@article {2216, title = {Quantification of Four Phytochemical Parameters of Imperata cylindrica Leaves to Promote Its Use as A Medicinal Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {108-117}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {108}, abstract = {

Introduction: The benefits of Imperata cylindrica (I. cylindrica) leaves and their relationship to the content of phytochemical compounds have been widely studied. The aim of this study was to promote I. cylindrica leaves from Kertajati Subdistrict in Majalengka Regency in their use as a medicinal plant based on the four parameters, namely the content of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total tannin content, and antioxidant activity. The four parameters that become the basis for the benefits of the leaves were compared with the four parameters of the roots. Methods: Quantification of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total tannin content, and antioxidant activity used Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminium chloride, Fe(III) chloride and 1.10-Phenanthroline, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) methods, respectively. All methods used visible spectrophotometric method. Results: The percentages of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total tannin content, and IC50 of antioxidant activity of I. cylindrica leaves extract were 9\% (GAE), 2.1\% (QE), 5.6\% (TAE), and 100.5 ppm, respectively. Then, the percentages of I. cylindrica roots extract showed the percentages of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total tannin content, and IC50 of antioxidant activity were 5.8\% (GAE), 0.64\% (QE), 3\% (TAE), and 241 ppm, respectively. Conclusion: The extract of I. cylindrica leaves contained the phenolic compound, namely flavonoids, tannins and other phenolic compounds, and had antioxidant activity. All parameters have been reported to have positive effect on health. Therefore, the leaves of I. cylindrica from Kertajati Subdistrict are discovered to have effects on health which are suitable to be promoted as a medicinal plant.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Imperata cylindrica leaves, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, Total Tannin content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.15}, author = {Diah Dhianawaty and Resti Gradia Dwiwina and Wulan Mayasari and Achadiyani and Ruslin} } @article {1963, title = {Comparative and Evaluative Study On Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Potential Within Hydromythanol Extracts and Their Fractions from All Parts of Drimia numidica (JORD. \& FOURR.) J.C. MANNING \& GOLDBLATT of Northeastern Algeria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {64-81}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {64}, abstract = {

Introduction: Drimia numidica is a polyphenol-rich species that has antioxidant capacity, which makes it very important. Nevertheless, D. numidica has not been studied in depth. Moreover, its capsules have not been studied so far. This detailed study compared the values of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of all D. numidica parts (scapes, flowers, bulbs, capsules, leaves, roots), from Edough Peninsula, Annaba, Algeria, using hydromethanol extracts and their fractions (cyclohexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol). Methods: The total phenolic content was determined by Folin Ciocalteo assay, and the antioxidant activity by the following methods: DPPH, Reducing Powder, Phenanthroline, Silver Nanoparticles, CUPRAC, and ABTS. Statistical analysis was done using the ANOVA test and a correlation test (between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content). Results: The Ethyl acetate fraction was found the sample with the highest phenolic content. The same was true for the antioxidant activity in all tests except for the silver nanoparticles test in which cyclohexane extracts scored the best. Considering the methods used in general, there is a correlation between phenolic content and the highest antioxidant activity, but there are some methods that have not recorded any correlation. Conclusion: Choosing the appropriate method or extract/fraction type is extremely important. In addition, extracts of D. numidica parts could be an important natural alternative to antioxidants industrial.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Drimia numidica, Hydromythanol extracts and their fractions., total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.10}, author = {Fares Khenniche and Abderachid Slimani and Chawki Bensouici and Ibtissem Magboune and Manel Srief and Hamed Hakkom} } @article {2127, title = {Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents, Anti-tyrosinase and Antioxidant Activities of Pachyrhizus erosus Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {839-842}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {839}, abstract = {

Background: The storage roots of Pachyrhizus erosus (PE) have been traditionally used as a skin whitening agent in Indonesia and are also consumed fresh in many Southeast Asian countries, including Thailand. However, research on the biological activities of PE is limited. Objective: This study aimed to measure the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and to test the anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities of PE extracts. The Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric, the Aluminium chloride colorimetric, the DPPH scavenging, and the Dopachrome assays were used for the experiments. Results: The dichloromethane extract had the highest anti-tyrosinase activity (IC50= 2.08 {\textpm} 0.40 mg/mL), total flavonoid content (9.93 {\textpm} 0.02 mg QE/g extract), and antioxidant activity (IC50= 40 {\textpm} 0.02 μg/mL). The largest total phenolic concentration was found in the 80\% ethanol extract, albeit (11.97 {\textpm} 0.55 mg GAE/g extract). Conclusion: Based on its remarkable activities, the dichloromethane extract is recommended for future development in skinlightening products. The study{\textquoteright}s findings conclude that PE extracts may be used as an alternate source of antioxidants and anti-tyrosinase agents

}, keywords = {Anti-tyrosinase, Free radical scavenging., Pachyrhizus erosus, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.160}, author = {Pornpun Laovachirasuwan and Methin Phadungkit} } @article {1784, title = {Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Andrographis paniculata Nees Leaves, Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Content and Anti-Gout Potential Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {432-438}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {432}, abstract = {

