@article {2525, title = {Analysis of Solvent Concentration Effect and Extraction Method on The Total Phenolic of Syzygium myrtifolium Walp. Leaf Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {461-469}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {461}, abstract = {

Background: Syzygium myrtifolium Walp., an Indonesian ornamental plant, contains phenolic compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. The demand for natural antioxidants is rising due to concerns over synthetic alternatives. Objectivity: To determine the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of S. myrtifolium leaf extracts obtained with various solvents (ethanol 60, 70, 80, 96\% v/v, ethyl acetate, n-hexane) and two extraction methods (maceration and ultrasonic-assisted extraction, UAE), and to assess the effects of solvent polarity and extraction method. Methods: Leaves were extracted by maceration and UAE. TPC was measured via the Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu method (tannic acid equivalents, \%) using UV{\textendash}Vis spectrophotometry. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH assay (IC$_{5}$$_{0}$). Phytochemical screening was also performed. Results: TPC (maceration): 60\% ethanol = 18.76\%, 96\% ethanol = 13.64\%, ethyl acetate = 8.33\%, n-hexane = 0.83\%. TPC (UAE): 60\% ethanol = 20.02\%, 96\% ethanol = 14.04\%, ethyl acetate = 10.13\%, n-hexane = 0.92\%. Solvent type/concentration and extraction method significantly affected TPC (p \< 0.05). UAE 96\% ethanol showed the strongest antioxidant activity (IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ ≈ 16.03 ppm), ethyl acetate had moderate activity (≈67{\textendash}76 ppm), and n-hexane the weakest (≈153{\textendash}163 ppm). UAE 60\% ethanol had the highest TPC but not the strongest activity (IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ ≈ 88.27 ppm), suggesting antioxidant potency depends on phenolic composition. Conclusion: UAE with 60\% ethanol produced the highest TPC, while UAE with 96\% ethanol exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity. Further profiling is needed to clarify the phenolic composition{\textendash}activity relationship.

}, keywords = {Maceration, phenolic, solvent concentration, Syzigium myrtifolium walp, UAE}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.59}, author = {Novi Fajar Utami and Rizky Mulyana Syarif and Chorry Sundari Irawan and Shintia Ramadhani} } @article {2549, title = {Comparative Evaluation of Dexmedetomidine versus Fentanyl Added to Hyperbaric Levobupivacaine for Subarachnoid Block: Effects on Sensory-Motor Blockade and Analgesic Duration}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {638-641}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {638}, abstract = {

Introduction : Adjuvants to local anesthetics enhance the quality and duration of spinal anesthesia while reducing postoperative analgesic requirements. Opioids like fentanyl are effective but associated with significant side effects, whereas dexmedetomidine, an α2-adrenergic agonist, has shown promise as a non-opioid alternative. Objective : To compare the effects of intrathecal dexmedetomidine and fentanyl, when added to levobupivacaine, on sensory and motor block characteristics, duration of analgesia, and complications in patients undergoing elective total abdominal hysterectomy. Methods: In this prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 60 ASA I{\textendash}II female patients aged 18{\textendash}65 years were allocated into two groups (n = 30 each). Group D received 15 mg 0.5\% hyperbaric levobupivacaine with 5 μg dexmedetomidine, and Group F received 15 mg 0.5\% hyperbaric levobupivacaine with 25 μg fentanyl intrathecally. Block onset, duration of sensory and motor blockade, time to first rescue analgesia, hemodynamic changes, and side effects were recorded. Results: Demographic variables were comparable between groups. The onset of sensory and motor block was significantly faster with fentanyl, while dexmedetomidine prolonged the duration of sensory block (458.83 vs 358.07 min, p \< 0.001), motor block (287.33 vs 217.33 min, p \< 0.001), and time to rescue analgesia (95.5 vs 55.5 min, p \< 0.001). Hypotension was the most common complication in both groups, without significant difference between two groups. Pruritus was observed only in the fentanyl group, while bradycardia was rare and not significant in the dexmedetomidine group. Conclusion: Intrathecal dexmedetomidine, as an adjuvant to levobupivacaine, provides prolonged sensory and motor block and superior postoperative analgesia compared to fentanyl, with fewer side effects. It may be considered a preferable adjuvant for spinal anesthesia in total abdominal hysterectomy

}, keywords = {abdominal hysterectomy, Dexmedetomidine, Fentanyl, levobupivacaine, spinal anesthesia, subarachnoid block}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.79}, author = {Neethi T P and Prashanth Kumar C and Chaitra Uppangala and Barbara Coelho and Nayanatara Arun Kumar} } @article {2569, title = {Cytotoxic Effects of Imperata cylindrica Root Ethanol Extract on the Expression of PKCα, STAT3, and mTOR in A549 Lung Cancer Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {284-291}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {284}, abstract = {

Background: Imperata cylindrica or Cogon grass is a medicinal plant that has an anticancer effect. We unravel the cytotoxic effect of Imperata cylindrica root ethanol extract on the expression of PKCα, STAT3 and mTOR in A549 lung cancer cell lines. Methods: The cytotoxic effect tests were carried out on the A549 lung cancer cell line after 48 hours post-treatment using 3- [4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] -2.5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay method to discover the IC50 dose, continued with apoptosis tests at doses of 150, 300, and 600 μg/mL of I.cylindrica root ethanol extract using flowcytometry, as well as measurements of PKCα, STAT3, and mTOR mRNA expressions with the RT-qPCR method and measurements of PKCα, STAT3, and mTOR protein expressions with Western blot method. Results: This study showed that the ethanol extract of I. cylindrica roots had an IC50 of 541 μg/mL (weak cytotoxic) and the IC50 of erlotinib was at 29 μM (moderate cytotoxic). In apoptotic test, the highest average apoptotic results were found in erlotinib group, while ethanol extract doses of 150, 300, and 600 μg/mL gave apoptotic effects on cancer cells higher than negative control group. From RT-qPCR, found that I.cylindrica significantly inhibit the expression of PKCα, STAT3, and mTOR mRNA and from band scanning using Western Blot showed PKCα, STAT3, and mTOR protein expressions in Imperata root ethanol extract, qualitatively produced thinner bands when compared to the negative control group. Conclusion: This study demonstrated I.cylindrica root ethanol extract ability inhibiting the expression of PKCα, STAT3 and mTOR genes and proteins in the A549 lung cancer cell line, which can be taken into consideration as a complementary therapy in treatment of lung cancer.

}, keywords = {A549, Cytotoxic, Imperata cylindrica, mTOR, PKCα, STAT3}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.98}, author = {Raden Anita Indriyanti and Eko Fuji Ariyanto and Hermin Aminah Usman and Ristaniah Rose Effendy and Diah Dhianawaty} } @article {2473, title = {Medicinal Application of the Iceland Poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) in Traditional Mongolian Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {71-76}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {71}, abstract = {

In recent years, there has been a considerable focus on the utilization of natural medicinal substances, including plant-based medicines and formulations. While traditional medicine has been utilizing various medicinal plants to treat a wide range of diseases, there are still many medicinal plants and substances that have not been thoroughly studied at the scientific level. One such plant is the Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) from the Papaveraceae family. Globally, the Papaveraceae family comprises 44 genera and 760 species of which 32 species, representing 7 genera, are identified within Mongolia. The Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) is extensively distributed throughout Mongolia, with all parts of the plant, including its fruit and flowers. In addition, it has been traditionally employed in Mongolian medicine to treat a variety of ailments. However, systematic research on the practical applications and studies of the status of the local Iceland poppy in both modern and traditional Mongolian medicine remains poorly reported. Therefore, we aim to conduct a comprehensive and comparative study of the Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) and its application in the Traditional Mongolian medicinal literature and internationally published studies. Materials and Methods: In this study, data was collected from a comprehensive review of the international and Traditional Mongolian medicine literature to understand the medicinal application of the Iceland poppy. Additionally, current study results were analyzed to assess its practical applications and efficacy in modern medicinal contexts. Results: "In a variant of Mongolian medicinal prescriptions, the Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) is combined with the herb {\textquotedblleft}Govo jad-5{\textquotedblright} Mongolian traditional prescription for treating surgical wounds, torn blood vessels, and both old and new wounds. Furthermore, the book {\textquoteright}Methods and Prescriptions for Using Medicinal Plants in Traditional Mongolian Medicine reports that Iceland poppy is part of a mixture of four types of poppies used to treat conditions such as diarrhea, intestinal inflammation, and dysentery, by boiling and administering the concoction. A study by Otgonpurev Sukhbaatar et al., (2018) determined that the optimal conditions for callus and suspension biomass production of Papaver nudicaule L. are 1 mg/L naphthalene acetic acid and 0.5 mg/L benzyl adenine in MS media. Additionally, Gerelt-Od Yadamsuren et al., reported that the alkaloids 8,14-dihydroamurin, 8,14-dihydroflavinantin, and flavinantin from Papaver nudicaule L. exhibit significant antiviral activity against human rhinovirus-14. Conclusion: Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) has been used in traditional Mongolian medical practice for a long time. it has been historically widely used in Mongolian traditional medicine to treat wounds under the name of {\textquotedblleft}wound healer{\textquotedblright}. As reported by the scientific literature, the primary uses of these plants include inhibiting acetylcholinesterase enzyme, anti-cancer effects, as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, regarding its chemical composition, researchers have conducted studies that confirm the presence of alkaloids in this plant, specifically isoquinoline alkaloids. These compounds are known for their diverse biological activities and potential therapeutic effects, which may contribute to the plant{\textquoteright}s traditional medicinal uses. In summary, the Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) has been utilized in traditional medicine for treating a variety of illnesses; however, it suggests that more comprehensive research is necessary to scientifically substantiate these applications.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Medicinal plant, Nudicaulins, Papaver nudicaule L., Protopine, Traditional Mongolian medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.9}, author = {Enkhtuul Bayarsaikhan and Turtushikh Damba and Buyanjargal Erdenebat and Norovnyam Ryenchinbyambaa and Otgonsuren Daramzav and Khuvitavilan Battulga and Munkhzul Boldbaatar and Myagmarsuren Badamtsetseg and Enkhjargal Dorjval and Davaadagva Damdinjav and Otgonbaatar Urjin and Maria Halabalaki and Wirginia Kukula-Koch and Daariimaa Khurelbat} } @article {2376, title = {The Activity of Pegagan Embun Extract (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) in Capsule Form to SGPT and SGOT Levels in Humans}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1015-1020}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1015}, abstract = {

Purpose: The study aimed to determine the activity of administering Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract in capsule dosage on SGPT and SGOT levels in humans. Methods: The participants involved 20 healthy volunteers aged 20-25 years who were divided into 2 groups with placebo as a comparison. The treatment groups were given capsules containing Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract at a dose of 67 mg. The other group administered a placebo containing lactose for 3 days. SGPT and SGOT levels were measured before and after consuming the test capsules. The examination of SGPT and SGOT levels was carried out using a 5010 v5+ photometer. Results: SGPT levels before the capsules were 28.79 U/L for the placebo and 28.59 U/L for the test preparation group. After administration of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract capsules were 24.26 U/L and for placebo 32.86 U/L. At the same time, the measurement results of SGOT levels before being given the capsule were 17.37 U/L for the placebo and 17.71 U/L for the test preparation group. After administration of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract capsules, it was 14.56 U/L and 18.52 U/L for placebo. The study results show that Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract significantly decreases SGPT and SGOT levels in humans (p\<0.5). Conclusion: This result indicates that Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam extract is relatively non-toxic and safe for public use as an immunostimulant herbal medicine.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.164}, author = {Afriwardi Afriwardi and Adinny Julmiza and Salman Umar and Aditya Alqamal Alianta and Yufri Aldi} } @article {2273, title = {Can Ventilator Settings Influence Lung Damage Biomarkers KL-6 and CRP during One Lung Ventilation?}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {455-459}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {455}, abstract = {

