@article {2477, title = {In Vitro Antibacterial Activity, In-Silico Molecular Docking and Pharmacokinetic Profile of a Phytosterol Isolated from The Leaves of Carissa Bispinosa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {99-106}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {99}, abstract = {

Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. Ex-Brenan is a medicinal plant widely used in South Africa. The study reports on the isolation of a phytosterol from C. bispinosa along with molecular docking and pharmacokinetic studies. The phytochemicals were extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, acetone and methanol. The compound was isolated following a bioactivity-guided isolation protocol using column-chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used for compound characterisation. The antimicrobial activity was assessed using bioautography and micro-broth dilution assays. AutoDock vina, SwissADME and ADMET lab were used for molecular docking, pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties, respectively. Drug-likeness was evaluated based on Lipinski{\textquoteright}s rule of five (Ro5). The isolated compound was identified as β-sitosterol. It had an anti-S. aureus activity of (0.31 mg/mL). It revealed binding scores of -7.2 and -6.4 kcal/mol against penicillin-binding protein and DNA gyrase, respectively. It violated one of Ro5 (MLOGP \> 4.15). It has no inhibitory effects against isoforms of cytochrome P450. Moreover, it demonstrated no adverse effect on skin, non-carcinogenic and non-hepatotoxic effects. Based on the results, β-sitosterol can be considered as potential anti-S. aureus drug. Further studies may focus on ascertaining the mechanism of action in-vitro and investigating the synergistic effects of the compound with conventional drugs.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Carissa bispinosa, Molecular docking, Pharmacokinetics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.14}, author = {Wanda Shekwa and Mashilo Mash Matotoka and Tsolanku Sydney Maliehe and Peter Masoko} } @article {2394, title = {Technological Study on The Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts Via Biosynthesis Methods}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1124-1130}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Introduction: Silver nanoparticles are better than other metal nanoparticles in terms of antimicrobial activity and stability. Recently, the biosynthesis method has been widely used, known for being ecofriendly and having lower toxicity compared to other methods of obtaining metal nanoparticles. This method is characterized by the use of active pharmaceutical ingredients contained in medicinal plants as stabilizers or bio reducers to produce silver nanoparticles. Methods: In this study, we synthesized silver nanoparticles using extracts from the upper parts of Cacalia hastata L., Thymus gobicus Czern., and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., which were collected from various provinces from Mongolia. These medicinal plants are used as bio reducing agents. We determined the most sensitive light absorption of each sample with purified silver nanoparticles using a UV-M51 ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Sizes and distributions were analyzed through Nanophox Particle Size Analysis, while morphological structure was examined using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The formations of nanoparticles were determined with instruments such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Results: The appropriate formation times for nanoparticles were 24 minutes with Cacalia hastata L. extract and 16 minutes with Thymus gobicus Czern. extract. XRD analysis revealed characteristic peaks at 38.15{\textdegree}, 44.3{\textdegree}, and 64.55{\textdegree}, indicating the formation of a crystalline structure and confirming the presence of silver nanoparticles. Conclusion: Furthermore, these nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity against both S. aureus and E. coli.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Bio reducing, Eco-friendly, Mongolian plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.183}, author = {Bilguun Enkhbat and Buyankhishig Dorjsuren and Tserennadmid Erdenebaatar and Myagmarsuren Badamtsetseg and Zolbayar Baasanjav and Enkhtuul Bayarsaikhan and Shinezaya Dashbaljir and Khatanbold Otgonbayar and Buyanjargal Erdenebat and Jambaninj Dambiinyam and Otgonsuren Daramzav} } @article {1998, title = {The Aqueous Leaf Extract of Moringa Oleifera had Immunomodulatory Effects on Sheep that had Been Infected by Fasciola Gigantica, Clostridium Novyi Naturally and Impact to Fasciola gigantica Non-Embryonated}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {304-309}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {304}, abstract = {

M., which received a (C), was the study{\textquoteright}s main objective. The whole thing was eaten. a couple of quotes from (C. dispersed in a liquid. has antibacterial properties (E. elegans). It{\textquoteright}s necessary to remove the body. C. Eczema on the face is comparable to this. Sheep and novyi both had organic infections. novyi. Following different combinations of treatments, a heavy dose of treatment, and a light dose, fasciolitis manifested in all three groups of infected sheep. The treatment groups received an oral 150 mg/kg aqueous M. oleifera leaf extract every 48 hours for 21 days. Body mass, fecal egg counts, blood anti-Fasciola IgG levels, cytokines (IL-2, IL-17, and IL-10), and C. the elegans{\textquoteright} bacterial inhabitants jokingly strike up a conversation with everyone there. Sheep with light and heavy infections gained more weight after receiving M. oleifera treatment and had lower fecal egg counts than control groups; sheep with light infection had a 100\% reduction in egg count. The serum concentrations of IL-2, IL-17, and IgG all significantly decreased after M. oleifera treatment. There were significantly higher levels of IL-10 in sheep with both mild and severe infections. C{\textquoteright}s feces contained noticeably fewer bacteria after taking moringa extract. The two novyi groups had varying degrees of infection severity. Fabricio (F. (as well as OleiferaMdot). C. noteworthy and novyi. M. oleifera aqueous extracts showed a concentration-dependent ovicidal effect on F. gigantica non-embryonated.

