@article {2443, title = {Comparison of Asiatic Acid and Dexamethasone Effect on Interleukin-4 Expression and Eosinophile Cell Count Following Strabismus Surgery: An Experimental Study in New Zealand Rabbit}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1411-1417}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1411}, abstract = {

Introduction: Postoperative strabismus inflammation can lead to fibrotic tissue formation. Dexamethasone, while generally effective as an anti-inflammatory post-surgery medication, can increase IOP and blood sugar levels. Research on asiatic acid suggests its potential as an anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic agent. Methods: Superior rectus recession was conducted on 20 rabbits, which were divided into five groups based on the subconjunctival injection substance: aquadest, dexamethasone, asiatic acid at a concentration of 0.4 mg/0.5 mL, 0.8 mg/0.5 mL, and 1.6 mg/0.5 mL. After three days, exenteration was performed, and an immunohistochemical examination was performed to assess interleukin-4 expression. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to assess eosinophile cell count. SPSS 26.0 facilitated the data analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney tests. P\<0.05 was considered significant statistically. Results: This study showed that interleukin-4 expression in the asiatic acid 0.4 mg/0.5 mL group was significantly decreased compared to the aquadest group (P = 0.029) and dexamethasone group (P = 0.029). Higher-dose groups did not exhibit a significant decrease. Dexamethasone also did not exhibit a significant decrease compare to aquadest. There was no significant reduction of eosinophile cell count among all groups. Conclusions: This study highlighted the potential of asiatic acid, particularly at the concentration of 0.4 mg/0.5 mL, in reducing the inflammatory response, specifically interleukin-4 expression, after strabismus surgery in New Zealand rabbits.

}, keywords = {Asiatic acid, Dexamethasone, Eosinophil, Interleukin-4, Strabismus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.227}, author = {Harris Kristanto Gunawan and Evelyn Komaratih and Rozalina Loebis and Djoko Agus Purwanto and Luki Indriaswati and Wimbo Sasono} } @article {2409, title = {The Effects of Melon Superoxide Dismutase and Gliadin on Glutathione Reductase (GSH) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Levels in Blood Plasma and Vitreoretina in Diabetic Rat Model: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1202-1208}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1202}, abstract = {

Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetics causes microvascular damage through four mechanisms of biochemical changes, including activated protein kinase C (PKC) pathway, activated hexosamine pathway, increased polyol pathway, and increased advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), all of which will increase Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels. ROS can damage proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids and hasten the onset of diabetes. ROS are produced in the presence of normal blood sugar levels, and the natural breakdown of glucose is controlled by insulin. Variables that regulate cellular respiration, including NAD-related substrates, oxygen, succinate, and antioxidant enzymes, modulate ROS levels and sustain cellular redox equilibrium. The conversion of superoxide anions into hydrogen peroxide, before subsequently metabolized into water by catalase and glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, is facilitated by the metalloprotein superoxide dismutase (SOD). Increased ROS levels can lead to diabetic complications, one of which is diabetic retinopathy. Melon superoxide dismutase (SOD) combined with gliadin (Glisodin{\textregistered}) is a potent antioxidant in counteracting free radicals that can reduce oxidative stress and prevent further cell death. Research related to the use of Glisodin{\textregistered} shows potential as an antioxidant agent with the hope of preventing diabetic complications.

}, keywords = {Blood Plasma, Diabetes mellitus, Glisodin{\textregistered}, GSH, SOD, Vitreoretina}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.197}, author = {Octarina Ervianti and Wimbo Sasono and Reni Prastyani} } @article {2187, title = {Intravitreal Resveratrol as Anti Apoptotic Agent Against Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss in Ischemic Reperfusion Injury}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1207-1212}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1207}, abstract = {

Background: Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy caused by the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells and results in progressive retinal ganglion cell injury. A decrease in intraocular pressure (IOP) is a modifiable risk factor for slowing the progression of the disease, and can be accomplished through medication, laser therapy, or surgery. Even though the intraocular pressure has decreased and attained normal levels, the injury to the retinal ganglion cells continues in some cases. It is believed that neuroprotective administration has a positive effect on preventing the loss of retinal ganglion cells. Methods: Bax and Caspase-3 expression were measured involving 20 eyeballs of Rattus Norvegicus by immunohistochemistry examination. I-R injury was developed by increasing intraocular pressure (IOP) through the intracameral balanced salt solution (BSS) injection, then lowered after 60 minutes. Samples were divided into 4 groups: control, no further injection group, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-injected group and resveratrol-injected group. Each group was enucleated at days 7, 0, 7, and 7, respectively. Data with a non-normal distribution were examined using the Kruskal-Wallis test, and if the outcome was significant, the Mann-Whitney test. Results: The highest mean Bax and Caspase-3 expression was found in PBS injected and enucleated at day 7 group (G2), 0.96{\textpm}0.40 and 0.72 {\textpm} 0.30, respectively. When compared to PBS injection, the expression of Bax and Caspase-3 was lower in the resveratrol-injected group. Conclusion: Bax and Caspase-3 expressions were lower in the intravitreal injection of Resveratrol in the dose of 100 {\textmu}M following the I-R injury group compared to the group without intravitreal Resveratrol injection.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Glaucoma, Ischemic-reperfusion injury, Neuroprotective, Resveratrol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.219}, author = {Amelia Shinta Prasetya and Evelyn Komaratih and Wimbo Sasono and Mercia Chrysanti and Maria Debora Niken Larasati and I Ketut Sudiana} }