@article {2225, title = {Bioguided Assay of Polyphenols Isolated from Medicinal Mayan Species and its Activity Against Leishmania mexicana.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {174-180}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {174}, abstract = {

Objective: This study underlines the in vitro leishmanicidal activity of the methanol extracts (MeOH), fractions of n-hexane (n-Hex), chloroform (TCM) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and compounds isolated from plant species used in the Mayan traditional medicine. Materials and Methods: Extracts of medicinal species collected in the Mayan Peninsula such as Hylocerus undatus, Bauhinia divaricate, Euphorbia hirta, Ruellia nudiflora and Cedrela odorata, were tasted in a bio guided assays against amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana. Different chromatographic techniques were applied in order to isolated the most active compounds. Additionally, spectroscopic experiments 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, LC-MS and FT-IR were stablished to determine the chemical structure of the chemical compounds. Results: Euphorbia hirta and Cedrella odorata, showed good bioactivity with 14.81 {\textpm} 2.63 g/mL and IC50 = 18.39 {\textpm} 0.88 μg/mL respectively, meanwhile Bauhinia divaricata not show activity and Ruellia nudiflora showed poor activity with IC50 = 92.18 {\textpm} 3.64 μg/mL, followed by Hylocerus undatus with IC50 = 122.5 {\textpm} 20.99 μg/mL, when tasted against amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana. Spectroscopic data confirmed the presence of quercetin, myricetin, kempherol and scopoletin, with IC50 = 2.92 {\textpm} 0.42 μM, 12.30 {\textpm} 0.57 μM, 20.22 {\textpm} 4.66 μM and 4.05 {\textpm} 0.68 μM respectively. Conclusion: The bioguided assays guided us, to the purification and isolation of four different metabolites, mainly flavonoids and structurally related compounds, some of them show good activity, however, their low bioavailability indicates the need for detailed structural relation activity studies, together with the development of formulations and delivery systems.

}, keywords = {Coumarins, Flavonoids, Leishmania mexicana, NMR structural determination, Polyphenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.24}, author = {Horacio Larqu{\'e} and Abelardo Ch{\'a}vez Montes and Jaime Zamora-Chimal and Moises Looh-Hern{\'a}ndez and Joel H. Elizondo Luevano and Esther del Olmo} } @article {2053, title = {Tanacetum Parthenium (L.) Sch Bip From Peru: Antioxidant Profile and The Antinociceptive Effect in An Experimental Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {435-437}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {435}, abstract = {

Background: Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch Bip known as {\textquotedblleft}santa mar{\'\i}a{\textquotedblright} (Asteraceae family) is used in Peru for inflammatory diseases and also in colic, stomachache, headaches, diarrhea, among other. Objective: The aim was to determine the antioxidant profile, and analgesic effect of ethanolic extract of flowers and leaves of T. parthenium Material and Methods: Leaves and flowers of T. parthenium were soaked in 96\% ethanol and the obtained extract was analyzed using chemical reactions for identifying each secondary metabolite, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to determine the antioxidant capacity, and the antinociceptive effect was determined by using tail flick method. Results: Qualitative phytochemical study indicates the presence phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and steroids in both extracts. In DPPH assay IC50 showed in leaves and flowers extract 452.10 {\textpm} 10.2 μg/mL and 270.70 {\textpm} 20.6 μg/mL respectively. The antinociceptive effect was better in leaves at doses 300 mg/ Kg than flower extract. Conclusions: The ethanolic extract of flowers of T. parthenium showed a high antioxidant activity and antinociceptive effect in mice.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Antioxidant, Medicinal Plants., Polyphenols, Tanacetum parthenium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.97}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Wilfredo Bulege-Guti{\'e}rrez and Luz Alexandra Javier-Silva and Melva Iparraguirre- Meza and Victor Guillermo Sanchez-Araujo and Elizabeth Julia Melgar-Merino and Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo and Jos{\'e} Santiago Almeida-Galindo and Josefa Bertha Pari-Olarte} } @article {1813, title = {In silico Analysis of the Polyphenolic Metabolites of Zea mays L. "Purple Corn" on HMG-CoA Reductase}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {549-558}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {549}, abstract = {

