@article {902, title = {Anti-inflammatory Effect of the Aqueous Fruit Pulp Extract of Tamarindus indica Linn in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Macrophages}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {669-673}, type = {Original Research Study}, chapter = {669}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the aqueous fruit pulp extract of Tamarind indica Linn on NO production and iNOS expression in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Material\ and Method: The efficacy of tamarind extract on nitric oxide production was determined using RAW macrophages. RT - PCR was used to examine the expression of the iNOS gene in activated macrophages. The Statistical analysis for multiple comparisons was evaluated by one way ANOVA followed by the Dunnett{\textquoteright}s test when significant differences were detected. The data were considered to be statistically significant at p \< 0.001, p \< 0.01 and p \< 0.05. Results: LPS stimulated RAW macrophages strongly up regulated the iNOS gene expression levels. The iNOS levels were significantly suppressed in the presence of different concentrations of tamarind extract, compared to LPS treatment alone. The tamarind extract also exhibited dose {\textendash} dependent decrease in the production of NO. The IC50 was found to be 35.69 μg/ml. LPS stimulated group showed 89.61 {\textpm} 0.47 \% of NO. Conclusion: Nitric oxide production is found to be more in conditions such as periodontitis, oral squamous cell carcinoma and many other diseases. This study could prove the ability of tamarind fruit pulp extract to inhibit the production of nitric oxide and the iNOS gene expression. Hence, Tamarind indica Linn pulp extract may be used as a good anti-inflammatory agent in periodontitis as well as in conditions associated with over production of nitric oxide in different cancers such as oral squamous cell carcinoma.

}, keywords = {iNOS expression, Nitric oxide, Oral squamous cell carcinoma, Periodontitis, Tamarind indica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.105}, author = {Mathews Meriam Leya and Roy Anitha} } @article {930, title = {Antioxidant Activity of Cumin Oil Mediated Silver Nanoparticles}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {787-789}, type = {Original Research Study}, chapter = {787}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of the study was to employ cumin oil in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and check the antioxidant activity of the cumin oil mediated silver nanoparticles. Background: The introduction of Nanoparticles (NPs) has revolutionized every field including medicine, nutrition and energy. The use of nanotechnology in medicine especially for drug delivery is shown to have various benefits. Nanoparticles are being used to reduce toxicity and side effects that drugs may impose to the patient. Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) is a common spice used for its distinct aromatic effect. Plant mediated biological synthesis of nanoparticles has been gaining importance due to its simplicity and eco friendliness. This study therefore was aimed to synthesize cumin oil mediated silver nanoparticles and assess its antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Cumin oil mediated silver nanoparticles were initially synthesised and characterised by UV-Visible spectrophotometer and TEM. Further the cumin oil mediated AgNPs were subjected to DPPH assay to determine the antioxidant activity. Results: Cumin oil mediated AgNPs were biosynthesised with ease and showed good antioxidant activity compared to standard. Conclusion: This study conclude that cumin seed oil mediated silver nanoparticles have the potential to be used as an effective antioxidant. Hence, it may be employed in large scale production and may be used in many medicinal applications where there is a need for antioxidant.

}, keywords = {AgNP, antioxidant activity, Biosynthesis, Cumin oil, Nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.125}, author = {Nagarajan Keerthiga and Roy Anitha and S Rajeshkumar and Thangavelu Lakshmi} } @article {720, title = {Effect of Lutein on Cytochrome P450 (Isoform CYP3A4) - An in vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1093-1095}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1093}, abstract = {

