@article {2590, title = {Oral Acute Toxicity Study of Aqueous Extract of Chaihu Shugan Tang Modified with Adenosma Bracteosum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {January 2026}, pages = {47-54}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {47}, abstract = {

Background: The aqueous extract of Chaihu Shugan Tang combined with Adenosma bracteosum (CAE) has been suggested to exhibit low hepatotoxic potential with enzyme modulation and may support the treatment of hepatobiliary diseases. However, data on its acute toxicity remain limited. Objectives: To determine the acute toxicity of the CAE aqueous extract in mice. Materials and methods: Mice were divided into seven groups: one control group and six experimental groups receiving increasing doses of the extract (8{\textendash}64 g/kg body weight). Acute toxicity was assessed using the Litchfield{\textendash}Wilcoxon method by monitoring mortality and adverse reactions. Hematological and biochemical parameters, as well as histopathological examinations of the liver, kidneys, and spleen, were compared between the experimental and control groups. Results: At the highest tested dose (64 g/kg body weight), no mortality was observed. Body weight, hematological parameters, and renal biochemical indices showed no significant abnormalities (p \> 0.05). However, liver biochemical indices in groups receiving 30.4{\textendash}64 g/ kg differed significantly from the control group (p \< 0.05). Histopathological examination revealed no signs of damage or pathological changes in the liver, kidneys, or spleen. Conclusions: The CAE aqueous extract did not cause acute toxicity in mice at doses up to 64 g/kg body weight. Further subchronic and chronic toxicity studies are required to comprehensively assess its long-term safety.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Adenosma bracteosum, Chaihu Shugan Tang}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2026.18.116}, author = {Thi My Dung Tran and Chi Nhan Ton and Thi Thu Tran and Thi Gai Le and Minh Hoang Le} } @article {2539, title = {Acute Oral Toxicity Evaluation of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Salvia Officinalis Roots in Wistar Rats as per OECD 423 TG}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {577-582}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {577}, abstract = {

Background: In this study, we assessed the hydroalcoholic root extract of Salvia officinalis oral acute toxicity investigation using an animal model. Methods: The investigation of acute oral toxicity was conducted using OECD 423 guidelines. The Institutional Animal Ethics Committee approved the study (IAEC). A single oral dose of Salvia officinalis hydroalcoholic root extract (800, 1600, and 3200 mg/kg) was administered, and the subjects were monitored for 14 days. Animals were sacrificed on the fifteenth day, and body weight, haematological, and serum hepatic biochemical parameters were assessed and compared to the standard group. Results:Groups treated with Salvia officinalis showed no mortality or discernible alterations. The findings show that Wistar rats did not experience appreciable harmful effects from administering hydroalcoholic root extract from the Salvia officinalis plant. Conclusions: The extract can be utilized safely for therapeutic use in pharmaceutical formulations.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Haematology, heart, Kidney, Liver, Salvia officinalis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.71}, author = {Ranjini HS and Kadmad Abdul Hameed Mohamed Azar and S Fayazul Haq and Prashanthkumar Goudappala and Vinodakumar HR and Akash A} } @article {1966, title = {Characterization, Preclinical Efficacy and Toxicity Evaluations of Flavonoids Glycosides based Standardized Fenugreek Seed Extract (FEFLG)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {90-105}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {90}, abstract = {

