@article {2503, title = {Comprehensive Analysis of Brassica oleracea: Phytochemical Composition, Radical Scavenging, and Anti-Proliferative Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {293-298}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {293}, abstract = {

Background: Natural sources like plants, vegetables, and fruits contain vast micro and macro nutrients that are useful for livelihood and also act as a medicine for various health conditions. Brassica vegetable naturally contains high antioxidant property which aids in removing free radicals caused by organelles during cellular process. The study aims at preparing Brassica oleracea extracts using a range of polar and non-polar solvents and to evaluate its phytochemical, antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties. Methods: Brassica oleracea was extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. All the extracts were subjected to phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity was performed using DPPH method. The antiproliferative activity was perfomed on THP-1 cells by MTT assay. The extract showing maximum activity was then characterized using FTIR and GCMS. Results: The extract study infers positive results for major secondary metabolites (alkaloids, glycosides, proteins, phenols, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids and diterpenes) and negative for quinones and coumarins. DPPH radical scavenging assay showed high antioxidant activity for ethanol extracts 45-91\% at 5μg/mL followed by ethyl acetate (37\%-80\%) and hexane extract (23\%-73\%). The anti-proliferative activity in THP-1 cells, revealed that the ethanolic extract significantly decreases cell viability relative to hexane and ethyl acetate extracts, indicating its potential as a natural anticancer drug. Conclusion: Cytotoxicity studies further demonstrated a concentration dependent effect on cell viability, indicating its potential bioactivity. The structural analysis performed with FTIR and GC-MS revealed important functional groups and bioactive compounds that could play a role in these effects

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Broccoli, DPPH, Flavonoids, FTIR, ROS, THP-1 cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.37}, author = {Nithya Venugopal and Radhika Jayaraman and Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath and Ganesh Munuswamy Ramanujam and Sundarapandian Subramaniyan and Pratheepa Sivasankari Natarajan and Jayashri Seetharaman} } @article {2229, title = {New Insights of Oxidative Stress and Thalassemia May Lead to Antioxidant Therapy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {202-204}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {202}, abstract = {

Background: Because of chronic hemolysis, thalassemic patients are under oxidative cell injury caused by secondary iron overload. This provokes oxidative damage to the cellular membranes of organs that accumulate excess iron. Several researchers studied the oxidative stress in patients with thalassemia during chelation therapy and repeated blood transfusion periods, and they found that β-thalassemia patients are under oxidative stress, but they did not focus on before the chelating therapy period. Objective: To evaluate the total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) and oxidative stress (OS) in newly diagnosed patients with β-thalassemia before chelating therapy. Methodology: In the present case-control study, twenty patients newly diagnosed with β-thalassemia before receiving chelating agents, and another 30 healthy individuals, sex-matched with patients, considered as a control, were included in the study. Total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) were assessed in the studied groups. Results: The TAOC values of the thalassemic group (35{\textpm}0.11 u/ml ) were significantly (p\<0.001) lower than that of the control group (79{\textpm}7.2 u/ml). MDA values of the thalassemic group (7.9 {\textpm}2.35nmol/l) were significantly (p\<0.001) more than that of the control group (0.57{\textpm}0.25 nmol/l). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that patients with β thalassemia have decreased values of TAOC, and increased values of MDA when compared with the control group.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Oxidative stress, Thalassemia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.28}, author = {Kassim SA Al Neaimy and Maes MK Alkhyatt and Israa A Jarjess} } @article {2115, title = {Antioxidant Activities, Total Polyphenol Profile and Anticancer Activity, of Leaf, Bulb and Root Extracts of Tulbaghia violacea from Bloemfontein}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {761-767}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {761}, abstract = {

In this study, the effects of the home remedy herb Tulbaghia violacea on antioxidants, total polyphenol activity, and cancer were investigated. Using methanol/dichloromethane and aqueous solvents, the extracts were produced. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl assay, and their phenol content by the gallic acid method. The extracts were found to be inactive or weak against the HeLa (cervix), human cancer cell lines TK-10 (renal), and PC3 (prostate). It is suggested that these three human cell lines be tested against extracts of water and methanol/ dichloromethane at higher concentrations. The plant{\textquoteright}s leaf extract would also be the best substance to test against the human cell lines TK-10, PC-3, and HeLa. The IC50 values for two to three cell lines show that T. violacea plant extracts (\>100 g/ml) have no effect on cells. T. violacea extract has greater antioxidant activity than the control. A thorough phenolic analysis showed that water leaf extract had the highest quantity of phenolics whereas bulb methanol/dichloromethane extract had the lowest. Both the methanol/dichloromethane and the aqueous extracts have the same characteristics for antioxidant activity. In order to enhance food{\textquoteright}s nutritional content and quality while also supporting excellent health, it has been found that phenolic compounds alter the color, flavor, and other sensory characteristics of the meal. Additionally, they help plants defend themselves against harm from ROS, molecular damage, microbial invasion, insects, and herbivores.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Antioxidants, Medicinal plants, Polyphenol, Tulbaghia violaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.149}, author = {Pakiso Moses Makhoahle and Dijeng Euginiah Rampana} } @article {2087, title = {Antioxidant, Total Phenolic, and Total Flavonoid of 70\% Ethanol Extract of Avocado Seeds (Persea americana Mill.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {599-605}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {599}, abstract = {

Avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill.) are high in phytochemicals and are utilized in herbal medicine. The objective of this study is to analyze the antioxidant activities, total phenolics and flavonoids of the P. americana seed extract. P. americana seed extraction was obtained through maceration and reflux using a 70\% ethanol solvent. The results obtained were compared in terms of yield productivity, with yields of 43.07 (\%) and 39.58 (\%) respectively. Phytochemical compounds extracted from P. americana seeds were tested using the phytochemical screening method, the antioxidant activity assay, the total phenolic analysis, and the total flavonoid analysis. The phytochemical screening showed that P. americana seeds contain flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, alkaloids, and quinones. The antioxidant activity of the 70\% ethanol extract of P. americana seeds obtained by maceration and reflux method was 77.298 g/mL and 98.626 g/mL, respectively, meanwhile the IC50 values of vitamin C were 12.883 g/mL. The 70\% ethanol extract of P. americana seeds obtained by maceration and reflux method had total phenolic content of 276.96 mgGAE/g and 294.96 mgGAE/g, and total flavonoid content of 1.73 mgQE/g and 12.70 mgQE/g respectively. This simply implies that the 70\% ethanolic extracts from P. americana seeds obtained through maceration and reflux have strong antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Avocado seeds, DPPH, Persea americana Mill., Total flavonoids, Total phenolics.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.126}, author = {Sri Wahyu Ningsih Munthe and Riskianto Riskianto and Denny Juvi and Jessica Novia} } @article {2102, title = {Comparison of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Ethanolic Extracts of Four Plant Species Selected from South of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {691-696}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {691}, abstract = {

