@article {1732, title = {Improving Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Brazilin from Sappanwood (Caesalpinia Sappan L.) Extract by Fungal Cellulase}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {21-28}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {21}, abstract = {

Brazilin was one of phytoconstituent from sappanwood that widely used as textile-colouring agent and found in traditional concoction for therapeutic purposes. Due to obtain its maximum level in sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) extract, the extraction method of brazilin has been developed. Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) is one of green chemistry methods to achieve that outcome. This study aims to enhance brazilin level by optimize the EAE condition with fungi cellulase. The cellulase are produced by monoculture Aspergillus niger UICC371 in carboxymethyl cellulose submerged fermentation{\textquoteright}s media. Sappanwood extracted with fungi cellulase through variation conditions: enzyme concentrations (2.0; 4,0; 6.0\%); temperature (45, 50, 55{\textcelsius}); and time (1, 2, 3 hrs). The optimization are provided by response surface method-BoxBehnken design and brazilin level was carried out through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with asetonitril : 0,3\% acetic acid in water (14.5 : 85.5) as eluents. The study showed that cellulase from monoculture of Aspergillus niger UICC371 showed optimum condition of cellulase-EAE method at 6.0\% concentration enzyme at 50{\textcelsius} for 3 hours extraction time which provide an increase in brazilin level to 5.014\% compare to reflux method.

Key Words: Caesalpinia sappan L., Cellulase, Enzyme assisted extraction, Fungi, Response surface method.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.4}, author = {Dia Septiani and Herman Suryadi and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {1750, title = {Validation of Rosmarinic Acid Quantification using High- Performance Liquid Chromatography in Various Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {165-171}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {165}, abstract = {

Introduction: Rosmarinic acid has been utilized in traditional medicine as antioxidant, antiinflammation, anticancer and antibacterial. In order to control the herbal quality, validation of rosmarinic acid determination using high-performance liquid chromatography was developed. The objective of this report was to validate an HPLC technique for assessing rosmarinic acid levels. and application that method to determine rosmarinic acid in Rosmarinus officinalis, Symphytum officinale, Mentha piperita, Orthosiphon stamineus and Salvia officinale. Methods: The chromatographic separation was carried out on a reversed-phase C18 column with a mobile phase of 0,1\% formic acid and acetonitrile and an isocratic elution at a flow rate of 0,5 mL/min. The wavelength for detection was set to 330 nm. The method has been validated for precision, accuracy, linearity, limit of detection, and limit of quantitation. Result: The concentration response of the detector was linear, with a coefficient of determination of 0.9933. The HPLC technique had an accuracy of 101,00 {\textpm} 6,43\%. The precision was 6,36\% when expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV). The highest level of rosmarinic acid was 214,86 {\textpm} 0,60 μg/mL in Rosmarinus officinalis extract. Conclusion: The HPLC method was valid to analyse rosmarinic acid level. The method can be applied in routine determination of rosmarinic acid of phytopharmaceutical products.

Key words: Rosmarinic acid, HPLC, Laminaceae Borraginaceae.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.22}, author = {Andiri Niza Syarifah and Herman Suryadi and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {1709, title = {Comparison of the Deep Euteutic Solvent (DES) Solvent for Extracting Lignin from the Lignocellulosic Material of Pineapple Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1702-1709}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1702}, abstract = {

Background: Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the materials that has the potential to produce cellulose. Lignocellulose material consists of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose so that the three materials must be separated first to get pure cellulose. The main problem faced in the process of separating cellulose is the difficulty of separating lignin. One of the processes in separating lignin is by pretreatment of lignocellulosic material. Methods: In this study, Deep Euteutic Solvent (DES) choline (ChCl) as a hydrogen bond acceptor was synthesized and eight hydrogen bond donors (HBD) were mixed. Eight types of DESs, i.e. , choline chloride-acetic acid (ChCl-AA), ChCl: formic acid (ChCl-FA). ), choline chloride: Lactic acid (ChCl-LA), choline chloride:Citric acid (ChCl-SA), choline chloride: Glycerol (ChCl-G), choline chloride: Ethylenglycol (ChCl-EG), choline chloride: Sorbitol (ChCl-S), and choline chloride: Urea (ChCl -U) with a ratio of 1: 2 were investigated. Each. DES solvent was applied as a pretreatment for the lignocellulosic material of pineapple leaves. The results of the pretreatment formed were characterized by the Infra Red spectroscopic method to determine the typical functional groups. Result: The results showed that the pretreatment process using DES solvent resulted in a decrease in lignin levels in pineapple leaf powder, the highest in DES with linear saturated acid-based HBD, formic acid at 32.05\%, glycerol at 30.18\% and then in alpha hydroxy-based HBD, acetic acid at 29.90\%. Meanwhile, the FT-IR results show that ChCl-FA has a high delignification ability during pretreatment. Pineapple leaves that have been pretreted with DES solvent can be a potential raw material for the next conversion process. This study presents DES as an effective and easy pretreatment method for lignin extraction.

