@article {1882, title = {Antioxidants, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content and Toxicity Assay of Ampelas (Tetracera macrophylla Wall.Ex Hook.F.\& Thoms) From Kalimantan-Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {642-648}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {642-648}, abstract = {

Background: High Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) contribute to disease pathogenesis. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids are effective as antioxidants. Objective: This research aimed to measure the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content and leaf toxicity of Tetracera macrophylla. Methods: DPPH and FRAP were used to determine antioxidants, and the Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu method was used for total phenolic content, total flavonoid content with AlCl3 and toxicity with MTT assay against RAW 264.7 cells. Results: Methanol extract has antioxidant activity with IC50 = 81.582 μg/mL (DPPH) and 11840 mol/g (FRAP), total phenolic content of 353.781 mg GAE/g dry weight, and flavonoid content of 279.2 mg QE/g dry weight. The ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts had weaker antioxidant activity than the methanol extracts. The IC50 toxicity assay methanol extract and ethyl acetate extract respectively showed 288.792 μg/mL and 541.472 μg/mL. Conclusion: The methanol extract of Tetracera macrophylla showed the highest yield, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content and had the highest antioxidant activity. Methanol extract has low toxicity to RAW 264.7 cells.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Tetracera macrophylla, total flavonoid, total phenolic, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.147}, author = {Vera Ladeska and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Kusmardi} } @article {1894, title = {Phytochemical Approach Including Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents and Evaluation of in vitro ABTS Antioxidant Capacity and Lipoxygenase Inhibition of Anisosciadium lanatum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {928-932}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {928}, abstract = {

Anisosciadium lanatum Boiss is commonly known in Bedouins as besbas. Traditional, it is palatable plant and used in medicine of livestock to treat skin conditions . The main objective of current approach was to screen the presence of different kind of metabolites applying standard procedures followed by assessment of total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) contents. In addition, the in vitro ABTS antioxidant and lipoxygenase activities were evaluated. Different organs (leaves, stems and flowers) of Anisosciadium lanatum were extracted using 70\% methanol to yield total methanol extracts of leaves (TML), stems (TMS) and flowers (TMF). Results demonstrated that TML, TMS and TMF are characterized by the content of different constituents such as flavonoids, phenolics/tannins, steroids, saponins, and carbohydrates at different levels. Ethyl acetate (EA) and butanol (BT) fractions of TML and TMS demonstrated the highest percentage of TPC and TFC. The results demonstrated the competence of EA and BT as free radical scavenger fractions compared to other fractions and its opportunity to contain bioactive antioxidant metabolites . TML, TMS and TMF exhibited Lipoxygenase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 4.88, 5.40 and 6.05 μg/mL, respectively when compared to that of the positive control baicalein (IC50: 0.27 μg /mL). In conclusion, present investigation highlighted the potential of Anisosciadium lanatum to be promising candidate with activity against wide range of inflammatory-related diseases.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Anisosciadium lanatum, Lipoxygenase, total flavonoid, total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.191}, author = {Mohammed Wasel Matar and Shahad Mohammed Nasser Alqahtani and Duaa Adnan Alghafli and Abdullah Abdulhamid Altaweel and Abdullah Jalal Alasoom and Hussein Ali Burshed and Marwan Mohamed Alshawush and Hany Ezzat Khalil} } @article {1786, title = {Ten Commonly Available Medicinal Plants in Malaysia with Potential Sun Protection Factor and Antioxidant Properties {\textendash} A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {444-455}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {444}, abstract = {

