@article {1663, title = {Potential Neuroprotective Activity of Essential Oils in Memory and Learning Impairment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1312-1322}, type = {Review article}, chapter = {1312}, abstract = {

Memory and learning is negatively affected by many factors. Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease is a progressive and irreversible neurological disorder that occurs gradually, a sickness that is increasingly common, and multiple scientific articles suggest that essential oils improve memory and learning and are useful in the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease. This review aims to conduct a critical collection of current information on research into both memory and learning impairment, as well as essential oils that are able to avoid this neurodegenerative disease. Currently, different animal models have been useful for the study of neurodegenerative problems that alter memory and learning, experimental pharmacological, genetic and toxicological models that can simulate specific cognitive deficit syndromes. In addition, research in this review show several essential oil compounds that present positive results in animal studies, but still lack human clinical trials. Therefore, the assessment of the safety and efficacy of these phytochemical compounds in diseases that cause memory impairment and learning, remain a promising area for future research.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer disease, Animal model, Essential oil, Learning, Memory, Neurodegenerative diseases}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.166}, author = {Carmen R. Silva-Correa and Jorge L. Campos-Reyna and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Luz M. Guerrero-Espino and Anabel D Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Mar{\'\i}a V. Gonz{\'a}lez-Blas and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco and Julio Hilario-Vargas} } @article {435, title = {Neuroprotective Effect of Pedalium murex Linn. Leaf against Lipopolysaccharide Induced Behavioural Disorders in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {957-962}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {957}, abstract = {

Introduction: Effective treatment is necessary to minimize the neuronal damage and oxidative stress. Traditional medicines offer potent pharmacological activity with minimal side effects compared to synthetic drugs to treat such chronic disorders. There is no renowned remedy for arrest or rescuing infection or inflammation-induced brain damage. The present study was aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of ethanol extract of Pedalium murex Linn. (EEPM) leaves against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia. Methods: Neurodegeneration was induced in rats with a single intraperitoneal injection of LPS (1 mg/kg). The induced endotoxemia constantly linked with battery of behavioural tests viz., choice reaction time task (CRT), 8-arm radial maze (RAM) and water maze test (WMT). At the end of the study, rats were sacrificed, brain hippocampal region was removed and biochemical parameters were measured. Results: In WMT swimming length (cm) was increased in LPS-treated rats when compared to control animals, the swimming length (EEPM; 400 mg/kg) was found to be significant; in RAM, different doses of EEPM at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg decreased the number of errors in entry 4.00\±0.36, 4.16\±0.16and 3.33\±2.79 respectively when compared with control animals (2.66\± 0.21). EEPM at 400 mg/kg showed significant activity, in CRT apparatus increased incorrect lever pressing was observed in LPS-treated rats when compared to control animals. Incorrect lever pressing was minimized by EEPM at 400 mg/kg (43.5\±2.40). Conclusions: Our results showed that EEPM is a hopeful aspirant for hindrance of infection and inflammation induced brain damage by LPS.

}, keywords = {Behavioural studies, Learning, Memory, Neuroprotective, Oxidative stress, Pedalium murex.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.150}, author = {Swaminathan Gomathi and Rajagopal Shanmuga Sundaram and Vellaichamy Muthupandi Annapandian and Manickam Vijayabaskaran} } @article {1518, title = {Effect of Tribulus Terrestris on Learning And Memory in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {68-71}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Objectives: The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of fruits of Tribulus terrestris on learning and memory in rodents. Materials and methods: Thirty wistar rats were divided in 5 groups of 6 rats each. Baseline values for the time taken to reach reward chamber (TRC) in the Hebb William Maze and transfer latency (TL) in the T-maze were recorded on Day 1. Mean of 5 sessions was calculated for each rat. Group I was normal control, group II piracetam standard, group III, IV and V received Tribulus terrestris orally at 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively for 14 days. At the end of 14 days, each rat was tested for TRC and TL and compared with the control group. Results: Group IV showed a significant decrease in TRC when compared to group I in Hebb William Maze (p\<0.0001). Group IV also showed a significant decrease in TL when compared to group I in T-maze (p\<0.0001). Group III showed a significant decrease in TL when compared to group I in the T-maze (p=0.035), however there was no decrease in TRC in this group. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of fruits of Tribulus terrestris showed a dose dependent beneficial effect in learning and memory models in rats, with 200mg/kg being most beneficial.

Key words: Hebb William Maze, Learning, Memory, T Maze, Tribulus terrestris

}, keywords = {Hebb William Maze, Learning, Memory, T Maze, Tribulus terrestris}, author = {Natesh Prabhu and Sanjay Hadigal and Ullal sheetal D and Sushma DS and Ashok Shenoy K} }