@article {1860, title = {Functional Beverages from Blends of Ficus Deltoidea Leaves and Brown Rice Powders: Physico-Phytochemical Properties, Antioxidant Activities, Sensory Evaluation and Acute Toxicity Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {477-489}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {477}, abstract = {

Background: Ficus deltoidea (Ficus: Moraceae) has great potential as a functional food. Administration of F. deltoidea has been reported to reduce hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and increase insulin secretion in diabetic rats and humans. However, the poor bioavailability and intestinal absorption of F. deltoidea impede its therapeutic effectiveness at a lower dosage, thus integrating F. deltoidea into brown rice will provide additional advantages. This study aimed to examine the phyto-physicochemical profile, antioxidant properties, consumer acceptance, and safety of beverages formulated from fine powder mixtures of F. deltoidea leaves and brown rice. Methods: The new beverage formulations were prepared by mixing the fine powders of F. deltoidea leaves with brown rice at ratios of 1:6 and 1:13, respectively. Physicochemical, phytochemical, and antioxidant analyses were performed to characterize the prepared beverages. Consumer acceptance was assessed utilising a 9-point hedonic scale and an acute toxicity study was employed to determine the safety of F. deltoidea-added formulations. Results: F. deltoidea decreased the pH and increased the moisture content, ash, and viscosity of a brown rice beverage. The total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content as well as antioxidant activities increased significantly in both F. deltoidea-added formulations. The oral LD50 of the F. deltoidea-added formulation was higher than 2000 mg/kg body weight. Conclusions: These results suggest that adding F. deltoidea leaves to brown rice beverages is safe to consume and improves the phyto-physicochemical profile, antioxidant activities, and consumers{\textquoteright} acceptance of the formulation.

}, keywords = {9-point hedonic scale., Animal study, DPPH assay, FRAP assay, Functional beverages}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.125}, author = {Nur Ain Sabrina Azmi and Nurdiana Samsulrizal and Siti Aimi Sarah Zainal Abidin and Noor Syaffinaz Noor Mohamad Zin and Norol Hamiza Zamzuri and Yong Meng Goh and Ana Sharmila Shafie and Rohaizad Abdul Raoof} } @article {1767, title = {Screening of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Wild Edible Termite Mushroom}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {301-307}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {301}, abstract = {

Wild edible mushrooms produce a variety of bioactive compounds that are known to have antioxidant properties. Natural antioxidants can protect against oxidative induced free radicals without any side effects. Thus, they are consumed by people for food and nutraceutical values. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of three wild edible termite mushrooms (Termitomyces albuminosus, T. eurhizus and T. robustus). Different phytochemicals were screened in the 50\% ethanol, methanol and water extracts of three termite mushrooms. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride method respectively. The antioxidant activity of three termite mushrooms was evaluated by DPPH assay. Qualitative screening of phytochemicals has revealed that alkaloid, steroid, fatty acid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, carbohydrate and protein are found in the 50\% ethanol, methanol and water extracts of three species of termite mushroom. A high amount of total phenolic and flavonoid content was found in the 50\% ethanol extract of T. albuminosus, T. eurhizus and T. robustus (TPC: 50.28, 54.56 and 57.63 mg GAE/g extract; TFC: 16.30, 18.43 and 18.80 mg QE/g extract respectively). Due to high phenolic and flavonoid content, 50\% ethanol extract of three termite mushrooms has shown high antioxidant activity (i.e., lowest IC50: 710.00 - 714.05 μg/ml). These termite mushrooms have antioxidant properties due to the presence of bioactive secondary metabolites that can potentially be used as a source of natural antioxidants in the form of food and nutraceutical.

}, keywords = {DPPH assay, Flavonoid, phenolic, Phytochemical, Termite mushroom}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.38}, author = {Anita Kumari Tharu and Mukti Ram Paudel and Ananda Prakash Joshi and Laxman Bhandari and Hari Prasad Aryal} } @article {1189, title = {Phytochemicals, Antioxidants and Anti-tyrosinase Analyses of Selected Ginger Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {872-883}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {872}, abstract = {

