@article {2229, title = {New Insights of Oxidative Stress and Thalassemia May Lead to Antioxidant Therapy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {202-204}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {202}, abstract = {

Background: Because of chronic hemolysis, thalassemic patients are under oxidative cell injury caused by secondary iron overload. This provokes oxidative damage to the cellular membranes of organs that accumulate excess iron. Several researchers studied the oxidative stress in patients with thalassemia during chelation therapy and repeated blood transfusion periods, and they found that β-thalassemia patients are under oxidative stress, but they did not focus on before the chelating therapy period. Objective: To evaluate the total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) and oxidative stress (OS) in newly diagnosed patients with β-thalassemia before chelating therapy. Methodology: In the present case-control study, twenty patients newly diagnosed with β-thalassemia before receiving chelating agents, and another 30 healthy individuals, sex-matched with patients, considered as a control, were included in the study. Total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) were assessed in the studied groups. Results: The TAOC values of the thalassemic group (35{\textpm}0.11 u/ml ) were significantly (p\<0.001) lower than that of the control group (79{\textpm}7.2 u/ml). MDA values of the thalassemic group (7.9 {\textpm}2.35nmol/l) were significantly (p\<0.001) more than that of the control group (0.57{\textpm}0.25 nmol/l). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that patients with β thalassemia have decreased values of TAOC, and increased values of MDA when compared with the control group.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Oxidative stress, Thalassemia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.28}, author = {Kassim SA Al Neaimy and Maes MK Alkhyatt and Israa A Jarjess} } @article {1999, title = {The Effect of Moringa Leaf Extract Intervention Since Preconception Period on the Prevention of Oxidative Stress in Pregnant Women and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {310-314}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {310}, abstract = {

Background: Oxidative stress occurs due to an imbalance of oxidants and anti-oxidants and is often associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, additional supplementation is needed since the preconception period to prevent oxidative stress and poor pregnancy outcomes. This study aims to examine the effect of supplementing Moringa leaf extract on the prevention of oxidative stress in pregnant women and poor pregnancy outcomes. Methods: This study is an observational study with a prospective cohort study design. The research subjects were third trimester pregnant women consisting of 2 groups, namely the control group who only received Iron-Folic Acid (IFA) supplements (n = 30) and the group that received moringa leaf extract and IFA supplements (n = 26). Then an examination of Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as a biomarker of oxidative stress was carried out using the ELISA (enzyme-link immune sorbent) method, followed by pregnancy outcomes including birth weight and birth length. Data were analyzed by unpaired t test. Results: The results showed that there were no significant differences in the levels of MDA, birth weight and birth length in the two groups with a p value \> 0.05. Nevertheless, MDA level in IFA group was 49.25 nmol/ml higher than Moringa + IFA group which was 47.58 nmol/ml. Likewise, the average of birth weight and birth length in Moringa group were 3042.3 grams and 48.62 cm higher than IFA group which were 2993.7 grams and 48.23 cm. Malondialdehyde levels were also higher in women who had babies with birth weight \< 2500 grams was 49.48 nmol/ml and birth length \< 48 cm was 49.13 nmol/l compared to birth weight >= 2500 grams was 48.50 nmol/ml and birth length >= 48 cm was 48.62 nmol/ml but there was no significant difference in the two groups (p\>0.05). Conclusion: Oxidative stress in pregnant women tends to be associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. Moringa leaf extract supplementation since preconception can prevent increased oxidative stress and improve pregnancy outcomes.

}, keywords = {Malondialdehyde, Moringa oleifera, Oxidative stress, Pregnancy outcomes.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.45}, author = {Rahma and Veni Hadju and A. Arsunan Arsin and Aminuddin Syam and Anwar Mallongi and Abd. Farid Lewa and Haerani Harun and Miranti} } @article {2030, title = {Mechanism of High Dosage Vitamin D Supplementation on The Lung Function and Quality of Life of Stable COPD Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {274-278}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {274}, abstract = {

Background: Oxidative stress results from the amplification mechanism of COPD, which leads to decreased lung function and the quality of life of the sufferers. Vitamin D has a function in reducing oxidative stress levels through several mechanisms, which can be revealed by analyzing several biomarkers to determine the role of vitamin D on lung function and the quality of life of stable COPD patients. Methods: The subjects included GOLD 2 and 3 stable COPD patients who had 25(OH)D levels of \< 32 ng/ml and were receiving bronchodilator Indacaterol maleate therapy. The biomarkers examined included Nrf2, HDAC2, MDA, MMP-9, pulmonary function tests 6MWT, and QOL. The patients in the control and treatment groups were administered with vitamin D at a dose of 1,000 and 5,000 IU, respectively, for three months. Results: The administration of vitamin D to the patients in the control and treatment groups can significantly reduce oxidative stress, as evidenced by reduced MDA (p-value \< 0.01) and MMP-9 levels (p-value \< 0.01). Vitamin D affects exercise tolerance, as evidenced by 6MWT (p-value = 0.01). Vitamin D affects the quality of life, as evidenced by 6MWT (p-value = 0.01). Vitamin D affects Nrf2 levels (p-value = 0.08) and HDAC2 (p-value = 0.01). Conclusion: The pathway analysis through the study of the Nrf2, HDAC2, MMP-9, and MDA levels does not prove that vitamin D can prevent decreased lung function and quality of life in patients with stable COPD.