Gout is a type of arthritis that causes painful inflammation in one or more joints. In gout, an increase in uric acid in the blood triggers the formation of crystals, causing joint pain. Indonesia is a country rich in the biodiversity of medicinal plant species. Therefore, its flora offers promising therapy for gout, one of which is Andrographis paniculata Nees. This study aims to obtain the leaf extract of A. paniculata through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. Then the extract obtained was subjected to phytochemical screening, a total phenolic content test and uric acid test. The results of phytochemical screening of A. paniculata leaf extract using UAE contained saponins, phenols, tannins and alkaloids. The high total phenolic content has an effect on the high potential for reducing uric acid levels. Sample B with a time variation of 35 minutes and an amplitude of 65\% showed the highest total phenolic content and potential for reducing uric acid levels compared to the other samples, which were 1104.53 {\textpm} 0.5 mg GAE/g extract and 72.81{\textpm}0.2 \%, respectively. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the UAE extract from the leaves of A. paniculata has good potential as an anti-gout agent.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata Nees, Anti-gout, Phytochemical screening, total phenolic content, Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.55}, author = {Ismail and Candra Irawan and Maman Sukiman and Imalia Dwi Putri and Andita Utami and M. Ilham Kumala Zalni and Ratna Komala Putri} } @article {1768, title = {Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Tinospora crispa Stem, Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Content and Anti Gout Potential Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {308-314}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {308}, abstract = {

Aims: This study aimed to obtain the stem extract of Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f \& Thomson through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The extract{\textquoteright}s potential as an anti-gout. Results: The yield of crude ethanol extract of Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f \& Thomson obtained from the UAE process ranged from 4.49\% to 10.60\%. The phytochemical test results of Tinospora crispa stem extract contain saponins, tannins and alkaloids. Extract C was treated for 45 minutes and had an amplitude of 60\% with a total phenolic content of 981.37 {\textpm} 0.7 mg/L and a reduction of uric acid level of 53.22 {\textpm} 0.1\%. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the Tinospora crispa stem from the UAE has the potential as a source of anti-gout.

}, keywords = {Anti-gout potential activity, Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f \& Thomson Stem, total phenolic content, Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.39}, author = {Maman Sukiman and Candra Irawan and Ismail and Imalia Dwi Putri and Andita Utami and Avisani Dewanta and Wira Aditia Septian} } @article {1328, title = {Ethnomedicinal Knowledge Verification for the Antidiarrheal and Antioxidant Effects of Rhus chinensis Mill. Fruits with Identification of Thirty Constituents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {37-43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Background: Ethnobotanical survey in the rural villages in Nepal revealed that the fruits of Rhus chinensis Mill. have been using for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery. Objective: To evaluate antimicrobial and antioxidant effects, and identification of chemical constituents in the fruits of R. chinensis. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical screening was performed on the hexane and 70\% methanolic extracts of the sample followed by gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS). Total phenolic content (TPC) was estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu method. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity. Antibacterial effect was estabilished by the Agar well diffusion assay. Results: A total of 30 compounds belonging to phenolics, anhydrides, aldehydes, fatty acids and hydrocarbons were identified in the extracts. The TPC value of 123.52{\textpm}1.29 mg GAE/g dry extract was estimated. IC50 value of 135.54{\textpm}0.82 μg/mL was calculated in DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Scavenging of 42.69{\textpm}0.1\% DPPH free radical and 63.20{\textpm}1.48\% hydrogen peroxide at 100 μg/mL concentration of 70\% methanolic extract were estimated. The maximum zone of inhibition (ZOI) observed was 23.00{\textpm}0.57 mm against Escherichia coli at loading dose of 5 mg of the extract. Conclusion: All together 30 compounds were identified in the fruits. The extracts efficiently inhibited the growth of E. coli and Shigella dysenteriae verifying the rural knowledge. At the same time, the extracts displayed efficient antioxidant activity. The phytochemicals identified were responsible for these activities.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial susceptibility assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay, GC-MS, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.6}, author = {Chandra Mohini Nemkul and Gan B Bajracharya and Hayato Maeda and Ila Shrestha} } @article {1284, title = {Determination of Polyphenolic content and Antioxidant Activity from Various Extracts of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn Root: An in vitro Approach for Selection of Appropriate Extracting Solvent}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1578-1585}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1578}, abstract = {

