@article {2267,
	title = {Non-Nutritive Sweeteners Modulated Creatinine and Urea Levels in White Albino Rats},
	journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2024},
	month = {April 2024},
	pages = {422-425},
	type = {Research Article},
	chapter = {422},
	abstract = {<p class="rtejustify">Artificial sweeteners, also known as nonnutritive sweeteners have many benefits like low calories count. It is frequently used for reducing weight, controlling blood sugar levels and decreasing the chances of dental decay. This study evaluated the effects of NNS in the kidney function. Using the blood sample of the albino rats, the level of creatinine and urea was calculated after the use of NNS for 3 weeks. 70 rats were equally divided into 7 groups. The groups were given Stevia 200mg/kg/day, 10\% solution of sucrose, Sucralose 3g/kg/day, Saccharine, Aspartame 250mg/kg/day and Acesulfame-k 250mg/kg/day respectively. In the controlled group, distilled water was used as a placebo. The results indicated that saccharin and aspartame both caused the urea to increase to 37{\textpm}0.5 mg/dl from initial 30{\textpm}1.5mg/dl and acesulfame-k represented the most increase in the urea, which elevated the levels from 30 mg/dl to 38{\textpm}1.5 mg/dl. Additionally, saccharine and aspartame increased the creatinine levels from from 0.1 to 0.85{\textpm}0.05 mg/ dl and sucralose elevated the level of creatinine from 0.1 mg/dl to 1.3{\textpm}0.2 mg/dl. In the stevia group, the results remained the same as in the controlled group. This indicates the nephrotoxic effects of NNS and proves Stevia safe for the daily use as an alternative.</p>
},
	keywords = {Acesulfame-K, Artificial Sweeteners, Aspartame, Non-nutritive sweeteners, Saccharine, Sucralose},
	doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.66},
	author = {Mohammed Saarti and Musab M Khalaf and Zeina A. Althanoon}
}
@article {1870,
	title = {Artificial Sweeteners Perturbed Liver Enzymes in Rat Model},
	journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2022},
	month = {October 2022},
	pages = {553-557},
	type = {Research Article},
	chapter = {553},
	abstract = {<p class="rtejustify">In the recent time there has been an increased demand of low-fat or low calorie diet universally. In the mean while the availability of low calorie products has also increased like sugar free drinks, beverages, biscuits, jams and jellies. On contrary to this, some studies suggest that the prolong use of non-nutritive sweeteners alters the homeostasis of glucose and insulin. It results in fluctuation of glucose level in blood and increase in bodyweight. This study intends to evaluate the effect of non-nutritive sweeteners on the liver function test and record the alteration in the levels of ALP, AST and ALT. Seventy rats were divided into seven equal groups, controlled group received distilled water and the rest six were given NNS Sucrose, Stevia, Sucralose, Saccharine Aspartame and Acesulfame-k, respectively. On the evaluation of Alanine aminotransferase ALT, saccharine and aspartame markedly increased the level of ALT from 40U/L to 80 U/L. Both of these NNS have shown the most raised level of Alanine aminotransferase. This represents the stress on the liver associated with the use of NNS and suggests the use to be controlled in humans.</p>
},
	keywords = {Albumin, Artificial Sweeteners, Bilirubin, Liver Enzyme},
	doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.135},
	author = {Muthear N Dawood and Shaymaa AH. Jassim and Maab Azmi Fadel and Imad A. Thanoon}
}
