@article {2231, title = {Analysis of Factors Influencing the Willingness to Pay BPJS Kesehatan Contributions of Mandiri Participants in the Working Area of Bua Health Center, Luwu District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {211-216}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {211}, abstract = {

The willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions regularly and on time every month for independent participants is the most important component to make it easier for independent participants to utilize health services. This research aims to analysis the factors that influence the willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions for independent participants in the Bua Health Center working area, Luwu Regency. The research was conducted in the working area of the Bua Health Center, Luwu Regency. The research design iscross sectional study. The total sample was 340 independent BPJS Health participants using sampling techniquesSimple Random Sampling. Data were analyzed using testsChi-Squareand Multiple Logistic Regression test. Test resultsChi-Squareshows that there is a relationship between the number of family members (p=0,000), income (p=0,000), perception of the quality of health services (p=0,000), history of catastrophic illness (p=0,000), and ability to pay BPJS Health contributions (p= 0,000) with a willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions. Meanwhile, there is no relationship between knowledge (p=0,364) and willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions. The results of the Multiple Logistic Regression test show that number of family members (OR=69,893) is the factor that most influences the willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions. It is recommended that the BPJS Health consider a contribution payment system for independent participants who are required to pay contributions collectively which includes all family members in one family who are registered as independent BPJS Health participants, so that independent participants who have large family members are not burdened and are willing to pay BPJS contributions Health regularly and on time every month.

}, keywords = {BPJS Health, Income, Independent Participants, Number of Family Members, Willingness to Pay Contributions}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.30}, author = {Syiar Cakke. S and Balqis and Indar and Sukri Palutturi and Hasanuddin Ishak and Andi Zulkifli and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2225, title = {Bioguided Assay of Polyphenols Isolated from Medicinal Mayan Species and its Activity Against Leishmania mexicana.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {174-180}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {174}, abstract = {

Objective: This study underlines the in vitro leishmanicidal activity of the methanol extracts (MeOH), fractions of n-hexane (n-Hex), chloroform (TCM) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and compounds isolated from plant species used in the Mayan traditional medicine. Materials and Methods: Extracts of medicinal species collected in the Mayan Peninsula such as Hylocerus undatus, Bauhinia divaricate, Euphorbia hirta, Ruellia nudiflora and Cedrela odorata, were tasted in a bio guided assays against amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana. Different chromatographic techniques were applied in order to isolated the most active compounds. Additionally, spectroscopic experiments 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, LC-MS and FT-IR were stablished to determine the chemical structure of the chemical compounds. Results: Euphorbia hirta and Cedrella odorata, showed good bioactivity with 14.81 {\textpm} 2.63 g/mL and IC50 = 18.39 {\textpm} 0.88 μg/mL respectively, meanwhile Bauhinia divaricata not show activity and Ruellia nudiflora showed poor activity with IC50 = 92.18 {\textpm} 3.64 μg/mL, followed by Hylocerus undatus with IC50 = 122.5 {\textpm} 20.99 μg/mL, when tasted against amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana. Spectroscopic data confirmed the presence of quercetin, myricetin, kempherol and scopoletin, with IC50 = 2.92 {\textpm} 0.42 μM, 12.30 {\textpm} 0.57 μM, 20.22 {\textpm} 4.66 μM and 4.05 {\textpm} 0.68 μM respectively. Conclusion: The bioguided assays guided us, to the purification and isolation of four different metabolites, mainly flavonoids and structurally related compounds, some of them show good activity, however, their low bioavailability indicates the need for detailed structural relation activity studies, together with the development of formulations and delivery systems.

}, keywords = {Coumarins, Flavonoids, Leishmania mexicana, NMR structural determination, Polyphenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.24}, author = {Horacio Larqu{\'e} and Abelardo Ch{\'a}vez Montes and Jaime Zamora-Chimal and Moises Looh-Hern{\'a}ndez and Joel H. Elizondo Luevano and Esther del Olmo} } @article {2223, title = {A Comparative Study of the Biometric, Germinative, and Physicochemical Characteristics of Fruits and Oils of Three Cannabis Strains (Cannabis sativa L.var indica) Cultivated in the Rif Region of Morocco}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {156-166}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {156}, abstract = {

Background: Cannabis sativa var indica is the variety grown in the northern reliefs of Morocco, exclusively for resin and narcotics production. Despite the extensive research on the botany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Rif{\textquoteright}s cannabis, there is limited comparative research on the fruits and oils of different strains cultivated in the region. Objective: This study examined the biometric, germinative and physicochemical properties of three cannabis strains grown in the Western Rif region of Morocco. Materials and methods: three cannabis strains (Beldiya, Khardala and Critical) were characterized by their biometric parameters (weight, length and width), germinative and physicochemical properties. Results: The study revelated that there are notable differences in the biometric properties and germination rates of the achenes of the strains studied. Additionally, significant variations were observed between the strains with regards to their oil yield, as well as the levels of polyphenols and flavonoids. The results also revealed a correlation between biometric parameters, germination rate and phytochemical content. Conclusion: The oils of all strains studied were extra virgin, and the Beldiya strain{\textquoteright}s fruit oil was found to be particularly rich in polyphenols and flavonoids, making it a potentially useful ingredient in nutrition and health applications. Overall, this study provides useful information for researchers and growers interested in the cultivation and use of cannabis fruits and oils in various industries.

}, keywords = {Biometry, Cannabis strains, Fruit, germination, Oil, Rif}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.22}, author = {Abdelhak Chergui and El Amine Ajal and Imane Zakaria and Rachid Nejjari} } @article {2227, title = {Ethnomedicine In Nias Island}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {186-194}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {186}, abstract = {

Background: Medicinal plants have an important role in the traditional medicine system of the Nias people, which has been passed down from generation to generation. Although there has been some ethnobotanical research in Indonesia, especially in Nias, studies regarding people{\textquoteright}s knowledge, use and perception of medicinal plants on this island are still very limited. Objective: to investigate the knowledge, use and perceptions of the Nias community towards medicinal plants. Design: The research population involved communities in various areas of Nias, and samples were taken randomly from several villages or communities. Data collection methods include questionnaires, interviews, and observations to detail the use of medicinal plants, local knowledge, and factors that influence the choice and use of medicinal plants. The research variables involve the demographic characteristics of respondents, education level, access to health information as independent variables, while the dependent variables include the use of medicinal plants and knowledge about medicinal plants.\ Results: As a result of data collection on respondents on Nias Island, there were 50 medicinal plants that people have often used for generations to treat diseases. Data analysis involved analyzing factors related to the use of medicinal plants. It is hoped that this research will provide a better understanding of the use of medicinal plants in Nias and contribute to the preservation of local knowledge and the development of public health strategies. Conclusion: Most of the empirical data submitted by the local Nias community is in accordance with research that has been carried out, however, there are 13 plants that need to be explored further because the empirical data does not match.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotanical, Ethnomedicine, Medicinal plant, Nias}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.26}, author = {Nilsya Febrika Zebua and Nerdy Nerdy and Kanne Dachi and Muflihah Fujiko and Abdi Wira Septama} } @article {2066, title = {Computational Evaluation of the Potential of Salicylate Compound from Syzygium aromaticum on Carbonic Anhydrase I as a Gastric Acid Stimulant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {489-493}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {489}, abstract = {

This article explores the potential of the salicylate compound (Syzygium Aromaticum) as a stimulant for Carbonic Anhydrase I in gastric acid secretion, using a computational approach. The research methods include molecular modeling with Pymol and Pyrex, determination of compound structure and interactions with Protein Plus, and examination of physicochemical properties using the Lipinski Rule. The results show that the Binding Affinity of salicylate with Carbonic Anhydrase I ranges from -7.3 to -6.5, with RMSD values of 0, 2.102, and 2.212, indicating good modeling quality. The interaction between salicylate and Carbonic Anhydrase I is also supported by the findings from Protein Plus. Furthermore, the salicylate compound complies with the Lipinski Rule, with a molecular weight of 137, 1 hydrogen bond donor, 3 hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 0.34, and a molar reactivity of 34.16. This study highlights the prospect of salicylate as a potential modulator of Carbonic Anhydrase I.

}, keywords = {Carbonic Anhydrase I, Gastric Acid Stimulant, Molecular docking, Salicylate, Syzygium Aromaticum.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.107}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Rauza Sukma Rita and Fadhli Ranuharja and Musa Ghufron and Agariadne Dwinggo Samala and Herland Satriawan and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Devi Purnamasari and Riso Sari Mandeli and Amalia Putri Lubis and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2198, title = {The Effect of Ramania Leaves Extract Gel (Bouea macrophylla Griff) on the Number of Osteoblast (in vivo Study of Post Extraction in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus))}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1219-1223}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1219}, abstract = {

Ramania leaves extract contains secondary metabolite compounds such as flavonoids, steroids, phenols and terpenoids which can be used as an alternative medicine for socket wound healing. Flavonoids have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that can accelerate wound healing and can stimulate the formation of osteoblasts. Analyzing the differences in the number of osteoblasts in the negative control group, positive control given aloe vera gel 15\% and ramania leaf extract gel 15\% on day 5, 7 and 14. This study used true experimental design with posttest-only control design, using 27 rats divide into 3 groups. The experimental animals were sacrificed on days 5, 7 and 14 for histopathological observations. Two-Way ANOVA test results obtained p value = 0.013 \<0.05, which indicates that there is a significant difference between the use of 15\% ramania leaf extract gel 15\% and the number of osteoblasts on days 5, 7 and 14. Bonferroni{\textquoteright}s Post Hoc test showed a difference. The number of osteoblasts was significant among the negative control group with ramania leaf extract gel 15\%. Ramania leaf extract gel 15\% was proven to be able to increase the number of osteoblasts and has the potential as an alternative medicine for socket healing after tooth extraction.

}, keywords = {Bouea macrophylla Griff, Flavonoids, Osteoblast, Ramania leaf extract gel, Secondary metabolite, Tooth extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.221}, author = {Irham Taufiqurrahman and Siti Hajar Norma Gupita and Beta Widya Oktiani and Isyana Erlita and Andi Zulkifli and Veni Hadju and Anwar Mallongi and Eko Suhartono} } @article {2080, title = {The Effectiveness of the Si-DBD Application in Increasing the Number of Households in Conducting Periodic Larvae Examination at the Health Center in Bantaeng Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {569-574}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {569}, abstract = {

Background: Vector-borne diseases, namely DHF, are estimated to infect 100-400 million people each year. Until now there is no specific drug or vaccine for DHF that can be done to avoid or prevent mosquitoes, which focuses on prevention efforts by eradicating mosquito nests. This study aims to see the effectiveness of the application system in carrying out periodic inspections by households. Method: Quasi-experimental research type with design "The Nonrandomized Control Group Pretest Posttest Design{\textquotedblright}. There are 112 samples with a ratio of 1:1 treatment (application system) and control (manual). Data collection using observation sheets (secondary data) and data from larvae inspection results through the application. Seeing the difference before and after the Mc test. Nemar and Chi-Square to see the difference between the treatment and control groups. Results: Periodic larvae inspection by the household before and after manually had no difference, while the system with the application had a significant difference with a value of P=0.000. The comparison between the treatment and control groups with a value of P = 0.000 indicates that there is a difference in the number of households that carry out periodic larva inspections through an application compared to the manual method. The system with the Si-DBD application is simpler, more acceptable, and timelier in carrying out periodic larvae inspections by households with a value of P=0.000. Conclusion: The implementation of periodic larvae inspections that is modeled by an application-based information system via a smartphone has an influence on the number of households that carry out larvae inspections compared to the manual system that is running. Follow-up testing can be carried out on a large scale of household respondents covering the entire work area of the health center and with a cohort research design.

}, keywords = {Application, DHF., Periodic larva inspection}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.121}, author = {Muhammad Firdaus and Ida Leida Maria and Ansariadi and Andi Zulkifli and Nurhaedar Jafar and Shanti Riskiyani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2077, title = {Expressions of Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 and Tissue Inhibitor Metalloproteinase-1 in Corneal Tissue Post Alkali Burn Treated with Topical Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and Doxycycline}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {553-557}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {553}, abstract = {

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the effects of topical Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and Doxycycline in inhibiting the expression of MMP-3 and TIMP-1 in ocular alkali burn models in animals. Methods: A total of 18 New Zealand Rabbits were divided into 3 groups based on their post-alkali-burn treatment: PBS (G1/ control group), topical Doxycycline 1mg/ml (G2), and topical MPA 1\% (G3). Alkali burn models were made by exposing 1N NaOH solution to the central cornea for 30 seconds. MMP-3 and TIMP-1 expression were evaluated using immunohistochemistry after 14 days of treatment. Results: Statistically significant differences in the mean MMP-3 expression were found between the three groups (p=0.010). There was a significant difference in MMP-3 expression between the control group with MPA (p=0.017) and Doxycycline (p=0.028) but was not found between the MPA and Doxycycline groups (p=1,000). The mean differences in TIMP-1 expression between the three treatment groups were statistically significant (p=0.005), with a significant difference between the control group with Doxycycline (p=0.022) and MPA (p=0.007). There was no significant difference in TIMP-1 expression between the Doxycycline and MPA groups (P=1,000). Conclusion: This study indicated that topical administration of Doxycycline or MPA in ocular alkali burn reduces the expression of MMP-3 and TIMP-1.

}, keywords = {Corneal alkali burn, Doxycycline., Medroxyprogesterone acetate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.118}, author = {Daya Banyu Bening and Reni Prastyani and Nurwasis and Evelyn Komaratih and Ismi Zuhria and Hari Basuki Notobroto and Dyah Fauziah and Chrismawan Ardianto} } @article {2105, title = {Hepatitis E Inhibited by Rosmarinic Acid Extract from Clove Plant (Syzygium Aromaricum) through Computational Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {518-523}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {518}, abstract = {

This study aims to evaluate the potential of Rosmarinic Acid as an inhibitor against Hepatitis E by interacting with the active site of the Tyrosine FYN protein. Computational approaches were employed to predict the molecular interactions between Rosmarinic Acid and Tyrosine FYN. The research methodology involved the use of software such as Pymol, Pyrex, Protein Plus, and the Lepinski Rule. Docking analysis was conducted using Pymol to obtain information about the binding energy between Rosmarinic Acid and Tyrosine FYN. The results of the analysis showed that Rosmarinic Acid exhibited a Binding Affinity of -8.3, -8, and -7.9, indicating a strong affinity towards the target protein. Additionally, Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) values of 0, 15.905, and 17.014 were used to assess the stability of the formed protein-ligand complex. Analysis using Protein Plus revealed interactions between Rosmarinic Acid and Tyrosine FYN. Furthermore, analysis using the Lepinski Rule to examine the physicochemical properties of Rosmarinic Acid indicated that the molecule had a mass of 360, 5 hydrogen bond donors, 8 hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 1.76, and a molar reactivity of 89.8. These findings highlight the potential of Rosmarinic Acid as an inhibitor of Hepatitis E through its interaction with the Tyrosine FYN protein, providing a basis for the development of potential new therapies in the treatment of this disease.

}, keywords = {Hepatitis E, Molecular Docking., Rosmarinic acid, Syzygium aromaricum, Tyrosine FYN}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.112}, author = {Sunadi and Saddam Al Aziz and Fadhilah Fitri and Devni Prima Sari and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Rismi Verawati and Nita Yessirita and Oski Illiandri and Riso Sari Mandeli and Devi Purnamasari and Putri Azhari and Rahadian Zainul and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2165, title = {Immunomodulatory and Acute Toxicity Tests of Rhizome Ethanol Extract of Etlingera Flexuosa Poulsen (Zingiberaceae) on Male Mice (Mus Musculus)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1077-1083}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1077}, abstract = {

Introduction: Immunomodulators are molecules of synthetic or biological origin that help to regulate the immune system. Many studies have focuses on exploring for phytochemical compounds that used as immunomodulatory properties in Indonesia, as well as in Sulawesi. The immunomodulatory activity of rhizome extract of E. flexuosa, an endemic flowering plant of Sulawesi on male mice were studied. Methods: 25 male mice (Mus musculus) used were randomly divided into 5 groups and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) was used as inducer. The negative control group was given 0.5\% Na-CMC (Carboxymethyl Cellulosa Sodium), positive control group was given stimuno{\textregistered} and treatment groups were an ethanol extract of E. flexuosa with successive doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight (BW) respectively. Each group was given the preparation orally for 7 days and on the 8th day the test animals were induced by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria intraperitoneally. The mice were dissected and the peritoneal fluid was taken to determine the activity of the macrophage cells. Meanwhile, Thomson and Weil method was used to study the acute toxicity test and determine the lethal dose 50 (LD50). Results: The percentage of macrophage activity in each group of negative control, positive control, extract doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg BW respectively were 40.40\%, 82.65\%, 53.05\%, 69.38\% and 82.06\%. Based on the results obtained, it was shown that the E. flexuosa rhizome extract has an optimum dose of 800 mg/kg BW, which was not significantly different from the positive control. Meanwhile, the symptoms of toxicity began to appear from a dose of 600 mg/kg BW to a dose of 2400 mg/kg BW including decreased motor activity, tremor, ataxia, lids and writhing. LD50 expressed in LD50 within the criteria of being practically non-toxic. Conclusions: The E. flexuosa rhizome ethanolic extract showed the immunomodulatory activity at optimum dose of 800 mg/kg BW by the increasing of macrophage phagocytosis activity. Moreover, the extract was also practically non-toxic based on LD50 value.

}, keywords = {Etlingera flexuosa, Immunomodulators, Immunostimulants, Lethal Dose 50, Macrophages, Phagocytosis, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.197}, author = {Ramadanil Pitopang and Nadhirah Nur Azizah Lubis and Mifthahul Jannah Tahapary Zubair and Puti Andalusia Sarigando Banilai and Nurhaeni and Ihwan} } @article {2104, title = {In Silico Study of Rhamnocitrin Extract from Clove Syzygium Aromaricum in Inhibiting Adenosine A1 Adenylate Cyclase Interaction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {512-517}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {512}, abstract = {

This study aims to analyze the potential of Rhamnocitrin, a compound found in clove extract (Syzygium aromaticum), as an inhibitor of Adenylate Cyclase through an in-silico approach. The research method involves the use of software such as Pymol, PyRx, Protein Plus, and Lipinski Rule for molecular interaction analysis and physicochemical characterization of Rhamnocitrin. The analysis results show that Rhamnocitrin has significant affinity towards Adenosine A1 with Binding Affinity values of -6.1, -5.8, and -5.7. RMSD analysis indicates good stability of the formed protein-ligand complexes, with RMSD values of 0, 3.129, and 3.696. Analysis using Protein Plus software reveals the interaction between Rhamnocitrin and Adenosine A1, while the lipinski analysis shows physicochemical characteristics of Rhamnocitrin that meet important criteria, such as a mass of 300, 3 hydrogen bond donors, 6 hydrogen bond acceptors, log P of 2.6, and molar reactivity of 77.27. These findings provide new insights into the development of potential therapies involving clove extract and Rhamnocitrin as inhibitors of Adenylate Cyclase, and further research is needed to validate their effectiveness and safety.