}, keywords = {Anthelmintic, Antimicrobial, Cytokines, Moringa oleifera, Public health.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.44}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati and Wan Irjani Wan Ismail} } @article {2145, title = {Biological Properties of Polyherbal Formulations: A Review of their Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Toxicological Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {933-963}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {933}, abstract = {

The use of traditional and folklore systems of medicine has been an important part of healthcare worldwide, and polyherbal formulations, which are combinations of different herbs, are gaining recognition for their medicinal and therapeutic potential. These formulations can be optimized to have stronger therapeutic effects with lower toxicity. The aim of this study was to review research on the antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and toxicological properties of polyherbal formulations around the world, with a view to promoting their use and identifying areas where further research is needed. The author analyzed 99 articles published between 2010 and 2022, using scientific search engines such as Elsevier, BioMed Central, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Scopus, to assess the use of polyherbal formulations in different countries. This article enlists some commercial and non-commercial polyherbal formulations all around the world with India leading in the number of publications on polyherbal formulations, followed by Nigeria, and Pakistan. The various pharmacological studies conducted have shown that polyherbal medicines possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and toxicological properties, hence, validating their traditional use. However, further clinical work is required to fully understand the therapeutic potential of polyherbal formulations. The growing interest in the therapeutic use of non-toxic conventional medicinal plants as low-cost alternatives for disease prevention and treatment has made natural products valuable tools for creating new lead compounds and scaffolds. Plants will continue to play a pivotal role in the discovery of drugs for human diseases, and the development of potent cures derived from plants would represent significant progress in the treatment of diseases.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Polyherbal medicines, Toxicological properties.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.178}, author = {Elizabeth Bosede Aladejana} } @article {1771, title = {Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from CAPSICUM ANNUUM L. and ALLIUM CEPA L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {329-334}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {329}, abstract = {

Objective: The aims of this study were to identify the endophytic fungi from Capsicum annuum L. and Allium cepa L., to determine antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi isolated from C. annuum and A. cepa. Methods: Endophytic fungi was isolated with potato dextrose agar (PDA) from fruits of C. annuumand bulbs of A. cepa. Isolate of endophytic fungi was molecular identified to know the species or genus. Cultivation was carried out on rice media, 4 weeks on room temperature and the extraction by maceration using ethyl acetate. Antioxidant activity were tested by DPPH method. While antibacterial activity was tested by disk diffusion methods and microdilution methods. Results: Five isolates of endophytic fungi from red and green fruits of C. annuum and bulb of A. cepa have been isolated and the species or the genus have been confirmed. KCM 1 and KCM 2 isolates endophytic fungi from the red fruits of C. annuum were confirmed as Diaporthe sp and Chaetomium globosum. The KCH 1 isolate from green fruits of the C. annuum was confirmed as Trametes hirsuta. The KBM 1 and KBM 2 isolates from A. cepa were confirmed as Schizophyllum commune and Phlebia sp. The highest antioxidant and antibacterial activity was exposed by ethyl acetate extract of S. commune. Conclusion: Five isolates endophytic fungi from C. annuum and A. cepa were Diaporthe sp, C. globosum, T. hirsuta, S. commune and Phlebia sp. Ethyl acetate extract of S.commune gave highest antioxidant and antibacterial activity.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Chaetomium globosum, Endophytic fungus, Onion, Red chili, Schizophyllum commune}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.42}, author = {SYLVIA RIZKY PRIMA and ELFAHMI and ELIN JULIANTI and Irda Fidrianny} } @article {1822, title = {Review on Literature of the Plant Elephantorrhiza Elephantine on its Healing Properties and Recent Acquired Knowledge of its Medicinal Activities (2000-2020)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {715-721}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {715}, abstract = {

