@article {2485, title = {Literacy of Alpha-Lactalbumin (ALA) and Oleic Acid Content Improves Knowledge and Self Efficacy in Breastfeeding Milk by Mothers Who Have Babies 0-24 Months}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {217-221}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {217}, abstract = {

Introduction: The world health organization (WHO) actively promotes breast milk as the best source of nutrition for babies and continues to increase the level of exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months to two years and reach at least 50\% by 2025. The low level of exclusive breastfeeding is likely a lack of Education about the composition of breast milk which contains peptides including α-lactalbumin (ALA) and Oleic Acid (OA) which are able to reduce the risk of breast and ovarian cancer and have therapeutic effects which have been published under the name human a-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells (HAMLET ), so that this literacy is able to convince mothers to give breast milk and is a health threat to mothers that it is important to give breast milk because it has anti-cancer substances that can prevent cancer. Method: This type of research is quantitative, with a Quasi Experimental Nonequivalent Control Group Design. In this research , the experimental group was treated by providing education and assessing and using knowledge and self-efficacy instruments . Mean while, the control group received education through the KIA book. The target population in this study is mothers who have babies aged 0-24 months in the working area of the Ujoh Bilang Health Center, Mahakam Ulu Regency. The sampling technique is purposive sampling. Results: there is a difference in knowledge literacy, Self Eficaccy on Breast Milk Feeding (ASI) by mothers who have babies 0-24 months in the intervention and control groups before and after being given breast milk literacy with a p value of 0.000 (p \< 0.005) which indicates that the hypothesis is accepted, namely there is an effect of breast milk literacy on knowledge and self-efficacy. Conclusion: literacy of alpha-lactalbumin (ALA) and oleic acid (OA) content increases knowledge and selfefficacy in providing breast milk by mothers who have babies 0-24 months.

}, keywords = {alpha-lactalbumin, Breast milk literacy, knowledge, oleic acid and breast milk, self-efficacy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.27}, author = {Nursari Abdul Syukur and Citrakesumasari and Anwar Mallongi and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Masni Mappajanci and Aminuddin Syam and Syamsuar S and Endah Wahyutri} } @article {1982, title = {Lisinopril-Induced CD34 Bone Healing Marker}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {208-211}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {208}, abstract = {

Background: Lisinopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is commonly used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. While it is generally well-tolerated, some studies have suggested that it may affect bone healing, suggesting that lisinopril treatment was associated with an increase in the CD34 bone healing marker in patients with tibial fractures. CD34 is a protein that is involved in the formation of new blood vessels and has been shown to play a role in bone healing. Methods: The study used 24 rabbits with artificially induced tibial bone fracture divided into 4 groups (6 rabbits each), the control group treated with distilled water and 3 groups treated with lisinopril. Each group were sacrificed for immunohistochemical study on 3 timepoints at day 7, 14, and 21. Results: Indicated that the lisinopril group had significantly higher levels of CD34 than the control group. Conclusion: While the results of this study suggest that lisinopril may have a positive effect on bone healing, more research is needed to confirm these findings and to determine the mechanisms by which lisinopril may affect bone healing. It is also important to note that lisinopril may have other potential side effects, and patients should discuss any concerns with their healthcare provider

}, keywords = {Bone healing, Bone injury, CD34., Inflammation, Lisinopril}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.30}, author = {Omar M. Alsaffar and Maha T. Al-Saffar and Abdulsattar S. Mahmood} } @article {1849, title = {Leaf Effect of C. Trifolia L. as Nf-B and Tnf-Α Inhibitor Compounds with In Silico Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {407-415}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {407}, abstract = {