}, keywords = {Adenosine A1, Adenylate Cyclase inhibition, Molecular Docking., Rhamnocitrin, Syzygium aromaricum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.111}, author = {Nita Yessirita and Rismi Verawati and Devi Purnamasari and Rollando Rollando and Riso Sari Mandeli and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Putri Azhari and Rahadian Zainul and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2081, title = {In Silico Study on the Inhibition of Sitogluside from Clove Plant (Syzygium aromaticum) on Interleukin 2 in B and T Cell Proliferation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {575-580}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {575}, abstract = {

This research discusses an in-silico study of sitogluside found in the clove plant (Syzygium aromaticum) as a potential inhibitor of B and T cell proliferation through interaction with Interleukin-2. This study utilizes methods such as Swiss Target Prediction, Pymol, Pyrex, Protein Plus, and Lipinski{\textquoteright}s Rule to predict the biological activity and pharmacokinetic characteristics of sitogluside. From the docking simulation results, sitogluside exhibited strong interactions with interleukin-2 with RMSD values of 0, 1.637, and 2.299, and Binding Affinities of -5.7, -5.5, and -5.5, indicating its potential effectiveness as an inhibitor. In addition, sitogluside fulfills Lipinski{\textquoteright}s rule with a molecular mass of 520, 4 hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, a log P value of 2.3, and a molar reactivity of 133, indicating a high potential for good bioavailability in biological systems. These results suggest that sitogluside from the clove plant holds potential as a new therapy in inhibiting B and T cell proliferation, however further research is needed to validate these findings and explore its potential in clinical treatments.

}, keywords = {Cell Proliferation, Interleukin-2, Molecular docking, Sitogluside, Syzygium.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.122}, author = {Linda Rosalina and Devi Purnamasari and Rismi Verawati and Okta Suryani and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Rahadian Zainul and Riso Sari Mandeli and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2067, title = {In Silico Study on the Potential of Guaiacol Extract from Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) as a Stimulant for Carbanoic Anhydrase II in Renal Tubular Acidosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {494-499}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {494}, abstract = {

This study explores the potential of Guaiacol, a green tea extract from Camellia sinensis, as a stimulant in renal tubular acidosis through in-silico investigation on the Carbanoic Anhydrase II enzyme. Utilizing comprehensive computational tools including PyMOL, PyRx, Protein Plus, and the Lipinski{\textquoteright}s Rule of Five, a detailed examination of the molecular structure and its interactions with the target enzyme was conducted. The results from Protein Plus revealed interactions between Guaiacol and Carbanoic Anhydrase II. Quantitative parameters were determined with Binding Affinity values of -5, -4.7, and -4.5, along with RMSD values of 0, 0.956, and 1.412. The Lipinski{\textquoteright}s Rule of Five was employed to evaluate the compound{\textquoteright}s drug-like properties, with the findings indicating a molecular weight of 124, one hydrogen bond donor, two hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P of 1.4, and a molar reactivity of 34.65. Overall, these findings suggest that Guaiacol holds promising therapeutic potential in the treatment of renal tubular acidosis.

}, keywords = {Camellia sinensis., Carbanoic Anhydrase II, Guaiacol, Molecular docking, Renal Tubular Acidosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.108}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Agus Suprijono and Riso Sari Mandeli and Asri Peni Wulandari and Dony Novaliendry and Ritmaleni and Linda Rosalina and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2083, title = {Interaction of Cynaroside from Orthosiphon Aristatus Plant Extract on TNF Alpha as a Stimulant in Malaria and Asthma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {581-586}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {581}, abstract = {

This research aims to investigate the interaction between cynaroside, a natural compound found in Orthosiphon aristatus plant extract, with TNF Alpha as a stimulant in the context of malaria and asthma. The research method involved an in-silico approach using software such as Pymol, PyRx, Protein Plus, and the Lepinski Rule. The results of the study showed that cynaroside has a significant interaction with TNF Alpha, as indicated by high Binding Affinity values of -9.6, -9.3, and -9.2. Analysis using Protein Plus confirmed the interaction between cynaroside and TNF Alpha. Additionally, evaluation using the Lepinski Rule of Five revealed that cynaroside has physicochemical characteristics suitable as a potential drug compound, with a mass of 448, hydrogen bond donors of 7, hydrogen bond acceptors of 11, log p -0.401, and molar reactivity of 105.2. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the potential of cynaroside in regulating the immune response to malaria and asthma through its interaction with TNF Alpha. These results can serve as an important basis for further research in the development of more targeted and effective therapies for both of these diseases

}, keywords = {Asthma., Cynaroside, Malaria, Molecular docking, Orthosiphon aristatus, TNF Alpha}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.123}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Gemini Alam and Khoirun Nisyak and Trisna Kumala Sari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Ritbey Ruga and Putri Azhari and Romadhon and Himmatul Barroroh and Riso Sari Mandeli and Devi Purnamasari and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2063, title = {Interaction of Masilinic Acid from Clove Plant (Syzygium aromaticum) with CD81 Antigen in Inhibiting HIV Virus Regulation In Silico}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {484-488}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {484}, abstract = {

This research explores the interaction of Masilinic Acid from the clove plant (Syzygium aromaticum) with the CD81 antigen to inhibit HIV virus regulation in silico. Using computational methods such as Pymol, Pyrex, and Protein Plus, we demonstrate that Masilinic Acid can significantly interact with the CD81 antigen. The obtained data shows binding affinities of -6.4, -6.2, and -5.7, and RMSD values of 0, 1.885, and 1.952. Further detailed interaction analysis with Protein Plus strengthens these findings, providing evidence of a strong interaction between Masilinic Acid and the CD81 antigen. This study also includes the testing of the Lepinski Rule of Five to assess the potential of Masilinic Acid as a drug candidate, with results indicating a mass of 472, three hydrogen bond donors, four hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 6.2, and a molar reactivity of 134. These results indicate that Masilinic Acid has the potential as an inhibitor of the CD81-HIV interaction, which can be utilized as an effective antiviral strategy. Key words: Masilinic Acid, Clove plant, CD81 antigen, HIV virus, In silico.

}, keywords = {CD81 antigen, Clove plant, HIV virus, In Silico., Masilinic Acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.106}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Elsa Yanuarti and Siti Amiroch and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Rismi Verawati and Amalia Putri Lubis and AAA Murtadlo} } @article {2068, title = {Molecular Docking of Thaflavine from Camellia sinensis in Inhibiting B-Cell Lymphoma Through BCl2 Apoptosis Regulator: An In Silico Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {500-505}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {500}, abstract = {

This study aims to analyze the potential of Thaflavine, a compound found in green tea (Camellia sinensis), as an inhibitor in inhibiting B-cell lymphoma through its interaction with the BCl2 apoptosis regulator using an in-silico approach. The research methodology involved the use of software tools such as PyMOL, PyRx, Protein Plus, and the Lepinski Rule. Through molecular docking analysis using PyMOL and PyRx, the findings of this study demonstrate significant interactions between Thaflavine and BCl2, with Binding Affinity values of -5.5, -4.6, and -4.6, and RMSD values of 0, 1.436, and 2.292. The analysis using Protein Plus indicates the presence of interactions between Thaflavine and BCl2. Additionally, the analysis using the Lepinski Rule of Five reveals that Thaflavine meets the criteria as a potential drug compound, with a molecular weight of 549, 9 hydrogen bond donors, 12 hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of -2.5, and a molar reactivity of 119.17. The findings of this study provide important contributions to the development of therapies for B-cell lymphoma through an in-silico approach. However, further research is needed for in vitro and in vivo validation.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis Regulator BCl2, B-cell Lymphoma, Camellia sinensis., In-Silico Thaflavine, Molecular docking}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.109}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Herland Satriawan and Teresa Liliana Wargasetia and Devi Purnamasari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Bahrun and Riso Sari Mandeli and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {1996, title = {Relationship Between Individual Characteristics and the Risk of Exposure to Heat Stress in Indonesian Fishermen}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {294-297}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {294}, abstract = {

Background: Fishermen who go to sea during the day are classified as informal sector jobs that have heavy activities and are at risk of becoming dehydrated because the work climate is in a hot environment due to exposure to sunlight. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between individual characteristics and the risk of heat stress exposure to fishermen in Surabaya Coastal Area. Materials and Methods: This research is a cross sectional study with a sample of 100 people using accidental sampling technique. The research was conducted in the Surabaya Coastal Area from February to June 2022. The variables of this study include age, exercise habits, water drinking consumption, and risk of heat stress. The relationship analysis test used Spearman correlation and chi square. Results: Based on cross tabulation, the age interval that experienced the most heat stress was 41-50 years of age, followed by 51-60 years of age group. Respondents who exercise more are at risk of heat stress than respondents who do not exercise. Workers who consume 1-2 liters of water per day are the group that has the highest risk of heat stress. Conclusion: No one variable has a relationship with the risk of heat stress exposure to fishermen in Surabaya, but it is still important to increase the consumption of fisherman{\textquoteright}s water and doing exercise habits among fishermen in Surabaya.

}, keywords = {Age, Exercise Habits, Heat Stress, Water Drinking Consumption.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.42}, author = {Putri Ayuni Alayyannur and Dani Nasirul Haqi and Fatimatuz Zahroh and Tazkia Azrielda Munib and Moh. Malik Alhakim and Diah Pramesthi Ningrum} } @article {2084, title = {Stimulation of Emodin from Aloe Vera on Protein Kinase PIM1 in the Central Nervous System Through In Silico Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {587-592}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {587}, abstract = {

This study aims to investigate the potential of Emodin, a compound found in Aloe vera, as a stimulator of Protein Kinase PIM1 in the central nervous system using an in-silico approach. The research method involves the use of software such as Pymol, Pyrex, Protein Plus, and Lepinski Rule. Firstly, the protein structure of the target Protein Kinase PIM1 was obtained from a protein database and prepared using Pymol. Next, the molecular structure of Emodin was imported into Pyrex and subjected to geometry optimization. Docking analysis using Pymol was performed to predict the molecular interactions between Emodin and Protein Kinase PIM1. Additionally, RMSD analysis was conducted to evaluate the stability of the protein-ligand complex formed. The docking analysis results showed that Emodin exhibited significant Binding Affinity, with values of -8.4, -8.3, and -8.2, indicating a strong affinity between Emodin and Protein Kinase PIM1. The RMSD analysis indicated the stability of the protein-ligand complex, with RMSD values of 0, 1.101, and 1.122. Furthermore, analysis using Protein Plus revealed the presence of interactions between Emodin and Protein Kinase PIM1 through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic contacts. The results of the Lepinski Rule analysis demonstrated that Emodin fulfilled several important criteria in drug design, including a molecular weight of 270, 3 hydrogen bond donors, 5 hydrogen bond acceptors, a log p value of 1.887220, and a molar reactivity of 64.480385. These findings indicate the potential of Emodin as a stimulator of Protein Kinase PIM1 in the central nervous system and provide an important foundation for the development of potential therapies for central nervous system-related disorders.

}, keywords = {Central Nervous System, Emodin, Molecular Docking., PIM1 Kinase, Stimulation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.124}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Ritbey Ruga and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Devi Purnamasari and Putri Azhari and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2112, title = {Strategy for Service Quality Improvement Based on Patient Experience Using Importance Performance Analysis in Inpatients General Hospital in South Sulawesi Province}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {743-749}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {743}, abstract = {

Background: Over the past few years, patient satisfaction surveys have been used to provide an indication of patient experience. However, patient satisfaction surveys do not accurately describe the feelings and experiences that are actually felt by patients. Using patient experience measurements can provide information on what events occur when getting services at health facilities, measure aspects that are important to patients and see their point of view that can improve the quality of health services. Objective: The study aimed at analyzing the best strategy to be implemented to improve the quality of service for Provincial General Hospital at South Sulawesi based on patient experience. Methods: The study design was quantitative with descriptive analysis approach. A sample of 382 patients was determined and selected with the certain criteria. Data were collected using a measuring instruments in the form of a patient experience questionnaire which contains 48 questions. Results: In these three hospitals, admission to hospital and hospital ward environment are two dimensions of the patient experience that have had unsatisfactory outcomes. Meanwhile, at the Sayang Rakyat Hospital, they have unsatisfactory care and treatment dimensions. Conclusions: This study highlights the relevance of utilizing IPA to evaluate patient perspectives of hospital services and suggest opportunities for improvement. Hospitals can improve patient experience and overall service quality by concentrating on the most critical dimensions in which the hospital is performing poorly (Quadrant A). The study{\textquoteright}s findings can help hospital stakeholder to identify the methods in order to improve patient experience and satisfaction.

}, keywords = {Importance Performance Analysis, Patient Centered Care, Patient Experience, Quality Improvement.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.146}, author = {Asvika A. Anwar and Syahrir A. Pasinringi and Andi Zulkifli and Fridawaty Rivai and Andi Indahwaty Sidin and Irwandy} } @article {2069, title = {Study on the Inhibition of Sinensetin Extract from Cat{\textquoteright}s Whiskers Plant (Orthosiphon aristatus) on ATP Binding Cassette Sub-Family G Member 2 in Uric Acid}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {506-511}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {506}, abstract = {

This study aims to investigate the potential of sinensetin, a compound found in the Cat{\textquoteright}s Whiskers plant (Orthosiphon aristatus), as an inhibitor in inhibiting uric acid through its interaction with ATP Binding Cassette Sub-Family G Member 2 (ABCG2). The in-silico approach was employed using software tools such as Pymol, PyRx, Protein Plus, and Lepinski Rule. The results of molecular docking analysis using PyRx demonstrated significant interactions between sinensetin and ABCG2, with Binding Affinity values of -6.8, -6.6, and -6.6, and RMSD values of 0, 0.785, and 1.379. The analysis using Protein Plus confirmed the interaction between sinensetin and ABCG2, supporting the previous docking findings. Furthermore, the evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters using the Lepinski Rule of Five revealed that sinensetin meets the criteria as a potential drug compound, with a molecular weight of 372, no hydrogen bond donors, seven hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 3.345, and a molar reactivity of 98.5. This research provides new insights into the development of uric acid therapy through an in-silico approach, and these findings can serve as a basis for further research involving in vitro and in vivo validation.

}, keywords = {ATP Binding Cassette, Molecular docking, Orthosiphon aristatus, Sinensetin, Uric Acid.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.110}, author = {Anni Faridah and Rismi Verawati and Budhi Oktavia and Musa Ghufron and Devi Purnamasari and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Linda Rosalina and Putri Azhari and Rahadian Zainul and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {1837, title = {Antioxidant Capacity and Potential as an Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor in Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl Fruit Peel Ultrasonic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {305-312}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {305}, abstract = {

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl is native to the tropical region of Papua Island, Indonesia, and has traditionally been used as a herbal drink, either alone or in combination with other medicinal plants, to treat diseases such as cancer, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to obtain the fruit peel extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The potential of the extract as an antioxidant using the cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods, and its potential as an antidiabetic through alpha glucosidase inhibition. The optimum extract selected was extract C (extraction time was 45 minutes and amplitude 60\%) with IC50 values for antioxidant activity in the CUPRAC method of 39.63 {\textpm} 0.009 mg/L and the FRAP method of 77.37 {\textpm} 0.8 mg/L, while the inhibition of alpha glucosidase was 0.45 {\textpm} 0.007 mg/L. It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit peel has the potential as a source of antioxidants and anti-diabetic.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.100}, author = {Candra Irawan and Maman Sukiman and Ismail and Imalia Dwi Putri and Andita Utami and Andrean Nur Pratama and M. Ilham Kumala Zalni} } @article {1740, title = {Bioactive Compounds from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) as an Antiviral Agent via Dual Inhibitor Mechanism against SARSCoV- 2: An In Silico Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {85-90}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {85}, abstract = {

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus that causes COVID-19 which is responsible for respiratory illness infection in humans. The virus was first identified in China in 2019 and later spread to other countries worldwide. This study aims to identify the bioactive compounds from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) as an antiviral agent via dual inhibitor mechanisms against two SARS-CoV-2 proteases through the in silico approach. The three-dimensional structure of various bioactive compounds of mangosteen from the database was examined. Furthermore, all the target compounds were analyzed for drug, antiviral activity prediction, virtual screening, molecular interactions, and threedimensional structure visualization. It aimed to determine the potential of the bioactive compounds from mangosteen that can serve as antiviral agents to fight SARS-CoV-2. Results showed that the bioactive compounds from mangosteen have the prospective to provide antiviral agents that contradict the virus via dual inhibitory mechanisms. In summary, the binding of the various bioactive compounds from mangosteen results in low binding energy and is expected to have the ability to induce any activity of the target protein binding reaction. Therefore, it allows various bioactive compounds from mangosteen to act as dual inhibitory mechanisms for COVID-19 infection.

Key words: Antiviral agent, COVID-19, Garcinia mangostana L., In silico approach, SARS-CoV-2.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.12}, author = {ANM Ansori and VD Kharisma and AA Parikesit and FA Dian and RT Probojati and M Rebezov and P Scherbakov and P Burkov and G Zhdanova and A Mikhalev and Y Antonius and MRF Pratama and NI Sumantri and TH Sucipto and R Zainul} } @article {1841, title = {Bioactive Compounds from Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook) as SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Agent via Dual Inhibitor Mechanism: In Silico Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {352-357}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {352}, abstract = {

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the COVID-19 pandemic that infects humans and attacks the body{\textquoteright}s immune system. The purpose of the study was to identify the potential of bioactive compounds in purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and star anise (Illicium verum Hook) via a dual inhibitor mechanism against SARS-CoV-2 proteases with an in silico approach. The samples were obtained from PubChem and RSCB PDB. Antivirus probability prediction was performed on PASS Online. Virtual screening was performed with PyRx via molecular docking. Visualization was used by PyMol and Discovery Studio. Compounds with the best antiviral potential are indicated by the low binding affinity value to the target proteins, namely SARS-CoV-2 TMPRSS2 and PLpro. The results showed that purslane luteolin has the best antiviral potential. However, further studies are required to validate this computational prediction.

}, keywords = {Antiviral agent, Illicium verum Hook, in silico, Portulaca oleracea L., SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.106}, author = {Nur Sofiatul Aini and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Dony Novaliendry and Riso Sari Mandeli and Budhi Oktavia and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Saddam Al Aziz and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Okta Suryani and Putri Azhari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Devi Purnamasari and Agariadne Dwinggo Samala and Mirella Fonda Maahury and ANM Ansori and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1897, title = {Comparison of Powdered Active Compounds Made from Tender Coconut Water Fortified with Vitamin E, Processed by Spray Drying and Freeze Drying}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {682-686}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {682}, abstract = {

Background: Tender coconut water contains antioxidants vitamin C, amino acids, L-arginine, polyphenols, selenium, and minerals that prevent oxidative stress, anemia, and inflammation. It also lowers lipid profiles, increases enzyme antioxidant status, and controls lipid peroxidation. Previous investigations have shown that tender coconut water provides health benefits but is difficult to store. This is due to its short shelf life, which can be extended by drying to obtain a dry or powdered form. A special drying method to acquire dry materials and maintain the characteristics of the raw materials is spray or freeze drying. Objective: This study aims to develop tender coconut water into a powder fortified with vitamin E and to differentiate the active compound content of the powder processed by spray and freeze drying. Method: This study used a randomized block design and the sample used was green tender coconut water (Viridis variety) aged about 5-7 months from the Bogor area. The procedures include the purchase of tender coconut water, followed by spray and freeze drying, while the content of active compounds that are beneficial to health was also analyzed. Drying was carried out at the Seafast Center Laboratory of Research and Community Service Institute, Bogor Agricultural Institute (IPB), while the active compound content was analyzed at the Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory, Gadjah Mada University (UGM), Yogyakarta. Result: The active compounds analyzed from powder made from tender coconut water fortified with vitamin E were vitamin C, phenol, L-Arginine, L-Histidine, L-Lycine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Isoleucine, L-Leucine, L-Valine, and minerals consisting of Cu (Copper), Fe (Iron), Mg (Magnesium), Zn (Zinc), Na (Sodium), K (Potassium), and P (Phosphor). Conclusion: There are differences in the content of active compounds in tender coconut water powder fortified with vitamin E between freeze and spray-drying methods.