Background: The current review article outlines current findings in literature from undertaken studies and review articles on the plant Elephantorrhiza elephantine from the past 20 years to date. The information presented in this article will include the following aspects of the plant. The plant description and taxomony, ethnomedical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Elephantorrhiza elephantine. The article looks to discuss existing hurdles in research found on this plant and how to integrate any previous research with what is currently done in research on the plant. It aims on guiding the path of future research direction on the plant Elephantorrhiza elephantine. Methods: A total of 40 articles were selected and read through. The articles selected had included literature publications with the keywords such as; Elephantorrhiza elephantine, plant description, taxonomic of the plant, ethno medicinal usages, phytochemicals, pharmacological properties and plant toxicity, which were published between the years 2000 {\textendash} 2021. There were 32 articles relevant for this review article and 2 dissertation that were written between the criteria of years. Results: The ethomedicinal uses of Elephantorrhiza elephantine have been investigated by various authors on the anti-microbial activities, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and in ethnoveterinary medicine on how the plant provides relief to individuals with illnesses/disease through its traditional uses. These studies have been conducted on both animals and humans. The experiments performed used the crude extract derived from parts of the plant such as the roots and leaves. These plant parts have phytochemical compounds that are extracted using varying polar solvents. In the animal studies, acetone extracts of E. elephantine roots demonstrated significant activity against a tick-borne disease in cattle livestock and parasite worms in goats. In humans, the dried leaf extracts of E. elephantine was also subjected to various polar solvents and water, investigated for phytochemical content, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and cytotoxic activities, using standard methods. It was reported that the ethanol extract yielded the highest phytochemical content. Conclusion: The gap in knowledge has narrowed on medicinal plants effects of healing properties. This lead by extensive research carried out trying to understand the benefits of traditional medication and why majority of the population uses it as they primary healthcare choice. Investigating the mechanism of action of E. elephantine on its antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory and wound healing could lead to an enhanced understanding on the medicinal properties of the plant extracts and a commercialisation of a product in future.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Medicinal plants, Phytochemical content, Plant extracts.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.91}, author = {Radebe Tlotlo and Polo-Ma-Abiele Hildah Mfengwana and Dedr{\'e} Olivier} } @article {1637, title = {Antibacterial Activities of Cationic Porphyrins and Porphyrin Encapsulated Gold Nanorods on Bacterial Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1086-1096}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1086}, abstract = {

Bacterial infections form part of the major causes of mortality and morbidity around the world more especially in developing and under-developed countries. Cationic porphyrins have been reported to display better efficacy in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy activity. The purpose of this study was to synthesise the cationic porphyrins; (TAP) and (TPyP) and evaluate their pharmacokinetics and metabolic interactions with the DNA gyrase subunit A. The antibacterial activity of the nano-conjugates was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25925), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 4352) using the micro-dilution assay without light. AutoDock Vina was used to assess the molecular interactions between ligands and the DNA gyrase subunit A. The SwissADME online tool was used to assess the pharmacokinetic properties of the nano-conjugates, while the ADMETlab online tool was used to assess the ability to inhibit the hERG gene, human hepatotoxicity and mutagenicity. The test nano-conjugates showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial strains with the MIC values in a range of 0.42 {\textpm} 0.1 to2.6 {\textpm} 0.7 mg/ml. The nano-conjugates revealed good molecular interaction with DNA gyrase subunit A with their binding free energy in the range of -8.3 to -8.7 kcal/ mol. They are predicted to be P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates, able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and non-inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isomers (CYP 2C19, CYP 2C9 and CYP 2D6). Both nanoconjugates have the potential to cause cardiotoxic and mutagenic effects but not hepatotoxic effects. The results show that the synthesized compounds have the potential as anti-bacterial PDT agents.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Bacteria, Porphyrin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.141}, author = {Hlapisi N and Maliehe TS and Oluwafemi OS and Songca SP and Linganiso L and Motaung TE} } @article {850, title = {Phytochemical Composition, Proximate Analysis and Antimicrobial Screening of the Methanolic Extract of Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst ex a. Dc (ebenaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {362-368}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {362}, abstract = {

Aim: Diospyros mespiliformis is one plant used by the natives for the treatment of certain diseases including wounds. In this present study, preliminary screening of the methanolic leaf extract of D. mespiliformis was carried out for its phytochemical and proximate constituents in addition to investigating its antimicrobial activity against four bacteria species. Methodology: Preliminary phytochemical and proximate analysis were carried out using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity was conducted using the whole in-plate and broth serial micro dilution assays on two Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhymurium) and two Gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). Results: The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, anthraquinones, flavonoids and volatile oil. Similarly, preliminary proximate analysis of the root, bark and leaf extracts of D. mespiliformis exerts revealed the presence of carbohydrate, crude protein, moisture, lipid and nitrogen, ash and fibre. The extract demonstrated greater inhibitory activity on P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and E. coli (MIC=156.25 μg/ml) than on S. typhymurium (MIC=312.5 μg/ml). Conclusion: These findings revealed that the crude methanolic extract of D. mespiliformis and its fractions demonstrated broad spectrum antimicrobial activity in a dose dependent manner.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Diospyros mespiliformis, Extract, Phytochemical, Proximate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.55}, author = {Abdullahi Aliyu Ebbo and Dahiru Sani and Mohammed Musa Suleiman and Abubakar Ahmed and Adamu Zoaka Hassan} } @article {784, title = {Sequential Fractionation by Organic Solvents Enhances the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Fruits and Leaves of Terminalia bellerica from North Western Himalayas, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {94-101}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {94}, abstract = {

