@article {2165, title = {Immunomodulatory and Acute Toxicity Tests of Rhizome Ethanol Extract of Etlingera Flexuosa Poulsen (Zingiberaceae) on Male Mice (Mus Musculus)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1077-1083}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1077}, abstract = {

Introduction: Immunomodulators are molecules of synthetic or biological origin that help to regulate the immune system. Many studies have focuses on exploring for phytochemical compounds that used as immunomodulatory properties in Indonesia, as well as in Sulawesi. The immunomodulatory activity of rhizome extract of E. flexuosa, an endemic flowering plant of Sulawesi on male mice were studied. Methods: 25 male mice (Mus musculus) used were randomly divided into 5 groups and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) was used as inducer. The negative control group was given 0.5\% Na-CMC (Carboxymethyl Cellulosa Sodium), positive control group was given stimuno{\textregistered} and treatment groups were an ethanol extract of E. flexuosa with successive doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight (BW) respectively. Each group was given the preparation orally for 7 days and on the 8th day the test animals were induced by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria intraperitoneally. The mice were dissected and the peritoneal fluid was taken to determine the activity of the macrophage cells. Meanwhile, Thomson and Weil method was used to study the acute toxicity test and determine the lethal dose 50 (LD50). Results: The percentage of macrophage activity in each group of negative control, positive control, extract doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg BW respectively were 40.40\%, 82.65\%, 53.05\%, 69.38\% and 82.06\%. Based on the results obtained, it was shown that the E. flexuosa rhizome extract has an optimum dose of 800 mg/kg BW, which was not significantly different from the positive control. Meanwhile, the symptoms of toxicity began to appear from a dose of 600 mg/kg BW to a dose of 2400 mg/kg BW including decreased motor activity, tremor, ataxia, lids and writhing. LD50 expressed in LD50 within the criteria of being practically non-toxic. Conclusions: The E. flexuosa rhizome ethanolic extract showed the immunomodulatory activity at optimum dose of 800 mg/kg BW by the increasing of macrophage phagocytosis activity. Moreover, the extract was also practically non-toxic based on LD50 value.

}, keywords = {Etlingera flexuosa, Immunomodulators, Immunostimulants, Lethal Dose 50, Macrophages, Phagocytosis, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.197}, author = {Ramadanil Pitopang and Nadhirah Nur Azizah Lubis and Mifthahul Jannah Tahapary Zubair and Puti Andalusia Sarigando Banilai and Nurhaeni and Ihwan} } @article {1416, title = {The Effect of Ethanol Extract of Moringa Leaf (Moringa oleifera Lam) Against the Activity and Capacity of Phagocytosis of Macrofag Cells and the Percentage of Leukosit Cells of White Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {706-712}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {706}, abstract = {

Aim: This study aims to determine the activity, capacity of macrophage phagocytosis, and percentage of leukocyte cells of male mice treated with the ethanol extract of moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera Lam). Methods: Twenty male mice were divided into four equal groups. The extract was administered orally for seven days at a dose of 10; 30; 100 mg/kg; and 0.5\% CMC Na suspension as a negative control. On the 8th day, the percentage of blood cell leukocytes in mice tail was calculated using a microscope. Suspension of Staphylococcus aureus was injected intraperitoneally. The peritoneal fluid was taken to figure the activity and capacity of macrophage cell phagocytosis. The activity and capacity of macrophage cells are calculated using a microscope. The data were statistically analyzed by the one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) method and Duncan test. Results: The results showed that giving oral ethanol extract of Moringa leaves on male could increase macrophage activity and capacity, increasing dose, macrophage activity number, and capacity increased. The highest activity and capacity was achieved at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Moringa leaf extract can also increase the percentage of banded neutrophil, lymphocytes, eosinophil cells and decrease the percentage of neutrophil cell segments and monocytes from male white mice. The highest percentage of banded neutrophil, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and reductions in the percentage of neutrophil cell segments, monocytes present at doses of 100 mg/kg. Conclusion: From the result, it can conclude that ethaol extract of Moringa Leaf can increase the activity and capacity of macrophages and percentage of neutrophils.