}, keywords = {Freeze drying., Spray drying, Tender coconut water}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.154}, author = {Siti Thomas Zulaikhah and Ratnawati Ratnawati and Atina Hussaana and Tjahja Muhandri} } @article {1913, title = {Correlation of the Presence of Non Structural-1 (NS1) Antigen Dengue Virus with Severity of Dengue Infection}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {813-816}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {813}, abstract = {

Dengue is a major public health threat worldwide, affecting approximately 3 billion people. More than 100 countries in the world located in tropical and subtropical areas, there are at least 100 to 400 million people infected with the dengue virus which causes dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Soluble Non Structural Protein (sNS1) DENV is a soluble NS1 protein that is secreted and found in the serum of patients during acute infection. Because of its presence early in infection, sNS1 is used as a diagnostic indicator of acute dengue infection. NS1 can directly activate platelets through TLR4 and can further increase platelet aggregation, endothelial cell adhesion, and phagocytosis by macrophages that can cause thrombocytopenia so that high sNS1 levels are associated with disease severity. From the results of the study showed p \<0.05. This indicates that there is a correlation between the presence of NS1 and the severity of dengue infection.

}, keywords = {Dengue virus, NS1 antigen, Thrombocytopenia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.172}, author = {Ichwan Baihaki and Beti Ernawati Dewi and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Devi Purnamasari and Nunuk Hariani Soekamto and ANM Ansori and Kuswati and Riso Sari Mandeli and Kawther Ameen Muhammed Saeed Aledresi and Nur Farhana Mohd Yusof and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and Pavel Burkov and Marina Derkho and Pavel Scherbakov and Rahadian Zainul and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Asmi Citra Malina AR Tasakka and Tengku Siti Hajar Haryuna} } @article {1898, title = {Effect of Bajakah Tea Extract (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) on High Density Lipoprotein, Triglyceride and Total Cholesterol Levels in Male Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {687-691}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {687}, abstract = {

Hyperlipidemia is the high concentrations of low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, and triglycerides in the blood. Furthermore, hyperlipidemia has a risk factor for cardiovascular complications through atherosclerosis that triggers coronary heart disease (CHD). Spatholobus littoralis Hassk known as Bajakah tea is a plant with high antioxidant content and acts as an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor to suppress lipid metabolism disorders, increase HDL levels, and reduce triglycerides and total cholesterol. Experimental and posttest control group design methods were used to obtain 24 male Wistar rats. Furthermore, the experimental animals were randomly divided into 4 groups, namely K1 (normal rats), K2 (hyperlipidemia rats), K3 (hyperlipidemic rats + pirated tea extract dose 9 mg/200gramBW/day), and K4 (hyperlipidemic rats + simvastatin dose 0.18 mg/200 gBW/day). The study was conducted at the Center for Food and Nutrition Studies Laboratory, Gajah Mada University, Yogyakarta. Data levels of HDL, triglycerides, and total cholesterol were analyzed using the One Way Anova test and LSD post hoc to determine between groups. The results showed that an increase in triglyceride and total cholesterol and a decrease in HDL levels in the K2 group compared to the K1. Triglyceride and total cholesterol decreased in groups K3 and K4 compared to K2, and HDL levels increased in groups K3 and K4 compared to K2. Meanwhile, the results of the analysis obtained p value \<0.05. This study concluded that the administration of Bajakah tea extract at a dose of 9 mg/200gram BW/day for 14 days increase HDL, reduce triglyceride and total cholesterol levels (p\<0,05).

}, keywords = {HDL levels, Hyperlipidemia, Pirated tea extract, Total cholesterol., Triglycerides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.155}, author = {Sampurna and Andin Putri Aulia and Eka Puji Liashari and Happy Hapsari and Syafrie Sahrul Gibran and Siti Thomas Zulaikhah} } @article {1793, title = {The Effect of Pomegranate Peel Ethanol Extract to TNF-α Expression of Mice Colonic Epithelial Cells Induced Using Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {480-488}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {480}, abstract = {

Introduction: The conventional drugs for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have many side effects that impact patient{\textquoteright}s quality of life, leading to the emergence of alternative therapies such as pomegranate peel ethanol extract (PPE). This study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of PPE by observing TNF-α expression in mice induced chronic inflammation of the colon using dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Methods: 28 Swiss Webster mice samples were taken and divided into five groups, the control group (6 mice), the negative control group (5 mice), the group that was given DSS and aspirin (6 mice), the group was given DSS and a high dose of PPE (5 mice), and the group was given DSS and a low dose of PPE (6 mice). In mice, distal colonic tissue was taken and then stained immunohistochemically against TNF-α and observed with light microscopy at 400x magnification, and TNF-α expression was assessed using the H-Score. Results: TNF-α expression was significantly lower in the group given a high dose of PPE than the negative control group (p \<0.05), with mean rank scores of 3.00 and 8.00. There was no significant difference between the group given PPE with a high dose and aspirin (p\> 0.05). Conclusion: TNF-α expression in colonic epithelial cells of mice given DSS decreased upon treatment of a high dose of PPE, indicating a mechanism of decreasing inflammation. PPE also has the same effect as aspirin in reducing inflammation.

}, keywords = {Colonic epithelial cells, Dextran sodium sulfate, Mice., Pomegranate peel ethanol extract, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.61}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Raja Yasmin Khalilah and E Zuraidah and Ari Estuningtyas and Aryo Tedjo} } @article {1918, title = {The Essential Oils Constituent of Etlingera flexuosa (Zingiberaceae), An Endemic Plant from Central Sulawesi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {842-846}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {842}, abstract = {

Introduction: The essential oils from rhizomes, pseudostems, and leaves of Etlingera flexuosa, an endemic ginger species of Sulawesi, were studied. Methods: The essential oils were extracted using solvent extraction and hydrodistillation methods and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: The percentage yield of volatile compounds obtained from solvent extraction method was higher than hydrodistillation. By solvent extraction, sesquiterpenes were found abundantly in rhizomes, pseudostems, and leaves with the percentage of 34.16\%, 35.20\% and 32.70\%, respectively. The rhizome and pseudostems were found to contain spathulanol with the high percentage of 3.91\% and 3.46\%. Meanwhile, by hydrodistillation, the compounds were dominated by fatty acid compunds with the percentage of 82.26\%, 82.79\% and 76.1\% on rhizome, pseudostems and leaves. Glycerol tricaprylate has the high percentage of 66.76\% and 82.12\% on rhizome and pseudostems, while in leaves, fatty acids 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester-decanoic acid was the highest with the percentage of 61.81\%. Sesquiterpenes was the second with the percentage of 10.36\%, 11.15\%, and 11.61\% in rhizomes, pseudostems, and leaves, respectively. Conclusion: The most essential oils of E. flexuosa was obtained from the solvent extraction method.

}, keywords = {Essential oils, Etlingera flexuosa, Extraction, GC-MS, Hydrodistillation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.177}, author = {Ramadanil Pitopang and Ihwan and Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair and Nurhaeni} } @article {1752, title = {Extraction, Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Compounds from Moroccan Satureja nepeta L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {182-192}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {182}, abstract = {

Satureja nepeta is an aromatic medicinal plant, widely used by the Moroccan population. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of extraction methods on total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total flavonoid compounds (TFC). The phytochemical characteristics are subsequently analyzed to determine the components constitution as well as the evaluation of antioxidant activity. The extraction optimization and the extraction of total polyphenols was carried out using three methods (decoction, infusion and hydroethanolic). The antioxidant capacity was evaluated using the DPPH free radical trapping method, reducing power assay and the ABTS radical reduction test. Polyphenols were identified by the HPLCUV method. The optimal hydro-ethanol extraction conditions defined from the experimental design are: ethanol/water, 60/40 (v/v), 15 hours, 42.5 {\textdegree}C TPC and TFC of the infused extract were the highest. The evaluation of the antioxidant capacity showed that the infused extract had a good antioxidant efficacy. HPLC-UV and GC-MS has been used to identify some phenolic compounds in various extracts. In conclusion, optimizing the extraction of S. nepeta seems to be an efficient and quick method to establish the best extraction conditions. Also, Satureja.

Key words: Moroccan Satureja nepeta, Antioxidant activity, Total polyphenol, Total flavonoids, Total tannins.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.24}, author = {A EZAOUINE and M R SALAM and Y SBAOUI and B NOUADI and S ZOUHIR and M ELMESSAL and F CHEGDANI and F BENNIS} } @article {1860, title = {Functional Beverages from Blends of Ficus Deltoidea Leaves and Brown Rice Powders: Physico-Phytochemical Properties, Antioxidant Activities, Sensory Evaluation and Acute Toxicity Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {477-489}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {477}, abstract = {

Background: Ficus deltoidea (Ficus: Moraceae) has great potential as a functional food. Administration of F. deltoidea has been reported to reduce hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and increase insulin secretion in diabetic rats and humans. However, the poor bioavailability and intestinal absorption of F. deltoidea impede its therapeutic effectiveness at a lower dosage, thus integrating F. deltoidea into brown rice will provide additional advantages. This study aimed to examine the phyto-physicochemical profile, antioxidant properties, consumer acceptance, and safety of beverages formulated from fine powder mixtures of F. deltoidea leaves and brown rice. Methods: The new beverage formulations were prepared by mixing the fine powders of F. deltoidea leaves with brown rice at ratios of 1:6 and 1:13, respectively. Physicochemical, phytochemical, and antioxidant analyses were performed to characterize the prepared beverages. Consumer acceptance was assessed utilising a 9-point hedonic scale and an acute toxicity study was employed to determine the safety of F. deltoidea-added formulations. Results: F. deltoidea decreased the pH and increased the moisture content, ash, and viscosity of a brown rice beverage. The total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content as well as antioxidant activities increased significantly in both F. deltoidea-added formulations. The oral LD50 of the F. deltoidea-added formulation was higher than 2000 mg/kg body weight. Conclusions: These results suggest that adding F. deltoidea leaves to brown rice beverages is safe to consume and improves the phyto-physicochemical profile, antioxidant activities, and consumers{\textquoteright} acceptance of the formulation.

}, keywords = {9-point hedonic scale., Animal study, DPPH assay, FRAP assay, Functional beverages}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.125}, author = {Nur Ain Sabrina Azmi and Nurdiana Samsulrizal and Siti Aimi Sarah Zainal Abidin and Noor Syaffinaz Noor Mohamad Zin and Norol Hamiza Zamzuri and Yong Meng Goh and Ana Sharmila Shafie and Rohaizad Abdul Raoof} } @article {1808, title = {In Silico Phytochemical Compounds Screening of Allium sativum Targeting the Mpro of SARS-CoV-2}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {604-609}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {604}, abstract = {

The global pandemic of coronavirus disease is still widely spread across the world causing catastrophic effect in both human life and global economy. By the end of year 2021, it has caused a total of 5.437.636 deaths across the world. Indonesia has rich plant biodiversity including medicinal plants that may be used for combating the virus. One of the commonly used medicinal plants comes from Allium species and it has been proved to have antiviral activity. Conducting an in silico study, we screened bioactive compounds that came from Allium sativum to fight against coronavirus through the inhibition of 3CL-Pro, one of the major protease that have an active role for viral replication. Molecular docking of compounds from Allium sativum to 3CL-Pro resulting in the discovery of 5 compounds that have the best binding affinity to 3CL-Pro, which are squalene, 1,4-dihydro-2,3-benzoxathiin 3-oxide, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, trans-13-octadecenoic acid and methyl-11-hexadecenoate with binding affinity of -7, -6.5, -5.9, -5.7 and -5.6 kcal/mol, respectively. It is very likely that these compounds can be candidates for therapeutic agents and these candidates need to be studied further.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.78}, author = {Priscilla Listiyani and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Md. Emdad Ullah and Vikash Jakhmola and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1873, title = {In Silico Screening of Bioactive Compounds from Garcinia mangostana L. Against SARS-CoV-2 via Tetra Inhibitors}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {575-579}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {575}, abstract = {

The global COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been the resulted of massive human deaths since early 2020. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) as an inhibitor of RBD spike, helicase, Mpro, and RdRp activity of SARS-CoV-2 with an in silico approach. The samples were obtained from PubChem and RCSB PDB. Analysis of the similarity of the drug was carried out with the Swiss ADME on the basis of Lipinski rule of five. Prediction of antivirus probabilities was carried out using PASS Online. Molecular screening was performed using PyRx through molecular docking. Discovery Studio was used for visualization. The bioactive compounds with the highest antiviral potential were indicated with the lowest binding affinity to the targeted proteins RBD spike, helicase, Mpro, and RdRp of SARS-CoV-2. The results indicated that mangiferin has the greatest potential as a potential antiviral. However, more research is required to validate the results of these computational predictions.

}, keywords = {Antiviral agent, Garcinia mangostana L., in silico, SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.138}, author = {Nur Sofiatul Aini and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Elsa Yuniarti and Saddam Al Aziz and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Riso Sari Mandeli and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Devi Purnamasari and Budhi Oktavia and Amalia Putri Lubis and Fajriah Azra and Fadhilah Fitri and ANM Ansori and Maksim Rebezov and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1832, title = {In Silico Screening of Bioactive Compounds from Syzygium cumini L. and Moringa oleifera L. Against SARS-CoV-2 via Tetra Inhibitors}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {267-272}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {267}, abstract = {

The global pandemic of COVID-19 has caused disastrous consequences for both humans and the economy. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of juwet (Syzygium cumini L.) and moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) as inhibitors of RBD spike, helicase, Mpro, and RdRp activity of SARS-CoV-2 with an in-silico approach. Samples were obtained from PubChem and RSCB PDB databases. The drug similarity analysis was determined using Swiss ADME and the Lipinski rule of five. Prediction of antivirus probabilities is carried out with PASS Online. Molecular screening is performed by molecular docking using PyRx. Visualization was used using PyMol and Discovery Studio. The bioactive compounds with the best antiviral potential had the lowest affinity bonds to the target proteins against RBD spike, helicase, Mpro, and RdRp of SARS-CoV-2. Results show that ellagic acid from java plum and myricetin from moringa have the best potential as potential antivirals. However, more research is required to validate the results of these computational predictions.

}, keywords = {Antiviral agent, in silico, Moringa Oleifera L, SARS-CoV-2, Syzygium cumini L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.95}, author = {Nur Sofiatul Aini and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Devni Prima Sari and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Devi Pernamasari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Riso Sari Mandeli and Muhardi and Budhi Oktavia and Trisna Kumala Sari and Titi Sriwahyuni and Putri Azhari and Mirella Fonda Maahury and ANM Ansori and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1872, title = {In Silico Study of Entry Inhibitor from Moringa oleifera Bioactive Compounds against SARS-CoV-2 Infection}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {565-574}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {565}, abstract = {

The aim of this study is to screen the content of bioactive compounds of Moringa oleifera and to identify its potential as an antiviral against COVID 19 through an entry inhibitor mechanism using bioinformatics tools. The sample was obtained from PubChem database. Amino acis sequences were obtained from the NCBI. Protein modeling is made through the SWISSMODEL site. The target proteins for this study were SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and RdRp. The protein-inhibitory interaction of the drug from M. oleifera bioactive compounds to SARS-CoV-2 was predicted by molecular docking with PyRx software. The result shows that M. oleifera was a potential antiviral candidate for SARS-CoV-2 with an entry inhibitor mechanism through a compound, especially quercetin. The RFMS value of both interactions between Mpro and quercetion and RdRp with quercetin were not higher than 1.05. This result still needed further research to prove this prediction.

}, keywords = {Active site, COVID-19, Moringa oleifera, Mpro, RdRp}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.137}, author = {Nala Mawaddani and Ekris Sutiyanti and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Syamsurizal and Bayu Ramadhani Fajri and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Dony Novaliendry and Dwi Hilda Putri and Fadhilah Fitri and Devni Prima Sari and Alexander Patera Nugraha and ANM Ansori and Maksim Rebezov and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1912, title = {In Silico Study of the Potential of Endemic Sumatra Wild Turmeric Rhizomes (Curcuma Sumatrana: Zingiberaceae) As Anti-Cancer}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {806-812}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {806}, abstract = {

Cancer is one of the diseases that is the highest cause of death in humans. Most human cancer cells are formed as a result of over-expression of anti-apoptotic proteins. Thus, the activation of these proteins can inhibit pro-apoptotic proteins, then apoptosis will be inhibited so that other apoptotic pathways need to be activated to prevent cancer cells from developing. Current cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy using synthetic compounds, have various side effects, so research on natural based therapies can be used as an alternative in cancer treatment. Curcuma sumatrana is one of the plants of the Zingiberaceae family which is an endemic plant from Sumatra which is found along the Bukit Barisan. The research was carried out in silico by analyzing the potential bioactivity of the compounds, testing the bioavailability, toxicity, and molecular docking of the bioactive compounds from the ethanol extract of the rhizome of C. sumatrana which had been previously identified through gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS) analysis. The results obtained that the compound 9-Acetyl-S-octahydrophenanthrene and 3-Oxoandrosta- 1,4-dien-17.beta.-spiro-2{\textquoteright}-3{\textquoteright}-oxo-oxetanecontained in C. sumatrana has the potential to be developed as an anticancer where the compound has good bioavailability value and is not toxic and potentially can trigger apoptosis. However, the results of this study need to be analyzed further with an in vitro or in vivo approach.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, C. sumatrana, in silico}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.171}, author = {Aldi Tamara Rahman and Rafia and Aiken Jethro and Putra Santoso and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Devi Purnamasari and Nunuk Hariani Soekamto and ANM Ansori and Kuswati and Riso Sari Mandeli and Kawther Ameen Muhammed Saeed Aledresi and Nur Farhana Mohd Yusof and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and Maksim Rebezov and Rahadian Zainul and Kiran Dobhal and Tarun Parashar and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Deffi Ayu Puspito Sari} } @article {1899, title = {The Interactive Antimicrobial Activities of Selected South African Terminalia spp. Extracts in Combination with Conventional Antibiotics against Gastrointestinal Pathogens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {692-701}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {692}, abstract = {

Background: Recent declines in new antibiotic discovery and the increase in antibiotic resistance have resulted in failing against bacterial pathogens. To develop novel antibiotic therapies, medical researchers have begun to focus on traditional therapies. Combinational therapies consisting of medicinal plants and conventional antibiotics may reactivate current drugs that are otherwise ineffective against antibioticresistant bacteria. Terminalia sericea Burch. Ex DC, Terminalia prunioides Laws. and Terminalia gazensis Bak. f. are native South African plants with antimicrobial properties. However, combinations of Terminalia sericea, Terminalia prunioides and Terminalia gazensis with conventional antibiotics are yet to be evaluated for growth inhibitory activity against gastrointestinal pathogens. Methods: Terminalia spp. leaves were extracted with solvents of varying polarity. Antimicrobial screening was performed using disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Toxicity was measured using Artemia franciscana nauplii lethality assays. Results: All extracts (except the T. sericea extracts) showed low to moderate inhibitory activity against B. cereus and E. faecalis, A. faecalis, A. hydrophilia, S. sonnei and S. newport in both the disc diffusion and liquid dilution assay. Twenty-three extract/antibiotic combinations produced synergy, 26 were additive, 24 were non-interactive and seven were antagonistic. Most of the antagonist interactions occurred in combinations containing gentamicin. All extracts were either non-toxic or of low toxicity in the Artemia bioassay. Conclusion: Terminalia spp. extracts may mimic the actions of a resistance modifying agents, enhancing the activity of several antibiotics that are relatively ineffective alone. Further studies are required to identify the bioactive and potentiating components and their mechanisms of action.