Background: Terminalia bellerica belonging to family combretaceae is one of the major components of {\textquotedblleft}Triphala{\textquotedblright}, an Ayurvedic formulation. Objective: To evaluate antioxidant potential in the ethanolic extract and its active fraction (chloroform, ethyl acetate, n- butanol and aqueous fraction) from fruits and leaves of Terminalia bellerica. Materials and Methods: Folin-Ciocalteau method and aluminium chloride method was used to quantify total phenolic and flavonoid content respectively in ethanolic extract and their fractions from fruits and leaves of T. bellerica. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using total antioxidant activity, DPPH, FRAP and total antioxidant activity methods. Results: Total phenolics (254.72{\textpm}3.03 mg/g GAE and 227.52{\textpm}1.38 mg/g GAE) and flavonoids (64.77{\textpm}1.24 mg/gm RE and 75.57{\textpm}1.38 mg/gm RE) content was higher in ethyl acetate fraction of both fruits and leaves sample of T. bellerica, respectively. The order of free radical scavenging activities was ethyl acetate fraction \> crude ethanolic extract \> n-butanol fraction \> chloroform fraction \> aqueous fraction. Similarly, ethyl acetate fraction of both fruits and leaves exhibited more antimicrobial activity as compared to that of ethanolic extract as revealed from agar well diffusion method with diameter of zone of inhibi{\textlnot}tion of 14.0{\textpm}1.41 mm, 21.0{\textpm}1.41 mm, 14.0{\textpm}1.41 mm, 14.5{\textpm}0.71 mm in fruits and 18.0{\textpm}1.41 mm, 22.5{\textpm}2.12 mm, 15.5{\textpm}2.12 mm, 14.5{\textpm}3.53 mm in leaves against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, respectively. MIC values for fruits were 3.125 mg/ml, 0.375 mg/ml, 3.125 mg/ml, 3.125 mg/ml and for leaves were 1.5625 mg/ml, 0.19 mg/ml, 0.78 mg/ ml, 0.78 mg/ml against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, respectively. Conclusion: The present study provides the evidence for comparative antioxidant and antibacterial potential of ethanolic extracts of fruits and leaves of T. bellerica. . Moreover, leaves can be promoted to be used for therapeutics and natural antioxidants.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Ethanolic extract, Fruits, Leaves, Terminalia bellerica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.17}, author = {Shikha Rangra Chandel and Vikas Kumar and Shikha Guleria and Nitin Sharma and Anuradha Sourirajan and Prem Kumar Khosla and David J. Baumler and Kamal Dev} } @article {562, title = {Antimicrobial Potential of Crude Extracts of Thespesia populnea L. Flower on Multiple Drug Resistant Opportunistic Pathogens in HIV/AIDS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {590-597}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {590}, abstract = {

Background: Thespesia populnea L. commonly known as tulip tree or \‘portia\’ tree has been traditionally used for different illnesses. Thespesia populnea L. is considered to have high tannin content and have high therapeutic value. Purpose: The antifungal and antibacterial potential of T. populnea L. should be checked on multiple drug resistant opportunistic pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans in HIV/AIDS patients. Methods: In order to check the effect of antibiotics antibiogram was studied with antibiotic sensitivity discs. To study the major factor affecting resistance test on formation of biofilm was done by tube and plate methods. The dried flower powder was subjected to sauxlaut hot extraction and the crude extract was analysed by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrophotoscopy. Antimicrobial potential of the ethyl acetate extract of the flower was checked by well agar diffusion, UV Spectrometry for growth rate and docking of selected compounds on the microbes of our study by the application of a software. Results: The tested extracts and the selected compounds have showed significant results in the antimicrobial activities against the opportunistic pathogens in human. Higher the concentration of the extracts better is the inhibition of microbes. Conclusion: The study provides a scientific rationale for the traditional use in the management of opportunistic pathogens which are multidrug resistant.

