@article {2430, title = {Plants with Antidiabetic Efficacy among the Dayak Bidayuh Community, Sanggau Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1342-1348}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1342}, abstract = {

Introduction: The use of medicinal plants for diabetes mellitus has been practiced for generations by the Dayak communities in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The aim of this study is to inventory and describe the utilization of medicinal plants for diabetes mellitus by the Dayak Bidayuh Kerambay, Dayak Golik, and Dayak Sinangkan{\textquoteright}t communities in Sekayam, Beduai, and Entikong Districts, Sanggau Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Method: This research is a qualitative descriptive study using triangulation method combining interview, observation, and documentation techniques of anti-diabetic mellitus medicinal plants among the Dayak communities. Results: The plants used as anti-diabetic mellitus include Physalis angulata L., Ageratum conyzoides L., Piper betle L., Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff.) Martelli, Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd, Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr, Curcuma domestica Valeton, Zingiber officinale Rosc., Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr, Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe, Orthosiphon stamineus B., Nepenthes sp., Solanum torvum Swartz, Garcinia mangostana L. The plant parts most commonly used, in sequence, are leaves, rhizomes, roots, fruits, fruit peels, and sometimes the entire plant. The method of preparation for each type of plant is the same, which involves boiling and consuming the boiled decoction. Summary: There are 15 types of plants used by the Dayak tribe community to address diabetes mellitus. Among these 15 types of plants, different parts are utilized, while the processing method remains the same, which is boiling.

}, keywords = {Dayak Bidayuh Tribe, Diabetes mellitus, Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.216}, author = {Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan and Titin and Yohanes Gatot Sutapa Yuliana and Siti Khotimah} } @article {2115, title = {Antioxidant Activities, Total Polyphenol Profile and Anticancer Activity, of Leaf, Bulb and Root Extracts of Tulbaghia violacea from Bloemfontein}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {761-767}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {761}, abstract = {

In this study, the effects of the home remedy herb Tulbaghia violacea on antioxidants, total polyphenol activity, and cancer were investigated. Using methanol/dichloromethane and aqueous solvents, the extracts were produced. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl assay, and their phenol content by the gallic acid method. The extracts were found to be inactive or weak against the HeLa (cervix), human cancer cell lines TK-10 (renal), and PC3 (prostate). It is suggested that these three human cell lines be tested against extracts of water and methanol/ dichloromethane at higher concentrations. The plant{\textquoteright}s leaf extract would also be the best substance to test against the human cell lines TK-10, PC-3, and HeLa. The IC50 values for two to three cell lines show that T. violacea plant extracts (\>100 g/ml) have no effect on cells. T. violacea extract has greater antioxidant activity than the control. A thorough phenolic analysis showed that water leaf extract had the highest quantity of phenolics whereas bulb methanol/dichloromethane extract had the lowest. Both the methanol/dichloromethane and the aqueous extracts have the same characteristics for antioxidant activity. In order to enhance food{\textquoteright}s nutritional content and quality while also supporting excellent health, it has been found that phenolic compounds alter the color, flavor, and other sensory characteristics of the meal. Additionally, they help plants defend themselves against harm from ROS, molecular damage, microbial invasion, insects, and herbivores.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Antioxidants, Medicinal plants, Polyphenol, Tulbaghia violaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.149}, author = {Pakiso Moses Makhoahle and Dijeng Euginiah Rampana} } @article {2074, title = {Diversity of Types of Medicinal Plants and Local Wisdom of the Kaili Tribe in Processing Medicinal Plants Around the Forest Areas of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {535-540}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {535}, abstract = {

The forest area in Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi, is a habitat for various medicinal plant species. Forest areas must be managed appropriately for the local community and society{\textquoteright}s welfare and sustainable use. One of the local people living around the forest is the Kaili tribe. The local wisdom of the Kaili tribe, who inhabit forest areas in Central Sulawesi, in managing forests and forest products, especially using plants as medicine, must be documented in research. This study aimed to identify the species, habitat, habitus, and ways of using the plant as medicine by the Kaili people in the Sigi Regency. Prior to data collection, a literature study was conducted to obtain information regarding the condition of the research location around the forest area and the ethnic/ethnic groups who live permanently around and within the forest area. This stage was then followed by interviews and field surveys. The interviews were conducted by combining purposive sampling and snowball methods. The results showed the high potency of medicinal plants around forest areas used by the Kaili tribe, with the discovery of 113 species in 51 families. Herbs are the most common habitus of medicinal plants. The habitat of medicinal plants is mainly found in the yard. The most used plant part is the leaves, which can be boiled in water and drunk directly.

}, keywords = {Kaili tribe, Local knowledge, Medicinal plants, Species diversity.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.115}, author = {Abdul Hapid and Ariyanti Ariyanti and Erniwati Erniwati and Ni Made Dharma Shantini Suena and Ketut Agus Adrianta and Karnita Yuniarti and Muthmainnah Muthmainnah} } @article {2138, title = {Elucidating the Uses of the Plant Veronica Incana from the Ancient Medical Books}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {901-904}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {901}, abstract = {

Background: Medicinal plant research has been successfully carried out in the field of pharmacy and pharmacology in Mongolia, and dozens of research projects are still being carried out. However, there are still fewer studied medicinal plants of practical importance growing in Mongolia. Therefore, there is a need to register and study the ancient medicinal books written by ancient Mongolian doctors about the relatively little-studied Veronica Incana plant. In addition, taking into account that scientific research on Veronica Incana, which grows in Mongolia, has not been done in the field of medicine. Therefore, the topic was selected for research in this field. Purpose: Comparing the information of the ancient medical books written by Mongolian doctors and scientists, who wrote about Veronica Incana, to clarify the taste, power, and quality. Research materials and methods: 1. Research materials: Sumbe khamba Ishbaljir. gso dpyad bdud rtsi {\textquoteright}i chu rgyun gyi cha lag gi nang tshan gyi sman so so{\textquoteright}i mngon brjod dang ngos {\textquoteright}dzin shel dkar me long. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. Toin Jambaldorj. gso byed bdud rtsi{\textquoteright}i {\textquoteright}khrul med ngos {\textquoteright}dzin bzo rig me long du rnam par shar ba mdzes mtshar mig rgyan zhes bya ba bzhugs so. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. 2. Research methods: Methods of textual analysis for ancient books and checklist methods were used in the study. Conclusion: Gandhabhatra plant is used in traditional Mongolian medicinal practices from ancient times, the plant is called Veronica Incana in Latin. Also called Buural gandbadraa in Mongolian. On the other hand, the traditional medical doctors of China{\textquoteright}s Inner Mongolia and Tibet use Gandbadraa, the Latin name Gnaphalium affine D. Don. The appearance, shape, and color of the flowers of these two plants are different. According to the research of the source, the main instruction and usage of the plants are the same: to destroy benign tumors, to remove poison, to treat colds, and to stop cough.