Background: Volume-controlled (VCV) or pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) modes are most often used during OLV. This is a prospective observational analytical study of patients undergoing thoracic surgery with OLV. Method: 40 patients underwent thoracic surgery using one lung ventilation (OLV) from December 2023 to February 2024. All patients received lung protective ventilation (PLV) with a tidal volume of 6 ml/ kgPBW during OLV with PEEP 5-7 cmH2O and were divided into two groups: one with a ventilator in volume-controlled mode (VCV) and the other with pressure-controlled mode (PCV). KL-6, CRP, and p/f ratio were measured before OLV, 2 hours after OLV, and 24 hours after the operation was completed. Respiratory variables during OLV were recorded. Results: KL-6 and CRP levels in PCV and VCV groups were significantly different. There were significant differences in the values of Ppeak (p \<0.001), PEEP (p = 0.008), Cstat (p = 0.004) and driving pressure (p \<0.001) in both groups. The correlation between changes in KL-6 and CRP levels and the P/F ratio were very weak and insignificant. Cytokines play an important role in the inflammatory response in the lungs. Several determining factors of blood flow are gravity, lung disease, surgery, and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Duration of OLV may affect the pulmonary inflammatory response and is correlated with the duration of OLV. Conclusion: There is no association found between KL-6 and CRP in PCV and VCV mode during thoracotomy with OLV.

}, keywords = {CRP, KL-6, One lung ventilation, Thoracotomy, Ventilator}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.72}, author = {Novita Sari and Bambang Pujo Semedi and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Kohar Hari Santoso and Maulydia and Budi Utomo and Christrijogo Sumartono} } @article {2252, title = {The Effect of Bacterial Enzymes on Reducing Chlorogenic Acid Levels in Cascara Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora L.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {332-335}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {332}, abstract = {

Background: Coffee skin by-products, namely cascara, have several benefits, namely can ward off free radicals, with the ability of cascara to ward off free radicals so that cascara can potentially prevent the emergence of cancer cells. Cascara contains active compounds caffeine 1.3\%, chlorogenic acid 2.6\%, and caffeic acid 1.6\%. Objective: This study aims to determine chlorogenic acid levels in decaffeinated robusta coffee (Coffea canephora L.) and see the influence of Bacillus subtilis bacteria on reducing chlorogenic acid levels. Methods: The experiment was conducted from June to August 2022 in the Pharmacy Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Pakuan, Indonesia. Cascara robusta coffee is fermented using Bacillus subtilis with a concentration of 6\% and a time of 24 hours. After fermentation, the extraction is carried out using the UAE (Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction) method. The chlorogenic acid levels and zero control of cascara robusta coffee obtained were then analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) with the Paired sample t-test method previously carried out with normality test and homogeneity test first. Results: The study found chlorogenic acid levels produced from cascara robusta coffee that had undergone decaffeination. Quantitative analysis of chlorogenic acid levels in cascara robusta coffee was carried out using HPLC mobile phase methanolwater (adjust Orthoposphat pH 2.4), flow rate 0.7 mL/minute, with an isocratic system of an average of 14.8597\%. Conclusion: Chlorogenic acid levels in robusta coffee cascara decaffeinated by microbial enzymes can affect chlorogenic acid levels.

}, keywords = {Bacillus subtilis, Cascara, Chlorogenic acid, HPLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.50}, author = {Novi Fajar Utami and Berna Elya and Hayun Hayun and Kusmardi Kusmardi and Syamsu Nur} } @article {2429, title = {Effect of Cacao Bean Extract as a Paracetamol Adjuvant on Pain Scale and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Neuropathic Pain: An Animal Model Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1336-1341}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1336}, abstract = {

Introduction: One treatment for neuropathic pain is paracetamol. Meanwhile, cacao bean extract is a traditional remedy developed for pain management. Objective: Analyzing effect of combining cacao bean extract and paracetamol on pain scale and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in neuropathic pain. Methods: Subjects were randomized post-test only control group design from 28 mice (Mus musculus) to 4 groups: G0 (control), G1 (paracetamol only), G2 (cacao + paracetamol), and G3 (cacao + {\textonehalf} doses paracetamol). The subject assessed pain scale using von Frey test and TNF-α. The statistical analysis includes paired t-tests, Wilcoxon, one-way ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis, and Pearson correlation tests with p \<0.05. Results: The combination of cacao bean extract and paracetamol resulted in a pain scale of 2.57 {\textpm} 1.10 gf, with significant differences observed among the four groups (p \<0.001). Significant differences in pain scale scores were found in four groups (p \<0.001), including G0 (p = 0.006), G1 (p \<0.001), G2 (p \<0.001), and G3 (p \<0.001). After treatment, the average TNF-α levels was 86.96 {\textpm} 23.73 ng/mL, with significant differences observed among the four groups (p \<0.001). There was a strong correlation between the pain scale and TNF-α levels (p \<0.001). Conclusion: In an animal model of neuropathic pain, using cacao bean extract as a paracetamol adjuvant significantly reduces pain scale (as measured by the von Frey test) and TNF-α levels.

}, keywords = {Cacao, Neuropathic pain, pain scale, Paracetamol, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.215}, author = {Faiz Muhammad Ammar and Christrijogo Sumartono Waloejo and Herdiani Sulistyo Putri and Kohar Hari Santoso and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Budi Utomo} } @article {2204, title = {Effects of Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage on Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines Expression in the Subventricular Zone of Kaolin-Induced Hydrocephalic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {20-27}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Background: To determine the neuroprotective effect of CSF drainage by analyzing its impact on the expression and the ratio of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the subventricular zone in kaolininduced hydrocephalic rats. Method: Sprague-Dawley rats of 23 weeks of age (n=36) were used in this study. The rats were randomly divided into normal control, hydrocephalus, and CSF drainage-treated groups. Hydrocephalus was obtained by injecting 0,05 cc of 20\% kaolin suspension into the cisterna magna. The CSF drainage-treated group had ventricular tapping seven days after kaolin induction. The rats were sacrificed 7, 14, or 21 days after kaolin induction. The brain was removed and prepared for immunohistochemistry analysis to detect IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 cytokines expression. Results: Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was significantly increased in hydrocephalus groups than in the control group. In contrast, the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine was significantly decreased. CSF drainage had a neuroprotective effect by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine expression. In the hydrocephalus group, the ratios of IL-1β/IL-10, IL-6/IL-10, and TNF-α/IL-10 increased toward a pro-inflammatory status. After CSF drainage, the ratios of IL-1β/IL-10, IL-6/IL-10, and TNF-α/IL-10 shifted toward an anti-inflammatory status. Conclusion: CSF drainage protects the brain from excessive neuroinflammatory processes in kaolin-induced hydrocephalic rats. Additional investigation is warranted to ascertain the use of inflammatory cytokines expression as a valuable biomarker for hydrocephalus. Furthermore, research on anti-inflammatory drug administration in clinical settings is required.

}, keywords = {cerebrospinal fluid drainage, Cytokines, Kaolin-induced hydrocephalus, Neuroinflammation, Neuroprotective, subventricular zone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.3}, author = {Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi and Ahmad Data Dariansyah and Wihasto Suryaningtyas and Dyah Fauziah and I Ketut Sudiana and Budi Utomo and Prastiya Indra Gunawan} } @article {2427, title = {The Global Research Landscape of Rendang: A Bibliometric Insight into Culinary Heritage and Innovation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1320-1330}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1320}, abstract = {

Rendang, a traditional Indonesian dish, has garnered international attention for its rich flavor and cultural significance. The study aimed to analyze the global research trends related to Rendang using bibliometric methods. By examining publications, citation patterns, and key areas of focus, we aim to provide insights into the scientific community{\textquoteright}s interest and the development of research on Rendang. The analysis utilized data from major academic databases, scopus.com. The search query keyword used was {\textquotedblleft}Rendang{\textquotedblright} without restrictions on language, document type, or field of study. Visualization tools utilized include VOSviewer (version 1.16.18), and RStudio (Biblioshiny). A total of 63 documents were analyzed, revealing an annual growth rate of 3.06\% and an average of 11.24 citations per document, with an international co-authorship rate of 9.524\%. Indonesia and Malaysia emerged as the top-cited countries. The study recommends broadening Rendang research beyond descriptive studies to explore innovations in food processing, faster cooking methods, packaging, preservation, and health impacts. Further research should address sustainability, economic impacts, and increased international collaboration, aiming for more publications in high-impact journals. Additionally, the commercialization of ready-to-eat Rendang that preserves its traditional taste and the application of smart food technologies are essential for enhancing global research impact.

}, keywords = {Bibliometric Analysis, Food Systems, Indonesian Cuisine, Rendang}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.213}, author = {Anni Faridah and Riski Gusri Utami and Durain Parmanoan and Risma Rahmatunisa and Arif Adrian and Ruhul Fitri Rosel4 and Nurul Huda} } @article {2206, title = {The Implementation of Quick Wins Blood Services Program in Efforts to Prevent Maternal Deaths Due to Hemorrhage in East Lombok Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {37-41}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

The Quick Wins Blood Service Program was launched by the Ministry of Health to accelerate the fulfillment of blood needs for pregnant women with hemorrhage complications by integrating public health centers, referral hospitals, and blood transfusion units. Maternal hemorrhage deaths could be prevented if more voluntary donors regularly donated blood. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the Quick Wins Blood Service Program implementation in East Lombok Regency. Methods: This is qualitative research with a case study design. Data were collected by interviewing 11 informants from the blood transfusion unit of the hospital, the East Lombok Red Cross, Public Health Centers, the East Lombok District Health Office, and high-risk pregnant women. Results: Health services for pregnant women have been adequately provided. However, some midwives do not conduct home visits and only wait for patients at the posts (polindes) in some areas or only do examinations at the integrated health services posts (Posyandu). Blood services have been good, but more blood stocks are often needed due to a lack of donor interest. Preparing prospective donors for pregnant women in the Quick Wins program is not always carried out because pregnant women and their families assume that blood is always available at referral hospitals. Conclusion: The Quick Wins Blood Service Program has been well implemented but needs to be more optimal.