}, keywords = {Antibiotic potentiation, Antibiotic-resistant pathogens, Combretaceae, Diarrhoea., Synergy, Terminalia gazensis, Terminalia prunioides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.156}, author = {Muhammad Jawad Yousaf Zai and Matthew James Cheesman and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {1910, title = {Nano Transdermal Delivery Potential of Fucoidan from Sargassum sp. (Brown Algae) as Chemoprevention Agent for Breast Cancer Treatment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {789-795}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {789}, abstract = {

Conventional chemotherapy substances are associated with mild to severe side effects that affect both healthy and cancer cells. It is presumed to improve therapeutic efficacy in coexistence reducing chemotherapy{\textquoteright}s side effects. Fucoidan is an anticancer bioactive compound derived from Sargassum sp. that has low cytotoxic activity. The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of anticancer activities of fucoidan from Sargassum sp. against breast cancer then analyze the suitability of nano transdermal patch of fucoidan and blueprint the long-term research design of nano transdermal patch as a chemoprevention agent in the chemotherapeutic management of breast cancer. This research was performed through a literature study and in silico study by imposing carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) as a marker of hypoxia and metastatic state of cancer cells. The results showed that the fucoidan from Sargassum sp. effectively induced apoptosis and prevented metastasis of breast cancer cells through the Bcl-2, Bcl-w, and bad pathways. Fucoidan, in addition, was predicted to inhibit CA IX by Glu4 Glu5, Leu7, Pro8, and Asp6 residues. Therefore, the delivery of fucoidan is favored to have a local effect on the site of breast cancer cells by nano transdermal patch preparations using fucoidan nanoparticle polymer. Further nano transdermal patch development as a treatment for breast cancer is suggested through the stages of formulation optimization, optimum formula activity testing, patent filing, and distribution in health services.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Breast cancer, Fucoidan, Nano transdermal, Sargassum sp. .}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.169}, author = {Syeftyan Muhammad Ali Hamami and Michelle Fai and Ahmad Fariduddin Aththar and M Nizam Zulfi Zakaria and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Maksim Rebezov and Nikolai Maksimiuk and Nataliya Kulmakova and Evgeniya Latynina and ANM Ansori and Rahadian Zainul and Riso Sari Mandeli and Devi Purnamasari and Oski Illiandri and Khoirun Nisyak and Ernarisa Fitri} } @article {1784, title = {Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Andrographis paniculata Nees Leaves, Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Content and Anti-Gout Potential Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {432-438}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {432}, abstract = {

Gout is a type of arthritis that causes painful inflammation in one or more joints. In gout, an increase in uric acid in the blood triggers the formation of crystals, causing joint pain. Indonesia is a country rich in the biodiversity of medicinal plant species. Therefore, its flora offers promising therapy for gout, one of which is Andrographis paniculata Nees. This study aims to obtain the leaf extract of A. paniculata through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. Then the extract obtained was subjected to phytochemical screening, a total phenolic content test and uric acid test. The results of phytochemical screening of A. paniculata leaf extract using UAE contained saponins, phenols, tannins and alkaloids. The high total phenolic content has an effect on the high potential for reducing uric acid levels. Sample B with a time variation of 35 minutes and an amplitude of 65\% showed the highest total phenolic content and potential for reducing uric acid levels compared to the other samples, which were 1104.53 {\textpm} 0.5 mg GAE/g extract and 72.81{\textpm}0.2 \%, respectively. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the UAE extract from the leaves of A. paniculata has good potential as an anti-gout agent.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata Nees, Anti-gout, Phytochemical screening, total phenolic content, Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.55}, author = {Ismail and Candra Irawan and Maman Sukiman and Imalia Dwi Putri and Andita Utami and M. Ilham Kumala Zalni and Ratna Komala Putri} } @article {1874, title = {The phytochemical and pharmacological activity of extract Kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata L.) leaves: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {580-586}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {580}, abstract = {

C. odorata L. is considered to be a plant weed that is scattered in various climates. As a weed, this plant contains a variety of beneficial secondary metabolites. Several studies have shown the benefits of C. odorata L. leaf extract. This study reviews the metabolite content and the pharmacological activities of C. odorata L. leaf extract. A literature search was carried out to obtain various studies related to the use of this plant extract. Secondary metabolites identified in C. odorata L. are alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. Several reports have also shown that even though it is considered a weed, C. odorata L. leaf extract also provides many benefits due to its pharmacological activities. Various pharmacological activities include anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, antidyslipidemia, hematologic agent, antidiabetic and anti-cataract, analgesic and antipyretic, wound healing, anti-malaria, mosquito larvicidal, antihypercholesterolemia, and antifungal.

}, keywords = {Characterization, Chromolaena odorata, Kirinyuh, Pharmacological activity, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.139}, author = {Erna Harfiani and Yudhi Nugraha and Citra Ayu Aprilia and Feda Anisah Makkiyah and Ratna Puspita and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Riso Sari Mandeli and Mirella Fonda Maahury and Devi Purnamasari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Asmi Citra Malina A. R. Tasakka and Alexander Patera Nugraha and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1756, title = {Phytochemical Investigation and Biological Screening of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Salvia hispanica L. Aerial Parts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {226-234}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {226}, abstract = {

Introduction: Salvia hispanica L. is an annual herbaceous plant commonly known as "Chia", native of southern Mexico and northern Guatemala. The aim of this study is isolation, identification of secondary metabolites and evaluation of biological activities of ethyl acetate fraction of Salvia hispanica L. aerial parts. Methods: Air dried powdered of Salvia hispanica L. aerial parts was extracted by maceration and fractionated using light petroleum, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate solvents. Ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to column and thin layer chromatography for isolation of secondary metabolites that are characterized by UV-Vis, FT-IR, EI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectral analyses. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS technique was used on the same fraction. In-vitro biological evaluation of the fraction carried out for anti-oxidant activity using DPPH assay, anti-obesityactivity using pancreatic lipase inhibitory assay,anti-diabetic activity usingα -amylase inhibition assay andanti-cancer activities usingcell viability assay. Results: Six compounds were isolated including 1,2,4,5 tetrahydroxy benzene (1), leucantho flavone (2), rhamnetin (3), apigenin-7-O-β- D-glucoside(4), rosmarinic acid (5) and kaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucoside (6). The identification of thirty seven compounds byUPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. A strong DPPH scavenging activity with IC50 13.11compared to ascorbic acid, anti-obesity activity with IC50 59.3 compared to orlistate, anti-diabetic activity with IC50 95.2 compared to acarbose. High cytotoxic activity against lung carcinoma, colon carcinoma and moderately cytotoxic activity against prostate carcinoma cell lines. Conclusions: Salvia hispanica L. is a strong antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic against lung and colon cancer.

Key words: Anti-oxidant, Anti-obesity, Leucantho flavone, Salvia hispanica, 1,2,4,5-tetrahydroxy benzene, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.28}, author = {Ehsan M. Abou Zeid and Afaf E. Abdel Ghani and Marwa Y. Mahmoud and Rehab H. Abdallah} } @article {1911, title = {The Potential of Antivirus Compounds in Gletang (Tridax procumbens Linn.) in Inhibiting 3CLpro Receptor of SARS-CoV-2 Virus by In Silico}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {796-805}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {796}, abstract = {

SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused pandemic disease since the end of 2019. Virus transmission occurs through droplet and infects the host{\textquoteright}s respiratory tract rapidly. Viral propagation occurs through translation process of genome +ssRNA, then it being replicated forming some new body parts of virus and assemblied into virions that ready to infect. During the replication process, the translated viral genome in the form of polyprotein will be cut into smaller components by proteases, which one is 3CLpro. The presence of the 3CLpro receptor is used in drug development through in-silico molecular docking process to minimize failures before laboratory test. The antivirus compounds that used to inhibit the 3CLpro receptor are from gletang plant (Tridax procumbens Linn.). This study aim is to determine the value of binding affinity, the interaction between compounds and receptor, and the effect of drug components. The research was conducted by in-silico through the molecular docking process of 3CLpro receptor and antivirus compounds of gletang (Tridax procumbens Linn.), including betulinic acid, kaempferol and lignan. The results showed that the binding affinity of betulinic acid was -6.6 kcal/mol, kaempferol was -5.6 kcal/ mol and lignan was -5.4 kcal/mol. The interaction form of compounds and receptor was hydrogen bond, electrostatic, hydrophobic, and van der Waals. Compared to baicalein compound as a positive control with the value of binding affinity was -6.7 kcal/mol and its interaction with 3CLpro receptor, showed betulinic acid, kaempferol and lignan have smaller ability but they have the potential to inhibit the 3CLpro receptor.

}, keywords = {3CLpro receptor, Antivirus, Gletang, In-silico, SARS-CoV-2.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.170}, author = {Yuna Islamiati and Yani Suryani and Ayuni Adawiyah and Opik Taufiqurrohman and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Devi Purnamasari and Nunuk Hariani Soekamto and Anny Setijo Rahaju and Kuswati and Riso Sari Mandeli and Kawther Ameen Muhammed Saeed Aledresi and Nur Farhana Mohd Yusof and Maksim Rebezov and Shimanovskaya Yanina and Belyakova Natalia and Dmitriy Kulikov and Gulnara Mullagulova and Rahadian Zainul and Muhammad Thoriq Albari} } @article {1812, title = {Potential Roles of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) as Antimetabolic Syndrome: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {710-714}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {710}, abstract = {

The number of cases of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is part of the metabolic syndrome case. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is a plant that has been clinically tested and has the potential to prevent and treat metabolic syndrome as well as pathogenic and pathophysiological activities that cause disease. The aim of this study is to discuss and conclude information regarding the activity and use of purslane (P. oleracea) as an antimetabolic. This review article is based on scientific publications found on Google Scholar and PubMed databases using the keywords of {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca obesity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca overweight{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca dyslipidemia{\textquotedblright}, and {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca metabolic syndrome{\textquotedblright}. This plant acts on numerous pathways in the metabolic syndrome such as reduction of lipids, blood sugar, body weight and total cholesterol. Purslane (P. oleracea) can be used as a candidate for a new herbal plant as an anti-metabolic syndrome.

}, keywords = {Body weight, Insulin resistance, Metabolic syndrome, Obesity., Portulaca oleracea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.90}, author = {Nur Sofiatul Aini and Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Farraz Syadzha and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Md. Emdad Ullah and Sin War Naw and Vikash Jakhmola and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1879, title = {Subacute Toxicity Test of Hydrocotyle Sibthorpioides Lam. Extract on Histopathological Images of Liver and Kidney of White Male Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {619-626}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {619}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. in Indonesia known as pegagan embun. It has been used to increase the immune system and has been shown to have immunostimulating, anti-inflammatory and hematopoietic effects. However, there is no scientific evidence that shows this plant is safe for long-term use. Based on that circumstance, this study aimed to measure the safety of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) ethanol extract activities on liver and kidney histopathology. Aim: The study aimed to measure the safety of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) ethanol extract activities on liver and kidney histopathology. Material and Method: Ethanol extract used because all the active compounds in plants extracted as a whole, and it cheaper and more efficient in the extraction process. Determine as many thirty-six white male mice as test animals and separate them into eight treatment groups. The administrated ethanol extract of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) at doses of 7, 35, and 150 mg/kg BW for 7, 14, and 21 days. On days 8th, 15th, and 22nd, three white male mice collected from each treatment group and collected their liver and kidney. The data analysed used a T-test with IBM SPSS type 24. Result: LD50 of ethanol extract of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. \> 15,000 mg/kg means practically not toxic. The results showed that the administration of extract Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. for 7, 14, and 21 days showed a non-significant effect on any histological damage to the liver of male white mice at doses of 7 and 35 mg/kg BW (normal histology). The non-significant effect also occurs at150 mg/kg BW for 7 days; however, it caused mild damage at a dose of 150 mg/kg BW for 14 days and moderate damage at 150 mg/kg BW for 21 days. In renal histopathology, doses of 7 mg/kg BW. for 7, 14, and 21 days showed normal histology and doses of 35 mg/kg BW for 7, 14, and 21 days showed minimal damage. The administration at doses of 150 mg/kg BW for 7 days showed mild damage, while a dose of 150 mg/kg BW for 14 and 21 days showed moderate damage. Conclusion: It concluded that the administration of extract of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. did not cause severe damage to the histology of the liver and kidneys of white male mice.

}, keywords = {Histopathology, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam., Kidney, LD50, Liver, Subacute.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.144}, author = {Afriwardi and Rahmad Abdillah and Elidahanum Husni and Hafifah Hardini and Khalila Tri Syahbani Zuler and Aditya Alqamal Alianta and Yufri Aldi} } @article {1859, title = {Tender Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) Can Increase Antioxidant Enzymes and Decrease MDA Levels: Experimental Study on Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {469-476}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {469}, abstract = {

Background: Cigarette smoke exposure increase free radicals in the body in the form of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Excessive levels of ROS can cause an imbalance between the amount of oxidants and antioxidants that trigger oxidative stress. The state of oxidative stress can be seen from the decrease in antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). Tender coconut water contains a variety of substances that are beneficial to the body, including L-arginine and Vitamin C which can increase antioxidant enzymes and reduce oxidative stress. Aim and Objectives: This study aims to determine the effect of giving tender coconut water on increasing antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and CAT and decreasing MDA in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Material and Methods: Experimental research by Post-Test Only Control Group Design study used 24 rats divided into 4 groups, K1 was the control, K2 was the negative control exposed to cigarette smoke, K3 the positive control was given vitamin E and K4 the treatment group. Furthermore, sampling was continued by examining the levels of SOD and CAT using ELISA (Enzyme- Linked Immunosorbent Assay), while MDA using spectrophotometry. The SOD, CAT, and MDA data were processed using SPSS with the One Way Anova. Results: The administration of tender coconut water at a dose of 8mL/200grBW/day and vitamin E at a dose of 1.8 mg/200gBW/day for 14 days increasing SOD levels, CAT levels and reduce MDA levels. Conclusion: It can be concluded that tender coconut water can increase antioxidant enzymes and reduce MDA in rats exposed to cigarette smoke.

}, keywords = {Catalase, Cigarette smoke, Malondyaldehyde, Superoxide dismutase, Tender coconut water}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.124}, author = {Siti Thomas Zulaikhah and Helmia Fitri Nurul Aini and Anisa Setyo Rini and Bagus Hidayaturrahman Abiyyu and Elvita Apriska Tiara Dewi and Arrizki Azka Pratama} } @article {1800, title = {Utilization of Secondary Metabolites in Algae Kappaphycus alvarezii as a Breast Cancer Drug with a Computational Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {536-543}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {536}, abstract = {

Breast cancer is one of the worst diseases that affect female people. Long-term treatment with therapy or surgery has a detrimental impact on the patient. The algae Kappaphycus alvarezii has gotten a lot of interest as a breast cancer medication because it contains chemicals that are expected to be anti-cancer. The objectives of this paper were to see how secondary metabolites in algae interact with the Nuclear Factor- kappaB protein kinase in breast cancer. The ligands and proteins were obtained from the PubChem and PDB websites, respectively. Swiss ADME was then used to assess the Pharmacokinetics and Drug likeness Properties. The last stage involved using molecular docking with PyRx and molecular dynamics to identify the interaction and visualization between the ligand and the target protein. The findings of the test revealed that the maraniol chemical had a superior binding capacity with NF kB protein kinase because it has a chromone group that controls transport efficiently in preventing breast cancer proliferation.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, K. alvarezii, Molecular Docking., NF kB protein kinase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.68}, author = {AF Dibha and S Wahyuningsih and ANM Ansori and VD Kharisma and MH Widyananda and AA Parikesit and MT Sibero and RT Probojati and AAA Murtadlo and JP Trinugroho and TH Sucipto and DDR Turista and I Rosadi and ME Ullah and V Jakhmola and R Zainul} } @article {1621, title = {Anatomical and Ultrastructure Differences Between Some Species of the Genus Elsholtzia Willd. of Flora of Ukraine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {977-987}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {977}, abstract = {

Introduction: Elsholtzia species are very popular in Chinese, Tibetan and Vietnamese folk medicine to treat several diseases. Despite the wide range of biological activity and the study of the chemical composition of individual species, the microscopic characteristics of plants of this genus are insufficiently studied. In the article the anatomical structure of two species Elsholtzia Willd. of flora of Ukraine is represented. The sources of literature provide only a morphological description of Elsholtzia stauntonii and Elsholtzia ciliate. We analyzed crosssections and ultrastructure of leaf blade, petiole, petal and stem, determined their anatomical features, and investigated the ultrastructure of seeds. We have compared the obtained data between this two species of this genus that grow on the territory of Ukraine under similar conditions. Methods: Microscopic analysis was carried out by the well-known methods using the microscope XSP-146TR and ImageJ program. Anatomical structure of Elsholtzia stauntonii Benth. and Elsholtzia ciliate Thun. are studied and main diagnostic features are highlighted. The ultrastructure of the surface of the epidermal tissue of leaves, stems and seeds were studied additionally, using scanning microscopy methods. Results: The diagnostic microscopic distinguishing features of E. ciliate raw material from E. stauntonii are: the presence of small glandular triсhomes, singly placed on the veins and the presence of long non glandular triсhomes on the central vein of abaxial side. Non glandular triсhomes of E. ciliate are three times longer compared to another investigated species. The presence of numerous triсhomes and massive clusters of stem sclerenchyma E. stauntonii can be considered additional taxonomic criteria for comparing the studied species. Conclusion: The practical significance of our research will use to develop of quality control methods for medicinal herbal raw material {\textendash} {\guillemotleft}Herba Elsholtziae Stauntonii{\guillemotright}, {\guillemotleft}Herba Elsholtziae ciliate{\guillemotright}.

