@article {2217, title = {Pharmacognostic Profile and Antidiabetic Activity of Eleutherine bulbosa Mills. Bulbs from East Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {118-125}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {118}, abstract = {

Background: Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb., known as Bawang Dayak, is commonly found growing in Kalimantan, Indonesia. The characteristics of the environment in which the plant grows greatly influence the characteristics of the plant and its biological activity. Objective: This study aimed to determine the pharmacognostic profile and evaluate the antidiabetic activity of E. bulbosa bulb extract obtained from Kota Bangun, Kutai Kertanegara, Indonesia. Methods: The dried powdered of E. bulbosa bulbs was extracted using two different methods (maceration and microwave-assisted extraction). The evaluation of the sample fluorescence and non-specific parameters was done. The antidiabetic activity of the extracts was conducted using streptozocin-induced mice and histopathology analysis. Results: The fluorescence evaluation indicated various secondary metabolites contained in E. bulbosa simplicia. Non-specific parameters include drying loss (8.83{\textpm}0.2611\%), water content in simplicia (8.04{\textpm}0.7481\%), specific gravity (1.04{\textpm}0.0058\%), total ash content (20.3{\textpm}0.1583\%), acid insoluble ash content (1.70{\textpm}0.0608\%), ethanol content in extract (0.99{\textpm}0.0017\%), lead content (0.010 mg/g), cadmium (0.091 mg/g), Arsenic (0.0003 mg/g), aflatoxin (not detected), and mold/yeast (0.8 {\texttimes} 105 colonies/g) meet the established regulations. Meanwhile, the antidiabetic assay showed that both extracts decreased the blood glucose levels in mice during the 14 days of treatments in a dose-dependent manner. This activity is correlated with the increased repair of pancreatic beta cells as observed by histopathological analysis. Conclusion: The dried bulbs of E. bulbosa obtained from Kota Bangun, Kutai Kertanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia meet the standards set as raw materials for antidiabetic herbal medicines.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic activity, Bawang Dayak, contaminant levels evaluation, Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb, pharmacognostic profile}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.16}, author = {Herman Herman and Arsyik Ibrahim and Junaidin Junaidin and M. Arifuddin and Baso Didik Hikmawan and Siska Siska and Tahyatul Bariroh and Reza Yuridian Purwoko and Lizma Febrina and Muhammad Faisal and Iswahyudi Iswahyudi and Marissa Angelina and Erwin Samsul and Laode Rijai and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {1733, title = {Green and Optimum Extraction of Total Polyphenols Content from Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil Leaves using Microwave- Assisted Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {29-38}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {29}, abstract = {

The current study mainly aims to apply and optimize the microwave-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent extraction (MANDESE) method of total polyphenol content from Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil leaves using response surface methodology (RSM) and its extraction mechanism using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. The extraction process was performed using the maceration and MANDESE method. Total polyphenols content was examined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and spectrophotometer UV-Vis. The extraction mechanism was performed using SEM imaging. The extraction condition as experimental design variable factors for optimization using RSM included NADES composition ratio, the liquid-solid ratio, extraction time, and microwave power. The results show that the MANDESE with some different combinations of NADES composition is more effective than a maceration. SEM imaging result shows that the levels of damage of cells and cell walls were more severe after extraction. The optimum extraction condition has obtained the NADES composition ratio of 3 g/g (choline chloride/sorbitol) and the liquid-solid ratio of 20 mL/g for 20 min extraction time with 60\% Watts microwave power. The scale-up confirmation test was obtained the total polyphenols content of 526.12 μg GAE/g sample. This finding demonstrated the optimum condition of the MANDESE method and performed efficiently, rapidly, safely, and environmentally friendly.

Key words: Microwave-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent extraction, Mitragyna speciosa (Kort.) Havil, Response surface methodology, Total polyphenols content.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.5}, author = {Wisnu Cahyo Prabowo and Risna Agustina and Yuspian Nur and Ramila Hidayati and Dewi Rahmawati and M. Arifuddin and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Reza Yuridian Purwoko and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {1764, title = {Molecular Docking, Physicochemical and Drug-likeness Properties of Isolated Compounds from Garcinia latissima Miq. on Elastase Enzyme: In Silico Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {282-288}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {282}, abstract = {

