@article {1181, title = {Investigation on Photodecomposition of Standardised Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Katha}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {815-820}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {815}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study delves into photodecomposition of a standardised ethyl acetate fraction of Katha and manifest how the antioxidant potential degrades exponentially with time. Methods: Coarsely dried heart wood of Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. was treated with 10 \% hydro-alcoholic solution to obtain Katha as final product. The powdered Katha was standardised via pharmacognostic parameters and further subjected to soxhlet extraction using ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol to obtain different extracts/fractions. Phytochemical investigations were carried out to screen polyphenols (tannins) of interest which later were confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Photodecomposition of ethyl acetate fraction with respect to its in-vitro antioxidant potential using DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging assay was determined at 0 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 16 h, 20 h and 24 h of 250, 500, 750 and 1000 μg/ml concentrations respectively. Ethyl acetate fraction conceded the highest amount of polyphenols. Results: The extract was found to be unstable at room temperature and displayed a quick change in colour from light orange to deep dark orange within few hours, which also abide by its decreasing antioxidant activity exponentially with time. Antioxidant potential was observed in the following order in dose dependant manner: 0 h \> 4 h \> 8 h \> 12 h \> 16 h \> 20 h \> 24 h. Conclusion: Moreover, published literature should have not mentioned the age of extract they have used for their study, which may explain the wide differences in the observations reported with this plant.

}, keywords = {Acacia catechu, Antioxidant, DPPH, Free radical, Katha, Nitric oxide scavenging}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.117}, author = {Pankaj Sharma} } @article {842, title = {Xanthones Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Analysis (Applying ESR) of Six Different Maturity Levels of Mangosteen Rind Extract (Garcinia mangostana Linn.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {March 2019}, pages = {369-373}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {369}, abstract = {

Background: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) is tropical fruit that known to contain bioactive compounds which has particular function as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. Mangosteen rind extract is known to have high contents of xanthone compounds which have antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. This study was aiming to determine the contents of xanthone derivatives using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and antioxidant activity of six different maturity levels of mangosteen rind extract using electron spin resonance (ESR). Method: Mangosteen was classified based on the maturity level by its visual characteristic and divided into six criteria of maturity. The mangosteen rinds were extracted through maceration and freeze drying method. Qualitative analysis of xanthone was obtained using LC-MS/MS. Antioxidant activity was determined using ESR spectrometer. To evaluate antioxidant activity, using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used as free radical scavenger method. Results: The LC-MS/MS analysis showed that the highest concentrations are filled by mangosteen rind with maturity level 6. Moreover, each maturity levels of mangosteen rind extract has different g value compared to DPPH free radical. Different g value indicated the different type of free radical and decreasing g value indicated the declining intensity of free radical. The higher decreasing of g value was mangosteen rind with maturity level 4, 5 and 6. Conclusion: Mangosteen rind extract contains xanthone and its derivatives and ESR analysis showed that different maturity levels on mangosteen rind has different antioxidant activity as indicated by declining free radical intensity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Electron spin resonance (ESR), Free radical, Mangosteen rind extract, Xanthone Garcinia mangostana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.56}, author = {Marisca Evalina Gondokesumo and Bambang Pardjianto and Sutiman Bambang Sumitro and Wahyu Widowati} } @article {613, title = {Antiradical and Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitory Activity of Ripe and Unripe Fruit of Rubus steudneri Schweinf. (Rosaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {818-822}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {818}, abstract = {

Objectives: A free radical is a molecular species characterized by the presence of an unpaired electron in its outer orbital. Free radicals are highly reactive and are known to damage biomolecules including lipids resulting in a myriad of pathophysiological conditions. The present investigation was carried out to screen antiradical and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity of ripe and unripe fruit of R. steudneri. Methods: The powdered ripe and unripe fruit materials were extracted by maceration process using methanol. Antiradical activity of extracts was evaluated by DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Lipid peroxidation inhibition assay was carried out by estimating the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Both ripe and unripe fruit extracts were screened for the presence of phytochemicals viz. alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins, glycosides, sterols and triterpenoids by standard tests. Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis indicated that both ripe and unripe fruit extracts contain saponins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, sterols and triterpenoids. When compared to unripe fruit extract, ripe fruit extract displayed marked scavenging of DPPH and hydroxyl radicals and inhibition of lipid peroxidation as indicated by lower IC50 values. Conclusion: Overall, ripe fruit extract displayed marked free radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity. The presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the extracts might be responsible for observed bioactivities of ripe and unripe fruit of R. steudneri.