}, keywords = {Ancient medicinal books., Medicinal plants, Traditional Mongolian medicine, Veronica Incana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.171}, author = {Sansarkhuyag Enkhtur and Ariunjargal Tudev and Tungalag Dagdanbazar and Selenge Erdenechimeg and Odontuya Gendaram and Ulambayar Lkhamsuren and Bold Sharav} } @article {1956, title = {Phytotherapy for Sexually Transmitted Infections In ThabaNchu, Free State Province, South Africa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {21-30}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {21}, abstract = {

Medicinal plants have been prescribed by traditional healers for the treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI{\textquoteright}s) for years. This study documents therapeutic plants used against STI{\textquoteright}s in Thaba {\textquoteleft}Nchu, South Africa. Information was gathered through semi-structured interviews with traditional medical practitioners between March and December 2017. Information on medicinal plants, their local names, and their uses against STI{\textquoteright}s was gathered. The use value (UV) of the plant species, frequency of citation (FC) and the informant consensus factor (ICF) were calculated for the plants and STIs included in the study. Plants were used to treat infections such Herpes zoster (ICF=0.4) as gonorrhoea (ICF=0.11), vaginosis (ICF=0.2), symptoms of HIV/AIDS (ICF=0.1) and pubic lice (ICF=0.1). A total of 35 plant species were identified for the treatment of STIs. Most medicinal plants in the study area came from the families Asteraceae (21\%), Fabaceae (17\%), Solanaceae (13\%) and Hyacinthaceae (13\%). Bulbinenarcissifolia, Pentanisiaprunelloides, Hypoxishemerocallidea, Scabiosa columbaria, Xysmalobiumundulatum Rumex lanceolatus, Eucomisautumnalis, Dicomaanomalaand Salvia runcinatawere frequently used. The preferred method for preparation of remedies were decoctions made from the roots (72\%), whole plant (17\%), leaves (7\%), fruits (2\%) and bark (2\%) which were consumed orally.This study contributes to the documentation of plants used for STIs to conserve the information for future generations. A selection from the most frequently mentioned plants for treatment of STI{\textquoteright}s may be used for further phytopharmacological investigations and subsequently be used for the development of new antimicrobial agents for global use and for the socioeconomic development of local communities.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, Sexual transmitted infections, Thaba {\textquoteleft}Nchu, Traditional Healers.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.4}, author = {Brian Ngobeni and Idah Tichaidza Manduna and Ntsoaki Joyce Malebo and Samson Sitheni Mashele} } @article {1868, title = {Ethnobotanical Study of Plants Used for the Treatment of Urolithiasis in Morocco }, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {542-547}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {542}, abstract = {

Urolithiasis (UL) is a frequent pathology which affects between 5 and 20\% of the population according to the countries and areas. The aim of this study was to determine the medicinal plants used traditionally by patients with UL in the Kenitra and Sidi Kacem cities (Morocco). From January 2012 to February 2015, 50 herbalists and 166 patients with urolithiasis who live in the area under study were interviewed by using structured questionnaire. The following data were recorded: name of the patients or herbalists with their age, sex name of the plant (s) (vernacular name), parts used mode of preparation and administration. A total of 42 plant species belonging to 24 families, mostly from the Apiaceae (16.66\%) Lamiaceae (11.9\%) were used to treat the UL in the area. All the plants were prepared by decoction which are taken orally for a period of one week. Herniaria hirsuta (Hh) and Ziziphus lotus (Zl) were repeatedly mentioned by the patients and herbalists as most used for the management of UL in this area. It{\textquoteright}s concluded that the traditional remedies are the first line to treat the UL in this area. Hh and Zl were the most commonly used plants in this treatment which a study of antiurolithiatic characteristics seem to be necessary to evaluate its use in therapy.

}, keywords = {Medicinal plants, Morocco., Questionnaire, Traditional medicine, Urolithiasis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.133}, author = {Miloud Chakit and Aboubaker El Hessni and Abdelhalim Mesfioui} } @article {1924, title = {Medicinal Plants Adopted to Treat Children{\textquoteright}s Diseases by Traditional Pediatrics {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}Women Healers{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} In The Souss Massa Region (Agadir Idaoutanan, Inzegane Ait Meloul and Chtouka Ait Baha) Morocco}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {880-886}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {880}, abstract = {

The population of southern Morocco, particularly that of Souss Massa, uses traditional empirical care, several specialties of traditional medicine exist in the region including women healers considered traditional pediatricians, these women used medicinal plants to treat diseases of infants and children. this study was carried out in order to collect information on the therapeutic practices and medicinal plants adopted and used by women healers named locally by "ferraga" or "tachrift" and "tagouramt" in the Souss Massa region (Agadir Idaoutanan, Inzegane Ait Meloul and Chtouka Ait Baha), in order to preserve and protect this invaluable inheritance from loss and overlook.Using questionnaires, a series of surveys were conducted during the years 2018-2019 and 2019-2020, on the one hand, among the population (sample of 279 people) to determine the importance of these women healers in the health sector of the region of these women healers, and on the other hand, a survey was conducted among these women healers to collect the recipes adopted in the treatment of children{\textquoteright}s diseases. The population that uses traditional medicine frequently resorts frequently to these women healers to treat digestive and respiratory diseases and the incessant crying. The population that uses traditional medicine resorts to these women healers to treat digestive (30\% of population) and respiratory diseases and the incessant crying (24\% of population). The floristic analysis of the adopted recipes has revealed 56 plant species divided into 35 botanical families. The most used families are Lamiaceae (12,5\%) and Apiaceae (10,71\%). the leaves constitute the part more used 32.26\% followed by the seeds 22.58\%, the infusion is the mode of preparation most used by 35\% and the dose is generally by pinch, spoonful or by handful These results show that the women healers have a very important place in the health service, especially they have a very interesting knowledge of the treatment of digestive and respiratory disorders and especially of the effects attributed to sorcery. The plants identified in this study could constitute a data base for further research in the field of phytochemistry and pharmacology.

}, keywords = {Children{\textquoteright}s diseases, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine, Women healers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.183}, author = {Taleb Ali Khalid and Aarab Ahmed} } @article {1769, title = {Pasuchaca (Geranium ruizii Hieron.): A Medicinal Plant of the Geraniaceae Family with Hypoglycemic Effect on Alloxan-Induced Hyperglycemia in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {315-321}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {315}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study aims to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Geranium ruizii on alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in albino mice. Material and Methods: Geranium ruizii was collected in Huancayo, Junin, Peru. A phytochemical analysis was carried out to confirm the chemical groups. In the pharmacological study, hyperglycemia was induced with alloxan at doses of 170 mg/kg in male albino mice, animals with blood sugar levels above 250 mg/dL were included in the protocol. Mice were randomized into five groups (I: Alloxan 170 mg/Kg; II, III and IV (Geranium ruizii extract: 50; 150 and 300 mg/Kg body weight); and V: glibenclamide, 5mg/Kg B.W. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, saponins and phenolic compounds. It is observed that at doses of 50, 150 and 300 mg/kg reduced blood glucose at 14 days of treatment. Conclusion: The hypoglycemic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Geranium ruizii, administered orally in mice with alloxan-induced hyperglycemia was effective with 150 mg/Kg body weight.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic drugs, Antioxidants, Geranium ruizii, Herbal therapy, Medicinal plants, Pasuchaca}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.40}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Renan Dilton Ha{\~n}ari-Quispe and Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo and Josefa Bertha Pari-Olarte and Luz Josefina Chacaltana-Ramos and Eddie Loyola-Gonzales and Melva Iparraguirre-Meza and Mildred Hilda C{\'o}ndor- Privat and Beatriz Lilian Galdos-Vadillo and Jenny Mendoza-Vilcahuaman and Rossibel Juana Mu{\~n}oz-de-la-Torre} } @article {1822, title = {Review on Literature of the Plant Elephantorrhiza Elephantine on its Healing Properties and Recent Acquired Knowledge of its Medicinal Activities (2000-2020)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {715-721}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {715}, abstract = {