One of the most ancient human medical techniques is the use of plants to treat, prevent, and cure diseases. These plants can manufacture a wide variety of natural chemicals. The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and antioxidant capacity of ethanolic extract of four plant species (Zizyphus lotus, Lavandula dentata, Ruta graveolens, and Dodonaea viscosa). Using disc diffusion and serial dilution procedures, the antibacterial abilities of these EtPEs were evaluated. The antioxidant properties were evaluated by the FRAP method and the Folin-Ciocalteu technique was used to measure the total phenolic content. Different plant extracts showed different inhibitory effects on the tested bacteria in a dose-dependent manner. Among the tested plant extracts, D. viscose exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against P. vulgaris and S. aureus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 0.5 mg/ml. On the other hand, R. graveolens displayed the highest quantity of phenolic compounds and demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity. Notably, there was a positive correlation observed between the antioxidant activity of the plant extracts and their total phenolic content. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that the tested plant extracts hold potential as promising sources of natural antibacterial and antioxidant agents.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antioxidants, Extraction, Medicinal Plants., Total Phenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.138}, author = {Ali Abdallah Alqudah and Bilal Al Hawamdeh and Dahfer Ali and Ibrahim Alfarrayeh and Bilal Algataitat and Omar Khaled Al-Mobideen and Mohammad Alhawatema} } @article {1882, title = {Antioxidants, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content and Toxicity Assay of Ampelas (Tetracera macrophylla Wall.Ex Hook.F.\& Thoms) From Kalimantan-Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {642-648}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {642-648}, abstract = {

Background: High Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) contribute to disease pathogenesis. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids are effective as antioxidants. Objective: This research aimed to measure the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content and leaf toxicity of Tetracera macrophylla. Methods: DPPH and FRAP were used to determine antioxidants, and the Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu method was used for total phenolic content, total flavonoid content with AlCl3 and toxicity with MTT assay against RAW 264.7 cells. Results: Methanol extract has antioxidant activity with IC50 = 81.582 μg/mL (DPPH) and 11840 mol/g (FRAP), total phenolic content of 353.781 mg GAE/g dry weight, and flavonoid content of 279.2 mg QE/g dry weight. The ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts had weaker antioxidant activity than the methanol extracts. The IC50 toxicity assay methanol extract and ethyl acetate extract respectively showed 288.792 μg/mL and 541.472 μg/mL. Conclusion: The methanol extract of Tetracera macrophylla showed the highest yield, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content and had the highest antioxidant activity. Methanol extract has low toxicity to RAW 264.7 cells.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Tetracera macrophylla, total flavonoid, total phenolic, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.147}, author = {Vera Ladeska and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Kusmardi} } @article {1761, title = {GC-MS Profiling, Antioxidants and Antimicrobial Activity of Prickly Pear (Opuntiaficus-indica) Pulp Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {262-267}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {262}, abstract = {

The objective of this study was to evaluate phytochemical screening, antioxidants and antimicrobial activity of prickly pear pulp extract. Phytochemical screening was performed on the methanolic extract of the sample followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS).The antioxidant activity was determined by measuring total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The antibacterial activity was determined using paper disc method against two bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Total of 36 compounds belonging to phenolics, anhydrides, aldehydes, fatty acids and hydrocarbons were identified in the extracts. The highest content of total phenol and antioxidant activity (FRAP and DPPH) were found in methanol extract228.50 {\textpm} 3.67. mg GAE/100g DW, 118.63 {\textpm}3.86 mg TE/100g DW and 92.81\% respectively. The maximum zone of inhibition observed was 14.45 {\textpm} 0.67 mm against Staphylococcus aureus at methanol extract. It was concluded that fractions solvent plays important roles on the bioactive compound of prickly pear pulp extract and it can be used to control infectious diseases and prevent oxidative damage.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Antioxidants, Fraction, GC-MS, Prickly pear pulp}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.32}, author = {Zuhair Radhi Addai and Meethaq Satter Abood and Shrrog Hammed Hlail} } @article {1769, title = {Pasuchaca (Geranium ruizii Hieron.): A Medicinal Plant of the Geraniaceae Family with Hypoglycemic Effect on Alloxan-Induced Hyperglycemia in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {315-321}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {315}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study aims to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Geranium ruizii on alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in albino mice. Material and Methods: Geranium ruizii was collected in Huancayo, Junin, Peru. A phytochemical analysis was carried out to confirm the chemical groups. In the pharmacological study, hyperglycemia was induced with alloxan at doses of 170 mg/kg in male albino mice, animals with blood sugar levels above 250 mg/dL were included in the protocol. Mice were randomized into five groups (I: Alloxan 170 mg/Kg; II, III and IV (Geranium ruizii extract: 50; 150 and 300 mg/Kg body weight); and V: glibenclamide, 5mg/Kg B.W. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, saponins and phenolic compounds. It is observed that at doses of 50, 150 and 300 mg/kg reduced blood glucose at 14 days of treatment. Conclusion: The hypoglycemic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Geranium ruizii, administered orally in mice with alloxan-induced hyperglycemia was effective with 150 mg/Kg body weight.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic drugs, Antioxidants, Geranium ruizii, Herbal therapy, Medicinal plants, Pasuchaca}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.40}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Renan Dilton Ha{\~n}ari-Quispe and Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo and Josefa Bertha Pari-Olarte and Luz Josefina Chacaltana-Ramos and Eddie Loyola-Gonzales and Melva Iparraguirre-Meza and Mildred Hilda C{\'o}ndor- Privat and Beatriz Lilian Galdos-Vadillo and Jenny Mendoza-Vilcahuaman and Rossibel Juana Mu{\~n}oz-de-la-Torre} } @article {1421, title = {Antihypertensive Effects of Osteospermum Imbricatum in Two Hypertensive Rat Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {744-751}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {744}, abstract = {

Introduction: Osteospermum imbricatum is used traditionally in Eastern Cape, South Africa for the management of hypertension, chest and stomach complaints. This study was aimed at investigating the antioxidant and antihypertensive effects of this plant. Methods: Antioxidant capacity was determined by radical scavenging assays and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Antihypertensive effects after once off treatment with the leaf/root extracts (500 mg/kg) were evaluated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The effect of the extracts on established hypertension was determined in Wistar rats treated with Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (40 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks followed by co-treatment with L-NAME and extracts (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) or amlodipine (5 mg/kg) or normal saline for 4 more weeks. Results: The concentration at which there was 50 \% inhibition (IC50) of DPPH radical by the extracts was lower for the leaf extract (0.79 mg/mL) compared to the root extract (1.15 mg/mL). The leaf extract significantly (p\<0.01) decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressures in both rat models. Conclusion: The extracts of Omsteospermum imbricatu have moderate antioxidants and antihypertensive properties.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, High blood pressure, Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, Spontaneously hypertensive rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.95}, author = {Charlotte Mungho Tata and Constance Rufaro Sewani-Rusike and Olukayode Aremu and Opeoluwa Oyehan Oyedeji and Benedicta Ngwenchi Nkeh-Chungag} } @article {1607, title = {Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity of Ethanol Extract of Annona cherimola Mill. On Paracetamol-Induced Liver Toxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {874-882}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {874}, abstract = {

Background: Annona cherimola Mill. (A. cherimola) is mainly characterized by its antioxidant and cytoprotective properties due to their content of phenolic compounds. Objective: To evaluate antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extract of leaves from A. cherimola against induced toxicity by paracetamol in rats. Methods: Amount of total phenolics compounds of ethanol extract of A. cherimola Mill. was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH method. Three doses of the ethanol extract of leaves of A. cherimola (250, 500 and 750 mg/Kg/day) were administered to rats and it was evaluated biochemical blood parameters: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured, liver tissue was removed for histopathological analysis. Results: Ethanol extract of leaves from A. cherimola had 41.26 mg GAE/g extract and antioxidant DPPH Scavenging Activity had 85.51\%. A. cherimola reduced blood levels of ALT, AST and ALP, compared to control group Paracetamol, ethanol extract, being more effective at doses of 750 mg/Kg/day. Histopathological evaluation suggested that A. cherimola decreased hepatic necrosis and degenerative process induced by paracetamol. Conclusions: Hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extract of leaves of A. cherimola was demonstrated, being hepatoprotective activity dose dependent and the mechanism may involve antioxidant activity and total polyphenols found in extract of this plant.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, DPPH, Liver, Paracetamol, Rat}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.112}, author = {Carmen R. Silva-Correa and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui- Guarniz and Mar{\'\i}a V. Gonz{\'a}lez-Blas and Anabel D. Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Cinthya L. Aspajo- Villalaz and Luz M. Guerrero-Espino and Jorge Del Rosario-Ch{\'a}varri and Julio Hilario-Vargas} } @article {1384, title = {Chemical Profile and Antioxidant Properties of Andrographis producta (C. B. Clarke) Gamble}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {475-485}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {475}, abstract = {

