@article {1642, title = {Single-Dose and Combined-Dose of Nanoparticles from Soursop Leaves (Annona muricata L.) and Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Induced Apoptosis and Necrosis in HeLA Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1134-1142}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1134}, abstract = {

Introduction: Apart from the medical advancement of chemotherapy, various plants were known as beneficial for cancer therapy because they can kill cancer cells selectively without damaging the normal cells. Here, we showed that nanoparticles formulated from chloroform fraction of soursop (Annona muricata L.) leaves and ethyl acetate fraction of sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) have anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects on HeLa cervical cancer cells. Methods: The cytotoxic effect was evaluated using a single dose of each nanoparticle and a combined dose to obtain a synergistic effect. The mechanism of induced cell death via apoptosis or necrosis pathway was evaluated using flow cytometry by incorporating Annexin V and propidium iodide. Results: Synthesis of nanoparticles from the extract of soursop leaves (nano-SL) and extract of sappan wood (nano-SW) yielded particle sizes ranging from 248 to 317 nm. Nano-SL and nano-SW decreased the viability of HeLa cervical cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 63,32 μg/ml dan 40,88 μg/ml, respectively. The combined dose of 1/8 IC50 from both nanoparticles showed a strong synergistic effect, as shown by the combination index value of 0.13 based on the same mode of action and different modes of action. In HeLa cells treated with a combined dose of nanoparticles, the total apoptotic cells increased two times greater than that in control cells. Conclusion: Nano-SL and nano-SW induce apoptosis and necrosis in HeLa cells. Combined-dose of both nanoparticles produced a synergistic effect that could reduce the amount of the required individual dose while increasing the total effect.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata L., Apoptosis, Caesalpinia sappan L., HeLa cells, Nanoparticles, Necrosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.146}, author = {Okid Parama Astirin and Adi Prayitno and Anif Nur Artanti and Elisa Herawati and Afiyati Nur {\textquoteleft}Aini Saad and Ajeng Dara Firstlia} } @article {1236, title = {Caesalpinia sappan L. Wood is a Potential Source of Natural Phosphodiesterase-1 Inhibitors}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1206-1217}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1206}, abstract = {

Introduction: A decrease in cAMP and cGMP levels in the brain is linked to human cognitive problems. The degradation of cellular cAMP and cGMP is attributed to phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which constitute a superfamily of enzymes. The inhibition of PDE1 is a promising mechanism to increase cAMP and cGMP levels associated with cognitive disorders. Caesalpinia sappan L. (CS) wood is a natural coloring agent usually consumed as a traditional refreshment or drink by people in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. However, scientific evidence regarding the inhibitory activity of CS wood against PDE1 has yet to be obtained. This study aimed to investigate the potency of CS wood as a PDE1 inhibitor. Methods: The ethanol extract of CS wood and its fractions were evaluated in vitro by using a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase assay kit. The presence of brazilin in the extract and fractions was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. In silico assay was performed using MOE software to obtain insights into the interaction between compounds in the CS wood and the enzyme. Results: Ethanol extract and ethyl acetate soluble fraction effectively inhibited the PDE1 activity. Interestingly, brazilin, the major compound in CS wood, also exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on the enzyme. The in silico assay revealed that the interaction between tetraacetylbrazilin and brazilin with the PDE1B active site involved hydrogen bonding and π{\textendash}π interactions. Conclusion: Ethanol extract, ethyl acetate soluble fraction, and brazilin inhibited the PDE1 activity. CS wood and its chemical constituent could be developed as natural cognitive enhancers.

}, keywords = {Brazilin, Caesalpinia sappan L., Herbal cognitive enhancer, Phosphodiesterase inhibitor, Phytotheraphy, Tetraacetylbrazilin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.169}, author = {Helmi and Nanang Fakhrudin and Arief Nurrochmad and Ari Sudarmanto and Zullies Ikawati} }