Garcinia latissima Miq. belongs to the Clusiaceae family that has been studied with activity as an antibacterial and anti-elastase in vitro. The inhibitory ability of the elastase enzyme from the G. latissima extract. This needs to be tested further by an in silico molecular docking study of the compound. Previous studies have shown that 4-oxo-β-lactam crystals are selective against the human neutrophil elastase (an enzyme protease). It has a structural relationship with its activity to become the basis for inhibiting the elastase enzyme. The purpose of this in silico study was to test whether the isolated compounds from G. latissima (including friedelin, 6-deoxyjacareubin, amentoflavone, and Robusta flavone). The in silico molecular docking method used was Autodock 4.2.6 molecular docking software. This protocol is used to test friedelin, 6-deoxyjacareubin, amentoflavone, and Robusta flavone as ligands for the elastase enzyme receptor. The protocol{\textquoteright}s output was analyzed using the Accelrys Discovery Studio Visualizer 4.0 post-docking analysis method. The results showed that isolated compounds, including amentoflavone, friedelin, and 6-deoxyjacareubin, are active ligands against porcine pancreatic elastase with the free binding energy of -10.94, -7.17, and -6.72 kcal/mol, respectively, and form hydrogen bonds, van der Walls, alkyl, electrostatic, and hydrophobic interaction. In silico physicochemical, lipophilicity, water-soluble, pharmacokinetics, and drug-likeness properties prediction showed characteristics prediction of isolated compound. This study provides an overview of the molecular interactions of isolates compounds from G. latissima against the elastase enzyme.

}, keywords = {Drug likeness, Elastase enzyme, Garcinia latissima Miq., Molecular docking study, Physicochemical properties}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.35}, author = {Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Azminah Azminah and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {1878, title = {Pharmacognostic Profile of Simplicia and Ethanolic Leaves Extract from Indonesian Piper betle var. nigra}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {610-618}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {610}, abstract = {

Piper betle var. nigra has potency as an herbal medication. Thus it can be used as a source of medicinal raw materials. Piper betle var. nigra simplicia and extracts must be controlled to obtain unswerving quality and ensure their pharmacological effects by standardizing them through several specific and non-specific parameters. Specific parameters were analyzed organoleptically in the ethanol extract, namely having a thick consistency, brownish-green or blackish-green color, a mild peculiar odor, a bitter, cherish taste, and a slightly spicy flavor. The microscopic simplicia powder profile is as follows: the lower epidermis with idioblasts in oil cells contour and upper epidermis, sclerenchyma, covering hairs, and transport bundles ladder-type thickening, and idioblasts in oil cells contour. Extract content analysis of simplicia and black betle leaves ethanol extract showed water-soluble extract content of 2.77\% and 12.45\% and ethanolsoluble extract content of 1.38\% and 19.1\%. Secondary metabolites in the ethanol extract are flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and steroids. The non-specific parameters of the simplicia and extract are as follows; total ash content of 12.1\% and 7.43\%; acid insoluble ash content of 4.45\% and 1.57\%; drying shrinkage of 14.5\% and 15.85\%; total lead (Pb) contamination 47.5 ppm and 1.2 ppm; and the total cadmium (Cd) contamination \<0.2 ppm. The total bacterial contamination in the extract was 4.3x105 colonies/g. The total yeast contamination was 8.3x105 colonies/g and volumetric mass density of the water-soluble extract of 0.96 g/mL and the volumetric mass density of the ethanol-soluble extract of 1.01 g/mL.

}, keywords = {Black betle, Non-specific parameters, Piper betle var. nigra, Specific parameters, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.143}, author = {Herman and Fajar Prasetya and Supriatno Salam and Hifdzur Rashif Rijai and Hadi Kuncoro and Rolan Rusli and Agung Rahmadani and Hady Anshory Tamhid and Kuswandi and Dewanto Harjunowibowo and Islamudin Ahmad and Laode Rijai} } @article {1730, title = {Total Phenolic, Flavonoids, and Carotenoids Content and Anti- Obesity Activity of Purslane Herb (Portulaca oleracea L.) Ethanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {08-13}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study aims to determine total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total carotenoid content (TCC) of ethanolic extract of Purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.). Material and Method: Herb of Purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.) was extracted using ethanol. Determination of total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total carotenoid content (TCC) The method used spectrophotometer UV-VIS by the used standard curve to compare the total content by linear regression calculation. Result: The results of this study demonstrated the TPC, TFC, and TCC value was 2.00 mg HE/g DW, 0.53 mg EQ/g DW, 128 mg GAE/g DW, respectively. For anti-obesity, a 200 mg/kg BW sample group had the greatest percentage decrease compared to the other groups (21.868\%). Conclusion: This study showed that Purslane is a good source of flavonoids, phenolic, and carotenoids. Meanwhile, the ethanol extract of this plant has prospect potential as anti-obesity.