Background: Andrographis producta (Acanthaceae) is endemic to Western Ghats, India, traditionally used by native people for the control of various ailments including intestinal worms, to relieve constipation and also used to eliminate phlegm in women during postpartum. Objective: To investigate the chemical compounds in root, stem and leaves of A. producta and their antioxidant properties. Method: The phytochemical contents were determined using spectrophotometric methods and chemical profiling of root, stem and leaf extracts was carried out using GC-MS. Further, extracts were investigated for their antioxidant capacities using in vitro DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assay. Results: The total phenolics (163.61 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (35.11 {\textpm} 0.53 mg QE/g) and tannins (84.52 {\textpm} 0.07 mg TAE/g) were highest in stem compared to leaf and root. Stem was exerted superior antioxidant capacities in both DPPH (EC50 3.58 mg/ml) and FRAP assays (1.742 {\textpm} 0.02 OD at 1mg/ml) and were comparable to standards. GC-MS analysis revealed total 89 chemical compounds including phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids and organic acids. 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol (0.70 \%), 2,4-ditert- butylphenol (9.74 \%), phytol (10.32 \%), 5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone (11.42 \%), gammasitosterol (8.32 \%), salvigenin (12.09 \%), solanesol, (2.92 \%), and alpha-terpinene (4.58 \%) were important bioactive compounds found in significant amount. Conclusion: The present investigations indicate that various parts of A. producta can be explored as good source of antioxidants due to the presence of phenolics and flavonoids. The meticulous assessment of bioactive compounds from A. producta would be great contribution in field of medicine.

}, keywords = {2, 4-Di-tert-butylphenol, Andrographis, Antioxidants, GC-MS, Methanol extract, Salvigenin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.60}, author = {Dayanand Dalawai and Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy} } @article {1614, title = {Hypoglycemic and Antianemia Effects of Chlorophyll from Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr Leaves in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {924-932}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {924}, abstract = {

Background: Beneficial effect of katuk (Sauropus androgynus L Merr) leaves (CSA) as one of medicinal plant in Indonesian jamu may potential to cure diabetes mellitus (DM) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) as well as its well-known effect to increase breast milk production. Objectives: This study was aiming to explore the hypoglycemic effects of CSA in streptozotocininduced DM rats (STZ) and antianemia effects in IDA rats (FeD). Material and Methods: STZ male Wistar rats were treated with CSA, commercial chlorophyll (Chln) and glibencamide. Blood glucose levels and histological changes of liver, kidney and pancreas were analyzed after 14 days treatment. At separate experiment, FeD female Wistar rats were treated with CSA and Chln. The treatment was performed orally at the 1st - 20th day of pregnancy. Levels of Hb, Fe and ferritin blood serum, number and body weight of the offspring were analyzed on 21st day (post-partum). Results: Treatment of CSA for 14 days to diabetic animals demonstrated the hypoglycemic effect, however the histological analysis suggested that the scores of liver, kidney and pancreas were higher than that in the normal group. Moreover, CSA exerted a significant restorative effect by returning the levels of hemoglobin, serum iron, and serum ferritin. A fetus analysis suggested that the fetus body weight of in the CSA and Chln groups was similar to that in the normal group. Conclusion: CSA treatment are potential as a new herbal supplement to cure DM and IDA. However, the safety dose should be considered to prevent the toxicity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Chlorophyll, Diabetes mellitus (DM), Iron deficiency anemia (IDA), Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.119}, author = {Suparmi Suparmi and Minidian Fasitasari and Martanto Martosupono and Jubhar Christian Mangimbulude} } @article {1175, title = {Standardization Study of Simplicia and Extract of Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) Peel, Quantification of Hesperidin and Antibacterial Assay}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {777-783}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {777}, abstract = {

Introduction: Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) is a commodity which is widely grown in Indonesia, including in western Sumatera. Aim: This study was conducted to Standardization Study of Simplicia and Extract of Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) Peel, Quantification of Hesperidin and Antibacterial Assay. Materials\ and Methods: The semi-solid extract of Calamondin peel was made by the maceration method using 70\% ethanol solvent. Then standardization study chamomile extract (Organoleptic examination of extracts, Chromatographic analysis, Total Ash, Acid-insoluble ash, Water content), quantification of hesperidin by TLC-densitometry method and antibacterial activity assay for diffusion method. The antibacterial activity of extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis\ and Pseudomonas aeruginous. Results: The organoleptic properties of the calamondin peel showed that the outer surface was brown and the inside was yellow, slightly smelly and sour taste. Microscopic characterizations obtained identifiers of calcium oxalate crystal fragments, fibers, parenchyma with oil cells, ladder-shaped transport tissue. Water and alcohol-soluble extractive are not less than 19.73\% {\textpm} 0.97\% and 10.26\% {\textpm} 0.25\%, loss on drying is not more than 10.78\% {\textpm} 0.05\% and the total and acidinsoluble ash is not more than 4.33\% {\textpm} 0.03\% and 1.01\% {\textpm} 0.07\%. The calamondin peel extract is described in the form of thick extract, a specific smell, a black color, bitter taste and yield not less than 25.33\% {\textpm} 1.3\%. Quantification of hesperidin obtained not less than 4.78\% {\textpm} 0.09\%, a water content of no more than 17.47\% {\textpm} 0.82\% and the total ash content and acid insoluble ash are not more than 4.65\% {\textpm} 0.06\% and 0.13\% {\textpm} 0.04\%. Antibacterial activity of extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginous at 15\% concentration with inhibitory diameter range of 7.65 mm {\textpm} 0.36 mm to 9.96 mm {\textpm} 0.52 mm and at a concentration of 20\% with inhibitory diameter ranges of 9.26 mm {\textpm} 0.72 mm to 13.39 mm {\textpm} 0.28 mm. Conclusion: Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) peel have antioxidant and antibacterial activity.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antioxidants, Citrus microcarpa Bunge, Hesperidin, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.111}, author = {Elidahanum Husni and Friardi Ismed and Dony Afriyandi} } @article {961, title = {Aloe Vera Peel Extract Administration Increased Antioxidant Enzyme Levels of Serum and Seminal Plasma in Type 2 Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {962-967}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {962}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered as a complex metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Aloe vera peel extract on the antioxidant levels of serum and seminal plasma of type 2 diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rat was injected by 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) combined with 230 mg/kg of Nicotinamide acid (NA) intraperitoneally. The rats were declared to have diabetic with fasting blood glucose level \> 200 mg/dl 72 hours after induction. Diabetic rat samples were divided into four groups, control group (diabetes without treatment) and three groups were treated by Aloe vera peel extracts orally: 100 mg (P.1), 200 mg (P.2), and 400 mg/kg body weight (P.3), respectively. Antioxidant levels of serum and seminal plasma, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) were examined after 28 days of treatment. Results: The levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH in the group receiving Aloe vera peel extract were statistically significant (p \<0.05) higher than the control. There were also significant differences between the dose variations group. Conclusion: Aloe vera peel extract can significantly increase antioxidant levels in serum and seminal plasma of type 2 diabetic mice.

