@article {2475, title = {The Mechanism of Nanocurcumin in Inhibiting Parasitemia in Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) Model Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {84-88}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {84}, abstract = {

Plasmodium falciparum is the cause of malaria falciparum, the most severe type of malaria, and the only malaria parasite that can cause complications such as microvascular disease, cerebral malaria, severe anemia, shock, acute renal failure, and shortness of breath. In Southeast Asia, Indonesia has the highest incidence of malaria. The WHO estimated that in 2019, there were 658,380 malaria cases and 1,170 malariarelated deaths. Curcumin (Curcuma longa) is a spice that has been used in Southeast Asia for centuries. It contains the active ingredient curcumin (bis-α, β-unsaturated β-diketone), which has antioxidant, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antimalarial properties. However, curcumin has low water solubility and very limited bioavailability. By examining the observed phenomenon, it is possible to investigate how nanocurcumin might impact parasitemia levels in P. berghei ANKA model mice. This research involved 36 female BALB/c mice aged 7{\textendash}10 weeks, divided into four groups, all of which were infected with P. berghei ANKA. After infection, the groups were treated for 2 weeks as follows: the control group (no nanocurcumin administered), treatment group I (50 mg/kg body weight [kgbw]), treatment group II (100 mg/kgbw), and treatment group III (150 mg/kgbw). The results indicated a significant difference among groups (p \< 0.05, 0.036). The conclusion of this experiment is that administering nanocurcumin to mice infected with the Plasmodium parasite significantly reduces parasitemia levels in the blood, particularly at a dose of 150 mg/kgbw.

}, keywords = {Nanocurcumin, Parasitemia, Plasmodium berghei Anka}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.11}, author = {Risma R and Aryati A and Bambang Purwanto} } @article {2388, title = {The Effect of HBOT on SIRT-1 and SYNDECAN-1 as Therapeutic Targets for Endothelial Dysfunction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1090-1095}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1090}, abstract = {

Background: The effect of HBO2 alone on Sirt-1 and Syndecan-1 is unknown, even though both molecules are involved in preventing endothelial dysfunction. This study aims to determine the effect of HBO2 on Sirt-1 and Syndecan-1 as therapeutic targets for endothelial dysfunction. Method: This study employed a true experimental post-test design. Twenty male Sprague Dawley rats aged 12-14 weeks were divided into two groups. Diving was carried out in an animal hyperbaric chamber with a dose of 2.4 ATA for 60 minutes. All data were collected 18 hours after diving. Results: Our study revealed that the administration of HBO caused an increase in serum MDA and endothelial NF-kB levels (p = 0.007; p = 0.001, respectively) without an increase in any inflammatory markers, specifically IL-1 and VCAM-1 levels (p = 0.707; p = 0.168, respectively). HBO2 decreased Syndecan-1, a marker of endothelial injury (p = 0.026), but did not affect endothelial eNOS and Sirt-1. Conclusion: HBO2 did not cause endothelial injury and inflammation, but the dose used was not enough to increase Sirt-1 levels. Additional research is needed to determine a hormesis dose that can increase Sirt-1 levels.

}, keywords = {Endothelial dysfunction, HBO2, Sirt-1, Syndecan-1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.177}, author = {Sofia Wardhani and Aryati Aryati and Bambang Purwanto} } @article {2406, title = {HBOT2 Preconditioning Prolonged Inflammation After Decompression Diving}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1192-1195}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1192}, abstract = {