Introduction: Infection H. pylori causes inflammation through various pathways to induce proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. The transcription factor NF-kB is a crucial regulator of the immune response and inflammation and regulates many cellular processes that are important in carcinogenesis, including transformation, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Antiinflammatory plant C. trifolia L was shown to inhibit the activity of NF-B and several pro-inflammatory cytokine mediators. This study proved that the active compound from the plant{\textquoteright}s leaves, C. trifolia L has potential as an inhibitor of NF-B and TNF-α. Method: This study used a docking method with a grid box mimicking the bond between the receptor and the inhibitor control complex. Results: The bioactivity of Cayratria trifolia compounds as anti-inflammatory was shown in the inflammation parameters used, namely Interleukin 10 agonist, Interleukin agonist, Interleukin antagonist, Interleukin 6 antagonist, Interleukin 4 antagonist, Interleukin 2 agonist, Interleukin 1 antagonist, Interleukin 1b antagonist, Interleukin 10 antagonist, Interleukin 12 agonist, and Interleukin 1a antagonist. Interleukin 2 agonists showed the highest activity of all compounds. Piceid compounds showed high anti-inflammatory activity with interleukin 10 agonists, interleukin agonists, interleukin 6 antagonists, and interleukin 2 agonists. The compounds stilbenes, piceid, resveratrol, cyclopentadecane, and hentriacontane showed potency higher interleukin-6 inhibition than the other 22 compounds. These five compounds were continued for molecular docking analysis. The low bond energy is correlated with the number of bonds and the variety of interactions. The higher the number of bonds and the type of interaction, the lower the bond energy. The lower the bond energy, the stronger the interaction between the ligand and protein. Conclusion: Based on the prediction of anti-inflammatory bioactivity, five potential compounds were identified, namely cyclopentadecane, resveratrol, stilbenes, piceid, and hentriacontane. The five compounds bind to NFkB on the active site of the binding site with DNA, and this inhibition causes DNA to be unable to restrain NFkB transcription factors, and transcription does not occur. This proves that the active compound from the leaves of the plant C. trifolia L has potential as an inhibitor of NF-κB compounds. Inhibition of 6 compounds on TNF at the TNF receptor proves that the active compound from the leaves of the plant C. trifolia L has potential as a TNF-α inhibitor compound. The active ingredient Piceid exhibits predominant anti-inflammatory potential with lower binding energy and stronger interactions than other complexes.

}, keywords = {C. trifolia L, H. Pylori, in silico, NFkB, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.115}, author = {Judya Sukmana and Widjiati and Siswandono and I Ketut Sudiana and Hari Basuki Notobroto and Iswinarno Doso Saputro and Yoes Prijatna Dachlan and Endang Joewarini} } @article {1930, title = {Left Atrial Myxoma Presented with an Obstructive Shock, Right Ventricle Dysfunction and Pulmonary Hypertension}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {917-920}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {917-920}, abstract = {

Myxoma is a benign primary cardiac tumour, mostly located in the left atrial. A 43 years old woman was referred with a difficulty of breathing for 3 months. The patients also complained about weakness, swollen legs, enlarged abdomen, and blood-tinged cough. The patient appeared weak with blood pressure of 80/50 mmHg and grade III/IV systolic and diastolic murmurs were found. Transthoracic echocardiography and pathology evaluation conclude a cardiac myxoma. The patient was diagnosed with a LA myxoma with an obstructive shock, right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension, thus a surgical approach was done immediately to prevent embolism and sudden death. Cardiac features are most likely a consequence of obstructed LV inflow. Transthoracic echocardiography is a useful modality to determine the size, location, and mobility of the mass. The persistence of RV dysfunction post-surgical may be due to the chronicity of the myxoma.

}, keywords = {Myxoma, Obstructive shock, Pulmonary hypertension., Right ventricle dysfunction, Transthoracic echocardiography}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.189}, author = {Wisda Medika Valentidenta and Agus Subagjo and Dandy Hertriwibowo} } @article {1736, title = {Liposome Preparation of Tekelan Leaf (Chromolaenaodorata L.) Extract: Manufacturing and Evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {56-62}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {56}, abstract = {

