@article {1361, title = {Microparticles of Herbal Extracts with Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {285-295}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {285}, abstract = {

Plants that have antioxidant content have been shown to have efficacy on the body, antioxidants have several drawbacks including being sensitive to environmental factors such as light, heat, pH, and oxygen. Microencapsulation is a method that has several advantages including providing several benefits, namely microparticles formulated to protect the core from the environment, cover up discomfort, maintain volatility or cell survival, separate incompatible substances, protect the body from side effects, and optimize, extend, or target drug effects. The choice of the type of polymer used will determine the characteristics of the microparticles produced, therefore a suitable coating material is needed to produce the microparticles. This review article was made to find out the results of research conducted in the manufacture of microparticles by using polymers which are expected to be useful to provide information on the basis of the selection of polymers and methods of making microparticles produced to maintain the stability of substances that are efficacious as antioxidants. Based on the results of the literature search, microencapsulation is a method used to maintain the stability of antioxidant content that has a therapeutic effect.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Extract, Microparticle, Polymer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.38}, author = {Zulham and Gofarana Wilar and Yasmiwar Susilawati and Anas Subarnas and Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa} } @article {1226, title = {Antifungal Activity of Neolignan Derivatives from Eusideroxylon zwageri Against Pathogenic Fungus Microsporum gypseum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {993-999}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {993}, abstract = {

Introduction: Bulian wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) known as iron wood. It was known as wood source which fungi and insect resistant. These effects were interconnected with secondary metabolites contained within. Methods: Eusideroxylon zwageri wood powder was macerated with methanol and fractinated with n-Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate. Eusiderin I and Compound B were isolated from n-hexane fraction, while Compound C were isolated from dichloromethane fraction. Eusiderin I, compound A and Compound B were characterized using melting point, UV spectroscopy and compared with previous data. Antifungal activity test was conducted with Microsporum gypseum using paper disc method. Results: A research on antifungal activity of Neolignan derivatives from Eusideroxylon zwageri against pathogenic fungus Microsporum gypseum had been carried out. Eusiderin I, Compound B and Compound C were isolated from wood of Eusideroxylon zwageri. All three compounds are white crystals with melting point in such 99-100 oC, 110-112 oC, 98-99 oC, respectively and UV spectrum data is similar to reference. The antifungal activity test of Eusiderin I, Compound B and Compound C from Bulian wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) to phatogen fungus of Microsporum gypseum showed that with five different concentrations (5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 ppm), Eusiderin I was a potent antifungal because it had a strong activity in inhibiting the Microsporum gypseum growth. The 5 days incubation test result showed that 50 ppm Eusiderin I could inhibit the Microsporum gypseum colony growth. The 100 ppm Eusiderin I gave the most effective inhibition precentage because it could inhibit the Microsporum gypseum colony growth (= 93.9\%). Conclusion: Based on this data, Eusiderin I can be indicated an antifungal candidate.

}, keywords = {Antifungal, Eusiderin, Eusideroxylon zwageri, Microsporum gypseum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.140}, author = {Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa and Muhaimin Muhaimin and Syamsurizal Syamsurizal and Harizon Harizon and Tiana Milanda and Imam Adi Wicaksono} } @article {1195, title = {Formulation of Creams Containing Active Fraction of Cassia fistula L. Barks and its Antibacterial Activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {920-928}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {920}, abstract = {