Background: The mechanism involved in HBO2 preconditioning in preventing inflammation in diving is still unclear. Syndecan-1, which is an important part of glycocalyx, has never been studied for its involvement in HBO2 preconditioning to prevent inflammation in decompression diving. This study aims to determine how HBO2 preconditioning impacts inflammation through Syndecan-1, MDA, and IL-1a markers. Method: This study is a true experimental post-test design. Forty male 12- to 14-year-old Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups. HBO2 and decompression diving were carried out in an animal hyperbaric chamber. All data were collected 12 and 24 hours after the decompression diving. Result: The incidence of decompression sickness was less frequent in the HBO2 preconditioning treatment group as opposed to the control group (4 vs 9) but did not reach a significant level (p \> 0.05). All parameters showed no difference between the control and treatment groups 12 hours after the dive (p \> 0.05). Twenty-four hours after diving, the treatment group demonstrated substantially elevated IL-1a levels in comparison to the control group (p = 0.030), and the increase of IL-1a in the treatment group is significant (p = 0.001). Although MDA levels did not reach significant, the treatment group{\textquoteright}s increase in MDA levels 24 hours after diving was greater than that of the control group. Meanwhile, The treatment group had a smaller reduction in Syndecan-1 levels in comparison to the control group following diving 24 hours later. Conclusion: HBO2 preconditioning prolongs the inflammation, as evidenced by increased levels of MDA, Syndecan-1, and IL-1a, even though it can prevent decompression sickness. Further research is needed to find the right time and dose of HBO2 preconditioning to shorten the inflammation time.

}, keywords = {HBO2 preconditioning, IL-1a, MDA, Syndecan-1, VCAM-1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.195}, author = {Sofia Wardhani and Aryati Aryati and Bambang Purwanto} } @article {2257, title = {Protective Effects of Rutinoside on Oxidative Induced Articular Cartilage Damage and Catabolic Activity in Rat Chondrocyte}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {360-365}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {360}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aimed to look into the therapeutic potential of rutinoside in reducing articular cartilage degeneration in a rat model of osteoarthritis generated by monosodium iodoacetate (MIA). Methods: We formed three groups of male Wistar rats: the OA, rutinoside, and control groups. Monosodium iodoacetate (3.0 mg) was injected intra-articularly into the knee joint to cause osteoarthritis. For four weeks, oral administration of rutinoside at 100 mg/kg/day was given to the groups that were given the treatment. Histological examination, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical tests were used to assess the level of articular cartilage injury, oxidative damage, catabolic activity, and biomarker expression. Results: The results showed that treatments with rutinoside significantly reduced the damage to articular cartilage in rats with MIA-induced osteoarthritis. Compared to the osteoarthritis group, the rutinoside-treated groups showed enhanced cartilage structure, proteoglycan content, and chondrocyte organization. Immunohistochemistry revealed reduced NFκB, IL-1β, and MMP-13 expressions in the rutinosidetreated groups, indicating suppressed inflammatory and catabolic activity in chondrocytes. Additionally, rutinoside treatment increased SOD activity and decreased MDA levels, which showed less oxidative damage to the joint. A substantial drop in CTX-II levels was found by biochemical research, indicating less type II collagen breakdown. Conclusion: According to a study, rutinoside effectively reduces oxidative damage and catabolic activity in chondrocytes, which can lead to decreased articular cartilage loss in a rat model of MIA-induced osteoarthritis. The study also found that rutinoside can control critical biomarkers such as NFκB, IL-1β, SOD, MDA, MMP-13, and CTX-II, highlighting its potential as a treatment for osteoarthritis. These findings provide valuable insights into using natural chemicals as a promising treatment for OA and suggest that rutinoside could potentially modulate the critical interplay between oxidative stress, inflammation, and chondrocyte catabolism in osteoarthritis. However, further research is required to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms and evaluate rutinoside{\textquoteright}s translational potential for OA therapy.