Background: Malaysia has a diverse range of medicinal plants that utilized to make effective nutritional, folk medicine, and cosmetic preparations. Natural antioxidants obtained from medicinal plant extracts have recently gained popularity as protective ingredients in sunscreen formulations due to their safety, wide range of biological effects on skin, and environmental sustainability in absorbing Ultraviolet (UV) radiation and preventing skin damage. Prolonged exposure to UV rays may cause skin damages like sunburn, photoaging, erythema, edema, wrinkle, and skin cancer. Natural sunscreen products are becoming more popular among consumers who are becoming more aware of the risks of excessive UV and chemicals in beauty and personal care products. Objective: This review aimed to provide brief information about ten commonly available medicinal plants in Malaysia with potential sun protection factor and antioxidant properties. Methods: In the present review, the relevant literatures were an extensive search from various scientific database including Pubmed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Scopus. Ten commonly available medicinal plants in Malaysia such as Graptophyllum pictum, Moringa oleifera, Mangifera indica, Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Andrographis paniculata, Sonneratia caseolaris, Camellia sinensis, Morinda citrifolia, Nephelium lappaceum and Murraya koenigii were included based on its potential sun protection factor (SPF) and antioxidant properties. Results: All the ten medicinal plants reported in this review found to have potential antioxidant activities due to the presence of phenolic and flavonoid content in the extracts. All of these findings well correlated to their potential SPF. The M. indica extracts had the highest SPF value among the ten plant extracts reported in this review, with a value of >=30. This is considered high sun protection action. Extracts of A. paniculata, M. citrifolia, C. sinensis, and G. pictum have a moderate photoprotective effect (SPF value of >=15). Sun protection activity was low in M. oleifera and S. caseolaris (SPF value <= 2). Conclusion: The identification of natural antioxidant and photoprotective ingredients from medicinal plants has demonstrated as a potential natural sunscreen product in protecting UV radiation against damaging UV rays, and therefore recommended to utilize them to replace synthetic chemicals in cosmetics development in the future.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Medicinal plants, Sun protection factor, total flavonoid, Total phenol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.57}, author = {Noor Diyana Ibrahim and Lay Jing Seow and Mahendran Sekar and Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani and Pei Teng Lum} } @article {1122, title = {Determination of Total Flavonoid Levels of Ethanol Extract Sesewanua Leaf (Clerodendrum Fragrans Wild) With Maceration Method Using UV-Vis Spectrofotometry}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {356-360}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {356}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sesewanuwa (Clerodendrum fragrans Wild) is one of the plants with abundant flavonoid content in the leaves. The characteristic flavonoids with the two benzene ring groups cause the process of finding an appropriate extraction technique. Objective: This study aims to determine the total flavonoid levels of ethanol extract of sesewanuwa leaves obtained from maceration extraction methods. Method: This research was carried out by extracting the simplicia of sesewanuwa leaves by maceration method using 96\% ethanol solvent. Comparison between the simplicia and the solvent used is 1:7, then the extract obtained was carried out with initial qualitative identification of flavonoids with simple reagents and the total flavonoid levels were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Results: The results showed that the ethanol extract of sesewanuwa leaves obtained by maceration extraction method in qualitative and quantitative tests contained flavonoids with quercetin standard with a total content of 13.47\%.This research was carried out by extracting the simplicia of sesewanuwa leaves by maceration method using 96\% ethanol solvent. Comparison between the simplicia and the solvent used is 1:7, then the extract obtained was carried out with initial qualitative identification of flavonoids with simple reagents and the total flavonoid levels were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Conclusion: The results showed that the ethanol extract of sesewanuwa leaves obtained by maceration extraction method in qualitative and quantitative tests contained flavonoids with quercetin standard with a total content of 13.47\%.

}, keywords = {Maceration, Quercetin, Sesewanuwa, total flavonoid, UV-Vis spectrophotometry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.56}, author = {Zulfiayu Sapiun and Paulus Pangalo and Arlan K Imran and Prisca Safriani Wicita and Rizka Puji Astuti Daud} } @article {1259, title = {Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid and Phytochemical Screening by FTIR Spectroscopic of Standardized Extract of Mikania micrantha Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1395-1401}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1395}, abstract = {

Background: Mikania micrantha is a great plant that has been used as raw material for traditional medicines. Objective: This paper aims to evaluate total phenols, total flavonoids, and phytochemical screening by FTIR spectroscopy of standardized extract of Mikania micrantha leaf to confirm its medicinal values. Materials and Methods: The leaves were extracted by maceration method using ethanol 96\% and evaporated by rotary evaporator. The determination of total phenolic and total flavonoid were performed by spectroscopic method. The phytochemical constituent was screened through the bioactive group of the chemical by FTIR analysis. Results: The total phenolic of extract of Mikania micrantha leaf ranged from 13.19{\textpm}0.74 to 34.24{\textpm}1.24 mg gallic acid equivalent/g and total flavonoid ranged from 1.11{\textpm}0.11 to 20.63{\textpm}0.16 mg quercetin/g. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of O-H, aliphatic CH, and C=O functional group. Conclusion: the result of this study confirm that Mikania micrantha possesses the potential of bioactive compounds which are responsible for the biological activities that are useful for raw material of traditional medicines.