}, keywords = {Aloe vera peel extract, Antioxidants, Diabetes, Seminal Plasma, Serum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.152}, author = {Wulan Christijanti and Achmad Zulfa Juniarto and Lisyani B. Suromo} } @article {1015, title = {Comparison of Extraction Methods, Antioxidant Activities, Total Phenol in Seeds and Seed Shells of Kabau (Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C. Nielsen) From Lampung and South Sumatra}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1278-1284}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1278}, abstract = {

Background: Kabau is one of the famous plants in Lampung and South Sumatra. Kabau is usually used as an ingredient to increase the aroma of cooking. Kabau is a plant belongs to the same genus with Archidendron pauciflorium (Benth.) IC. Nielsen and in the same family with Leucaena leucocephala L. Objective: The purpose of this research was to compare the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity between seed and fruit carp (shell) of kabau grown in Lampung and South Sumatra. Method: Kabau seeds and the shells were obtained from Lampung and South Sumatra. Extractions were conducted by maceration and a continuous extraction using Soxhlet apparatus with ethanol as the solvent. Phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of the extract were then measured. Results: The antioxidant activity and high phenol levels were found in kabau shell extract obtained by maceration method with IC-50 value of seed shell from Lampung 17.61 μg/mL and 44, 7 μg / mL for those from South Sumatra. Phenol content of seed shell from Lampung 11.74 g GAE / 100 g and South Sumatra 5.88 g GAE / 100 g. Conclusion: Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded that high antioxidant activity and high levels of total phenol were found in shell extract obtained by maceration of shell from Lampung and South Sumatra.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) Nielsen, Phenols, Seed shell, Seeds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.198}, author = {Hesti Riasari and Sani Nurlaela Fitriansyah and Rika Hartati and Kusnandar Anggadiredja and Sukrasno} } @article {1029, title = {Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activities of Selected South African Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1532-1539}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1532}, abstract = {

Introduction: Indigenous plants are known to play a pivotal role in the well-being of Africa{\textquoteright}s native societies. These plants are believed to be endowed with healing effects against various ailments rooting from oxidative stress. However, most of these plants including Ziziphus mucronata, Warburgia salutaris and Eucomis autumnalis lack scientific reports validating their medicinal properties. Thus, the current study, aimed to investigate the cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of selected South African medicinal plants. Methods: Scavenging activity of the extracts were evaluated on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion (O2 -) nitric oxide (NO-), hydroxyl anion (-OH) radicals and lipid peroxide (LP) values at varying concentration (20 - 100 μg/mL). Cytotoxic evaluation using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) was conducted on HEK293 cells. Reducing power and metal chelating ability of the extracts were assessed. In the same vein, protective index of DNA plasmid (pET151/D TOPO plasmid) induced free radical by incubating with Fenton{\textquoteright}s reagents were tested, in vitro. Reducing and metal chelating ability of the extracts were evaluated in this study. Results: The crude extracts displayed radical scavenging activity and limit peroxidation process. The extracts showed potent ferric reducing power and chelating effects. Cytotoxic effects of the extracts analyzed using the MTT assay displayed low toxicity levels. Furthermore, the extracts were able to protect pET151/D-TOPO plasmid DNA nicking induced by hydroxyl radicals in a Fenton{\textquoteright}s reaction mixture. Conclusion: It is evident in this study that the plant extracts are potential antioxidant therapeutics and justify inclusion of indigenous herbs as a complementary agents in the treatment regimen.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, DNA, Eucomis autumnalis, Warburgia salutaris}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.234}, author = {G Ayeni and OJ Pooe and M Singh and N Nundkumar and MBC Simelane} } @article {983, title = {The Diversity of Biologically Active Compounds in the Rhizomes of Recently Discovered Zingiberaceae Plants Native to North Eastern Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1014-1022}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1014}, abstract = {

Objective: To identify and quantify the bioactive compounds, along with biological activities, of native Thai edible Zingiberaceae. Methods: The bioactive compounds evaluated were phenolic acids, flavonoid, vitamin C, curcumin, 6-gingerol, eugenol and essential amino acids; analyses involved HPLC and LCMS/MS. Antioxidant activities were assessed by DPPH and FRAP assays. Results: Zingiber officinale was the richest source of bioactive compounds, followed by Z. officinale, Alpinia zerumbet and Alpinia conchigera. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid contents ranged widely across these species (17 to 200 mg GAE/100 g DW and 17 to 66 mg RE/100 g DW). All the species studied possessed strong antiglycation properties, ranging from 82 to 98\%, with strong positive correlations of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The contents of curcumin, 6-gingerol, eugenol and vitamin C were in the range of 1 to 26, 1 to 140 μg/ g DW, 5 to 1600 and 4 to 21 mg/100 g DW, respectively. Seven essential amino acids identified by using LCMS/MS were found in most samples studied ranging from 2 to 6752 μg/100 g DW. Conclusion: Z. officinale is an abundant source of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in all these samples. These plants are fresh sources for developing novel functional ingredients in either food or cosmetics.

}, keywords = {Antiglycation, Antioxidants, Bioactive compounds, Essential amino acids, Ginger family}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.160}, author = {Theeraphan Chumroenphat and Issaraporn Somboonwatthanakul and Surapon Saensouk and Sirithon Siriamornpun} } @article {982, title = {Effect of Maturation on Phenolics and Flavonoids Content of Greenhouse-Grown Beet Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1010-1013}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1010}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aims to determine how maturation stages of greenhouse-grown beet leaf influence the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Methods: Beet leaf was grown under two different passive solar greenhouses in trans-Himalayan Ladakh. Leaves harvested at three maturity stages were evaluated for TPC and TFC. Results: Significant difference in TPC and TFC was observed between the three maturity stages. Midmature leaves had the highest TPC and TFC followed by mature and immature leaves. When TPC and TFC for all maturity stages were averaged, a marked difference in TPC and TFC was observed in beet leaf grown under the two passive solar greenhouses. Higher TPC and TFC were observed in the greenhouse with higher photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and UV-transmittance. Conclusion: Beet leaf should be harvested at the midmaturity stage for consumer to benefit from elevated levels of phenolics and flavonoids.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Greenhouse, Ladakh, Maturity, Vegetable}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.159}, author = {Phunchok Angmo and Sonam Chorol and Desyong Namgail and OP Chaurasia and Tsering Stobdan} } @article {1045, title = {Effect of Perillyl Alcohol (POH) A Monoterpene on Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Status in High Fat Diet-Low Dose STZ Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Experimental Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1434-1441}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1434}, abstract = {

Aim: The plan of this study was to assess the protective activity of Perillyl alcohol (POH) on the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) by-products and antioxidant defense systems in the plasma and other tissues of normal and High Fat Diet-Low Dose Streptozotocin (STZ) induced type 2 diabetes in wistar rats. Materials and Methods: The experimental diabetes was induced in animals by High Fat Diet-Low Dose STZ (35 mg/kg i.p.) injection, and treatment with Perillyl alcohol at the dose of (50mg/kg b.w and 100mg/kg b.w) was continued for 30 days. At the end of treatment period, oxidative stress parameters like lipid peroxidation by-products; enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and non-enzymic antioxidants including reduced glutathione, Vitamin C and Vitamin E were measured in the plasma and tissues of experimental rats. Results: In untreated diabetic rats an increase was seen in the levels of lipid peroxidation by-products and significant decrease was seen in antioxidant enzymes. Oral administration of Perillyl alcohol a monocyclic monoterpene to diabetic rats for 30 days caused a significant reduction in the levels of lipid peroxidation by-products and an increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, when the same were compared with the untreated diabetic group. Conclusion: The result of this study indicates that Perillyl alcohol has anti lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status potential in experimental diabetes.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, High Fat Diet, Lipid peroxidation, Perillyl alcohol, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.222}, author = {Towseef Hassan and Elanchezhiyan C and Insha Naseer and S Marimuthu} } @article {1017, title = {Free Radical Scavenging Capacity and Total Phenolic Contents in Peel and Fleshy Crude Extracts of Selected Vegetables}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1351-1358}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1351}, abstract = {