}, keywords = {Blood Transfusion, Hemorrhage, Maternal Death, Pregnancy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.5}, author = {Alfina H. Ummah and Sudirman Nasir and Suriah and Shanti Riskiyani and Syamsuar and Lalu M. Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2436, title = {Natural Cartilage-Derived Scaffolds for 3D Mesenchymal Stem Cell Culture: Promoting Chondrogenesis and Modulating Secretome Composition}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1365-1372}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1365}, abstract = {

Introduction: The regenerative potential of stem cells lies in their secretome, a collection of signaling molecules whose composition is shaped by the cellular microenvironment and external stimuli. To enhance cartilage regeneration, a 3D culture system using a natural cartilage scaffold has been developed to create a more chondrogenic secretome. This study investigates the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cultured in a decellularized bovine cartilage scaffold and analyzes the resulting secretome{\textquoteright}s composition. Methods: This study employed a randomized time series design to examine MSCs chondrogenic differentiation. A control group was cultured in standard 2D conditions, while two experimental groups were cultured in either 2D medium supplemented with chondrocyte differentiation medium (positive control) or a 3D decellularized bovine cartilage scaffold. The study hypothesized that the 3D culture would promote chondrogenesis at least as effectively as the positive control. Key chondrogenic markers were evaluated at various time points. Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in marker expression between the experimental and control groups. SOX-9 and aggrecan were elevated in both experimental groups. The 3D group showed higher RUNX-2 expression and the highest Coll-2 expression at later time points. Additionally, growth factor analysis showed the 3D group had the highest levels of IGF-1 and FGF-2 towards the end of the study. Conclusion: 3D culture of MSCs in a bovine cartilage scaffold enhances chondrogenic differentiation and produces a secretome with comparable chondrogenic potential to traditional 2D culture with differentiation medium, suggesting its promise for cartilage regeneration.

}, keywords = {Cartilage, Culture Technique, Secretome, Stem Cells, Three-Dimensional}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.220}, author = {Kukuh Dwiputra Hernugrahanto and Naufaldy Rifqiaulia Noerda and Jifaldi Afrian Maharaja Dinda Sedar and Lukas Widhiyanto and Dwikora Novembri Utomo and Djoko Santoso} } @article {2241, title = {Poikilodermatous Mycosis Fungoides: A Rare Case Treated with Low-Dose Methotrexate}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {276-279}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {276}, abstract = {

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a subtype of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and a primary cutaneous lymphoma. Poikilodermatous MF (PMF) is a rare clinical variant of MF. Systemic chemotherapy, such as methotrexate (MTX), may be administered as monotherapy or in combination at low doses in MF. A 64-year-old man with PMF has been reported. History and physical examination revealed hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules on the chest, abdomen, both arms, back, and upper legs, along with erythematous macules on the right medial thigh. The diagnosis of PMF is based on clinical manifestations and histopathological features of atypical lymphocyte cell infiltration in the epidermis. In addition, immunohistochemical examination also supports the MF diagnosis. The patient received chemotherapy consisting of monotherapy with MTX at low doses. During the third month of observation following MTX therapy, a few of the hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules appeared to have diminished; some of the erythematous macules had transformed into hyperpigmented macules, and there were no new lesions. The purpose of therapy is to control the disease. Administration of low-dose MTX as a monotherapy may result in clinical improvement, but further observation is necessary. PMF may have a better prognosis than other clinical variants of MF.

}, keywords = {Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, Methotrexate, Mycosis fungoides, Poikilodermatous mycosis fungoides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.40}, author = {Eva Krishna Sutedja and Frizam Dwindamuldan Sutisna and Endang Sutedja and Kartika Ruchiatan and Yogi Faldian and Laila Tsaqilah and Hermin Aminah Usman and Yovan Rivanzah} } @article {2288, title = {Quantification of Active Compounds from Coffea canephora Pierre ex A.Froehner cascara and their Potential Against MCF-7 and HeLa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {509-518}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {509}, abstract = {

Background: The utilization of coffee cascara, a byproduct of coffee cultivation, in cancer therapy research. This research begins with the rationale of exploring medicinal plants, especially coffee, to obtain compounds that can target cancer cells with fewer side effects. Objectivity: This research aims to extract and evaluate the secondary metabolites from robusta coffee cascara, such as friedelin, lupeol, stigmasterol, ursolic acid, caffeine, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and catechin, for their cytotoxic activity against Hela and MCF-7 cells. The aim of this research is also to identify and understand the cytotoxic mechanisms of compounds like stigmasterol, which showed significant cytotoxicity against cancer cells, paving the way for developing targeted cancer therapies from natural sources. Methods: Robusta coffee cascara then goes to the process of extraction using ethanol, fractionation, isolation, purification, and characterization, followed by bioactivity evaluation using in vitro method through breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and cervical cancer cell line HeLa and determination of active compound levels. Results: The cascara, a byproduct of coffee cultivation, is rich in proteins, polysaccharides, and bioactive compounds. Through extraction and purification processes, eight compounds were isolated and characterized, including (1) friedelin, (2) lupeol, (3) Stigmasterol, (4) Ursolic acid, (5) caffeine, (6) Chlorogenic acid, (7) caffeic acid, and (8) catechin. Bioactivity evaluation shows that stigmasterol (3) is the most cytotoxic compound with a value against Hela cells with an IC50 value of 25.85 μg/mL in the toxic category and against MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 12.83 μg/mL in the very toxic category. The results of determining the levels of active compounds in robusta coffee cascara extract showed that friedelin (1) 0.539{\textpm}0.137\%; lupeol (2) levels were 0.087{\textpm}0.015\%; (3) stigmasterol 0.126{\textpm}0.046\%; ursolic acid (4) 0.627{\textpm}0.002\%; caffeine (5) 3,203{\textpm}0.069\%; chlorogenic acid (6) 0.679{\textpm}0.003\%; caffeic acid (7) 0.153{\textpm}0.003\% and catechin (8) 0.3590.012\% mg/g extract. Conclusion: The research on robusta coffee cascara extract as a potential source of anticancer compounds.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, Cascara, Coffea canephora, Cytotoxic, Isolation, servical cancer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.82}, author = {Novi Fajar Utami and Berna Elya and Hayun Hayun and Kusmardi Kusmardi} } @article {2324, title = {The Relationship Between Blood Levels of Ubiquitin Carboxyterminal Hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) Protein and the Severity of Traumatic Brain Injury Based on the Glasgow Coma Scale and Rotterdam CT Score}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {695-699}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {695}, abstract = {

Objective: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide, with an estimated 64-74 million cases annually. The current gold standard for diagnosis is a computed tomography (CT) scan, which has limitations such as access, cost, and radiation risk. Therefore, a simple, accessible, and safe diagnostic modality is needed, one of which is biomarker examination. This study aims to establish the relationship between blood levels of the biomarker ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) and the severity of TBI based on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Rotterdam CT score. Material and Methods: This observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design involved 41 samples aged 18-50 years who presented to the Emergency Department of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, within 3-24 hours of the incident. UCH-L1 levels were measured from blood samples using the ELISA method, and the data on UCH-L1, GCS, and Rotterdam CT scores were analyzed with SPSS 29. Results: The mean UCH-L1 level was 0.522 {\textpm} 0.592, with a cutoff value of \> 0.2057, indicating moderate to severe TBI if UCH-L1 levels exceeded 0.2057. Spearman{\textquoteright}s test and correlation coefficient analysis showed a strong relationship between UCH-L1 levels and Rotterdam CT score (p \< 0.05), as well as between UCH-L1 levels and TBI severity based on GCS (p \< 0.05). The cutoff value for Rotterdam CT score was \> 2, indicating moderate to severe TBI if the score exceeded 2. Conclusion: Serum UCH-L1 levels are significantly associated with the severity of TBI based on GCS and Rotterdam CT score.

}, keywords = {Glasgow Coma Scale, Rotterdam CT score, Traumatic Brain Injury, UCH-L1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.111}, author = {Junjungan Kristianto Manurung and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Hamzah Hamzah and Prihatma Kriswidyatomo and Anggraini Dwi Sensusiati and Budi Utomo} } @article {2309, title = {Synergistic Effect of Imperata cylindrica Root Extract and Erlotinib on A549 Lung Cancer Cell Viability}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {656-659}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {656}, abstract = {

Background: Erlotinib is typically used to treat lung adenocarcinoma and Imperata cylindrica extract has been shown to exert anti-cancer effects in various human cancer cell lines. Therefore, this study evaluated the combined anticancer effects of Imperata cylindrica ethanol root extract and erlotinib on the A549 lung cancer cell line. Method: The A-549 lung cancer cell line was treated with various combinations of 1/2 IC50, 3/8 IC50, 1/4 IC50, and 1/8 IC50 of I.cylindrica root ethanol extract and erlotinib for 48 hours. Cell viability was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, analyzed and interpreted using CompuSyn software and a normalized isobologram curve. Result: Of the sixteen combinations, eleven combinations acted synergistically, four were additive, and one was in the antagonist zone. Conclusion: The combination of I. cylindrica root ethanol extract and erlotinib act synergistically to decrease A549 lung cancer cell viability, therefore they are potential lung cancer therapeutics.

}, keywords = {A549, Cell viability, Erlotinib, Imperata cylindrica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.103}, author = {Raden Anita Indriyanti and Eko Fuji Ariyanto and Hermin Aminah Usman and Ristaniah Rose Effendy and Diah Dhianawaty} } @article {2259, title = {An Ulcerative Cutaneous Plasmacytosis of the Scalp}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {378-381}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {378}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cutaneous plasmacytosis (CP) is a rare benign disorder characterized by polyclonal proliferation of plasma cells of unknown etiology, with potential for malignant transformation. Clinical manifestations include reddish-brown macules, papules, plaques, or nodules, and, infrequently, ulcerative lesions resembling cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or similar cutaneous neoplasms. Case: Herein we reported a case of ulcerative CP which was initially suspected as SCC in a 77{\textendash}year{\textendash}old male. Physical examination revealed an ulcer with well{\textendash}defined borders, and flat edges, with a granulation tissue base on the scalp which was suggested as SCC. Histopathological features showed infiltration of mature plasma cells in the perivascular area, polyclonal plasma cell population on kappa and lambda chain immunohistochemistry, and hypergammaglobulinemia on protein electrophoresis that supported the diagnosis of CP. Discussion: Cutaneous plasmacytosis requires a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation, which typically includes clinical examination, histopathological analysis, immunohistochemistry, ancillary tests such as protein electrophoresis, and negative results from a diagnostic workup for systemic disease. Conclusion: The complexity of CP manifestations necessitates a rigorous diagnostic approach, enabling the differentiation of this benign condition from malignancies with similar presentations.

}, keywords = {Cutaneous plasmacytosis, Hypergammaglobulinemia, Plasma cell}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.58}, author = {Eva Krishna Sutedja and Eva Yustiana and Yogi Faldian and Hermin Aminah Usman} } @article {2205, title = {Unlocking the Potential of Stingray (Dasyatis sephen) Extract: A Novel Investigation into EPA and DHA Effects on Lipid Metabolism in High-Fat Diet-Fed Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {28-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Introduction: Dyslipidemia is a complex disturbance in lipid metabolism with notable implications for cardiovascular health. Considering the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) on global mortality, lipid regulation should be eminently prioritized. Stingray (Dasyatis sephen) is one of the natural resources believed to be rich in lipid-regulating compounds: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We aimed to investigate the impact of the stingray extract on the lipid metabolism of Wistar rats subjected to a high-fat diet. Methods: We adopted a true experimental design with three experiment groups: a negative control (standard diet and distilled water), a positive control (high-fat diet and distilled water), and a specified treatment group (high-fat diet and stingray extract). Serum samples were collected after 28 days of treatment and analyzed for HDL and ApoB levels as dyslipidemia markers. Statistical analysis included one-way ANOVA for HDL and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests for ApoB levels, followed by post-hoc analysis. Results: The results revealed worsening HDL and ApoB levels in the positive control group compared to the negative control group following a high-fat diet consumption. In contrast, the experiment group showed improvements in HDL and ApoB levels compared to the positive control group following the administration of the extract. However, only the dynamics in HDL level are significant (p\<0.05), while the difference in ApoB levels among all treatment groups was not statistically significant (p\>0.05). Conclusion: This study highlights the potency of D. sephen extract in regulating lipid metabolism despite the complexity of lipid metabolism regulation and the challenges of the conventional reliance on HDL and ApoB as exclusive markers of cardiovascular health.