}, keywords = {Elsholtzia ciliate, Elsholtzia stauntonii, Leaf anatomy, Petal, Petiole, Stem}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.126}, author = {Liudmyla Zotsenko and Nataliia Nuzhyna and Viktoria Kyslychenko and Oksana Futorna} } @article {1602, title = {Antibacterial Effectiveness of Morinda Citrifolia L. Extract on Salmonella Typhi Bacteria Using Serial Dilution Method with 15 - 60 Minutes Contact Time}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {839-843}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {839}, abstract = {

Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) contains phenol and flavonoid compounds which can function as natural antibacterials with the highest phenol content obtained from ripe Morinda citrifolia L. fruit. Phenolic compounds have been widely studied as disinfectants against broadspectrum antibacterials, namely Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the inhibitory power of ripe Morinda citrifolia L. extract against the growth of gastroenteritis-causing bacteria with the serial dilution method at concentrations of 40\%, 60\%, 80\%, and 100\% with variations in a contact time of 15 {\textquoteright}, 30{\textquoteright}, 45 {\textquoteright}and 60{\textquoteright}. Then proceed with a concentration of 10\%, 20\%, 30\%, and 40\% with the same variation in contact time. The results showed that all concentrations of ripe Morinda citrifolia L. extract and the variation in contact time could inhibit the growth of S.Typhi bacteria with a minimum inhibitory concentration at a concentration of 10\% with a contact time of 15 minutes. It needs to be continued with a toxicity test before it is used in the community.

}, keywords = {Morinda citrifolia L., S. Typhi, Serial dilution}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.107}, author = {Wawan Sofwan Zaini} } @article {1691, title = {The Effect of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) Leaf Extract on the Mucin 1 Expression in Mice Colonic Epithelial Cells Induced by Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1509-1515}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1509}, abstract = {

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic inflammation caused by the malignant inflammation response and if not treated, could lead to colorectal cancer. One of the researched treatment is mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) leaf extract that has flavonoid compound known to reduce inflammation. This study was aimed to prove that mahkota dewa leaf extract could reduce inflammation of mice colon induced with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and observe MUC1 expression from colon epithelial crypt of Lieberkuhn. Methods: This was a laboratory experiment using biological material (paraffin block) taken from 28 mice and divided into 5 groups: normal, aspirin, low and high dose mahkota dewa, and negative control. They were processed into immunohistochemistry and stained microscopic slides. Afterwards, they were observed with 400x magnification and 5 field-of-view of mice colon crypt of lieberkuhn. Then MUC1 expression was counted using ImageJ to obtain mean immunohistochemistry score and analyzed with SPSS. Results: There were significant reduction of MUC1 expressions from normal, aspirin, and high dose mahkota dewa groups compared to the negative control group. The result shown MUC1 expression from high dose mahkota dewa (M=149.90,SD=3.81) and aspirin (M=158.92,SD=5.28) were closer to normal group (M=148.02,SD=5.28). There were no significant results between negative (M=175.39,SD=14.30) and low dose mahkota dewa group (M=149.90,SD=5.02). Conclusion: There was a reduction of MUC1 expression in DSS-induced mice colonic epithelial cells for high dose mahkota dewa group. This shown that high dosage mahkota dewa leaf extract could reduce inflammation like aspirin.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory agent, Colon epithelial cell, Inflammatory bowel Disease, Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa), MUC 1 expression}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.192}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Natasha Yemima Situmorang and Endah Zuraidah and Ari Estuningtyas and Aryo Tedjo} } @article {1413, title = {Effect of Soybean on Bone Health and Some Metabolic Parameters in Postmenopausal Egyptian Women}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {688-697}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {688}, abstract = {

Introduction: Great concern has been raised recently concerning the therapeutic impact of soybean. The present study aims to investigate the effects of soybean on bone health and metabolic parameters in postmenopausal women. Methods: In this clinical study, 72 healthy postmenopausal women aged between 45-65 years were given soybean bioactive fraction 2 capsules (500mg each) daily for 24 weeks. Each capsule contained 31.25 mg proteins, 3.2 mg carbohydrates and 4.84 mg isoflavones. Blood pressure, bone mineral density, plasma osteocalcin (OCN), telopeptides of collagen type I (CTX), fasting insulin and blood glucose, lipid profile, serum creatinine, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and TSH were assessed prior and after the period of the study. Insulin resistance was calculated by homeostatic model assessment-IR formula (HOMA-IR). Results: Soy ingestion resulted in a significant increase in T score of the hip and OCN; recording -1.97{\textpm}0.13/-1.76{\textpm}0.12 and 22.44{\textpm}0.60ng/ml/30.93{\textpm}0.57ng/ml before/after treatment, respectively. A marked decrease was also detected in CTX from 2.22{\textpm}0.10ng/ml to 1.48{\textpm}0.08ng/ml. With regard to metabolic parameters, there was a significant decrease in fasting insulin (5.40{\textpm}0.62uU/ml vs 4.15{\textpm}0.45uU/ ml), however, fasting glucose and HOMA-IR showed no significant alterations. Lipid profile displayed remarkable decline in total cholesterol (188.86{\textpm}7.23mg/dl vs 159.60{\textpm}4.72mg/dl, triglycerides (97.09{\textpm}5.23mg/dl vs 83.56{\textpm}4.27mg/dl), LDL-c (75.60{\textpm}3.06mg/dl vs 63.95{\textpm}1.86mg/ dl) accompanied with a significant elevation in HDL-c (53.09{\textpm}0.88 vs 65.81mg/dl{\textpm}0.80mg/ dl). A significant decrease in both TSH (1.97{\textpm}0.13 uIU/ml vs 1.40{\textpm}0.08 uIU/ml) and serum creatinine (0.82{\textpm}0.02mg/dl vs0.77{\textpm}0.02mg/dl) was also noticed. Conclusion: Consumption of soy improves bone health, reduces cardiovascular risk with no adverse effects on kidney, liver or thyroid functions.

}, keywords = {Bone health, Bone mineral density, Hypocholesterolemic effect, Insulin resistance, Metabolic parameters, Soybean}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.88}, author = {Mouchira Abdel Salam and Hala M. Raslan and Doha A. Mohamed and Aliaa Elgendy and Rehab A. Hussein and Omneya Moguib and Maha Abdelhadi and Rokia Abd El-Shafy Soliman El-Banna and Karem Fouda and Safenaz Y. El Sherity and Emad N. Zikri and Nagwa M. Ammar} } @article {1387, title = {Effect of Tender Coconut Water (TCW) on TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 in Streptozotocin (STZ) and Nicotinamid (NA) Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {500-505}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {500}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is characterized by an increase in blood sugar levels also known as hyperglycemia. Continuous hyperglycemia can increase the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS causes oxidative stress and increases the formation of TNF-α expression as a marker of inflammation. Tender coconut water is rich in sources of free amino acids, L-arginine and vitamin C which can prevent oxidative stress. Aim and Objectives: This research to investigate the effect of tender coconut water on TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 in Streptozotocin (STZ) and Nicotinamid (NA) induced diabetic rats. Material and Methods: Experimental research design using posttest control group design. Twenty four male wistar strain rats were used in this study were divided randomly into 4 groups, which are group K1 (control); K2 (DM type 2); K3 (DM type 2+ Glibenclamid 0,18mg/200grBW); K4 (DM type 2+ tender coconut water 8mL/200gr BW). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus were induced using Streptozotocin (STZ) 65mg/kg body weight and Nicotinamid 230 mg/kg body weight. The administration of tender coconut water were given on day 3 after DM condition is reached, given daily for 4 weeks with dose of 8 mL/200 gr BW. Data on of TNF-α , IL-1 and IL-6 levels were analyzed by One Way Anova. Result: Average TNF-α level, IL-1 level and IL-6 level in Group 2 increased compared to Group 1 , in Group 3 it decreased compared to Group 2 as well as in Group 4 .The results of the analysis has the p values \<0.05. Conclusion: Administration of tender coconut water can be decreasing of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 levels in wistar strain male rats with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, IL-1, IL-6, Tender coconut water, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.63}, author = {Siti Thomas Zulaikhah and Joko Wahyuwibowo and Mochammad Navi Suharto and Bagus Haruno Enggartiasto and Mohammad Iqbal Raka Ortanto and Arrizki Azka Pratama} } @article {1363, title = {Evolution of Biometric Parameters and Oil Fatty Acid Composition of Argan "Argania spinosa L. Skeels" Fruits from Beni- Snassen (Eastern Region of Morocco) During Ripening}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {296-308}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {296}, abstract = {

Background: Argania spinosa Skeels is an endemic forest essence of Morocco. The argan of the north-east of Morocco remains a virgin subject of study without enough value given to it. Objective: The aim of this study is to asses the evolution of biometric parameters and fatty acids composition of the argan fruits from Beni-Snassen region during ripening. Materials and Methods: 4 fruit shapes harvested over seven months were characterized through the measurement of their biometric parameters (size and weight), and their composition of majority fatty acids. Results: the studied argan tree could be classified into two major groups, namely: early-riped trees with oval or oval-apiculate fruits and late-riped trees with fusiform or spherical fruits. When considering the fruits size and weight, the highest values were recorded on late-ripened fruits, more particularly fusiform shapes. The obtained results showed, on one hand, a significant difference in the unsaturated fatty acids, according to the fruit ripeness stage and shapes, being the later significantly affecting the stearic acid content; and on another hand, it was noted an increase of oleic acid content while linoleic acid decreased. In the maturation stage, the spherical shaped fruits were found to have the highest ratio of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids. Conclusion: The results demonstrated the possibility to predict the kernel{\textquoteright}s weight from the fruit{\textquoteright}s length. The results also showed the good dietary and nutritional quality of spherical shapes and that the biometric parameters are important criteria for the differentiation of argan tree fruits.

}, keywords = {Argan fruits, Beni-Snassen, Biometeric parameters, Fatty Acid, Ripeness}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.39}, author = {Abdelhak Chergui and Latifa El Hafid and El Amine Ajal and Imane Zakariya and Rachid Nejjari and Mohammed Reda Tazi} } @article {1610, title = {Inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase by phenolic compounds of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and ca{\~n}ihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) from the Andean region of Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {896-901}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {896}, abstract = {

Background: Chenopodium quinoa Willd. and Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen are grains from the Andean region of Peru, which in addition to having a high nutritional value, have health-promoting properties related to the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes. Objetive: The present study aimed to identify phenolic compounds associated with an inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes associated with type 2 diabetes. Material and Methods: Two varieties of quinoa and two varieties of ca{\~n}ihua from the Puno Region in Peru, were evaluated. Total phenolics, total flavonoids, identification of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in vitro were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu assay, aluminum chloride colorimetric method, HPLC-DAD and DPPH radical scavenging assay, respectively. In vitro hypoglycemic activity was evaluated through the inhibition of the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Results: Gallic acid, rutin and chlorogenic acid were identified by HPLC-DAD in the varieties of quinoa and ca{\~n}ihua. The latter showed significantly higher levels of chlorogenic acid compared to quinoa varieties (p\<0.05). Both Andean grains exhibited inhibition of key-enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes, presenting IC50 values of 7.99 to 34.05 and of 8.07 to 1158 μg/mL for α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. Total phenolics, total flavonoids, DPPH radical scavenging assay, gallic acid and chlorogenic acid showed the greatest contribution to the inhibitory activity of the α-glucosidase enzyme (p\<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the phenolic compounds present in the varieties of quinoa and ca{\~n}ihua could modulate the inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes associated with type 2 diabetes.

}, keywords = {Andean grains, DPPH radical scavenging assay, HPLC-DAD, in vitro antidiabetic activity, Polyphenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.115}, author = {Jorge Coronado-Olano and Ritva Repo-Carrasco-Valencia and Oscar Reategui and Emily Toscano and Elisa Valdez and Mirko Zimic and Ivan Best} } @article {1417, title = {Pharmacognostic Study of Collection and Study of its Hepatoprotective Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {713-721}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {713}, abstract = {

Background: The aim of this work is pharmacognostic study of herbal formulation consisting of elecampane rhizomes and roots (Inula helenium L.), fruits of rose (Rosa sp.) and hawthorn (Crataegus sp.), leaves of pepper mint (Mentha piperita L.) and cowberry leaves (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.), spiny eleuterococcus rhizomes and roots (Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr.et Maxim.) Maxim., low cudweed herb (Gnaphalium uliginosum L.s.l.) as well as determination of its hepatoprotective activity. Materials and methods: An electron microscope, HPLC and methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of Russia were used in pharmacognostic study of herbal formulation. The hepatoprotective, antioxidant and choleretic activities of the herbal formulation were studied in vivo model of liver damage induced by tetracycline hydrochloride and 40\% ethanol. Results: The content of biologically active substances (BAS) collected: essential oils - at least 0.30\%; flavonoids in terms of luteolin - not less than 1.0\%; ascorbic acid - not less than 0.5\%; tannins - not less than 3.0\%; arbutin - at least 0.4\%; eleutheroside B - not less than 0.01\%.It has been found that the course administration of herbal formulation to white Wistar rats with liver damage eliminates the prooxidant effect of tetracycline and ethanol, reduces the manifestation of cholestasis and increases the rate of bile secretion for 1-3 hours. Conclusion: The herbal formulation has hepatoprotective activity, antioxidant, choleretic effect and stimulates regenerative and antitoxic processes in the liver in rats with a model of combined liver damage induced tetracycline and ethanol. The obtained research results argue the possibility of using herbal formulation for prevention and complex treatment of liver diseases.

}, keywords = {Hepatoprotective activity, microscopy, Phenolic compounds, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.91}, author = {Lubsandorzhieva PB and Rendyuk TD and Dashinamzhilov Zh.B and Dargaeva TD and Ferubko EV} } @article {1286, title = {Acute Diuretic Activity of the Aqueous Ethanol Root Extract of Corrigiola telephiifolia Pourr. In Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1552-1558}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1552}, abstract = {

Objective: This study was undertaken to justify and validate a very frequent traditional use of a very well-known and widely used plant by a large part of the Moroccan population. It{\textquoteright}s about Corrigiola telephiifolia, and the activity in question is the diuretic activity. Methods: The aqueous ethanol root extract of CMethods:orrigiola telephiifolia (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 700 mg/kg) was orally administered to rats. The urinary excretion rate and pH, and electrolyte excretion were measured in the urine of saline-loaded rats. Negative control group received only an equivalent volume of distilled water, while the positive control groups received the diuretic drugs hydrochlorothiazide at dose 10 mg/kg. Results: The results showed that hydrochlorothiazide induced significant diuresis and electrolytes excretion at 1, 6 and 24 h after the treatment. Both the higher doses of the extract produced a significant increase in urine volume than the control from the first hour until the end of observation. However, the lowest dose increased significantly only at 24 h after the treatment. With regard to the electrolyte excretion, the tested doses of CTRE which have shown a significant increase in Na+, K+ and Cl-excretion in comparison to normal control rats, are 400 and 700 mg/kg bw. Conclusion: These findings collectively indicate that the extracts of C. telephiifolia have a potential to induce diuresis markedly, and providing evidence, for its traditional use.

}, keywords = {Corrigiola telephiifolia, Diuretic activity, Diuretic plants, Kaliuresis, Urine electrolytes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.213}, author = {Imane Zakariya and Omar Elhamdaoui and Zineb ibn lahmar Andaloussi and Abdelhak Chergui and El Amine Ajal and Khalid Taghzouti and Rachid Nejjari} } @article {1111, title = {Anticholesterol Activity of Okra Fruit Extract (Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench) and Its Nanoemulsion in vivo}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {316-320}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {316}, abstract = {

Background: Okra fruit has phytosterol, pectin that has the potential as an anticholesterol. Objective: The purpose of this study was to obtain 70\% (v/v) ethanol extract of okra fruit and its nanoparticles and to evaluate their anti-cholesterol activity in vivo. Material and Methods: Okra fruit was extracted by kinetic maceration and the produced extract was tested for phytochemical screening and anti-cholesterolemi activity in vivo. The nanoparticles was prepared using a cosolvention method. In this study, DDY white mice was divided into 5 groups, namely normal control, negative control, positive control (simvastatin), the extract (400 mg /kg BW), and the nanoparticles (~ 400 mg /kg BW) group. All groups except normal were fed for 14 days with high cholesterol diet. After 14 days, the induction of hypercholesterolemia was stopped and simvastatin was administrated to positive control and the test groups were treated with the extract and the nanoparticles for 7 days. Measurement of total cholesterol level was carried out by cholesterol stripe test method. Results: The nanoparticles used demonstrated particle size of 134.7 nm and zeta potential of -26.72. The results showed a decrease in total cholesterol levels in positive control, the extract and the nanoparticles group as many as 48.68\%; 32.44\% and 42.95\%, respectively. Conclusion: The nanoparticles can increase the activity of the extract.

}, keywords = {Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench, Hypercholesterolemia, Nanoparticles, Okra fruits, Total cholesterol level}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.50}, author = {Ratna Djamil and Deni Rahmat and Sarah Zaidan and Maya Nur latifah} } @article {1220, title = {Anti-Hypertensive Activity of Punica granatum peels Ethyl Acetate Extract on Fludrocortisones Induced Hypertension in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1135-1142}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1135}, abstract = {

Pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn.) has several medicinal properties. Pomegranate juice has been reported to be an effective source of high amounts of phyto-constituents with many health and nutritional benefits. This work assessed the possible effect on blood pressure (B.P) and heart rate of P. granatum peel ethyl acetate extract (PGE) at a dosage of 400 mg / kg / day on hypertension-induced fludrocortisone Wistar rats. PGE therapy substantially lowered the B.P of hypertensive rats treated with salt fludrocortisones, but the mean blood pressure and heart rate in normotensive rats were not altered. In isolated aortic strip, the contractile reactions to noradrenalin of PGE-treated hypertensive rats have been substantially reduced. The active fraction was purified by successive chromatographic techniques resulted in isolation of quercetin and ursolic acid, this bioactive mixture induced a significant decrease in the blood pressure of hypertensive rats as compared to hypertensive control rats at a concentration of 10 mg/kg.

