@article {2228, title = {Evaluation of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, Insulin, glucose, HbA1c\% and HOMA-IR as Predictors for Cardiovascular Diseases in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {195-201}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {195}, abstract = {

Objective: Comparison of the blood level of TNFα in patients with and without type 2 diabetes who have cardiovascular diseases. Examine the connection between the amount of serum TNFα and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes who have cardiovascular diseases. Method: The present study included 60 patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) with a mean age of 56.02{\textpm}1.395 years and an age range of (40 - 80)years and 60 patients with cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (CVD and DM) with a mean age of 59.20{\textpm}1.478 and an age range of (40-80) years, Who visited Al-Basrah Teaching Hospital in Basrah. in addition, the study included 60 healthy controls mean age of healthy control subjects was 54.72{\textpm}1.405years. All patients in this study were diagnosed by specialized doctors and the diagnosis was verified by clinical and laboratory tests, during the period from September 2022 to September 2023. All Subjects signed a written informed consent form. The BMI was calculated as body weight (kg) and was divided by squared height in meters. Results: The results of this study showed an increase in the level of glucose, haemoglobin A1c\%, insulin, and HOMA IR (in CVD and DM patients as compared with DM patients and control and there was a significant difference in concentrations among study groups (p-value \<0.0001). Also, The results of this study showed an increase in the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in CVD and DM patients as compared with DM and control and there was a significant difference in concentrations of TNFα among study groups (p-value \<0.0001). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, it can be inferred that TNFα and HbA1c have the potential to serve as practical and straightforward indicators for predicting the coexistence of insulin resistance, dysglycemia, and Cardiovascular Diseases in seemingly healthy individuals within the young (\<50 years) Al-Basra community.

}, keywords = {Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes Mellitus and Inflammation, HOMA-IR, Insulin, TNFα}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.27}, author = {Haider Nasser Jabber and Bassem Charfeddine and Hamed Jaddoa Abbas} } @article {1901, title = {Effects of Acalypha indica L. Extract on Inflammatory Response in The Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: An Overview of TLR9, NFκB and TNFα Expression in Hepatocytes and Macrophages of Sprague-Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {710-719}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {710}, abstract = {

Background: Complications of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) include 67\% of the criteria for metabolic syndrome. Acalypha indica L., (AI) which is one of a herbal plant had been known as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The effect of AI for therapy investigated by looking of the immune defense mechanisms. This researched was assessed by molecular docking approached on TLR9, NFκB, TNFα expression and liver morphological changes. Methods: Animal models of steatohepatitis were collected from high-fructose and cholesterol diet (HFCD) of Sprague-Dawley rats for 12 weeks and followed by therapy for 8 weeks. There were 5 groups from twenty five researched rats, include normal group (K1), HFCD group (K2), HFCD group supplemented with 400 mg Acalypha indica L. (K3), combination between 400 mg AI+Gemfibrozil (Gem) 31 mg (K4) and Gem 31 mg/kg (K5) in kgBW, respectively. Results: The results of molecular docking were carried out by assessing the interaction between hydrogen molecules of AI compounds and amino acid residues in TLR9, NFκB, TNFα. Morphological changes were assessed by scoring system. Statistical analyzed used Kruskall Wallis with post hoc Mann Whitney test continued by Spearman correlation test. Conclusion: The molecular docking analysis showed that, an alkaloid compounds were found besides the flavonoid compounds that can bind to the binding pocket of inflammatory markers with the best binding energies. Other compounds, there are dasycarpidan-1- methanol, acetate (ester), fenofibrate and quinine. Supplementation of AI would reduced hypertrophy (p=0.031), macrovesicular steatosis (p=0.018), inflammation foci (p=0.005) and also decreased of TLR9 (p=0.009), NFκB (p=0.009), TNFα (p=0.009) expression, but not as good as the combination of AI+Gem.

}, keywords = {Acalypha indica L., NAFLD, NFκB, TLR9, TNFα}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.158}, author = {Novianti Supriatna and Nurjati Chairani Siregar and Erni Hernawati Purwaningsih and Linda Erlina} } @article {1176, title = {Anti-Inflammation of Soursop Leaves (Annona muricata L.) Against Hemorrhoids in Mice Induced by Croton Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {784-792}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {784}, abstract = {

Background: Hemorrhoids are rectoanal venous plexus swelling that causes inflammation, pain, and bleeding. Plants with phenolic compounds are known to improve venous tone and anti-inflammation. Soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) known contain phenolic compounds and have been used to cure inflammation. However, studies on anti-inflammatory soursop leaves for hemorrhoids are still limited. Objective: This study aims to analyze the effect of Soursop Leaves Ethanol Extract (SLEE) on the histopathological features and expression of COX-2 and TNFα in rectoanal tissue. Methods: Swiss mice 20 weeks induced 3 times with 6\% croton oil through the anus. SLEE doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/Kg and aspirin as a positive control were given orally for 7 days. Histopathological examination of the rectoanal tissue of mice was assessed by counting cell necrosis, inflammation, vasodilation, and edema using hematoxylin-eosin. Positive cells expressing COX-2 and TNFα were counted on inflammatory epithelial cells using immunohistochemistry. Results: Administration of SLEE at all doses showed different levels of inflammation, necrosis, vasodilatation and edema in histopathology of rectoanal tissue P \<0.00. All three doses of SLEE show significant anti-inflammatory effects on hemorrhoidal tissue. SLEE doses of 200, 400 mg/Kg significantly decreased COX-2 P \<0.05 compared to negative controls, and SLEE doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/Kg significantly decreased TNFα P \<0.05 compared to negative controls. Conclusions: SLEE can reduce inflammation and has the potential to be developed as a natural remedy for hemorrhoids.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata, COX-2, Croton oil, Hemorrhoid, TNFα}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.112}, author = {Nurul Qurrota Ayun and Kusmardi and Nurhuda and Berna Elya} }