Key words: Anti-obesity activity; Portulaca oleracea L.; Total phenolics, Flavonoids, Carotenoids content.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.2}, author = {Rizqi Nur Azizah and Andi Emelda and Ira Asmaliani and Islamudin Ahmad and Muammar Fawwaz} } @article {1619, title = {Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities Evaluation of Origanum vulgare (L.) Stem Bark Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {965-970}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {965}, abstract = {

The present study aimed to evaluate phytochemical and antioxidant activity (in vitro and in vivo) of Origanum vulgare (L.) ethanolic extract. The phytochemical test was assessed using the Clule method in ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity was determined by radical scavenging assay using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) as an artificial free radical activity. In vivo test was conducted to evaluate the effect of malondialdehyde (MDA) level in blood plasma during maximum physical activity treatment. In vivo test was done using 25 male Sprague Dawley rats in pre and post-test control group design. The phytochemical test of O. vulgare ethanol extract was showed some compounds, such as a flavonoid, alkaloid, triterpenoid/steroid, essential oil, and tannin, then in ethyl acetate and hexane. In vitro assay showed that O. vulgare extract has strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 133.47 μg/mL. While in the in vivo test, the most effective dosage is 20 mg/200 gr B.W., represented by a significant decrease of MDA level (0.509 nmol/mL) before and after treatment. So, the ethanolic extract of clove has potency as an herbal antioxidant because of the low level of IC50 and can decrease the MDA level.

}, keywords = {2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, antioxidant activity, Malondialdehyde, Origanum vulgare (L.), Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.124}, author = {Rosmalena and Putu Ayu Widyastuti and Fatmawaty Yazid and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {1639, title = {Single Factor Effect of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Citric Acid-Glucose Based Microwave-Assisted Extraction on Total Polyphenols Content from Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1109-1115}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1109}, abstract = {

Applying green chemistry principles in the exploration of an active secondary metabolite from natural products has continued to experience a significant increase in the last decade, mainly natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) usage. Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil (Rubiaceae family) is a native of East Kalimantan, which is traditionally used as an herb to treat headaches and inflammation by drinking boiled water a few leaves. On the other hand, this plant has an addictive effect. This study aims to determine the single factor effect of NADES citric acid{\textendash}glucose-based microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) to obtain the yield of total polyphenols content (TPC) from M. speciosa leaves. Dried powder of M. speciosa leaves was extracted using NADES citric acid-glucose based MAE method with some different conditions such as NADES (citric acid-glucose) ratio (4:1, 5:1, 6:1 g/g), solid-liquid ratio (10:1, 15:1, 20:1 mL/g), microwave power (90, 270, 450 Watts), and extraction time (15, 20, 25 min). The determination of TPC was performed using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and gallic acid as a standard with different concentration levels. The absorbance measured using spectrophotometer UV-VIS at 746 nm to obtain a regression formula of Y = 0.0022X{\textendash}0.00095, where R2 = 0.9977. Based on the result, the best of single factor condition effect was obtained the TPC value including NADES ratio of 248.69 mg GAE/g sample (5:1 g/g citric acid-glucose), a solid-liquid ratio of 146.93 mg GAE/g sample (15:1 mL/g solvent-sample), microwave power of 192.20 mg GAE/g sample (270 Watts), and extraction time of 358.59 mg GAE/g sample (15 min). The single factor effect of NADES citric acid-glucose-based MAE shows a difference in TPC value based on various conditions of this method.

}, keywords = {Citric acid-glucose, Microwave-assisted extraction, Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil, Natural deep eutectic solvent, Total polyphenols content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.143}, author = {Herman and Arsyik Ibrahim and Bakti Puji Rahayu and M Arifuddin and Yuspian Nur and Wisnu Cahyo Prabowo and Maryono and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Laode Rijai and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {1701, title = {Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of Garcinia latissima Miq. Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1673-1677}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1673}, abstract = {

