@article {2361, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity Test of Ethanol Extract of Durian (Durio Zibethinus murr.) Soya Varieties Against Pathogen Bacteria Escherichia Coli in Raw Drinking Water}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {933-941}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {933}, abstract = {

Introduction: Durian (Durio zibethinus) fruit skin contains antibacterial compounds. The antibacterial content in durian skin (Durio zibethinus) such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols and tannins can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhosa and Staphylococcus aureus and act as a disinfection agent. This research aims to determine the secondary metabolite compounds and antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Soya durian peel against the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Methods: This type of research is a laboratory experiment, including making Soya durian peel extract using the maceration method using 96\% ethanol solvent. The antibacterial activity test was carried out using the liquid dilution method to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) value and the solid dilution method to determine the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) value. Results: Based on qualitative phytochemical screening, Soya durian peel ethanol extract contains secondary metabolite compounds with an average content of 4.24\% alkaloids, 22.95\% flavonoids, 1.74\% saponins, 57.41\% phenols and 2.27\% tannins. Soya durian peel extract has an MIC against E. coli ATCC 25922 bacteria of 3.12\%, while the MBC value of Soya durian peel extract against E. coli ATCC 25922 bacteria is 6.25\%. The results of the One Way ANOVA analysis of the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) data have a significant value of 0.00 \< 0.05. The results of the Pearson correlation test (r) showed a significant number of 0.000 (p \< 0.05), the Pearson correlation coefficient between concentration and number of bacterial colonies was (r) = 0.812. This means that the higher the concentration of Soya durian peel ethanol extract given, the less the number of E.coli ATCC 2592 bacterial colonies will be reduced. The results of a simple linear regression test showed that the value of Y = 245.618 {\textendash} 29.016 245,618 colonies and each increase in the concentration of Soya durian peel ethanol extract by 1\% will cause a decrease in the number of bacterial colonies to 29,016 colonies. Conclusion: Soya durian skin extract has antibacterial compounds that can kill pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria in raw drinking water.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Durian (Durio zibethinus) Soya variety, Escherichia coli, Phytochemicals, raw drinking water.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.151}, author = {Rahwan Ahmad and Ridwan Amiruddin and A.Arsunan Arsin and Stang Stang and Hasanuddin Ishak and Wahiduddin and Gemini Alam and Bambang Wispriyono and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2083, title = {Interaction of Cynaroside from Orthosiphon Aristatus Plant Extract on TNF Alpha as a Stimulant in Malaria and Asthma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {581-586}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {581}, abstract = {

This research aims to investigate the interaction between cynaroside, a natural compound found in Orthosiphon aristatus plant extract, with TNF Alpha as a stimulant in the context of malaria and asthma. The research method involved an in-silico approach using software such as Pymol, PyRx, Protein Plus, and the Lepinski Rule. The results of the study showed that cynaroside has a significant interaction with TNF Alpha, as indicated by high Binding Affinity values of -9.6, -9.3, and -9.2. Analysis using Protein Plus confirmed the interaction between cynaroside and TNF Alpha. Additionally, evaluation using the Lepinski Rule of Five revealed that cynaroside has physicochemical characteristics suitable as a potential drug compound, with a mass of 448, hydrogen bond donors of 7, hydrogen bond acceptors of 11, log p -0.401, and molar reactivity of 105.2. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the potential of cynaroside in regulating the immune response to malaria and asthma through its interaction with TNF Alpha. These results can serve as an important basis for further research in the development of more targeted and effective therapies for both of these diseases

}, keywords = {Asthma., Cynaroside, Malaria, Molecular docking, Orthosiphon aristatus, TNF Alpha}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.123}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Gemini Alam and Khoirun Nisyak and Trisna Kumala Sari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Ritbey Ruga and Putri Azhari and Romadhon and Himmatul Barroroh and Riso Sari Mandeli and Devi Purnamasari and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {1692, title = {Compound Analysis and Genetic Study of Selected Plectranthus scutellarioides Varieties from Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1516-1526}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1516}, abstract = {

