@article {1734, title = {Protein from Phaleria macrocarpa Fruit Aqueous Extract Inhibits Early and Late Replication Phases of Human Herpes Virus Type-1}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {39-45}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Background: Phaleria macrocarpa fruit is known to have protein but the antiviral activity potential has not been explored. Objective: To determine the antiviral activity of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit protein aqueous extract (PMFPAE) and the fractions against human herpesvirus type 1 (HHV-1). Methods: Protein from P. macrocarpa fruit aqueous extract was precipitated using ammonium sulphate and followed by fractionation on Sephadex G-25. Cytotoxicity was determined in Vero cells and followed by determination of antiviral activity by plaque reduction assay against a clinical strain of HHV-1. Effect of PMFPAE on virus replication was determined in pre-treatment, time-addition and time-removal assays. Results: PMFPAE and its fractions were non-cytotoxic to Vero cells with 50\% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) values ranged between 96 {\textpm} 1.3 to 1450 {\textpm} 2 μg/mL. PMFPAE have good anti-HHV-1 activity with Selective Index (SI) of 80.6 but reduces in fractions P1 to P6 ranging between 4.2 and 67.9. Fractions with high SI were P1 and P2 contained high molecular weight (MW) proteins and P6 has the lowest MW suggestively peptides. Treatment with PMFPAE to host cells prior to virus infection had little effect on inhibiting HHV-1 replication. Treatment with PMFPAE affects virus early and late replication phase with plaque inhibition percentage increased during 10th to 16th hour post-infection. Conclusion: PMFPAE contained non-cytotoxic proteins that affects HHV-1 early and late replication phases. Proteins with high antiviral activity resides in fractions with high MW and very low MW peptides.

Key words: Phaleria macrocarpa fruit protein, Fractionation, Cytotoxicity, Anti-Human herpes virus type-1.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.6}, author = {Mahmud Yusef Yusef Ismaeel and Herryawan RE Dyari and Nazlina Ibrahim} } @article {1422, title = {Antiviral Activity of an Extract from Leaves of the Tropical Plant Cynometra cauliflora}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {752-757}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {752}, abstract = {

Background: Cynometra cauliflora is a species of tree in the family Fabaceae and has been used in folk medicinal preparation. Objectives: In this study, Cynometra cauliflora methanolic leaves extract was tested against clinical isolate herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1). Materials and Methods: The leaves of C. cauliflora plant was extracted using methanol extraction method. Cytotoxicity was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Plaque reduction assays were carried out to evaluate the antiviral activity of C. cauliflora extract against HSV-1. These include post-treatment, pre-treatment and virucidal assays. Results: The value of cytotoxic concentration, CC50 of C. cauliflora extract was 36 mg/ mL. High antiviral activity was observed in post-treatment. C. cauliflora extract treatment was found to not interfere directly to infectious particle and confer mild protection when given as prophylaxis. Conclusion: This study provides important novel insights on the phytomedicinal properties of C. cauliflora extracts on HSV-1.

}, keywords = {(3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide); virucidal., Cynometra cauliflora, Herpes simplex virus type 1, plaque reduction assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.96}, author = {Noor Zarina Abd Wahab and Aziah Azizul and Norhidayah Badya and Nazlina Ibrahim} } @article {1721, title = {Styrylpyrone Derivative from Goniothalamus sp.: A Powerful Drug for Fighting Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1598-1606}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1598}, abstract = {

Background: The emergence of drug resistance towards Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) has encouraged scientists to develop novel lower toxicity and highly effective anti-HSV drugs. Styrylpyrone derivative (SPD) is a bioactive compound isolated from the roots and leaves of Goniothalamus sp. It is believed that this compound possesses antiviral properties against HSV-1. Objective: This paper introduces the interaction of SPD towards HSV-1 through in silico study of molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation. Materials and Methods: Molecular docking is a computational tool which is used to study the molecular interaction between two or more structures. ADME/T properties of the SPD were generated using the SwissADME online tool in which SPD was found to have a good pharmacokinetic profile. Results: Molecular docking study revealed that SPD has a high docking score of -7.9 Kcal/mol. SPD has a strong affinity with the thymidine kinase (PDB id: 1OF1) producing hydrogen bond and non-polar interaction at the target point of amino acid residue. Conclusion: Molecular docking analysis provides new insight into the structure-based design of SPD compounds with better antiviral activity against HSV-1.

}, keywords = {Antiviral, Herpes Virus type 1 (HSV-1), in silico approaches, Molecular docking and Styrylpyrone derivative.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.206}, author = {Syaza Safia Fouzi and Noor Zarina Abd Wahab and Leong Chee Yan and Nazlina Ibrahim} }