}, keywords = {Inflammation, Osteoarthritis, Oxidative stress, Rutinoside}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.55}, author = {Rena Normasari and Bambang Purwanto and Damayanti Tinduh} } @article {2185, title = {A Comparative Study of CFA and MIA Induction Models in Rat Knee Arthritis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1197-1201}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1197}, abstract = {

This study presents another comparative review of knee joint arthritis induction in rats using two distinct methods: Complete Freund{\textquoteright}s Adjuvant (CFA) and monosodium iodoacetate (MIA). Different variables are assessed, including bodyweight changes, knee bend scores, and knee diameter measurements, as well as the quantification of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and C-telopeptide of type II collagen (CTX-II) levels. CFA or MIA induction was used on rats, and 14 days were observed. Our data show that the impact of arthritis induction varies significantly across the two models. Both the CFA and MIA groups showed different changes in terms of bodyweight changes, knee bend scores, and knee diameter variations. Furthermore, the levels of IL-1β and CTX-II, both known indicators of inflammation and cartilage degeneration, were measured. Notably, IL-1β levels in the CFA group were considerably higher than in the MIA-induced rats, although CTX-II concentrations showed a contrary pattern. These findings highlight the need to carefully consider the induction approach when performing arthritis investigations in rats since the model used has a major impact on the reported physiological alterations. This study{\textquoteright}s comparative analysis provides useful information for researchers looking to use rat knee joint arthritis models, laying the groundwork for a better-informed selection of the best induction strategy depending on desired outcome metrics.

}, keywords = {CFA, CTX-II, IL-1β, MIA, Osteoarthritis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.217}, author = {Rena Normasari and Bambang Purwanto and Damayanti Tinduh} } @article {2027, title = {Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Kidney Function and Phosphate Levels in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease and Hyperphosphatemia: A Double-blind Randomized Clinical Trial}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {253-257}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {253}, abstract = {

Background: Pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who have hyperphosphatemia may experience further deterioration in kidney function. This study aims to investigate the effect of magnesium supplementation on the reduction of phosphate levels and improvement of kidney function in children with CKD and hyperphosphatemia, compared to a placebo. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial was conducted at Pediatric Ward in our setting during March-July 2022. We compared oral magnesium supplementation (6 mg/kg body weight/day for two months) with a placebo in children with CKD and hyperphosphatemia (ages 1-18 years old). Patients who were on dialysis and had serum magnesium levels of \<1.6 mg/dL and \>2.4 mg/dL, and were allergic to magnesium supplementation were excluded. A paired T-test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used for statistical analysis. Results: We collected 31 children in the experimental group and 29 children in the placebo group. Phosphate levels were decreased in both the magnesium supplementation and placebo groups (5.4 {\textpm} 0.9 to 4.8 {\textpm} 1.1 mg/dL; p-value = 0.001 and 5.1 {\textpm} 0.6 to 4.3 {\textpm} 1.2 mg/dL; p-value=0.003). However, when compared between groups, the reductions were not significantly different (0.7 vs 0.8; p-value=0.935). A significant improvement was found in kidney function in both groups using estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) (83.4{\textpm}25.3 to 118.8{\textpm}52; p-value=\<0.001 and 86.3{\textpm}28.1 to 96.9 {\textpm} 35.8; p-value=0.004), and the reductions were significantly different (35.4 vs 10.7; p-value=0.045). Conclusion: Magnesium supplements have considerably lower phosphate levels and markedly improved kidney function in children with CKD and hyperphosphatemia.

}, keywords = {Children, Chronic Kidney Disease, Hyperphosphatemia, Kidney Function., Magnesium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.71}, author = {Glabela Christiana Pandango and Bambang Purwanto and Risky Vitria Prasetyo} } @article {1798, title = {Effects of High Intensity Swimming on Heat Shock Protein 70, Superoxide Dismutase and Malondialdehyde of Rattus norvegicus Male Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {524-530}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {524}, abstract = {