}, keywords = {6MWT, COPD, FEF25-75, FEV1, FVC, HDAC2, MDA, MMP-9, Nrf2, Oxidative stress, QOL., Vitamin D}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.74}, author = {Adyan Donastin and Muhammad Amin and Yulistiani} } @article {1902, title = {Efficacy of Combined Relaxed Deep-Breathing with Chest Mobilization Exercise and Vernonia cinerea-Hard Candy on Smoking Cessation and Oxidative Stress in Active Teenage Smokers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {720-727}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {720}, abstract = {

Background: Smoking cessation is very important worldwide. Chronic smoking can induce oxidative stress and inflammatory status and induce dangerous diseases such as hypertension and lung cancer. Standardized counseling is an important process in a routine program for smoking cessation. Withdrawal symptoms from smoking cessation are a significant barrier to a successful result, and they can be relieved by relaxed deep-breathing exercise. At present, the Thai herb, Vernonia cinerea (VC), has been claimed to reduce cigarette smoking because of its antioxidant compounds and nicotine that are modified and used as lozenges, gum, and hard candy. However, its efficacy in smoking cessation has not been confirmed. Furthermore, the efficacy of relaxed deep-breathing (rDB) during the chest mobilization exercise (CME) with VC hard candy on smoking cessation and oxidative stress is unclear. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of rDB/CME and VC-hard candy on smoking cessation and oxidative stress status in active teenage smokers. Methods: Hard candy with honey and VC powder from whole mixed parts of the stem, flowers and leaves was developed industrially under the spray dry technique. Thirty active smokers were randomized into three groups; product group (rDB/CME+ product) (aged 25.0 {\textpm} 3.0 years, n = 10), placebo group (rDB/CME + placebo) (aged 26.9 {\textpm} 3.7 years, n = 10), and a control group with no product or placebo administered (aged 25.6 {\textpm} 2.7 years, n=10). All of the groups received consultation on specific smoking cessation and two weeks of strict observation, which was followed up for 8 weeks. The 7-day point prevalence abstinence rates (7-day PAR) and continuous abstinence rate (CAR) were reported at week 2, 4, 6 and 8. In addition, the oxidative stress status with lipid peroxide and glutathione (GSH) in blood was evaluated before the program and after 2 weeks. Results: The results of 7-day PARs in the control group showed no statistical changes at week 2 (0\%), 4 (10\%), 6 (20\%) and 8 (20\%), which was the same in the rDB/CME + placebo group (10\%, 20\%, 30\% and 40\%, respectively). Whereas, a significant difference was presented in the rDB/CME+ product group (20\%, 60\%, 80\% and 90\% respectively). When comparing between the groups, 7-day PARs at week 2 was not statistically different, but it was in the follow-up period at week 4, 6 and 8. There was no statistical difference at week 4 between the three groups, but there was between the rDB/CME+ product, control and rDB/CME+ placebo groups at week 6 and 8. The results of CAR showed no statistical difference between the control and rDB/CWE+ placebo group in any of the periods. Whereas the rDB/CWE+ product group showed a significant difference after week 4. The CAR was statistically different between the groups after week 6 and 8. At week 6, the CAR of the rDB/CWE+ product group was different to the control group. There was no difference between the control and rDB/CWE+ placebo groups, or between the rDB/CWE+ product and placebo groups. At week 8, the CAR of the rDB/CWE+ product group was different from that of the control, but not from the rDB/CWE+ placebo group. Finally, the GSH level increased significantly in the rDB/CWE + product group when compared to the rDB/CWE+placebo group. Moreover, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased significantly in both the placebo and product groups. In addition, MDA levels showed a significant difference between baseline and after 2 weeks in the rDB/CWE + placebo and product groups. Conclusion: Integrating relaxed-deep breathing with chest mobilization exercise and VC hard candy for 2 weeks can help smoking cessation during consultation, and possibly reduce oxidative stress status among active teenage smokers.

}, keywords = {7-day point prevalence abstinence rate, Chest mobilization exercise, Continuous abstinence rate, Oxidative stress, Relaxation deep-breathing, Smoking cessation, Vernonia cinerea-hard candy.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.159}, author = {Rungtiwa Kanthain and Jirakrit Leelarungrayub and Surinporn Likhitsathian and Surapol Natakankitkul} } @article {1909, title = {Role of Gender in the Protection Against Doxorubicin-Induced Oxidative Stress}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {782-788}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {782}, abstract = {

Background: There are gender differences in the oxidation-reduction reactions. Doxorubicin (Dox) is a chemotherapeutic drug that can produce oxidative stress which may require prevention by antioxidants. Aim: The study aimed to investigate the gender-dependent changes in Dox-induced oxidative stress, and the protective effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). Materials and Methods: Rats were administered CoQ10 orally for 17 days. On day 13, some rats receiving CoQ10 received a single intraperitoneal dosage of Dox, whereas other rats received normal saline. Glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total anti-oxidant capacity (T-AOC) were measured in both genders of albino rats. Results: Dox significantly reduced both GSH and T-AOC levels and caused a significant increase in MDA. The administration of CoQ10 significantly prevented these changes. Dox caused a larger reduction in GSH in males than in females, while CoQ10 caused more protection in females. Dox caused a higher increase in MDA levels in males. Conclusion: Pre-treatments with CoQ10 may protect against Dox-induced oxidative stress, with gender-dependent variations in the extent of these Dox/CoQ10 effects.