Background: Liposomes are biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-immunogenic due to their phospholipid composition which is similar to cell membranes. Active chemicals that are contained in liposomes preparation has a goal in improving solubility, minimizing adverse effects, extending release, protecting drugs, targeting drugs, and increasing efficacy. Objective: The purpose of this study was to formulate the ethanol extract of tekelan leaves into liposome preparations and to determine differences in particle size, polydispersity index (PI) and stability. Materials and Methods: This research begins with making extract by maceration. The extract formed was then formulated into liposome preparations with the composition of F1 (30 mmol), F2 (40 mmol) and F3 (50 mmol) ingredients. The formulation was carried out by thin layer hydration with variations in sonication time of 10 minutes, 20 minutes and 30 minutes. Evaluation of liposomes was carried out organoleptically, testing pH, particle size, polydispersity index (PI), and physical stability at room temperature. Data analysis was carried out statistically using SPSS 20.0 One Way ANOVA method to see if there were differences in each group. The average pH test results of the three formulations were 6.2{\textpm}0.3. The particle size results in the 30th minutes obtained particle sizes of F1 (293.63{\textpm}1.6 nm), F2 (201.9{\textpm}1.5 nm) and F3 (143.17{\textpm}0.6 nm). Results: The results of the polydispersion index (PI) were F1 (0.307{\textpm}0.03), F2 (0.275{\textpm}0.06) and F3 (0.229{\textpm}0.02). The results of the observation of room temperature stability obtained that the organoleptic results formed two layers, namely a clear layer and a cloudy layer. In the One-Way ANOVA test, a significance value of p\>0.05 (0.068) was obtained. Conclusion: Liposomes produced from ethanol extract of tekelan leaves are stable when stored at low temperatures (4{\textpm}0.5oC) with an organoleptic state of odorless, dark green color and thick consistency.

Key words: Liposomes, Tekelan, pH, Stability, Particle size.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.8}, author = {S Rahmi and Rosidah and T Widyawati and Sumaiyah} } @article {1356, title = {Learning and Memory Enhancing Activity of Polyherbal Formulation on Streptozotocin Induced Memory Impairment in Rats via Reducing Mitochondria{\textendash}Targeted Cytochrome}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {230-240}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {230}, abstract = {

Introduction: Neurodegenerative diseases and/or brain injury may occur due to mild to severe memory disorders in which Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease (AD) is defined as degradation of neurons and there is no effective therapy or cure for the disease. The intention behind this study was to determine memory enhancing effect of an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation (PHF) in Streptozotocin-induced memory deficit experimental animal models. Methods: Polyherbal formulation (PHF) was a suspension of three plant extracts i.e. Alpinia galanga, Glycerrhiza glabra and Convolvulus pluricaulis along with other excipients. Different behavioral animal models like Social recognition test (SRT), Morris water maze (MWM) test, Pole climbing test (PCT) and Elevated plus maze (EPM) test were used to evaluate efficacy of Polyherbal formulation (PHF) in learning and memory process of animals. Gene expression was performed by RT-PCR and western blot. Results: Results indicated that time of social recognition during trial 2 (SIT2) was reduced significantly (P\<0.01) due to PHF administration. In MWM test, treatment with PHF significantly (P\<0.01) reduced [F (4, 20) = 6.9] latency to reach hidden platform from session 3. Similarly, PHF was also found effective in pole climbing test and EPM test. RT-PCR results showed p53 regulates the Bcl-2 family proteins its expression in the given experiment was appreciably reduced in PHF (200mg/kg). NR1, NR2B and GAP-43 proteins leads to reduction of brain cell damage. Conclusion: Thus, PHF may be an effective formulation for learning and memory process against STZ-induced memory impairment.

}, keywords = {Alpinia galanga, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Elevated Plus Maze, Glycerrhiza glabra, Pole climbing test, Social recognition test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.33}, author = {Deepa Shukla and Sajal Srivastava and Talha Jawaid} } @article {1348, title = {Liver Organ Impairment Due to the Consumption of Kratom Leaves (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {179-184}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {179}, abstract = {