Introduction: This study aims to analyze relationship between physical activity with high intensity swimming by proving the difference in the mean levels of HSP-70, SOD levels and MDA levels in male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) who perform vigorous-intensity physical activity compared to male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) who do not engage in strenuous physical activity. Method: This research is a laboratory experimental research. This research is a True Experimental Research type that uses a Post Test Only Control Group Design research design. The experimental unit consisted of 28 white rats (Rattus norvegicus). The study was started by dividing the rats into 2 groups. Group 0 who did not receive heavy physical activity treatment and group 1 who received heavy intensity physical activity treatment 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Results: The results of the Shapiro-Wilk test showed that the HSP-70 data were normally distributed (p\<0.05). SOD and MDA data for all groups were normally distributed (p\>0.05). The results of the Kruskal Wallis test showed that there was a significant difference in HSP-70 between groups (p \> 0.05), the results of the Mann Whitney test showed that the HSP-70 of the K0 group was significantly different from the K1 group. The results of the analysis of variance with Brown-Forsythe showed that there was a significant difference in SOD between groups (p \< 0.05). The results of the Games Howell test showed that the SOD of group K0 was significantly different from that of group K1. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference in MDA between groups (p \< 0.05). The results of the LSD test showed that the MDA of the K0 group was significantly different from the K1 group. Conclusion: There is a difference in the mean levels of HSP-70 in white male rat (Rattus norvegicus) whoperform strenuous physical activity, lower than male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) who do not engage in strenuous physical activity. There is a difference in the mean SOD levels in male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) which perform strenuous physical activity, lower than male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) who do not do strenuous physical activity. There is a difference in the mean MDA levels in male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) after doing strenuous physical activity, higher than male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) who do not engage in strenuous physical activity.

}, keywords = {HSP-70, MDA., SOD, Strenuous physical activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.66}, author = {Dody Taruna and Bambang Purwanto and Harianto Notopuro and Widjiati and Budi Utomo and Lilik Herawati and Reny I{\textquoteright}tishom and Aryati} } @article {1907, title = {The Effects of Leaves Extract of Toddalia aculeata on Body Weight, Body Mass Index, Body Fat Content and Resistive Index in Male Rats with High-Fat Diet}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {771-777}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {771}, abstract = {

Introduction: Dictamine is found in the Toddalia aculeata plant and is able to interact with Flavin- Containing Monooxygenase-3 (FMO3) in silico, which mediates endogenous atherosclerosis formation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of T. aculeata extract (TAE) administration on Body Weight (BW), Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Fat Content (BFC), and Resistive Index (RI) in rats with a high-fat diet. Methods: Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the negative control (NC), positive control (PC) + 2.98 μg/kg BW dictamine and treatment (TAE1-3) + 200, 400, and 800 mg/ kg BW TAE respectively. All rats were given a high-fat diet (HFD) for 28 days. The data were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA, repeated-measured ANOVA, and Friedman{\textquoteright}s tests with p\<0.05. Results: The average of rats{\textquoteright} BW in TAE2 (270{\textpm}13.78 g) and TAE3 (276.62{\textpm}40.31 g) was lower than that of the NC (304.12{\textpm} 4.16 g) but only the TAE2 group was significantly different (p=0.032). Rats in the TAE 1-3 groups had the average BMI (26.03{\textpm}5.61; 21.84{\textpm}0.81; 20.78{\textpm}2.17 g/cm3) significantly lower than the NC (29.61{\textpm}2.28 g/cm3) and the PC (28.67{\textpm}1.68 g/cm3) for TAE2 and 3. The same pattern was also observed in BFC. All treatment groups had significantly lower RI compared to the NC group (0.62{\textpm}0.07 cm). Conclusion: Administration of 400 and 800 mg/kg BW TAE for 28 days decreases BW, BMI, BFC, and RI in rats with a high-fat diet. Dictamine in the ethanol extract of T. aculeata leaves might contribute to the reduction of RI in rats with a high-fat diet.

}, keywords = {Body Fat Content, Body Mass Index, Obesity, Resistive Index, Toddalia Aculeata Extract.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.166}, author = {Prasetyo Sarwono Putro and Dono Indarto and Bambang Purwanto and Widyastuti Soewondo and Sulistyani Kusumaningrum and Khim Yatul Nguzum} }