}, keywords = {Hypertension, Punica granatum, Quercetin, Ursolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.160}, author = {Rafik Monir and Asmaa S Abd Elkarim and Mohamed Fouad Shalaby and Alsayed Ahmed Zaki and Samah Shabana} } @article {1109, title = {Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Mempening (Lithocarpus bancanus) Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {328-334}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {328}, abstract = {

Background: Lithocarpus bancanus or commonly called as mempening in Talang Mamak Tribe, Indonesia is a plant that is used as a traditional medicine. Objective: This study aim to evaluated antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of L. bancanus leaves extract. Material and Methods: The methanol extract was obtained by maceration of the leaves. The n-hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions were prepared by successive partition process of the methanol extract. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by various antioxidant assays, including DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), CUPRAC (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity), and ABTS (2,2{\textquoteright}-azonobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) method. Total phenolics were estimated based on the Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu method, while, aluminum chloride methods were employed to estimate total flavonoids. Antidiabetic activies was determined by inhibiting the activity of α-glucosidase method. Results: antioxidant activity assay against DPPH radical as well as the total phenolic and flavonoid content of L. bancanus leaves showed that the methanol extract possessed IC50 value of 39.469 {\textpm} 0.273 μg/mL with total phenol and flavonoid were 11.426 {\textpm} 0.432 mg GAE/g dry weight sample and 15.423 {\textpm} 0.213 mg QE/g respectively. The FRAP, CUPRAC and ABTS values of methanol extract were 3494.302 {\textpm}0.456, 26665.501 {\textpm} 5.940 and 2857.977 {\textpm} 0.715 μM TE/g dry weight sample respectively. Antidiabetic activity of methanol extract with IC50 value of 30.565 {\textpm} 0.331 μg/mL. Conclusion: It could be concluded that leaves of L. bancanus have antioxidant and antidiabetic properties.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Lithocarpus bancanus, Talang Mamak Tribe}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.52}, author = {Muhammad Almurdani and Adel Zamri and Titania T Nugroho and Jasril Karim and Yum Eryanti and Rudi Hendra and Hilwan Yuda Teruna} } @article {1269, title = {Ethnobotany and Traditional Knowledge of Acanthaceae in Peninsular Malaysia A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1482-1488}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1482}, abstract = {

Plants are considered as a great source of various herbal medicines which are been useful in the treatment of various ailments and diseases. A great contribution of plant-based materials in the pharmaceutical field results in the growing interest on the exploitation of indigenous medicinal plants to make a potential medicine. Several potent plant families are broadly investigated throughout the world including the family of Acanthaceae. Acanthaceae is a large pantropical family of flowering plants comprised of approximately 240 genera and 3250 species in the world. In Peninsular Malaysia, Acanthaceae is one of the families with the largest number of genera and species by which 29 genera and 158 species are respectively recorded. This study thereby deals with the review of information on the ethnobotanical significance of medicinal plants belong to Acanthaceae. This review covers informative data on medicinal plants, its uses and part used based on three tribal groups of indigenous people, Malay villagers and local market traders in Peninsular Malaysia. From the review, Acanthaceae possesses a huge contribution to the ethnobotanical part especially to treat certain diseases. The ethnobotanical data has also served a great contribution to the conservation and sustainability of natural resources. By keeping this point, this present review on ethnobotany and traditional knowledge of Acanthaceae is expected to give benefits and considered a good starting point for future works on the pharmaceutical field, especially for Peninsular Malaysia.

}, keywords = {Acanthaceae, Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, Traditional Knowledge}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.203}, author = {Siti Maisarah Zakaria and Che Nurul Aini Che Amri and Rozilawati Shahari} } @article {1296, title = {In silico Anticancer Activity and in vitro Antioxidant of Flavonoids in Plectranthus amboinicus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1573-1577}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1573}, abstract = {

Background: Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng is a plant that has a high flavonoid content. The leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng contain many flavonoids Chrysoeriol, Cirsimaritin, Eriodictyol, Luteolin, Rutin, Salvigenin, Thymoquinone, Quercetin, Apigenin, and 5-O-Methyl-Luteolin. Objectives: To determine the antioxidant activity and anticancer activity of flavonoid compounds contained in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. Methods: Anticancer activity testing was carried out by in silico against several cancer receptors and antioxidant activity testing was carried out by in vitro using the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryhydrazil method. The results showed that the flavonoid compounds contained in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng have similar anticancer activity to the reference molecule at the P-Glycoprotein-1, Cyclin Dependent Kinase-2, and Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase receptors, as well as better anticancer activity than the reference molecule for the Cyclooxygenase-2 and Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase receptors. Results: The antioxidant activity of the extract gave an Inhibitory Concentration 50\% value of 9.77 μg/mL, the flavonoid compounds contained in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng gave an Inhibitory Concentration 50\% value that lower than the extract, which ranged from 6.92 μg/mL to 8.50 μg/mL. Flavonoids in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng anticancer activity by in silico molecular docking and antioxidant activity by in vitro 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryhydrazil method. Conclusions: All the flavonoid compounds contained in the ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves exhibit very strong anti-cancer and antioxidant activity, which results in ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves have very strong antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Antioxidant, Flavonoid, in silico, in vitro}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.215}, author = {Kesaktian Manurung and Delmi Sulastri and Nasrul Zubir and Syafruddin Ilyas} } @article {1300, title = {In vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potential of Crude Extracts from the Seed Coat and Fruit Pulp of Strychnos madagascariensis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1504-1511}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1504}, abstract = {

Diabetes mellitus remains a global health issue despite the advance in orthodox medicine. This study investigated the in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of crude extracts from the seed coat and pulp of Strychnos madagascariensis. The phytochemical screening was carried out using standard protocols. Different extracts were prepared from the fruit parts by maceration using methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water for antioxidant and antidiabetic assays, and their percentage yield was calculated. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was determined using 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and 2{\textquoteright}2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Antidiabetic activities of the extracts were investigated using α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase assays. Terpenoids, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides were present in both the fruit parts. However, saponin present in the fruit pulp was absent in the seed coat (testa). The percentage yields are as follows; water \> ethyl acetate \> hexane \> methanol (seed coat) and methanol \> water \> ethyl acetate \> hexane (fruit pulp), respectively. The crude extracts scavenged ABTS and DPPH radicals in different degrees. The aqueous extract of the pulp and seed coat (testa) showed significant (P \< 0.05) higher scavenging activity against ABTS (IC50; 0.012 and 0.006 mg/ml) and DPPH (IC50; 0.06 mg/ml and 0.064 mg/ml) radicals than other extracts. The crude extracts inhibited α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase. The aqueous and methanol extracts of the fruit parts showed better amylase inhibitory activity than other extracts. The aqueous extract of the seed coat (IC50; 0.0785 mg/ml) showed the highest glucosidase inhibitory activity. In addition, methanol extract of the seed coat (IC50; 0.069 mg/ml) exhibited the highest inhibitory activity on pancreatic lipase compared to the extracts in other solvents. Hence, the aqueous and methanol crude extracts of Strychnos madagascariensis seed coat and fruit pulp could be used in the preparation of nutraceutical products for managing diabetic mellitus.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Diabetes, Hyperglycaemia, Hyperlipidaemia, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.206}, author = {Michael Osawemi Oboh and Foluso Oluwagbemiga Osunsanmi and Godfrey Elijah Zharare and Rebamang Anthony Mosa and Michael Chukwuka Ojo and Andrew Rowland Opoku} } @article {1087, title = {Iron-Folate Supplementation during Pregnancy for Prevent Oxidative Stress in Pregnant Rats: Level of MDA, Creatinine, Glucose, Erythrocite, Blood Pressure, Body Weight and Number of Offspring}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {186-191}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {186}, abstract = {

Background: Iron and folic acid deficiency during pregnancy can increase oxidative stress and result in impaired intra-uterine growth, abortion and preeclampsia. Folate is trace nutrient that influent for essential role for epigenetic mechanism cues into changes in gene expression and had impact health development. This study aimed to determine the effect of several doses of iron and folate supplementation on level of: MDA, glucose, creatinine, maternal body weight and number and birth weight of offspring. Methods: This research was conducted in the laboratory of the Center for Food and Nutrition Studies, Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta. Experimental research with posttest only control group design with a number of samples: 20 pregnant rats, divided randomly into 4 groups. The control group (C) was given standard feed (AIN-93G), KI: added iron 1,8 mg/200gBW and folic acid 0,0023mg/200gBW, KII: added iron 3,6 mg/200gBB and folic acid 0,0045 mg/200gBW, KIII : added iron 5,4mg/200gBW and folic acid 0,0068 mg/200gBW. Duration of treatment 20 days. Measurement of body weight, blood pressure and then taken blood samples at the 21st day for examination of MDA, glucose, creatinine, erythrocyte level. Sectio caesarean to performed the number and body weight of offspring. Data obtained were analyzed using one way Anova followed by Post hoc LSD. Results: there are significant different (p \<0.001). on level of : MDA, glucose, creatinine, maternal body weight, average number and fetal weight of offspring between treatment group compare to control group. Conclusion: Iron and folate suplementation during pregnancy can decreased level of oxidative stress and better pregnant outcome.

}, keywords = {Folic acid, Iron, MDA, Oxidative stress, Pregnancy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.28}, author = {Joko Wahyuwibowo and Abdul Aziz and Eka Safitri and Minidian Fasitasari and Siti Thomas Zulaikhah} } @article {1167, title = {Isolation, Identification Similarity and Qualitative Expression of Metallothionein Gene in IR-Bagendit Rice (Oryza sativa)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {709-715}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {709}, abstract = {

Metallothionein (MTs) is an enzyme that plays a role in the binding of metals in plants. Various types of rice have been known to contain MTs and IR-Bagendit rice leaves have the highest MTs protein content compared to other rice varieties. However, MTs coding gene in IRBagendit rice variety is still unknown. OsRAC1 gene is reported as the down-regulator of MTs and there is an analogous gene for MTs-like gene using RAP1 and RAP2 primers in various plants. This study aimed to isolate, identification of similarity, and analysis of qualitative expression of MTs gene in IR-Bagendit rice as compared to Inpari, IR-36, and IR-34. The steps of this research were DNA isolation, PCR in OsRAC1 gene, RNA isolation and cDNA reverse transcription using primer RP1 and RP2, and agarose gel electrophoresis. Amplification quality of OsRAC1 gene in IR-Bagendit, Inpari, IR-36, and IR-34 showed the same result. Qualitative expression of MTs by reverse transcription showed that IR-Bagendit has the highest MTs-like gene compared to other samples.

}, keywords = {IR-Bagendit, Metal Exposure, Metallothionein, MTs-like gene, Rice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.103}, author = {Budi Santosa and Budi Santosa and Aprilia Indah Kartika and Fitri Nuroini and Aditya Rahman Ernanto and Annisa Ayuningtyas and Mohd Nazil Salleh and Siti Thomas Zulaikhah} } @article {1288, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Antihyperuricemic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Moringa oleifera Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1698-1704}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1698}, abstract = {

Background: Moringa oleifera is a popular plant that has been known to have several importance biological activities. Objectives: To perform phytochemical analysis, to in vivo evaluate the antihyperuricemic activity and to measure the inhibition of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera seed on xanthine oxidase enzyme. Materials and Methods: The seed were collected from Sigi regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Extraction was performed by maceration method with ethanol 96\% as a solvent. Thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometric UV-Vis were used to determine the phytochemical contents. The antihyperuricemic activity was evaluated by using in vivo model of rat induced by potassium oxonate. The xanthin oxidase inhibitory activity was also determined by spectroscopic method by measuring the catalytic rate of xanthin oxidase enzyme. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponin and tannin. Quantitative determination of total flavonoids and quercetin concentration found the values of 82.17 {\textpm} 0.684 mg QE/g and 0.5131 {\textpm} 0.0022 mg/g dried extract, respectively. Ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera seed have potential antihyperuricemic activity in which it can significantly reduce the serum uric acid level on potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic rat model with the effective dose of 125 mg/ kg BW. Xanthin oxidase inhibitory activity showed the moderate activity with IC50 of 88.39 μg/ml. Conclusion: This study confirmed the potential of Moringa oleifera seed ethanolic extract, growing in Sigi, Central Sulawesi to be developed as herbal medicinal source for antihyperuricemic drug.

}, keywords = {Antihyperuricemic, Moringa oleifera, Quercetin, Total flavonoids, Xanthin Oxidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.229}, author = {Nurlina Ibrahim and Siti Nuryanti and Asriani Hasanuddin and Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair} } @article {1078, title = {Tender Coconut Water Inhibits the Process of Lipid Peroxidation, Reduce Glucose Levels and Increase Plasma Insulin in Pregnant Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {162-167}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {162}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes during pregnancy or Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) causes oxidative stress and have bad effect for mother and baby, risk of abortion, still birth, premature and preeclampsia. GDM can be prevented by monitoring the glucose level and providing rich antioxidants meals. TCW is a nutritious healthy drink rich in antioxidants, diet rich in antioxidants promotes better health, Inhibits lipid peroxidation and enhances the total antioxidant status. Aim and Objectives: This research to investigate the effect of tender coconut water can prevent lipid peroxidation, reduce glucose levels and increase insulin plasma level on pregnant diabetic rats. Material and Methods: Experimental study by post test only control group design, population of pregnant wistar strain rats. Twenty four samples used in this study were randomly divided into 4 groups, K1 (pregnant rats), K2 (pregnant rats+diabetic), K3 (pregnant rats+diabetic+ glibenklamid 0.23 mg/kg BW ) and K4 (pregnant rats+diabetic+TCW 8mL/200grBW). Diabetes Mellitus were induced using Streptozotocin (STZ) 65mg/kgBW and Nicotinamid 230 mg/kgBW. Data on insulin plasma, glucose and MDA levels were analyzed using One Way Anova with significant level 0.05. Result: The results showed that the average insulin plasma levels in group 2 decreased compared to group 1 , in group 3 and 4 it increased compared to group 2. Average glucose and MDA levels in group 2 increased compared to group 1 , in group 3 and 4 it decreased compared to group 2. The results of the analysis has the p values 0.000 (p\<0.05). Conclusion:\ TCW can inhibit the process of lipid peroxidation, reduce glucose levels, increase insulin plasma levels and in pregnant diabetic rats.

}, keywords = {GDM, Glucose, Insulin plasma, Lipid peroxidation, Tender coconut water (TCW)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.24}, author = {Friday Super Nova and Shofa Chasani and Atina Hussanna and Siti Thomas Zulaikhah} } @article {1306, title = {UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS Profiling of Clerodendrum inerme and Clerodendrum splendens and Significant Activity Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1518-1524}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1518}, abstract = {

Introduction: Antibiotic resistance is a major problem that is spreading and increasing while the development of new antibiotics is ceasing. As a result, some bacterial infections that were easily treated previously became untreatable. The antibacterial activity of Clerodendrum inerme and Clerodendrum splendens leaves were investigated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the widely known multi-drug resistant bacterium. UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS is characterized by high sensitivity, resolution and speed for identification of plant metabolites even the minor ones. The chemical constituents of the leaves of C. inerme and C. splendens were investigated by UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS metabolic analysis. Methods: The antibacterial activity of the ethanol extracts of the leaves of the two species under investigation was evaluated against the multi-ethanol drug resistant bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis using MABA assay. The methanol extracts of the leaves of C. inerme and C. splendens were subjected to comparative UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS analysis. Results: The ethanol extract of C .inerme leaves showed significant antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, while that of C. splendens showed moderate activity. The UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS analysis revealed a total of 36 metabolites detected and tentatively identified in the two species under investigation, among them 28 chromatographic peaks were assigned in C. inerme while only 14 were assigned in these C. splendens. The main classes of secondary metabolites detected were Phenylpropanoid and, iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, diterpenoids, phenolic acid and fatty acid derivatives. Conclusion: The results of the antibacterial activity and UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/ MS analysis showed stronger activity and higher number of metabolites for C. inerme as compared to C. splendens.

}, keywords = {Clerodendrum, Diterpenoids, Iridoids, Mycobacterium, Phenyl-propanoids, UPLC profiling}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.208}, author = {Hesham I Elaskary and Omar M Sabry and Asmaa M Khalil and Soheir M El Zalabani} } @article {972, title = {Antidepressant-Like Effects of Dracocephalum moldavica L. in Mouse Models of Immobility Tests}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {976-983}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {976}, abstract = {

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the antidepressant activity of the ethanolic extracts of {\textquotedblleft}toronjil azul{\textquotedblright}(Dracocephalum moldavica L.). Methodology: The forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) were performed on CD-1 mice to evaluate the antidepressant activity of the ethanolic extracts. The ethanolic extracts were administered orally at an 80 and 100 mg/kg. The animals were dosed 1, 6 and 24 h before initiating the FST assay and 40 minutes before for the TST assay. Imipramine and fluoxetine were dosed at 15 mg/kg, while the flavonoid quercetin was given an a lower concentration of 10 mg/kg as a positive controls. Results: The extracts of Dracocephalum moldavica L. and significantly decreased the immobility time in the FST and TST assays when compared with the negative control and reported similar values than those obtained with the positive controls. Conclusion: The results obtained indicate that extract of Dracocephalum moldavica L. have antidepressant effect similar to those obtained by.

}, keywords = {Depression, Dracochepalum moldavica L., Forced swim test, Tail suspension test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.154}, author = {Marcos Ignacio Jimenez Zuniga and Alejandro Jonathan Hurtado Mariles and Jose Luis Castrejon Flores and Jose Antonio Mondragon Herrera and Maria Guadalupe Ramirez Sotelo and Genaro Ivan Ceron Montes and Yolanda de las Mercedes Gomez y Gomez} } @article {782, title = {Anti-Inflammatory and Neurobehavioral Effects of the Leaves from Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz and Pavon) Briquet in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {75-80}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {75}, abstract = {

Context: Maytenus macrocarpa (Chuchuhuasi) has long been employed in Peru as a traditional alternative therapy for several diseases, including cancer, arthritis and diarrhea. Recent studies show that several species of Maytenus have effects on nociceptive and inflammatory signaling, as well as toxic effects on behavioral neuronal pathways. Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects and neurobehavioral side manifestations of the leaf of Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz and Pav{\'o}n) Briquet. Methods and Materials: Experimental study, double blind. 60 male albino mice strain Balb/c were divided in ten groups and each group, was orally feed with different doses of ethanolic extracts of Maytenus macrocarpa (500, 750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 mg/kg), others group received distilled water, caffeine 32 mg/kg, diazepam 32 mg/kg, diclofenac 15 mg/kg and the last group without substance. Neurobehavioral effects were assessed by the Irwin test. The anti-inflammatory activity was measured by the Carrageenan paw oedema test. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA test and Fisher exact test. Results: Anti-inflammatory effects of M. macrocarpa were observed in a non-significant trend of dose dependent form. M. macrocarpa displayed an anti-inflammatory effect at 1250 mg/kg and these effects were higher in comparison with diclofenac (74.14\% vs 58.62\%, one way ANOVA, p\<0.05). Neurobehavioral side effects secondary to M. macrocarpa therapy were also identified, these included excitation, abnormal gait, abdominal cramps, piloerection, stereotypes and scratching (Fisher exact, p\<0.05, CI 95\%). Conclusion: M. macrocarpa leaves presented anti-inflammatory activity and concomitants neurobehavioral side effects.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammation, Diclofenac, Leaves, Maytenus, Mice, Neurobehavioral manifestations}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.14}, author = {Luj{\'a}n-Carpio Elmer and Medina-Salazar Henry and Mayor-Vega Alexander and Medrano-Canchari Karola and Mazuelos-Rivas Mar{\'\i}a and Lizarraga-Casta{\~n}eda Zaida and Pante-Medina Carlos and Salazar-Granara Alberto} } @article {1020, title = {Effect of Tender Coconut Water to Prevent Anemia on Wistar Rats Induced by Lead (Plumbum)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1325-1330}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1325}, abstract = {

Background: Tender coconut water (TCW) is a nutritious healthy drink, some content as L-arginin, iron, vitamin C, vitamin B6, folic acid and fatty acid have roles during the process of blood formation (hematopoesis). Lead (Pb) is one of heavy metal which can trigger the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), causing oxidative stress and hematopoetic stem cell disorders which cause the decrease of hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocyte levels as the sign of anemia. Aim and Objectives: This research to investigate the effect of tender coconut water to prevent anemia on lead induced rats. Material and Methods: Experimental research by post test only control group design, using 18 white wistar strain male rats randomly divided into 3 groups. Group K1 served as control, Group K2 was fed lead (10 mg/day/rat), Group K3 was given tender coconut water (8 mL/200gr BW rats/ day) orally for four weeks. Rats{\textquoteright} blood from ophtalmicus venous was analyzed using Hematology Analyzer to measure the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte levels. Data were analyzed using Anova test and Kruskal Wallis. Results:That decreased levels of hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocyte were show in group K2 compared with group K1. Increased levels of hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocyte were observed significantly in both groups K3 than K2. Conclusion: Results of the present study have administration of tender coconut water (8 mL/200gr BW rats/ day for 4 weeks) could increased of hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocyte levels (p \<0.05). The administration of tender coconut water has proven to prevent the anemia indicated by the increase of hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocyte levels on wistar strain male rats induced by lead.