Introduction: Fenugreek seeds, a natural food chain raw material, is known to have many flavonoid glycosides. Objective: Characterization, preclinical efficacy, and safety evaluation of flavonoid glycosidebased standardized fenugreek seed extract (FEFLG). Methods: FEFLG was characterized for a group of flavonoid glycoside marker compounds by HPLC. The CD38+ enzyme inhibition efficacy was assessed in vitro. In addition, acute oral toxicity (AOT) and subchronic, 90-day repeated-dose oral toxicity (in vivo), mutagenicity (AMES test, in vitro) and chromosome aberration test (in vitro) of FEFLG were evaluated. Results: The FEFLG was found to have 49.85\% of total flavonoid glycosides content in FEFLG (25.15\% of Group 1: vitexin, isovitexin and vitexin 2-o- rhamnoside and 24.70\% of Group 2 (vicenin derivatives, schaftoside, iso-schaftoside, orientin and iso-orientin). FEFLG showed CD38+ enzyme inhibition in vitro (IC50= 0.96 μg/ml) equivalent to the positive control, apigenin. FEFLG did not show any toxicity at an acute oral dose of more than 2000 mg/kg (median lethal dose, LD50) with a limit dose of 5000 mg/kg. The 90-day repeated-dose oral administration of FEFLG did not induce significant toxicological changes till the maximum dose of 1000 mg/kg in male and female rats, indicating no observed adverse effect level, NOAEL >= 1000 mg/kg. FEFLG did not show mutagenicity (up to a concentration of 5000 μg/plate) or structural chromosomal aberrations (up to 5000 μg /ml). Conclusion: The CD38+ enzyme inhibitor efficacy in vitro, oral safety in vivo and absence of mutagenicity or genotoxicity of FEFLG indicated its potential for anti-aging applications.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, CD38+ enzyme inhibition, Chromosomal aberration., Fenugreek seeds, Flavonoid glycosides, Mutagenicity, Subchronic Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.13}, author = {Prasad A. Thakurdesai and Pallavi O. Deshpande and Mukul P. Pore} } @article {2041, title = {Description of Ciplukan Toxicity (Physalis angulata L.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {357-367}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {357}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.) is a plant used by Indonesian people as traditional medicine. Drug sanitization needs to be carried out to guarantee the use and availability of scientifically safe traditional medicines. This study aims to provide information and enrich knowledge about the safety of consuming ciplukan roots and stems. Methods: This study used 8 male mice as test animals, divided randomly into 4 treatment groups, namely mice treated with a dose of 0.56 mg/20 g body weight; mice treated with a dose of 5.6 mg/20 g body weight; mice treated with 56 mg/20 g body weight; and mice treated with 560 mg/20 g body weight. Treatment was given once and then observed for 24 hours to observe the number of deaths of the test animals. Then follow-up observations were carried out in 3 days on individuals who were still alive. Results: Within 24 hours all individuals at the treatment dose of 0.56 mg/20 g body weight survived, whereas all individuals at the treatment dose of 5.6; 56; and 560 mg/20 g body weight died. The observations on individuals treated at a dose of 0.56 mg/20 g body weight showed that the animals were in good condition, with sleeping and eating activities, moving a lot, having clean and nice fur, and not showing toxic symptoms such as disturbances in physical activity, impaired balance, and refusal to eat. Conclusions: The administration of the test extract below is less or equal to 0.56 mg/20 g body weight is relatively safe.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Ciplukan, Condition, Dosage, Traditional medicine.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.85}, author = {Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan and Titin and Yohanes Gatot Sutapa Yuliana} } @article {1861, title = {Acute Oral Toxicity Assessment of Freeze-Dried Lipote Fruit Extract (Syzygium polycephaloides (C. B. Rob.) Merr.) in ICR Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {490-503}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {490}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lipote (Syzygium polycephaloides (C. B. Rob.) Merr.) has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine due to its nutritional and bioactive contents. Methods: An acute oral toxicity test was conducted following the OECD 425 guidelines to investigate the toxic effects of freeze-dried lipote fruit extract (LFE) in male and female ICR mice at doses of 55, 175, 550, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg BW. Results: At the end of the 14-day experimentation period, no physical, behavioral, neurologic, or cardiorespiratory signs of toxicity nor mortalities were recorded in LFE-treated mice. Also, physiologic parameters such as body weight, and feed and water intake registered normal throughout the study. Hematologic values such as total RBC, total WBC, and differential WBC for both sexes remained normal, apart from the male mouse administered with 2000 mg/kg LFE dose which presented erythrocytopenia, leukocytopenia, and lymphocytopenia after the end of the experimentation period, most likely due to extraneous factors unrelated to treatment. Meanwhile, the blood creatinine and blood urea nitrogen values remained within their respective normal reference ranges. Conclusion: It can be inferred from results of this acute oral toxicity study that LFE is relatively non-toxic, has an LD50 above 5000 mg/kg, and like other closely related Syzygium berries, does not elicit any adverse effects on the physiologic, hematologic, and blood chemical levels of kidney-filtered substances in mice. Sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies must be conducted to determine the safety of continuous oral ingestion of lipote fruit.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Lipote, Mice, Philippine berry, Safety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.126}, author = {Mark Joseph M. Desamero and Liezl M. Atienza and Maria Adrianna Isabella G. Claravall and Roxanne P. Gapasin and Jonna Rose C. Maniwang and Dianne Jane A. Sunico and James Ryan D. Aranzado and Joan I. Delomen and Loraine C. Bainto-Ancheta and Katherine Ann T. Castillo-Israel and Rohani B. Cena-Navarro and Maria Amelita C. Estacio} } @article {1827, title = {Description of Acute Toxicity of Ketepeng Root Extract (Senna alata (L.) Roxb.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {393-401}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {393}, abstract = {