Background: Plectranthus scutellarioides is one of medicinal plants in Indonesia, which has several hundred varieties but only one is known by local people as medicine. Objective: Six varieties of Plectranthus scutellarioides were analyzed for their total flavonoid content, chemical compound, and moleculer genetic. Methods: TFCs were analyzed using AlCl3 colorimetric method, chemical compounds were identified using TLC-scanning densitometer, GC-MS, and FTIR, moleculer genetic were observed using DNA barcoding rbcL gene. Results: The TFCs of trailing psycholeus, and flamingo varieties were higher than the other varieties. TLC-scanner densitometer showed that color blaze dark star, trailing psycholeus, and trailing queen had similar profiles, as did beale street, trailing rose, and flamingo. The GCMS results showed notable difference in trailing psycholeus and trailing queen which have 2-oleoylglycerol and 9(E),11(E)-conjugated linoleic acid in larger amounts than others, respectively. Multivariate analysis of the FTIR spectra showed the closeness of all varieties, except for beale street which had the lowest similarity with the others. Despite that, genetic studies using the rbcL gene and comparing the results with the P. scutellarioides gene in the database (MW538954.1) showed beale street was the most similar (99.52\%). The phylogenetic analysis showed that beale street and trailing psycholeus have the highest similarity among others. Conclusions: There is a slight difference in chemical composition between varieties as well as the genetic. Therefore, quality control or standardisation is needed in the use of this plant as a traditional medicine.

}, keywords = {Coleus scutellarioides, Densitometer, Flavonoid, FTIR, GC-MS, RbcL.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.193}, author = {Ayun Dwi Astuti and Awaluddin Iwan Perdana and Rosdiana Natzir and Muhammad Nasrum Massi and Subehan and Gemini Alam} } @article {1129, title = {Chemometric Analysis of Arbutin Derivatives from Paederia foetida and Vitis vinifera with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal,}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {436-441}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {436}, abstract = {

Introduction: Paederia foetida and Vitis vinifera were reported to have antioxidant activities due to their polyphenolic phytochemical contents. Arbutin may be included as active compounds in the plants. The chemometric analysis is used to identify the similarity of functional groups found in arbutin and that are in Paederia foetida and Vitis vinifera. Materials and Method: The ethanol extracts of Paderia foetida and Vitis vinifera were subjected to compound partition and characterization. Then a liquid-liquid partition is carried out using n-hexan and water solvents, followed by ethyl acetate and water partitions. This procedure is carried out continuously until the top layer is cleared. Partitioned compounds were analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy to identify functional groups. Furthermore, it was analyzed using the chemometric method (Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis). Results: From the results of FTIR spectroscopy, functional groups in Paederia foetida and Vitis vinifera were identical to functional groups found in arbutin. PCA Analysis was achieved using principal component accounting an eigenvelue about 99,3 \% of the total variance. Conclusions: CA analysis showed that compounds in Paederia foetida (Euclidean distance 0.537) and Vitis Vinifera (Euclidean distance 1.157) may be similar with arbutin.

}, keywords = {Arbutin, Chemometrics, Paederia foetida, PCA, Vitis vinifera}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.67}, author = {Yusnita Rifai and Mukhriani and Yulia Y Djabir and Gemini Alam} } @article {246, title = {Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitory Activity In vitro of Mezzetia parviflora Becc. Wood Bark Polar extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {171-175}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {171}, abstract = {

Introduction: The wood bark of Mezzetia parviflora Becc, has long served as one of the most important traditional herbal medicine sources in Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. M. parviflora extracts were rich in polyphenols. This study was aimed to explore the lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity of polar extract of M. parviflora. Methods: The polar extract is the result of ethanol extract partition solved in acetone. The extract will keep polar components which are insoluble in acetone. Assayed methods applied are \ß-carotene bleaching inhibition, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) measurement, and continuous monitoring of conjugated dienes formation in LDL. Results: M. parviflora extract inhibit \ß-carotene/ linoleic acid oxidation, showed by IC50 value of 15.83 g/ml in 30th minute; but the potency will be reduced to IC50 value of 111.19 g/ml and 225.07 g/ml after the 60th and 120th minute of incubation. M. parviflora extract inhibit MDA formation as for linoleic acid peroxidation product until the third day; at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 g/ml inhibit MDA formation as many as 29.16 \± 2.41\%, 4.24\% \± 43.27, 54.08 \± 2.87\%, 59.88 \± 1.90\%, and 69.75 \± 2.32\%, respectively. M. parviflora extract at 50 g/ml can inhibit LDL-oxidation induced by CuSO4, performed by LDL-oxidation lag-time elongation until 70 minutes, similar ability was performed by epigallocathecin gallate at 5 g/ml. Conclusions: M. parviflora extract expressed relatively strong protection against lipid and LDL oxidation which can serve as the scientific basis of its development as a remedy for various diseases caused by lipid peroxidation.

}, keywords = {Conjugated diene, Low-density lipoprotein, Malondilaldehyde, Mezzetia parviflora Becc, Polyphenol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.28}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/295}, author = {Mufidah Murdifin and Ermina Pakki and Gemini Alam and Marianti A. Manggau and Lukman Muslimin and M. Rusdi and Elly Wahyudin} }