Objective: This study is aimed to evaluate extraction capacity of different solvents (toluene, dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, water, 60\% aqueous methanol, 60\% aqueous ethanol and 60\% aqueous acetone) and its effect on total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant assay. Methods: Extraction was performed from dried root powder of Boerhavia diffusa using various solvents at 25oC on magnetic sirr (300 rpm). Extraction yield, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and total tannin content of the extracts were determined spectrophotometrically using gallic acid, quercetin as standards. Antioxidant potential determines by using various in vitro methodologies such as DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assay. Result: The 60\% aqueous methanol showed the highest extracting yield, in contrast, toluene and hexane showed the lowest yield. Highest total phenolic content (239.8{\textpm}0.25 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (131.1{\textpm}4.20 mg QCE/g), were found from methanolic extract. While, acetone extract showed highest tannin content. The Methanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. Conclusions: The highest correlation was found between phenolic content and the antioxidant assay. It seems that phenolic contents are responsible for free radicle scavenging activity. From the observation, it concluded that methanolic extract rich with polyphenolic content and acetone extract showed the highest amount of tannin content.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Boerhavia diffusa, crude extract, DPPH, Free radicles, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.216}, author = {Monika Bhalodiya and Jayant Chavda and Nilesh Patel and Ravi Manek and Ajay Patel and Sheetal Faldu} } @article {1094, title = {Wound Healing Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Selaginella Bryopteris on Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {335-341}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {335}, abstract = {

The objective of the present study was to determine wound healing activity of ethanolic extract of Selaginella bryopteris on rats. The whole plant of S. bryopteris Linn. was collected from Andhra Pradesh, India and extraction was done using ethanol. GC-MS analysis was performed to determine active metabolites present in the extract followed by determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents. In vivo wound healing activity of ethanolic extract was evaluated using excision wound model. The extract was applied topically on animals by preparing ointment in two concentrations (5\% and 10\%) where soframycin (10\%) was taken as positive control. Antioxidant activity of S. bryopteris extract was observed by measuring oxidative enzymatic levels i.e. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), reduced Glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in animal tissues. Histopathological studies of excised skin were carried out after the experimental period. The contraction rate of the wound was higher and dose-dependent in rats treated with 5\% and 10 \% ointment of extract in comparison to untreated control group. The drug treated groups showed recovery phase and the percentage of healing was more in 10\% at the end of experimental period. Results exhibited sufficient insights on the healing process with normal recovery stages and restored oxidative enzymatic levels. Histopathological findings provided additional positive results; the dermis with proliferating capillaries and skeletal muscle were replaced by cellular fibrous tissue and collagen fibers. Overall, the results showed that ethanolic extract of S.bryopteris was an interesting traditional agent that possess significant wound healing activity.

}, keywords = {Flavonoid content, Oxidative stress, Selaginellabryopteris, total phenolic content, Wound Excision Model}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.53}, author = {Shravan Kumar Paswan and Sajal Srivastava and Chandana Venkateswara Rao} } @article {939, title = {Anti-Elastase Activity of Rumput Teki (Cyperus rotundus L.) Rhizome Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {754-758}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {754}, abstract = {

Objective: Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) often trigger the activation of elastase to degrade the elastin, an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein that provides resilience and elasticity of the skin. Therefore, the inhibition of elastase could reduce the wrinkles formation in the skin. Rumput teki (Cyperus rotundus L.) is used empirically to increase the skin elasticity but the scientific justification was still limited. This study aimed to determine the activity of Cyperus rotundus L (CyR) in inhibiting the elastase activity. Methods: Extraction of CyR was performed by maceration method using 70\% ethanol. The inhibition percentage and IC50 were determined by the colorimetric method using porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) and N-Succ-(Ala)3-p- nitroanilide (SANA) as substrate. Phytochemical screening, determination of Total Phenolic content (TPC), and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) were also performed to calculate the level of phenolic and flavonoid content in the sample. Results: The extract of CyR rhizomes contained TPC and TFC of 62.72 mgGAE/g and 10.72 mgEQ/g extract respectively and showed an inhibitory activity on elastase with IC50 of 178.72 μg/mL, smaller than IC50 of quercetin as reference drug (200.00 μg/mL). Conclusion: This finding suggested that extract of CyR rhizomes could be used as elastase inhibitor but the further research still needs to be developed.

}, keywords = {Cyperus rotundus L., Elastase, Skin ageing, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.119}, author = {Isni Rizqi Putri and Rosita Handayani and Berna Elya} } @article {847, title = {Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitor Activities of Ethanol Extracts of Brown Seaweed (Turbinaria conoides) as Lightening Ingredient}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {379-382}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {379}, abstract = {