This study was aimed to evaluate the administration effects of kratom leaves extracts on the liver of mice (Mus musculus). The total of 25 mice was divided into five groups, respectively; (A) without treatment, (B) treatment with distilled water at 0.50 ml/20 g body weight, (C) treatment of kratom leaves extracts with a dosage of 0.15 mg/20 g body weight, (D) treatment of kratom leaves extracts with a dosage to 0.30 mg/20 g body weight and (E) treatment with a dosage of silymarin at 0.70 mg/20 g body weight. All those treatments were completed in seven consecutive days. On day 8, blood withdrawal and liver dissection were executed. The average levels of AST enzyme in the treatment groups respectively showed 22.81 U/L (A), 23.30 U/L (B), 34.86 U/L (C), 40.68 U/L (D), and 25.44 U/L (E), (p\<0.05). Whereas, the average levels of ALT exposed respectively at 17.96 U/L (A), 18.35 U/L (B), 29.13 U/L (C), 33.59 U/L (D), and 20.68 U/L (E), (p\<0.05). The average scoring for the treatment groups resulted in 0.33, 0.67, 1.33, 1.67, and 0.67, respectively, with p\<0.05. Hence, it was concluded that the higher doses of the extracts of kratom leaves administered during the treatment, the more severe damage the liver organ became.

}, keywords = {ALT, AST, Kratom leaves, Liver organ}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.25}, author = {Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan and Linda Liridah} } @article {1711, title = {Liver-Histological Improvement after Capsaicin Administration in Mice with Aflatoxin B1 oxication}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1577-1581}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1577}, abstract = {

Context: Public health issues are considered to provide safety for public consumption. The distribution of mycotoxins in food is still a concern to be solved. Capsaicin is a property in chili that inhibits the biotransformation of mycotoxins by modifying the activity of liver enzymes in phase I. Objectives: A total of 20 mice were divided into 4 treatment groups, namely (T0) 0.5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T1) 0.5 ml of capsaicin + 0.5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T2) 0.1 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 0.5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T3) 0.1 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 0.5 ml of capsaicin, respectively. Methods: Liver histology was performed with hematoxylin-eosin staining and then evaluated descriptively. Result: The T3 group showed significant improvement in sublobular vein, interlobular vein, centralis vein, interlobular duct. Meanwhile, based on scores of hepatocyte form, focal necrosis, hypertrophy, fibrosis, cholestasis, and steatosis were evaluated for improvement in the T3 group. Conclusion: Capsaicin was revealed to improve the liver histology in mice with aflatoxin B1 toxication.

}, keywords = {Aflatoxin B1, Capsaicin, Liver, Public health.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.202}, author = {Mohammad Sukmanadi and Mustofa Helmi Effendi and Faisal Fikri and Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama} } @article {1158, title = {Lathraea squamaria L. (Orobanchaceae): A Review of its Botany, Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Pharmacology}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {667-673 }, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {667}, abstract = {

This paper presents the results of the review pharmacognostic study of common toothwort, a perennial plant, parasitizing on the roots of trees. Currently, in Russian traditional medicine, there is considerable experience in the use of сommon toothwort (Lathraea squamaria L.) herb and roots as antitumoral, biligenic, infertility-treatment and diuretic drugs. The chemical composition of L. squamaria has not been quite well determined. Phenylethanoid glycosides (acteoside, isoacteoside), iridoid glycosides (aucubin, and aucuboside ester, 6{\textquoteright}-O-glucopyranosyl-aucubin, melampyroside, 6{\textquoteright}-O-glucopyranosyl melampyroside), simple sugars, fatty acids, organic acids, β-sitosterol were identified. Further study of L. squamaria raw materials is a very promising field including implementation in official medicine.

}, keywords = {Aucubin, Chemical compounds, Common toothwort, Iridoids, Lathraea squamaria, Orobanchaceae, Parasitic plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.98}, author = {Bokov DO and Barkalova VE and Suslikova MA and Sokhin DM and Kakhramanova SD and Rendyuk TD and Strelyaeva AV and Antsyshkina AM and Balobanova NP and Prostodusheva TV and Grikh VV and Krasnyuk II1 (junior) and Marakhova AI and Moiseev DV} } @article {1098, title = {Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Seeds: A New Potential Source of Sulfhydryl Compounds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {298-302}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {298}, abstract = {