Background: The current review article outlines current findings in literature from undertaken studies and review articles on the plant Elephantorrhiza elephantine from the past 20 years to date. The information presented in this article will include the following aspects of the plant. The plant description and taxomony, ethnomedical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Elephantorrhiza elephantine. The article looks to discuss existing hurdles in research found on this plant and how to integrate any previous research with what is currently done in research on the plant. It aims on guiding the path of future research direction on the plant Elephantorrhiza elephantine. Methods: A total of 40 articles were selected and read through. The articles selected had included literature publications with the keywords such as; Elephantorrhiza elephantine, plant description, taxonomic of the plant, ethno medicinal usages, phytochemicals, pharmacological properties and plant toxicity, which were published between the years 2000 {\textendash} 2021. There were 32 articles relevant for this review article and 2 dissertation that were written between the criteria of years. Results: The ethomedicinal uses of Elephantorrhiza elephantine have been investigated by various authors on the anti-microbial activities, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and in ethnoveterinary medicine on how the plant provides relief to individuals with illnesses/disease through its traditional uses. These studies have been conducted on both animals and humans. The experiments performed used the crude extract derived from parts of the plant such as the roots and leaves. These plant parts have phytochemical compounds that are extracted using varying polar solvents. In the animal studies, acetone extracts of E. elephantine roots demonstrated significant activity against a tick-borne disease in cattle livestock and parasite worms in goats. In humans, the dried leaf extracts of E. elephantine was also subjected to various polar solvents and water, investigated for phytochemical content, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and cytotoxic activities, using standard methods. It was reported that the ethanol extract yielded the highest phytochemical content. Conclusion: The gap in knowledge has narrowed on medicinal plants effects of healing properties. This lead by extensive research carried out trying to understand the benefits of traditional medication and why majority of the population uses it as they primary healthcare choice. Investigating the mechanism of action of E. elephantine on its antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory and wound healing could lead to an enhanced understanding on the medicinal properties of the plant extracts and a commercialisation of a product in future.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Medicinal plants, Phytochemical content, Plant extracts.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.91}, author = {Radebe Tlotlo and Polo-Ma-Abiele Hildah Mfengwana and Dedr{\'e} Olivier} } @article {1786, title = {Ten Commonly Available Medicinal Plants in Malaysia with Potential Sun Protection Factor and Antioxidant Properties {\textendash} A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {444-455}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {444}, abstract = {

Background: Malaysia has a diverse range of medicinal plants that utilized to make effective nutritional, folk medicine, and cosmetic preparations. Natural antioxidants obtained from medicinal plant extracts have recently gained popularity as protective ingredients in sunscreen formulations due to their safety, wide range of biological effects on skin, and environmental sustainability in absorbing Ultraviolet (UV) radiation and preventing skin damage. Prolonged exposure to UV rays may cause skin damages like sunburn, photoaging, erythema, edema, wrinkle, and skin cancer. Natural sunscreen products are becoming more popular among consumers who are becoming more aware of the risks of excessive UV and chemicals in beauty and personal care products. Objective: This review aimed to provide brief information about ten commonly available medicinal plants in Malaysia with potential sun protection factor and antioxidant properties. Methods: In the present review, the relevant literatures were an extensive search from various scientific database including Pubmed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Scopus. Ten commonly available medicinal plants in Malaysia such as Graptophyllum pictum, Moringa oleifera, Mangifera indica, Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Andrographis paniculata, Sonneratia caseolaris, Camellia sinensis, Morinda citrifolia, Nephelium lappaceum and Murraya koenigii were included based on its potential sun protection factor (SPF) and antioxidant properties. Results: All the ten medicinal plants reported in this review found to have potential antioxidant activities due to the presence of phenolic and flavonoid content in the extracts. All of these findings well correlated to their potential SPF. The M. indica extracts had the highest SPF value among the ten plant extracts reported in this review, with a value of >=30. This is considered high sun protection action. Extracts of A. paniculata, M. citrifolia, C. sinensis, and G. pictum have a moderate photoprotective effect (SPF value of >=15). Sun protection activity was low in M. oleifera and S. caseolaris (SPF value <= 2). Conclusion: The identification of natural antioxidant and photoprotective ingredients from medicinal plants has demonstrated as a potential natural sunscreen product in protecting UV radiation against damaging UV rays, and therefore recommended to utilize them to replace synthetic chemicals in cosmetics development in the future.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Medicinal plants, Sun protection factor, total flavonoid, Total phenol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.57}, author = {Noor Diyana Ibrahim and Lay Jing Seow and Mahendran Sekar and Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani and Pei Teng Lum} } @article {1823, title = {Traditional Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Urological and Urogenital Diseases in Ethiopia: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {722-733}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {722}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ethiopia is recognized as one of the richest biodiversity in Africa. The present review aimed to compile relevant information on medicinal plants traditionally used to manage urogenital diseases in Ethiopia. Methods: Different literatures published specifically on ethnobotanical use of medicinal plants in scientific journals, books, theses and proceedings were reviewed. Data from literatures were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) Version 20 and an Excel spreadsheet and reported using descriptive statistics, frequency, and percentage. Results: A total of 146 medicinal plants are reported in the reviewed literature. It was distributed in 127 genera and 64 families. Cucurbitaceae (7.51\%), Asteriaceae (7.51\%), Euphorbaceae (6.20\%) and Apiaceae (4.80\%) were family{\textquoteright}s accounts of high number of species. A higher diversity of medicinal plants was reported from Southern nations and nationalities (44.5\%), Oromia (41.1\%) and Amhara (27.4\%) regional states. The most frequently reported growth form of medicinal plants indicated in the review was herbs (46.8\%), followed by shrubs (32.6\%). Root (36.2\%) and leaves (35.3\%) were the most used parts. Decoction (26.1\%), concoction (16.5\%) and pounding (11.9\%) were the most frequently reported remedy preparation methods and were administered orally. Conclusion: The present review indicated that urogenital diseases were managed with different medicinal plants throughout the regions of Ethiopian needed scientifically confirmed in order to produce safe and effective drugs from natural products.

}, keywords = {Ethiopia., Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine, Urological diseases}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.92}, author = {Kebede Feyisa and Wondu Feyisa and Ture Girma and Teyiba Kemal} } @article {1613, title = {Ethno-Medicinal Plants Used for Medication of Jaundice by The Chinese, Dayak, and Malays Ethnic in West Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {916-923}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {916}, abstract = {

Knowledge in the utilization of plants as medicine is local wisdom passed down from generation to generation. This study aims to make an inventory of plants that is efficacious in overcoming jaundice which is used by ethnic Chinese, Dayak, and Malay people in West Kalimantan. This research applies ethnobotany and medical ethnobiology approaches by using observation techniques, semi-structural interviews, also recording and documenting plant species to overcome jaundice. There were 23 types of medicinal plants used by ethnic Chinese, Dayak, and Malay people to overcome jaundice. The 23 types of plants obtained were tebu hitam (Saccharum officinarum L.), pisang mas (Musa paradisiaca L.), kacang hijau (Vigna radiata L.), bawang dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr.), temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.), lipan-lipan (Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin), ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.), cha chen chou/ sawi (Plantago mayor L.), inai (Lawsonia inermis L), kunyit (Curcuma domestica Val.), kelapa gading (Cocos eburen Durch), belimbing manis (Averrhoa Carambola L.), ilalang (Imperata cylindrica (L) Beauv.), sia li chi o kin/putri malu kuning (Neptunia oleracea Lour.), ketepeng (Senna alata (L.) Roxb.), putri malu bunga ungu (Mimosa pudica L.), stet ma thio kin/bunga kancing (Urena lobata L.), tebu karak (Saccharum officinarum L.), kumis kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.), empedu tanah/sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. Ex Nees), pegage/pegagan (Centella asiatica L. Urban), kai kut chou/tulang ayam (Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau), and bambu kuning (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.).