}, keywords = {Coenzyme Q10, Doxorubicin, Gender difference, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.168}, author = {Akram A Hammo and Abdulla A Ahmad and Zeina A Althanoon} } @article {1660, title = {Antioxidant Capacity of Chuquiraga Spinosa Less. "Huamanpinta" and Prevention of Carrageenan-Induced Inflammation in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1287-1296}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1287}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant capacity of Chuquiraga spinosa extracts and prevention of carrageenan-induced inflammation in mice. Methodology: Experimental design: plant species, erythrocytes and male BALB C53 mice, were considered as biological material. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated in 50\%, 70\%, 96\% and aqueous ethanolic extracts by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl reduction, malondialdehyde inhibition in oxidized erythrocytes with H2O2 and correlating with polyphenol content equivalent to gallic acid/gram dry extract. Inflammation was evaluated by inoculating carrageenan 2\% in "subcutaneous air bag" of mice: 1) White, 2) carrageenan, 3) dexamethasone 2 mg/kg, 4-6) ethanolic extract 70\% doses 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively; determining nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, total proteins, albumin, leukocytes in exudate and histological changes. Results: Alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, phenolic compounds, tannins, carbohydrates, triterpenes, steroids and sesquiterpene lactones were identified; aqueous extract presented greater reduction of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (CI50 = 58.99 μg/mL), ethanolic extract 70\% presented greater inhibition of malondialdehyde in erythrocytes (CI50 = 16.44 nm/mL); It was observed that the higher the amount of polyphenols, the greater the reduction of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (r=-0.909) and the greater the inhibition of malondialdehyde (r=-0.781). With 500 mg/kg of 70\% ethanolic extract there was greater anti-inflammatory effect inhibiting malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, albumin, total proteins and leukocytes in 55.55\%, 81.92\%, 41.20\%, 31.51\% and 32.45\% (p\<0.01) respectively and less infiltration of leukocytes and lymphocytes in air sac membrane. Conclusion: The extracts of aerial parts of Chuquiraga spinosa showed antioxidant capacity correlated to polyphenol content. The 70\% ethanolic extract prevented inflammation in mice in a dosedependent manner.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ethanolic extract, Leukocytes, Lipoperoxidation, Nitric oxide, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.163}, author = {Hugo Jes{\'u}s Justil-Guerrero and Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas and Miriam Palomino- Pacheco and Magaly Villena-Tejada and Wilmer Atilio Segura V{\'\i}lchez} } @article {1399, title = {Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Some Medicinal Plants and their Combination}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {596-599}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {596}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oxidative Stress leads to several complications within the human body. It is the reason behind the generation of several diseases. Free radicals if generated in excess amount can damage the body to a great extent. Finding newer and potent medicinal plants that can fight oxidative stress can be useful in combating the harmful effects of free radicals. Methods: In the current study ethanolic extract of Ocimum kilimandscharicum, Thymus serpyllum, Spilanthes acmella and their combination in equal ratio were used for their ability to counter oxidative stress. The plants were collected from the district of Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand and extracted by soxhlet{\textquoteright}s apparataus using absolute ethanol (99.9\%). The extracts were then dried and used for the study. Result: It was seen that highest absorbance was shown by ascorbic acid at the lowest as well as the highest concentration in the reducing power assay. Also, the combination of the extracts showed the highest absorbance among all the extracts at both the lowest and highest concentration. Conclusion: A higher absorbance indicates a better antioxidant potential. The best effect was shown by the combined extract among all the extracts.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Oxidative stress, Phenols, Reducing power}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.75}, author = {Tanuj Joshi and Vijay Juyal} } @article {1346, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds and Safety Assessment of the Ethanol Extract of the Barks of Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex.G.Don (Family Apocynaceae): Sub-Acute Toxicity Studies in Swiss Albino Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {162-171}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {162}, abstract = {

Background: Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G. Don belongs to the family Apocynaceae and has several therapeutic applications in traditional medicine. This plant has various pharmacological properties such as antihelmintic, antidiuretic and antidiabetic. One of the major concerns, as they are used, is the lack of adequate pharmacological and toxicological data to support their uses. Objective: The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the safety of an ethanolic extract of Holarrhena pubescens Wall.ex.G.Don (Apocynaceae) by determining its potential toxicity after oral administration for 28 days. Methods: In sub-acute toxicity, the extract at the doses of 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg, bw was administered orally for 28 days. After 28 days of treatment, the mice were decapitated; brain was homogenized for evaluating oxidative stress. The brain was fixed in 10 \% formalin and processed for histopathological examinations. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extract was performed by (GC-MS). Result: In the sub-acute study in mice, daily oral administration of HP resulted in a significant increase in the lipid peroxidation of treated animals and a decrease in enzymes activity of CAT, SOD, GPX and GR in both, males and females mice. Histopathological analysis showed alterations in the mice brain cortex. From the GC-MS analysis of the plant extract, it was evident that major phytochemicals were present in the ethanol extract of HP. Some major phytochemicals namely, conessimine (17.81 \%); lup-20(29)-en-3-one (16.50\%); piperidine, 2-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-(6.44\%); lup-20(29)-ene-3, 28-diol, (3.beta.) (4.82\%) and 17- (1, 5-dimethyl-3-phenylsulfanyl-hex-4-enyl (4.37\%) were found. Conclusion: H.pubsecne bark ethanol extract was found to be relatively safe in lower doses although at higher doses it can cause lipid peroxidation and damage to the neuronal cell of the brain and should therefore be used with caution.

}, keywords = {GC-MS, Holarrhena pubescens, Mice, Oxidative stress, Sub-acute toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.23}, author = {Sanjit Namasudra and Pankaj Phukan and Meenakshi Bawari} } @article {1128, title = {Hypoxic Preconditioning Decrease ROS and Increase SOD Expression in Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Cell}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {430-435}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {430}, abstract = {

Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (AMSCs) have promising ability to differentiate into a cardiomyocyte. However, post-transplantation survival of AMSCs is relatively low due to lethal cellular hypoxia. Hypoxic preconditioning is a sublethal hypoxia condition which may improve AMSCs survival. This research evaluates the effect of hypoxic preconditioning on the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of AMSCs. Isolated human AMSCs was cultured to the 4th passage and confirmed with CD45, CD90 and CD105 expression. Cells were divided into control group (normoxia with 21\% O2) and hypoxic preconditioning group (with 1\% O2). ROS and SOD were evaluated using immunofluorescence and analyzed using SPSS 25. AMSCs was characterized by the CD105 and CD90 without expression of CD44 and CD45. ROS expression is significantly lower in hypoxia group than in controlled group (253,13 {\textpm} 67,795 vs 342,13 {\textpm} 116,447; p \< 0.05) and SOD expression is significantly higher in hypoxia group than in controlled group (340,25 {\textpm} 96,476 vs 234,56 {\textpm} 38,238; p \<0.05). In conclusion, hypoxic preconditioning in human AMSCs induce lower expression of intracellular ROS and higher expression of intracellular SOD.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Hypoxia, Oxidative stress, Stem Cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.66}, author = {I Gde Rurus Suryawan and Andrianto and Ratna Dewi Cahyaningtias and Makhyan Jibril Al-Farabi} } @article {1087, title = {Iron-Folate Supplementation during Pregnancy for Prevent Oxidative Stress in Pregnant Rats: Level of MDA, Creatinine, Glucose, Erythrocite, Blood Pressure, Body Weight and Number of Offspring}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {186-191}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {186}, abstract = {

