@article {2387, title = {Changes in Blood Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Levels in Experimental Animals with Traumatic Brain Injury after Magnesium Sulfate Administration: An Experimental Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1086-1089}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1086}, abstract = {

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in notable impairments in neurological function and is associated with poor outcomes. Various processes occur at the cellular level, one of which is neuroinflammation. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin protein produced by the brain that circulates in plasma post-injury. It has functions such as anti-apoptosis, anti-neurotoxicity, and antiinflammatory effects. Therapeutic approaches aimed at modulating or synergizing BDNF are anticipated to reduce inflammation and enhance outcomes in TBI patients. Magnesium sulfate administration is known for its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Methods: This study employed a true experimental post-test-only group design. The subjects, male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), were subjected to weight-drop-induced TBI and divided into three distinct groups: a control group (Group A), a TBI group without therapy (Group B), and a therapy group (Group C). Group B received TBI without magnesium sulfate administration, while Group C received TBI with magnesium sulfate administered at 250 μm/kg BW. BDNF levels in blood plasma were assessed at the conclusion of therapy utilizing ELISA. ANOVA was used to conclude the inquiry after all groups underwent a Shapiro-Wilk test. Results: Plasma BDNF levels were significantly lower in the TBI rat models treated with magnesium sulfate at 250 μm/kg BW within 4 hours after injury than in the untreated group (p = 0.005). Compared to the untreated group, the magnesium sulfate-treated group had reduced plasma BDNF levels. Conclusions: Administration of MgSO4 to the TBI treatment group resulted in decreased BDNF levels compared to the untreated group.

}, keywords = {BDNF, Magnesium sulfate, Neuroinflammation, Traumatic Brain Injury}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.176}, author = {Aditya Brahmantio Sujaka and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Tedy Apriawan and Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi} } @article {2324, title = {The Relationship Between Blood Levels of Ubiquitin Carboxyterminal Hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) Protein and the Severity of Traumatic Brain Injury Based on the Glasgow Coma Scale and Rotterdam CT Score}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {695-699}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {695}, abstract = {

Objective: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide, with an estimated 64-74 million cases annually. The current gold standard for diagnosis is a computed tomography (CT) scan, which has limitations such as access, cost, and radiation risk. Therefore, a simple, accessible, and safe diagnostic modality is needed, one of which is biomarker examination. This study aims to establish the relationship between blood levels of the biomarker ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) and the severity of TBI based on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Rotterdam CT score. Material and Methods: This observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design involved 41 samples aged 18-50 years who presented to the Emergency Department of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, within 3-24 hours of the incident. UCH-L1 levels were measured from blood samples using the ELISA method, and the data on UCH-L1, GCS, and Rotterdam CT scores were analyzed with SPSS 29. Results: The mean UCH-L1 level was 0.522 {\textpm} 0.592, with a cutoff value of \> 0.2057, indicating moderate to severe TBI if UCH-L1 levels exceeded 0.2057. Spearman{\textquoteright}s test and correlation coefficient analysis showed a strong relationship between UCH-L1 levels and Rotterdam CT score (p \< 0.05), as well as between UCH-L1 levels and TBI severity based on GCS (p \< 0.05). The cutoff value for Rotterdam CT score was \> 2, indicating moderate to severe TBI if the score exceeded 2. Conclusion: Serum UCH-L1 levels are significantly associated with the severity of TBI based on GCS and Rotterdam CT score.

}, keywords = {Glasgow Coma Scale, Rotterdam CT score, Traumatic Brain Injury, UCH-L1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.111}, author = {Junjungan Kristianto Manurung and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Hamzah Hamzah and Prihatma Kriswidyatomo and Anggraini Dwi Sensusiati and Budi Utomo} } @article {2329, title = {Relationship Between Cerebrospinal Fluid S100B Levels with Glasgow Coma Scale and Rotterdam CT Score in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {503-508}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {503}, abstract = {

