@article {1818, title = {Total Polyphenols, Total Flavonoids, Antioxidant Activity and Inhibition of Tyrosinase Enzymes from Extract and Fraction of Passiflora ligularis Juss}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {672-680}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {672}, abstract = {

Background: Sweet granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss) grows in the cool highlands of Indonesia, one of which is the province of West Sumatera. Sweet granadilla has potent antioxidant activity and can inhibit the tyrosinase enzyme. Objective: This study was performed to determine content of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibition in different part of P. ligularis extract and fraction. Materials and Methods: Leaves, stems, peels and seeds P. ligularis were separately extracted by the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method using 70\% ethanol. Then, the ethanol extract was fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and distilled water. The ethanol extract and active fraction were determining antioxidant activity using FRAP and DPPH method, inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme, total polyphenol and total flavonoid content. This study was equipped with analysis of light microscopy, SEM microscopy and LC-MS. Results: The highest total polyphenol content was found in the seed extract 176.22 {\textpm} 1.51 mg GAE/g extract and total flavonoid content was found in leaves extract 5.77 {\textpm} 0.48 mg QE/g extract. The highest antioxidant activity by FRAP method was found in seeds extract 80.79 {\textpm} 1.29 g Fe2SO4 equivalent/100 g extract and DPPH method was found in stem extract with IC50 value 9.00 {\textpm} 0.09. The highest percentage of tyrosinase inhibition (1 mg/ml) was found in seed extract 52.4 {\textpm} 2,55 \%. In fraction of seed extract show that ethyl acetate fraction most active than others. Conclusion: These results indicate that ethyl acetate fraction of seed P. ligularis has potent antioxidants and good inhibition of the tyrosinase enzyme.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Passiflora ligularis Juss, Sweet granadilla., Tyrosinase, Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.86}, author = {Selvia Wiliantari and Raditya Iswandana and Berna Elya} } @article {1628, title = {Azadirachta indica (Neem) Water Leaf Extract Inhibits Melanin Production and Tyrosinase Activity in B16F10 Melanoma Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {1030-1035}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1030}, abstract = {

Introduction: Abnormal melanin production can cause pigmentary disorder such as hyperpigmentation. Finding a potent medicinal plants that can prevent pigment disorder. Objective: This study was to investigate the potential of leaf extract from Azadirachta indica var siamensis valeton to inhibit melanin formation or melanogenesis. Materials and Methods: A.indica leaf extract was tested for phenolic and flavonoid content assay. Tests using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay were administered to determine the toxicity of A.indica leaf extract in B16F10 melanoma cells. Melanin content and tyrosinase activity assays were used to determine the potential for the inhibition of melanogenesis. Data was analyzed using SPSS. Results: It was found that A.indica leaf extract per gram has a total phenolic content of 28.73 {\textpm} 0.30 mg gallic acid equivalents and flavonoid of 12.48 {\textpm} 0.00 mg rutin equivalent. In addition, we found that these herbal extracts decreased the melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity in B16F10 melanoma cells without any toxicity. This study suggested that the melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity in B16F10 melanoma cells were decreased without any cytotoxicity by the A.indica leaf water extract. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that A.indica leaf water extract inhibits melanin production through reducing tyrosinase activity. These results could be useful as a therapeutic treatment for skin hyperpigmentation disorders as well as an effective ingredient in whitening cosmetics.

}, keywords = {Azadirachta indica, Hyperpigmentation, Melanin, Melanogenesis, Tyrosinase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.133}, author = {Thanitsara Songtavisin and Benjamart Pratoomthai and Warachin Gangnonngiw and Jarinyaporn Naowaboot} } @article {1701, title = {Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of Garcinia latissima Miq. Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1673-1677}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1673}, abstract = {

Background: Tyrosinase is an enzyme that plays an essential part in the process of melanin synthesis. High exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation or high stimulation of melanocytes could cause excessive melanin pigments to lead to hyperpigmentation. Objective: This study aimed to find potential natural skin lightening ingredients from Garcinia latissima Miq. Methods: Stem bark, fruits, and leaves of Garcinia latissima Miq. were extracted with successive maceration. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity test was measured spectrophotometrically at 490 nm using 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) as substrate and kojic acid as a positive control. Results: The tyrosinase inhibitory activity test at a concentration of 100 ppm showed that the bark ethyl acetate extract 15.94\% {\textpm} 7.70, bark methanol extract of 28.94\% {\textpm} 5.73, fruit n-hexane extract 25.16\% {\textpm} 10.22, fruit methanol extract 23.26\% {\textpm} 9.10; and leaf methanol extract 30.59\% {\textpm} 0.63 with kojic acid inhibition 65.07\%. Conclusion: Methanol extract of leaf from Garcinia latissima Miq was the most active extract as a tyrosinase inhibitor.

}, keywords = {Extract, Garcinia latissima Miq., Succesive maceration, Tyrosinase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.215}, author = {Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Berna Elya and Yesi Desmiaty and Ayun Erwina Arifianti and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {257, title = {The Efficacy Study of Snake Fruit (Salacca edulis Reinw Var. Bongkok) Extract as Skin Lightening Agent}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {235-238}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {235}, abstract = {

Introduction: The whitening skin product market has been growing significantly in Asia Pacific. Indonesia is one of those countries that mainly think that having a white color skin is simply beautiful. Therefore, it motivates Indonesian women to buy more whitening product for their beauty needs. Objective: The purpose of this research is to find raw material for whitening product from Indonesian plants that can be useful as skin lightening agents. This study investigated the potential of snake fruit (Salacca edulis Reinw var. Bongkok) ethanolic extract as skin lightening agent. Fruits of Salacca edulis Reinw contains flavonoids which have been reported to play a part in skin depigmentation. Methods: A randomized double-blind study on 17 human volunteers showed marked skin lightening effects using cream containing 3\% extract as there was a significant reduction in skin melanin index which compared favorably with the base cream (p \<0,05). Results: The result strongly suggested that snake fruit ethanolic extract can be used as raw material for skin lightening agents and therefore Indonesia dependency on imported raw materials could be reduced.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Melanin index, Salacca edulis Reinw, Snake fruit extract, Tyrosinase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.39}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/306}, author = {Astrid Tilaar and Anna Ranti and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} }