}, keywords = {ApoB, Dasyatis sephen, HDL, stingray}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.4}, author = {Sihning EJT and Ni Komang Sri Dewi Untari and Dian Maria Pia} } @article {2438, title = {Visual Mapping and Future Direction of Marine Products Supplementary and Chemotherapy in The Treatment of Breast Cancer. A Bibliometric}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1379-1388}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1379}, abstract = {

Marine products have gained attention for their potential benefits in the treatment of breast cancer, offering an alternative or supplementary approach to traditional therapies. While they are not intended to replace established medical treatments like chemotherapy or surgery, marine natural products have shown promise in providing symptom relief, enhancing the quality of life, and potentially improving treatment success for breast cancer patients. Studies have explored the use of marine products in conjunction with chemotherapy for their palliative care benefits and as adjuvants to conventional therapies. Marinederived compounds have been investigated for their anticancer properties, including apoptosis induction, anti-proliferative effects, and modulation of signaling pathways involved in breast cancer progression. These natural products offer a complementary avenue for managing breast cancer, potentially enhancing treatment outcomes, and addressing therapeutic challenges. The utilization of marine products in breast cancer therapy dates back to ancient times when various cultures recognized the therapeutic benefits of plants, herbs, and marine resources. The purpose of this study is to visually map and guide future research on supplementary marine products and chemotherapy in breast cancer based on bibliometric analysis

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Bibliometric, Breast cancer, Chemotherapy, Marine products, Visual mapping}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.222}, author = {Herin Setianingsih and Nasywa Zahra Sajida Tsuroyya and Prawesty Diah Utami and Riami and Nanang Wiyono} } @article {2131, title = {Accessibility of Mother and Child Health Services to Stunting Incidence in Leti Island, Southwest Maluku District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {856-860}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {856}, abstract = {

One of the nutritional problems that can worsen the quality of life of children in achieving growth and development is stunting. Stunting receives greater attention than other nutritional statuses because in addition to a higher prevalence it can also indicate something more serious than just short body size. This type of research is a quantitative study that uses analytic observational with a case control study design to see the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable. The sampling technique in this study was simple random sampling with a total sample of 164 people, 82 people in the case group and 82 people in the control group. The results of this study indicate that there is an effect between exclusive breastfeeding and health services on the incidence of stunting, while for the basic immunization variable there is no effect on the incidence of stunting. Meanwhile, based on the multivariate test, it was found that the variable that had the most influence on the incidence of stunting was health services. As for suggestions for this research, it is hoped that the Health Service will further improve health services to monitor the growth of toddlers and for mothers of toddlers to visit health services regularly.

}, keywords = {Growth., Health Services, Mother, Stunting, Toddlers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.164}, author = {Apia Unmehopa and Sukri Palutturi and Indar and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Yahya Thamrin and Stang and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2114, title = {Activity of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) Extracts in Capsule Dosage Form to IgM and IgG Levels in Humans}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {756-760}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {756}, abstract = {

Objective: Traditionally, Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpiodes Lam.) has been used to enhance the immune system. Previous studies confirmed that Hydrocotyle sibthorpiodes Lam. enhanced antibody titers and was practically non-toxic by animal tests. This study aimed to determine the effect of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract on IgM and IgG levels in humans. Methods: The participants involved 20 healthy volunteers aged 20-25 years were divided into two groups with a placebo as a comparison. The capsules containing Hydrocotyle sibthorpiodes Lam extract were in the treatment group at a dose of 67 mg and the placebo group was given capsules containing lactose orally for three days. IgM and IgG levels were measured before and after consuming the capsules. The ELISA method tested IgM and IgG levels and detected them using specific antibodies that form complexes with enzymes and substrates. Results: The results showed the average baseline IgM level of 1.480 mg/mL and after consumption of 1.405 mg/mL for placebo. For Hydrocotyle sibthorpiodes Lam. extract capsules, the baseline was 1.492 mg/mL and 1.854 mg/mL after consumption. For IgG, before given 8.941 mg/mL and after given 8.710 mg/mL for placebo, while before given Hydrocotyle sibthorpiodes Lam. extract capsules 8.946 mg/mL and after given Hydrocotyle sibthorpiodes Lam. extract capsules was 10.234 mg/mL. Statistical results showed a significant increase in IgM and IgG levels after consuming Hydrocotyle sibthorpiodes Lam. extract capsules for three days (p\<0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that 67 mg of Hydrocotyle sibthorpiodes Lam. extract capsules can increase IgM and IgG levels in humans.

}, keywords = {ELISA, Extract, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam, IgG, IgM, Volunteers.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.148}, author = {Afriwardi Afriwardi and Adinny Julmiza and Salman Umar and Yufri Aldi} } @article {2110, title = {Comparative Evaluation of Microhardness and Color Change of Root dentin using Punica granatum (pomegranate extract), Sodium hypochlorite, Chlorhexidine and Normal saline as an Endodontic irrigant {\textendash} An in vitro study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {732-737}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {732}, abstract = {

Aim: To evaluate the microhardness and change in color of root dentin using Punica granatum, sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine and normal saline as an endodontic irrigant and to implement their use in field of dentistry. Materials and Methods: 60 single rooted anterior teeth extracted due to periodontal and orthodontic reasons were collected. All the samples were decoronated to achieve constant length of 14mm. Patency of root canal was established using 10k file and working length was determined 1mm short of the file length. Each canal was prepared till F3 protaper. After preparation the samples were randomly divided into 4 groups: Group 1: Saline (Control); Group 2: 5\% Sodium Hypochlorite; Group 3: 2\% Chlorhexidine; Group 4: 5\% Punica granatum (pomegranate peel extract). After grouping the samples were longitudinally sectioned. One half of the tooth sample was used for microhardness testing using Vickers microhardness indentor and the other half of sample was used for color change evaluation using spectrophotometer after irrigation with the test solutions on day 1 and day 7th post irrigation. Results: The mean microhardness in all four groups decreased comparatively at post as compared to pre and the decrease was evident highest in sodium hypochlorite followed by chlorhexidine, pomegranate and saline the least. In regard to color change sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine and pomegranate all showed visible color changes after 7 day of irrigation with pomegranate showing the highest color change. Higher lightness was shown in Group 2 i.e., sodium hypochlorite whereas redness was seen more in Group 4 i.e., pomegranate and yellowish tint was more visible in Group 3. Conclusion: 5\% Punica granatum has showed negligible effect on microhardness of dentin but showed maximum color change when compared to chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite and saline.

}, keywords = {Chlorhexidine., Color change, Endodontic irrigant, Herbal, Microhardness, Punica granatum (pomegranate peel extract), UVVIS spectrophotometer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.144}, author = {Ankita singh and Sunil Tejaswi and Kenganora Mruthunjaya and Suneeth Shetty and Ambikathanaya U.K and Sachin B. Manglekar} } @article {2012, title = {Complete Blood Profile after administration of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract in capsule form}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {375-383}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {375}, abstract = {

Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) has been studied as an immunostimulant, increasing macrophage cell activity and phagocytosis capacity. Based on that circumstance, the study aims to prove the immunostimulating effect by measuring the activity of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract in the capsule for the complete blood profile of healthy volunteers. The number of volunteers used was twenty people, and the volunteers were divided into two groups. The first group was given a placebo capsule without Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract. The second group was given a capsule with Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract with a dose of 67 mg, which was taken once a day for three days. Blood sampling was obtained before and after taking the capsule preparation. Observation of the complete blood profile was conducted by investigating changes in blood parameters such as haemoglobin levels, number of erythrocytes, number of leukocytes, hematocrit values, number of thrombocytes and the percentage of leukocyte types (banded neutrophils, segmented neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes). The second group given Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract showed a significant effect on the increase in haemoglobin levels, number of thrombocytes and hematocrit values (p\<0.05). The percentage of leukocyte type values showed that lymphocytes increased significantly (p\<0.05). In contrast, the segmented neutrophil increased but did not show a significant difference with the percentage of banded neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes (p\>0.05). There was a nonsignificant result in all parameters for the first group, which was administrated with a placebo capsule without Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract.

}, keywords = {Banded neutrophil, Basophils, Eosinophils, erythrocytes, Haematology, Haemoglobin, Hematocrit, Hydrocotile sibthorpioides Lam., Immunostimulants, Leukocytes, Lymphocyte, Monocytes, Segmented neutrophil, Thrombocytes.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.58}, author = {Afriwardi and Adrul Fauzan and Salman Umar and Yufri Aldi} } @article {1981, title = {Computational and Pharmacokinetic Investigation of Some Heterocyclic Amide Derivatives as Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors: An In-Silico Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {194-207}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {194}, abstract = {

The two most significant as well as historically important non-steroidal and anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs), aspirin and ibuprofen, are frequently used to treat fever, pain, and inflammation. By blocking the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX), it can prevent the production of prostaglandin. In an effort to examine the physiochemical and biological properties of some heterocyclic amide derivatives and quantum mechanical computations have been used to analyze the compounds. To clarify the thermochemical, molecular orbital, and equilibrium geometrical features in the gas phase, density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP/6- 31G basis set has been used. Binding affinities and modes of heterocyclic amide analogs have been investigated on human cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) proteins (6Y3C and 5F19) using molecular docking as well as nonbonding interactions. Results from geometry and thermochemical analysis support the chemical sustainability of all the structures. Most of the compounds exhibited a significant affinity for binding to the receptor protein (5F19) than the standard drugs aspirin and ibuprofen. The improved pharmacokinetic features of certain derivatives with reduced acute oral toxicity were revealed by ADMET prediction. Overall, four heterocyclic amide analogs 3-6 were found to be more efficient in inhibiting COX- 2 (5F19) than COX-1 (6Y3C), suggesting that they may be useful as COX-2-related inflammation drug candidates.

}, keywords = {ADMET., Cyclooxygenase (COX), Heterocyclic amide derivatives, Molecular docking}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.29}, author = {Emranul Kabir and M. R. O. Khan Noyon and Monir Uzzaman} } @article {2056, title = {Correlation of Apo E Gene Polymorphism with Recurrent Acute Coronary Syndrome}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {450-453}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {450}, abstract = {

Background: Recurrent cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence puts patients at higher risk for mortality and morbidity. One of the CVD symptoms is acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Many genetic polymorphisms are CVD risk factors. This study{\textquoteright}s purpose was to investigate the correlation between recurrent ACS incidence and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene polymorphism. Method: Case-control design was used in this study. About 90 patients who visited the cardiology and internal medicine clinics at UNAIR Hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia, served as the study{\textquoteright}s subjects. There were 30 patients with recurrent ACS, 30 patients with a single ACS, and 30 patients with no history of cardiovascular disease. Afterward, using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length method, the ApoE gene polymorphism examination was carried out. The Tropical Disease Center UNAIR Laboratory conducted all laboratory testing. Results: In the recurrent ACS group, ApoE polymorphism genotype patterns were 5 subjects for ε2ε2 (16.67\%), 23 subjects for ε3ε3 (76.66\%), and 2 subjects for ε4ε4 (6.67\%). Meanwhile, in the single ACS group, ApoE polymorphism genotype patterns were 6 subjects for ε2ε2 (20\%), 22 subjects for ε3ε3 (73.4\%), 1 subject for ε4ε4 (3.33\%), and 1 subject for ε2ε3 (3.33\%). And, in the non- ACS group, ApoE polymorphism genotype patterns were4 subjects for ε2ε2 (13.34\%), 25 subjects for ε3ε3 (83.33\%), and1 subject for ε4ε4 (3.33\%). There was no correlation of ApoE gene polymorphism with recurrent ACS incidence by Chi-square analysis (p \> 0.05). Conclusion: ApoE gene polymorphism cannot significantly affect recurrent ACS incidence.