}, keywords = {Free radical, Lipid peroxidation, Maceration, Phytochemical, Rubus steudneri Schweinf}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.139}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/677}, author = {Raghavendra H.L and Prashith Kekuda T.R} } @article {619, title = {Neuroprotective Activity of Sesbania grandifolara Seeds Extract Against Celecoxib Induced Amnesia in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {747-752}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {747}, abstract = {

Background: Sesbania grandiflora are characterized by their high anti-oxidant properties. The degeneration of neurons in Alzheimer disease mainly occurs because of high production of free radicals. However, the impact of Sesbania grandiflora on cholinergic system and oxidative stress parameter has not been investigated. Aim: The present study was designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora seeds in mice. Material and method: The seeds of Sesbania grandiflora were powdered and subjected to successive extraction in Soxhlet apparatus. The different doses of ethanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora seeds were evaluated for its neuroprotective activity against celecoxib induced amnesia in mice. Result and Conclusion: Phytochemical analysis of various extracts of Sesbania grandiflora revealed the presence of steroid, saponin, flavonoid, tannins and phenolic compounds. The ethanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora significantly improves the memory of mice and reestablishes the amnesia induced by celecoxib. In addition to improvement in memory the extract treatment also decreases the activity of AchE and MDA and restore the antioxidant anzyme SOD, GSH and catalase in experimental animals. The results of our study showed that ethanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora improve the cognition dysfunction in celecoxib treated mice through the modification in cholinergic system or by the blockage of oxidative stress and inhibition of AchE enzyme.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, Celecoxib, Free radical, Morris water maze, Sesbania grandiflora}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.125}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/663}, author = {Bhupesh Chander Semwal and Madhuri Verma and Yogesh Murti and Harlokesh Narayan Yadav} } @article {228, title = {Evaluation of Lens Aldose Reductase Inhibitory and Free Radical Scavenging Potential of Fractions of Lonchocarpus cyanescens: Potential for Cataract Remediation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {62-69}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {62}, abstract = {

Introduction: Current research effort at discovering effective anticataract agent is focus on evaluating Aldose reductase inhibition (ARI) capacities of medicinal plants and plant extracts. The present study was aimed at investigating the in vitro ARI activity of fractions of Lonchocarpus cyanescens leaves on partially purified AR from goat lens. Methods: Phytochemical constituents of the leaves were screened for using aqueous and methanolic extract while in vitro free radical scavenging and ARI activities of the fractions were evaluated using partially purified aldose reductase. Kinetics of the enzyme in the presence of fractions of the leaves was then compared using Lineweaver-Burk plot. Results: Phenol, flavonoid, tannins and phlobatannins were detected in both extracts. All the fractions inhibited AR significantly but this was strongest with aqueous (IC50, 0.06 \± 0.02 mM-1 and chloroform fractions (IC50, 0.09 \± 0.01 mM-1). Ethyl acetate, hexane and methanol fraction showed competitive inhibition whereas the aqueous and chloroform fractions showed mixed inhibition with a different Vmax and Km when compared with DL-glyceraldehyde. All the fractions also showed antioxidant capacities but this was also strongest with aqueous fraction. Conclusion: The study confirms the ARI and antioxidant capacity of Lonchocarpus cyanescens which may be attributed to its phenolic constituents and whose extraction is solvent dependent. The plant may therefore serve as a base for the development of anticataract agent.

}, keywords = {Aldose reductase, Cataract, Free radical, Medicinal plant, Phytochemical constituents.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.12}, author = {Emmanuel Oladipo AJANI and Saheed SABIU and Kuburat Temitope ODUFUWA and Taiwo Bashir Ibrahim and Bamidele Adewale Salau} } @article {166, title = {Phytopharmacological overview of Terminalia chebula Retz}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {307-309}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {307}, abstract = {

Phytotherapy is the traditional method used to cure many diseases. Various medicinal plants found in many parts of India are well known for their various medicinal values. The Terminalia chebula Retz. a native plant of Asia is found to have various properties like anti-oxidant and free radical scavenging activity, anti-carcinogenic activity, ant-imutagenic activity, anti-bacterial activity, anti-fungal activity, anti-viral activity, anti-diabetic, renoprotective activity, cardio-protective activity, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity. These properties of T. chebula discussed in this review are mainly due to the presence of various types of phytoconstituents.

}, keywords = {Anti-arthritic, Anti-carcinogenic, Anti-fungal, Anti-inflammatory., Anti-oxidant, Free radical, Phytoconstituents, Renoprotective, Terminalia chebula}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.1}, author = {Agaath Hedina and Punniya Kotti and Juveriyah Kausar and Sivasamy and Vijaya Anand} }