}, keywords = {Anemia, Lead (Pb), Tender coconut water}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.204}, author = {Siti Thomas Zulaikhah and Joko Wahyuwibowo and Aziz Rakha D and Dede Rizky P and Ahmad Fauzi N} } @article {874, title = {In-vitro Anti-diabetic and Antioxidant Efficacy of Methanolic Extract of Encephalartos ferox leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {455-460}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {455}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus has been identified as one of the global cause of disability and death. Objectives: The study aim to investigate the in-vitro antidibetic and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Encephalartos ferox leaves. Materials and Methods: The plant was screened for its Phytochemical composition. The plant material was extracted with methanol and the methanolic extract was screened (in-vitro) for its antioxidant activity using ABTS and DPPH assays. The potential antidiabetic activity of the plant extract was evaluated against some carbohydrates (α- amylase and α-glucosidase) and lipid (pancreatic lipase) digestive enzymes. The inverted intestinal sac model was also used to investigate the effect of the extract on intestinal glucose absorption. The anti-protein glycation activity of the extract was determined using haemoglobin. Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of most of the phytochemicals (Tannins, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, Alkaloids etc) that were screened for. The crude extract exhibited the antidiabetic potential as it significantly (P\< 0.05) inhibited α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase in a dose dependent fashion. The extract also effectively reduced intestinal glucose absorption. The extract further showed antioxidant activity by efficiently scavenging ABTS and DPPH radicals with IC50 values of 68.3 μg/ml and 308 μg/ml, respectively. The extract also inhibited haemoglobin glycation, thus displaying the anti-protein glycation potential. Conclusion: It is apparent that E. ferox extract could serve as scaffold for diabetic therapy. For future study, cytotoxicity profile and in vivo investigation of the antidiabetic activity of the crude extract are essential.

}, keywords = {Diabetic, Flavonoids, Hyperglycaemia, Hyperlipidemia, Hypoglycaemic, Protein- glycation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.71}, author = {Michael Chukwuka Ojo and Foluso Oluwagbemiga Osunsanmi and Godfrey Elijah Zaharare and Rebamang Anthony Mosa and Nkosinathi David Cele and Michael Osawemi Oboh and Andy Rowland Opoku} } @article {923, title = {Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Potential of Crude Extracts from Lippia Javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {803-807}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {803}, abstract = {

Background: Oxidative stress is implicated in most life threaten diseases. Objectives: This study evaluated the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Lippia javanica{\textquoteright}s crude extracts. Methods: Phytochemical screening was carried out on pulverized Lippia javanica leaves using standard protocols. Crude extracts were prepared using various solvents (hexane, acetone, ethylacetate, methanol, dichloromethane respectively), and percentage yields calculated. The antioxidant activities of crude extracts were monitored with DPPH, ABTS and nitric oxide (NO) radicals using spectra techniques. Results: The phytochemical presents in Lippia javanica were tannin, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids and phenols. Percentage yield increased in order; Acetone \> Methanol, \> Dichloromethane \> Ethyl-acetate \> Hexane. All the crude extracts showed differ degrees of antioxidant potential as evidence by significantly (P \< 0.05) scavenging DPPH, ABTS and NO radicals, Acetone crude extract showed the lowest IC50 (2.22 {\texttimes} 10-3 and 2.42 {\texttimes} 10-3 mg/ml) toward DPPH and ABTS radical respectively in comparison to other crude extracts, and the positive controls (Ascorbic acid and Butylated hydroxyl anisole), Hexane crude extract showed the lowest IC50 (3.95 {\texttimes} 10-1 mg/ml) toward NO radical compared with other treatments. Conclusion: Therefore, this study proves that Lippia javanica crude extracts are good source of natural antioxidants in alleviating oxidative stress diseases. Isolation of bioactive compounds from crude extracts are desirable for future studies.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Antioxidants, DPPH, Lippia Javanica, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.128}, author = {Foluso Oluwagbemiga Osunsanmi and Godfrey Elijah Zharare and Andy Rowland Opoku} } @article {882, title = {Traditional Usages and Phytochemical Screenings of Selected Zingiberaceae from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {505-510}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {505}, abstract = {

Background: Zingiberaceae is one of the significant components of the herbaceous ground flora of Southeast Asia tropical forests. This family includes some medicinally important species, in particular the members of genera of Alpinia, Curcuma, Etlingera and Zingiber (Van Balgooy, 2001). Objective: to identify the traditional usages and evaluate for phytochemical screening of selected Zingiberaceae from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Material and Methods: Zingiberaceae samples were collected from the Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), Central Sulawesi Indonesia and its surroundings and evaluated for their phytochemical contents by using TLC method with particular spraying reagents. Results: the plants were used by the local ethnics for different daily and medicinal purposes. All part of each selected species of Zingiberaceae contain flavonoid, tannins, saponins, triterpenoid and alkaloid although steroids were only found in the leaves of Etlingera flexuosa, Curcuma mangga and Alpinia galanga. Alkaloids were only found in the rhyzome of Etlingera flexuosa, Curcuma aerugynosa, Zingiber montanum. Besides it was also detected in leaves of both Alpinia rubricaulis and Etlingera acanthoides. Additionally, Alkaloids were also discovered in the stem of Ammomum aculeata, Alpinia galanga and Curcuma mangga.

}, keywords = {Central Sulawesi Indonesia, Phytochemical screening, Traditional usages, Zingiberaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.80}, author = {Ramadanil and Damry and Rusdi and Baharuddin Hamzah and Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair} } @article {683, title = {Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities of Sponges Collected off the Coast of Togean Islands, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {988-992}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {988}, abstract = {

Context: Marine sponges (Porifera: Demospongia) have astonishing structural diversity and broad biological activities. Aims: To evaluate the antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of five sponges collected off the coast of Togean Islands, Indonesia, identified as Spheciospongia inconstan, Melophlus sarasironum, Oceanapia amboinensis, Biemna sp and Axinella sp. Methods and Material: All dried sponges materials were extracted by maceration method using methanol and then evaporated by the rotary evaporator to obtain viscous extracts. The determination of antibacterial activity was performed by well agar diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli while the cytotoxic activity was determined by MTT methods on human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and human colon colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116), followed by determination of the apoptosis mechanism by Annexin V-FTIC assay. Results: M. sarasinorum and Axinella sp showed strong inhibition against S.aureus and E.coli with the diameter of inhibition of 14.21 \± 0.92 mm and 14.36 \± 0.92 mm, and 10.01 \± 2.65 mm and 12.07 \± 1.54 mm, respectively. Moreover, they also exhibited potent cytotoxicity on HCT-116 with IC50 values of 0.002 and 8.518 \μg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, on MCF-7, only M. sarasinorum showed moderate inhibition with an IC50 value of 87.35 \μg/mL. Annexin V-FTIC assay clearly showed that the cytotoxic mechanism of M. sarasinorum and Axinella sp on HCT-116 and MCF-7 was via apoptosis induction. Conclusion: The sponges of M. Sarasinorum and Axinella sp are undergoing further analysis to identify the active constituents which could be developed as potential antibacterial and anticancer agents.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Cytotoxicity, MTT, Sponges, Togean Islands}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.168}, author = {Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair and Subehan Lallo and Masteria Yunovilsa Putra and Tri Aryono Hadi and Ibrahim Jantan} } @article {474, title = {Anti-inflammatory Activity of Methanolic Extract from Pistacia atlantica Desf. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {71-76}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {71}, abstract = {

Introduction: The extracts of the Pistacia species are known for their anti-inflammatory activity, including fruits and oil of P.\ atlantica. However, the inflammatory effect of the methanolic extract of P.\ atlantica leaves has not been studied. This work aimed at assessing the antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities of P.\ atlantica leaves extract in relation to phytochemical studies of flavonoids. Methods: The extract was obtained using sonication of leaves powder in 80 \% methanol. The analysis of phenolic compounds was carried out using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by the reduction of carrageenaninduced hind paw edema in mice. Results: The TLC revealed 3 glycosylated flavonoids and gallic acid derivatives. The flavonoids identified corresponded to rutin, quercetrin and other heterosides of quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin. Total phenolics and flavonoids contents were comparable for the male and female trees. The antioxidant activity did not show a significative difference between the two sexes, except for that evaluated by the FRAP assay which was significantly greater for the male tree leaves extract. The leaves extract permitted significative reduction of the edema at h3 and 6 in a dose-dependent manner (100 and 250 mg/kg), while diclofenac used as control reduced the edema at h 1.5. This difference could be explained by the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of diclofenac and P. atlantica leaves compounds. Conclusion: P. atlantica has a strong anti-inflammatory activity and constitutes a potential source for the development of new treatments.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Flavonoids, Methanolic extract, Plantar edema, TLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.14}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/369}, author = {Oukacha Amri and Abderrahmane Zekhnini and Abdellah Bouhaimi and Saida Tahrouch and Abdelhakim Hatimi} } @article {629, title = {Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content and Total Flavonoid Content of Water and Methanol Extracts of Phyllanthus species from Malaysia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {677-681}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {677}, abstract = {

Aims: The effects of 2 types of solvents, water and methanol were investigated to determine the presence of antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) from three Phyllanthus species namely, Phyllanthus urinaria, Phyllanthus niruri and Phyllanthus debilis. Materials\ and\ Methods: The antioxidant activities were measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,20- azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays. The chemical contents of the Phyllanthus sp. were presented as total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Statistical analysis used: All statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS for Windows, Version 22. All data were presented as mean \± standard deviation. Results: Our result showed that P. urinaria showed higher TPC, followed by P. debilis and P. niruri for both methanol and water extracts. Similarly, P. urinaria showed higher TFC than P. debilis and P. niruri. The antioxidant activity by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrydydrazyl (DPPH) assay showed EC50 of samples ranged from 15.8 to 29.3 \μg/mL for methanol extract and 33.5 to 73.0 \μg/mL for water extract. The 2,20- azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assay showed EC50 ranges which were from 11.2 to 26.0 \μg/mL for methanol extract and 13.5 to 37.4 \μg/mL for water extract. Conclusion: Methanol extract showed higher TPC, TFC value and lower EC50 values for antioxidant activities when compared to water extract. In both methanol and water extracts, P. urinaria had higher TPC and TFC value and lower EC50 for both DPPH and ABTS assay followed by P. debilis and P. niruri.

}, keywords = {ABTS, DPPH, Flavonoid, phenolic, Phyllanthus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.111}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/649}, author = {Siti Nur Dalila Mohd Zain and Wan Adnan Wan Omar} } @article {706, title = {In vitro Evaluation of Seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa for Cytotoxic Activity against Cervical HeLa Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1007-1011}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1007}, abstract = {

Background: Seaweed macroalgae of Gracilaria verrucosa has been known to have a potent anticancer activity, however the cytotoxicity against cervical cancer has not been explored further. Objective: This study aims to utilize Indonesia\’s marine resource which is focused on seaweed macroalgae G. verrucosa as a future anti-cervical cancer agent. Materials and Method: Seaweed G. verrucosa originated from Labuan Aji beach, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia, extracted, macerated, and fractionated into four organic solvents of different polarity, consisting of hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and ethanol. Then, the macroalgae extracts are diluted into 8 different concentrations. Afterwards, in vitro anticancer activity evaluation of hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and ethanol extracts of G. verrucosa against cervical HeLa cells were conducted by MTT cell proliferation assay. Triplo mechanism is also applied in this study to increase the accuracy of the results. The anticancer activity is measured using IC50 value. Results: The four concentrated extracts G. verrucosa showed cytotoxicity against cervical HeLa cells. The greatest anticancer activity is depicted by hexane extract with an IC50 of 14.94 \μg/mL, followed by chloroform (IC50 15.74 \μg/mL), ethyl acetate (IC50 16.18 \μg/mL), and ethanol (IC50 19.43 \μg/mL). Conclusion: Our results clearly indicate that hexane, ethanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts of seaweed G. verrucosa can be further developed to be anti-cervical cancer agents, with hexane extract displaying the greatest cytotoxic effect.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, Gracillaria verrucosa, HeLa cervical cancer cells, IC50 value, MTT Assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.171}, author = {Micheylla Kusumaning Dewi and Ade Arsianti and Cut Raisya Zahira Zagloel and Yully Astika Nugrahayning Aziza and Kartika Dwi Kurniasari and Baiq Kirana Dyahningrum Mandasari and Riathul Masita and Futihati Ruhama Zulfa and Norma Nur Azizah and Rista Putrianingsih} } @article {624, title = {In-vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Anti-collagenase Activity of Thalassia hempricii as a Potent Ingredients for Anti-Wrinkle Cosmetics}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {778-782}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {778}, abstract = {

Background: Thalassia hemprichii have reported containing antioxidant effects. However, information on other biological activities relating to the anti-wrinkle properties is limited. The free radical scavenging activity and enzyme inhibitory activity of the plant extracts investigated that they can help restore skin elasticity and thereby slow the wrinkling process. Objective: To evaluate in-vitro antioxidant and anti-collagenase activity of T. hemprichii as a potent ingredient for anti-wrinkle cosmetic. Methods: T. hemprichii was extracted with ethanol 100\% (E1) 75\% (E2) and ethanol 50\% (E3) using maceration extraction method for 24 h, thrice. The extract was examined for total phenolic content, antioxidant activity compared with vitamin C, and the best extract was tested for the inhibitory activity of collagenase. Results: The total phenolic content of T. hempricii extract was 0,525 \± 0,016 mg GAE/100 g extract (E1) 0,538 \± 0,006 mg GAE/100 g extract (E2) and 0,558 \± 0,090 mg GAE/100 g extract (E3) respectively. The antioxidant activity (\% inhibition) of the extract was 38,035 \± 0,252 \% (E1), 52,502 \± 6,225 \% (E2) and 57,261 \± 0,505 \% (E3). Ascorbic acid as a positive control of antioxidant activity showed much higher \% inhibition than the sample with 78,055 \± 0,756 \%. As the best extract from antioxidant activity, E2 and E3 have inhibited collagenase activity with 51,809 \± 0,164 \% and 52,212 \± 0,735 \% at 20\μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: In general the (T. hempricii) extract can be used as a potential active ingradient for anti-wrinkles cosmetic.

}, keywords = {Anti-wrinkle, Antioxidant, Collagenase, Seagrass, Thalassia hempricii}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.131}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/669}, author = {Kiki Zakiah and Effionora Anwar and Tati Nurhayati} } @article {514, title = {Isolation, Characterization and in vitro Pharmacological Activities of Tagetes Erectus Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {384-393}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {384}, abstract = {

Tagetes erectus (family: Asteraceae), commonly known as \‘African marigold\’, is an ornamental plant widely distributed in India. The plant has been used in traditional medicines in India and elsewhere in the treatment of cold, bronchitis, rheumatism and inflammation. The flavonoid quercetin has been isolated from the methanol extract of the plant by column chromatography and identified by co-TLC, comparison of its melting point, UV, IR and NMR spectra. Quercetin content has been estimated as 1.22 (\±0.26) \% in the methanol extract of Tageteserectus whole plant based on HPTLC method using the solvent systemchloroform: methanol (8.5:1.5). The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation (oil yield 0.04\% v/w) and 25 compounds comprising 93.9\% of the constituents were identified by GC-MS analysis. Monoterpenoids Predominated the oil (78.5\%), with piperitone as the major compound (40.1\%) followed by terpinolene (12.7\%) and limonene (12.0\%). The in vitro antioxidant assays of the methanol extract showed moderate activity with IC50 values 109.45 (\±1.22) g/ml for DPPH radical scavenging assay and 201.53 (\±4.48) g/ml for superoxide scavenging assay and the marker compound quercetin showed IC50 values 26.40(\±1.75) and 13.87 (\±0.54) g/ml respectively. Reducing power assay also showed moderate activity. Antibacterial activity of the methanol extract and the essential oil against gram positive and gram-negative bacteria were done using disc diffusion method. The essential oil showed remarkable activity against the tested organisms, while the extract showed only moderate activity.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Disc diffusion method, DPPH radical scavenging assay, Flavonoids, Quercetin, Terpinolene}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.64}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/495}, author = {Resmi S and Divya V Nair and Athulya Subhash and Rose Jose and Vishnu V and Subin Mary Zachariah} } @article {707, title = {Phytochemical Test and Cytotoxic Activity of Macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii against Cervical HeLa Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1012-1017}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1012}, abstract = {

Intoduction: Marine resource of macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii from East Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia, have potential as anti-cervical cancer agent. Objectives: Finding cytotoxic activity of Eucheuma cottonii hexane, ethylacetate, chloroform and ethanol extracts against cervical HeLa cells by MTT cell proliferation assay. Methods: The extracts was tested in phytochemical and cytotoxic activity test. Phytochemical test to identify composition of secondary metabolite such as flavonoid, alkaloid, saponins, tannin, triterpenoid, steroid and glycoside. The amount of substances contained in the extract sample was analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Cytotoxic activity using HeLa cells. Results: Phytochemical test of E. cottonii extracts showed the positive result for metabolite of flavonoid, whereas the TLC analysis revealed that the extracts containing five chemical compounds. Ethanol, n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts of E. cottonii exhibited a strong cytotoxic activity against cervical HeLa cells with IC50 of 7.54 \μg/mL, 5.73 \μg /mL, 4.82 \μg /mL and 4.34 \μg / mL, respectively. Conclusion: The results suggest that macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii could be used as a new anti-cervical cancer\’s candidate.

}, keywords = {Anti-cervical cancer, Cytotoxicity, Eucheuma cottonii, HeLa cell lines, Phytochemical test, Seaweed}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.172}, author = {Ade Arsianti and Yully Astika Nugrahayning Aziza and Kartika Dwi Kurniasari and Baiq Kirana Dyahningrum Mandasari and Riathul Masita and Futihati Ruhama Zulfa and Micheylla Kusumaning Dewi and Cut Raisya Zahira Zagloel and Norma Nur Azizah and Rista Putrianingsih} } @article {564, title = {Preliminary of Pharmacokinetics Study of Brown Seaweed (Turbinaria decurrens Bory) Extract in Colon Cancer Model Mice Induced by AOM (Azoxymethane) and DSS (Dextran Sodium Sulphate)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {567-570.}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {567}, abstract = {

Introduction: Colon Cancer is one of leading cancer that causes morbidity and mortality worldwide, causes 774,000 deaths. Fucoxanthin contained brown seaweed Bory) extracts showed cytotoxic activity by and study, including colon cancer. This study aims to examine the absorption profile of fucoxanthin in blood plasma on colon cancer model mice. Methods: Mice were induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and two cycle dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Mice were given an extract of brown seaweed Bory that contain fucoxanthin. Fucoxanthin content in blood plasma analyzed using mobile phase methanol: acetonitrile by Reversed- Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis. Results: The maximum concentration of fucoxanthin in blood was at 4 hours after administration, and the plasma concentration is 2.15 nmol/L, T1/2 6.25 h, and AUC 10.75 nmol/L/h Conclusions: The method was applied successfully in a pharmacokinetic study and the resulting oral brown seaweed bioavailability calculated.