Background: Turbinaria conoides is one of abundant brown macroalgae in Indonesian oceans contains phenolic derivatives. Phloroglucinol is a multifunctional phenolic derivative in brown algae. Phloroglucinol has been known to have activity inhibitor tyrosinase, because phloroglucinol is copper chelating agent. The antioxidant and the tyrosinase inhibitor activities are parameters of the skin lightening active ingredient. The mechanism of tyrosinase inhibitors is to decrease skin pigmentation by inhibit the catalytic steps of the enzyme to the pigmentation associated with melanin production in the pathway of melanogenesis. Antioxidant activity protects skin against oxidative stress mediated by UVR. Numerous report have determine phenolic compound of T. conoides as antioxidant but none is reported as tyrosinase inhibitor. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the activities of T. conoides as antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor. Methods: Turbinaria conoides were extracted with ethanol with different concentration (30\%, 50\% and 70\%) by maceration method. Crude ethanolic extracts of T. conoides were determined its total phenolic content, antioxidant activity (DPPH) and tyrosinase inhibitor. Results: E50 showed the highest total phenolic content (27.63{\textpm}1.05 mg PGE/g extract). Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor activities of E50 showed IC50 value of 215.96 μg/mL and 188.85 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of Turbinaria conoides is potential as antioxidant agent and tyrosinase inhibitor.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Lightening agent, Phloroglucinol, total phenolic content, Turbinaria conoides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.58}, author = {Diani Mega Sari and Effionora Anwar and Nurjanah and Ayun Erwina Arifianti} } @article {1018, title = {Comparative Antioxidant Activities of Selected Apiaceous Plants Using EPR Technique}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1359-1364}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1359}, abstract = {

Introduction: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a unique technique able to identify and quantify free radicals in the complex biological matrices. In this study, free radical scavenging activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of fruits, shoots and roots of dill and parsley was examined using EPR technique, in addition to the determination of their contents of total polyphenols (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC). Method: The hydroxyl anion scavenging activity (HASA) of the tested extracts was determined using EPR spin trapping technique and hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system generating (O{\textbullet}-2). The TPC and TFC were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric assays. Results: Both aqueous shoot of dill (ADSh) and methanol root of parsley (MPR) demonstrated the strongest inhibition of HASA. On the contrary, the aqueous extract of dill fruit at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml was found to be pro-oxidant (49.43 \%), but at 10 mg/ml demonstrated potent inhibition of HASA (98.12 \%). TPC was found to be the highest in the methanol extract of parsley fruit (MPF, 88.62 {\textpm} 0.6 mg GAE/g) and the lowest in MPR (4.34 {\textpm} 0.050 mg GAE/g). On the other hand, TFC was the highest in MPF (584.29 {\textpm} 2.10 mg GAE/g) and the lowest in the methanol extract of dill fruit (MDF, 1.28 {\textpm} 0.02 mg rutin/g). Conclusion: In this study, EPR provided a direct insight that all tested apiaceous plants extracts showed effective HASA except two extracts that proved to be pro-oxidant at 0.5 mg/mL This study confirmed that there is no correlation between antioxidant potential and TPC and TFC.

}, keywords = {Anethum graveolans, Free Radicals, Petroselinum crispum, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.210}, author = {Ayat M Emad and Sherifa F Ali and Meselhy R Meselhy and Essam A Sattar} } @article {1023, title = {Inhibitory Effects of Sangketan (Achyranthes aspera L.) Roots Extract on Arginase Activity and Determination of Its Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1231-1234}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1231}, abstract = {

Background: Achyranthes aspera, or commonly called as Sangketan in Indonesian is a wild plant that is used as a traditional medicine. The roots of Sangketan can be used as a wound healer by involving the role of arginine and its metabolites, nitric oxide, that directly affect the wound healing process itself. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the potential of Sangketan roots extract in inhibiting arginase activity. Methods: The roots were extracted using multistage ultrasound-assisted extraction method with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol solvent. Each extract from different solvents was tested for the inhibition of arginase activity using a microplate-based colorimetric method, followed by determination of total phenolic concentration and total flavonoid concentration. Results: The results of inhibition test of arginase activity by n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts were 9.56; 17.58; and 29.77\% sequentially/respectively at concentration of 100 μg/ml; the total phenolic concentration were 3.91; 4.83; dan 11.18 mgGAE/g of sample respectively; and the total flavonoid concentration are 0.29; 0.80; and 0.88 mgQE/g of sample respectively. Conclusion: From this research, it can be concluded that Sangketan roots extract had low potency of arginase inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {Achyranthes aspera, Arginase, Inhibitory effect, Sangketan, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.191}, author = {Dieah Siti Rahmawati and Berna Elya and Arikadia Noviani} } @article {807, title = {Microscopic Characters, Phytochemical Screening Focus on Alkaloid and Total Phenolic Content of Uncaria gambir Roxb. and Uncaria sclerophylla Roxb. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {119-123}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {119}, abstract = {