}, keywords = {FT-IR, Mikania micrantha, total flavonoid, total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.193}, author = {Imam Bagus Sumantri and Henny Sri Wahyuni and Lolyta Fiti Mustanti} } @article {483, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Total Flavonoid and Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Parts of Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {123-127}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {123}, abstract = {

Background: Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb are traditionally used in Indonesia to treat various diseases, but still limited study about different part of this plant. Objective: The aim of this study was to screen the phytochemicals, to evaluate the total flavonoid and total phenolic contents as well as antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of root, stem, leaves, and seed kernel of C. bonduc. Methods: Each part of plant were extracted by reflux using 70\% ethanol as the solvent for 2 h and repeated 3 times. Total flavonoid content was determined by aluminium chloride colorimetric assay on 415 nm. Total phenolic content was determined with Folin-Ciocalteu 1:4 on 765 nm using microplate reader. Antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenger methods. Results: Phytochemical screening showed that all of samples positively contain flavonoid and saponin. Total flavonoid content was the highest in leaf and the lowest in root whereas total phenols content was highest in leaf and the lowest in seed kernel. The crude extracts displayed DPPH free radical scavenging activity with highest value in leaf extract followed by root, stem, and seed kernel. Conclusion: The 70\% ethanol leaf extract of C. bonduc showed the highest yield, total flavonoid content and total phenolic content among other parts investigated. Moreover, leaf extract has highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (79.802 g/ml) which could be related to its higher phenolic content.

}, keywords = {Caesalpinia bonduc, DPPH, Phytochemical screening, total flavonoid, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.22}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/408}, author = {Elin Novia Sembiring and Berna Elya and Rani Sauriasari} } @article {769, title = {Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid, Quercetin Content and Antioxidant Activity of Standardized Extract of Moringa oleifera Leaf from Regions with Different Elevation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s104-s108}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s104}, abstract = {

Context: Moringa oleifera is the famous plant that has been used as medicinal plant for diverse pharmacological activity. Aims: To evaluate the total phenolic, total flavonoid, quercetin content as well as the antioxidant activity of standardized extract of Moringa oleifera (Lamk) leaf, collected from three regions with different elevation. Materials and Methods: The leaves were extracted by maceration method using ethanol 96\% and evaporated by rotary evaporator to obtain the viscous extract. The determination of total phenolic and total flavonoid were performed by spectroscopic method, while the quercetin concentration were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Results: Ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera leaf from region with medium altitude (Sigi regency) showed higher total phenolic, total flavonoid, quercetin concentration and antioxidant activity than regions with low and high altitude (Parigi and Palu cities). Conclusion: This study reveals the potency of standardized extracts of Moringa oleifera growing in medium altitude (Sigi regency) to be developed as antioxidant herbal medicine.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Kelor, Moringa oleifera, total flavonoid, total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.20}, author = {Evi Sulastri and Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair and Nurafni Israyanti Anas and Syakila Abidin and Ririen Hardani and Risfah Yulianti and Aliyah} } @article {258, title = {Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Suruhan (Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth) Herb Powder}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {239-243}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {239}, abstract = {

Introduction: Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth is known as a raw material for herbal medicine; Preservation of herbs powder by gamma irradiation is reported to be able to keep products free from contamination. Methods: This study aims to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation (0; 2.5; 5; 7.5; and 10 kGy) on the ACE inhibitory activity (ACE Kit \– WST test kit method), antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging method), total phenolic content (colorimetric method using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent), total flavonoid content (colorimetric method using AlCl3 and sodium acetate), and TLC profiling (silica gel F254 as the stationary phase and dichlormethane:methanol [92:8] as the mobile phase) of suruhan herb powder. Results: Results showed that the 2.5 kGy irradiation dose gave the smallest alteration in ACE inhibitory activity compared to others irradiated doses. Furthermore, the 5 and 7.5 kGy dose didn\’t cause significant change (p\>0.05) on antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content. Antioxidant activity was found to correlate with the total phenolic content but not with the total flavonoid content. Conclusion: Based on these finding, it is concluded that gamma irradiation can be used as a preservation method for P. pellucida herb powder.

}, keywords = {Angiotensin converting enzyme, antioxidant activity, Peperomia pellucida, total flavonoid, total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.40}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/307}, author = {Mubarika Sekarsari Yusuf and Intan Wulandari and Lili Amelia and Katrin and Arikadia Noviani and Rissyelly and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} }