Background: Iron and folic acid deficiency during pregnancy can increase oxidative stress and result in impaired intra-uterine growth, abortion and preeclampsia. Folate is trace nutrient that influent for essential role for epigenetic mechanism cues into changes in gene expression and had impact health development. This study aimed to determine the effect of several doses of iron and folate supplementation on level of: MDA, glucose, creatinine, maternal body weight and number and birth weight of offspring. Methods: This research was conducted in the laboratory of the Center for Food and Nutrition Studies, Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta. Experimental research with posttest only control group design with a number of samples: 20 pregnant rats, divided randomly into 4 groups. The control group (C) was given standard feed (AIN-93G), KI: added iron 1,8 mg/200gBW and folic acid 0,0023mg/200gBW, KII: added iron 3,6 mg/200gBB and folic acid 0,0045 mg/200gBW, KIII : added iron 5,4mg/200gBW and folic acid 0,0068 mg/200gBW. Duration of treatment 20 days. Measurement of body weight, blood pressure and then taken blood samples at the 21st day for examination of MDA, glucose, creatinine, erythrocyte level. Sectio caesarean to performed the number and body weight of offspring. Data obtained were analyzed using one way Anova followed by Post hoc LSD. Results: there are significant different (p \<0.001). on level of : MDA, glucose, creatinine, maternal body weight, average number and fetal weight of offspring between treatment group compare to control group. Conclusion: Iron and folate suplementation during pregnancy can decreased level of oxidative stress and better pregnant outcome.

}, keywords = {Folic acid, Iron, MDA, Oxidative stress, Pregnancy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.28}, author = {Joko Wahyuwibowo and Abdul Aziz and Eka Safitri and Minidian Fasitasari and Siti Thomas Zulaikhah} } @article {1207, title = {Paronychia argentea: A Critical Comprehensive Review on its Diverse Medicinal Potential and Future as Therapeutics}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1172-1179}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1172}, abstract = {

Background: Paronychia argentea has been used since long as a traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes, kidney stones, anti-microbial and many other human diseases. However, the plant has not been explored much. In the present scenario of drug resistance and toxicity associated with available drugs, there is a need for elaborated studies of plants like Paronychia argeneta which had been used as folk medicines. Aim and Objectives: The present article is focused on reviewing the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, traditional usage, biological activities, of Paronychia argentea which has been used in traditional medicinal system for ages. The aim of the study was to assess the ethnopharmacological usage of this plant and to explore therapeutic potentials and future opportunities for research. Materials and Methods: Information on the traditional usage and studies of the Paronychia argentea was gathered from from various journals, MSc dissertation, conference abstract, local books. Various search engines including Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Elsevier, ACS, Pubmed, Web of Science, CNKI and EMBASE were used to collect the information along with libraries. Results: Paronychia argentea has played an important role in traditional medicines in Algeria, Portugal, Israel and Jordan. The aerial parts of this plant are used as diuretics in Algerian traditional medicines and are used as antiurolithiasis. Leaf decoction of this plant is also used as diuretic. Paronychia argentea has been used as analgesic, treatment of stomach ulcer, anorexia, and flatulence in Portugal. Scientific studies on extracts of Paronychia revealed a wide range of pharmacological activities including anti-microbial activity, anti-oxidant, nephroprotective activity. Moreover, few reports have given contradictory data for usage of Paronychia when compared with its traditional usage. As in the case of alpha-amylase inhibitory efficacy of PA, it was observed that PA inhibits alpha-amylase activity but later on it was proven that PA does not have a hypoglycemic effect. Main bioactive metabolites present in this plant include alkaloids, flavonoids, volatile oils, etc. Conclusions: Based on this review, there are evidences from various studies regarding pharmacological effects of this plant as nephroprotective, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial activity. Some indications from in vitro studies have confirmed the inhibitory activity of this plant extract against alpha amylase enzyme. The available literature showed that most of the activities of the Paronychia can be accredited to the flavonoids present in them. Data regarding mechanisms of action of this plant along with pharmacokinetics, toxicology studies is still limited, which indicate the need of such studies for the clinical usage of this plant.

}, keywords = {Anti-microbial, Anti-oxidant, Bioactivity, Herbal medicine, Nephroprotective, Oxidative stress, Paronychia argentea, Therapeutic value, Ulcerative colitis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.165}, author = {Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan and Sardar Hussain and Janardhana Papayya Balakrishna and Surapaneni Krishna Mohan} } @article {1228, title = {Prototype Star Fruit-Honey Product and Effectiveness on Antixidants, Inflammation and Walking Distance in Participants with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1121-1134}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1121}, abstract = {