}, keywords = {Jaundice, Local Wisdom, Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.118}, author = {Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan and Titin and Yohanes Gatot Sutapa Yuliana} } @article {1374, title = {Evaluation of Secondary Metabolites, Antibacterial, Antiplasmodial and Acute Toxicity Potentials of Chloroform Crude Extract of Boswellia dalzielii Stem Bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {393-400}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {393}, abstract = {

Medicinal plants contain bioactive compounds that have the potentials to cure many human ailments without unnecessary side effects like most of the chemotherapeutic drugs used today. Therefore, the need for phytochemicals in medicinal plants for potentials application in the treatments of these human ailments as alternatives. Drug resistance parasite has rendered most of the drugs used in treating many human diseases ineffective. There is an urgent need and continuous search for new drugs from natural sources because most of the drugs used are either derived from plant or end-product of the natural source. Antibacterial and antiplasmodial activities of Boswellia dalzielii stem bark chloroform extract against some pathogens and P. bergei was investigated using the serial dilution method. Phytochemical studies (GC-MS RT profiling) revealed the presence of some secondary metabolites. The extract was tested against thirteen bacterial strains (Styphylococcus epidermidis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Enterococcus faecalis, Styplococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative strains Klebsiella aerugninosa, Proteus vulgaris, K. pneumonia, Klebsiella oxytoca,Entrobacter cloacae, Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extract showed activities against Mycobacterium smegmatis,Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella aerugninosa and Proteus vulgaris. The extract demonstrated high safety with LD50 value greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. The extract shows a high potent of antiplasmodial activities with P. bargie inhibition of 66.95\%. The results demonstrated that Boswelliadalzielii stem bark extract can be used as a source of cheaper, less toxic novel antibiotic and antimalarial substances for drug development.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Antibacterial, Antiplasmodial, Boswellia dalzielii, GC-MS RT, Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.50}, author = {MI Bunu and M I Ikhile and AN Matheri and MT Charlotte and MCD Fotsing and DT Ndinteh} } @article {1412, title = {Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of 70\% Ethanol Extract from Ruta angustifolia for Developing Anti-Hepatitis C Agents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {682-687}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {682}, abstract = {

Background: Medicinal plants are potential sources for drug candidates. It possesses with various metabolites which have many pharmacology effects. Ruta angustifolia is one of medicinal plants that has been used traditionally for liver disease. Previous study it has been demonstrated to inhibit hepatitis C virus under in vitro cell culture. It decreased protein NS3 level and gave synergistic effect in combination with simeprevir and telaprevir. This plant provides a prospective candidate to develop as anti-HCV Objective: This study evaluates the phytochemistry screening for qualitative assay and determine the concentration of rutin as marker compound for developing R. angustifolia extract as anti-HCV agent. Materials and Methods: R. angustifolia leaves were extracted with 70\% of ethanol. Extract and rutin were analysis their anti-HCV activity by in vitro culture cells of Huh7it. The concentration of rutin was determine by TLC densitometry. Results: The 70\% ethanol extract of R. angustifolia dan rutin exhibit anti-HCV activities with IC50 value of 2.9 {\textpm} 0.8 μg/ml and 28.1 {\textpm} 5.6 μg/ml, respectively. Screening phytochemistry demonstrated to contain flavonoid, terpenoid, alkaloid and polyphenols. TLC densitometry analysis yield the concentration of rutin in extract 0.06 \%. Conclusion: Extract of 70\% ethanol of R. angustifolia has a potential anti-HCV activity. Extract of R. angustifolia may provide a good candidate for developing anti-HCV agents.

}, keywords = {Hepatitis C Virus, Infectious disease, Medicinal plants, Medicine, Ruta angustifolia, Rutin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.87}, author = {Tutik Sri Wahyuni and Adita Ayu Permanasari and Lidya Tumewu and Aty Widyawaruyanti and Achmad Fuad Hafid} } @article {1235, title = {Antiviral Activity of Indonesian Medicinal Plants against Hepatitis B Virus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1108-1114}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1108}, abstract = {

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects more than 300 million people globally and is a common cause of liver cancer. Current therapy using reverse transcriptase inhibitors require long-term treatment and the potential risk of development of drug-resistant viruses remains an important issue to be considered. Hence, the development of new drugs is critical. Traditional medicinal plants used for the treatment of infectious diseases may provide a viable option for the discovery of anti-HBV drug candidates. Objective: This study examined anti-HBV activity of 31 kinds of Indonesian plants. Materials and Methods: Crude extracts of various part of plants, leaves and stem, were obtained using dichloromethane and ethanol solvent. The effect on viral entry was examined by determining levels of HBsAg expression in the supernatants of HBV-infected HepG2-NTCP cells by ELISA. The effect on HBV replication was determined by measuring HBV DNAs amounts in Hep38.7-Tet cells by quantitative real-time PCR. Results: The extracts of Phyllantus niruri leaves and Curcuma xanthorrhiza showed reduction of strong HBsAg production from HepG2-NTCP cells with IC50 values of 170.48 and 270.51 μg/mL, respectively. Treatment of HepAD38.7-Tet cells with P. niruri and C. xanthorhiza at the highest concentration while avoiding cytotoxicity reduced extracellular HBV DNA levels by 70\% and 30 \% of the untreated control respectively. Conclusion: P. niruri inhibited both the entry and HBV replication, thus P. niruri is a promising candidate for anti-HBV drug development.

}, keywords = {Curcuma xanthorhiza, Hepatitis B Virus, Medicinal plants, Phyllanthus niruri}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.157}, author = {Tutik Sri Wahyuni and Adita Ayu Permanasari and Aty Widyawaruyanti and Hak Hotta and Chie Aoki-Utsubo and Achmad Fuad Hafid} } @article {1171, title = {Effect of Solvent on the Phytochemical Extraction and GC-MS Analysis of Gymnema sylvestre}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {749-761}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {749}, abstract = {

The medicinal plant Gymnema sylvestre found in the Indian subcontinent and Srilanka is known for its anti-diabetic, diuretic, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory properties. The current study is focused on the phyto compound extraction efficiency of different solvents like ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, hexane, benzene and chloroform by gas chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry analysis of Gymenma sylvestre. From the results, it is concluded that G. sylvestre leaves extracts contains more than 38 phyto compounds with natural antioxidants potential. Further analysis of the extract will help in identifying the effective compounds which can be of potent use in the pharmacological field.

}, keywords = {Chromatography, Cold maceration, Gymnema sylvestre, Medicinal plants, plant constituents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.108}, author = {Sundarapandian Subramanian and Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath and Sathish Kumar Karuppannan and Saravanan M and Kantha Devi Arunachalam} } @article {1240, title = {Effect of Solvents on Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Cardiospermum halicacabum (L.) Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1241-1251}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1241}, abstract = {

Background: Cardiospermum halicacabum (C. halicacabum) is a common medicinal herb found in India and other Asian countries. It has various medicinal properties such as antimicrobial, pain relief, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, anticancer etc. It is commonly used for treating diabetes, arthritis, limbs stiffness, rheumatism, lumbago, earache, fever. Type of solvent and polarity intensively affects the antioxidant activity of the extracts due to the solubility of the phytocompounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids in various solvents. Materials and Methods: In this study, different solvents like, ethanol, methanol, chloroform and petroleum ether were used for the extraction of C. halicacabum. Cold maceration method was followed for extraction. The crude extracts were screened preliminary and then confirmed using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy analysis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the chemical composition of each extract. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl) method was used for the evaluation of the antioxidant activity of different crude extracts of C. halicacabum. Results: The results showed that there is significant influence of solvent type in preserving various phytocompounds of the C. halicacabum leaves extract. The evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of different crude extracts was in the order of ethanol \> methanol \> petroleum ether \> chloroform extract.