Background: Cassia fistula L. has been traditionally used to cure skin diseases. That disease can be caused by various bacteria, such as Propionibacterium acnes and Pseudomonas aerugniosa. Objective: the objective of this research was to formulate cream containing active fraction of Cassia fistula bark and to study the antibacterial activity as well as physical stability of the active substance after formulation. Materials and Methods: The cream base were oilin- water (O/W) and water in oil (W/O) type. Antibacterial activity test had been performed by using agar diffusion method. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were conducted by microdilution method. The active fraction was formulated into creams with concentration of 4 -6x MIC. Physical evaluation of creams including organoleptic, pH, viscosity, TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) profiling and antibacterial activity against both tested bacteria were evaluated during 28 days of storage. Results: The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction was the most active, having MIC and MBC values of 175 and 350 ppm respectively against P. acnes, while those against P. aeruginosa were 400 and 800 ppm. Optimation on creams using different type of cream bases showed that either O/W or W/O creams remained stable during 28 days of storage in terms of organoleptic and pH. The viscosity increased in O/W and decreased in W/O type. Qualitative analysis by TLC profiling showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of Cassia fistula as chemical compounds in creams was relatively stable as the profile remained the same after 28th day of storage. Result of antibacterial activity test on cream with O/W base was unchange after 28 day, while that with W/O revealed no activity which may due to poor diffusion within the cream base as media. Conclusion: active fraction of Cassia fistula can be formulated into cream with O/W cream base system.

}, keywords = {Antibacteria, Cassia fistula, Cream, Propionibacterium Acnes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.131}, author = {Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa and Muhaimin Muhaimin and Yasmiwar Susilawati and Tiana Milanda} } @article {1168, title = {Microencapsulation of Macaranga gigantea Leaf Extracts: Production and Characterization}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {716-724}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {716}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this research was to formulate the microcapsules of Macaranga gigantea leaves extract with solvent evaporation method using Ethocel 10 cP and Eudragit E100 as matrix. Methods: M. gigantea leaves were extracted using ethanol 96\%. This extract was dried by rotary evaporator. The microencapsulation process of M. gigantea leaves extract was conducted by solvent evaporation method (O/W: oil in water). The formula of M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsules were designed into six formulas (Eudragit E100: FA1, FA2, FA3 and Ethocel 10 cP: FB1, FB2, FB3). Microcapsules of M. gigantea leaves extract were characterized for particle size, in terms of surface morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and encapsulation efficiency. Antioxidant activity of the formulation have been evaluated by DPPH method. Physical characterization on microparticles were performed by conducting entrapment efficiency and SEM picture. Results: In this research, the micoparticles containing M. gigantea extract has been developed by using ethyl cellulose (Ethocel 10 cP ) and eudragit (Eudragit E100) as polymer matrix. The results showed that high concentration of polymer (Ethocel 10 cP and Eudragit E100) used in microencapsulation resulted in better M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsules in terms of physical characteristics. Particle size of microcapsules containing M. gigantea leaves extract were in the range of 3.564 to 5.887 μm. Encapsulation efficiency (\% EE) was categorized as good because the value were >= 80\% to which 85.978\% (FA3) and 88.992\% (FB3). SEM picture of FA3 (Eudragit E100) revealed that the surface of microcapsule were rough and porous. When Ethocel 10 cP used as polymer, a smoother surface and less visible pores of microcapsule were obtained. The antioxidant ability of M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsule showed that IC50 values was 64.51 ppm. Conclusion: It can be concluded that microcapsules of M. gigantea leaves extract can be prepared by solvent evaporation method by using Eudragit E100 and Ethocel 10 cP as polymer matrix. M. gigantea leaves has potent antioxidant activity either as extract or after formulated into microcapsules.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ethocel 10 cP, Eudragit E100, Macaranga gigantea, Microencapsulation, Solvent evaporation method}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.104}, author = {Muhaimin Muhaimin and Yusnaidar Yusnaidar and Wilda Syahri and Madyawati Latief and Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa} } @article {1004, title = {Antiplasmodial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Macaranga Gigantea Leaf and Its Major Constituent}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1181-1188}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1181}, abstract = {

