@article {2572, title = {Synergistic antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Tinospora cordifolia and Azadirachta indica extracts supported by in-silico molecular docking and ADMET evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {310-321}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {310}, abstract = {

Background: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder which worsens by increased oxidative stress resulting in other diabetes associated complications. Tinospora cordifolia (TC) and Azadirachta indica (AI) are traditional medicinal plants that has been used for diabetes since ancient times, but their combined potential as a formulation has not been evaluated for the management of diabetes. Objectives: This study aimed to profile the phytochemical composition of 70\% hydroethanolic extracts of TC and AI, assess their antioxidant and antidiabetic activity individually and in combination, and further substantiate their efficacy through in-silico molecular docking and ADMET evaluation of their key bioactive compounds, berberine and nimbolide. Methods: Hydroethanolic extracts of TC and AI were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening, quantification of primary and secondary metabolites, and HPTLC profiling. Five combinations of TC:AI (1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3, 3:1) were prepared and evaluated for antioxidant activity using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, and for antidiabetic potential using α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and PTP1B inhibition assays. IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ values were calculated. In-silico studies were performed for berberine and nimbolide using AutoDock 4.2.6 against PPARγ, GLUT4, and IRS1. Drug-likeness and ADMET properties were predicted using SwissADME and pkCSM. Results: Phytochemical profiling confirmed the presence of alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins. TC demonstrated stronger inherent antioxidant and antidiabetic activity than AI. Among combinations, 1:1 and 3:1 formulations showed the highest potency with IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ values comparable to standards. Molecular docking revealed strong binding affinities of berberine and nimbolide toward PPARγ, GLUT4, and IRS1, while ADMET prediction indicated acceptable pharmacokinetic behaviour and good drug-likeness. Conclusion: The TC:AI 1:1 formulation exhibited synergistic antioxidant and antidiabetic effects, supported by favorable in-silico interactions and pharmacokinetic profiles, highlighting its potential as a natural therapeutic option for T2DM management.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Azadirachta indica, Health, Plants, PTP1B, Tinospora cordifolia, α-amylase, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.101}, author = {Amaresh Parimi and Silambarasan K and Prashantkumar Goudappala and Ravi Mundugaru and Parameswari Royapuram Parthasarathy} } @article {622, title = {Hydroalcoholic and Alkaloidal Extracts of Murraya koenigii(L.) Spreng Augments Glucose Uptake Potential against Insulin Resistance Condition in L6 Myotubes and Inhibits Adipogenesis in 3T3L1 Adipocytes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {633-639}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {633}, abstract = {

Background: Murraya koenigii, commonly known as \“curry leaves\” is native to India. The highly valued part of the plant is the leaves which possess various biological activities. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic effect of Murraya koenigii (MK) leaf extracts, of two different solvent ratios. Materials and methods: 70\% hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts of MK leaves were prepared by cold maceration method. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out for both the extracts. In vitro anti diabetic activity was screened by inhibitory action on \α \– amylase, \α \– glucosidase enzymes. Further, the 70\% hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts were assessed for glucose uptake potential, anti - adipogenic property, as well as inhibitory activity on diabetes associated complications. HPTLC quantification of major phytoconstituent was carried out. Results: The study showed presence of various phytoconstituents such as, polyphenols, alkaloids, tannins, reducing sugars etc. The 70\% hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts of MK leaves exhibited \>90\% inhibition against carbohydrate metabolising enzymes compared to aqueous and absolute alcohol extracts. Both the extracts showed enhanced glucose uptake in L6 myotubes attenuating the effect of Palmitate induced insulin resistance. Significant inhibition on adipogenesis was exerted by both 70\% hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts of MK leaves. Besides, marked inhibition of advanced glycation end products was exhibited by the extracts. HPTLC quantification analysis of the aforementioned extracts showed the presence of major phytoconstituent, Mahanine, in it. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that MK possesses significant antidiabetic property and also exhibited considerable effect in preventing diabetes associated complications. The potent antidiabetic activity of MK could be attributed to the presence of Mahanine, the major active constituent, which is a carbazole alkaloid.

}, keywords = {complications, Diabetes, glucose uptake, L6 myotubes, Mahanine, α - amylase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.104}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/642}, author = {Parameswari Royapuram Parthasarathy and Janani Murthy and Dinesh Murugan Girija and Srivani Telapolu and Chamundeeswari Duraipandian and Thyagarajan Sadras Panchatcharam} }