}, keywords = {Cardiospermum halicacabum, Cold maceration, DPPH, GC-MS, Medicinal plants, Phytochemicals, Radical scavenging activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.173}, author = {Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath and Sathish Kumar Karuppannan and Darul Raiyaan GI and Mohamed Khalith SB and Sundarapandian Subramanian and Kantha Deivi Arunachalam} } @article {1269, title = {Ethnobotany and Traditional Knowledge of Acanthaceae in Peninsular Malaysia A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1482-1488}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1482}, abstract = {

Plants are considered as a great source of various herbal medicines which are been useful in the treatment of various ailments and diseases. A great contribution of plant-based materials in the pharmaceutical field results in the growing interest on the exploitation of indigenous medicinal plants to make a potential medicine. Several potent plant families are broadly investigated throughout the world including the family of Acanthaceae. Acanthaceae is a large pantropical family of flowering plants comprised of approximately 240 genera and 3250 species in the world. In Peninsular Malaysia, Acanthaceae is one of the families with the largest number of genera and species by which 29 genera and 158 species are respectively recorded. This study thereby deals with the review of information on the ethnobotanical significance of medicinal plants belong to Acanthaceae. This review covers informative data on medicinal plants, its uses and part used based on three tribal groups of indigenous people, Malay villagers and local market traders in Peninsular Malaysia. From the review, Acanthaceae possesses a huge contribution to the ethnobotanical part especially to treat certain diseases. The ethnobotanical data has also served a great contribution to the conservation and sustainability of natural resources. By keeping this point, this present review on ethnobotany and traditional knowledge of Acanthaceae is expected to give benefits and considered a good starting point for future works on the pharmaceutical field, especially for Peninsular Malaysia.

}, keywords = {Acanthaceae, Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, Traditional Knowledge}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.203}, author = {Siti Maisarah Zakaria and Che Nurul Aini Che Amri and Rozilawati Shahari} } @article {1095, title = {Indigenous Knowledge of Medicinal Plants by Dayak Community in Mandomai Village, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {386-390}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {386}, abstract = {

Introduction: Dayak community has a long history of using medicinal plants as traditional medicine. But this knowledge is conveyed verbally without any written documentation. Therefore, this study aim is to preserve Dayak{\textquoteleft}s knowledge about medicinal plants in Mandomai village. Methods: To collect the information, a survey was conducted in January 2019. Snowball sampling method was utilized to select 11 informants. Data were collected using structured interviews to gather information about local names, part of plants, the benefit of plants and how the plants are used. Results: The result showed that 55 species of medicinal plants used by the Dayak community in Mandomai as traditional medicine. However, only 48 species were identified, while 7 others were still in the process of being identified. The most widely used part of the plants is the leaves. Before being used as traditional medicine, medicinal plants are processed first. Some plants are ground and used immediately, while some are boiled or soaked in warm water. Conclusion: This documentation provides a catalog of medicinal plants used by Dayak community for the education of future indigenous knowledge

}, keywords = {Central Kalimantan, Dayak community, Indigenous knowledge, Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.60}, author = {Nurul Qamariah and Dewi Sari Mulia and Denny Fakhrizal} } @article {1263, title = {Southeast Asian Medicinal Plants with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibition Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1429-1439}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1429}, abstract = {

Introduction: This article aims to provide a summary of medicinal plants in the Southeast Asian countries that have an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity that is therapeutically useful for treating hypertension. Methods: This review paper is a result of extensive searches via electronic database platforms, including Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct with the keyword search terms: ACE enzyme, Southeast Asia countries, plants, and extracts. Results: Thirty-four articles on ACE inhibition activity of 76 Southeast Asian medicinal plants were found and further reviewed. Several plants from Malaysia (Chassalia curviflora, Citrus hystrix, Murraya koenigii, Senna garrettiana), Indonesia (Gnetum Gnemon, Momordica charantia, Nasturtium officinale, Peperomia pellucida, Pereskia saccharose), and Thailand (Mammea siamensis) were found to exhibit strong ACE inhibitory activity in vitro. Bioactive compounds such as 3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright}, dihydroxy-3-5 dimethoxy flavone-7-O- β-rhamnose and quercetin-3-O-glucoside showed the highest potency in exhibiting the ACE inhibition activity in this review. Conclusions: This review suggests for an in-depth investigation on the potent crude extracts for the potential development of complementary herbal medicines as well as on the potent ACE inhibitor compounds for further development as new ACE inhibitor candidates for hypertension therapy.

}, keywords = {ACE, Angiotensin-converting enzyme, Antihypertensive, Medicinal plants, Southeast Asia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.197}, author = {T A Faiz T Anuar and Azlini Ismail} } @article {955, title = {Ethnobotanical Study of Qur{\textquoteleft}an Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {919-928}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {919}, abstract = {

Introduction: In Islam, ethical teachings of biomedical ethics are linked with a Holy Qur{\textquoteleft}an and Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Al-Quran is one of the best reference books describing the importance of plants for medical benefits. There are 28 chapters (Surah) which mention specific name of plants in Al-Qur{\textquoteleft}an. This paper aims to compile the up-to-date information about some medicinal plants that mentioned in Al-Qur{\textquoteleft}an. Methods: Comprehensive and detailed information about plants has been collected from Ayat and Surah in the Qur{\textquoteright}an which states the specific name of the plant. Plant identities are arranged in a systematic sequence of confirmed botanical names from literature such as books, journal articles, and online databases, followed by Indonesian names, English names, families, references from the Qur{\textquoteright}an, parts used, chemical content, And medicinal properties. The pharmacological claims of plants mentioned in the Qur{\textquoteright}an, enriched by the search for scientific evidence available in journals and books. Results: Based on the collected data, there are 27 plant species mentioned in Al-Qur{\textquoteleft}an. In this paper, plants species were arranged in a systematic order of identity of the plant, followed by Indonesian name, English name, Family, references cited from Holy Quran, Part used, Chemical constituents, and efficacy of herbal medicine that has been used both empirically and scientifically. Conclusion: In this paper, attempts have been made to compile up-to-date knowledge of 27 species medicinal plants mentioned in the Qur{\textquoteright}an, which can be used as a quick reference guide for further studies in ethnobotany.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotanical study, Medicinal plants, Qur{\textquoteleft}an plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.147}, author = {Nurul Qamariah} } @article {900, title = {Ethnobotanical Survey of the Medicinal Plants used in the Southern Mediterranean. Case Study: The Region of Bissa (Northeastern Dahra Mountains, Algeria)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {647-659}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {647}, abstract = {

Introduction: The present study falls within the framework of valorization of medical plants and traditional knowledge{\textquoteright}s in the Northeastern part of Dahra Mountain, Algeria. Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted between 2016 and 2018 in order to study the traditional and therapeutic use of medical plants amongst the local population. Data collected was analyzed using quantitative indices such as the Fidelity Level (FL) and Informant Consensus Factor (FIC). Results: The results revealed 70 medicinal species belonging to 38 botanical families, among which, five families were the most commonly used by the local population, especially the families Lamiaceae and Asteraceae. In term of species, the highest frequencies of medicinal use were shown respectively by Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. (6.49\%), Pistacia lentiscus L. (6.11\%), Myrtus communis L. (5.34\%) and Thymus vulgaris L. (4.96\%). Among the various parts of the plant, leaves were the most used part and decoction was the most frequent form of use. Finally, the gastro-intestinal system disorders were the most treated diseases with a percentage of 28.24\%. Conclusion: This first ethnobotanical study conducted in the region of Bissa revealed a very rich local knowledge in term of traditional herbal medicine; this fact was reflected by the high diversity of species used in the treatment of several diseases. In light of this, it is therefore very important to subject some of the major species to further phytochemical and pharmacological studies in order to validate their traditional use and to probably discover new bioactive molecules.