Introduction: This research main goal is to study the antiplasmodial activity of Macaranga gigantea leaf ethanolic extract and its major components on malaria parasites using ex vivo model. Methods: This study was conducted by extraction of M. gigantea leaves using ethanol and isolation of its major constituent. The extract and isolate were tested ex vivo on Balb-C mice{\textquoteright}s blood after i.p. administration of Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA. Antiplasmodial activity was observed from mice blood treated by various concentration of either extract or isolate and the parasitaemia percentage were determined by calculating infected blood cell after 24 h of the treatment. It is expressed as decreased of parasitaemia levels and percent of inhibition. Qualitative analysis of active fraction were tested by HPLC method. Chemical structure of isolate were characterized by using UV, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS spectrophotometry. Results: Ex vivo antiplasmodial study gave the percent inhibition as much as 92.1; 85.7; 64.1; 41.5 and 21.7\% at extract concentrations of 300, 100, 30, 10 and 3 μg/ mL respectively. The IC50 values of the extract was 27.1 μg/ml. With respect to the percent of inhibition, at the same concentration, the isolate showed activity as much as 70.2; 62.5; 39.1; 21.7 and 10.8\%. The IC50 value of the isolate was 60.2 μg/ml. At the same concentration with extract and Isolate, Pyrimethamine as positive control gave percent inhibition of 94; 87.5; 44.8; 15.; and 12\%, with IC50 of 31.4 μg/ml. The results showed that major constituent of M. gigantea leaves is flavonoid. HPLC analysis using a photo diode-array detector showed that the active fraction have same retention time with that of apigenin as standard. Based on instrumental analysis data and compared with literature, a flavonoid derivate known as apigenin can be said has been isolated. Conclusion: It can be concluded that either M. gigantea leaves extract or isolated active constituent known as apigenin have potent antiplasmodial property.

}, keywords = {Antiplasmodial, Ex vivo, Flavonoid, Macaranga gigantea, Plasmodium berghei}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.183}, author = {Muhaimin Muhaimin and Yusnaidar Yusnaidar and Wilda Syahri and Madyawati Latief and Riski Dwimalida Putri and Andita Utami and Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa and Andreas Yoga Aditama and Josephine Elizabeth Siregar} } @article {956, title = {Antiplasmodial Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Mangrove Plants against Plasmodium berghei}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {929-935}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {929}, abstract = {

Introduction: A mosquito-borne disease infected by Plasmodium is named as Malaria. Some drugs subjected to be active againts protozoans has developed resistance. It is very urgent to find alternative sources of new antimalarial agent. The main aim of this research was to study the activity of methanolic extracts of the leaf from mangrove plants on Plasmodium berghei by using ex vivo model. Method: Screening of antiplasmodial activity from methanolic leaf extracts of Sonneratia alba, Acanthus ilicifolius and Sonneratia caseolaris against Plasmodium berghei was carried out in this study. Antiplasmodial study was subjected ex vivo against P. berghei strain ANKA infected into Balb-C mice. Calculation of the percentage of parasitemia after 24 h observed in the model and a decrease in parasitemia level and inhibitory propagation were defined as the results. Results: Potential antiplasmodial activity shown by a decrease in parasitemia level and high inhibitory percentage was revealed by S. alba leaf methanolic extract at concentrations of 300, 100, 30, 10 and 3 μg/mL which provide the inhibition percentage of 95.5; 92,9; 78.7; 42.7 and 18.8\%, respectively. Antiplasmodial activity can also be identified by the life cycle inhibition of plasmodium. Methanolic leaf extract of S. alba showed inhibition activity in the development of ring stage at minimum extract concentration of 300 μg/mL. At lower concentrations, trophozoites and schizones persisted with defects in morphological conditions. Moreover, Antiplasmodial activity of methanolic extracts of S. alba leaf was better than methanol extracts of A. Ilicifolius and S. caseolaris leaf. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that among the mangrove plants have been studied, S. alba mangrove exhibited the highest antisplasmodial activity which moreover assumed as a potential source for natural antimalarial drug candidate.

}, keywords = {Antimalaria, Ex vivo, Mangrove, Plasmodium berghei, Sonneratia alba}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.148}, author = {Muhaimin Muhaimin and Madyawati Latief and Riski Dwimalida Putri and Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa and Andreas Yoga Aditama and Normalita Eka Pravitasari and Josephine Elizabeth Siregar} }