}, keywords = {macrophage cell, Moringa oleifera Lam, Phagocytosis, Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.90}, author = {Elidahanum Husni and Elsa Badriyya and Luqyana Putri and Yufri Aldi} } @article {1371, title = {Immunostimulatory Activities of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) in White Male Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {368-375}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {368}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) has many pharmacological activies, such as improving the immune system. Aim: This research aims to study the immunomodulatory effect of Pegagan embun herbs ethanol extract (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) determined by phagocytic activity and capacity of macrophages, total and percentage of leukocytes. Methods: 25 male white mice were divided into 5 equal groups. Negative control group were given Na CMC 0.5\%, the extract treated group were given Pegagan embun ethanol extract at doses of 10, 50, 200 mg/kgbw, and the positive control group was given Stimuno 50 mg/kgbw orally for 7 days. On the 8th day, the total and percentage of leukocytes were counted through blood sample taken intravenously. The mice were then induced with Staphylococcus aureus suspension. After one hour, the peritoneal fluids was taken to determine the macrophages activity and capacity. The macrophages phagocytic activity and capacity, total and percentage of leukocytes were analyzed by One-Way Anova followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (p\<0.05). Results: The results show significant increase of concentration (p\<0.05) towards macrophages phagocytic activity and capacity, and total leukocytes count. Percentage of leukocytes show that lymphocytes increase significantly (p\<0.05), meanwhile neutrophils segments decrease significantly (p\<0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that ethanol extract of Pegagan embun herb at doses of 10, 50, 200 mg/kgbw shows immunostimulatory activity.

}, keywords = {Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam., Leukocytes, Macrophage, Phagocytosis, Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.47}, author = {Afriwardi and Yufri Aldi and Dwisari Dillasamola and Yolanda Alfiyyah Larakhansa and Elsa Badriyya} } @article {1675, title = {Study of Sungkai (Peronema canescens, Jack) Leaf Extract Activity as an Immunostimulators With In vivo and In vitro Methods}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1397-1407}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1397}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sungkai (Peronema canescens, Jack.) contains polysaccharides, terpenoids, alkaloids, and polyphenols which have pharmacological activity as immunostimulants. Objective: This study aimed to see how the effect of Sungkai extract as an immunostimulant agent was carried out in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using two methods, namely in vivo and in vitro. In vivo research method was conducted to test the activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophage cells, the percentage of leukocytes, and the total number of leukocytes. This study used 30 male white mice as the test animals that were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups. Each group was consisting of 6 mice which were given different treatments. The negative control group was given with the 0.5\% NaCMC suspension, the mice test substance group was given with the suspension of Sungkai ethanol extract with various doses of 800, 400, and 200 mg/kgBW, and lastly the comparison group was given with the Stimuno in a dose of 50 mg/kg orally for 7 days. On day 8, blood was taken from the mice{\textquoteright}s vein to count the number and percentage of its leukocytes, then followed by the intraperitoneal injection of a Staphylococcus aureus bacteria suspension. After 1 hour of administration of the bacterial suspension, the peritoneal fluid was taken to be observed for its activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophage cells. The in vitro research method was used to test the viability and immunostimulatory activity of RAW 264.7 cells with the Sungkai extraction at the concentration of 1.10, 100 g/m. This cell viability test using the microtetrazolium (MTT) method aims to see whether the Sungkai sample used is safe and not toxic to RAW 264.7 cells by observing at the cell viability value that should exceed \>90\%. The concentration of Sungkai extraction at 1.10, 100 g/mL was found to be safe and non-toxic to RAW 264.7 cells with a viability value of \>90\%. Thus, this concentration of Sungkai extraction can be performed for its immunostimulatory activity test on LPS induced of RAW 264.7 cells by observing their levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. (proinflammatory cytokines) were compared with the LPS alone as a control using the sandwich ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) method. Results: The observations were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan{\textquoteright}s follow-up test (significance was taken at p\<0.05). The results showed that variations in concentration increased significantly (p\<0.05) on the activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophage cells, along with the total leukocyte cells. The percentage of leukocytes showed that the cells had a significant increase (p\<0.05). It was found that the Sungkai extraction on 1.10, 100 g/mL could significantly increase the concentration of TNF- and IL-6 (p\<0.05) which were tested by one-way ANOVA and followed by Duncan{\textquoteright}s post hoc test. Conclusion: Sungkai leaf extract (Peronemacanescsens Jack.) in a dose of800, 400, and 200 mg/kgBW has an immunostimulant effect both in vivo and in vitro.