Background: Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) is a seasonal fruit, which has proven antioxidant and inflammation activities in vitro. However, sweet-type is more available than sour-type. Therefore, developing a new product from sweet-type star fruit, and evaluating its effectiveness on antioxidants and inflammation have been very challenging. Objectives: The aims were to develop a prototype product from sweet-type star fruit and evaluate its effectiveness with or without walking exercise on participants with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: The prototype product of sweet-type star fruit was prepared industrially by mixing with honey before nutrients such as L-ascorbic acid (Vit C) and total phenolic compound, and contaminants like chemicals, microbials and oxalic acid were evaluated. Effectiveness of this product on antioxidents, inflammation and physical function was evaluated in participants with stable COPD with and without walking exercise, and compared to walking exercise and control participants. Two spoons of the product (20 g) in sterile warm water (150 mL) were guided and consumed twice daily for 4 weeks, whereas the walking exercise was prescribed with moderate intensity at home for 30 min 3 days per week. Plasma Vit C, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrotic factoralpha (TNF-∝) and 6-minutes walking distance (6MWD) were evaluated before and after the 4-week study period. Results: The prototype product composed of star fruit juice with honey (1:1, v:v). Main nutrients were composed of ash (0.4 g), carbohydrate (74.59 g), lipid (2.88 g), protein (0.57 g) and 326.56 kcal of total energy, whereas Vit C and total phenolic compound were equivalent to 0.25 {\textpm} 0.11 mg and 144.89 {\textpm} 2.51 μg gallic acid equivalent in a 100 gram of product. The results of chemicals and microbials showed safety under food conditions. The results of study compared the ages of stable COPD participants between those of the controls (n=10, 69.20{\textpm}1.40 years), and those with star fruit juice and honey supplement (n=20, 71.25 {\textpm} 6.01 years), walking exercise (n=15, 60.60{\textpm}3.38 years), and supplement with walking exercise (n=15, 64.40{\textpm}1.63 years) and no statistical difference was shown in any parameters in the control group. Whereas, the plasma Vit C and TAC levels increased, and MDA and TNF-∝ levels reduced significantly, in the supplement consumption group, which was in contrast to the Vit C, MDA and TNF-∝ levels in the walking exercise group. However, the TAC level increased significantly when the walking exercise was completed. When the prototype product was applied to the walking exercise, the levels of Vit C and TAC increased, and MDA and TNF-∝ levels reduced significantly. Whereas, the supplement levels increased significantly in all of the groups, especially in the 6MWD. Conclusion: This study proposed that sweet-type star fruit can be prepared industrially by mixing with honey, and be developed as a new commercial product with antioxidant and inflammation activities for participants suffering with chronic lung disease.

}, keywords = {6MWD, Antioxidant, COPD, Oxidative stress, Star fruit product, TNF-∝}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.159}, author = {Yothin Pothasak and Jirakrit Leelarungrayub and Surapol Natakankitkul and Supawatchara Singhatong} } @article {1094, title = {Wound Healing Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Selaginella Bryopteris on Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {335-341}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {335}, abstract = {

The objective of the present study was to determine wound healing activity of ethanolic extract of Selaginella bryopteris on rats. The whole plant of S. bryopteris Linn. was collected from Andhra Pradesh, India and extraction was done using ethanol. GC-MS analysis was performed to determine active metabolites present in the extract followed by determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents. In vivo wound healing activity of ethanolic extract was evaluated using excision wound model. The extract was applied topically on animals by preparing ointment in two concentrations (5\% and 10\%) where soframycin (10\%) was taken as positive control. Antioxidant activity of S. bryopteris extract was observed by measuring oxidative enzymatic levels i.e. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), reduced Glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in animal tissues. Histopathological studies of excised skin were carried out after the experimental period. The contraction rate of the wound was higher and dose-dependent in rats treated with 5\% and 10 \% ointment of extract in comparison to untreated control group. The drug treated groups showed recovery phase and the percentage of healing was more in 10\% at the end of experimental period. Results exhibited sufficient insights on the healing process with normal recovery stages and restored oxidative enzymatic levels. Histopathological findings provided additional positive results; the dermis with proliferating capillaries and skeletal muscle were replaced by cellular fibrous tissue and collagen fibers. Overall, the results showed that ethanolic extract of S.bryopteris was an interesting traditional agent that possess significant wound healing activity.

}, keywords = {Flavonoid content, Oxidative stress, Selaginellabryopteris, total phenolic content, Wound Excision Model}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.53}, author = {Shravan Kumar Paswan and Sajal Srivastava and Chandana Venkateswara Rao} } @article {824, title = {Cakile maritima Scop. Extracts Inhibit Caco2 and HeLa Human Carcinoma Cell Growth: GC-MS Analysis of an Anti-Proliferative Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {258-266}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {258}, abstract = {

Introduction: Exposure to high levels of antioxidants has been linked to the treatment and prevention of some cancers. Although Cakile maritima has a high antioxidant capacity, it is yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. Methods: Solvent extracts prepared from C. maritima plant material were analysed for antioxidant capacity by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Anti-proliferative activities against Caco2 and HeLa cancer cells were determined by an MTS based cell proliferation assay. Toxicity was determined by the Artemia franciscana bioassay. The most potent anti-proliferative extract (hexane) was further investigated using non-targeted GC-MS headspace analysis. Results: Good DPPH radical scavenging activity was calculated for all C. maritima extracts. The methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts had particularly strong antioxidant activity (IC50 of 4.7 and 3.4 μg/mL respectively). Interestingly, the hexane extract which had the lowest DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 13.6 μg/mL), was the most potent inhibitor or Caco2 and HeLa carcinoma cell growth, with IC50{\textquoteright}s of 12 and 126 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract was also a potent inhibitor of proliferation (IC50 values of 185 and 468 μg/mL against Caco2 and HeLa, respectively). The methanolic extract (IC50 values of 2261 and 2046 μg/mL against CaCo2 and HeLa respectively) displayed only moderate anti-proliferative activity, demonstrating that antioxidant activity did not correspond with anti-proliferative activity. All of the extracts were determined to be nontoxic in the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with LC50 values substantially \>1000 μg/mL. Non-biased GC-MS headspace analysis of the C. maritima hexane extract highlighted several interesting compounds that may contribute to the therapeutic bioactivities of the extract. Conclusion: The lack of toxicity and the anti-proliferative activity of the hexane and ethyl acetate C. maritima extracts against HeLa and Caco2 cancer cell lines indicates their potential in the treatment and prevention of some cancers.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Antioxidant, Brassicaceae, CaCo2, European searocket, HeLa, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.40}, author = {Elsayed Omer and Abdelsamed Elshamy and Rihab Taher and Walaa El-Kashak and Joseph Shalom and Alan White and Ian Cock} } @article {1008, title = {Comparative Free Radical Scavenging Efficacy of Leaves Extract of Moringa Oleifera and Petals Extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1342-1346}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1342}, abstract = {

