acanthaceae, Cystolith, Ecbolium viride, Leaf microscopy, Trichome.}, author = {Francina Cecilia Kalaimaran, and Ravindhran Ramalingam} }