Context: Vegetables are sources of natural antioxidants which have beneficial health-promoting properties. Aims: This research was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant potentials and total phenolic contents in vegetable extracts. Settings and Design: The experiment was divided two groups using six vegetable peels and fleshes, including potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), carrot (Daucus carota L.), bitter gourd (Monordica Charantia L.), pumpkin (Cucurbita moschana Duchesn), Chinese radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Materials and Methods: The samples were extracted with 95\% ethanol for 24 hrs and then analyzed the antioxidant activities by DPPH and FRAP assay and total phenolic contents was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Statistical analysis used: All the analysis was done in triplicate, and values are represented as means {\textpm} standard deviations. The data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significance differences between mean values were determined by Tukey{\textquoteright}s multiple comparison tests (p \< 0.05). Pearson correlation coefficient was determined between the antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents using SPSS version 21. Results: The results revealed that antioxidant activities were different statistically significant in each group (p \< 0.05). Carrot peel was the most potent in DPPH radical scavenging activity (61.80 {\textpm} 6.14\%) and reducing power (0.75 {\textpm} 0.25 mM Fe2+/g extract) and potato flesh could inhibit DPPH radical (35.60 {\textpm} 0.63 \%) and had the highest FRAP value (0.61 {\textpm} 0.78 mM Fe2+/g extract). Pumpkin peel and Chinese radish flesh had the most total phenolic contents as 110.45 {\textpm} 22.49 and 142.15 {\textpm} 3.53 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. Although no correlations was between antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents in extracts but were significant correlations between DPPH and FRAP assay in vegetable peels and fleshes as 0.931 and 0.819, respectively. Conclusion: This study substantiates the potential of vegetable peels to be used as functional foods and natural free radical scavengers.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Free Radicals, Total Phenolic Contents, Vegetable fleshes, Vegetable peels}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.209}, author = {Chanate Wanna} } @article {917, title = {A Methanolic Extract of Ocimum basilicum Exhibits Antioxidant Effects and Prevents Selenite-induced Cataract Formation in Cultured Lenses of Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {496-504}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {496}, abstract = {

Objective: An extract (Methanolic) of the Ocimum basilicum leaf was analysed for potential to abrogate experimental formation of cataract in-vitro. Methods: Phytoconstituents were first detected in O. basilicum extracts (Aqueous or methanolic) by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis. The putative antioxidant activity of these extracts was then assessed by measuring in-vitro radical-scavenging activity, ion-chelating potential and reducing potency. Potential cytotoxicity of the extract on Human lenticular epithelial B3 (HLE-B3) cells was also sought. Finally, possible prevention of cataract formation by the methanolic extract was gauged in selenite-exposed lenses obtained from Wistar rats. There were 3 groups (8 Lenses in each): Group I (Lenses incubated in Dulbecco{\textquoteright}s modified Eagle{\textquoteright}s medium [DMEM] alone); Group II (Lenses incubated in DMEM with sodium selenite [100 μM/ml]); Group III (Lenses incubated in DMEM with selenite [100 μM/ml] and the O. basilicum methanolic extract (200 μg/ml DMEM). Gross lenticular morphology was assessed. Levels of lenticular malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also measured. Results: A higher intensity of antioxidative activity was noted in the methanolic extract than in the aqueous extract. The methanolic extract exhibited negligible cytotoxicity. On morphological examination, marked opacification was seen in all 8 Group II lenses whereas there was no opacification in 7 of 8 Group III lenses. Near normal mean levels of reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde, were noted within Group III lenses. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of the O. basilicum leaf appears to prevent selenite-induced cataract formation in-vitro.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Cataract, Crystallins, Ocimum basilicum, Oxidative stress, Phytoconstituents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.79}, author = {Thiraviyam Anand and Mahalingam Sundararajan and Muniyandi Anbukkarasi and Philip Aloysius Thomas and Pitchairaj Geraldine} } @article {1036, title = {Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activities of Crude Extracts from Acacia Senegal Leaf Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1409-1414}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1409}, abstract = {

Background: Acacia senegal (Fabaceae) Wild is a leguminous tree with economic values, but its leaves are under-utilised. Objective: To investigate the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potential of crude extracts from A. Senegal{\textquoteright}s leaves. Methods: Methanol and acetone crude extracts of leaves of A. senegal were prepared by maceration using organic solvents, methanol and acetone respectively. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of the crude extracts were evaluated using Association of Agricultural and Chemist (AOAC) protocols. Antioxidant activities of the crude extracts were determined using 2, 2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) respectively. Results: The crude extracts (acetone and methanol) showed vary quality of phytochemical constituent including flavonoid, alkaloids, carbohydrate, saponins, tannin, steroids, and terpenoids. Acetone crude possessed significant (P \< 0.05) higher total flavonoid and proanthocyanidin content in comparison with methanol extracts. Whereas, methanol crude extract possessed significant higher total phenol content compared with acetone crude extract. The crude extracts showed antioxidant activities as evidence in scavenging ABTS and DPPH radicals. However, acetone crude with lower IC50 of 0.09 mg/mL possessed significant higher ABTS scavenging ability compared to methanol (0.07 mg/mL) and ascorbic acid (0.07 mg/mL). Conclusion: The crude extracts could serve as a promising natural antioxidant agent in management of oxidative stress diseases. For further studies, bioactive compounds need to be ascertained.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Acacia Senegal, Antioxidants, crude extract, DPPH, Free Radicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.218}, author = {Edwina O Uzunuigbe and Foluso O Osunsanmi and Priscilla Masamba and Rebamang A Mosa and Rebamang A Mosa and Andrew R Opoku and Abidemi P Kappo} } @article {923, title = {Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Potential of Crude Extracts from Lippia Javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {803-807}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {803}, abstract = {

Background: Oxidative stress is implicated in most life threaten diseases. Objectives: This study evaluated the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Lippia javanica{\textquoteright}s crude extracts. Methods: Phytochemical screening was carried out on pulverized Lippia javanica leaves using standard protocols. Crude extracts were prepared using various solvents (hexane, acetone, ethylacetate, methanol, dichloromethane respectively), and percentage yields calculated. The antioxidant activities of crude extracts were monitored with DPPH, ABTS and nitric oxide (NO) radicals using spectra techniques. Results: The phytochemical presents in Lippia javanica were tannin, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids and phenols. Percentage yield increased in order; Acetone \> Methanol, \> Dichloromethane \> Ethyl-acetate \> Hexane. All the crude extracts showed differ degrees of antioxidant potential as evidence by significantly (P \< 0.05) scavenging DPPH, ABTS and NO radicals, Acetone crude extract showed the lowest IC50 (2.22 {\texttimes} 10-3 and 2.42 {\texttimes} 10-3 mg/ml) toward DPPH and ABTS radical respectively in comparison to other crude extracts, and the positive controls (Ascorbic acid and Butylated hydroxyl anisole), Hexane crude extract showed the lowest IC50 (3.95 {\texttimes} 10-1 mg/ml) toward NO radical compared with other treatments. Conclusion: Therefore, this study proves that Lippia javanica crude extracts are good source of natural antioxidants in alleviating oxidative stress diseases. Isolation of bioactive compounds from crude extracts are desirable for future studies.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Antioxidants, DPPH, Lippia Javanica, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.128}, author = {Foluso Oluwagbemiga Osunsanmi and Godfrey Elijah Zharare and Andy Rowland Opoku} } @article {922, title = {Phytochemical Screening, HPTLC Fingerprinting and Invitro Antioxidant Activity of Root Extract of Asparagus racemosus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {818-823}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {818}, abstract = {