This research aims to identify the polyphenolic metabolites, reported in ears and grains of Zea mays L. "purple corn" according to the current literature, with more significant interaction on HMG-CoA reductase, through in silico assays. Using the keyword combination {\textquotedblleft}Zea mays L{\textquotedblright} AND {\textquotedblleft}polyphenols{\textquotedblright}, a search was made in Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus databases, identifying 22 polyphenolic compounds. Polyphenolic ligands and control molecules were prepared with the OpenBabel program and parameterized with AutoDock Tools. In addition, the crystallized structure of HMG-CoA reductase (1DQA) was downloaded from the Protein Data Bank database, then prepared in PyMOL and parameterized with AutoDock Tools. Molecular docking was performed in AutoDock Vina with a 100-time repetition for each ligand-target interaction. The results show that the hydrogen bonds with amino acids of importance in HMG-CoA reductase are ASN 658, ARG 590, and GLU 559. Protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid presented lower affinity energy (ΔG{\textdegree}). The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of the molecules with the best pharmacodynamic interaction were analyzed with the SwissADME and pkCSM servers, showing that protocatechuic, caffeic, vanillic, ferulic, p-coumaric and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids have the best physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profile. Therefore, this study gives us a clearer idea of the action of polyphenols on HMG-CoA reductase, which will allow obtaining new drug candidates for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, HMG-CoA reductase., in silico, Polyphenols, Zea mays L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.70}, author = {Horna-Rodriguez Alexsandra M and L{\'o}pez-Gamboa July A and Silva-Correa Carmen R and Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz William Antonio and Gamarra-S{\'a}nchez C{\'e}sar D and Villarreal-La Torre V{\'\i}ctor E} } @article {1610, title = {Inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase by phenolic compounds of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and ca{\~n}ihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) from the Andean region of Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {896-901}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {896}, abstract = {

Background: Chenopodium quinoa Willd. and Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen are grains from the Andean region of Peru, which in addition to having a high nutritional value, have health-promoting properties related to the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes. Objetive: The present study aimed to identify phenolic compounds associated with an inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes associated with type 2 diabetes. Material and Methods: Two varieties of quinoa and two varieties of ca{\~n}ihua from the Puno Region in Peru, were evaluated. Total phenolics, total flavonoids, identification of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in vitro were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu assay, aluminum chloride colorimetric method, HPLC-DAD and DPPH radical scavenging assay, respectively. In vitro hypoglycemic activity was evaluated through the inhibition of the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Results: Gallic acid, rutin and chlorogenic acid were identified by HPLC-DAD in the varieties of quinoa and ca{\~n}ihua. The latter showed significantly higher levels of chlorogenic acid compared to quinoa varieties (p\<0.05). Both Andean grains exhibited inhibition of key-enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes, presenting IC50 values of 7.99 to 34.05 and of 8.07 to 1158 μg/mL for α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. Total phenolics, total flavonoids, DPPH radical scavenging assay, gallic acid and chlorogenic acid showed the greatest contribution to the inhibitory activity of the α-glucosidase enzyme (p\<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the phenolic compounds present in the varieties of quinoa and ca{\~n}ihua could modulate the inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes associated with type 2 diabetes.

