@article {1633, title = {MIC and MKC Analysis of Herbal Medicine in Indonesia Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1058-1064}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1058}, abstract = {

Data shows that the success of the Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse program(DOTS) in South Sulawesi Province was 74.8\%. Causes of failure include standard drug side effects, length of treatment period and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) bacterial resistance. The development of new drugs today in addition to synthetic chemical drugs are also natural materials that have the potential as antituberculosis with various mechanisms. The aim of the research is to prove the potential of plants used by the community as tuberculosis drugs empirically based on phytochemical screening extracts, M.tb sensitivity to extracts and determine the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MKC (Minimum Killing Concentration) values of M.tb. Selection of plant test materials based on survey results and Riskesdas data in 2015. Testing the potential of plant extracts based on the sensitivity of M.tb to the test material in vitro with an incubation period of 7 weeks. Showed 25 plants that have been used empirically as tuberculosis drugs proved to be potential antibacterial M.tb. Phytochemical screening produces flavonoids and tannins in all extracts. Some extracts contain alkaloids, saponins and steroids. Potential tests show that the extract concentration that is effectively used as a tuberculosis drug is: Meniran leaves and miana 100 ppm. Banana peel and basil leaves 125 ppm. 150 ppm bangle rhizome. Turmeric rhizome 175 ppm. Roselle flowers, soursop leaves and lime 200 ppm. Sandalwood, bitter melon leaves and binahong 225 ppm, Curcuma rhizome, kencur, turmeric and onion tubers, gotu kola leaves, sea lava and papaya 275 ppm. Ginger rhizome, brotowali stem, noni leaf, cloves and mangosteen peel \> 275 ppm. 90\% garlic bulb extract.

}, keywords = {Antituberculosis, MIC, MKC, Plants, Potential}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.137}, author = {Sesilia Rante Pakadang and Maria Hilaria and Sisilia Teresia Rosmala Dewi and Santi Sinala and Jumain} } @article {1066, title = {Chemical Fingerprint by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS, GC-MS Analysis and Anti-Oxidant Activity of Manasamitra Vatakam: A Herbomineral Formulation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {115-123}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {115}, abstract = {

Background: Manasamitra Vatakam is a classical ayurvedic herbo mineral formulation used for the treatment of neurodegerative properties and epileptic disorders. The wide range mixture of herbal extracts and minerals were used in the formulation. Aim: The aim of the study implies in performing the chemo-profiling, chromatographic fingerprint analysis by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS for the selected formulations of Manasamitra Vatakam followed by the identification of bioactive compounds by Gas Chromatography {\textendash} Mass Spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis, to evaluate the diffusion and dilution methods for the determination of anti-bacterial activity in the methanolic extracts of Manasamitra Vatakam (MMV). Materials and Methods: The antibacterial activity was performed by both diffusion and dilution methods whereas the antioxidant activity was performed by free radical scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay method. Results: The estimation of bioactive constituents showed positive results by qualitative analysis. Antibacterial activity of MMV was evaluated against two-gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, two gram negative Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia by disk diffusion (0.078-10μg mL-1), broth dilution (0.078-10μg mL-1) and broth micro dilution method (0.39-50μg mL-1) respectively. The bioactive constituents were analysed by GC-MS analysis for the methanolic extract of the formulation. Conclusion: To conclude, the formulation was found abundant with phenolic and flavonoid compounds by HPLC-ESI-MS analysis, the bioactive compounds identified are responsible for the anti-bacterial activity. The broth microdilution method performed by resazurin method was observed as the fast screening, sensitive and accurate method for the quantitative determination of antibacterial activity.

}, keywords = {Classical formulation, Diffusion and dilution methods, Heavy metals, MIC, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.18}, author = {Srikalyani V and Ilango K} } @article {447, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Rhizomes of Hedychium spicatum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s64-s68}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s64}, abstract = {

Background: The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Objective: In this study the rhizomes of Hedychium spicatum (Zingiberaceae) were evaluated for phytochemical parameters \& antimicrobial activity by determining its MIC (by checker board method) and zone of inhibition (by cup plate method). Phytochemical parameters were studied with the aim of drawing the pharmacopoeial standards for this species. This study was also designed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of the methanolic extract of the rhizomes of H. spicatum against various diarrhea and dysentery causing drug resistant microorganisms isolated from patients admitted in hospitals. Methods and Material: The raw materials of H. spicatum were procured from the local supplier. Various Microbial strains included various drug resistant hospital isolates collected and characterized in the Dept. of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, India. Results: It was evident from the results that the extract was highly active against Shigella boydii, Shigella. soneii, Shigella flexneri, B. cereus, Vibrio cholera, E. coli, S. aureus, Ps. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. The result of determination of zone of inhibition was compared with that of standard drug (Ciprofloxacin). This study has pointed to the potential application of H. spicatum as a bactericide and fungicide. Conclusions: The findings of this study further reinforces the importance of H. spicatum rhizomes in traditional healthcare practice and its use in culinary. Further investigation is however needed to isolate and purify the bioactive antimicrobial principles for potential development into generic antimicrobials.

}, keywords = {Bactericide, Diarrhea. H. spicatum, Fungicide, MIC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.159}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/383}, author = {Ritu Arora and Avijit Mazumder} }