}, keywords = {Algeria, Ethnobotany, Indigenous population, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.103}, author = {Fatima Senouci and Adda Ababou and Mohammed Chouieb} } @article {940, title = {In vitro Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Senecio asperulus and Gunnera perpensa from Mohale{\textquoteright}s Hoek, Lesotho}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {730-739}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {730}, abstract = {

Background: Traditional medicinal plants have been widely used to treat or manage various ailments for centuries in Lesotho. With an increase in multi drug resistance and undesired adverse events to current drugs challenges, there is a need for alternative drugs. Aim: In this study we aimed at the investigation of antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Senecio asperulus and Gunnera perpensa roots extracted in three solvents of different polarities. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial activity was determined using the disc diffusion method, while antioxidant activity was determined using free radical scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. The Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage in vitro model was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of both plants. Resveratrol was used as a positive control. Results: Methanol extracts of Senecio asperulus inhibited microbial growth even at the lowest concentration of 50 μg/ml. Senecio asperulus dichloromethane extract was active on most bacteria with MIC{\textquoteright}s between 50 μg/ml and 500 μg/ml. However, the water and methanol extracts of Gunnera perpensa had no activity against all organisms tested. Aqueous extracts of Senecio asperulus and Gunnera perpensa showed free radical scavenging activity yielding EC50 values of 100 μg/ml and 25 μg/ml, respectively. The aqueous extracts of Senecio asperulus showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity from 50 to 200 μg/ml. while the methanol extract was at 200 μg/ml and with no cytotoxicity. No anti-inflammatory activity was observed from all Gunnera perpensa extracts using LPS-induced macrophages, this suggests that this species may be using other mechanisms for anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusion: The antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities observed from water extracts of Senecio asperulus support its ethnomedicinal use for the management of inflammation related diseases.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory activity, Antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, Gunnera perpensa, Medicinal plants, Senecio asperulus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.116}, author = {Mfengwana Polo-Ma-Abiele H and Mashele Samson S and Manduna Idah T} } @article {828, title = {The Interactive Antimicrobial Activity of Conventional Antibiotics and Petalostigma spp. Extracts Against Bacterial Triggers of some Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {March 2019}, pages = {292-309}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {292}, abstract = {

Introduction: An increase in antibiotic resistance and a corresponding decrease in antimicrobial discovery have directed researchers towards alternative therapies, including plant-based medicines. However, synergistic combinations of plant extracts with conventional antibiotics are a far more effective approach in overcoming resistance and potentiating the activity of antibiotics that are otherwise ineffective against resistant bacterial strains. Methods: In this study, Petalostigma spp. (native Australian medicinal plants) extracts were combined with a range of conventional antibiotics and tested against various microbial triggers of autoimmune diseases. The fruit and leaves were extracted separately with solvents of varying polarity and investigated for the ability to inhibit bacterial growth using disc diffusion and liquid dilution MIC techniques. Results: The methanolic and water extracts showed low to moderate inhibitory activity against several microbes. However, combinations of the mid-low polarity extracts with conventional antibiotics proved significantly more effective in inhibiting the growth of Proteus mirabilis and Acinetobacter baylyi (bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis respectively). In total, 14 different combinations proved to be synergistic. Notably, two antibiotics (chloramphenicol and erythromycin) with no inhibitory activity against P. mirabilis alone were shown to have substantial activity when tested in combination with Petalostigma spp. extracts. Conclusion: Although the mechanisms of synergy are still unclear, studies indicate that compounds within Petalostigma spp. may mimic the actions of resistance modifying agents, thus potentiating the activity of several antibiotics that are relatively ineffective alone. Isolation of these agents may be highly beneficial in drug design against several bacteria including the microbial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

}, keywords = {ankylosing spondylitis, Conventional antimicrobials, Drug combinations, Efflux pump inhibitor, Interaction, Medicinal plants, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Synergy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.45}, author = {Aishwarya Ilanko and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {759, title = {Antimicrobial Screening of Medicinal Plants Popularly used in Mato Grosso for Treating Infections: Advances on the Evaluation of Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist in vitro and in vivo Antibacterial Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s152-s166}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s152}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of this study was to screen a group of medicinal plants\’ extracts used in the treatment of ailments related to infections in the Brazilian popular medicine. And to carry out in vivo toxicity and antibacterial studies on Conyza bonariensis (Asteraceae) leaves and roots methanolic extracts selected based on the screening. Methods: Eleven methanolic extracts obtained from nine plants, reportedly used in the treatments of infections from the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, were initially screened for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities employing disc diffusion and broth micro dilution assays. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out. The most promising extract based on our results and previous literature reports was then evaluated in the in vivo antibacterial activities using mouse model of bacterial infection induced by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In addition, in vivo acute toxicity was conducted to evaluate the safety profile of the extracts. Results: All of the extracts tested were active against at least one of the bacterial and fungal strain tested with activities ranging from moderate to weak. Phytochemical analyses of MECbl and MECbr demonstrated the presence of free steroids and coumarins in MECbl and flavonoids, tanins, free steroids, reduced anthraquinones and coumarins in MECBr. Oral administration of MECbl and MECbr up to 5000 mg/kg did not provoked any toxicological events in the mice, thus suggesting that the LD50 is higher than 5000 mg/kg. In vivo antibacterial assay demonstrated superior prophylactic activity of MECbl compared to MECbr. Conclusion: MECbl and MECbr are safe when administered acute orally at doses up to 5000 mg/kg. Methanolic extracts of Conyza bonariensis possessed in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. Considerable in vivo antibacterial activities were observed in bacterial infection model for both MECbl and MECbr, effects comparable to that of meropenem, in some cases. Both extracts present in common free steroids and coumarins. The current in vivo antibacterial activity study further lend supports to the use of Conyza bonariensis in the treatment of infections in many traditional medicines.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Antimicrobial, Conyza bonariensis, Mato Grosso, Medicinal plants, Preliminary phytochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.28}, author = {Cristiane Coimbra de Paula and Domingos Tabajara De Oliveira Martins and Karuppusamy Arunachalam and Sikiru Olaitan Balogun and Quessi Irias Borges and Marcelo Garcia Picone and Wander Miguel de Barros and Regilane Matos da Silva Prado} } @article {554, title = {Elemental Composition of the Medicinal Plants Hypericum perforatum, Urtica dioica and Matricaria chamomilla Grown in Ukraine: A Comparative Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {486-491}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {486}, abstract = {

Objective: To determine concentrations of essential microelements Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn, as well as toxic metals Pb, Cd, Cr and Co, in three herbal remedies and compare the experimental data obtained with available literature data. Materials and Methods: Elemental compositions of three herbal remedies, Chamomile flowers, Urtica folia (nettle) and Hyperichi herba (St John\’s wort), grown and produced in Ukraine, were studied by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results: The Fe concentration decreases, as well as the Zn and Mn concentrations, increase in going from nettle through chamomile to St John\’s wort. The Cu content is virtually independent of the plant type. Statistically significant negative correlations between the element concentrations were found in Fe-Mn and Fe-Zn pairs. The studied samples of St John\’s wort are more contaminated with Cd than other plants, while the highest Pb content is observed in some samples of nettle. Conclusion: The measured levels of both Pb and Cd still secure against overuse of toxic metals with herbal remedies.

Key words: Medicinal plants, Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Elemental composition, Pb, Cd contamination.

}, keywords = {Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Cd contamination, Elemental composition, Medicinal plants, Pb}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.80}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/513}, author = {Tetiana Derkach and Volodymyr Khomenko} } @article {699, title = {Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants used by Ayta Communities in Dinalupihan, Bataan, Philippines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {859-870}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {859}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study documented the species of medicinal plants used by Ayta communities in Dinalupihan, Bataan. The plant parts used for medicinal purposes, preparations, mode of administration of these medicinal plants were determined. The most important species based on use values and informant consensus factors were also calculated. Methods: A total of 26 informants were interviewed regarding the plants they utilize for medicinal purposes. Free and prior informed consents were obtained from the informants. Taxonomic identification was done in the Botany Division of the National Museum of the Philippines. Informant consensus factor (FIC) and use values (UV) were also calculated. Results: Ayta communities listed a total of 118 plant species classified into 49 families used as herbal medicines. The Family Fabaceae was the most represented plant family with 11 species. Leaves were the most used plant part (43\%). Majority of medicinal preparations were taken orally (57\%). It was found that Psidium guajava L. and Lunasia amara Blanco were the most commonly used medicinal plants in the three communities with the use value of 0.814. Conclusion: This documentation provides a catalog of useful plants of the Ayta and serves as a physical record of their culture for the education of future Ayta generations.