}, keywords = {Cell viability, immunostimulant, Jack), LPS (lipopolysaccharide), Macrophages, MTT (Microtetrazolium), Phagocytosis, RAW 264.7 cells, Sungkai (Peronema canescens, total and percentage of leukocytes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.177}, author = {Dwisari Dillasamola and Yufri Aldi and Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Rauza Sukma Rita and Dachriyanus and Salman Umar and Harrizul Rivai} } @article {713, title = {Immunostimulatory Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles on Wistar Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {892-898}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {892}, abstract = {

Background: The active components of natural products provide a potential alternative to conventional immunotherapy for a variety of diseases conditions and become subject to scientific investigations currently worldwide. Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the immunostimulatory activity of the chitosan nanoparticle on Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: The present investigation was carried out on various groups of healthy adult rats. The assessment of immunomodulatory potential was carried out by neutrophil adhesion test, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, haemagglutinating antibody (HA) titre, cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression and phagocytic activity were determined in various groups of animals. Results: The administration of chitosan nanoparticle at doses 300 mg/kg BW and 600 mg/kg BW but not at doses 150 mg/kg BW significantly increased in neutrophil adhesion fibers, haemagglutinating antibody titre values and potentiated the inhibited type hypersensitivity reaction induced by sheep red blood cells. Also, it had good response towards phagocytosis in carbon clearance assay and prevented myelosuppression of cyclophosphamide on rats. Conclusion: From these findings, it can be concluded that chitosan nanoparticle responsible for immunostimulatory activity and has therapeutic potential for the prevention of immune depressed conditions.

}, keywords = {Chitosan nanoparticle, Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity, Haemagglutinating antibody, Myelosuppression, Neutrophil adhesion, Phagocytosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.150}, author = {Giftania Wardani and Mahmiah and Sri Agus Sudjarwo} } @article {1459, title = {Immunomodulatory Activity of Atalantia monophylla DC. roots}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {37-43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of the roots of Atalantia monophylla. In the present study Pet. Ether, Chloroform and Methanolic fractions of the ethanolic extract of the roots of Atalantia monophylla, were administered orally, in the doses of 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg, to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity. Materials and Methods: The Methanolic fraction showed most significant effect when compared with control group, in the dose of 30 mg/kg, in the E.Coli induced abdominal sepsis and Carbon Clearence Test as models for non-specific immune response. In the models of the Specific immune response, cell mediated immune response to SRBC - delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH) the methanolic fraction in the dose 30 mg/kg, when compared with control group, showed most significant effect on decrease in footpad edema after treatment. Results: Humoral immune response was assessed by Sheep erythrocyte agglutination test, in which the Methanolic fraction of Atalantia monophylla in the dose of 30 mg/kg showed most significant (p\<0.05) increase in antibody titer after treatment when compared with control group. Conclusion: The present investigation reports that the Methanolic fraction of the ethanolic extract of the roots of Atalantia monophylla, in the dose of 30 mg/kg showed most significant immunomodulatory activity.

Key words:Atalantia monophylla, Immunomodulatory, Phagocytosis, Cell-mediated immune response, Humoral immune response.

}, keywords = {Atalantia monophylla, Cell-mediated immune response, Humoral immune response., Immunomodulatory, Phagocytosis}, author = {V. R. Patil and V. M. Thakare and V.S. Joshi} } @article {34, title = {Immunomodulatory Activity of Atalantia monophylla DC. roots}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {37-43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of the roots of Atalantia monophylla. In the present study Pet. Ether, Chloroform and Methanolic fractions of the ethanolic extract of the roots of Atalantia monophylla, were administered orally, in the doses of 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg, to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity. Materials and Methods: The Methanolic fraction showed most significant effect when compared with control group, in the dose of 30 mg/kg, in the E.Coli induced abdominal sepsis and Carbon Clearence Test as models for non-specific immune response. In the models of the Specific immune response, cell mediated immune response to SRBC-delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH) the methanolic fraction in the dose 30 mg/kg, when compared with control group, showed most significant effect on decrease in footpad edema after treatment. Results: Humoral immune response was assessed by Sheep erythrocyte agglutination test, in which the Methanolic fraction of Atalantia monophylla in the dose of 30 mg/kg showed most significant (p\<0.05) increase in antibody titer after treatment when compared with control group. Conclusion: The present investigation reports that the Methanolic fraction of the ethanolic extract of the roots of Atalantia monophylla, in the dose of 30 mg/kg showed most significant immunomodulatory activity.

}, keywords = {Atalantia monophylla, Cell-mediated immune response, Humoral immune response, Immunomodulatory, Phagocytosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.4}, author = {VR Patil and VM Thakare and VS Joshi} }