}, keywords = {Acute Coronary Syndrome, ApoE gene, PCR RFLP, Polymorphism, Public Health}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.100}, author = {Muhamad Robiul Fuadi and Jusak Nugraha and I Gde Rurus Suryawan and Hartono Kahar and Aryati and Gwenny Ichsan Prabowo and Budi Utomo and Reny I{\textquoteright}tishom} } @article {2005, title = {The Effect of Cardiac Catheterization Intervention on The Nutritional Status of Children with Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {338-342}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {338}, abstract = {

Background: Intervention is required since malnutrition in children with acyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD) will affect growth, development, and quality of life. Research on the impact of cardiac catheterization on the nutritional health of children with acyanotic CHD is limited, particularly in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the effect of cardiac catheterization on the nutritional status of children with acyanotic CHD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2019 and December 2021. The participants of this study were children aged 1-60 months with acyanotic CHD who had undergone cardiac catheterization. We compare the nutritional status of participants in three observation stages, including pre-intervention of catheterization and the 3rd and 6th months post-cardiac catheterization. The parameters of nutritional status are determined according to the mean of Z-scores of weight-for-age (WAZ), length-for-age (LAZ), and weight-for-length (WLZ) of participants. Results: A total of children with acyanotic CHD who underwent catheterization and 49 children were eligible participants. The mean age of children with acyanotic CHD patients who underwent catheterization was 31.51 months, and 89\% of them were 1-5 years. Fifty-three percent of participants who underwent cardiac catheterization were male. The most common acyanotic CHD defects were the Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) among 55.1\% of participants. Significant differences were found in WAZ, LAZ, and WLZ in the measurement of three observation stages (p\<0.05). Conclusion: Interventional cardiac catheterization affects and enhances the nutritional status of children with acyanotic CHD and may be suggested as an initial therapy to further evaluate the disease.

}, keywords = {Acyanotic CHD, Children, Congenital heart disease, Interventional cardiac catheterization., Nutritional status}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.51}, author = {Muqiemuddin Salim and I Ketut Alit Utamayasa and Roedi Irawan and Irwanto and Azwin Mengindra Putera and Meity Ardiana} } @article {1958, title = {The effect of Sinensetin and Imperatorin on A-549 lung cancer cell viability in vitro}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {38-46}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {38}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, so research is ongoing to discover new therapeutics, such as plant-derived bioactive compounds. For example, Sinensetin, a plant-derived polymethoxylated flavonoid, and Imperatorin, a natural furanocoumarin, have anti-cancer properties. This study assessed the effects of sinensetin and imperatorin separately and in combination on A-549 lung cancer cell viability. Method: The A-549 lung cancer cell line was treated with sinensetin (60 μM), imperatorin (30 M), or a combination of both compounds (Sin:Imp 30:30 μM; 50:50 μM and 60:30 μM) for 48 hours. Cell viability was then assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and apoptosis was determined using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) Annexin-V/Propidium iodide staining. Results: The combination treatment of Sin:Imp 50:50 and Sin:Imp 60:30 μM reduced cell viability more than the individual treatment of sinensetin and imperatorin, with the lowest cell viability observed for the combination treatment of Sin:Imp 50:50 μM. Likewise, the combination treatment of Sin:Imp 50:50 μM induced the most apoptosis compared to individual treatment. Conclusion: Sinensetin and imperatorin can decrease A-549 lung cancer cell viability and are potent apoptotic inducers, especially when they are used in combination, therefore they are potential lung cancer therapeutics.

}, keywords = {A549, Apoptosis, Cell viability, Imperatorin, Sinensetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.6}, author = {Raden Anita Indriyanti and Eko Fuji Ariyanto and Hermin Aminah Usman and Ristaniah Rose Effendy and Diah Dhianawaty} } @article {2051, title = {Evaluation of Electronic Medical Record System in Outpatient Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar Central General Hospital in 2022}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {423-427}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {423}, abstract = {

The Electronic Medical Record System in Indonesia is currently a concern of the government of the Republic of Indonesia by requiring every health facility including hospitals in Indonesia to implement an Electronic Medical Record System. To find out that this system is beneficial for health services in hospitals, an evaluation is needed. This study aims to evaluate the Electronic Medical Record System that has been running in the Outpatient of Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar Central General Hospital from a user perspective using the Human Organization Fit Model. The type of research used is quantitative using an analytical observational design with a cross sectional study approach. The sample in this study were users of electronic medical records in the Outpatient Department of Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar Central General Hospital, totaling 174 respondents. Hypothesis testing in this study using path analysis. The results of this study indicate that technology has a direct and significant effect on humans (\<0,001) \<0,05. Technology has a direct and significant effect on the organization (\<0,001) \<0,05. Humans have a direct and significant effect on the organization (\<0,001) \<0,05. Human has a direct and significant effect on benefits (\<0,001) \<0,05. Organization has a direct and significant effect on benefits (\<0,001) \<0,05. Technology has an indirect effect on benefits through people (ρ Value 0,007 \< 0,05, path coefficient = 0,179). Technology has no indirect effect on benefits through organizations (ρ Value 0,051 \> 0,05). This means that humans as intermediaries from technology to benefits have a significant effect while organizations as intermediaries from technology to benefits have an insignificant effect.

}, keywords = {Electronic Medical Record System, Hot-Fit, Outpatient., System Evaluation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.95}, author = {Asriani Usman and Irwandy and Noer Bahry Noor and Alimin Maidin and Fridawaty Rivai and Indrabayu and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2136, title = {Hydrocephalus Mice Model: Choroid Plexus Aquaporin-1 Dynamics Following Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {891-896}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {891}, abstract = {

Background: Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of membrane proteins that act as channels for water, facilitating its movement across the plasma membrane of cells. Aquaporin1 (AQP1), located in the choroid plexus, is thought to be involved in the process of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production. Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the impact of hydrocephalus and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage on the expression of AQP1 in a mice model of hydrocephalus. Material and Methods: Laboratory experimental study with six groups. Five test groups, one control group, and a rat model of hydrocephalus caused by kaolin were used in the experiment. Results: Hydrocephalus in mice model induced by kaolin, and CSF drainage was performed on the 7th and 14th days group. Immunohistochemical analysis was conducted to examine the presence of AQP1 in the choroid plexus using microscopes. The findings revealed a noticeable decrease in AQP1 expression levels in the choroid plexus, which exhibited a semi-quantitative decline in correlation with the duration of hydrocephalus (p = 0.01). This decrease was observed when comparing the normal group with the hydrocephalus groups on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days following induction. However, after cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage, there was a significant increase in AQP1 expression (p \< 0.05). Conclusions: This study shows the significant role of AQP1 in CSF production by comparing of AQP1 expression in the choroid plexus of hydrocephalus mice model, with and without CSF drainage. AQP1 expression experiences downregulation in hydrocephalus mice model and upregulation after CSF drainage.

}, keywords = {AQP1, Aquaporin 1, Choroid plexus, Hydrocephalus.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.169}, author = {Yusuf Baktir and Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi and Wihasto Suryaningtyas and Dyah Fauziah and I Ketut Sudiana and Budi Utomo} } @article {2199, title = {The Impact of Kaempferia galanga L. Extract on Nerve Growth Factor Expression in A Rat Model of Traumatic Brain Injury}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1236-1243}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1236}, abstract = {

Introduction: Head injuries contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality globally, and there is need of effective treatment. This study focuses on evaluating NGF (Nerve Growth Factor) expression in a rat model of traumatic brain injury, exploring the potential therapeutic effects of Kaempferia galanga L. extract. Methods: Male Wistar rats were used in the experiment, and traumatic brain injury was induced using Marmarou{\textquoteright}s weight drop model. Four groups of rats were studied: a negative control group, a group with traumatic brain injury without Kaempferia galanga L. extract, and two groups with traumatic brain injury treated with different doses of Kaempferia galanga L. extract. Rats were divided further based on the time of decapitation, either 24 or 48 hours post-injury. NGF expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Results: The study confirmed NGF expression variations among groups, with stronger expression observed 48 hours post-injury in rats receiving 1200 mg/kgbb of Kaempferia galanga L. extract. This suggests a potential impact of the extract on NGF expression, likely attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Discussion: Kaempferia galanga L. extract has known anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which may contribute to increased NGF expression observed in this study. Conclusion: This study sheds light on the potential benefits of Kaempferia galanga L. extract in promoting NGF expression and improving outcomes in traumatic brain injury, emphasizing the need for further investigation to translate these findings into clinical practice.

}, keywords = {kaempferia galanga, Nerve Growth Factor, Traumatic Brain Injury}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.224}, author = {Muhammad Fauzan Jauhari and Lucia Yovita Hendrati and Agus Turchan and Asra Al Fauzi and Budi Utomo and Eko Agus Subagio} } @article {2172, title = {The Mediating Role of Perceived Value on the Relationship between Quality Assurance and Student Satisfaction in Nursing Education}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1121-1125}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1121}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aimed to examine the connections between quality assurance, perceived value, and nursing student satisfaction. Methods: A survey was conducted with 200 nursing students in Indonesia. Data on quality assurance, perceived value, and satisfaction was gathered. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to assess the measurement and structural models. Results: PLS-SEM showed a significant positive link between quality assurance and perceived value (β=0.239, p=0.002), and between perceived value and satisfaction (β=0.510, p\<0.001). However, no direct relationship was found between quality assurance and satisfaction (β=0.042, p=0.571) in the structural model. Perceived value exhibited a mediating role. Conclusion: Enhancing quality assurance in nursing schools is essential for improving students{\textquoteright} perceived value, subsequently leading to higher satisfaction levels. However, it{\textquoteright}s crucial to note that quality alone doesn{\textquoteright}t directly impact satisfaction. Nursing schools should prioritize both quality assurance and increasing perceived value to maximize student satisfaction.