Background: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds are considered the most widely consumed legumes by ruminants. The seeds contain around 1.5 mmol of thiol/sulfhydryl compounds per 100 g of dried seeds. The contents of the sulfhydryl compounds can act like glutathione. On the other hand, the intake of a high amount of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds is limited by mimosine because it can induce toxicity and death in ruminants. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine sulfhydryl compound levels in Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds after the mimosine removal process. Materials and methods: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds were soaked in aquadest for 24 hours and then dried at 40{\textdegree}C for 86 hours. The dried seeds were macerated at room temperature using 30\%, 50\%, 70\%, and 96\% (v/v) of ethanol as the solvent with a 1:10 solvent-to-solid ratio. Levels of dried extract yield were determined for sulfhydryl compounds and mimosine using a spectrophotometer. Results: The 30\% ethanol extract without soaking produced the highest levels of extract yield, but 70\% ethanol was the most effective solvent for extracting the maximum sulfhydryl and minimum mimosine levels. Conclusion: Ethanol solvent (70\%) can be used to extract maximum levels of sulfhydryl compound and minimum levels of mimosine from Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit soaked seeds.

}, keywords = {Ethanol, Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, Mimosine, Sulfhydryl compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.47}, author = {Sri Wardatun and Yahdiana Harahap and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Noorwati Sutandyo} } @article {1319, title = {Lithium Nitrate Induced Biochemical Modifications in catla catla upon Short Term Exposure}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1705-1709}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1705}, abstract = {

Background: Alkali metals such as lithium nitrate due to its properties have found their application in industries. However, reports of acute toxicological impact of lithium nitrate on aquatic animals are largely not available in the literature. Objective: With this interest, we have assessed the impact of LiNO3 on Catla catla, a freshwater fish widely consumed. Materials and Methods: In this study, LC50 of LiNO3 was determined to be 5ppm, for 24 h. Following this, 1/10th of the LC50 levels of LiNO3 (0.5ppm) was chosen for acute investigation of 96 h. Results: The results demonstrated increase in serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in treated fish. Further examinations disclosed changes in antioxidant enzyme systems with remarkable changes in the serum catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) contents, with elevation in malondialdehyde (MDA). The investigation found increased glutamate levels in the brain tissue of treated groups, demonstrating tissue damage. Conclusion: The study underlines the toxicological impact of LiNO3 and role of certain potential biomarkers which determine the impact of these toxicants in aquatic environment.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.230}, author = {S Jagadeep Chandra and Naganagouda V Kote and S Sandya and Sharath Chandra SP} } @article {1291, title = {Lutein: A Comprehensive Review on its Chemical, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1769-1778}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1769}, abstract = {

Background: Lutein is a naturally occurring carotenoid found in high amounts in flowers, grains, fruits and green vegetables with green leaves include spinach, kale and carrots. The market for lutein encompasses pharmaceutical, dietary supplement, food, animal and fish feed industries. Objective: The present review aimed to provide an updated and comprehensive analysis of lutein, including its chemistry, biological properties and therapeutic potentials. Methods: Relevant literatures were collected from several scientific databases, include Google Scholar, Pubmed and ScienceDirect between 2000 to till date. Following a detailed inclusion and exclusion screening process, the information obtained was summarized. Results: Information on the sources, chemistry and biological properties including antioxidant, anti-arthrisits, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-cataract, antidiabetic, anticancer and bone remodelling activities, as well as food industry processing for lutein were tabled. Lutein can be considered powerful antioxidants along with multifaceted molecular targets, such as NF-ҡB, PI3K/Akt, Nrf-2, HO-1 and SIRT-1 signaling pathways in various pathological conditions. Conclusion: The present review observe the chemical, pharmacological properties, in addition to the therapeutic potentials of lutein. It is hoped that the information can provide a good reference to aid in the development and utilization of lutein in phytopharmaceuticals and food industries.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Inflammatory cytokines, Lutein, Molecular targets, Pharmacology, Transcription factors}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.239}, author = {Nurul Iman Nurul Fuad and Mahendran Sekar and Siew Hua Gan and Pei Teng Lum and Jaishree Vaijanathappa and Subban Ravi} } @article {993, title = {LC-MS Analysis of Phytocomponents in the Methanol Extract of Piper Sarmentosum Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1071-1076}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1071}, abstract = {