}, keywords = {Deep eutectic solvent, Lignocellulose., Pineapple leaves, Pretreatment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.219}, author = {Triyani Sumiati and Herman Suryadi and Harmita and Sutriyo} } @article {950, title = {Characterization Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Alpha Cellulose Betung Bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {894-900}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {894}, abstract = {

Objective: Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) is one of pharmaceutical excipients that can be used to increase viscosity in topical, oral and parenteral pharmaceutical formulation, beside that it can also be used as binder and disintegrant in tablet formulation. Betung bamboo is one of natural material that contains high concentration of holocellulose for about 83.80\%. The purpose of this study was to characterize Na-CMC obtained through alkalization and carboxymethylation reaction. Methods: Alkalization was carried out using 25\% sodium hydroxide and 1.7\% sodium tetraborate. Carboxymethylation was done with sodium monochloroacetate to alpha cellulose ratio 1.3 : 1. Product was identified by FTIR and further characterized by XRD, SEM, DS value and pH. Result: The product was white colour powder which has similarities of its infrared spectrum to reference. Other characteristics that showed similarities to reference was degree of substitution 0.7073, pH 7.61, average of particle size distribution 71.54 μm, moisture content 5.88\%, sulfated ash content 32.64\% and loss on drying 9.85\%. Conclusion: Based on the comparison of X-ray diffraction, there is similarity between reference and product (Na-CMC) from betung bamboo. However, there were differences in melting temperature, viscosity and morphological analysis with SEM to reference.

}, keywords = {Alkalization, Betung bamboo, Carboxymethylation, Cellulose, Characterization, Sodium carboxymethylcellulose}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.143}, author = {Herman Suryadi and Sutriyo and Ghina Fauziah} } @article {997, title = {Effect of Beta Glucosidase Inhibitor from Lichen Extract in Microcrystalline Cellulose Preparation from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1199-1203}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1199}, abstract = {

Objective: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is an excipient commonly used in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical preparations, especially tablet. MCC has been successfully made from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) through enzymatic hydrolysis process. This study aimed to find the effect of β-glucosidase inhibitor from lichen extract to the yield of MCC, the optimum conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis including pH and reaction time and characteristics of MCC obtained compared to reference, Avicel PH-101. Method: The study was began with extraction of cellulose enzyme and followed by determination of optimum beta-glucosidase inhibitor concentration. Then, this conditions were used for enzymatic hydrolysis of α-cellulose to MCC, followed by identification and characterization of MCC obtained and compared with Avicel PH- 101. Results: The optimum concentration of inhibitor was 120 ppm. A little higher yield of MCC was obtained when inhibitor extract is used in hydrolysis alfa-cellulose to MCC. The identity of MCC obtained was similar to infrared spectrum of reference. Other characteristics of MCC obtained were powder in the form of a slightly coarse, odorless and tasteless and slightly yellowish than reference. Conclusion: Addition of extract of Beta glucosidase inhibitor did not improve the MCC yield significantly, but identity and characteristics of MCC obtained showed similarities to the microcrystalline cellulose reference (Avicel PH = 101).

}, keywords = {Enzymatic hydrolysis, Lichen extract, Microcrystalline cellulose, Water hyacinthm, β-glucosidase inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.186}, author = {Citra Bonnita Putri and Sutriyo and Herman Suryadi} } @article {1022, title = {Effects of Beta Glucosidase Inhibitor on Cellulase Enzyme Activity for Preparation of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1225-1230}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1225}, abstract = {