}, keywords = {Nursing education, Perceived value, Quality assurance, Student satisfaction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.204}, author = {Hammad and Parellangi and Kelana Kusuma Dharma and Anwar Mallongi and Sukri Palutturi and Ainun Sajidah and Naning Kisworo Utami and Khairir Rizani and Reza Fauzan and Heru Santoso Wahito Nugroho and Muhammad Rasyid} } @article {2099, title = {Optimization of Osteopontin Recombinant Protein as a Candidate Supplementation for Semen Preservation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {668-673}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {668}, abstract = {

The recombinant protein of heterologous proteins in Escherichia coli strains K12 has various and different systems tested and demands a detailed insight into the multiple factors affecting the encoded protein. One of the crucial factors is the acceptable quality of the DNA copies inserted inside the bacteria. Firstly, the amplification procedure needed to be performed well; thus, designing the primer and selecting the optimum annealing temperature are the focus indicators in this study. This study obtained a reference gene from the NCBI data bank with Reference Sequence: NM_174187.2. Two types of primers (SPP1FSPP1R and OPN1F - OPN1R) with different targeted bands were designed and selected after being reconstructed using the software. Online software such as addgene.org is also used to identify the right restriction site. The annealing temperature distinguished the PCR system used to amplify each primer. The result of this study revealed the best annealing at 65{\textordmasculine}C successfully amplified 820 bp of the targeted band. The phenomenon not following the theory of blue-white screening is the empty plasmid control, where not a single colony grows on the media. Competent cells inserted with empty plasmids should still be able to expand on LB-Amp agar media because the presence of these plasmids is capable of providing resistance to antibiotics (in this case, ampicillin). This discrepancy is thought to have been caused by the improper insertion of the empty plasmid so that the plasmid did not enter the competent cell.

}, keywords = {DNA clone, Osteopontin, PCR amplification., Primer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.135}, author = {Tatik Hernawati and Tita Damayanti Lestari and Suzanita Utama and Rimayanti} } @article {2094, title = {Quality of Health Services of Non-Accredited Health Centers on Patient Satisfaction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {633-640}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {633}, abstract = {

Introduction: Health Centre a health service facility that organizes public health efforts and first-level individual health efforts, by prioritizing promotive and preventive efforts in its working area. Health Center as a first-level health facility is required to always improve service quality and patient safety, improve health center performance, protect health human resources, the community and the environment. The purpose of this study was to explore or describe the quality of health services on patient satisfaction at the Tiakur Health Center, Southwest Maluku Regency. Methods: This research is a type of qualitative research with a descriptive phenomenological approach. Key informants in this study were patients who had undergone treatment at the Tiakur Health Center from January to December 2022 and supporting informants were the head of the health services facility field, the head of the Tiakur Health Center, the head of Tiakur administration and the head of the Tiakur Health Center working group. The technique of determining informants using purposive sampling method. The instruments used were in-depth interview guidelines and focus group discussions. Results: The results showed that the dimensions of service quality, namely effective, efficient, patient-focused and safe, have not been fulfilled properly while the dimensions of accessible and fair have been fulfilled properly. The Tiakur Health Center needs to make improvements to health services so that service quality and patient satisfaction can be realized properly. Conclusion: This qualitative study of patient satisfaction with non-accredited Health Center as health services can be used as evaluation material to be able to improve and improve the health services of Tiakur Health Center to the community.

}, keywords = {Health, Patient., Quality, Satisfaction, Service}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.131}, author = {Sohordinatus Ifan Unkelefta and Amran Razak and Sukri Palutturi and Balqis and Aminuddin Syam and Andi Ummu Salmah and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1965, title = {The Relationship Between Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition on Body Weight, Incidence of NEC, Sepsis and Length of Care for Preterm Infant in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {86-89}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {86}, abstract = {

The incidence of preterm birth in Indonesia still accounts for the highest mortality rate. Failure to provide adequate nutrition will have an impact on growth failure, risk of infection and longer duration of care for preterm infant. This study aims to analyzing the relationship between enteral and parenteral nutrition on body weight, the incidence of NEC, the incidence of sepsis and the length of care at Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya. A total 106 subjects were enrolled, 78 infants were LBW, 19 infants were VLBW. Gestational age between 32-\<37 weeks as many as 96 subjects. 68 infants were female. A total of 49 patients (46.2\%) received parenteral nutrition. There is a relationship between enteral nutrition and the incidence of sepsis (p= 0.03), parenteral nutrition and body weight (p= 0.005), parenteral nutrition and the incidence of sepsis (p= 0.001), and parenteral nutrition and the length of care for preterm infants (p= 0.001). There is a relationship between enteral nutrition with the incidence of sepsis and parenteral nutrition with body weight, incidence of sepsis and length of care in preterm infants.

}, keywords = {Enteral, Hospitalization., Neonatal sepsis, Parenteral nutrition, Preterm infant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.12}, author = {Aldila Pratiwi and Martono Tri Utomo and Risa Etika and Kartika Darma Handayani and Dina Angelika} } @article {1760, title = {The Activities of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) on TNF-α, Macrophages and Leukocytes Male White Mice Exposed by H5N1 Virus Antigens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {253-261}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {253}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) has been known to have immunostimulatory activity, it can increase the activity and capacity of mice macrophage phagocytosis at optimum dose of 200 mg/kgbw. Aim: This study aims to determine the activity of the ethanol extract of pegagan embun on TNF-α levels, total macrophages, total leukocytes, and percentage of leukocytes types. Methods: Mice were divided into four groups, one group as control was given 0.5\% Na CMC suspension, three groups were given pegagan embun extract at a dose of 10 mg/kgbw, 50 mg/kgbw and 200 mg/kgbw orally for 7 days. On the 8th day, all mice were induced with 0.3 mL H5N1 vaccine subcutaneously, then left for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the mice were sacrificed and then TNF-α levels, total macrophages, total leukocytes, and percentage of leukocytes types were determined. The research data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (significance was taken at p\<0.05) and continued with the Duncan test. Results: The results showed that pegagan embun extract significantly reduce TNF-α levels and total macrophages, also significantly increase total leukocytes and percentage of leukocyte types in mice (p\<0.05). Significant increases and decreases occurred on average at doses of 50 mg/kgbw and 200 mg/kgbw. Conclusion: Based on these results, it can be concluded that pegagan embun extract have immunomodulatory activity.

}, keywords = {Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam., Immunomodulators, Leukocytes, Leukocytes types, Macrophages, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.31}, author = {Salman Umar and Nengsyih Putri Erman and Armenia and Elsa Badriyya and Yufri Aldi} } @article {1863, title = {Antioxidant Activity of DPPH, CUPRAC, and FRAP Methods, as well as Activity of Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibiting Enzymes from Tinospora crispa (L.) Stem Ultrasonic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {511-520}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {511}, abstract = {

Aims: The goal of this work was to get the stem extract of Tinospora crispa (L.) using ultrasoundassisted extraction (UAE) with duration and amplitude changes to achieve optimal extraction conditions. The antioxidant potential of the extract as measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), CUPRAC (Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma), and its antidiabetic potential. Results: The third test of antioxidant methods showed that the measurement of antioxidant activity with, DPPH, CUPRAC, and FRAP gave significantly different results, but CUPRAC and FRAP gave the same response to the ethanol extract of Tinospora crispa stems, it can be concluded that the extract of Tinospora crispa stems in all treatments had strong antioxidant activity using either the CUPRAC or methods FRAP. In addition, it is very active as an antidiabetic by inhibiting alpha glucosidase. The optimum extract selected was extract B (extraction time was 35 minutes and amplitude 65\%) with IC50 values for antioxidant activity in the CUPRAC method of 72.53 {\textpm} 0.18 mg/L and the FRAP method of 152.29 {\textpm} 2.16 mg/L, while the inhibition of alpha glucosidase was 0.30 {\textpm} 0.006 mg/L.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Tinospora crispa (L.), Ultrasound-assisted extraction.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.128}, author = {Candra Irawan and Imalia Dwi Putri and Maman Sukiman and Andita Utami and Ismail and Ratna Komala Putri and Anisa Lisandi and Andrean Nur Pratama} } @article {1837, title = {Antioxidant Capacity and Potential as an Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor in Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl Fruit Peel Ultrasonic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {305-312}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {305}, abstract = {

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl is native to the tropical region of Papua Island, Indonesia, and has traditionally been used as a herbal drink, either alone or in combination with other medicinal plants, to treat diseases such as cancer, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to obtain the fruit peel extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The potential of the extract as an antioxidant using the cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods, and its potential as an antidiabetic through alpha glucosidase inhibition. The optimum extract selected was extract C (extraction time was 45 minutes and amplitude 60\%) with IC50 values for antioxidant activity in the CUPRAC method of 39.63 {\textpm} 0.009 mg/L and the FRAP method of 77.37 {\textpm} 0.8 mg/L, while the inhibition of alpha glucosidase was 0.45 {\textpm} 0.007 mg/L. It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit peel has the potential as a source of antioxidants and anti-diabetic.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.100}, author = {Candra Irawan and Maman Sukiman and Ismail and Imalia Dwi Putri and Andita Utami and Andrean Nur Pratama and M. Ilham Kumala Zalni} } @article {1948, title = {Aquaporine 4 Expression on End Feet Astrocyte Before and After Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage of Hydrocephalus Mice Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {1054-1060}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {1054}, abstract = {

Background: Aquaporin (AQP) is a family of integral membrane proteins that function as water channels. AQP facilitates the transport of water across the plasma cell membrane. AQP lining the periventricular wall in the presence of edema may impair the function of the AQP to prevent or facilitate proper movement of water. Result: We analyze the effect of hydrocephalus and CSF drainage on the expression levels of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) end feet astrocytes in a hydrocephalus mice model. The test was carried out using a mice model of hydrocephalus induced with kaolin, then CSF drainage was performed on the 7th and 14th day, and compared the levels of AQP4 expression in each group. Data showed an increase in AQP4 excretion levels in astrocyte end feet along with the duration of hydrocephalus (p = 0.001) in comparison between hydrocephalus mice on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days. AQP4 before and after CSF drainage, comparison of the hydrocephalus group on day 21 with the group of mice undergoing CSF drainage (p\<0.05). The results showed that the CSF drainage treatment was proven to reduce the level of AQP4. Conclusion: This is the first study to describe immunohistochemical distribution of AQP4 after drainage hydrocephalus model in mice end feet astrocyte. The AQP4 expression and distribution in after drainage hydrocephalus model was comparable 14th and 21st day of hydrocephalus but 7 days after drainage. Larger studies are needed to substantiate the influence of breed and ageing on AQP4 expression after drainage of hydrocephalus model.

}, keywords = {AQP4., Aquaporin 4, CSF, Drainage, Hydrocephalus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.209}, author = {Mustaqim Apriyansa Rahmadhan and Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi and Wihasto Suryaningtyas and Dyah Fauziah and I Ketut Sudiana and Budi Utomo} } @article {1927, title = {Effect of Pomegranate Extract On N-Terminal Pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide and Asymmetric Dimetylarginine Levels in Children with Pulmonary Artery Hypertension in Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {898-904}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {898}, abstract = {

Background: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is one of the complications due to acyanotic congenital heart disease. New treatment approach using natural ingredients from plants has been demonstrated in vitro to prevent and improve vascular remodeling in PAH. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of pomegranate extract on N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT pro BNP) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels in children with PAH in acyanotic CHD. Method: This study is a double-blind, quasi-experimental text with pre-test, post-test, and control group approach to children aged one month to 10 years old in Outpatient Department of Pediatric Cardiology Department/Pediatrics Department RSUD Dr. Soetomo in the period of February-October 2022, alongside met the inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney test with 95\% CI. Result: The study cohort included 15 subjects in the placebo group and 15 subjects in pomegranate extract group. The study was predominantly female (53,3\%) with a mean age of each group, i.e., placebo group was 49 months, and pomegranate extract group was 58 months. The mean level of NT pro-BNP in the pomegranate extract group was 29.31 {\textpm} 33.55 ng/L (p= 0.008) and its mean ADMA level was 5619 {\textpm} 6166 ng/L (p= 0.173). As for the difference of NT pro-BNP and ADMA level changes after the intervention did not show a significant difference (p-0,330; p=0,885, respectively). Conclusion: No significant effect towards NT pro- BNP and ADMA levels found with giving pomegranate extract to children with PAH due to acyanotic CHD.