Background: Use of molecules with antioxidant properties have evolved as effective strategy for preventing oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species. Moringa oleifera and Hibiscus sabdariffa are ancient plants with antioxidant properties, and have served numerous therapeutic purposes, in addition to their nutritional benefits. Aim: This in vitro study compared the free radical scavenging efficacy of ethylacetate leaves extract of Moringa oleifera and ethylacetate petal extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa. Method: Determinations were carried out following standard procedures for analytical experiments. The leaves of Moringa oleifera and petals of Hibiscus sabdariffa were extracted by cool maceration with distilled water and ethylacetate, independently for 48 hours using soxhlet extractor. The free radical scavenging activities of the extracts were determined spectrophotometrically. DPPH free radical was used to determine the free radical scavenging activities of the extracts. The reducing power efficacy of the extracts was determined by their ability to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ ions using FERAP. Results: Ethylacetate extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa petals had higher free radical scavenging efficacy and more reducing power with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.57 mg/ml compared to the ethylacetate extract of Moringa oleifera leaves which had an IC50 of 2.60 mg/ml. Phytochemical profile revealed that the predominant compounds in both extracts were flavonoids, phenols, and amino acids. Conclusion: This study has established that ethylacetate extract of the Petals of Hibiscus sabdariffa has more reducing power and free radical scavenging efficacy compared to ethylacetate extract of Moringa oleifera leaves. These plant parts could serve as novel sources for clinically efficient antioxidants.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Free radical scavenger, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Moringa oleifera, Oxidative stress, Oxygen-free radicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.207}, author = {Garba Auwalu and Emeka John Dingwoke and Adamude Fatima Amin and Nwobodo Ndubuisi Nwobodo and Mohammed Mohammed Lawan} } @article {917, title = {A Methanolic Extract of Ocimum basilicum Exhibits Antioxidant Effects and Prevents Selenite-induced Cataract Formation in Cultured Lenses of Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {496-504}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {496}, abstract = {

Objective: An extract (Methanolic) of the Ocimum basilicum leaf was analysed for potential to abrogate experimental formation of cataract in-vitro. Methods: Phytoconstituents were first detected in O. basilicum extracts (Aqueous or methanolic) by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis. The putative antioxidant activity of these extracts was then assessed by measuring in-vitro radical-scavenging activity, ion-chelating potential and reducing potency. Potential cytotoxicity of the extract on Human lenticular epithelial B3 (HLE-B3) cells was also sought. Finally, possible prevention of cataract formation by the methanolic extract was gauged in selenite-exposed lenses obtained from Wistar rats. There were 3 groups (8 Lenses in each): Group I (Lenses incubated in Dulbecco{\textquoteright}s modified Eagle{\textquoteright}s medium [DMEM] alone); Group II (Lenses incubated in DMEM with sodium selenite [100 μM/ml]); Group III (Lenses incubated in DMEM with selenite [100 μM/ml] and the O. basilicum methanolic extract (200 μg/ml DMEM). Gross lenticular morphology was assessed. Levels of lenticular malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also measured. Results: A higher intensity of antioxidative activity was noted in the methanolic extract than in the aqueous extract. The methanolic extract exhibited negligible cytotoxicity. On morphological examination, marked opacification was seen in all 8 Group II lenses whereas there was no opacification in 7 of 8 Group III lenses. Near normal mean levels of reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde, were noted within Group III lenses. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of the O. basilicum leaf appears to prevent selenite-induced cataract formation in-vitro.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Cataract, Crystallins, Ocimum basilicum, Oxidative stress, Phytoconstituents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.79}, author = {Thiraviyam Anand and Mahalingam Sundararajan and Muniyandi Anbukkarasi and Philip Aloysius Thomas and Pitchairaj Geraldine} } @article {795, title = {Niacin Regulates Glucose Reactive Protein (GRP78), Protein Carbonyl Content (PCC) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in the Hyperglycemic Human Lens Epithelial Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {8-11}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {8}, abstract = {

Introduction: Niacin is part of the chemical structure of coenzymes nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). Previous studies suggested that a high niacin intake could decrease the prevalence of cataracts, which may delay the onset of diabetic cataract. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of niacin on the hyperglycemia-induced osmotic stress and oxidative stress in human lens epithelial cells. Materials and Methods: Human lens epithelial cells were cultured in a high glucose condition. Oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl content (PCC) and glucose reactive protein (GRP), were measured using TBARS analysis (MDA) and ELISA (PCC and GRP) after 72 h incubation. Results: The MDA levels increased after high glucose administration relative to that in the control group (p \<0.05). Further, the groups that were co-treated with niacin showed decrease in the MDA levels for all doses of niacin and the lowest mean MDA level was obtained with 100 μM niacin. There was a decrease in the PCC levels for all doses, whereas the lowest mean PCC level was observed at a 100 μM niacin dose. The GRP levels increased after high glucose administration as compared with the control group. Also, the groups that were co-treated with niacin exhibited statistically significant reduction. Conclusion: These results suggest that niacin can inhibit the osmotic stress and oxidative stress which may lead to the progression of a diabetic cataract. Also, it may maintain lens transparency by acting as a precursor for glutathione biosynthesis and an antioxidant.

}, keywords = {Diabetic cataract, Glucose, GRP78, MDA, Niacin, Oxidative stress, PCC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.2}, author = {Nina Handayani and Hidayat Sujuti and Nur Permatasari and Achmad Rudijanto} } @article {853, title = {Protective Effect of Terminalia catappa Leaves and Terminalia chebula Fruits on the Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic Anti-oxidant Levels in the Doxorubicin Induced Toxicity Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {346-349}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {346}, abstract = {

Background: Oxidative stress plays an important role in chronic complications of diabetes, cancer, liver disorder etc. The free radicals such as superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxides are causing the oxidative stress and it involves the cellular damage. Evidences recommended that the natural medicines from plant sources are treated to overcome the oxidative stress complications. Objective: The aim of the present is to find the antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of Terminalia catappa leaves and Terminalia chebula fruits in the doxorubicin (DOX) induced toxicity rats. Methods: Oxidative stress is induced with a single dose of doxorubicin and then the animals were treated with a dose of various concentration of ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and T. chebula fruits (200, 300 mg/kg/b.w) for 21 days. After the treatment, lipid peroxide (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathiones- transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase levels are determined. Propranolol 25mg/kg is used as standard drug. Results: In the present study, after the treatment of doxorubicin the levels of SOD, CAT, GSH, GST, GPX, vitamin C, vitamin E levels are decreased and LPO level is increased. After the treatment of T. catappa leaves and T. chebula fruits the levels were returned to the normal level. Conclusion: The results proved that the ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and T. chebula fruits may protects the cells from oxidative stress induced by the doxorubicin induced toxicity rats.