}, keywords = {Antibiogram, Antimicrobial, Biofilm, Docking, Inhibition, Multidrug Resistant, Opportunistic Pathogens}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.97}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/530}, author = {Jancy Varghese and S. Rajamani and Betty Daniel} } @article {759, title = {Antimicrobial Screening of Medicinal Plants Popularly used in Mato Grosso for Treating Infections: Advances on the Evaluation of Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist in vitro and in vivo Antibacterial Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s152-s166}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s152}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of this study was to screen a group of medicinal plants\’ extracts used in the treatment of ailments related to infections in the Brazilian popular medicine. And to carry out in vivo toxicity and antibacterial studies on Conyza bonariensis (Asteraceae) leaves and roots methanolic extracts selected based on the screening. Methods: Eleven methanolic extracts obtained from nine plants, reportedly used in the treatments of infections from the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, were initially screened for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities employing disc diffusion and broth micro dilution assays. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out. The most promising extract based on our results and previous literature reports was then evaluated in the in vivo antibacterial activities using mouse model of bacterial infection induced by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In addition, in vivo acute toxicity was conducted to evaluate the safety profile of the extracts. Results: All of the extracts tested were active against at least one of the bacterial and fungal strain tested with activities ranging from moderate to weak. Phytochemical analyses of MECbl and MECbr demonstrated the presence of free steroids and coumarins in MECbl and flavonoids, tanins, free steroids, reduced anthraquinones and coumarins in MECBr. Oral administration of MECbl and MECbr up to 5000 mg/kg did not provoked any toxicological events in the mice, thus suggesting that the LD50 is higher than 5000 mg/kg. In vivo antibacterial assay demonstrated superior prophylactic activity of MECbl compared to MECbr. Conclusion: MECbl and MECbr are safe when administered acute orally at doses up to 5000 mg/kg. Methanolic extracts of Conyza bonariensis possessed in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. Considerable in vivo antibacterial activities were observed in bacterial infection model for both MECbl and MECbr, effects comparable to that of meropenem, in some cases. Both extracts present in common free steroids and coumarins. The current in vivo antibacterial activity study further lend supports to the use of Conyza bonariensis in the treatment of infections in many traditional medicines.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Antimicrobial, Conyza bonariensis, Mato Grosso, Medicinal plants, Preliminary phytochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.28}, author = {Cristiane Coimbra de Paula and Domingos Tabajara De Oliveira Martins and Karuppusamy Arunachalam and Sikiru Olaitan Balogun and Quessi Irias Borges and Marcelo Garcia Picone and Wander Miguel de Barros and Regilane Matos da Silva Prado} } @article {480, title = {Anti-Staphylococcal and Antioxidant Properties of Crude Ethanolic Extracts of Macrofungi Collected from the Philippines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {106-109}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {106}, abstract = {

Introduction: Macrofungi have been used in the Philippines as source of food and traditional medicines. However, these macrofungi in the Philippines have not yet been studied for different biological activities. Thus, this research determined the potential antibacterial and antioxidant activities of crude ethanolic extracts of seven macrofungi collected in Bataan, Philippines. Methods: Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay and broth microdilution method were used to screen for the antibacterial activity and DPPH scavenging assay for the determination of antioxidant activity. Results: F. rosea, G. applanatum, G. lucidum and P. pinisitus exhibited zones of inhibition ranging from 6.55 \± 0.23 mm to 7.43 \± 0.29 mm against S. aureus, D. confragosa, F. rosea, G. lucidum, M. xanthopus and P. pinisitus showed antimicrobial activities against S. aureus with an MIC50 ranging from 1250 \μg/mL to 10000 \μg/mL. F. rosea, G. applanatum, G. lucidum, M. xanthopus exhibited excellent antioxidant activity with F. rosea having the highest antioxidant activity among all the extracts tested (3.0 \μg/mL). Conclusion: Based on the results, these Philippine macrofungi showed antistaphylococcal activity independent of the antioxidant activity. These can be further studied as potential sources of antibacterial and antioxidant compounds.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Mushrooms, Philippines, Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.19}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/405}, author = {Christine May Gaylan and John Carlo Estebal and Ourlad Alzeus G. Tantengco and Elena M. Ragragio} } @article {557, title = {Potential Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Boesenbergia rotunda as Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {513-518}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {513}, abstract = {

Objective: This study was conducted to identify some bioactive compounds of Boesenbergia rotunda rhizome and to test as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. Methods: The milled dried rhizome of B. Rotunda (5kg) was extracted exhaustively with ethanol. The ethanol extract was partitioned three times by n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate respectively. Each fraction was fractionated by vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and then purified by column chromatography gravitation. Structural identification of all pure compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic methods (UV, IR, and NMR).The antioxidant activity was tested by 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Antimicrobial character was screened for activities againts pathogenic bacteria i.e. Escherichia coli ATCC-11229, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis FNCC-0048, and Streptococcus mutans by the disk-diffusion method. The assay was done in triplicate, and chloramphenicol was used as the positive control. Results and Discussion: From ethanol extract of B. rotunda three known compounds of flavanones, namely 2\’,4\’-dihydroxy-6-methoxychalcone (compound-1), 5-hydroxy-7- methoxyflavanone (compound-2), and 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone (compound-3) were isolated. The ethanol extract of B. rotunda and the three isolated compounds -1,-2, and -3 showed an antioxidant activity with the IC value of 92.64; 46.66; 62.84, and 62.66 \μg/mL, respectively. The zone of inhibition of extract and the three isolated compounds showed moderate activity against Escherichia coli ATCC-11229, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis FNCC-0048, and Streptococcus mutans.The maximum zone of inhibition was 13.20\±0.76 mm at the maximum concentration used (500 \μg/mL) against Escherichia coli ATCC-11229, and the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) for each bacteria was found to be 0.5\μg/mL. Conclusion: The result of the study suggests that B. rotunda rhizome contains potential bioactive compounds which could be suitable for antioxidant and the treatment of various infections caused by Escherichia coli ATCC-11229, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC- 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis FNCC-0048, and Streptococcus mutans.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Bioactive compound, Boesenbergia rotunda}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.84}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/517}, author = {Sri Atun and Sri Handayani and Anna Rakhmawati} } @article {458, title = {A Review on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potential of Alpinia galanga}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {09-15}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {9}, abstract = {