}, keywords = {Asymmetric dimetylarginine, Congenital heart disease, Pulmonary artery hypertension, Punica Granatum., Terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.186}, author = {Sari Yunita Sukmawati Noer and Mahrus A Rahman and Budi Utomo} } @article {1834, title = {Effects of Golden Sea Cucumber Extract (Stichopus hermanni) on Hyphae, Neutrophils and TNF-α in BALB/c Mice Inoculated with C. albicans Intravaginally}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {278-285}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {278}, abstract = {

Introduction: Candidal vaginitis is an inflammatory disease that caused mainly by Candida albicans. Yeast transitions to filamentous hyphae considered the most important virulence factor. Neutrophils are the first line of defense of the immune system, but in patients with Candidal vaginitis the recruitment of neutrophils into the vaginal lumen is positively correlated with symptoms of the disease. This is supported by the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α. Standard treatment is considered less effective in relieving symptoms, so other alternative/adjunctive treatments are needed. Golden sea cucumber (Stichopus hermanni) extract has been widely studied, especially for anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory. This study aims to analyze the mechanism of decreasing number of hyphae and neutrophils, and proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α in BALB/c mice inoculated intravaginally with C. albicans after administration of golden sea cucumber extract (S. hermanni). Methods: Experimental research uses a post-test only control group design. The experimental unit consisted of 36 BALB/c mice that were inoculated intravaginally with C. albicans and divided into 4 groups, group that did not receive treatment (K-), group that received standard treatment fluconazole (K+), group that received treatment with golden sea cucumber extract (S. hermanni) (P1) and group that received standard treatment with fluconazole plus extract of golden sea cucumber (S. hermanni) (P2). The hyphae and neutrophils number were seen microscopically on vaginal mucosal tissue. Cytokine levels of TNF-α were seen from the ELISA blood samples. Results: Results showed from the vaginal mucosal tissue of mice, there was significant difference in the number of hyphae (p = 0.001) between groups and no significant difference in the number of neutrophils (p = 0.070) between groups. From the blood serum of mice, there were significant differences in TNF-α levels (p=0.001) between groups. From the path analysis obtained a significant relationship from the number of hyphae to the number of neutrophils (p = 0.034) and the number of neutrophils to TNF-α levels (p = 0.021). The strength of the pathway from number of hyphae to number of neutrophils (β= 0.354) and number of neutrophils to TNF-α levels (β= 0.382) with positive interactions all. Conclusion: In summary, the administration of S. hermanni extract was able to reduce the number of hyphae, neutrophils and TNF-α levels through the hyphae, neutrophil and TNF-α pathway.

}, keywords = {Candida vaginitis, Hyphae, Neutrophils, Stichopus hermanni extract, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.97}, author = {Varidianto Yudo and Widjiati and Harianto Notopuro and Yulianto Listiawan and Budi Utomo and Purwo Sri Rejeki and Prawesty Diah Utami and Aryati} } @article {1798, title = {Effects of High Intensity Swimming on Heat Shock Protein 70, Superoxide Dismutase and Malondialdehyde of Rattus norvegicus Male Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {524-530}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {524}, abstract = {

Introduction: This study aims to analyze relationship between physical activity with high intensity swimming by proving the difference in the mean levels of HSP-70, SOD levels and MDA levels in male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) who perform vigorous-intensity physical activity compared to male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) who do not engage in strenuous physical activity. Method: This research is a laboratory experimental research. This research is a True Experimental Research type that uses a Post Test Only Control Group Design research design. The experimental unit consisted of 28 white rats (Rattus norvegicus). The study was started by dividing the rats into 2 groups. Group 0 who did not receive heavy physical activity treatment and group 1 who received heavy intensity physical activity treatment 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Results: The results of the Shapiro-Wilk test showed that the HSP-70 data were normally distributed (p\<0.05). SOD and MDA data for all groups were normally distributed (p\>0.05). The results of the Kruskal Wallis test showed that there was a significant difference in HSP-70 between groups (p \> 0.05), the results of the Mann Whitney test showed that the HSP-70 of the K0 group was significantly different from the K1 group. The results of the analysis of variance with Brown-Forsythe showed that there was a significant difference in SOD between groups (p \< 0.05). The results of the Games Howell test showed that the SOD of group K0 was significantly different from that of group K1. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference in MDA between groups (p \< 0.05). The results of the LSD test showed that the MDA of the K0 group was significantly different from the K1 group. Conclusion: There is a difference in the mean levels of HSP-70 in white male rat (Rattus norvegicus) whoperform strenuous physical activity, lower than male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) who do not engage in strenuous physical activity. There is a difference in the mean SOD levels in male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) which perform strenuous physical activity, lower than male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) who do not do strenuous physical activity. There is a difference in the mean MDA levels in male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) after doing strenuous physical activity, higher than male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) who do not engage in strenuous physical activity.

}, keywords = {HSP-70, MDA., SOD, Strenuous physical activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.66}, author = {Dody Taruna and Bambang Purwanto and Harianto Notopuro and Widjiati and Budi Utomo and Lilik Herawati and Reny I{\textquoteright}tishom and Aryati} } @article {1949, title = {Effects of Pomegranate Extract Supplementation (Punica granatum L.) on Clinical Manifestations of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Children with Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {1061-1066}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {1061}, abstract = {

Background: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in congenital heart disease (CHD) mechanism includes vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. In Indonesia, sildenafil as a vasodilator is the only standard treatment for PAH. Research on pomegranate extract showed its potential as an anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative agent that could work synergically with sildenafil in reducing pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) Objective: To investigate the effect of pomegranate supplementation in the clinical manifestation of PAH in children with acyanotic CHD. Methods: This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial that compared the clinical manifestation of PAH in children with acyanotic CHD who received standard therapy for PAH and pomegranate extract supplementation with the placebo group. Observations were carried out over three months, and pre-and post-test evaluations were conducted to assess changes in PAP, functional classification of PAH, body weight, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation in both groups. Statistical analysis was undertaken using the Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, and Spearman correlation tests. Results: There was no significant difference in PAP reduction between the pomegranate and placebo groups (p = .44) and no significant difference in the functional classification of PAH in the placebo and pomegranate groups (p = .55). There was a considerable reduction in the respiratory rate in the pomegranate group (p = .017). Respiratory rate was positively correlated with the functional classification of PAH (p = .011). Conclusion: There was a significant reduction in the respiratory rate in the pomegranate group that correlated with the functional classification of PAH.

}, keywords = {Heart disease, Pomegranate, Pulmonary hypertension, Sildenafil.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.210}, author = {Audylia Hartono and Mahrus A. Rahman and Budi Utomo} } @article {1840, title = {Immunostimulating Study of Active Agent Fraction from Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.) Leaf from SARS-COV-2 Virus Antigen Exposure to NK and CD8+T Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {344-351}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {344}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.) plant had been used as an immune system enhancer. Aim: In this study, the effect of Sungkai leaf extracts from 4 different fractions, namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and residual water with 3 variations in doses of 1,10 and 100 mg/kg bw on the activity of NK and CD8+T cells in male white mice that have been exposed to SARS-Cov-2 virus antigen was investigated. Methods: The experimental animals used were 60 animals divided into 12 groups with 14 days of treatment which had previously been induced with SARS-Cov-2 virus antigen (Moderna) and given with Sungkai leaf extracts for 14 days and evaluated on day 15. The evaluation results of NK cells concentrations sequentially were 2.96; 4.66; 5.38; 5.43; 4.05; 2.89; 3.56; 4.21; 2.88; 1.99; 2.07; 4.40; 3.21; 3.40; and 6.93 ng/ml. On the other hand, the evaluation results of CD8+T cells concentrations sequentially were 27.47; 28.96; 29.19; 27.90; 21.85; 25.79; 27.98; 23.50; 23.39; 26.56; 22.62; 25.19; 23,55; 26,75; and 29,69 ng/ml. One-way ANOVA and Duncan test were used for the data analysis. Results: The results showed significant increase of concentration (p\<0.05) towards concentration of NK cells in the butanol fraction at a dose of 1 mg/kg BW and CD8+T cells in the residual water fraction at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW. Conclusion: It can be concluded that fraction from sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.) at doses of 1,10 and 100 mg/kg bw shows immunostimulatory activity.

}, keywords = {CD8+T Cells, NK Cells, Peronema canescens Jack., SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.105}, author = {Dwisari Dillasamola and Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Rauza Sukma Rita and Dachriyanus and Yohanes Alen and Salman Umar and Yufri Aldi} } @article {1808, title = {In Silico Phytochemical Compounds Screening of Allium sativum Targeting the Mpro of SARS-CoV-2}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {604-609}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {604}, abstract = {

The global pandemic of coronavirus disease is still widely spread across the world causing catastrophic effect in both human life and global economy. By the end of year 2021, it has caused a total of 5.437.636 deaths across the world. Indonesia has rich plant biodiversity including medicinal plants that may be used for combating the virus. One of the commonly used medicinal plants comes from Allium species and it has been proved to have antiviral activity. Conducting an in silico study, we screened bioactive compounds that came from Allium sativum to fight against coronavirus through the inhibition of 3CL-Pro, one of the major protease that have an active role for viral replication. Molecular docking of compounds from Allium sativum to 3CL-Pro resulting in the discovery of 5 compounds that have the best binding affinity to 3CL-Pro, which are squalene, 1,4-dihydro-2,3-benzoxathiin 3-oxide, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, trans-13-octadecenoic acid and methyl-11-hexadecenoate with binding affinity of -7, -6.5, -5.9, -5.7 and -5.6 kcal/mol, respectively. It is very likely that these compounds can be candidates for therapeutic agents and these candidates need to be studied further.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.78}, author = {Priscilla Listiyani and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Md. Emdad Ullah and Vikash Jakhmola and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1926, title = {Kaempferia galanga L. Extract Administration Attenuate Aquaporin-4 Expression in Traumatic Brain Injury: An Experimental Study in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {893-897}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {893}, abstract = {

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still a major health problem in the world. It might cause long-term disability that affect socio-economic life and become nation health burden. Post-traumatic cerebral edema might develop and commit to an unfavorable prognosis. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is water channel protein and a key regulator of water metabolism in the brain. Although the mechanism of AQP4 in the regulation of post-traumatic brain edema remains controversial, AQP4-lacking mice show better survival and decreased brain edema. Thus, novel strategies that suppress AQP4 become a potential field. We hypothesized that Kaempferia galanga L. may suppress brain expression of AQP4 following TBI and possibly limit the development of cerebral edema due to its neuroinflammation properties. Method: We conducted TBI to experimental rats, then given Kaempferia galanga L. extract at a dose of 600 mg/kg BW and 1200 mg/kg BW. Evaluation intensity of AQP4 expression by immunohistochemistry was performed 24 and 48 hours later to see its therapeutic effect. Results: Administration of Kaempferia galanga L. extract at a dose of 1200 mg/kg BW showed weak expression of AQP4 in all samples, both 24 and 48 hours following traumatic brain injury treatment. Conclusions: Intensity of AQP4 expression in rats{\textquoteright} brain was lower at 24 and 48 hours after TBI in rats receiving Kaempferia galanga L. extract with dose 1200 mg/ kg BW compared to the other groups. Our result indicates that Kaempferia galanga L. might affect the expression of brain AQP4 in a dose-dependent manner.

