@article {2320, title = {Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9, Transforming Growth Factor Beta and Fibroblast in The Simblefaron Due to Alkali Burn: Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {687-690}, type = {687-690}, chapter = {687}, abstract = {

Simblefaron is one of the most challenging complications in the late stages of an alkali burn. Symblepharon characteristically resembles connective tissue or bands that protrude from the eyelid{\textquoteright}s interior surface (palpebral conjunctiva) to the surface of the eyeball (bulbar conjunctiva). This literature review was conducted to see the molecular mechanism of symblepharon formation. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP- 9), transforming growth factor (TGF-β), and Fibroblast played a significant part in the healing of conjunctival wounds. MMP-9, TGF-β, and fibroblast overexpressed are suspected to cause excessive inflammation and fibrosis, which results in symblepharon. By knowing this, it is hoped that it can become a basis for developing appropriate management for the occurrence of simblepharon.

}, keywords = {Alkali, Burn, Conjunctiva, Symblepharon}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.115}, author = {Dian Mayangsari and Lukisiari Agustini and Susy Fatmariyanti and Ridholia and Pudji Lestari} } @article {2285, title = {The Role of α-SMA, Type 1 Collagen, and Myofibroblasts in Cicatrizing Conjunctivitis by Alkali Chemical Trauma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {May 2024}, pages = {591-596}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {591}, abstract = {

Introduction: Chemical trauma to the eye is a serious condition in the field of ophthalmology and a leading factor contributing to global blindness. Cicatrizing conjunctivitis (CC) is a term used to describe conditions marked by inflammation and the formation of scars on the conjunctiva. CC can have various causes, with one of them being chemical injury to the eye. The development of CC involves the participation of several cytokines and cells, such as α-SMA, Type 1 collagen, and Myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts have the ability to contract through the utilization of diverse cytoskeletal proteins, which are commonly present in smooth muscle cells, including α-SMA. Actin filaments contribute to mechanically supporting cells, defining cell morphology, and facilitating cell mobility. Actin, in conjunction with myosin, participates in the muscle contraction process within muscle cells. Subsequently, type 1 collagen contributes to the healing of conjunctival wounds by providing a tensile force that aids in the closure of such wounds. As a significant constituent of the extracellular matrix, type 1 collagen plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of tissues.

}, keywords = {Cicatrizing conjunctivitis, Myofibroblasts, Type 1 collagen, α -SMA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.92}, author = {Henu Hadiyantama and Lukisiari Agustini and Sutjipto and Evelyn Komaratih and Ismi Zuhria and Pudji Lestari and Ridholia} } @article {2431, title = {VDR and WNT/β-catenin Expression in Invasive Breast Carcinoma of No Special Type: Role and Prognostic Value}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1349-1354}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1349}, abstract = {

Background: Breast cancer prognosis is closely related to tumor size (T stage). The Vitamin D receptor (VDR), found in about 80\% of breast cancer cases, inhibits tumor growth, promotes differentiation, and enhances apoptosis. The growth of tumor cells is linked to β-Catenin, an essential element of the Wnt signaling pathway. Both β-catenin and VDR affect breast cancer aggressiveness. This study explored their correlation with the T stage of invasive breast carcinoma of no special type. Methods: This research employed a cross-sectional design, applied on paraffin-embedded specimens from patients with invasive breast cancer of no special type (NST) who underwent modified radical mastectomy (MRM) at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital from January 2019 to June 2023. The samples were categorized into four groups based on the T stage. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using VDR and β-catenin antibodies. This study used analytic statistical methods to examine differences and correlations among VDR and β-catenin. Results: VDR expression and T stages were significantly different and negatively correlated. Expression of β-Catenin revealed significant differences and had positive correlations with T stages. VDR and β-catenin expressed no significant negative correlation with T stages. Conclusion: The study found significant differences and correlations between VDR and β-catenin expression with T stages in invasive breast carcinoma of NST. Both β-catenin and VDR play crucial roles in breast cancer cell proliferation.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, Invasive breast carcinoma of no special type, Vitamin D Receptor, β-catenin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.217}, author = {Dewi Sartika Ari Wanda and Willy Sandhika and Ridholia} }