}, keywords = {Brown seaweed, Colon cancer, Fucoxanthin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.92}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/525}, author = {Nurul Qurrota{\textquoteright}Ayun and Astria Deviyani Zakaria and Anton Bahtiar} } @article {752, title = {Therapeutic Index of Methanolic Extracts of Three Malaysian Phyllanthus Species on MCF-7 and MCF-10A Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s30-s32}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s30}, abstract = {

Introduction: Phyllanthus species such as P. urinaria, P. niruri and P. debilis are common herbs found in Malaysia that are traditionally used for treatment of chronic diseases such as liver diseases, kidney stones and cancer. Phyllanthus species were shown in vitro to have many biological functions such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and anti-diabetic. Aims: The goal of this in vitro study was to assess the cytotoxic effect of the methanolic extract of P. urinaria, P. niruri and P. debilis on MCF-10A and MCF-7 cells (i.e., normal and cancerous breast cell lines) and to determine the therapeutic index of each Phyllanthus species. Materials and Methods: We determined the therapeutic index for each Phyllanthus sp. and its selective toxicity towards these cells. The toxicity of sample toward the cells are measured by trypan blue cell counting method. Results: Our results showed that P. debilis had the lowest IC50 concentration in MCF-7 cells and the highest IC50 concentration in MCF-10A cells and its therapeutic index was higher than that found in P. niruri and P. urinaria. The high therapeutic index of P. debilis suggests that this species has greater selective cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cancer cells than in MCF-10A normal cells. Thus, the methanolic extract of P. debilis should be further characterised and developed for future use as an anti-cancer agent.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, MCF-10A, MCF-7, Phyllanthus, Therapeutic index}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.5}, author = {Wan Adnan Wan Omar and Siti Nur Dalila Mohd Zain} } @article {769, title = {Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid, Quercetin Content and Antioxidant Activity of Standardized Extract of Moringa oleifera Leaf from Regions with Different Elevation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s104-s108}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s104}, abstract = {

Context: Moringa oleifera is the famous plant that has been used as medicinal plant for diverse pharmacological activity. Aims: To evaluate the total phenolic, total flavonoid, quercetin content as well as the antioxidant activity of standardized extract of Moringa oleifera (Lamk) leaf, collected from three regions with different elevation. Materials and Methods: The leaves were extracted by maceration method using ethanol 96\% and evaporated by rotary evaporator to obtain the viscous extract. The determination of total phenolic and total flavonoid were performed by spectroscopic method, while the quercetin concentration were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Results: Ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera leaf from region with medium altitude (Sigi regency) showed higher total phenolic, total flavonoid, quercetin concentration and antioxidant activity than regions with low and high altitude (Parigi and Palu cities). Conclusion: This study reveals the potency of standardized extracts of Moringa oleifera growing in medium altitude (Sigi regency) to be developed as antioxidant herbal medicine.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Kelor, Moringa oleifera, total flavonoid, total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.20}, author = {Evi Sulastri and Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair and Nurafni Israyanti Anas and Syakila Abidin and Ririen Hardani and Risfah Yulianti and Aliyah} } @article {361, title = {Chemical Profile and Biological Activities of Essential oil of Aerial parts of Artemisia monosperma Del. Growing in Libya}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {578-586}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {578}, abstract = {

Background: From the bioactivity stand point Artemisia monosperma Del. is reputed to have antispasmodic and anthelmintic properties. Various types of secondary metabolites were reported in A. monosperma plants from different localities. Objective: The current study was planned aiming to investigate the influence of stage of development on the composition, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities of the essential oil derived from the aerial parts of the Libyan plants. Material and Methods: A. monosperma volatiles were hydro-distilled from aerial parts of Libyan plants, collected at different stages of growth: before flowering (A1), and at beginning (A2) and by the end (A3) of flowering stage. Yields ranged from 0.16-0.26 ml/100g fresh material (A3, highest). GC/FID and GC/MS analyses were performed. Results: Among 16-20 identified components (97.63-99.00\% of total composition), 11 were common in all samples. A1 and A2 showed close amounts of hydrocarbons (63.56 and 66.55\%), but lesser than A3 (88.36\%); monoterpenoids were mainly represented by sabinene (13.15-22.85\%), \β-pinene (9.00-24.03\%) and \β-cis-ocimene (3.73-12.92\%); while sesquiterpenoids appeared absent. Among oxygenated components (11.29, 31.08 and 35.44 \% in A3, A2 and A1), bornyl acetate was the major monoterpenoid (8.00-31.00\%, highest in A1); and the sesquiterpenoid, \β-eudesmol (8.01\%) was detected in A2 only. Moreover, A2 demonstrated significant antifungal effect against Aspergillus fumigatus and Geotricum candidum (MIC 0.98 and 0.24 \μg/ml). Conclusion: A3 exerted the highest anti-inflammatory activity as compared to the other volatiles. A1 restored the reduced blood GHS level in diabetic animals almost as efficiently as Vitamin E. The antioxidant activity of the volatiles is decreased during the flowering stage, being the highest before flowering (A1); this could be associated to the decreasing bornyl acetate content of the samples.

}, keywords = {Anti-oxidant, Antiinflammatory, Antimicrobial, Artemisia monosperma, Essential oil composition, GC-MS, Libya.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.92}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.92}, author = {Soheir Mohamed El Zalabani and Soad Hanna Tadros and Abeer Mohamed El Sayed and Areej Almaktouf Daboub and Amany Amen Sleem} } @article {403, title = {Cytotoxicity Effect and Morphological Study of Different Duku(Lansium domesticum corr.) Extract towards Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells Line (HT-29)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {757-761}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {757}, abstract = {

Context: Lansium domesticum corr. is a member of the family Meliaceae, and known locally as duku and has been used traditionally in the prevention and treatment of various illness. Aim: To study the cytotoxic effect and morphological changes of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) treated with different duku (Lansium domesticum corr.) extracts. Methods: The L.domesticum corr. fruit extracts were processed involving three different solvents; methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate. HT-29 cell lines were treated with different concentrations of L. domesticum corr. (0-100 \μg/ml) extracts for a total of 24, 48 and 72 hours. Cytotoxicity of cells line was determined by using MTT assay as per IC50 values. Results: Methanol extract of L. domesticum corr. showed IC50 value at 6.79 \± 0.00 \μg/ml and 50.0 \± 0.00 \μg/ml respective, while ethyl acetate extract of L. domesticum corr. reached IC50 value at 86.00 \± 0.08 \μg/ml, and 96.0 \± 0.12 \μg/ml. There was no IC50 value of ethanol extract from L.domesticum corr. Only methanol extract showed toxicity towards HT-29 cells line. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first repeat the exploring the effect of duku (L. domesticum corr.) extract on HT-29 cells line.

}, keywords = {Anti-proliferative effect, colorectal cancer, IC50 value., MTT Assay, polarity extracts}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.119}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/172}, author = {Rohin Mohd Adzim Khalili and Jumli Mimie Noratiqah and Ridzwan Norhaslinda and Abd Hadi Norhayati and Baig Atif Amin and Arshad Roslan and A. Latif Ahmad Zubaidi} } @article {264, title = {Inhibition of Alpha-Glucosidase and Antioxidant Test of Stem Bark Extracts of Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {273-275}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {273}, abstract = {

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the global health emergencies that characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). Type 2 DM is the most common type in diabetic populations. Inhibition of alphaglucosidase can ameliorate postprandial hyperglycemia that occurs in patients with type 2 DM. Adding antioxidants to the therapy of DM is intended to reduce complications caused by oxidative stress. Some species of Garcinia have been proven to inhibit alpha-glucosidase and have antioxidant activity, but there is no research on Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb. Therefore, the aims of this research were to determine the activity of Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb. stem bark in inhibiting alpha-glucosidase and as an antioxidant. Methods: In this research, the Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb. stem bark was dried, grinded, and extracted by multistage maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase test has been done in vitro on concentrated extracts and measured by microplate reader at 400 nm. The antioxidant test has been done using DPPH scavenging method and was measured by microplate reader at 519 nm. Results: Ethyl acetate extract is the most active extract for both test. IC50 values for inhibition of alpha-glucosidase test are 20.18 \μg/mL that is more active than standard (acarbose) which has IC50 value 141.55 \μg/mL. Meanwhile, IC50 value from an antioxidant test is 8.93 \μg/mL that is not more active than standard (quercetin) which has IC50 value 2.51 \μg/mL. Conclusion: Phytochemical screening shows that the ethyl acetate extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and tannins.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase, Antioxidant, DPPH, Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb. Stem bark, Phytochemical screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.46}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/313}, author = {Nusaibah Zahratunnisa and Berna Elya and Arikadia Noviani} } @article {38, title = {Hepatoprotective effect of Quail egg against carbon tetra chloride (CCl4) induced hepatic damage in albino rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar-Apr 2015}, pages = {102-106}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Introduction: Quail egg has been used traditionally in the treatment of many ailments. Despite the wide speculations of its involvement in the treatment of liver diseases, very little scientific evidence exist to support this claim. This work investigated the hepatoprotective effect of quail egg against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in albino rats. Materials and Methods: The rats were divided into five groups of five rats per group. Animals of group A (positive control) were fed with vehicle (distilled water) on the first four days and with vehicle and CCl4 on the fifth, sixth and seventh day. Animals of group B (negative control) were given only vehicle for seven days. Animals of groups C, D and E were respectively administered with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of quail egg for the first four days and with vehicle, quail egg and CCl4 for the fifth, sixth and seventh day. Animals were subsequently anaesthetized, and blood samples were taken for the estimation of albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total protein (TP) and bilirubin. The liver was isolated for histopathological studies. Results: The levels of ALT, ALP and TP were significantly affected (p \< 0.05) in CCl4 fed groups, indicating liver injury. The effects were reduced significantly (p \< 0.05) after treatment of rats with quail egg. Furthermore, histopathological studies of the liver tissues also supported the hepatoprotective activity of quail egg- photomicrographs of treated groups showed mild reduction in vacuolarisation/ballooning degeneration of the hepatocytes. Conclusion: Quail egg showed some potentials of protecting the liver from damage by stabilising the levels of ALP, ALT and TP and reducing the degeneration of the hepatocytes. Thus, this finding has provided information that suggests utilising quail egg for treatment of liver dysfunction.

}, author = {Dandare Shamsudeen Umar and Bawa Muhammad and Wasagu Ibrahim Zubairu and Magaji Umar Faruk} } @article {1468, title = {Hepatoprotective Effect of Quail Egg Against Carbontetrachloride (CCl4) Induced Hepatic Damage in Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Dec, 2014}, pages = {102-106}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {102}, abstract = {

Introduction: Quail egg has been used traditionally in the treatment of many ailments. Despite the wide speculations of its involvement in the treatment of liver diseases, very little scientific evidence exist to support this claim. This work investigated the hepatoprotective effect of quail egg against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in albino rats. Materials and Methods: The rats were divided into five groups of five rats per group. Animals of group A (positive control) were fed with vehicle (distilled water) on the first four days and with vehicle and CCl4 on the fifth, sixth and seventh day. Animals of group B (negative control) were given only vehicle for seven days. Animals of groups C, D and E were respectively administered with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of quail egg for the first four days and with vehicle, quail egg and CCl4 for the fifth, sixth and seventh day. Animals were subsequently anaesthetized, and blood samples were taken for the estimation of albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total protein (TP) and bilirubin. The liver was isolated for histopathological studies. Results: The levels of ALT, ALP and TP were significantly affected (p \< 0.05) in CCl4 fed groups, indicating liver injury. The effects were reduced significantly (p \< 0.05) after treatment of rats with quail egg. Furthermore, histopathological studies of the liver tissues also supported the hepatoprotective activity of quail egg- photomicrographs of treated groups showed mild reduction in vacuolarisation/ballooning degeneration of the hepatocytes. Conclusion: Quail egg showed some potentials of protecting the liver from damage by stabilising the levels of ALP, ALT and TP and reducing the degeneration of the hepatocytes. Thus, this finding has provided information that suggests utilising quail egg for treatment of liver dysfunction.

Key Words: Quail egg, Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatotoxicity, Hepatoprotection, Histopathology.

}, keywords = {Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatoprotection, Hepatotoxicity, Histopathology., Quail egg}, author = {Dandare Shamsudeen Umar and Bawa Muhammad and Wasagu Ibrahim Zubairu and Magaji Umar Faruk} } @article {87, title = {Quantitative Determination and Variation Tendencies of Flavonoids in Five Selaginella Plant Drugs}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {378-382}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {378}, keywords = {Amentoflavone content, HPLC, Selaginella, Total flavonoids content, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Variation tendencies}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.11}, author = {Weifang Long and Qi Ding and Yujie Chen and Jiqing Hu and Luyang Li and Fei Zhang and Dingrong Wan} } @article {1483, title = {Anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities of methanolic extract of Anthemis scrobicularis herbs}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {55-61}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

The anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activitiesof the methanolic extract of Anthemis scrobicularis(ANS) herbs were evaluated in rats against carrageenan induced inflammation and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)induced hepatic injury. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of ANS, twenty male rats were divided into four equal groups. Injection of 100 \μl carrageenan in normal saline into the subplantar region of the hind paw of rats clearly induced paw edema. The volume of paw edema was attenuated following oral administration of ANS. For hepatoprotective effects, twenty five rats were equally divided into five groups.The hepatotoxicity, induced by a single dose of CCl4, produced significant (p\<0.001) increase of the levels of serumtransaminase, phosphatase, bilirubin and a decrease in proteins were also noticed. The oxidative stress marker such as malondialdehyde (MDA)was increased and nonprotein sulfhydryl (NP-SH) was decreased in the hepatotoxic tissues. Pre-medication of CCl4-intoxicated rats with ANS at the doses 250 and 500 mg/kg reversed the abnormal liver diagnostic stricture. The results showed that ANS is toxicologically safe when orally administered and possess highly significant anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities and the potentials usefulness of Anthemis scrobicularis in hepatic and inflammatory disease.

Key words: Anthemis scrobicularis, Anti-inflammatory, Hepatoprotective, Carbon tetrachloride, Histopathology.

}, keywords = {Anthemis scrobicularis, Anti-inflammatory, Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatoprotective, Histopathology}, author = {Hasan S. Yusufoglu and Aftab Alam and Mohamad Ayman A. Salkini and Ahmed M. Zaghloul} } @article {1536, title = {Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of roots extracts from Actinidia arguta (Sieb.et Zucc.) Planch}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {80-86}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {80}, abstract = {

Aims: The roots of Actinidia arguta (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch (also named tengligen) have medicinal uses as anti-tumour, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory agents. In this study, we evaluated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of 95\% ethanol extract and different fractions of the roots of A. arguta (Sieb.et Zucc.) Planch (Tengligen). Methods: Three conventional methods were used to carry out the antinociceptive effect: acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, formalin induced hind paw licking, and hot plate test. In addition, the anti-inflammatory effect was investigated by carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. Conclusion: From the obtained results, we found that the total ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and n-butanol fraction all significantly inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing and both phases of the formalin induced pain response, increased the time of response to thermal stimulation in hot plate test, and exhibited significant dose-related inhibition of carrageenan induced paw edema volumes when compared with the control group. Based on our findings, we conclude that the flavonoid and saponin contents of tengligen are responsible for the antinociception and anti-inflammatory effects of Actinidia arguta (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch, respectively.

Key words:Actinidia arguta (Sieb.et Zucc.) Planch; antinociceptive; anti-inflammatory.}, keywords = {Actinidia arguta (Sieb.et Zucc.) Planch; antinociceptive; anti-inflammatory}, author = {Kun Teng, and Hong-Sheng Ruan, and Hai-Feng Zhang} } @article {1490, title = {The Effects of Topical Carvacrol Application on Wound Healing Process in Male Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {10-13}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Carvacrol containing products such as Origanum onites have been used as phytotherapeutic agents in the treatment of serious skin injury. It has been suggested that carvacrol is the active component of these herbs because of its anti-microbial property. With the anti-microbial activity and as an ingredient of these herbs, carvacrol is a promising molecule for the treatment of skin injury. In the present study, we have evaluated the efficacy of carvacrol on healing progress after excisional skin injury. Here, Wistar-Albino rats were divided into two groups and treated with carvacrol and vehicle. Carvacrol was administrated topically at a concentration of \%12.5 for the 5 consecutive days after excisional skin injury. Tissue samples were harvested on days 3rd, 8th and 12th after injury. Significant beneficial effect of carvacrol was observed at the end of the experiment. In the acute phase of the injury, carvacrol treatment increased tissue granulation and decreased wound depth moderately. These effect of carvacrol was associated with increased TNF-\α. However, at the second half of the experiment the elevated level of TGF-B1 was observed as compared with control animals. The level of IL-1 was increased in carvacrol treated animals only on day 8. Here, we provide evidence that carvacrol improves wound healing by regulating pro- inflammatory molecules TNF-\α, IL-1 and TGF-\β1.

Key words: carvacrol, wound healing, TNF-\α, IL-1, TGF-\β1, aromatic herbs.

}, keywords = {carvacrol; wound healing; TNF-α; IL-1β; TGF-β1; aromatic herbs.}, author = {Mehmet Y Gunal and Aylin O Heper, and Nezahat Zaloglu} } @article {1547, title = {Pharmacognostic study of root of Combretum albidum G. Don}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {28-33}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background:Combretum albidum G. Don commonly known as Buffalo calf. The C. albidum is used for diverse health ailments in traditional and folklore remedies. Objective: The present study was undertaken to lay down pharmacognostic and phytochemical standards for Combretum albidum G. Don. Material and Methods: The pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical, fluorescence and phytochemical analysis. Physicochemical parameters such as total ash, moisture content, extractive values are determined as per WHO guidelines. The microscopical features of root components are observed with Nikon labphoto 2 microscopic unit. Results: The morphologically, root are pale brown colored, cylindrical with slightly bitter in taste and agreeable odour. Distinguishingly roots showed root scares, rootlet and fibrous fracture. Microscopy of root consists of thick epidermis, periderm, and cortex with sclerenchyma cells. Vascular cylinder includes thin phloem and thick, solid and dense xylem cylinder. The prismatic calcium oxalates were observed. Powder microscopy of root revealed that fibres were fairly wide and densely packed with starch grains. The fluorescence and physicochemical standards for root were established. Phytochemically root showed the presence of carbohydrate, glycoside, saponin, flavonoid, phytosterols and phenolic compounds. Conclusion: There is no pharmacognostic and phytochemical reports on C. albidum to authenticate and differentiate them from similar species. Therefore, present work was undertaken and established the pharmacognostic and phytochemical characteristics of C. albidum and diagnostic features to differentiate it.

Key words: Combretum albidum, Microscopy, Macroscopy, Phytochemical, Fluorescence analysis.

}, keywords = {Combretum albidum, Fluorescence analysis, Macroscopy, microscopy, Phytochemical}, author = {Ashish S. Zalke and B. Duraiswamy and Upendra B. Gandagule} }