}, keywords = {Andean grains, DPPH radical scavenging assay, HPLC-DAD, in vitro antidiabetic activity, Polyphenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.115}, author = {Jorge Coronado-Olano and Ritva Repo-Carrasco-Valencia and Oscar Reategui and Emily Toscano and Elisa Valdez and Mirko Zimic and Ivan Best} } @article {1725, title = {Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Acute and Subacute Intranasal Administration of Polyphenols-based Cinnamon Bark Extract in Laboratory Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1621-1631}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1621}, abstract = {

Background: Polyphenols-based standardized cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) bark extract (IND02) demonstrated efficacy against allergic rhinitis in animal models and human clinical study. Objectives: To assess the acute and subacute intranasal toxicity of the IND02 nasal solution (IND02-NS). Methods: Acute and 28-days subacute toxicity using the intranasal route of administration of IND02-NS was evaluated using Wistar rats as per Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines. For acute intranasal toxicity study, a single dose of 100 μg/rat/day was administered in five male and female rats and observed for the incidence of mortality and signs of toxicity for 14 days. For a 28-days subacute intranasal toxicity study, doses of 20, 50, and 100 μg/rat/day were administered to a group of five male and female rats. Results: The IND02-NS did not show mortality or treatment-related adverse signs during acute (limit dose of 100 μg/rat/day) and subacute intranasal (28-days repeated dose of 20, 50, and 100 μg/rat/day with 14 days of reversal period) administration. The IND02-NS showed a maximum tolerated dose greater than 100 μg/rat during the acute intranasal toxicity study. The no-observed adverse effect level of IND02-NS was 100 μg/rat/day in rats during the subacute intranasal toxicity study. Conclusion: IND02-NS was found safe at 100 μg/rat/day during acute and subacute (28 days repeated dose) for nasal administration in rats.

}, keywords = {Intranasal toxicity, Maximum tolerated dose, Noobserved- adverse-effect level., Polyphenols, Standardized cinnamon bark}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.209}, author = {Prasad Thakurdesai and Pallavi Deshpande} } @article {1106, title = {Prospects for the Use of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Containing Phytoecdysteroids and Polyphenols}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {246-250}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {246}, abstract = {

Background: Phytoadaptogens, biologically active compounds increasing the nonspecific resistance of the human organism, are well known for the prevention and correction of stressful conditions. Phytoadaptogens group includes phytoecdysteroids and polyphenols, that are characterized by the multiplicity of pharmacological effects in combination with the low toxicity. According to literature data, spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a promising source of these compounds. This work aims to systematize data on the chemical composition of biologically active compounds of spinach, that determine its adaptogenic properties and concentration methods in the spinach processing for use in specialized foods and dietary supplements. Materials and Methods: Manifold electronic search engines, electronic databases, and libraries such as Google, Google scholar, Crossref, Indian Science Abstracts, Emerging Sources Citation Index, e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed, Chemical Abstracts, Index Copernicus, scientific literature had been searched and data obtained. Results: Botanical characteristics of spinach, main cultivation conditions, the latest data on the chemical composition of raw spinach material cultivars and extracts based on it are presented in this study. Schemes for the obtaining of products enriched with polyphenols and ecdysteroids are considered, and ways of proper purification are mentioned. Conclusion: It is recommended to introduce spinach into the diet of healthy people in order to increase the functional reserves of a person during periods of hypovitaminosis, overwork, intense physical exertion, and also to compensate for the adverse effects of external factors. Spinach extracts containing phytoecdysteroids (20-hydroxyecdysone) and polyphenols (flavonoids) can be used as a prophylactic to overcome the negative effects of stress, accelerate recovery after strong physical and mental stress, particularly for people with extreme occupations, athletes, and those who are engaged in hard physical labor.

}, keywords = {20-hydroxyecdysone, Flavonoids, Phytoecdysteroids, Polyphenols, Spinach leaves, Spinacia oleracea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.38}, author = {Bokov DO and Sidorova YuS and Mazo VK and Bessonov VV} } @article {594, title = {Extraction of Total Phenolics, Flavonoids and Tannins from Paederia foetida L. Leaves and their Relation with Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {541-547}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {541}, abstract = {