Objective: Uncaria gambir Roxb. and Uncaria sclerophylla Roxb. are medicinal plants widely grown in Indonesia. Genus Uncaria is well known for catechin content that has potent antioxidant activity. Uncaria also was reported containing alkaloid that has antihypertensive action. This study aims to provide microscopic characters and phytochemical profiles associated with the phenolic and alkaloid compounds contained in these two species of Uncaria. Methods: Microscopic characteristics were performed on fresh leaf samples using a microscope. Presence of alkaloids from ethanol and chloroform extract of U. gambir and U. sclerophylla leaf were performed using Dragendorff reagents. Thin Layer Chromatography profile was developed in the mobile phase that consisted of acetone: chloroform (8:2). Total Phenolic Content was determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method using microplate reader spectroscopically at λ = 765 nm. Results: Microscopy of U. gambir leaf revealed the presence of vascular bundle fragment, oil fragments, parenchyma cells, midrib transverse-section and lower epidermis with paracytic stomata. Whereas in U. sclerophylla can be observed midrib transverse-section and lower epidermis unicellular with trichomes. Both U. gambir and U. sclerophylla positively contain alkaloids. Chloroform extract showed the presence of alkaloids while ethanolic extracts showed negative results. The TLC profile shows the presence of catechin compound in the ethanolic extract, whereas in the chloroform extract does not show the presence of catechin. The total phenolic content of U. gambir and U. sclerophylla leaf ethanolic extract and chloroform extract was 7.309; 5.734 and 0.437; 0.161 mg of gallic acid equivalents each gram sample, respectively. Conclusion: Microscopic characteristics, TLC and phytochemicals obtained can be used for the authentication of Uncaria gambir Roxb. and Uncaria sclerophylla Roxb leaf.

}, keywords = {Microscopic Characters, Phytocemical Screening, Thin Layer Chromatoghraphy, total phenolic content, Uncaria gambir, Uncaria sclerophylla}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.20}, author = {Aditya Sindu Sakti and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {790, title = {Total Phenolic Contents, Quercetin Determination and Anti Elastase Activity of Melastoma malabathricum L. Leaves Extract from Different Method of Extractions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {124-128}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Objective: Leaves of M. malabathricum has been detected to contain quercetin and other phenolic contents. Quercetin has been proven to have elastase inhibitory activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of extraction method on total phenolic and quercetin contents as well as elastase inhibitory activity of M. malabathricum leaves extracts. Methods: Leaves powder was extracted by two conventional methods, maceration and reflux. Two different concentrations of ethanol were used as a solvent, 70 and 96\% ethanol. Leaves were also defatted with chloroform before further extraction. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and quercetin content was determined by using the high-performance liquid chromatography method. Elastase inhibitor activity of leaves extract was determined on human neutrophil elastase in vitro. Results: Generally, 96\% ethanol obtained higher total phenolic and quercetin content than 70\% ethanol. However, defatted extract of 70\% ethanol contained higher total phenolic content than defatted 96\% ethanol. The highest elastase inhibitory activity of the sample was obtained from 70\% ethanol extract with the value of 89.50\% at 200 ppm, which is no significant difference compared to quercetin with the value of 93.86\%. Conclusion: Extraction methods and different concentration of solvents affect the total phenolic and quercetin contents of the extracts. M. malabathricum leaves have potential effect as anti-elastase as well as quercetin, where the anti-elastase activity of M. malabathricum leaves is not only due to quercetin.

}, keywords = {Anti-Elastase, Extraction methods, Melastoma malabathricum L., Quercetin, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.21}, author = {Thia Amalia and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Silvia Surini} } @article {721, title = {Effects of Food Processing on Resveratrol and Total Phenolic Content in Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1096-1100}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1096}, abstract = {

Objective: Trans-resveratrol is a phenolic compound in the stilbene group present in Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seeds. In Indonesia, these seeds are consumed by roasting, frying (i.e., emping), and boiling. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of food processing on trans-resveratrol and total phenolic compound levels in melinjo seeds. Methods: Melinjo seed was roasted at 145oC for 10 and 20 min, boiled at 100oC for 5, 15, and 30 min, and fried at 160-170oC for 2 and 4 min. Samples were refluxed with 96\% ethanol. The determination of trans-resveratrol levels was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method. Results: Based on the results, it was found that trans-resveratrol and total phenolic content levels in Melinjo powder decreased from 36\% to 10\% (trans-resveratrol) and 15\% to 4\% (total phenolic) after 20 min of roasting, and in fried empings, it decreased 60\%, 68\%, and 92\% (trans-resveratrol) and 41\%, 45\%, 97\% (total phenolic) after 5, 15, and 30 min of boiling, respectively. Conclusion: There were significant changes in trans-resveratrol levels and total phenolic content in Melinjo seeds before and after various cooking processes (i.e., roasting, boiling, and frying).

}, keywords = {Food processing, Gnetum gnemon L., Melinjo seeds, Resveratrol levels, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.186}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Desta Andriyani and Christoper Gunawan and Nisrina Dhiah Fauziah and Sutriyo Sutriyo and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {509, title = {High Antioxidant and Phenolic Contents Related to Antibacterial Activity against Gastrointestinal Pathogenic Bacteria of Some Thai Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {341-348}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {341}, abstract = {