Introduction: People in Indonesia, especially in the West Kalimantan region often use the root of ketepeng as a medicine to treat jaundice, but they lack knowledge regarding the appropriate dosage. Therefore, this study aims to determine the acute toxicity of ketepeng root extract. Methods: The sample population consists of 8 male mice, which were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups, namely P1, P2, P3, and P4 with dosages of 0.56 mg, 5.6 mg, 56 mg, and 560 mg/20 g body weight, respectively. The extract was administered once, after which the samples were observed for 24 hours to record the number of deaths. Follow-up observations were then carried out for 3 days on the mice that survived the test. Results: The results showed that within 24 hours of administration, the samples in P1 were alive, while all animals in the other groups died. Furthermore, the follow-up observations on animals that survived showed that they were in good condition with no toxic symptoms, such as balance disorders, refusal to eat, and lack of physical activity. Conclusion: Based on the results, the administration of 0.56 mg/20 g body weight of the extract was relatively safe, while higher doses can cause death. However, further testing must be carried out to complete the toxicity information as well as to determine the exact dosage range to avoid mortality during the treatment.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Fabaceae, Roots of Senna alata (L.) Roxb}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.113}, author = {Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan and Titin and Yohanes Gatot Sutapa Yuliana} } @article {1395, title = {The Acute Toxicity of Ki Hampelas Leaves (Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {570-576}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {570}, abstract = {

Background: Ki Hampelas (Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq) is a medicinal plant with antioxidant and nephroprotective activity. Objective: This research aims to prove that Ki Hampelas leaves extract through an acute toxicity test. Materials and Methods: This study used white male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain divided into four groups, the normal group and the 50 mg/ kg, 1000 mg/kg, 2000 mg/kg dose groups. For the acute toxicity test, a single dose with an observation of 14 days. After that, the surgery was done to see changes in the histopathology of the liver and kidneys. Results: The administration of Ki Hampelas leaf extract in the acute toxicity test did not cause death in the tested animals. There were no significant liver and kidney changes seen from the SGOT, SGPT, creatinine, urea, and histopathology. Conclusion: Ki Hampelas leaves extract did not cause death and toxic effects in the acute toxicity test.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Ki Hampelas ( Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq), Kidney, Liver}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.71}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Ema Dewanti and Cut Mauliza and Ester Hidayati and Ita Anggraini and Riska Anggraini and Vera Ladeska} } @article {1424, title = {Evaluation of Acute toxicity, In-vitro, In-vivo Antidiabetic Potential of the Flavonoid Fraction of the plant Chenopodium album L}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {765-779}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {765}, abstract = {

