@article {2519, title = {Traditional claims to Scientific Evidence: A Analysis of Trachyspermum ammi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {425-433}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {425}, abstract = {

Background: Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain) is a medicinally significant plant belonging to the Apiaceae family, widely cultivated in various regions, including India, Iran, and Egypt. Objectives: This study provides a detailed Pharmacognostic evaluation of ajwain through macroscopic, microscopic, powder microscopy, histochemical, and preliminary phytochemical analyses, along with standardization parameters for crude drug validation. Materials and methods: Ajwain fruits were collected and authenticated by a certified botanist. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses were conducted using digital and compound microscopes. Powder microscopy, histochemical staining, preliminary phytochemical screening, and physicochemical standardization, such as ash values, extractive values, and moisture content, were performed. Result: Macroscopic observations confirmed the fruit{\textquoteright}s distinctive morphological features, while microscopic studies detailed the anatomical structure, including the presence of vittae, epicarp with papillae, and oil globules. Powder microscopy further verified characteristic elements such as anomocytic stomata, fibers, annular vessels, and phenolic compounds. Histochemical tests revealed the presence of bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, lignin, and mucilage, which contribute to its therapeutic properties. These findings substantiate the traditional medicinal applications of ajwain, particularly in gastrointestinal and respiratory treatments. Conclusion: The study provides essential diagnostic markers for quality control and standardization in herbal medicine, laying a foundation for future pharmacological investigations.

}, keywords = {Ajwain, Apiaceae, Histochemical studies, Pharmacognostical study, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.53}, author = {Monika S and Sridevi N and Ranjitha S and Harini V and Oviya R and Tharun Adhithya M B and Thirumal M and Vignesh S} } @article {2421, title = {Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies of Different Extracts of Stem Bark and Leaf of Flueggea leucopyrus Willd.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1281-1289}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1281}, abstract = {

Background: Traditional medicinal plants are generally extracted and evaluated to identify potential sources of effective drugs. Objective: The present study aimed to conduct the phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of stem bark and leaf extracts of Flueggea leucopyrus. Materials and Methods: The collected plant material was dried, powdered, and extracted separately by soxhlation with different solvents viz., petroleum ether, n-hexane, chloroform, acetone, methanol, and water. All the extracts were subjected to phytochemical evaluation. Alkaloids were extracted and characterized from the powdered sample of leaf and bark. In vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay and anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of protein denaturation and Human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method. Results: Extracts were found to be either semisolid or solid with different tints of green or brown colour. The preliminary phytochemical evaluation found alkaloids, glycoside, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carbohydrates, sterol, and saponin. On spectral evaluation, the presence of an alkaloid, Securinol-A was found in a fraction extracted from the bark. In the in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity the tested samples showed a concentration-dependent rise of activity, particularly, the isolated fraction and acetone extract of stem bark revealed a significant activity. Conclusion: Alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols, and saponins identified in these extracts may be responsible for these biological activities. Hopefully, our in vitro and in vivo evaluations and compound-level studies in the future will reveal significant data for the development of clinically useful chemotherapeutic agents.

}, keywords = {Extraction, Flueggea leucopyrus, In vitro anti-inflammatory activity, In vitro antioxidant activity, Phytochemical evaluation, Spectral evaluation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.207}, author = {Sarath Lal P S and Thirumal M and Ajith Babu T K} } @article {2008, title = {HPTLC Comparision Studies with Marker Compound and Isolation of Rutin Anti Inflammatory Agent from Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Rivea Hypocrateriformis (Desr.) Choisy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {353-358}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {353}, abstract = {

Introduction: To extract the leafy parts with ethanol and perform the HPTLC studies with marker compounds Quercetin, Rutin, and gallic acid then a compound was isolated and susceptible to spectroscopic analysis Background: Rivea hypocrateriformis (Desr.) Choisy holds Convolvulaceae family the leafy parts underwent a Soxhlet extraction with ethanol which was then subjected to a phytochemical investigation that shows the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, glycosides saponins, sterols, and carbohydrates. Material and Methods: Firstly, the ethanolic leaf extract is treated with petroleum ether to remove excess lipids, sterols, and impurities. TLC was performed by toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid and the same solvent system was used for column chromatography. The bands getting separated into the column were collected separately in a test tube. Once the solvent toluene ends, the next solvent system with 18 ml of toluene and 2 ml of ethyl acetate, is introduced into the column, and continues the separation procedure. Collect separated bands and perform TLC of each separate band by using the same solvent system in a concentration of 5:4:1. A single component on a TLC plate with a solvent system of 12 ml toluene and 8 ml ethyl acetate was obtained whose characterization was done by IR, NMR, and mass. Results: The RF value of Rutin is 0.17 which correlates with the Retention factor of ethanolic leaf extracts of RH by HPTLC comparative studies and a compound was isolated by column chromatography. Conclusion: These studies have concluded that a compound is separated by means of HPTLC and spectroscopic interpretation and identified as Rutin.

}, keywords = {Column chromatography, HPTLC studies, Marker compound, Rivea hypocrateriformis ethanolic leaf extract, TLC plates.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.54}, author = {Shanthini Nachiar G and Thirumal M} }