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) stands as one of the foremost reasons for mortality and incapacitation in young adults on a global scale, accounting for nearly half of all injury-related deaths. The severity of TBI can be assessed using various biomarkers, with the SI00B protein being one of them. While many studies have explored the correlation between serum protein levels and various aspects such as neuroimaging findings, clinical scores, and neuropsychological evaluations, there is a notable lack of research examining the correlation with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels. Methods: The research design of this study was prospective and observational, employing analytic methods for analysis. Fifteen TBI patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were fitted with ICP monitors comprised the study sample. GCS data used is post-resuscitation GCS. Data on SIOOB protein levels were taken from the examination of CSF samples taken when the ICP monitor was installed. Rotterdam CT score variables was taken from the last CT scan performed before the patient was fitted with an ICP monitor. The statistical analysis was conducted utilizing the SPSS version 26 software. Results: Demographic characteristics for this study tended to be more male (73.3\%), with ages ranging from 18 to 65 years, and a mean age of 34.60 {\textpm} 16.22 years. The majority of injury mechanisms were traffic accidents (80\%), and the most common lesion type was ICH. The mean CSF S 100B value of the 15 samples was 2753.689 pg/ ml. The results of the relationship test between S 100B CSF and GCS using the Spearman test obtained a p-value of less than 0.05, indicating a meaningful correlation between S 100B CSF and GCS, with a correlation coefficient or r value of -0.684. The results of the SIOOB CSF relationship test with Rotterdam CT Score obtained a p-value \<0.05, with a correlation coefficient or r value of 0.827. Conclusion: Increased levels of S100B in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with decreased GCS and increased Rotterdam CT score in traumatic brain injury patients.

}, keywords = {Glasgow Coma Scale, Rotterdam CT score., S100B, Traumatic Brain Injury}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.81}, author = {Rian Nofiansyah and Kohar Hari Santoso and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Prihatma Kriswidyatomo and Hamzah} } @article {2277, title = {The Role of Neuron Specific Enolase, S100B, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, and Myelin Basic Protein as Prognostic and Survival Values in Traumatic Brain Injury: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {478-484}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {478}, abstract = {

Background: The high number of accidents and traumatic brain injuries, especially in the productive age group, causes a lot of morbidity and mortality. A fast and accurate examination method is needed for the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic brain injury. Nerve damage biomarkers such as Neuron Specific Enolase, S100B, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, and Myelin Basic Protein, have been used globally both for research and daily use to determine the severity of traumatic brain injury. Methods: Searches and journal searches were carried out from Science Direct, Scopus, Springer Link, and PubMed, with the keywords "Neuron Specific Enolase", "S100B", "Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein", "Myelin Basic Protein", and "Traumatic Brain Injury {\textquotedblright}. Screening was carried out using PRISMA 2021 to look for studies that met the criteria and were of sufficient study quality according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: Twenty-three studies were collected and further grouped based on outcomes, both prognostic and survival outcomes. Neuron Specific Enolase, S100B, and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein values were higher in poor outcomes (all p values \< 0.001) and poor survival (all p values \< 0.001) in traumatic brain injury. Myelin Basic Protein was not significant in poor outcome (p = 0.35), but was higher in poor survival (p \< 0.001) in traumatic brain injury. Conclusion: Neuron Specific Enolase, S100B, and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, can be used as markers for prognostic and survival value in traumatic brain injury. Myelin Basic Protein can be used as a marker for survival value in traumatic brain injury.

}, keywords = {Glial Fibriallary Acidic Protein, Myelin Basic Protein, Neuron Specific Enolase, Prognostic Value, S100B, Survival, Traumatic Brain Injury}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.76}, author = {Wibowo Artho Sutrisno and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu and Prihatma Kriswidyatomo and Hamzah and Bambang Pujo Semedi and Mahmudah} } @article {2199, title = {The Impact of Kaempferia galanga L. Extract on Nerve Growth Factor Expression in A Rat Model of Traumatic Brain Injury}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1236-1243}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1236}, abstract = {

Introduction: Head injuries contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality globally, and there is need of effective treatment. This study focuses on evaluating NGF (Nerve Growth Factor) expression in a rat model of traumatic brain injury, exploring the potential therapeutic effects of Kaempferia galanga L. extract. Methods: Male Wistar rats were used in the experiment, and traumatic brain injury was induced using Marmarou{\textquoteright}s weight drop model. Four groups of rats were studied: a negative control group, a group with traumatic brain injury without Kaempferia galanga L. extract, and two groups with traumatic brain injury treated with different doses of Kaempferia galanga L. extract. Rats were divided further based on the time of decapitation, either 24 or 48 hours post-injury. NGF expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Results: The study confirmed NGF expression variations among groups, with stronger expression observed 48 hours post-injury in rats receiving 1200 mg/kgbb of Kaempferia galanga L. extract. This suggests a potential impact of the extract on NGF expression, likely attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Discussion: Kaempferia galanga L. extract has known anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which may contribute to increased NGF expression observed in this study. Conclusion: This study sheds light on the potential benefits of Kaempferia galanga L. extract in promoting NGF expression and improving outcomes in traumatic brain injury, emphasizing the need for further investigation to translate these findings into clinical practice.

}, keywords = {kaempferia galanga, Nerve Growth Factor, Traumatic Brain Injury}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.224}, author = {Muhammad Fauzan Jauhari and Lucia Yovita Hendrati and Agus Turchan and Asra Al Fauzi and Budi Utomo and Eko Agus Subagio} }