Objective: Thai medicinal plants were used as the traditional medicines and as part of everyday plants diet. Plants contain a mixture of phytochemical and exhibit a lot of functional food and medicinal properties. This project aims to investigate the potential of selected Thai medicinal plants according to the properties of their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Methods: The eighteen plants were extracted using maceration method with 95\% ethanol. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and FRAP assay. The total phenolic content was evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar disc diffusion method. The extract which exhibited high antioxidant and antibacterial activity was selected to observe morphological changes by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: The extract of Caesalpinia sappan showed the highest activities on both antioxidant assayed by FRAP method and total phenolic contents, however, exhibited high antioxidant assayed by DPPH compared to Bauhinia strychnifolia extract. Moreover, the extract of C. sappan showed the excellent antibacterial activities against six pathogenic bacteria in Gastro-intestinal tract. The morphological change by SEM was selected for further investigation antibacterial activities of C. sappan extract. The results showed that the inhibitory effect to those bacterial strains could be caused by the disruption of the cell membrane and decrease biofilm formation after treatment with the extract. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of C. sappan exhibited strong antioxidant and antibacterial activities against the six pathogenic bacteria. This result suggested that C. sappan could be applied to use for medicinal purpose and functional products.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, Caesalpinia sappan, Scanning electron microscope, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.58}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/488}, author = {Parichat Phalanisong and Kanit Vichitphan and Jaehong Han and Sukanda Vichitphan} } @article {691, title = {Optimization of Extraction Condition to Obtain Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Seagrass Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Asch from Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {958-962}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {958}, abstract = {

Background: Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Asch is one of the commonly found seagrasses spread over the coast of Indonesia and has not been utilized. Previous studies have reported its potency as an antioxidant, however, studies on optimal extraction conditions using ethanol as a solvent to obtain higher antioxidant activity are still limited. Objective: The purpose of this study is to optimize the extraction condition for obtaining the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of the seagrass T. hemprichii. In an addition, percentage yield of extract was also evaluated. Methods: In this study, factorial design with independent factors of ethanol concentrations (50\%, 70\%, and 100\%), the use of HCl 1 N (Yes/No), and temperature (300C, 600C) was developed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significance of the above factors towards antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. The antioxidant activity was evaluated with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and the total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. Results: The highest antioxidant activity (IC50=83.48 \μg/mL) was shown in sample R1 (extracted with 50\% ethanol, added with HCl 1 N, and 600C). The sample was also showed total phenolic content 41.03 mg GAE per gram and 22\% yield extract. Among the factors examined, the used of HCl 1 N showed the most significant effect to the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content, with the p-value of 0.048 and 0.034 respectively (p\<0.05). Conclusion: This extraction condition can be applied to obtain higher antioxidant activity and total phenolic content from the plant.

}, keywords = {DPPH, Factorial design, Thalassia hemprichii, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.162}, author = {Nely Suryani Nopi and Effionora Anwar and Tati Nurhayati} } @article {483, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Total Flavonoid and Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Parts of Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {123-127}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {123}, abstract = {

Background: Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb are traditionally used in Indonesia to treat various diseases, but still limited study about different part of this plant. Objective: The aim of this study was to screen the phytochemicals, to evaluate the total flavonoid and total phenolic contents as well as antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of root, stem, leaves, and seed kernel of C. bonduc. Methods: Each part of plant were extracted by reflux using 70\% ethanol as the solvent for 2 h and repeated 3 times. Total flavonoid content was determined by aluminium chloride colorimetric assay on 415 nm. Total phenolic content was determined with Folin-Ciocalteu 1:4 on 765 nm using microplate reader. Antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenger methods. Results: Phytochemical screening showed that all of samples positively contain flavonoid and saponin. Total flavonoid content was the highest in leaf and the lowest in root whereas total phenols content was highest in leaf and the lowest in seed kernel. The crude extracts displayed DPPH free radical scavenging activity with highest value in leaf extract followed by root, stem, and seed kernel. Conclusion: The 70\% ethanol leaf extract of C. bonduc showed the highest yield, total flavonoid content and total phenolic content among other parts investigated. Moreover, leaf extract has highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (79.802 g/ml) which could be related to its higher phenolic content.

}, keywords = {Caesalpinia bonduc, DPPH, Phytochemical screening, total flavonoid, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.22}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/408}, author = {Elin Novia Sembiring and Berna Elya and Rani Sauriasari} } @article {771, title = {Total Phenolic Content and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Potential of Extracts from Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s109-s112}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s109}, abstract = {

Background: Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (Fabaceae) is a legume plant which used for human food and animal feed. Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate total phenolic content and tyrosinase inhibitory potential of the root, stem and seed parts of C. cajan. Method: Crude extracts were prepared by reflux extraction using methanol, dichloromethane and water as solvents. Total phenolic contents of the obtained extracts were analyzed by Folin- Ciocalteu colorimetric method and the inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity was determined spectrophotometrically. Results: The results revealed that dichloromethane seed extract had more total phenolic content than those of methanol and water seed extracts, respectively. Dichloromethane seed extract had the highest total phenolic content of 92.00 \± 1.24 mg GAE/ g extracts. However, the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity was found in the root methanol extract with IC50 of 3.55 \± 0.35 mg/ml. Conclusion: Type of extraction solvent was an important factor on phenolic contents of C. cajan extracts. The extracts of C. cajan inhibit slightly tyrosinase inhibitory.