Background: The Chenopodium album L. commonly recognized as Bathua, is widely distributed globally and contains various phytoconstituents that help treat several diseases. However, until now, aerial parts{\textquoteright} antidiabetic potential and the plant{\textquoteright}s acute toxicity at fraction level have never been established. Objectives: To investigate the acute toxicity, the in-vitro, in-vivo antidiabetic potential of the plant at fraction level. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of the plant were fractionated into different fractions, i.e., flavonoid fraction (CAFF), tannin fraction (CATF), alkaloid fraction (CAAF), saponin fraction (CASF), and were analyzed for in-vitro alpha-amylase inhibition assay. The CAFF, CATF, and CAAF were selected based on in-vitro alpha-amylase inhibition assay results and were further screened for its acute toxicity and in vivo antidiabetic activity using a high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetes model. The CAFF was characterized by LC-MS, and a molecular docking study was carried out. Results: The in-vitro alpha-amylase inhibition assay revealed that CAFF was found to be more potent than standard Acarbose having IC50 values 122.18 {\textpm} 1.15 and 812.83{\textpm} 1.07 μg/ml, respectively. The CAFF fraction was found to possess potent antidiabetic activity in a dose-dependent manner in both in vitro and in vivo diabetic models and did not produce any sign of severe toxicity. Furthermore, the bioactive CAFF fraction was characterized by LC-MS, showed the presence of quercetin 3-O-(2{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright},6{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}-di-O-rhamnosyl) glucoside (QRG) or quercetin 3-O-(2{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright},6{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}-di-Orhamnosyl) galactoside (QRGa) and quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) (QR). It is predicted from the molecular docking study that the CAFF fraction primarily acts as an alphaamylase inhibitor. Conclusion: The CAFF fraction was found to poses dose-dependent potent antidiabetic activity and did not produce any sign of severe toxicity and primarily act as an alpha-amylase inhibitor.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Alpha-amylase, Antidiabetic activity, Chenopodium album, Lc-Ms, Molecular docking}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.98}, author = {Neeraj Choudhary and Pranav Kumar Prabhakar and Gopal L Khatik and Subba Rao Chamakuri and Devesh Tewari and Ashish Suttee} } @article {1374, title = {Evaluation of Secondary Metabolites, Antibacterial, Antiplasmodial and Acute Toxicity Potentials of Chloroform Crude Extract of Boswellia dalzielii Stem Bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {393-400}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {393}, abstract = {

Medicinal plants contain bioactive compounds that have the potentials to cure many human ailments without unnecessary side effects like most of the chemotherapeutic drugs used today. Therefore, the need for phytochemicals in medicinal plants for potentials application in the treatments of these human ailments as alternatives. Drug resistance parasite has rendered most of the drugs used in treating many human diseases ineffective. There is an urgent need and continuous search for new drugs from natural sources because most of the drugs used are either derived from plant or end-product of the natural source. Antibacterial and antiplasmodial activities of Boswellia dalzielii stem bark chloroform extract against some pathogens and P. bergei was investigated using the serial dilution method. Phytochemical studies (GC-MS RT profiling) revealed the presence of some secondary metabolites. The extract was tested against thirteen bacterial strains (Styphylococcus epidermidis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Enterococcus faecalis, Styplococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative strains Klebsiella aerugninosa, Proteus vulgaris, K. pneumonia, Klebsiella oxytoca,Entrobacter cloacae, Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extract showed activities against Mycobacterium smegmatis,Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella aerugninosa and Proteus vulgaris. The extract demonstrated high safety with LD50 value greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. The extract shows a high potent of antiplasmodial activities with P. bargie inhibition of 66.95\%. The results demonstrated that Boswelliadalzielii stem bark extract can be used as a source of cheaper, less toxic novel antibiotic and antimalarial substances for drug development.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Antibacterial, Antiplasmodial, Boswellia dalzielii, GC-MS RT, Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.50}, author = {MI Bunu and M I Ikhile and AN Matheri and MT Charlotte and MCD Fotsing and DT Ndinteh} } @article {1234, title = {Bioactivity and Extraction Method with Ultrasonication of Nelumbo nucifera Linn. Anti Aging Drinks}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1097-1103}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1097}, abstract = {