Background: Asparagus racemosus is a climber shrub used in Indian medicine for centuries. It has been used as galactogogue and nerve tonic in folk medicine. The recent research on A. racemosus has revealed its disease fighting properties such as anti-bacterial, immunomodulatory, cardio protective, anti-stress, etc. Phytochemicals present in the plants are associated with their therapeutic capabilities. Hence, phytochemical screening of a therapeutic plant is essential. Materials and Methods: A preliminary qualitative screening of phytoconstituents present in the ethanol and aqueous extract of the plant was done. high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) was used to create a phytochemical fingerprint of the plant extract. Further, a series of antioxidant assays, i.e., 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DDPH) radical, Nitric oxide (NO) radical, Superoxide (SO) radical and 2,2{\textquoteright}-azinobis( 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays were done. Results: The phytochemical screening and the HPTLC fingerprint showed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenoids, saponins etc. They also showed free radical scavenging property and hence can be used as potential primary antioxidant. Conclusion: A preliminary screening created a phytochemical profile of A. racemosus extracts. These phytoconstituents may be linked to the various known therapeutic applications of the plant. This may aid in further extensive studies for identifying and isolating compounds with potential therapeutic value in A. racemosus.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Asparagus racemosus, Chromatography, Phytochemistry, Phytoconstituents, Therapeutics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.131}, author = {Kalaivani Selvaraj and Girija Sivakumar and Aruthra Arumugam Pillai and Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan and Srinivasa Rao Bolla and Geetha Royapuram Veeraraghavan and Gayathri Rengasamy and Joel P Joseph and Janardhana PB} } @article {542, title = {Antioxidant Potential and Ionomic Analysis of Two Buckwheat Species from Kashmir Region}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {x}, pages = {XX-XX}, type = {x}, chapter = {XX}, abstract = {

Background: Buckwheat in the past had been the staple food for many regions in the Himalaya\’s and its utilization has declined with time. In recent times buckwheat gained a lot of attention as it has been placed in the list of underutilized crops by FAO. There is a strong sentiment and realization for buckwheat revival because of its neutraceutrical properties due to which it provides the consumers with extra choice for his food basket. In this context the present investigation aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential and mineral element analysis of two buckwheat species grown in Kashmir region. Methods: To achieve this goal, antioxidant potential of two buckwheat species was done by using standard protocols. For ionomic analysis, atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) was done to unravel the macro-and micro-nutrient composition. Result: Aqueous extract of Fagopyrum tataricum exhibits higher TPC (159.51\±10.3 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 DW) and TFC (79.49\±9.76 mg rutin equivalent g-1 DW). The F. tataricum samples exhibit high radical scavenging activity (RSa50=26.67\μg ml-1) as compared to F. kashmirianum (RSa50=34.15\μg ml-1). Elemental analysis revealed that calcium (Ca) was found high in F. tataricum (5125\±56.76ppm) while as the iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) were found in high concentration in F. kashmirianum (1122.5\±25.77ppm) and (122.75\±12.34ppm) respectively. Conclusion: These findings suggested that buckwheat extract possess excellent antioxidant property and is rich source of minerals indispensable for human health. Thus, buckwheat could be a promising alternative in functional food sector for improving the social well-being and diminishing malnutrition especially for the impoverished community.

Key words: Aqueous extract, Antioxidants, AAS, Buckwheat, DPPH, FRAP.

}, keywords = {Aas, Antioxidants, Aqueous extract, Buckwheat, DPPH, FRAP.}, doi = {10.5530/jppcm.2018.2s.xx}, author = {Tanveer Bilal Pirzadah and Bisma Malik and Inayatullah Tahir and Reiaz Ul Rehman} } @article {761, title = {Antioxidant Potential and Ionomic Analysis of Two Buckwheat Species from Kashmir Region}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s83-s88}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s83}, abstract = {

Background: Buckwheat in the past had been the staple food for many regions in the Himalaya\’s and its utilization has declined with time. In recent times buckwheat gained a lot of attention as it has been placed in the list of underutilized crops by FAO. There is a strong sentiment and realization for buckwheat revival because of its nutraceutrical properties due to which it provides the consumers with extra choice for his food basket. In this context the present investigation aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential and mineral element analysis of two buckwheat species grown in Kashmir region. Methods: To achieve this goal, antioxidant potential of two buckwheat species was done by using standard protocols. For ionomic analysis, atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) was done to unravel the macro-and micro-nutrient composition. Result: Aqueous extract of Fagopyrum tataricum exhibits higher TPC (159.51\±10.3 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 DW) and TFC (79.49\±9.76 mg rutin equivalent g-1 DW). The F. tataricum samples exhibit high radical scavenging activity (RSa50=26.67\μg ml-1) as compared to F. kashmirianum (RSa50=34.15\μg ml-1). Elemental analysis revealed that calcium (Ca) was found high in F. tataricum (5125\±56.76ppm) while as the iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) were found in high concentration in F. kashmirianum (1122.5\±25.77ppm) and (122.75\±12.34ppm) respectively. Conclusion: These findings suggested that buckwheat extract possess excellent antioxidant property and is rich source of minerals indispensable for human health. Thus, buckwheat could be a promising alternative in functional food sector for improving the social well-being and diminishing malnutrition especially for the impoverished community.

}, keywords = {Aas, Antioxidants, Aqueous extract, Buckwheat, DPPH, FRAP}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.16}, author = {Tanveer Bilal Pirzadah and Bisma Malik and Inayatullah Tahir and Reiaz Ul Rehman} } @article {578, title = {Correlation of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid and Carotenoid Content of Phyllanthus emblica Extract from Bandung with DPPH Scavenging Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {447-452}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {447}, abstract = {

Introduction: Many potential compounds have antioxidant activity, such as the flavonoid group, phenolics and carotenoids. Phyllanthus emblica is widespread in Bandung-Indonesia and is a very potent as an antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity and correlation with total flavonoids, phenolics and carotenoids from Phyllantus extract from Bandung-Indonesia have not been reported. The aim of this research were to determine the antioxidant activity from extract of various parts of P. emblica and its correlation of antioxidant activity with the total flavonoid, phenolics and carotenoid. Method: Successive extractions of various part of P.emblica were performed by maceration using differrent polarity solvent n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. The antioxidant activity of each extracts was performed using DPPH (2.2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazil) method. The determination of total flavonoids, phenolics and carotenoids were performed by UV-Spectrophotometry. Antioxidant activity was demonstrated by IC50 and its correlation to total flavonoids, phenolics and carotenoids using the Pearson\’s method. Result: The highest antioxidant activity was given by fruit ethyl acetate (BE) extract with IC50 3.032 \μg/mL. Etyl acetate extract of stem bark P.emblica (KE) had the highest of total phenol content (12.818 g GAE/100 g), ethanol extract of leaves P.emblica (DO) had the highest of total flavonoid content (3.594 g QE/100 g), and n-hexane extract of leave (DN) had the highest of total carotenoid content (0.759 g BE/100 g). Conclusion: According to coeficient correlation Pearson\’s between P. emblica extract with IC50 of DPPH scavengging activities, suggested that flavonoid and phenolic compound in stem bark extract and leaves extract of P. emblica were contributor major in its antioxidant activity with DPPH methode, and its same with carotenoid content in leaves extract of P. emblica.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Crotenoids, Flavonoids, Phenols, Phyllantus emblica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.73}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/506}, author = {Sani Nurlaela Fitriansyah and Diah Lia Aulifa and Yessi Febriani and Emi Sapitri} } @article {560, title = {Extraction of Total Phenolics, Flavonoids and Tannins from Paederia foetida L. Leaves and their Relation with Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {x}, pages = {XX-XX}, type = {x}, chapter = {XX}, abstract = {