Objective: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was a highly desirable excipient which being used for making tablets with direct compression method in Pharmaceutical manufacture. The purpose of this study was to compare microcrystalline cellulose preparation from water hyacinth powder with and without addition of β-glucosidase inhibitor followed by identification and characterization of the resulting powders. Methods: The study was began with isolation of potential organisms from soils in mangrove followed by extraction of {\textbullet} -glucosidase inhibitor. MCC was prepared through enzymatic hydrolysis of alpha-cellulase with and without addition of beta-glucosidase inhibitor. Identification was done using FTIR, then characterized by organoleptic examination, qualitative analysis, starch test, pH test, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of particle size and distribution, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), moisture content, loss on drying test, particle density test, flow rate test and angle of repose test compared to microcrystalline cellulose which had been available on the market. Results: The hydrolysis conditions were carried out at 30{\textdegree}C, for 2 h and the powder was dissolved in acetate buffer pH 7 by addition of enzyme and 2.5 ml inhibitor. MCC yield with addition of beta-glucosidase inhibitor (80\%) was higher than without addition of beta-glucosidase (68\%). Conclusion: Addition of beta glucosidase inhibitor showed positive impact to increase MCC yield from alpha cellulose sample.

}, keywords = {Charaterization, Enzyme hydrolyisis, Microcrystalline cellulose, Water hyacinth, β-glucosidase inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.190}, author = {Annisa Shabrina and Herman Suryadi and Sutriyo} } @article {716, title = {Isolation of Cellulolytic Fungi and Utilization of Its Cellulolytic Activity for Microcrystalline Cellulose Preparation from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1082-1088}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1082}, abstract = {

Introduction: Microcrystalline cellulose is a cellulase derivative which usually used as a pharmaceutical excipient in the manufacturing of direct compression tablet. High concentration of cellulose is found in water hyacinth (about 60\%) therefore it might be used in the manufacturing of microcrystalline cellulose. This study was aimed to obtain the best cellulolytic fungi, the best optimal conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis and comparing microcrystalline cellulose characteristics obtained from water hyacinth with microcrystalline cellulose standard, Avicel pH 101. Method: This study began with isolation of cellulolytic fungi, and then enzymatic hydrolysis of \α-cellulose was done with cellulase enzymes extracted from cellulolytic fungi with various pH, temperature, duration and enzyme concentration. Microcrystalline obtained was characterized by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and then the result was compared with Avicel pH 101. Results: The results showed the best cellulolytic isolate was isolate 2 and its optimal hydrolysis conditions at pH 5, 30$^{0}$C, for 1 h with 5 mL (5\% v/v) enzyme. Based on the pattern of diffraction there was a similarity between microcrystalline cellulose of enzymatic hydrolysis result compared with Avicel pH 101.

}, keywords = {Cellulase, Cellulolytic fungi, Cellulose, Enzymatic hydrolysis, Microcrystalline cellulose, Water hyacinth}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.183}, author = {Mitayani Wahyu Murti and Monica Angeline Sudarsono and Herman Suryadi} } @article {718, title = {Isolation of Kojic Acid Producing Mold using Complex Carbon Sources}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1089-1092}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1089}, abstract = {

Introduction: An independent effort in term of pharmaceutical raw materials procurement in Indonesia, especially skin brightening agent, is required due to the high demand of brightening skin care product. One of the skin brightening agent widely used in cosmetic skin care formulations is kojic acid. This study aimed to obtain the isolate of kojic acid producing mold from nature and its optimum fermentation condition by using various complex carbon substrates. Methods: Aspergillus oryzae was used as reference. The isolates of fungi were screened with different substrates variation, namely sucrose, corn starch, cassava starch, and cellulose hydrolysate. Then, each of culture was dripped with FeCl3 1\% and the most brownish-red color formed was selected as mold and media for further process. The preculture of selected isolate and A. oryzae, were inoculated into 100 ml of fermentation media respectively and incubated at room temperature, 180 RPM for 10 days. The concentration of substrate was varied to 5, 7.5, and 10\%. The levels of kojic acid were determined by TLC densitometry with UV detector at 318 nm. Results: IHJ2K isolate in corn starch-yeast extract was selected as the best mold and media. However, the highest level of kojic acid was produced by Aspergillus oryzae with 10\% of substrate, with kojic acid concentration of 5.22 g/L. The most efficient fermentation was obtained from A. oryzae with 7.5\% of substrate, with the obtained yield of 0.53 g/g. Conclusion: Potential kojic acid producing mold namely IHJ2K was successfully isolated. The selected carbon source for optimum kojic acid fermentation condition with IHJ2K isolate was corn starch combined with yeast extract, KH2PO4, and Mg2SO4.7H2O.

}, keywords = {Aspergillus oryzae, Complex carbon, Fermentation, Kojic Acid, Mold, TLC Densitometry}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.184}, author = {Ines Dawiyah Suwarjo and Adnina Fithra Azzahra and Herman Suryadi} }