Introduction: Nelumbo nucifera Linn. Flowers health drinks currently are one of the popular demand globally in Thailand and all over the world. There are plenty of substandard or over claimed of antioxidant content labeled at health drink bottles. The consumers do not obtain enough health benefits anti-oxidant contents which are destroyed by heat during their production process. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the optimization of extraction including water, 40 \% and 50\% ethyl alcohol using maceration and ultra-sonication method to obtain the highest antioxidant activity compared with DPPH, FRAP and ABTS methods were investigated including total phenolic and flavonoid contents by HPLC in different period of time. The analysis of acute toxicity in white wistar rats by oral administrating of Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flowers extract was testing for after 24 h and 14 d. Results: It was found that Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flower extract drink consisted of high contents of gallic acid, catechin and rutin by HPLC method. Nelumbo nucifera Linn flowers Highest Total Phenolic compound in Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flower extracts with sonicating with 50\% ethanol was 0.954639 {\textpm} 0.109672. Highest Total flavonoids in Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flower extracts macerating in 50 \% ethanol at day 5th was 1.100275 {\textpm} 0.777271.and the sonication with 40\% ethanol was 0.394283+/- 0.51175. Conclusions: The result of acute toxicity analysis showed no toxicity. Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flower extract drinks which are safe as a health drink for consumers. The further market analysis with sensory test should be essential for further research.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Flavonoids, Flower extract drink, HPLC, Nelumbo nucifera Linn., Phenolic content, Ultra sonication Extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.155}, author = {Buavaroon Srichaikul} } @article {759, title = {Antimicrobial Screening of Medicinal Plants Popularly used in Mato Grosso for Treating Infections: Advances on the Evaluation of Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist in vitro and in vivo Antibacterial Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s152-s166}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s152}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of this study was to screen a group of medicinal plants\’ extracts used in the treatment of ailments related to infections in the Brazilian popular medicine. And to carry out in vivo toxicity and antibacterial studies on Conyza bonariensis (Asteraceae) leaves and roots methanolic extracts selected based on the screening. Methods: Eleven methanolic extracts obtained from nine plants, reportedly used in the treatments of infections from the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, were initially screened for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities employing disc diffusion and broth micro dilution assays. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out. The most promising extract based on our results and previous literature reports was then evaluated in the in vivo antibacterial activities using mouse model of bacterial infection induced by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In addition, in vivo acute toxicity was conducted to evaluate the safety profile of the extracts. Results: All of the extracts tested were active against at least one of the bacterial and fungal strain tested with activities ranging from moderate to weak. Phytochemical analyses of MECbl and MECbr demonstrated the presence of free steroids and coumarins in MECbl and flavonoids, tanins, free steroids, reduced anthraquinones and coumarins in MECBr. Oral administration of MECbl and MECbr up to 5000 mg/kg did not provoked any toxicological events in the mice, thus suggesting that the LD50 is higher than 5000 mg/kg. In vivo antibacterial assay demonstrated superior prophylactic activity of MECbl compared to MECbr. Conclusion: MECbl and MECbr are safe when administered acute orally at doses up to 5000 mg/kg. Methanolic extracts of Conyza bonariensis possessed in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. Considerable in vivo antibacterial activities were observed in bacterial infection model for both MECbl and MECbr, effects comparable to that of meropenem, in some cases. Both extracts present in common free steroids and coumarins. The current in vivo antibacterial activity study further lend supports to the use of Conyza bonariensis in the treatment of infections in many traditional medicines.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Antimicrobial, Conyza bonariensis, Mato Grosso, Medicinal plants, Preliminary phytochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.28}, author = {Cristiane Coimbra de Paula and Domingos Tabajara De Oliveira Martins and Karuppusamy Arunachalam and Sikiru Olaitan Balogun and Quessi Irias Borges and Marcelo Garcia Picone and Wander Miguel de Barros and Regilane Matos da Silva Prado} } @article {696, title = {Antioxidant Activities, Acute Toxicity and Chemical Profiling of Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior Jack.) Inflorescent Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {979-982}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {979}, abstract = {