Introduction: Paederia foetida L. is a climbing shrub that possesses several ethnomedicinal uses with immense pharmacologic relevance. Objective: The study aims to determine an efficient extraction condition for phenolic compounds with substantial antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Solvent (aqueous, methanol, ethanol and acetone) extracts were made from fresh leaves (FL) and shade dried leaves (SDL) of P. foetida with different durations (12, 24, 36 and 48 h). Quantitative estimations of all extracts were made for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC) along with their total antioxidant activity (TAA). The phenolic contents of different extracts were correlated with their TAA. Extracts with highest phenolic yield and TAA estimates for each solvent were assessed by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2ˊ-azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulfonic acid (ABTS), superoxide (SO) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Results: Methanol exhibited the highest extraction ability for TPC, TFC and TAA while aqueous extractions are superior for TTC. The maximum estimates of all the studied components are noted at 48 h. Mostly, extracts of SDL are superior to FL. TPC and TFC are interrelated between themselves as well as showed positive and significant correlation with TAA. The antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, SO and FRAP) reveal higher antioxidant activity with methanolic extracts compared to other studied solvents. Conclusion: The study highlights antioxidant properties of phenolics, particularly flavonoids in P. foetida, which can be further explored for its pharmacological importance.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Extraction conditions, Fresh and shade dried leaves, Paederia foetida, Polyphenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.88}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/521}, author = {Shaswat Ojha and Adarsha Raj and Alokesh Roy and Sudipta Roy} } @article {144, title = {Sunscreens: A review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journals}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {171-179}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {171}, abstract = {

Sunlight despite of source of life and energy creating major health challenges like sunburn, pigmentation, wrinkles, dermatitis, urticaria, ageing, immune-suppression and number of skin cancers too. Sun protective clothes and or sunglasses provide insufficient and less convenient approach to get rid of all these health hazards. So sunscreen protection is popular mean among various regions of world. Present article have summarize types and classification, regulations, terminologies, evaluation methods, labeling, dosage and controversies of sunscreens. Natural chemical classes like phenolics (tannins, flavonoids), carotenoids, vitamins, oils are also discussed.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant., COLIPA, IPD, ISO, Polyphenols, PPD, SPF, UV rays}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.1}, author = {Mukund Manikrao Donglikar and Sharada Laxman Deore} } @article {1530, title = {Screening of Antioxidant \& Antidiabetic Potential of Polyphenol rich fraction from Cichorium intybus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {92-98}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Introduction: Chicory(Cichoriumintybus) commonly known as kasni has health benefits such as improving liver health, digestion, boosting immune system possibly because of its water soluble dietary fibres and polyphenols. A diet rich in polyphenols and fibers helps in lowering cholesterol leading to less plaque formation, preventing blockage and risk of stroke. Owing to the fact that these polyphenols may reduce the elevated glucose the present research work was undertaken to extract the polphenols from Chicory roots and evaluate their antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential. Materials and Methods: Polyphenol rich fraction of root extract was subjected to estimation of total phenolic estimation and free radical scavenging activity using various antioxidant assays. The antidiabetic potential of the polyphenol rich fraction was also estimated using Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rat model. Results: The total phenolic content of the polyphenolic fraction was found to be 30.23\μg/ml. The IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS assay for the polyphenolic fraction were found to be 60\µg/ml and 4.2mg/ml respectively. The TEAC value was found to be 1.178 mm. Administration of polyphenol rich fraction (30 mg/kg, p.o.) decreased elevated SG from 122mg/dl to78.66mg/dl on 14th day (***p\<0.001). Also a significant reduction in triglycerides (**P\<0.01), total cholesterol (**P\<0.01), serum LDL (**P\<0.01) and serum alkaline phosphatase (**P\<0.01) was observed at 30 mg/kg, p.o. However, serum HDL was found to be elevated with no change in serum insulin (*P\<0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the polyphenol rich fraction of Chicory roots possess a strong hypoglycemic potential probably due to their antioxidant activity.

Key words: Cichoriumintybus, polyphenols, antioxidant, antidiabetic, total cholesterol.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Cichoriumintybus, Polyphenols, total cholesterol}, author = {Rukhsana A. Rub and Areej Siddiqui and Aasmin M. Ali and Asif Shaikh and Mushtaque and Mukadam} }