Introduction: From the ancient Vedic era, green plants are being used for their medicinal properties to treat several diseases. Green plants represent a big source of bioactive compounds. Alpinia galanga (Linn.) of Zingiberaceae family is one amongst those medicinally important plants. Different parts of the plant are used in the treatment of many diseases for its anti-fungal, anti-tumour, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, antiulcer and many other properties. Several active compounds such as 1\’S-1\’-acetoxychavicol acetate, 1\’S-1\’-acetoxyeuginol acetate, 1, 8-cineol, \α-fenchyl acetate, \β-farnesene, \β-bisabolene, \α-bergamotene, \β-pinene, \β-Sitosteroldiglucoside (AG-7), \β-sitsterylArabinoside (AG-8), 1\’-acetoxychavicol acetate (galangal acetate), p-hydroxycinnamaldehyde has been extracted from the plant. Methods: Relevant information was collected from scientific journals, books, and reports via electronic search using Medline, PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. Results: This review provides a comprehensive report on Alpinia galanga having anti-proliferative, apoptotic, anti angiogenic as well as cytotoxic efficacy and their mode of action in vitro as well as in vivo condition. Conclusion: Considering the ability of the golden treasure present in Alpinia galanga, this review is aimed to summarize the information of the chemical constituents, pharmacological and therapeutic effects of the plant.

}, keywords = {1{\textquoteright}s{\textquoteright}-1{\textquoteright}- Acetoxychavicolacetate, Alpinia galanga, Anticancer, Antimicrobial, Bioactivity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.2}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/357$\#$ref28}, author = {Anirban Chouni and Santanu Paul} } @article {338, title = {Antimicrobial, Analgesic and Anti - Inflammatory Activity Reported on Tamarindus indica Linn Root Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {410-416}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {410}, abstract = {

Objective: Tamarindus indica (Family- Fabaceae) show various folkloric uses in treatment of various ailments such as rheumatisum, dysentery, jaundice etc. Aim: The research was conducted to investigate its phytoconstituients and various activity such as antimicrobial, analgesic \& anti-inflammatary of AETIRE. Method: The antimicrobial activity was performed on 4 bacterial stains containing (B.subtilis, S.aureus, P. aeruginosa \& E.coli) on AETIRE using Disc diffusion method. The Analgesic activity was tested by thermal and chemical induced pain through Hot plate and AAIWT. And carrageenan induced rat paw oedema model is used to evaluate antiinflammatory activity. Result: Phytoconstituients such as tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and carbohydrates present in both the extract. The maximum zone of inhibition of about 21mm \& 22mm was shown on B.subtilis strain by both the extract when compared with standard drug (Tetracycline \& Gentamycin). In AAIWT and hot plate test the AETIRE of concentration (100, 200 mg/kg) produce significant dose-dependent inhibition of pain response with maximum 54.33\% protection against acetic acid induced pain and about 74.83\% inhibition against thermally induced pain by the aqueous extract 200mg. \& the anti- inflammatory activity shown by AETIRE (100 \& 200mg/kg) caused significant dose dependent inhibition of oedema with maximum 45.94\% inhibition in the Carrageenan induced rat paw oedema by the AE. Conclusion: Therefore the AE of Tamarindus indica root was more effective in showing analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity when compared to the standard drug in each model while ethanol extract show effective antimicrobial activity.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Anti- inflammatory activity, Antimicrobial, Fabaceae, Tamarindus indica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.70}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.70}, author = {Sangeeta Gupta and Amit Singh} } @article {412, title = {Bioactive Propensity of Macroalgae from the Andaman \& Nicobar Islands}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {815-820}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {815}, abstract = {

Aims: Marine macroalgae are the rich source of biologically active metabolites and potential source for development of novel biotechnological products. The present study was made to explore the metabolically active compounds from the macroalgae of the Andaman \& Nicobar Islands. Methods and Material: Different solvents such as methanol (MeOH), ethyl acetate (EtoAc), butanol (BuOH) and aqueous (H2O) extracts of nine macroalgae were tested for antimicrobial, antibiofilm and cytotoxicity (brine shrimp larvae). Results: Out of the 36 extracts 27 extracts showed antimicrobial activity against the human pathogens and 14 extracts revealed antibiofilm activities. The three EtoAc extracts of Sargassum ilicifolium, MeOH extract of Sargassum sp. and MeOH extract of Padina tetrastromatica showed inhibition against 8 pathogenic bacteria. Also, aqueous extract of Padina tetrastromatica (71.82 \%) and BuOH extract of Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (71.58 \%) exhibited higher antibiofilm nature. The highest cytotoxic effect was exhibited by species Actinotrichia fragilis and all its four extracts significantly (P\<0.01) inhibited the brine shrimp larvae, among this aqueous extract showed the lowest LC50 value, 31.7 \μg/ml, followed by EtoAc extract, 89.33 \μg/ml. Conclusion: It was observed that different species have different kind of bioactive nature.