Aim/Background: The objectives of the study were to determine total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities and assess acute toxicity of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior Jack.) inflorescent hydroethanolic extract. Methods: The analysis of total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities were analyzed spectrophotometrically using micro-titer plate reader. With regard to acute toxicity assessment, Wistar rats were fed with a single dose of torch-ginger either 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 g extract/kg body weight in comparison with control group. Results: Total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents of the extract were 0.17\±0.02 mM gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 0.30\±0.01 mM quercetin equivalent/g extract, respectively. The antioxidant evaluation using DPPH radical scavenging assay, FRAP assay and ABTS radical scavenging assay were 0.14\±0.08 mg/ml (EC50), 0.13\±0.01 mmol Fe2+ equivalent/g extract and 0.30\±0.12 mM trolox equivalent/g extract, respectively. According to acute toxicity, no mortality or bizarre behavior had been observed throughout 14 days. Clinical chemistry including blood glucose, AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, total serum protein, albumin, globulin and total bilirubin were in normal ranges and comparable to the control (p\<0.05). In conclusion, phenolic compounds and flavonoids of torch-ginger could be measured and indicated the quality of the extract as well as antioxidant activities. Regarding acute toxicity assessment, the extract was safe for experimental animals up to 2.0 g extract/kg body weight. Conclusion: Torch-ginger extract exhibited high amounts of phenolic contents, flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities and was safe in animal model.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Antioxidant Activities, Torch ginger, Total flavonoid contents, Total Phenolic Contents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.166}, author = {Bunleu Sungthong and Buavaroon Srichaikul} } @article {333, title = {Anti-hyperglycemic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effects of Extract from Houttuynia cordata Thumb. in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {382-387}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {382}, abstract = {

Aim: Various properties of Houttuynia cordata Thumb. has been reported. However, few studies on its pharmacological effects have been documented. To elucidate whether there are more pharmacological effects of this plant, this study was therefore, carried out to determine the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of 80\% ethanol extract of H. cordata (HCE). Their antioxidant activity and acute toxicity were also conducted. Methods: HCE at a dose of 250 mg/kg was oral given to Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats daily for 8 weeks. DPPH assay and HCE at the doses of 1,000, 2,000 and 3,000 mg/kg were employed in antioxidant and acute toxicity studies. Results: HCE lowered FBG in the diabetic, but not in the normal treated rats. HCE did not affect the body weight of all rats, but recovered TP, Alb, Glob, BUN, CREA, UA, TB, AST, ALT, ALP, and reduced the elevated CHO, TG and LDL in the diabetic rats. HCE possessed relatively low antioxidant activity with IC50 of 115.98\± 0.82 \μg/mL compared to Vitamin C (42.54+1.37 \μg/ml), but did not produce any symptoms of acute toxicity. Conclusions: The extract of H. cordata may have beneficial properties and is a new agent for diabetic treatment and improve renal and hepatic functions.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Anti-Hyperglycemic, Anti-Hyperlipidemic, Antioxidant, Houttuynia cordata Thumb}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.65}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.65}, author = {Patcharee Poolsil and Wilawan Promprom and Chusri Talubmook} } @article {423, title = {Cytotoxicity and Oral Acute Toxicity Studies of Litsea glutinosa C. B (ROB) Stem Bark Ethanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {880-886}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {880}, abstract = {

Background: Litsea glutinosa (Lauraceae) stem bark is widely used in folk medicine as a hepatoprotective, anti-diarrheal and anti-dysenteric drug but there is a lack of information about its toxicity. Objective: To evaluate cytotoxicity and acute toxicity of the stem bark ethanol extract (BEE). Materials and Methods: In vitro cytotoxicity of BEE was measured against breast adenocarcinoma, prostate, and colon carcinoma cell lines. In the acute toxicity tests, rats received oral doses of BEE as 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg/kg body weight. Mortality, signs of toxicity, body weight, food consumption, and gross findings were observed for 14 days. Blood samples were collected from anesthetized animals and used for hematological and biochemical parameters. Histopathological study was performed using liver and kidney samples. Results: The BEE does not show significant cytotoxic effect against the tested cell lines up to the range from 5 to 320 \μg/ml. In acute toxicity study, also lethality was not observed up to 3000 mg/kg b.w. No significant differences were noticed in body and organ weights and histopathology examinations between the control and treated groups. Conclusion: This study authenticates stem BEE may contain bioactive compounds of potential therapeutic significance which are relatively safe from toxic effects, and evidences the medicinal use of this plant in folk medicine.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Breast adenocarcinoma cell line, Haematology., Litsea glutinosa, MTT Assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.138}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/191}, author = {Arunodaya Hosahalli Sumithregowda and Krishna Venkatarangaiah and Kumaraswamy Malleshappa Honnenahally and Vinaykumar Nagenahalli Manjunath} } @article {346, title = {Preliminary Acute Oral Toxicity Study of White Tea Leaf (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) Ethanolic Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {479-482}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {479}, abstract = {