Background: Piper sarmentosum is a cultivated plant that grows wildly in the tropical and subtropical region including in Malaysia. It has a wide usage in traditional medicine and have a variety of active chemical constituents. Aim: The aim of this study is to isolate and identify the active compounds from the methanol extracts of leaves of P. sarmentosum. Methods and Materials: The fresh leaves of Piper sarmentosum were collected from the Ethnobotanic garden of Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) after being identified and confirmed by a plant taxonomist from Medicinal Plant Divison (Voucher specimen code no: FRI 45870). The methanolic extraction procedure were performed at FRIM labrotory. The extract was then sent to Research and Instrumentation Management Centre (CRIM) UKM for Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) analysis. Results: Fifteen compounds were isolated from the fresh leaves of Piper sarmentosum. Six of these have been previously isolated from the roots and essential oil of this plant: (2) Naringenin, (3) Methyl piperate, (5) Beta-Asarone, (6) Brachyamide B, (8) Piperitol and (9)(10) Guineensine. (1)(12) Didymin, (4) Quercetin, (7) Amurensin (11) Hesperidin, and (15) Difucol are new for P. sarmentosum (Piperaceae). Conclusion: From the result, it is evident that Piper sarmentosum contains various bioactive compounds. (1)(12) Didymin, (4) Quercetin, (7) Amurensin, (11) Hesperidin, and (15) Difucol are new natural compounds that have not been reported before.

}, keywords = {Flavanoids, Lignan, Liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, Naringine, Piper sarmentosum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.167}, author = {Cutt Fazzlieanie Bactiar and Nur Azlina Mohd Fahami} } @article {901, title = {Liquid Chromatography Single Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (LC/SQ MS) Analysis Reveals Presence of Novel Antineoplastic Metabolites in Ethanolic Extracts of Fruits and Leaves of Annona muricata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {660-668}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {660}, abstract = {

Background: Annona muricata, a tropical plant species belonging to family Annonaceae is one of the most used plants in folk medicine because of its many medicinal uses. Despite its wide usage, there is still need to continue scientifically evaluating its medicinal properties in order to avoid any adverse effects. Elucidating the detailed chemical composition of this plant is a significant step towards this evaluation. Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct LC MS analysis on the ethanolic extracts of fruits and leaves of Annona muricata for detection of novel metabolites. Materials and Methods: Leaves and fruits of Annona muricata were collected from Eastern Uganda during the month January 2018. Extraction was conducted using the tissue homogenization method and the extracts were analyzed on an LC/SQ MS detection system. The results were obtained by analyzing the MS spectra using the retentions time and fragmentation patterns on the NIST Library. Results: The study revealed that the fruits extracts contain 1,3-Dimethylthiourea and (4-chlorophenyl)-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-[(Z)-3-(dimethylamino) prop-1-enyl]quinolin-6-yl]-(3-methylimidazol-4-yl)methanol, which are reported antioxidant and antineoplastic agents. The leaves contained 2,4,6-Tribromoaniline another antioxidant and antineoplastic agent, while compound (dichlorozirconium(2+);dimethyl-bis(2-methyl-4- phenylinden-1-id-1-yl)silane was found in both extracts of fruits and leaves. Conclusion: The current study suggests that ethanolic extracts of fruits and leaves of Annona muricata contain compounds which are potent antioxidant, antineoplastic and therapeutic agents for various conditions and paves the way for the development of several treatment regimens from these plant parts. Finally, the compounds reported in this study have been identified for the first time as being found in Annona muricata.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata, Antineoplastic, Antioxidant, Ethanolic extracts, LC/SQ MS, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.104}, author = {Yahaya Gavamukulya and Esther N Maina and Amos M Meroka and Edwin S Madivoli and Hany A El-Shemy and Gabriel Magoma and Fred Wamunyokoli} } @article {731, title = {Larvicidal and Pupicidal activity of Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer Leaf Extracts against Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1137-1142}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1137}, abstract = {