}, keywords = {Ayta, Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, Philippines, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.145}, author = {Ourlad Alzeus G. Tantengco and MARLON LIAN C. CONDES and Hanna Hasmini T. Estadilla and Elena M. Ragragio} } @article {556, title = {Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Extracts Commonly Used in Algerian Traditional Medicine against Some Pathogenic Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {x}, pages = {XX-XX}, type = {x}, chapter = {XX}, abstract = {

Introduction: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of hydromethanolic extracts of Berberis vulgaris, Cassia angustifolia, Cinnamomum cassia, Cistus monspeliensis, Nigella sativa, Punica granatum, Rhus tripartata, Withania frutescens and Zingiber officinale against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative reference bacterial strains. Methods: The evaluation of antibacterial activity for different extracts of each plant was carried out using the disc diffusion method and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: The plant extracts showed zone of inhibition ranging from 06.0 to 23.0 mm against one or more tested bacteria, and their efficacy in terms of MICs where ranged from 0.1 to 12.8 mg/mL. The Refluxed and Macerated extracts of these plants have shown relatively similar results in terms of diameters of inhibition and MICs. The extracts of B. vulgaris, C. monspeliensis and P. granatum demonstrated relatively high activity as compared to the other plant extracts mainly against S. aureus, E. faecalis and E. cloacae. Conclusion: Findings of this study indicate that hydromethanolic extracts of these plants have antibacterial activity against the different tested bacterial strains. This activity supports their use in treatment of infections caused by such resistant bacteria.

Key words: Medicinal plants, Hydromethanolic extracts, Antibacterial activity, Inhibition zones, MICs, Bacterial resistance.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Bacterial resistance., Hydromethanolic extracts, Inhibition zones, Medicinal plants, MICs}, doi = {10.5530/jppcm.2018.2s.xx}, author = {Mohamed Senouci Bereksi and Hafida Hassa{\"\i}ne and Chahrazed Bekhechi and Djamel Eddine Abdelouahid} } @article {588, title = {Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of some Medicinal Plants Extracts Commonly Used in Algerian Traditional Medicine against some Pathogenic Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {507-512}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {507}, abstract = {

Introduction: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of hydromethanolic extracts of Berberis vulgaris, Cassia angustifolia, Cinnamomum cassia, Cistus monspeliensis, Nigella sativa, Punica granatum, Rhus tripartata, Withania frutescens and Zingiber officinale against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative reference bacterial strains. Methods: The evaluation of antibacterial activity for different extracts of each plant was carried out using the disc diffusion method and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: The plant extracts showed zone of inhibition ranging from 06.0 to 23.0 mm against one or more tested bacteria, and their efficacy in terms of MICs where ranged from 0.1 to 12.8 mg/mL. The Refluxed and Macerated extracts of these plants have shown relatively similar results in terms of diameters of inhibition and MICs. The extracts of B. vulgaris, C. monspeliensis and P. granatum demonstrated relatively high activity as compared to the other plant extracts mainly against S. aureus, E. faecalis and E. cloacae. Conclusion: Findings of this study indicate that hydromethanolic extracts of these plants have antibacterial activity against the different tested bacterial strains. This activity supports their use in treatment of infections caused by such resistant bacteria.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Bacterial resistance, Hydromethanolic extracts, Inhibition zones, Medicinal plants, MICs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.83}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/516}, author = {Mohamed Senouci Bereksi and Hafida Hassa{\"\i}ne and Chahrazed Bekhechi and Djamel Eddine Abdelouahid} } @article {722, title = {Identification of Phytoconstituents in Lawsonia inermis Linn. Leaves Extract by GC-MS and their Antibacterial Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1101-1108}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {xx1101}, abstract = {

Background: Plant extracts contains multiple active constituents which leads to the production of new drugs from plants and chemicals derived from various parts of plants. The objective of present study was to investigate the GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activity of L. inermis leaves extracts. Material and Methods: Crude methanol extract and its fractions were tested for the presence of active phytochemicals and GC-MS analysis of hexane; ethyl acetate and aqueous methanol fractions was performed. Antimicrobial activity against six bacterial strain\’s Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtelis, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was also tested. Results: Phytochemical screening of extract confirmed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, quinones, steroids and phenol. In GC-MS chromatograms, 56, 108 and 19 peaks were obtained and out of these, 13, 17 and 7 compounds were identified in hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous methanol fractions, respectively. Conclusion: For best of our knowledge in L.\ inermis leaves extract, Celidoniol and Vitamin E has not been reported earlier in hexane fractions. While 2, 3 dihydrobenzo furan, 1-H indole -1, 3 (2H)-dione, 1 (3H)-Isobenzofuranone, 1H Isoindole-1, 3 (2H) Dione, Napthelene, 2 ethoxy, 2 (4H) Benzofuranone, Vitamin E, Benzene, 1 isocyano 4 methyl are also identified for the first time in ethyl acetate fraction. Also, in aq. Methanol fraction 1(3H)-isobenzofuranone, Squalene and Vit E were not previously identified. Highest antibacterial activity was confirmed in crude methanol extract which might be due to all the antibacterial compounds present in its fractions. The present study helped in identifying phytoconstituents present in the extract and its fractions which are responsible for various biological and antibacterial activities.

}, keywords = {1, 4 Napthelenedione, Antimicrobial activity, Lawsone, Lawsonia inermis Linn, Medicinal plants, Methanol extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.187}, author = {Ritesh Kumar Sharma and Anjana Goel} } @article {709, title = {Interactive Antimicrobial and Toxicity Profiles of Scaevola spinescens R.Br. Extracts with Conventional Antibiotics}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1024-1035}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1024}, abstract = {

Background: Scaevola spinescens was traditionally used by Australian Aborigines to treat a variety of conditions including bacterial and viral infections, inflammation and cancer. Conventional antibiotics are amongst the most commonly prescribed groups of drugs in allopathic medicine. Therefore, these therapies may be used concurrently by practitioners of complementary medicine and there is a need to evaluate their effects in combination. Methods: Plant extracts were prepared using solvents of varying polarity and subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening analysis. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using disc diffusion and liquid dilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays against a panel of pathogenic triggers of some autoimmune diseases. Interactions between the S. spinescens extracts and conventional antibiotics were studied and classified by determining the sum of the fractional inhibitory concentration (\ΣFIC). Synergistic interactions were further examined across a range of ratios using isobolograms analysis. The toxicity of the individual samples and of the combinations was assessed using the Artemia lethality assay (ALA) and an MTS HDF cell viability assays. Results: Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts showed moderate to good inhibitory activity against several bacterial pathogens known to trigger autoimmune inflammatory diseases in genetically susceptible individuals. However, combinations of the methanolic, aqueous, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts with conventional antibiotics proved significantly more effective in inhibiting the growth of Klebsiellia pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes (bacterial triggers of ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatic fever respectively). In total, 4 combinations proved to be synergistic, all of which contained tetracycline as the conventional antibiotic component. Furthermore, all conventional antibiotics and S. spinescens leaf extracts were determined to be nontoxic when tested alone in the Artemia nauplii and HDF bioassays. Combining the extracts and antibiotics did not significantly affect the toxicity of the combinations. Conclusion: S. spinescens extracts were effective inhibitors of the growth of several bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases when tested alone. Additionally, the methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts potentiated the activity of tetracycline against bacterial otherwise resistant to its actions. Isolation of the synergising compounds in these extracts may be beneficial in drug design against several bacteria including the microbial triggers of ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatic fever.