Background: White tea is a kind of tea which manufactured with minimal processing only drying without fermentation process. White tea prepared from very young tea leaves or buds of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Theaceae, covered with tiny, silvery hairs, and dried immediately after picking to prevent oxidation and commonly used as a beverage and herbal medicine. Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the safety of the white tea leaf ethanolic extract (WTE) with acute toxicity tests. Methods: The acute oral toxicity of WTE performed at dose 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/Kg BW of Deutschland, Denken, and Yoken (DDY) mice. The animals observation for any mortality, behavioral, body weight and feed-water consumption pattern during the 14- day study. The liver, kidney, and heart isolation performed on day-15 to observe macroscopic and relative organ weight (ROW). Results: No treatment-related toxic symptom or mortality observed for the first 4 hours and 24 hours after oral administration of WTE at a dose of 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg BW. All the groups of mice did not show the significant changes in behavior, breathing, and motoric activity. Conclusions: This studies showed that the oral LD50 of WTE was greater than 5000 mg/kg BW and suggests that the WTE is practically non-toxic in a single dose of level 5000 mg/kg BW.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Camellia Sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Safety, Teh Putih, Theaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.77}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.77}, author = {Lia Ardiana and Meiliza Ekayanti and Sarah Zielda Najib and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya} } @article {177, title = {Acute and sub-acute Toxicity study of Aqueous extracts of Canscora heteroclita (L) Gilg in Rodents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {399-410}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {399}, abstract = {

Background: Canscora heteroclita (C. heteroclita) being used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine in India for treatment of various diseases. No systematic toxicity study for this plant was described. Objective: The present study was undertaken to assess the safety use of this plant in traditional practice. Materials and Methods: The acute oral toxicity study of aqueous extract of Canscora heteroclita (AECH) was carried out as per the OECD guidelines 423 in mice and the sub-acute toxicity was carried out at a dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg as per OECD 407 guidelines in male and female rats. Results: Mice administered upto 2000 mg/kg as a single dose orally not caused any signs of toxicity or mortality in mice. In sub-acute toxicity study in rats, AECH at two different daily doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 28 days did not cause any significant change including the hematological and biochemical parameters. Histopathological examinations showed normal architecture suggesting no morphological disturbances. Conclusion: No deaths or any signs of toxicity was observed after oral administration in acute toxicity study upto a dose of 2000 mg/kg of AECH in mice and upto a dose of 400 mg/kg of AECH in sub acute toxicity study in rats.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Biochemical, Canscora heteroclita, Histology., Sub-acute toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.15}, author = {Rajasekaran Aiyalu and Arivukkarasu Ramasamy} } @article {99, title = {Acute and Sub-acute Toxicity Study of Aqueous Extracts of Enicostemma axillare (Lam.) Raynal in Animal models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {10-19}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {10}, abstract = {

Background: Enicostemma axillare (Lam.) Raynal is used in traditional practice for the treatment of diabetes, malaria and liver disorders. No systematic toxicity study was described for this plant and hence the present was undertaken to evaluate acute and sub-acute toxicity of aqueous extract of Enicostemma axillare (AEEA). Objective: The acute oral toxicity study of AEEA was carried out as per the OECD guidelines 423 in mice and the sub-acute toxicity was carried out as per the guidelines set by OECD 407 in male and female rats. Materials and Methods: Body weight, food and water consumption, hematological parameters, biochemical parameters, organ weight and histopathological analysis were carried out. Results: No gross toxicity and mortality was observed upto a dose of 2000 mg/kg. For sub-acute toxicity test, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg daily dose of AEEA administered orally for 28 days in male and female group of rats not exhibited any signs of toxicity and mortality. Conclusion: In acute oral toxicity study, the oral administration of AEEA in mice was found to be safe up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Both male and female treated rats showed no change in hematological, biochemical and histological investigations and no signs of toxicity were observed upto the dose of 400 mg/kg in rats.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Enicostemma axillare, Histology, OECD guidelines, Sub-acute toxicity.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.3}, author = {Aiyalu Rajasekaran and Ramasamy Arivukkarasu} } @article {85, title = {Assessment of Acute and Subacute Toxicity of the Total Dichloromethane-Ethanol Extract of Morinda morindoides (Baker) Milne-Redh (ETDE) on Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {372-377}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {372}, abstract = {

