@article {2296, title = {Evaluation of Potential Toxicity Associated with Antidiabetic Herbs in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {576-581}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {576}, abstract = {

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a serious, long-lasting disease that is characterized by high blood sugar levels, leading to more severe complications involving other organ systems of the body. Diabetes is becoming more common worldwide. Managing diabetes can be complicated, but many people, especially in Saudi Arabia, often use traditional herbal medicines to treat the condition. Our study concentrates on assessing the safety of commonly used antidiabetic herbs in Saudi Arabia by examining their potential toxicity. Method: Using keywords and their variations, we conducted a systematic search of the PubMed and Google Scholar databases to find studies on treatments based on antidiabetic herbs and their toxic effects from 2014 to 2024. Result: Our study revealed that the use of medicinal plants for treating and managing diabetes along with its complications is becoming popular around the globe. These medicinal plants are also being used as primary sources of developing modern pharmaceutical antidiabetic drugs. Phytotherapy is safe to treat diabetes as herbal bioactive components act through many biological pathways. They may inhibit α-glucosidase enzyme, enhance GLUT-4 translocation, and also improve lipid profile. Conclusion: The use of natural plants having medicinal properties is popular for the treatment of diabetes. Claims of their usefulness by traditional healers are being supported by scientific evidence also. To determine the right dosage of these medicinal herbs, cytotoxicity tests or short-term experiments are done to establish doses of plants used in vitro and in vivo. Toxicity concerns are a primary reason why healthcare professionals hesitate to incorporate herbal products into the healthcare system. That{\textquoteright}s why it is necessary to screen such plants for their toxicity to differentiate pharmacological efficacy from adverse effects.\ 

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Diabetes, Herbal medicines, KSA, Medicinal herbs, Phytotherapy, Plant extracts, Saudi Arabia, Toxicity, Traditional}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.90}, author = {Inbaraj Susai Domnic and Prasanna Mohanabhaskaran and Imran Zaheer and Semmal Syed Meerasa and Ramaprabha Prabhakar} } @article {1449, title = {Assessment of Cytotoxicity of Smokeless Tobacco (Shammah) In Hepg2 and WRL68 Cells Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {242-248}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {242}, abstract = {

Shammah is a traditional form of chewing tobacco [Smokeless tobacco, (ST)] that is commonly used in the Middle east specially Saudi Arabia (KSA), Yemen and Sudan. The cytotoxicity of Sudanese and Yemenis ST hexane and methanol extracts was evaluated using MTT assay. Annexin-V assay has been used to detect the induction of apoptosis. Luminescence based assay also been conducted to check the level of caspases enzyme. The involvement of cell cycle check point arrest has been performed using flow cytometry analysis. The current study found that ST has the capacity to induce cell toxicity in human liver cells. The inhibitory capacity of ST in HepG2 and WRL 68 has been found to be 151 \± 2.5 and 305 \± 11.5 \μg/ml for 24 h. An early apoptosis induction in HepG2 cells was observed by annexin V assay, which clearly exhibited significantly increased early and late apoptosis phases both at 24 and 48 h. Both the caspases-8 and-9 level was found to be increased by the introduction of ST to HepG2 cells significantly (p\<0.05). Moreover the ST extract was able to arrest the cell cycle check point at G2/M phase. A significantly increasing pattern of hypodiploid phases of cells also been observed, which confirm the apoptosis induction again. Collectively, results presented in this study demonstrated that the ST, which is used as a euphoritic substance of abuse also, has significant level of toxicity in human cells. Moreover the mode of cell death was found to be though programmed cell death which is closely associated with cell cycle arrest.

Key words: Hepatotoxicity, In vitro models, Saudi Arabia, Smokeless tobacco, Substance Absue Research Centre, Shammah.

}, keywords = {Hepatotoxicity, In vitro models, Saudi Arabia, Shammah., Smokeless tobacco, Substance Absue Research Centre}, author = {Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab and Syam Mohan, and Manal Moahmed Elhassan Taha and Rashad Bin Mohammed Alsanosy and Hamed Karimian} } @article {60, title = {Assessment of Cytotoxicity of Smokeless Tobacco (Shammah) In Hepg2 and WRL68 Cells Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul-Aug 2015}, pages = {242-248}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {242}, abstract = {

Shammah is a traditional form of chewing tobacco [Smokeless tobacco, (ST)] that is commonly used in the Middle east specially Saudi Arabia (KSA), Yemen and Sudan. The cytotoxicity of Sudanese and Yemenis ST hexane and methanol extracts was evaluated using MTT assay. Annexin-V assay has been used to detect the induction of apoptosis. Luminescence based assay also been conducted to check the level of caspases enzyme. The involvement of cell cycle check point arrest has been performed using flow cytometry analysis. The current study found that ST has the capacity to induce cell toxicity in human liver cells. The inhibitory capacity of ST in HepG2 and WRL 68 has been found to be 151 \± 2.5 and 305 \± 11.5 \μg/ml for 24 h. An early apoptosis induction in HepG2 cells was observed by annexin V assay, which clearly exhibited significantly increased early and late apoptosis phases both at 24 and 48 h. Both the caspases-8 and-9 level was found to be increased by the introduction of ST to HepG2 cells significantly (p\<0.05). Moreover the ST extract was able to arrest the cell cycle check point at G2/M phase. A significantly increasing pattern of hypodiploid phases of cells also been observed, which confirm the apoptosis induction again. Collectively, results presented in this study demonstrated that the ST, which is used as a euphoritic substance of abuse also, has significant level of toxicity in human cells. Moreover the mode of cell death was found to be though programmed cell death which is closely associated with cell cycle arrest

}, keywords = {Hepatotoxicity, In vitro models, Saudi Arabia, Shammah, Smokeless tobacco, Substance Absue Research Centre}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.4.6}, author = {Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab and Rashad Bin Mohammed Alsanosy}, editor = {Syam Mohan and Manal Moahmed Elhassan Taha} }