}, keywords = {Cajanus cajan, Dichloromethane seed extract, Root methanol extract, total phenolic content, Tyrosinase inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.21}, author = {Prasob-on Rinthong and Suthira Maneechai} } @article {376, title = {GC-MS Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Bauhinia nakhonphanomensis Leaf Ethanolic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {663-667}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {663}, abstract = {

Context: Bauhinia nakhonphanomensis Chatan. A new species that is endemic to Thailand. Aims: Leaves of B. nakhonphanomensis were extracted and the extract was used in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to evaluate the total phenols, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity. Methods: The extract of B. nakhonphanomensis was analyzed by GC-MS. Quantitative analysis for total phenols was done by the Folin-Ciocatteu method and for total flavonoids by the aluminium chloride method. The antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract was evaluated by the DPPH method. Results: GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 19 phytochemical constituents. These compounds were identified by comparing their retention times and peak areas with those from the literature and by interpretation of the mass spectra. The major chemical constituents were inositol (48.55 \%), alpha-tocopherol (12.21 \%) and phenol (6.61 \%). Total phenolic content was 48.69\±0.56 mg/100 of Gallic acid equivalent (GE). The total flavonoid contentwas 10539\± 6.14 mg/100 of quercetin equivalent (QE). Antioxidant activity was 17.07\±0.24 \μg/100 of ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC).Conclusion: These findings are the first report and suggest that the rich phytochemical content of B. nakhonphanomensis has good antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Bauhinia Nakhonphanomensis, GC-MS, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.105}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.105/index.html}, author = {Wilawan Promprom and Wannachai Chatan} } @article {161, title = {Quality Control standardization of Wild Himalayan Pear: Pyrus pashia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {352-360}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {352}, abstract = {

Introduction: To establish the pharmacognostical and phytochemical standardization parameters of Pyrus pashia fruits in order to ensure quality and safety of this traditionally acclaimed medicinal tree. Methods: The fresh fruits of P. pashia were collected and dried. Fruit was subjected to various pharmacognostical investigations, Extraction procedures, and preliminary phytochemical screening, according to WHO guidelines. Ethanolic extract was standardized to total phenolic and flavonoid content, followed by phytochemical quantification of P. pashia extract using lupeol as a chemical marker by HPLC method. Results: In the present study, microscopy of the fruit showed typical characteristics of berry, having thick fleshy pericarp differentiated into thin epicarp and thick mesocarp having wide radiating carpel chambers with one or two seeds attached in axile placentum. Further, physicochemical evaluation was done like, loss on drying, total ash value, acid insoluble ash value, water soluble ash value, fluorescence analysis etc. Heavy metal and pesticide residue analysis was also performed. Furthermore, ethanolic extract of Pyrus pashia (EPP) obtained from cold maceration and phytochemical screening of different fractions obtained by liquid partitioning revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites such as glycosides, steroids, triterpenoids, phenols flavonoids etc. Moreover, the total phenolic content and total analysis revealed that fruits are rich source of phenols and flavonoid. The HPLC chromatogram suggested that EPP contained 4.24\% w/w of lupeol. Conclusion: Pharmacognostical and phytochemical investigation will ensure quality and safety of this medicinal plant, furthermore HPLC quantification will aid in authentication and development of monograph.

}, keywords = {HPLC., Lupeol, Pyrus pashia, standardization, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.8}, author = {Siva Hemalatha and Priyanka Sharma and Satyendra Kuldip Prasad} } @article {35, title = {Comparative analysis of phenolic contents and total antioxidant capacity of Moringa oleifera Lam}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {44-51}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Introduction: Accumulation of reactive species higher than permissible limits in biological systems may lead to various degenerative disorders due to oxidative damage. Materials and Methods: Oxidation is a serious concern faced by the food industry causing deterioration of shelved-food quality. Antioxidant compounds like polyphenolics scavenge such free radicals and thus protect against oxidative stress. Consumption of polyphenol-rich plants as dietary component confers protection against such cellular damage. Results: Present study explores antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of different extracts prepared from various parts of Moringa oleifera Lam. Higher TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity was shown by methanolic extracts followed by aqueous, petroleum benzene and chloroform extracts.The present study suggests that all the extracts might act as radical scavengers to certain extent possibly due to presence of polyphenolic compounds. Conclusion: M. oleifera exhibits strong antioxidant activity and could serve as prospective source of natural antioxidants to food and health industries.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, oxidation., sequential extract, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.5}, author = {Swati Vyas and Sumita Kachhwaha and S. L. Kothari} } @article {64, title = {Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical evaluation of Ventilago calyculata Tul. (Bark)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {271-275}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {271}, abstract = {