Context: ETDE shown good antihypertensive and antioxidant activities in rats made hypertensive. This present study aims to assess its toxicity. Aims: This study was designed to study the toxicity of dichloromethaneethanol extract of Morinda morindoides. Settings and Design: Toxicological activity in vivo. Methods and Material: Alkaloids were characterized from reagents of Bouchardat, flavonoids by reacting the cyanidrine, tannins by the reagent Stiasny, polyphenols by reacting ferric chloride, quinones by the reagent Bornstra\ëgen, sterols and polyterpenes by the reaction of Libermann and saponins by observing the foam after agitation of the extract. Acute and subacute toxicity were studied using respectively 423 and 407 OECD guidelines for testing of chemicals. Statistical analysis used: The graphical representation of the data was performed using the Graph Pad Prism 5.0. The mean value is accompanied by the standard error of the mean (Mean \± SEM). The difference between the two values is considered significant when P\<0.001. Statistical analysis of results was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The phytochemical screening showed the presence in the ETDE of polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols and polyterpenes. The toxicological study shows that ETDE has a LD50 between 2000 and 5000 mg/kg bw therefore classified in the hazard category 5. The administration of ETDE at repeated dose for 28 days did not significantly affect the weight gain, hematological and biochemical parameters of rats. Conclusion: ETDE toxicity is relatively low with LD50 between 2000 and 5000 mg/kg bw. It does not cause damage to the heart, liver and kidney. ETDE can be used without risk of intoxication.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Damage, Morinda morindoides, Subacute toxicity, Weight gain.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.10}, author = {Boga Gogo Lucien and Bahi Calixte and Yapi Houphou{\"e}t F{\'e}lix and N{\textquoteright}Guessan Jean David}, editor = {Konkon N{\textquoteright}Dri Gilles} } @article {1538, title = {Cytotoxicity and Oral Acute Toxicity Studies of b-mangostin Isolated from Cratoxylum arborescens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {47-56}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Introduction: The objective of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity and oral acute toxicity of \β-mangostin isolated from Cratoxylum arborescens. Material and methods: Healthy male and female ICR mice (8 weeks) were fed orally with 250 and 500mg/kg of \β-mangostin. Body weight of each animal was measured and any gross behavioral change was observed daily. Hematological and clinical biochemical parameters as well as histopathological analysis were carried out on 15th day. The level of oxidative stress was analyzed using MDA and GSH measurement.Discussion: The results showed that oral administration of the \β-mangostin had no adverse effect on the growth rate, hematological and clinical biochemical parameters. Histological studies showed that the treatments did not induce any pathological changes in the liver and kidney. The compound at both the doses did not alter the oxidative stress biomarkers. The in vitro cytotoxicity of \β Mangostin was investigated in HepG2, A549, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and PC3 cells. There was significant cytotoxicity in both type of breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). In conclusion, our results show that there was no treatment-related acute toxicity in mice following 14-days oral administration of 250 and 500mg/kg of \β-mangostin. Conclusion: The results showed that the compound can be selected for detailed in vitro and in vivo breast cancer research.

Key words: Cratoxylum arborescens, β-mangostin, acute toxicity, anti-cancer.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Anti-cancer, Cratoxylum arborescens, β-mangostin}, author = {Suvitha Syam, and Ahmad Bustamam, and Rasedee Abdullah, and Mohamed Aspollah Sukari, and Najihah Mohd Hashim, and Maizatulakmal Yahayu, and Pouya Hassandarvish, and Syam Mohan, and Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab} }