Background: Tyrosinase is an enzyme that plays an essential part in the process of melanin synthesis. High exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation or high stimulation of melanocytes could cause excessive melanin pigments to lead to hyperpigmentation. Objective: This study aimed to find potential natural skin lightening ingredients from Garcinia latissima Miq. Methods: Stem bark, fruits, and leaves of Garcinia latissima Miq. were extracted with successive maceration. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity test was measured spectrophotometrically at 490 nm using 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) as substrate and kojic acid as a positive control. Results: The tyrosinase inhibitory activity test at a concentration of 100 ppm showed that the bark ethyl acetate extract 15.94\% {\textpm} 7.70, bark methanol extract of 28.94\% {\textpm} 5.73, fruit n-hexane extract 25.16\% {\textpm} 10.22, fruit methanol extract 23.26\% {\textpm} 9.10; and leaf methanol extract 30.59\% {\textpm} 0.63 with kojic acid inhibition 65.07\%. Conclusion: Methanol extract of leaf from Garcinia latissima Miq was the most active extract as a tyrosinase inhibitor.

}, keywords = {Extract, Garcinia latissima Miq., Succesive maceration, Tyrosinase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.215}, author = {Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Berna Elya and Yesi Desmiaty and Ayun Erwina Arifianti and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {721, title = {Effects of Food Processing on Resveratrol and Total Phenolic Content in Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1096-1100}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1096}, abstract = {

Objective: Trans-resveratrol is a phenolic compound in the stilbene group present in Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seeds. In Indonesia, these seeds are consumed by roasting, frying (i.e., emping), and boiling. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of food processing on trans-resveratrol and total phenolic compound levels in melinjo seeds. Methods: Melinjo seed was roasted at 145oC for 10 and 20 min, boiled at 100oC for 5, 15, and 30 min, and fried at 160-170oC for 2 and 4 min. Samples were refluxed with 96\% ethanol. The determination of trans-resveratrol levels was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method. Results: Based on the results, it was found that trans-resveratrol and total phenolic content levels in Melinjo powder decreased from 36\% to 10\% (trans-resveratrol) and 15\% to 4\% (total phenolic) after 20 min of roasting, and in fried empings, it decreased 60\%, 68\%, and 92\% (trans-resveratrol) and 41\%, 45\%, 97\% (total phenolic) after 5, 15, and 30 min of boiling, respectively. Conclusion: There were significant changes in trans-resveratrol levels and total phenolic content in Melinjo seeds before and after various cooking processes (i.e., roasting, boiling, and frying).

}, keywords = {Food processing, Gnetum gnemon L., Melinjo seeds, Resveratrol levels, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.186}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Desta Andriyani and Christoper Gunawan and Nisrina Dhiah Fauziah and Sutriyo Sutriyo and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {559, title = {In vitro Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of Mangrove Fruit (Sonneratia caseolaris L.) Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {598-601}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {598}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mangrove fruit (Sonneratia caseolaris L) from Sonneratiaceae family known with local name \“Pidada Merah\” has bioactive components. The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of this plant. Method: The sample was macerated using methanol, the antimicrobial activity assay was performed using agar disc diffusion method against Escherichia coli ATTC9637, Staphylococcus aureus ATTC6538, and Candida albicans ATTC10231. Results: Antimicrobial activity of Mangrove fruit methanol extract were obtained the optimum concentration of S. aureus of 80\%, E. coli of 15\%, and C. albicans of 30\%. Conclusion: based on the results, the sample has antimicrobial properties, and this is a preliminary data for further study.

Key words: Sonneratia caseolaris L, Mangrove fruit, Antimicrobial activity, Agar disc diffusion method.

}, keywords = {Agar disc diffusion method, Antimicrobial activity, Mangrove fruit, Sonneratia caseolaris L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.98}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/531}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Arif Lukman and Muhammad Amir Masruhim and Laode Rijai and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {469, title = {Oral Glucose Tolerance Activity of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr.) Bulbs Extract Based on the Use of different Extraction Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {49-54}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {49}, abstract = {

Background: Bulbs of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr; Synonym: Eleutherine americana L. Merr) from family Iridaceae is widely found and grown in Kalimantan island. The local tribe \“Dayak\” commonly consume this plant and become a traded commodity in traditional markets. This plant is trusted to treat various diseases. Objective: The present study aims to determine the effect of blood glucose reduction from bulbs of Bawang Dayak based on the use of different extraction methods using oral glucose tolerance test. Method: Dried sample was extracted with methanol using maceration, reflux, and Soxhlet method, respectively. The measurement of blood glucose reduction was performed using oral glucose tolerance test in vivo method and was analyzed using statistical comparison (Two-Way-ANOVA). Results: Based on the each extraction results was obtained yields of as 8.636\% (reflux method), 11.87\% (maceration method), and 14.023\% (soxhlet method). While the results of blood glucose lowering effect on each extract were used, there were significant differences in statistical tests and organ index. Conclusion: This result is a preliminary stage and the information is invaluable for further research.