Introduction: Paederia foetida L. is a climbing shrub that possesses several ethnomedicinal uses with immense pharmacologic relevance. Objective: The study aims to determine an efficient extraction condition for phenolic compounds with substantial antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Solvent (aqueous, methanol, ethanol and acetone) extracts were made from fresh leaves (FL) and shade dried leaves (SDL) of P. foetida with different durations (12, 24, 36 and 48 h). Quantitative estimations of all extracts were made for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC) along with their total antioxidant activity (TAA). The phenolic contents of different extracts were correlated with their TAA. Extracts with highest phenolic yield and TAA estimates for each solvent were assessed by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2ˊ-azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulfonic acid (ABTS), superoxide (SO) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Results: Methanol exhibited the highest extraction ability for TPC, TFC and TAA while aqueous extractions are superior for TTC. The maximum estimates of all the studied components are noted at 48 h. Mostly, extracts of SDL are superior to FL. TPC and TFC are interrelated between themselves as well as showed positive and significant correlation with TAA. The antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, SO and FRAP) reveal higher antioxidant activity with methanolic extracts compared to other studied solvents. Conclusion: The study highlights antioxidant properties of phenolics, particularly flavonoids in P. foetida, which can be further explored for its pharmacological importance.

Key words: Antioxidants, Extraction conditions, Fresh and shade dried leaves, Paederia foetida, Polyphenols.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Extraction conditions, Fresh and shade dried leaves, Paederia foetida, Polyphenols.}, doi = {10.5530/jppcm.2018.2s.xx}, author = {Shaswat Ojha and Adarsha Raj and Alokesh Roy and Sudipta Roy} } @article {594, title = {Extraction of Total Phenolics, Flavonoids and Tannins from Paederia foetida L. Leaves and their Relation with Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {541-547}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {541}, abstract = {

Introduction: Paederia foetida L. is a climbing shrub that possesses several ethnomedicinal uses with immense pharmacologic relevance. Objective: The study aims to determine an efficient extraction condition for phenolic compounds with substantial antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Solvent (aqueous, methanol, ethanol and acetone) extracts were made from fresh leaves (FL) and shade dried leaves (SDL) of P. foetida with different durations (12, 24, 36 and 48 h). Quantitative estimations of all extracts were made for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC) along with their total antioxidant activity (TAA). The phenolic contents of different extracts were correlated with their TAA. Extracts with highest phenolic yield and TAA estimates for each solvent were assessed by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2ˊ-azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulfonic acid (ABTS), superoxide (SO) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Results: Methanol exhibited the highest extraction ability for TPC, TFC and TAA while aqueous extractions are superior for TTC. The maximum estimates of all the studied components are noted at 48 h. Mostly, extracts of SDL are superior to FL. TPC and TFC are interrelated between themselves as well as showed positive and significant correlation with TAA. The antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, SO and FRAP) reveal higher antioxidant activity with methanolic extracts compared to other studied solvents. Conclusion: The study highlights antioxidant properties of phenolics, particularly flavonoids in P. foetida, which can be further explored for its pharmacological importance.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Extraction conditions, Fresh and shade dried leaves, Paederia foetida, Polyphenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.88}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/521}, author = {Shaswat Ojha and Adarsha Raj and Alokesh Roy and Sudipta Roy} } @article {587, title = {Inhibitory effect of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken leaf extract and their fractions on α-amylase, α-glucosidase and cholinesterase enzyme}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {497-506}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {497}, abstract = {

Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken leaves are employed as food and as traditional medicines. This study investigates the antioxidant activity (reducing power, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, H2O2 scavenging ability and metal ion chelating), carbohydrate digesting enzymes activity and inhibitory activity of cholinergic enzyme of aqueous extract and fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, residual aqueous fraction) of B. pinnatum leaves were investigated. Results showed that aqueous extract of B. pinnatum exhibited DPPH radical scavenging abilities, iron chelation, hydrogen peroxide scavenging abilities and reducing power (Fe3+- Fe2+). B. pinnatum aqueous extract also had considerably \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values 149.20 \± 14.44 \μg/mL and 126.15 \± 9.76 \μg/mL respectively. Our findings indicated that ethyl acetate fraction contained a considerably higher (p \< 0.05) amount of total phenolic, flavonoids, total antioxidant, FRAP, metal ion, ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity than other solvent fractions. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate fraction elicited a significantly higher (p \< 0.05) inhibitory effects on \α-glucosidase (IC50 = 70.90 \± 1.23 \μg/ml), \α-amylase (IC50 = 62.45 \± 1.22 \μg/ml), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (IC50 = 66.75 \μg/mL) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (IC50 = 62.97 \μg/mL) activities than other fractions. Hence, B. pinnatum leaves were rich in biologically active components; thus, could be employed to formulate new plant-based pharmaceutical and nutraceutical drugs to improve human health.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.), Cholinesterase, Enzyme inhibitory activity, Oken}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.82}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/515}, author = {Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo and Adebola Busola Ojo and Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye and Oluranti Olaiya and Ayodeji Akawa and Oyindamola Olaoye and Omosola Olufisayo Anifowose and Olajumoke Idowu and Oluwaseun Olasehinde and Tajudeen Obafemi and Joseph Awe and Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye} } @article {708, title = {Isolation and Characterization of Flavones from Artemisia monosperma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1018-1023}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1018}, abstract = {