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the larvicidal and pupicidal activity of Clerodendrum philippinum leaf extracts against disease causing vectors Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. Methods: Five different concentrations (200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 ppm) of leaves were prepared by using aqueous (distilled water), ethanol, methanol, n-hexane, chloroform and tested for both the activity. The LC50 and LC90 values of leaf extracts were determined with the help of probit analysis. Results: Among the different extracts of leaf screened, the ethanol extract of C. philippinum was recorded the highest larvicidal and pupicidal activity of 100 \± 1.9 \% (1st instar) and 58 \± 0.8 \% at 600 ppm concentration for controlling An. stephensi, respectively. Similarly for Ae. aegypti, 97 \± 1.2 (1st instar) and 51 \± 0.5 (pupa) percentage of inhibition were achieved for the same solvent extracts of the leaf which were maximum than others. Moreover, the values of LC50 and LC90 clearly indicate that the activity of both larvicidal and pupicidal are not only solvent extracts dependant but also depend on their concentration. Conclusion: The obtained data highlight the potential role of ethanolic extracts of C. philippinum for controlling An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes at their larval and/ pupal stages of development.

}, keywords = {Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, Clerodendrum philippinum, Larvicidal activity, Pupicidal activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.194}, author = {Pranati Dhal and Jyoti Ranjan Rout and Preeti Krishna Dash and Sagorika Panda and Pallabi Pati and Chandi Charan Rath and Chinmay Pradhan and Santi Lata Sahoo} } @article {548, title = {Larviciding Activity of Acroptilon repens Extract against Anopheles stephensi, Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefaciatus under Laboratory Conditions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {453-456}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {453}, abstract = {

Introduction: Due to the emergence of insecticide resistance among the vectors of human diseases, there is a need to explore the use of plant extracts which are safe alternatives to conventional chemical larvicides used in control of vector-borne diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of Acroptilon repens against third instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefaciatus. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of A. repens plants was dried in the shaded places for 3 days at 26-28\°C. The leaves, flowers and stems were blended to crashed form using an electric blender. The larvicidal activity of total extract of A. repens were evaluated against third instar larvae stage of mosquito vectors, An. stephensi, Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefaciatus under laboratory conditions with 24h exposure period. Data were subjected to probit regression analysis in order to estimate the lethal concentrations for 50\% and 90\% mortality values. Result: The extract of A. repens exhibited significant larvicidal activity against third instar larvae of An. stephensi, with 24h LC50 of 0.2970 and LC90 of 2.2097 mg/l. The LC50 and LC90 values were 2.5047 and 24.7374 mg/l for Cx. pipiens and 2.9047 and 16.1459 mg/l for Cx. quinquefaciatus. Conclusion: The extract of A. repens can serve as a natural larvicide against An. stephensi, Cx. pipiens and Cx.quinquefaciatus. According to the larvicidal properties of this plant, formulating an extract of A. repens which is known as an abundant agricultural weed in Iran creates an alternative to chemical larvicides and providing a job opportunities.

}, keywords = {Acroptilon repens, Anopheles stephensi, Culex pipiens, Cx. quinquefaciatus, Larvicidal activity, Total extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.74}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/507}, author = {Ramesh Toolabi and Mohammad Reza Abai and Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat and Hassan Vatandoost and Mansooreh Shayeghi and Saeed Tavakoli and Mohammad Sistanizadeh Aghdam} } @article {438, title = {Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.: Fr.) Murr. as Food as Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s1-s15}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {s1}, abstract = {

Laetiporus sulphureus is a sulphur yellow coloured polyporous mushroom and popularly known as \“chicken of the woods\”. Over the generations, this cosmopolitan macrofungus has become an integral part of tribal cuisines particularly for its taste. Besides, it has equal importance in folk medicine being widely used for treatment of pyretic diseases, coughs, gastric cancer and rheumatism. Thus, the species is considered as a natural reservoir of both nourishment as well as drug therapy and consequently it has become increasingly popular in scientific world. Nutritional sciences recently have witnessed it as a sustainable food supply to growing population due to enrichment of carbohydrate (trehalose\> mannitol\> fructose), protein (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine), minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper), vitamins (B, D, E), polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid) and fibre. Conversely, the mushroom has also been regarded as an abundant source of chemical compounds including phenolics, triterpenes, polysaccharides with wide range of biological activities such as antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antitumor and immunomodulation effects. Therefore, a complete summary of the research progress on this fungus is necessary for further studies and commercial exploitation. In this context, the present review attempts to congregate current knowledge on nutritional value, myco-chemistry and therapeutic potential of this culturally important species. However, investigation on bioavailability, quality control, toxicology data and clinical assessment are highly recommended for future research.