}, keywords = {Antibiofilm, Antifouling, Antimicrobial, Bioactivity, Cytotoxic Effect, Marine Macro Algae.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.127}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/180}, author = {Sivadasan Deepa and Pitchiah Venkateshwaran and Nambali Valsalan Vinithkumar and Ramalingam Kirubagaran} } @article {361, title = {Chemical Profile and Biological Activities of Essential oil of Aerial parts of Artemisia monosperma Del. Growing in Libya}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {578-586}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {578}, abstract = {

Background: From the bioactivity stand point Artemisia monosperma Del. is reputed to have antispasmodic and anthelmintic properties. Various types of secondary metabolites were reported in A. monosperma plants from different localities. Objective: The current study was planned aiming to investigate the influence of stage of development on the composition, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities of the essential oil derived from the aerial parts of the Libyan plants. Material and Methods: A. monosperma volatiles were hydro-distilled from aerial parts of Libyan plants, collected at different stages of growth: before flowering (A1), and at beginning (A2) and by the end (A3) of flowering stage. Yields ranged from 0.16-0.26 ml/100g fresh material (A3, highest). GC/FID and GC/MS analyses were performed. Results: Among 16-20 identified components (97.63-99.00\% of total composition), 11 were common in all samples. A1 and A2 showed close amounts of hydrocarbons (63.56 and 66.55\%), but lesser than A3 (88.36\%); monoterpenoids were mainly represented by sabinene (13.15-22.85\%), \β-pinene (9.00-24.03\%) and \β-cis-ocimene (3.73-12.92\%); while sesquiterpenoids appeared absent. Among oxygenated components (11.29, 31.08 and 35.44 \% in A3, A2 and A1), bornyl acetate was the major monoterpenoid (8.00-31.00\%, highest in A1); and the sesquiterpenoid, \β-eudesmol (8.01\%) was detected in A2 only. Moreover, A2 demonstrated significant antifungal effect against Aspergillus fumigatus and Geotricum candidum (MIC 0.98 and 0.24 \μg/ml). Conclusion: A3 exerted the highest anti-inflammatory activity as compared to the other volatiles. A1 restored the reduced blood GHS level in diabetic animals almost as efficiently as Vitamin E. The antioxidant activity of the volatiles is decreased during the flowering stage, being the highest before flowering (A1); this could be associated to the decreasing bornyl acetate content of the samples.

}, keywords = {Anti-oxidant, Antiinflammatory, Antimicrobial, Artemisia monosperma, Essential oil composition, GC-MS, Libya.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.92}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.92}, author = {Soheir Mohamed El Zalabani and Soad Hanna Tadros and Abeer Mohamed El Sayed and Areej Almaktouf Daboub and Amany Amen Sleem} } @article {349, title = {Pharmacognostic and Antimicrobial Studies of Garcinia latissima Miq. Leaves (Clusiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {493-498}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {493}, abstract = {

Introduction: Garcinia latissima Miq known as Dolo magota (Maluku), is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Clusiaceae. The purpose of the research was to explore the phytoconstituents present, pharmacognostic details, and their antimicrobial efficacy. Methods: The preliminary phytochemical components were qualitatively examined using the standard method systems. The antimicrobial screening was carried out using the good diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using dilution method. Results: The phytochemical screening of different extract of G. latissima Miq leaves revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, and alkaloids and the results were tabulated. The ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts from its leaves showed antimicrobial activity especially for Bacillus subtilis, a positive bacteria; the hexane extract did not show any activity against the selected microba. Conclusion: The results of the phytochemical and bio-efficacy study revealed most valuable information and also support the continued sustainable use of this leaves in the traditional system of medicine.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Garcinia Latissima, Pharmacognostical, Phytoconstituent}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.80}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.80}, author = {Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Islamudin Ahmad and Berna Elya and Amarila Malik and Muhamad Hanafi} } @article {446, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation \& Antimicrobial Activity of Endangered Ethnomedicinal Plant Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s56-s63}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s56}, abstract = {

