@article {2361, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity Test of Ethanol Extract of Durian (Durio Zibethinus murr.) Soya Varieties Against Pathogen Bacteria Escherichia Coli in Raw Drinking Water}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {933-941}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {933}, abstract = {

Introduction: Durian (Durio zibethinus) fruit skin contains antibacterial compounds. The antibacterial content in durian skin (Durio zibethinus) such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols and tannins can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhosa and Staphylococcus aureus and act as a disinfection agent. This research aims to determine the secondary metabolite compounds and antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Soya durian peel against the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Methods: This type of research is a laboratory experiment, including making Soya durian peel extract using the maceration method using 96\% ethanol solvent. The antibacterial activity test was carried out using the liquid dilution method to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) value and the solid dilution method to determine the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) value. Results: Based on qualitative phytochemical screening, Soya durian peel ethanol extract contains secondary metabolite compounds with an average content of 4.24\% alkaloids, 22.95\% flavonoids, 1.74\% saponins, 57.41\% phenols and 2.27\% tannins. Soya durian peel extract has an MIC against E. coli ATCC 25922 bacteria of 3.12\%, while the MBC value of Soya durian peel extract against E. coli ATCC 25922 bacteria is 6.25\%. The results of the One Way ANOVA analysis of the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) data have a significant value of 0.00 \< 0.05. The results of the Pearson correlation test (r) showed a significant number of 0.000 (p \< 0.05), the Pearson correlation coefficient between concentration and number of bacterial colonies was (r) = 0.812. This means that the higher the concentration of Soya durian peel ethanol extract given, the less the number of E.coli ATCC 2592 bacterial colonies will be reduced. The results of a simple linear regression test showed that the value of Y = 245.618 {\textendash} 29.016 245,618 colonies and each increase in the concentration of Soya durian peel ethanol extract by 1\% will cause a decrease in the number of bacterial colonies to 29,016 colonies. Conclusion: Soya durian skin extract has antibacterial compounds that can kill pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria in raw drinking water.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Durian (Durio zibethinus) Soya variety, Escherichia coli, Phytochemicals, raw drinking water.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.151}, author = {Rahwan Ahmad and Ridwan Amiruddin and A.Arsunan Arsin and Stang Stang and Hasanuddin Ishak and Wahiduddin and Gemini Alam and Bambang Wispriyono and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2194, title = {Does Land-Use Associate with Escherichia coli Pollution in Karst Springs? A Review of the Literature}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1250-1253}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1250}, abstract = {

Objective: The presence of Escherichia coli bacteria in karst springs, influenced by land cover conditions and land use activities in rainwater catchment areas, indicates a decrease in water quality. The study aimed to describe the effect of land use on Escherichia coli contamination in karst springs. Methods: This was a narrative review retrieving studies from Scopus and PubMed databases. The keywords used are pollution, Escherichia coli, land use, and karst springs. Of the 52 studies identified in the search phase, ten studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. Results: The concentration of Escherichia coli increases with increasing rainfall in all types of land use, such as forested land, mixed garden land, residential land, and grazing or livestock land. Factors that cause concentration Escherichia coli does not meet water quality standards due to feces from wild animals, feces-contaminated fertilization, construction of non-water impermeable septic tanks, and feces from livestock grazing. Conclusions: Repairing septic tanks and sewage in areas with high population density may reduce Escherichia coli contamination. Further research is needed to formulate strategies and policies for managing springs in the karst areas.

}, keywords = {Escherichia coli, Karst Springs, Land-Use, Pollution}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.226}, author = {Ferdy Salamat and Anwar Daud and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {856, title = {Antibacterial Activity of Carica papaya Leaves and Allium sativum Cloves Alone and in Combination against Multiple Strains}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {600-602}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {600}, abstract = {

Aim: Screening of natural extracts is a focused intensive study that aims to find active principles sorted from plant resources both safe and environmental friendly. The present study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of direct crude extracts of Carica papaya leaves and Allium sativum cloves alone and in combination against multiple drug resistant strains. Methods: Two Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and three strains of Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Carica papaya leaves and Allium sativum using Agar Disk Diffusion Method. Results: The results of this study showed that both extracts showed moderate antibacterial activity against the test bacterial strains and the potency of the extracts was increased when these two extracts were combined. Conclusion: These extracts directly can be used as natural alternative preventives to control various food poisoning diseases and preserve food stuff avoiding healthy hazards of chemically antimicrobial agent applications.

}, keywords = {Allium sativum cloves, Antibacterial activity, Bacillus cereus, Carica papaya leaves, crude extract, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.95}, author = {Srividya Lonkala and A. Rama Narsimha Reddy} }