Background: Some of Zingeberaceae are not widely used for medicine of food, although in Thailand have been used them for many reasons about health or the diet. This study evalued the phytochemicals and anti-tyrosinase activities of 16 plant species of Alpinia, Amomum, Curcuma, Etlingera and Kaemferia (Zingiberaceae). Methods: The extractions of dried powdered rhizomes were performed using n-hexane, ethylacetate and ethanol. Percentage extract yield of the samples varied among species and solvent extracts. Chemical groups (alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, steroids and terpenoids) were identified using phytochemical screening. The total phenolic contents (TPC) were analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu{\textquoteright}s reagent, while antioxidant activities were detected using 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothizoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS.+). The anti-tyrosinase was expressed to the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value (mg/mL). Results: The ethyl acetate extract of Amomum showed the highest value of TPC. The strongest antioxidant activity were found in Amomum and Kaemferia extracts, while ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of all samples have a better antioxidant properties than the n-hexane extracts. On the other hand, the n-hexane extracts have the highest anti-tyrosinase potential in all samples and of these, Curcuma extracts were the best group. Conclusion: Our research indicated that plants of the Zingiberaceae would be new sources of antioxidants and anti-tyrosinase for further natural product developments in cosmetics, food or nutraceuticals.

}, keywords = {ABTS assay, Anti-tyrosinase, DPPH assay, Phenolic content, Phytochemicals, Zingiberaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.125}, author = {Apinya Rachkeeree and Kuttiga Kantadoung and Ratchadawan Puangpradub and Ratchuporn Suksathan} } @article {949, title = {A High Antibacterial Efficacy of Fruits of Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers from Nepal. GC-MS and Antioxidative Capacity Analyses}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {889-893}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {889}, abstract = {

Background: Biological activities of the plant materials may vary with different geographic origin. Litsea cubeba fruits are consumed in Nepal as a spice ingredient and are considered to be possessed antibacterial property. Objectives: Aims of this work are: to compare phytoconstituents present in litsea oil by GC-MS analysis, and to evaluate antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the volatile oil and the fruit extracts. Materials and Methods: Hydrodistillation of L. cubeba fruits was performed to obtain litsea oil followed by extractions with boiling methanol. Fractionations of the extract provided hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts. The oil and extracts were analysed for the phytochemicals present. They were evaluated by using antibacterial susceptibility, brine-shrimp lethality and antioxidant capacity assays. Results: All together 49 compounds (accounting 93.66\%) were identified in the litsea oil by GC-MS. Monoterpenes being dominant components, the oil constituted 15.96\% of citral (geranial and neral). Other major constituents were capric acid (12.44\%), β-caryophyllene oxide (7.69\%), linalool (5.96\%), eucalyptol (5.13\%) and cis- β-terpineol (4.22\%). Litsea oil, hexane extract and dichloromethane extract displayed very effective antibacterial property. Ethyl acetate extract (LC50 = 21.52 μg mL-1) and litsea oil (LC50 = 31.62 μg mL-1) were found highly cytotoxic against brine-shrimp nauplii. Ethyl acetate (IC50 = 124.57 μg mL-1) and dichloromethane (IC50 = 271.08 μg mL-1) extracts displayed a modest DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Conclusion: Phytoconstituents present in the L. cubeba fruits from Nepal were analysed. Litsea oil and the extracts have displayed high antibacterial and potentially anticarcinogenic activities.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Brine-shrimp assay, DPPH assay, GC-MS analysis, Litsea oil, Minimum bactericidal concentration}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.142}, author = {Gan B Bajracharya and Pratigya KC} } @article {852, title = {Phytochemical, in vitro Antioxidant and in vivo Safety Evaluation of Leaf Extracts of Tragia plukenetii}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {338-345}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {338}, abstract = {

Objective: To investigate the phytochemical properties, in vitro antioxidant and in vivo safety profile of leaf extracts of Tragia plukenetii (TP). Methods: TP leaves were obtained from the south part of India (Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh) and it was extracted with different solvents (benzene extract (BE), chloroform extract (CE) and methanolic extract (ME)). These TP extracts were analyzed for the in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH reducing power, β-carotene-linoleic acid complex and iron chelation assays followed by in vivo acute oral and dermal toxicities using Swiss mice and Wistar rats respectively. Results: The present study results revealed ME exhibited an effective and powerful antioxidant activity when compared to a standard antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). ME was found to be effective in DPPH, β-carotene-linoleic acid complex and iron chelation assays respectively. In vivo acute oral toxicity study revealed that mice treated with up to 5000 mg/kg of BE, CE and ME did not show any signs of toxicity. Furthermore, similarly, acute dermal toxicity study demonstrated that BE, CE and ME did not exhibit any signs of dermal toxicity up to 1000 mg/kg in rats. Conclusion: TP extracts possess an excellent antioxidant activity with a devoid of any signs of acute oral and dermal toxicities.