Background: Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach (family Orchidaceae) is an ethnomedicinal plant. It is used in breathing disorders, burning sensation, Cough, decrease in bone tissue, blood disorders, tuberculosis, as refrigerant, aphrodisiac, in insect bites, rheumatism, as tonic and in general debility. It is vital component of Ayurvedic formulation \“Astavarga\” with trade name \“Jeevak means vitality of life. Despite the common utilization of this plant, no conclusive study has been reported so far regarding the pharmacognostic evaluation and antimicrobial activity. Aim: The present study was carried to evaluate pharmacognostic evaluation and the potential of C. acuminatum as antimicrobial. Materials and Methods: Organoleptic, histochemical, microscopic, physicochemical, extractive yield were studied to standardise pharmacognostic characters and well diffusion method were carried out for antimicrobial activity. Five extracts viz. Hexane, Chloroform, Ethanol, Ethyl acetate and aqueous were evaluated against 4 bacterial strains viz. E. coli (MTCC 40), S. aureus (MTCC 87), P. aeruginosa (MTCC 424), B. subtilis (MTCC 121). Results: The diagnostic characters were evaluated and documented. All the extracts showed good antimicrobial activity. Conclusion:\ Obtained standards will provide referential information for correct identification, purity, standardization and preparation of monograph. The work confirms that the studied plant has potent antimicrobial activity and has potential for antimicrobial drug. These results may constitute a basis for promising future applied research that could investigate the use of this plant as antimicrobial drug.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach, Histochemical, Pharmacognostic evaluation, Physicochemical, Zone of Inhibition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.158}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/382}, author = {Mamta Arora and Gurjinder Kaur and Parvinderdeep S Kahlon and Anupama Mahajan and Jaspreet K Sembi} } @article {176, title = {Phytopharmacological overview of Psidium guajava Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {314-320}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {314}, abstract = {

Psidium guajava Linn. possesses useful medicinal benefits. It has been recognized as the medicinally essential phytoconstituents, such as phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid. Numerous pharmacological investigation have confirmed that the ability of this plant is to exhibit antimicrobial, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, antioxidant and anticancer activities and it supports the traditional uses. This is a comprehensive of the phytoconstituents and pharmacological benefits.

}, keywords = {Anticancer., Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Psidium guajava}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.3}, author = {Vijaya Anand and Manikandan and Vijaya Kumar and Sampath Kumar and Pushpa and Agaath Hedina} } @article {1553, title = {Antistaphylococcal Activity of Xanthium cavanillesii Lactones}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = {39-42}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Objective: The genus Xanthium L., of the Asteraceae Dum. family, (tribe Heliantheae) comprises 30 species of cosmopolitan distribution, many of which, as X. spinosum and X. strumarium are used as medicinal plants. This genus has been the object of numerous phytochemical investigations being sesquiterpene lactones with guaiane or secoguaiane frameworks the main secondary metabolites. Several sesquiterpene lactones have been demonstrated to have antimicrobial activity, in particular against Gram+ bacteria and in Uruguay the infusion of Xanthium cavanillesii Show (common name \“Abrojo\” or \“Abrojo grande\”) which grows wild, is used as antiseptic in popular medicine. In this work we present the results of the antibacterial analysis of several extracts, fractions and pure compounds from X. cavanillesii against both sensitive and resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and Methods: Compounds were isolated from X. cavanillesii aerial parts by several chromatographic and spectroscopic methods antimicrobial analysis were performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) found were high for the sensitive 6538p strain when compared with common antibiotics. For the resistant strains, the pure compounds activity clearly outperformed the antibiotics, especially in the case of the multiresistant 700,699 strain with MICs of 31, 236 and 356 \μg/mL for the Xanthium compounds, gentamicin and oxacillin respectively.

Key words: Antimicrobial, abrojo, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, sesquiterpene lactones

}, keywords = {abrojo, Antimicrobial, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, sesquiterpene lactones}, author = {Cristina Olivaro and Nicole Paris and M. P{\'\i}a Cerdeiras and Alvaro V{\'a}zquez} } @article {1537, title = {Bioactivity of Viscum album extracts from Olive and Almond host plants in Palestine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {117-123}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {117}, abstract = {

Introduction:Viscum album is a semi-parasitic medicinal plant which has been used for many years as a remedy in traditional medicine. The plant is widely used in folk medicine in Palestine; mainly in the treatment of cancer, diabetes and heart disease. Since no previous reports on bio activity of this plant in association with host plant specificity in Palestine, the current study aimed at evaluating bio activity of almond and olive variants of this plant. Method: Methanolic extract ofviscum album cultivated from almond and olive host plants were tested for antioxidant, antimicrobial . Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were also used to assess anticoagulant activities of plant extracts. Result: The result demonstrated that Viscum album have an IC50 of 25.34\±3.8\μg/ml when hosted by olive while the IC50 was 15.37\±2.2\μg/ml when hosted by almond. Crude extracts of both Viscum album plants showed strong inhibition effects on the growth of the studied Staphylococcus aureus strains (ATCC 25923 and MRSA) with a pronounced effect when extracts of almond host was used. However, the effects of both host extracts were very limited or absent when tested against Gram-negative reference and clinical strains. Plant extracts of both host showed prolonged PT and PTT compared to phosphate buffered saline control solution. Conclusion: In conclusion, variations in the bioactivity of Viscum album is clearly influenced by host type and further studies required to illustrate such variations using other host plants.

Key words: Viscum album, Antioxidant, Prothrombin time, Antimicrobial.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Prothrombin time, Viscum album}, author = {Murad Abualhasan, and Nidal Jaradat, and Nael Abu-Hasan, and Motasem Almasri, and Adham Abu Taha, and Ahmad Rabbaa, and Noor Natsheh, and Sajed Shalalfeh, and Majdi Najib.} }