}, keywords = {Bioactive components, Commercial Importance, Ethnic Relevance, Nutritious Food, Pharmacological Effects, {\textquotedblleft}Chicken of the Woods{\textquotedblright}}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.151}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/374}, author = {Somanjana Khatua and Sandipta Ghosh and Krishnendu Acharya} } @article {246, title = {Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitory Activity In vitro of Mezzetia parviflora Becc. Wood Bark Polar extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {171-175}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {171}, abstract = {

Introduction: The wood bark of Mezzetia parviflora Becc, has long served as one of the most important traditional herbal medicine sources in Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. M. parviflora extracts were rich in polyphenols. This study was aimed to explore the lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity of polar extract of M. parviflora. Methods: The polar extract is the result of ethanol extract partition solved in acetone. The extract will keep polar components which are insoluble in acetone. Assayed methods applied are \ß-carotene bleaching inhibition, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) measurement, and continuous monitoring of conjugated dienes formation in LDL. Results: M. parviflora extract inhibit \ß-carotene/ linoleic acid oxidation, showed by IC50 value of 15.83 g/ml in 30th minute; but the potency will be reduced to IC50 value of 111.19 g/ml and 225.07 g/ml after the 60th and 120th minute of incubation. M. parviflora extract inhibit MDA formation as for linoleic acid peroxidation product until the third day; at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 g/ml inhibit MDA formation as many as 29.16 \± 2.41\%, 4.24\% \± 43.27, 54.08 \± 2.87\%, 59.88 \± 1.90\%, and 69.75 \± 2.32\%, respectively. M. parviflora extract at 50 g/ml can inhibit LDL-oxidation induced by CuSO4, performed by LDL-oxidation lag-time elongation until 70 minutes, similar ability was performed by epigallocathecin gallate at 5 g/ml. Conclusions: M. parviflora extract expressed relatively strong protection against lipid and LDL oxidation which can serve as the scientific basis of its development as a remedy for various diseases caused by lipid peroxidation.

}, keywords = {Conjugated diene, Low-density lipoprotein, Malondilaldehyde, Mezzetia parviflora Becc, Polyphenol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.28}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/295}, author = {Mufidah Murdifin and Ermina Pakki and Gemini Alam and Marianti A. Manggau and Lukman Muslimin and M. Rusdi and Elly Wahyudin} } @article {208, title = {Leaf and Stem Anatomy and Histochemistry of Dalbergia ecastaphyllum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {557-564}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {557}, abstract = {

Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) Taub. is a shrubby of Tropical America and Africa. It is recognized as the main botanical source of red-propolis, and also by its uses in folk medicine. This work was performed by light and scanning electron microscopy in order to carry out an anatomical and histochemical study of leaves and stems of this species,to find distinctive characters to support the quality control of its ethnodrugs and derivatives. The leaf epidermis is hypostomatic with straight to curved anticlinal cell walls, papillose on the abaxial surface, with thickened cuticle and coated with epiculticular waxes as rosette. The mesophyll is dorsiventral, with palisade 2-3-layered and the spongy 4-6-layered. The petiole and midrib have vascular system collateral. The stem is cylindrical, with an uniseriate epidermis coated with thickened cuticle and angular collenchyma. The vascular system is a continuous ectofloic siphonostele. Resin idioblasts are concentrated in the inner area of the vascular tissue of the midrib, petiole and stem. The leaf and stem anatomy and histochemistry of D. ecastaphyllum provided distinctive characters for this species that can be used as an additional support for its taxonomy and for the quality control of their ethnodrugs.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotany, Fabaceae, Genus Dalbergia, Leguminosae, Red propolis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.7}, author = {Michelline V. Marques Das Neves and Nathalia Diniz Ara{\'u}jo and Eduardo De Jesus Oliveira and Maria De F{\'a}tima Agra} }