}, keywords = {Antibiotic resistance, Australian plant, Conventional antimicrobials, Interaction, Maroon bush, Medicinal plants, Synergy, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.174}, author = {Baxter Blonk and Ian E.Cock} } @article {341, title = {Effects of Rainfall on the Antimicrobial Activity and Secondary Metabolites Contents of Leaves and Fruits of Anadenanthera colubrina from Caatinga Area.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {435-440}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {435}, abstract = {

Background: Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan var. cebil (Griseb) is a plant widely used for medicinal proposes in Brazilian Northeast. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the influence of rainfall indexes (RI) in antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of extracts from leaves and fruits of A. colubrina. Material and Methods: Samples were collected in Catimbau National Park (Bu\íque, Pernambuco, Brazil) at September 2010 (RI: 75 mm) and January (RI: 65 mm), April (RI: 162 mm) and June 2011 (RI: 73 mm). The extracts were prepared by Soxhlet extraction using cyclohexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. The antimicrobial activity was determined by MIC and MBC values. Results: All extracts showed antimicrobial activity, but ethyl acetate extracts (from all periods) were more active. Strong correlations were found between the RI and the average MIC of MLE (\ρ: -0.99), EALE (\ρ: -0.81), CHFE (\ρ: -0.81), EAFE (\ρ: -0.80); while moderate and weak correlations were found for other extracts. Through a HPLC analysis was possible to reveal that the samples collected from dry periods had more chemical diversity (as they presented more peaks). Gallic acid and quercetin (and derivative compounds) were identified. The levels of quercetin were enhanced in extracts from dry months. Conclusion: Our results showed that the rainfall has a positive effect on the antimicrobial activity of leaves and fruits of A. colubrina, however these extracts showed more chemical diversity during dry months.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial agents, Medicinal plants, Natural products, Semi arid area}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.73}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.73}, author = {Daniel Rodrigo Cavalcante de Ara{\'u}jo and Lu{\'\i}s Cl{\'a}udio Nascimento da Silva and Wolfgang Harand and J{\'u}lia Morais Fernandes and Thaciane da Cunha Soares and Silvana Maria Zucolotto Langassner and Raquel Brandt Giordani and Rafael Matos Ximenes and Alexandre Gomes da Silva and M{\'a}rcia Vanusa da Silva and Maria Tereza dos Santos Correia} } @article {225, title = {Screening Indigenous Medicinal Plants of Northeast India for Their Anti-Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {46-54}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {46}, abstract = {

Introduction: Alzheimer\’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurologic disease of the brain that affects intellectual abilities, reasoning and memory. Acetylcholine (ACh) is involved in the maintenance of cognitive process. Pathologically, ACh production is compromised in the brains of AD affected people. Presence of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the synaptic cleft, which hydrolyzes ACh, further decreases the ACh-levels, and thereby, additionally compromises cognition. The tribal people of North East India have been using indigenous plants as traditional medicine for brain disorders. We assayed whether the plants used in the traditional tribal knowledge for the treatment of brain disorders might contain better AChE-inhibitors. Methods: We collected 10 traditional medicinal plants from Northeast India. A total of 39 plant extracts were prepared using three solvent systems. The Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured with Ellman method. The experiment was done in triplicate for each level of inhibitor. The activity was measured at 412 nm wavelength using Plate Reader. The standard student t-test was used to show significant difference in IC50 values between extracts. Results: The result are reported based on Km, Vmax, IC50 (g/l), percentage inhibition and inhibition pattern. Two extracts had competitive inhibition, 11 extracts had mixed inhibition, 2 extracts had non-competitive inhibition, 11 extracts had uncompetitive inhibition and 4 extracts did not provide any proper pattern. The IC50 for these plant extracts were at the range of 0.51-12.4 g/l. Notably, Cinnamomum camphora (leaf: chloroform), Litsea glutinosa (stem; chloroform), and Litsea glutinosa (stem; methanol) showed IC50 values of 0.51, 0.53 \& 0.81 g/l, respectively.

}, keywords = {AChE-inhibition, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s, Ellman assay, Kinetics, Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.9}, author = {Roohollah Sobhani and Amarta Kumar Pal and Atanu Bhattacharjee and Sivaprasad Mitra and Kripamoy Aguan} } @article {63, title = {Iron Reducing and Radical Scavenging Activities of 13 Medicinal Plants From C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {266-270}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {266}, abstract = {

Objective: Oxidative stress has been involved in the development of varied human diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the iron reducing power and the antiradical activity of 13 plants traditionally used as medicinal plants in C\ôte d\’Ivoire. Materials and Methods: FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) and ABTS (2,2\’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid)) assays were used to assess the antioxidant property of 80\% methanol extracts prepared from the 13 plants. Results: A high iron reducing activity was exhibited by extracts from leaves of Leea guineensis (42.76 \± 28.54 mg of TE/gdry extract) and Bersama abyssinica (39.77 \± 31.29 mg of TE/g dry extract). Smeathmannia pubescens (\% ABTS = 92.44 \± 12.93\%), L. guineensis (\%ABTS = 89.73 \± 15.10\%), Keetia venosa (\% ABTS = 88.78 \± 17.36 \%) and Sapium ellipticum (\%ABTS = 85.86 \± 25.10\%), showed promising antiradical activity with IC50 values of 4.50, 5.00, 5.40 and 5.70 \μg/mL respectively. These values are (p \< 0.05) close to those of Trolox (CI50 = 4.10 \μg/mL) and ascorbic acid (CI50 = 4.90 \μg/mL). Conclusion: Our findings confirm the traditional use of the studied plants in treatment of various ailments. The results obtained provide promising baseline information for using these medicinal plants for improving the health status of the population.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Antioxidants, C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire, FRAP, Iron., Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.2}, author = {Ehouman Evans and Kon{\'e} Mamidou Witabouna and Tra Bi F{\'e}zan Honora and Bakayoko Adama} } @article {1534, title = {15-Lipoxygenase inhibition of selected Philippine medicinal plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {43-46}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Several extracts from Philippine medicinal plants used for asthma and other inflammatory diseases were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the action of 15-lipoxygenase. The inhibitory activity was tested spectrophotometrically using quercetin as positive control. Eleven species belonging to 11 families displayed varying inhibitory activities. Commelina diffusa and Euphorbia hirta showed the highest inhibitory activity at 51.3\% and 48.5\%, respectively. These plants may contain new 15-lipoxygenase inhibitors.

Key words: Asthma, inflammation, lipoxygenase, medicinal plants, plant extra.

}, keywords = {Asthma, Inflammation, Lipoxygenase, Medicinal plants, Plant extracts}, author = {Noemi D. Paguigan, and Christine L. Chichioco-Hernandez,} } @article {1491, title = {Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Five Medicinal Plants in Sri Lanka.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {49-54}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

This study investigated on the antioxidant properties of five medicinal plants used in Sri Lanka, namely Solanum nigrum, Amaranthus spinosus, Elephantopuss caber, Amorphophallus campanulatus and Canna indica. The cold methanol plant extracts were screened for the antioxidant activity evaluating their 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical in scavenging ability. The total ascorbic acid content of the extracts was also evaluated. The IC50 values of the extracts revealed that Solanum nigrum had the best DPPH scavenging activity with a value of 37.63 \± 0.11\μg/ml and was better than that of the standard ascorbic acid. Amorphophallus campanulatus extract gave the highest ascorbic acid content of 143.03 \± 1.97 mg per 100 g of the extract. All five plants extract showed DPPH scavenging activity in the order of Solanum nigrum \> Elephantopus scaber\> Amorphophallus campanulatus\> Canna indica. The plant extracts did not show a direct correlation between the ascorbic acid content to the DPPH scavenging activity. These experimental results reveals that these extracts can be utilized in future as therapeutic agent against free radical induced oxidative stress.

Key words: Antioxidant activities, Ascorbic acid, DPPH, Medicinal Plants.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant Activities, Ascorbic acid, DPPH, Medicinal plants}, author = {K. N. Mahesh, and M. N. Wickramaratne, and D. B. M. Wickramaratne} }