}, keywords = {Doxorubicin, Enzymatic antioxidant, Non-enzymatic antioxidant, Oxidative stress, Termianlia catappa, Terminalia chebulla.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.51}, author = {Panneerselvam Punniyakotti and Rengasamy Lakshminarayanan Rengarajan and Shanmugam Velayuthaprabhu and Kalaiyarasan Vijayakumar and Ramasamy Manikandan and Arumugam Vijaya Anand} } @article {763, title = {Antioxidant Capacity and Cytotoxicity of the Aqueous Extract of Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s135-s140}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s135}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ethnobotanical studies report that Myrcia guianensis (Myrtaceae), belonging to a group of plants known as pedr\á-ume-ca\á or insulin plant, is used as a tea to treat various diseases, including diabetes, a metabolic disorder that leads to the constant production of free radicals. The objective of this work was to determine the antioxidant capacity and the cytotoxicity of the AEMg. Methods: The content of phenolic compounds in AEMg was determined by colorimetric assays. In vitro tests of the antioxidant capacity of AEMg, in the sequestration of DPPH radicals, in \β-carotene bleaching, in the FRAP, as well as in human fibroblast cells of the MRC-5 lineage, were performed. The cytotoxic activity of AEMg was evaluated in assays with eukaryotic cells from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in PBMC. Results: The results showed that the AEMg is rich in phenolic compounds, presenting high antioxidant potential in all the tests carried out, including in human fibroblast cells of the MRC-5 lineage, besides not being toxic to eukaryotic cells. Conclusion: The AEMg, rich in antioxidant compounds and no toxicity, can be used as source of natural antioxidant in the treatment of metabolic diseases to combat free radicals.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Myrtaceae, Oxidative stress, Pedra-ume-ca{\'a}, Phenolic compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.25}, author = {Regiane Sablina Almeida Bernardes and Sandra Layse Ferreira Sarrazin and Flaviana Alves dos Santos and Moacyr Jesus Barreto de Melo R{\^e}go and Maira Galdino da Rocha Pitta and Marina Ferraz Cordeiro and Patr{\'\i}cia Danielle Oliveira de Almeida and Ricardo Bezerra de Oliveira and Leoneide {\'E}rica Maduro Bouillet and Jos{\'e} Guilherme Soares Maia and Rosa Helena Veras Mour{\~a}o} } @article {757, title = {Antioxidant Role of Beta Carotene: Protection against Cadmium Induced Testicular Toxicity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s66-s70}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s66}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cadmium (Cd) is an industrial pollutant that affects the male reproductive system. The purpose of present study was to investigate the protective role of Beta carotene on cadmium induced testicular damage. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted following approval from Institutional Bioethical Committee and strict internationally accepted guidelines, for the usage of animals in experimental study were. Rats were divided into four groups with 8 rats in each.The Gr. I rats were administered with the single dose of normal saline intraperitoneally. Group II received Beta carotene (10 mg/kg bw) orally for 30 days. Group III received a single dose of 1 mg/kg bw cadmium chloride and Group IV received Beta carotene for 30 days prior to cadmium administration. After the desired protocol, rats were sacrificed and both the testes were removed for biochemical and histopathological evaluation. One testis was fixed in Bouvins fluid and processed or histopathological studies. The levels of lipid peroxides (LPO) and glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected in the tissue homogenates of other testis. Results: In the present study, the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) was significantly high and GSH and SOD (P\<0.001) were low in cadmium treated rats compared to normal control. Pre-treatment with beta carotene showed a protective effect by decreasing LPO and increasing GS Hand SOD level (P\<0.001). The morphological changes like atrophy of tubules, edema and decreased spermatogenesis in the testis of rats exposed to cadmium chloride. But, antioxidant showed the normal architecture of the testis. Conclusion: Results of the present study showed the antioxidative role of beta carotene in protecting the testis from cadmium induced toxicity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Lipid peroxidation, Oxidative stress, Superoxide demutase, Testis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.13}, author = {Rekha Durgadas Kini and Nayanatara Arun Kumar and Anupama Noojibail and Bhagyalakhshmi K and Sneha Shetty Bhoja and Pratik Kumar Chatterjee} } @article {505, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Curcumin on Diabetic Retinopathy in Alloxan-induced Diabetes through NF-KB and Brn3a Related Mechanism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {324-332}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {324}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most common micro vascular complication of diabetes and involves an abnormal pathology of major retinal pigment epithelium, inter retinal oedema and intraocular neovascularisation where pro-inflammatory proteins including ICAM-1,iNOS and VEGF release by activation of enzyme CaMKII/NF-kB expression Diabetic induced oxidative stress followed by deactivation of Brn3a expression in the retinal ganglionic cells are also early events in pathogenesis of Diabetic retinopathy. These factors are important contributors to the development of clinically significant diabetic retinopathy. Objective: Objective of this study to examine the effect of curcumin with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties obtained from Curcuma longa against diabetes-induced retinal vascular damage and its mechanism of action by in-vivo in retinas of rat rendered diabetic by alloxan and in vitro in western blotting and RGC tissue culture. Method: We administered curcumin or saline vehicle to experimental animals daily for 12 weeks. Vascular permeability, expression of CaMK II/NF-kB, Retinal morphology and neuropathic change of the retinal ganglion cells were investigated. Results: As an anti-oxidant, curcumin raised Retinal Ganglionic cells by increasing Brn3a expression during oxidative stress condition and subsequently decreased the expression of inflammatory mediators such as VEGF, iNOS and ICAM-1 as an anti-inflammatory agent by inhibiting CaMKII and NF-kB expression. Conclusion: Curcumin, a common food additive has beneficial effects in experimental studies of diseases that are characterised by increased oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions. It appears to be a useful adjunct therapy to possibly inhibit the progression of retinopathy, sight threatening complication faced by diabetic patients.