Background: Ventilago calyculata Tul. (\‘kevati\’), is found throughout India as climbing shrub. It is widely used in various traditional system of medicine. Objective: In the present work pharmacognostical standardization has been developed for the systematic identification of the bark of Ventilago calyculata. Phenols and flavonoids were also quantified. Materials and Methods: Morphological, microscopical and phytochemical studies were performed. Various physicochemical parameters conforming the identity, quality, purity of the bark. The quantity of phenols and flavonoids were estimated. Results: The bark was oval, brownish yellow, bitter with characteristic odour and rough texture. The microscopical studies revealed the presence of cork with brownish contents, crimson inner cork, collenchyma, cellulosic parenchyma with cuboidal calcium oxalate crystals and schlereids. The total ash value, acid insoluble ash value and water soluble ash values of stem bark were found to be 15\% w/w, 3.4\% w/w and 11.6\% w/w respectively. The percentage yields, total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content of the petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts were 2.77\% w/w, 2.66\% w/w, 3.8\% w/w, 5.8\% w/w, 11.0\% w/w; 2.16 \± 0.04, 4.16 \± 1.04, 9.12 \± 1.14, 7.16\±1.16, 1.16 \±1.02 mg/g (gallic acid equivalent) and 4.5 \± 0.55, 8.20 \± 1.12, 10.1 \± 0. 26, 6.5 \± 1.3, 0.66 \± 1.13 mg/g (rutin equivalent) respectively. Conclusion: There was a need to evaluate the extracts of the plant in order to provide scientific proof for its application and to explore the possibility of treating various diseases and disorders. Literature review indicates that very less work has been done on this plant and there is a wide scope for investigation.

}, keywords = {standardization, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, Ventilago denticulata Willd, Ventilago madraspatana var. calyculata (Tul.) King.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.3}, author = {Shweta Kumar and Balakrishnan Natarajan and Lakshmi Puthanparambil Kanakamma and Toppo Fedelic Ashish and Rajesh Singh Pawar} } @article {1455, title = {Pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of Ventilago calyculata Tul. (Bark)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {1-1}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background:Ventilago calyculata Tul. (\‘kevati\’), is found throughout India as climbing shrub. It is widely used in various traditional system of medicine. Objective: In the present work pharmacognostical standardization has been developed for the systematic identification of the bark of Ventilago calyculata. Phenols and flavonoids were also quantified. Materials and Methods: Morphological, microscopical and phytochemical studies were performed. Various physicochemical parameters conforming the identity, quality, purity of the bark. The quantity of phenols and flavonoids were estimated. Results: The bark was oval, brownish yellow, bitter with characteristic odour and rough texture. The microscopical studies revealed the presence of cork with brownish contents, crimson inner cork, collenchyma, cellulosic parenchyma with cuboidal calcium oxalate crystals and schlereids. The total ash value, acid insoluble ash value and water soluble ash values of stem bark were found to be 15\% w/w, 3.4\% w/w and 11.6\% w/w respectively. The percentage yields, total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content of the petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts were 2.77\% w/w, 2.66\% w/w, 3.8\% w/w, 5.8\% w/w, 11.0\% w/w; 2.16 \± 0.04, 4.16 \± 1.04, 9.12 \± 1.14, 7.16\±1.16, 1.16\±1.02 mg/g (gallic acid equivalent) and 4.5 \± 0.55, 8.20 \± 1.12, 10.1 \± 0. 26, 6.5 \± 1.3, 0.66 \± 1.13 mg/g (rutin equivalent) respectively. Conclusion: There was a need to evaluate the extracts of the plant in order to provide scientific proof for its application and to explore the possibility of treating various diseases and disorders. Literature review indicates that very less work has been done on this plant and there is a wide scope for investigation.

Key Words: Standardization, Total flavonoid content, Total phenolic content, Ventilago denticulata Willd, Ventilago madraspatana var. calyculata (Tul.) King.

}, keywords = {standardization, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, Ventilago denticulata Willd, Ventilago madraspatana var. calyculata (Tul.) King.}, author = {Kumar Shweta and Balakrishnan N and Lakshmi P. K and Toppo F. A and Toppo F. A and Pawar RS} } @article {1517, title = {Comparative analysis of phenolic contents and total antioxidant capacity of Moringa oleifera Lam.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {44-51}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Introduction: Accumulation of reactive species higher than permissible limits in biological systems may lead to various degenerative disorders due to oxidative damage. Materials and Methods: Oxidation is a serious concern faced by the food industry causing deterioration of shelved-food quality. Antioxidant compounds like polyphenolics scavenge such free radicals and thus protect against oxidative stress. Consumption of polyphenol-rich plants as dietary component confers protection against such cellular damage. Present study explores antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of different extracts prepared from various parts of Moringa oleifera Lam. Results: Higher TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity was shown by methanolic extracts followed by aqueous, petroleum benzene and chloroform extracts. The present study suggests that all the extracts might act as radical scavengers to certain extent possibly due to presence of polyphenolic compounds. Conclusion: M. oleifera exhibits strong antioxidant activity and could serve as prospective source of natural antioxidants to food and health industries.

Key words:\  Antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, sequential extract, oxidation.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, oxidation, sequential extract, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, author = {Swati Vyas and Sumita Kachhwah and S.L. Kothari} }