Background: Lutein is a carotenoids vitamin rich in many fruits and vegetables and also available in multivitamin products. It is consumed for its effect on eye disease, cancer, diabetes and other health conditions. Recently, herbal preparations are increasingly used in healthcare systems and concomitant administration of synthetic medications may cause pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions leading to very serious medical problems. Understanding the ability of herbal extracts and preparations to modulate the metabolizing enzymes can help the health system for proper treatment of patients and thereby can avoid many adverse effects associated with it. The aim of the study was to find the effect of lutein isolated from Tagetes erecta L on cytochrome P450 isoform CYP3A4. Materials and Methods: The different concentrations of lutein (5 \– 100\μg/ml), potassium phosphate buffer, CYP450 reagent and substrate 7-Benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (BFC) were added to a 96-well plate. The fluorescent intensities of the products were measured by Perkin Elmer Enspire fluorescence reader using an excitation and emission wavelength of 405 nm and 460 nm, respectively to examine the effect of lutein on Cytochrome P 450 isoform CYP3A4 and the IC50 was calculated by plotting concentrations of lutein against the corresponding percent inhibition. Results: All the tested concentrations of lutein showed potent inhibition against CYP3A4 in a dose \– dependent manner. The IC50 value was found to be 35.27\μg/ml. Conclusion: The inhibitory effect of lutein indicates the possibilities of herb-drug interaction if it is co \– administered with prescribed drugs that are normally metabolised by CYP3A4 enzyme.

}, keywords = {CYP3A4, Cytochrome P450, Inhibitory assay, Lutein, Marigold}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.185}, author = {Murthy Meenapriya and Roy Anitha and Thangavelu Lakshmi} } @article {618, title = {Inhibition of Advanced Glycation End-Product Formation by Lutein from Tagetes erecta}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {734-737}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {734}, abstract = {

Background: Advanced glycation end products(AGEs) are formed by non-enzymatic glycation of proteins that enhance vascular permeability in both micro and macro vascular structures by binding to specific macrophage receptors. AGEs affect nearly every type of cells and molecule in the body and play causative role in the vascular complication in diabetes mellitus. Materials and Method: AGE reaction solution was constituted with 10mg/ml bovine serum albumin in 50mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and 0.02\% sodium benzoate into 0.2M fructose and 0.2M of glucose. 2.5 ml of the reaction mixture was treated with lutein (10, 20, 40, 60, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 \μ g/ml in methanol). Amino guanidine was used as the positive control. After incubating at 37\°C for 7 days, the fluorescence intensity of the reaction was determined at excitation and emission wavelength of 350 nm and 450 nm, respectively, using a multimode reader. The percentage activity was calculated with respect to solvent control. Result: 7 days of exposure to lutein showed a maximum inhibition of 89.27\±0.24 \% at 140\μg/ml and Amino guanidine exhibited 90\% of inhibition. The IC50 of Lutein for AGE inhibition was found to be 77.78\μg/ml and for AG, 72.66\μg/ml.Conclusion: The non-enzymatic adduct formation between the keto group of sugar and amino group of proteins is one of the molecular basis of diabetic complications in hyperglycaemic state. Inhibition of this process will be useful in the management of diabetic complications. Lutein showed dose dependent inhibitory effect on the protein glycation.Hence, it may be used for the management of diabetic complication.

}, keywords = {Advance glycation end product, Amino-guanidine, Diabetes mellitus, Lutein}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.123}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/661}, author = {Karan Rajpurohit Gayathri and Roy Anitha and Thangavelu Lakshmi} } @article {252, title = {Cytotoxic Effect of Caralluma fimbriata Against Human Colon Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {204-207}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {204}, abstract = {

Aim: The present study was designed to examine the cytotoxic effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Caralluma fimbriata in the COLO 320 cell line. Materials and Method: The anti-proliferative effects were evaluated using the MTT assay. The COLO 320 cells were treated with different concentrations of the leaf extract of Caralluma (100 \– 300 \μg/ml) for 24 h. The cell viability and IC50 was calculated from the cytotoxicity. The morphology of the Caralluma treated cells, control, and positive control were observed under reverse phase inverted microscope. Result: The C. fimbriata ethanolic leaf extract showed dose dependant increase in cytotoxicity in COLO 320 human colon cancer cells. The maximum cytotoxic effect was noticed with maximum dose used in this study i.e., 300 g with an IC50 value of 233.87 g. Conclusion: The present study shows that the ethanolic leaf extract of Caralluma fimbriata is capable of reducing cell proliferation by inducing cytotoxicity of COLO 320 cells.

}, keywords = {Caralluma fimbriata, COLO 320 cell line, Colonic cancer, Cytotoxicity, MTT Assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.34}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/301}, author = {Shenai Ashwini and Devaraj Ezhilarasan and Roy Anitha} }