}, keywords = {Brn3a, CaKMII, Curcumin, Inflammation, NF-KB, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.56}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/486}, author = {Debasish Pradhan and Toffa Dasmohapatra and Gitanjali Tripathy} } @article {435, title = {Neuroprotective Effect of Pedalium murex Linn. Leaf against Lipopolysaccharide Induced Behavioural Disorders in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {957-962}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {957}, abstract = {

Introduction: Effective treatment is necessary to minimize the neuronal damage and oxidative stress. Traditional medicines offer potent pharmacological activity with minimal side effects compared to synthetic drugs to treat such chronic disorders. There is no renowned remedy for arrest or rescuing infection or inflammation-induced brain damage. The present study was aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of ethanol extract of Pedalium murex Linn. (EEPM) leaves against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia. Methods: Neurodegeneration was induced in rats with a single intraperitoneal injection of LPS (1 mg/kg). The induced endotoxemia constantly linked with battery of behavioural tests viz., choice reaction time task (CRT), 8-arm radial maze (RAM) and water maze test (WMT). At the end of the study, rats were sacrificed, brain hippocampal region was removed and biochemical parameters were measured. Results: In WMT swimming length (cm) was increased in LPS-treated rats when compared to control animals, the swimming length (EEPM; 400 mg/kg) was found to be significant; in RAM, different doses of EEPM at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg decreased the number of errors in entry 4.00\±0.36, 4.16\±0.16and 3.33\±2.79 respectively when compared with control animals (2.66\± 0.21). EEPM at 400 mg/kg showed significant activity, in CRT apparatus increased incorrect lever pressing was observed in LPS-treated rats when compared to control animals. Incorrect lever pressing was minimized by EEPM at 400 mg/kg (43.5\±2.40). Conclusions: Our results showed that EEPM is a hopeful aspirant for hindrance of infection and inflammation induced brain damage by LPS.

}, keywords = {Behavioural studies, Learning, Memory, Neuroprotective, Oxidative stress, Pedalium murex.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.150}, author = {Swaminathan Gomathi and Rajagopal Shanmuga Sundaram and Vellaichamy Muthupandi Annapandian and Manickam Vijayabaskaran} } @article {417, title = {Pre and Post-Treatment Effects: Estimation of Serum Testosterone and Lipid Peroxidation Levels on Moringa olifera Extract Induced Cadmium Exposed Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {846-849}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {846}, abstract = {

Background: Cadmium (Cd), is a toxic metal which affects various organs including testis. It produces oxidative stress leading to male infertility. Moringa tree, is a natural plant with a great therapeutic value and hence it is found to be effective both in prevention and treatment of various conditions including reducing toxicity of hazardous materials. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of Pre-and Post-treatment with Moringa oliefera leaf extract (MoE) on testis in cadmium exposed rats. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted at the Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College (KMC), Mangalore, Manipal University (MU), Karnataka, India, between (2011-2013). This prospective study consisted a total of 30 rats. These were divided into 5 groups with group I being the control. Data were presented as mean \±SD. student\’s t test was used as statistical tool, p\<0.05 considered statistically significant. Group IV and V were pre-and post-MoE treated groups respectively. Serum testosterone and tissue lipid peroxidation levels were estimated. Results: Treatment with MoE prior and after administration of cadmium, respectively showed an increase significantly in the testosterone levels and a decrease in the tissue lipid peroxidation as compared to the group treated with cadmium. However, the pre-treatment showed better results in combatting the toxic effects of cadmium. Conclusion: This study shows that Moringa olifera leaf extract altered the testosterone and tissue lipid peroxidation levels. Also, pre-treatment showed better outcome.

}, keywords = {Cadmium, MDA, Morniga olifera extract., Oxidative stress, Testosterone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.132}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/185}, author = {Pratik Kumar Chatterjee and Vinodini Nithyananda Madom Anantharaya and Rashmi Kaup Shiva and Nayanatara Arun Kumar and Sneha Bhoja Shetty and Suman Veerappa Budihal and Mangalore Ramesh Bhat and Kunal} } @article {1512, title = {Immunomodulatory Effect of Water Soluble Polysaccharides Isolated from Metroxylon sagu in Animal Models of Immunosuppression}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {55-62}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Aim: This study was aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory activity of water soluble polysaccharides isolated from Metroxylon sagu (PSMS) by dilute acid extraction, ethanol precipitation in rats by using three different in-vivo experimental models of immunosuppression. Methodology: Three models of immunosuppression include metronidazole (MTZ) induced immunosuppression, pyrogallol induced immunosuppression and Ethanol-induced immunosuppression. Immunological indices like humoral antibody titer values, cellular immune response, percent change in phagocytosis, serum immunoglobulins were estimated. Histopathology of spleen was done in all control and treated groups. The doses of 500 and 250 mg/kg of PSMS were administered orally to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity. Results: Though PSMS was demonstrated to have immunostimulatory activity in almost all three models of immunosuppression, PSMS was found to be more effi cacious against ethanol-induced immunosuppression when compared with pyrogallol induced immunosuppression and MTZ induced immunosuppression. However, dose-dependent improvement in immunological indices was evident in all three models. Conclusion: In summary, water soluble polysaccharides isolated from M. sagu stimulate the immunity in the animal models of immunosuppression.

Key words: Immunomodulation, immunosuppression, Metroxylon sagu, oxidative stress, polysaccharides.

}, keywords = {Immunomodulation, immunosuppression, Metroxylon sagu, Oxidative stress, Polysaccharides}, author = {Sireesha Pulla and Nagarjuna Sannithi and Siva Reddy Challa} }