}, keywords = {Bawang Dayak, Bulbs of plant, Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr, Extraction method, Oral glucose tolerance test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.10}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/365}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Niken Indriyanti and Yurika Sastyarina and Laode Rijai and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {256, title = {Application of Ionic Liquid based Microwave-Assisted Extraction of the Secondary Metabolite from Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {227-234}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {227}, abstract = {

Introduction: An ionic liquid (ILs) is a new alternative solvent (containing cations and anions) has the physical and specific solutions properties, and also had proven to be a promising substituent of conventional organic solvents are flammable, volatile and toxic in various processes. The ILS application in separating the secondary metabolites compound from Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth herbaceous can be carried out using microwaveassisted extraction method (MAE). Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ionic liquid based microwave-assisted extraction method for attracting the secondary metabolites compound from P. pellucida compared with a conventional solvent for the enrichment of secondary metabolites (especially polyphenols group) and their HPTLC fingerprinting profile. Methods: The herb dried powder extracted by microwave-assisted extraction using an ionic liquid such us 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl), 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Bromide ([BMIM]Br). The obtained extract solution was partitioned using an organic solvent; the extract was evaporated to obtain a dry extract and determination the HPTLC fingerprinting profile. Results: Based on the research results was obtained from the various types of solvents there are differences in the extraction of secondary metabolite.

}, keywords = {HPTLC profile, Ionic liquid, Microwave-assisted extraction, Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth, Secondary metabolite.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.38}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/305}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Arry Yanuar and Kamarza Mulia and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {349, title = {Pharmacognostic and Antimicrobial Studies of Garcinia latissima Miq. Leaves (Clusiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {493-498}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {493}, abstract = {

Introduction: Garcinia latissima Miq known as Dolo magota (Maluku), is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Clusiaceae. The purpose of the research was to explore the phytoconstituents present, pharmacognostic details, and their antimicrobial efficacy. Methods: The preliminary phytochemical components were qualitatively examined using the standard method systems. The antimicrobial screening was carried out using the good diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using dilution method. Results: The phytochemical screening of different extract of G. latissima Miq leaves revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, and alkaloids and the results were tabulated. The ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts from its leaves showed antimicrobial activity especially for Bacillus subtilis, a positive bacteria; the hexane extract did not show any activity against the selected microba. Conclusion: The results of the phytochemical and bio-efficacy study revealed most valuable information and also support the continued sustainable use of this leaves in the traditional system of medicine.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Garcinia Latissima, Pharmacognostical, Phytoconstituent}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.80}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.80}, author = {Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Islamudin Ahmad and Berna Elya and Amarila Malik and Muhamad Hanafi} } @article {336, title = {Pharmacognostic and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Indonesia Native Plant of Piper acre Blume Leaves (Piperaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {400-404}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {400}, abstract = {

Piper acre Blume (Piperaceae) is an Indonesia native plant that is used as a traditional medicine and commonly known as \‘Sirih Hitam\’ or \‘Sirih Hutan\’. The scientific data from the plant is still very limited. The aims of the present study was to know a pharmacognostic, and cytotoxicity of P. acre Blume leaf. The macroscopic characters showed that the leaves have a characteristic odor, heart-shaped, margin was finely flat, venation was curved, the upper surface was dark green and slippery while the lower surface was pale green and soft. The microscopic characters revealed upper and lower epidermis cells, glandular trichomes, concentric vascular bundle, paracytic stomata. The fluorescence characteristics showed a variety of chemical constituents present in the plant materials. The preliminary phytochemical investigation of various extracts showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, terpenoid, tannin, carotenoid, and steroid. The physicochemical properties (yield, color, consistency) of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extract were 31.57\% w/w (green concentrated solid), 13,59\% w/w (green concentrated solid), and 16.35\% w/w (brownish green liquid). Based on the cytotoxicity using brine shrimp lethality assay of the n-hexane extract (2.46 \μg/ml), ethyl acetate extract (0.925 \μg/ml), and ethanol extract (5.741 \μg/ml) showed that the extract had the cytotoxic activity.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, Piper acre Blume, preliminary phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.68}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.68}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Neneng Silfi Siti Ambarwati and Muhammad Arifuddin and Laode Rijai and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} }