Background: Artemisia monosperma (Delile) is a green aromatic shrub that grows widely in the deserts of Middle East, Africa and China. This plant is commonly used in folk medicine as a remedy of a wide range of illness including gastrointestinal disorders, inflammation, diabetes and microbial infection. The different categories of the secondary metabolites identified from Artemisia species are recognized for their biological activities as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial compounds. Objective: This study aims to isolate new flavonoids from A. monosperma that might have potential biological activities thus be translated into pharmaceutical uses. Materials and Methods: Air-dried A. monosperma extraction was done using different organic solvents. The methanolic extract was selected for isolation of flavonoids using column chromatography and thin layer chromatography. The chemical structures of the isolated flavones determined based on spectroscopic analysis of ultraviolet, mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Results: Nine flavone aglycones were isolated and identified from the methanolic extract; four of which are reported for the first time from A. monosperma. These include: 5-Hydroxy-3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright}, 6,7-tetramethoxyflavone; 3{\textquoteright},5-dihydroxy-4{\textquoteright},6,7-trimethoxyflavone (eupatorin); 5,6-dihydroxy-4{\textquoteright},7-dimethoxyflavone(ladanein); and 2{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright},5-trihydroxy-5{\textquoteright},6,7\– trimethoxyflavone (arcapillin). The remaining five flavones were previously identified from this plant as : 4{\textquoteright},5-Dihydroxy-3{\textquoteright},6,7-tri-methoxyflavone(cirsilineol);5,7-dihydroxy-3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright},6-trimethoxyflavone (eupatilin);4{\textquoteright},5,7-trihydroxy-3{\textquoteright},6-dimethoxyflavone(jaceosidin);4{\textquoteright},5-dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy- flavone (circimaritin) and 4{\textquoteright},5,7-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone (hispidulin). In addition, two acetophenone derivatives were isolated from fractions yielded selected flavones and these were identified as 4-hydroxyacetophenone and 3-(2-hydroxymethyl-2-buten-4-yl)-4-hydroxyaceto- phenone. Conclusion: This successful isolation of these natural flavonoids from A. monosperma can contribute further to the evaluation of bioactive compounds against disorders including but not limited to inflammatory associated disorders and microbial infections.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidants, Artemisia monosperma, Flavones}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.173}, author = {Lubna Abu-Niaaj and Ibrahim Katampe} } @article {523, title = {Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Assay and Antimicrobial Activity in Leaf Extracts of Cerbera odollam Gaertn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {285-292}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {285}, abstract = {

Introduction: In the current study, methanol and aqueous extracts of leaf of Cerbera odollam Gaertn were screened for its antibacterial, antifungal, phytochemicals and antioxidant activities. Phytochemical constituents were investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively. Methods: The leaf extracts of Cerbera odollam Gaertn were prepared by drying and extracted using Soxhlet apparatus into methanol and aqueous media, which were subjected to phytochemical screening. Total phenols, tannins, flavanols, alkaloids and its antioxidant activity were determined using spectroscopic techniques. Antimicrobial activity were determined using well diffusion method. Results: Aqueous extract exhibits higher content of phenols, tannins, flavanols and alkaloids, whereas methanol extract exhibits higher content of anthocyanin and cardiac glycoside respectively. Aqueous extract exhibits higher inhibitory concentration (IC \%) value for DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and H2O2 radical scavenging assay and reducing power (RP) assay. The methanol extracts exhibited higher inhibitory concentration (IC \%) value in SO and NO radical scavenging assay, exhibiting antioxidant properties in five antioxidant models that were investigated. The methanol extract showed some antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli with inhibitory zone ranging from 2 mm to 3 mm, whereas the aqueous extract showed no activity. High antifungal activity was found against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans for methanol extract and moderate for aqueous extract with inhibitory zone ranging from 9mm to 26 mm. Conclusion: The finding of our study have suggested that the extracts of Cerbera odollam Gaertn, possesses a significant amount of phytochemicals and exhibits antioxidant and antifungal activities.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antioxidants, Cerbera odollam. G, Phytochemicals, Radical scavenging}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.50}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/480}, author = {Abinash Sahoo and Thankamani Marar} } @article {320, title = {Ashwagandha Root Extract Inhibits Acetylcholine Esterase, Protein Modification and Ameliorates H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Lymphocytes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {302-309}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {302}, abstract = {

Background: Herbs have long been the basis of medical treatment but the practice of herbalism is not strictly based on evidences gathered using scientific methods. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) is a traditional medicinal herb used in the treatment of various ailments. Objective: In current study we have evaluated the acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibitory and antioxidant potential of Ashwagandha root extract (ARE) in in-vitro and ex-vivo models to give a scientific base to its use in herbal medicine. Methodology: Simplest extraction e.g. maceration method was performed for preparation of extracts using methanol as solvent. Both in vitro and in vivo experimental trial were executed to evaluate the efficacy of root extract. Result and Discussion: ARE substantially scavenged free radicals and effectively prevented protein degradation as well as modification as studied by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Pre-treatment with ARE protected rat lymphocytes against H2O2-induced oxidative damage. H2O2 treatment resulted in DNA fragmentation and significantly decreased the activities of key antioxidant enzymes namely superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase while decreased and increased the content of glutathione and malondialdehyde, respectively. ARE pre-treatment almost reversed these changes indicating its efficiency to suppress hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Conclusion: The study provides the scientific basis of pleiotropic functions of Ashwagandha.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholine esterase, Antioxidants, Ashwagandha, DNA damage, Protein carbonylation, Rat lymphocytes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.52}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.52}, author = {Ajay Pal and Kandikattu Hemanth Kumar and Bharat Bhushan and Vinod Saharan} } @article {401, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Content Determination of Different Species of Genus Caesalpinia belonging to Different Origin with Antidiabetic Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {743-749}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {743}, abstract = {

Aim: The main aim of the study is to investigate the phytochemical screening of C. decapetala along with the content determination of different species of genus Caesalpinia with respect to their antidiabetic activity and identification of most bioactive species belonging to different origins. Methods: To achieve our goal different species of genus Caesalpinia collected from China and Pakistan were subjected to open column chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), antioxidant, and antidiabetic assays for evaluation. Results: From \η-BuOH fraction of C. decapetala extract, eight compounds were isolated using open column chromatography and identified as apigenin-7-rhamnoside (1), 4-O-methylepisappanol (2), caesalpinol (3), daucosterol (4), astragalin (5), kaempferol (6), quercitrin (7), and naringin (8) using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. HPLC analysis of different species of genus Caesalpinia showed that the most active antidiabetic compound \‘quercitrin\’ was present more in C. pulcherrima followed by decreasing order in C. sappan, C.decapetala, and C. bonduc. Conclusion: The results indicated that quercitrin is the most bioactive content and C. pulcherrima is most bioactive specie of China origin from genus Caesalpinia.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidants, Caesalpinia, Flavonoids, HPLC Fingerprint, Phytochemical content.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.117}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/170}, author = {Amna Parveen and Zahra and Muhammad Qudratullah Farooqi and Whang Wan Kyunn and Muhammad Arshad} } @article {63, title = {Iron Reducing and Radical Scavenging Activities of 13 Medicinal Plants From C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {266-270}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {266}, abstract = {

Objective: Oxidative stress has been involved in the development of varied human diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the iron reducing power and the antiradical activity of 13 plants traditionally used as medicinal plants in C\ôte d\’Ivoire. Materials and Methods: FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) and ABTS (2,2\’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid)) assays were used to assess the antioxidant property of 80\% methanol extracts prepared from the 13 plants. Results: A high iron reducing activity was exhibited by extracts from leaves of Leea guineensis (42.76 \± 28.54 mg of TE/gdry extract) and Bersama abyssinica (39.77 \± 31.29 mg of TE/g dry extract). Smeathmannia pubescens (\% ABTS = 92.44 \± 12.93\%), L. guineensis (\%ABTS = 89.73 \± 15.10\%), Keetia venosa (\% ABTS = 88.78 \± 17.36 \%) and Sapium ellipticum (\%ABTS = 85.86 \± 25.10\%), showed promising antiradical activity with IC50 values of 4.50, 5.00, 5.40 and 5.70 \μg/mL respectively. These values are (p \< 0.05) close to those of Trolox (CI50 = 4.10 \μg/mL) and ascorbic acid (CI50 = 4.90 \μg/mL). Conclusion: Our findings confirm the traditional use of the studied plants in treatment of various ailments. The results obtained provide promising baseline information for using these medicinal plants for improving the health status of the population.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Antioxidants, C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire, FRAP, Iron., Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.2}, author = {Ehouman Evans and Kon{\'e} Mamidou Witabouna and Tra Bi F{\'e}zan Honora and Bakayoko Adama} }