}, keywords = {Dermal toxicity, DPPH assay, Iron chelation, Oral toxicity, Tragia plukenetii., β-carotene-linoleic acid complex}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.50}, author = {Srinivasa Reddy Bonam and Sathish Kumar Manoharan and Vijayapandi Pandy and Anji Reddy Raya and Rama Rao Nadendla and Manjunathan Jagadeesan and Ankem Narendra Babu} } @article {382, title = {Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Effects in Various Tissue Extracts of Plumbago zeylanica: Implications for Anticancer Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {706-712}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {706}, abstract = {

Introduction: Complex natural products are emerging as a potent alternate and complement in anticancer therapies due to its multiple mechanisms of action and minimal effects on nontarget cells/tissues. Some of the traditional herbal formulations contain Plumbago zeylanica L, (commonly known as Chitraka or Chitramoolam) to treat various disorders for centuries in Africa and Asia. Methods: The quantity of Plumbagin was detected in different tissues of P. zeylanica through HPTLC analysis. We evaluated and compared the alcoholic tissue extracts of leaf, stem and root of P. zeylanica with standard pure Plumbagin for its in vitro cytotoxic effects (metabolic viability; MTT assay) in A549 Lung cancer cells and antioxidant potential (DPPH free radical scavenging and total phenol content). RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis was performed in the most potent tissues of P. zeylanica demonstrating efficient pharmacological activity. Results: The root extract containing 1.3\% of plumbagin exhibited strongest scavenging potential with 50\% radical scavenging (IC50\ value of 3.99 g) in comparison with 35.85 g in stem (0.2\% Plumbagin) and 18.06 g in leaf with 0.00007\% Plumbagin. The in vitro cytotoxicity in A549 cells also showed that the root extract was most potent with an IC50\ value of 164.5\ g as compared to extracts from stem (IC50= 379.5\μg) and leaf (IC50= 274.9 g). Conclusion: The strong antioxidant potential shown by the P. zeylanica extract demonstrates its ability to protect the non-target (normal) cells against oxidative stress, while the cytotoxic effects suggest that it could inhibit the growth of cancerous cells. Further, transcriptome analysis predicted the expression of potent gene transcripts coding for quinone biosynthesis in the root tissues of P. zeylanica.

}, keywords = {A549 Cell Line, Alcoholic Root Extract, DPPH assay, HPTLC Quantification, Plumbagin, Transcriptome Analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.111}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.111/index.html}, author = {Balachandran Karpaga Raja Sundari and Srivani Telapolu and Bilikere S and Dwarakanath and Sadras. P. Thyagarajan} } @article {124, title = {Comparative Study of Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol and Aqueous Extracts of Different Parts of Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {113-116}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {113}, abstract = {

Background: Antioxidants play a major role in curing degenerative disease. In present time many synthetic antioxidants are commonly used but due to their toxic and carcinogenic effects, their use has been restricted. So the search for natural antioxidants is important. Studies on natural compounds is of interest due to their satisfactory health benefits with low toxicity. Objective: The antioxidant activity of ethanol and aqueous extract of shoot, seed and leaf of an important medicinal tree Nyctanthes arbor-trist is (Harsingar) were evaluated by DPPH scavenging antioxidant assays. Materials and Methods: Different concentrations 25, 50, 75, 100\% of the aqueous and ethanol extracts were prepared with standard solutions (ascorbic acid 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.09, 0.1 mg/ml). To 1.5 ml solution of DPPH (0.1 mM), 0.5 ml of various concentrations of the extract and standard were added. Results: In the present study a comparative evaluation of antioxidant activity of seed, shoot and leaf of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn was performed for their aqueous and ethanol extracts. Ethanol and aqueous extracts of shoot revealed more antioxidant activity then seed and leaf. Conclusion: All aerial parts of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn possess antioxidant activity. The plant may be functioned out for its anticancerous properties in future.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Aqueous extract, DPPH assay, Ethanol extracts, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.3}, author = {Saraswati Patel and Mamta Gokhale} }