}, keywords = {Ayuverdic medicine, Neuroinflammation, Neurotrauma, Post-traumatic cerebral edema}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.185}, author = {Fajar Herbowo Niantiarno and Agus Turchan and Myrna Adianti and Budi Utomo and Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi and Abdul Hafid Bajamal} } @article {1780, title = {Optimization of the Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. Fruit Peel and its Antioxidant and Anti-Gout Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {397-405}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {397}, abstract = {

Aims: This study aimed to obtain the skin extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The extract{\textquoteright}s potential as an antioxidant with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition parameters, and its potential as an anti-gout. Results: The yield of crude ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl rind obtained from the UAE process ranged from 18 to 21\%. The phytochemical test results of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit peel extract contain phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids. Extract B was treated for 35 minutes and had an amplitude of 65\% with an antioxidant activity IC50 of 52.01 {\textpm} 0.06 mg/L and a reduction of uric acid level of 90.49 {\textpm} 0.08. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the fruit peel of Phaleria macrocarpa from the UAE has the potential as a source of antioxidants and anti-gout.

}, keywords = {Anti-gout, Antioxidant, Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl., Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.51}, author = {Candra Irawan and Maman Sukiman and Ismail and Imalia Dwi Putri and Andita Utami and Avisani Dewanta and Aulia Noviyanti} } @article {1784, title = {Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Andrographis paniculata Nees Leaves, Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Content and Anti-Gout Potential Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {432-438}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {432}, abstract = {

Gout is a type of arthritis that causes painful inflammation in one or more joints. In gout, an increase in uric acid in the blood triggers the formation of crystals, causing joint pain. Indonesia is a country rich in the biodiversity of medicinal plant species. Therefore, its flora offers promising therapy for gout, one of which is Andrographis paniculata Nees. This study aims to obtain the leaf extract of A. paniculata through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. Then the extract obtained was subjected to phytochemical screening, a total phenolic content test and uric acid test. The results of phytochemical screening of A. paniculata leaf extract using UAE contained saponins, phenols, tannins and alkaloids. The high total phenolic content has an effect on the high potential for reducing uric acid levels. Sample B with a time variation of 35 minutes and an amplitude of 65\% showed the highest total phenolic content and potential for reducing uric acid levels compared to the other samples, which were 1104.53 {\textpm} 0.5 mg GAE/g extract and 72.81{\textpm}0.2 \%, respectively. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the UAE extract from the leaves of A. paniculata has good potential as an anti-gout agent.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata Nees, Anti-gout, Phytochemical screening, total phenolic content, Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.55}, author = {Ismail and Candra Irawan and Maman Sukiman and Imalia Dwi Putri and Andita Utami and M. Ilham Kumala Zalni and Ratna Komala Putri} } @article {1768, title = {Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Tinospora crispa Stem, Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Content and Anti Gout Potential Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {308-314}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {308}, abstract = {

Aims: This study aimed to obtain the stem extract of Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f \& Thomson through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The extract{\textquoteright}s potential as an anti-gout. Results: The yield of crude ethanol extract of Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f \& Thomson obtained from the UAE process ranged from 4.49\% to 10.60\%. The phytochemical test results of Tinospora crispa stem extract contain saponins, tannins and alkaloids. Extract C was treated for 45 minutes and had an amplitude of 60\% with a total phenolic content of 981.37 {\textpm} 0.7 mg/L and a reduction of uric acid level of 53.22 {\textpm} 0.1\%. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the Tinospora crispa stem from the UAE has the potential as a source of anti-gout.

}, keywords = {Anti-gout potential activity, Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f \& Thomson Stem, total phenolic content, Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.39}, author = {Maman Sukiman and Candra Irawan and Ismail and Imalia Dwi Putri and Andita Utami and Avisani Dewanta and Wira Aditia Septian} } @article {1812, title = {Potential Roles of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) as Antimetabolic Syndrome: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {710-714}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {710}, abstract = {

The number of cases of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is part of the metabolic syndrome case. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is a plant that has been clinically tested and has the potential to prevent and treat metabolic syndrome as well as pathogenic and pathophysiological activities that cause disease. The aim of this study is to discuss and conclude information regarding the activity and use of purslane (P. oleracea) as an antimetabolic. This review article is based on scientific publications found on Google Scholar and PubMed databases using the keywords of {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca obesity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca overweight{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca dyslipidemia{\textquotedblright}, and {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca metabolic syndrome{\textquotedblright}. This plant acts on numerous pathways in the metabolic syndrome such as reduction of lipids, blood sugar, body weight and total cholesterol. Purslane (P. oleracea) can be used as a candidate for a new herbal plant as an anti-metabolic syndrome.

}, keywords = {Body weight, Insulin resistance, Metabolic syndrome, Obesity., Portulaca oleracea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.90}, author = {Nur Sofiatul Aini and Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Farraz Syadzha and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Md. Emdad Ullah and Sin War Naw and Vikash Jakhmola and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1838, title = {Quantification of total polyphenols and flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and Sinensetin and Imperatorin contents of Imperata cylindrica root ethanol extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {327-337}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {327}, abstract = {

Introduction: Imperata cylindrica, commonly known as cogon grass, is currently widely distributed and used as a medicinal plant. The major compounds that have been isolated and identified are polyphenols and flavonoids, which have many biological activities such as antioxidant, and anticancer. Polyphenols and flavonoids are mostly found in the roots and leaves. This study aimed to perform phytochemical screening on I. cylindrica root ethanol extract from Sragen, Central Java, Indonesia and determine the total polyphenol, flavonoid, antioxidant activity and quantify Sinensetin and Imperatorin contents of the extract. Method: Quantification of all parameters were measured using visible spectrophotometric methods. Total polyphenol, total flavonoid contents, as well as antioxidant activity were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, aluminum chloride reagent, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, respectively, and quantification of Sinensetin and Imperatorin were measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Results: I cylindrica root ethanol extract had a total polyphenol content of 1.109\% gallic acid equivalent, total flavonoid content of 0.1\% quercetin equivalent, and antioxidant activity IC50 824.30 μg/ml. Sinensetin and Imperatorin were also identified in Fractions 1 to 11 with concentrations of 0.0157 and 0.0178 mg/kg extract, respectively. Conclusion: I. cylindrica root ethanol extract from Sragen had active phytochemical compounds of polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidants as well as Sinensetin and Imperatorin.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoid, Imperata cylindrica, Polyphenol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.103}, author = {Raden Anita Indriyanti and Eko Fuji Ariyanto and Hermin Aminah Usman and Ristaniah Rose Effendy and Diah Dhianawaty} } @article {1932, title = {Relationship Histopathology Grading of Meningioma with the Use of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA) as A Hormonal Contraceptive}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {938-941}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {938}, abstract = {

Introduction: Meningioma is a common brain tumor with an incidence of more than 30\% of all primary brain tumors in adults. The incidence of meningiomas increases with increasing age, women suffer more from meningiomas with a ratio of 3:1. Meningiomas are known to have steroid receptors in the form of progesterone (88\%), estrogen (40\%), and androgen (40\%). Therefore, the use of hormonal therapy is suspected to affect the incidence and histopathological degree of meningioma. One of the widely used hormonal therapy is medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). However, there is not enough literature to explain the relationship between MPA and the incidence of meningioma. Objective: To identify the relationship between the duration of the use of Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) hormonal contraceptives and the histopathological degree of meningioma. Methods: This study is an analytic observational with a retrospective design of meningiomas patients based on the duration of use of MPAtype hormonal contraception who performed surgery at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital during the period January 2015 to December 2019. We determined the inclusion criteria for meningioma patients: a history of using MPA hormonal contraceptives or 3-month injectable contraceptives; and the control group: meningioma patients without a history of hormonal contraception. Results: There were 452 cases of meningioma and 101 patients met the inclusion criteria. Based on the results of statistical analysis, it was found that there was no difference relationship between the grade of meningioma and meningioma patients either using MPA or without using MPA. There was no difference in duration of use between the group using MPA \<10 years or more than 10 years with the non-hormonal control group on meningioma grading (p = 0.772). There was also no difference relationship between the group that did not use hormonal contraception and the MPA group on the age of the patient (p = 0.217), both using contraception for \<10 years and more than 10 years. Conclusion: There was no relationship found between histopathological degree of meningioma with the patients who use MPA contraceptives, both duration of use \<10 years and >=10 years compared with meningioma patients who do not use MPA contraception.

}, keywords = {Contraception, Grading, Hormonal contraceptive, Medroxyprogesterone acetate, Meningioma, MPA, Neoplasm., Progesterone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.193}, author = {Shafhan Dustur and Joni Wahyuhadi and Budi Utomo and Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi and Abdul Hafid Bajamal and Sri Ratna Dwiningsih} } @article {1931, title = {Risk Factors for Hepatotoxicity From L-Asparaginase Chemotherapy In Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {921-927}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {921}, abstract = {

Introduction: L-asparaginase chemotherapy often causes hepatotoxicity and affects complete remission in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This study aims to investigate the risk factors that affect the incidence of hepatotoxicity caused by L-asparaginase chemotherapy in ALL children. Methods: An observational study with prospective sampling was conducted at Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya. The inclusion criteria included ALL children aged 1-18 years, undergoing ALL Induction phase chemotherapy based on the 2018 Indonesian Children{\textquoteright}s ALL protocol as evidenced by bone marrow aspiration, receiving L-asparaginase chemotherapy, and obtaining written consent from parents or guardians. Each child had 3 ml of blood drawn from a peripheral vein to assess their complete blood count, alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, and albumin level. Results: Thirty-two children with ALL were collected. Two of them were excluded due to allergic reaction and enable to continue the L-asparaginase chemotherapy. Thirty of them were eligible participants. Approximately 53.3\% of ALL children aged <= seven years. Fourteen (47\%) children with ALL were included in the standard-risk group and 16 (53\%) of them included high-risk group. There were significant differences in ALT levels between the four stages of observation (p=\<0.001). Twenty-two ALL children had hepatotoxicity (73.3\%), while 8 had non-hepatotoxicity (26.7\%). Two risk factors had a significant influence on the occurrence of hepatotoxicity due to L-asparaginase chemotherapy including age and hypoalbuminemia (p=0.045, p=0.028). Conclusion: Age and hypoalbuminemia were the risk factors that might affect the incidents of hepatotoxicity. Clinical monitoring before and after treatment needs to be done to prevent poor outcomes.

}, keywords = {Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Children, Hepatotoxicity, L-asparaginase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.190}, author = {Agniya Ali Fahmi Hikmat and Mia Ratwita Andarsini and Bagus Setyoboedi and Maria Christina Shanty Larasati and Andi Cahyadi and I Dewa Gede Ugrasena} } @article {1906, title = {Risk Factors of Acute and Chronic Erythema Nodosum Leprosum in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital Surabaya}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {766-770}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {766}, abstract = {

Background: Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infection and is one of the neglected diseases caused by Mycobacterium leprae. ENL is a complex syndrome, that caused inflammation of the skin, nerves, and other organs due to an inflammatory immune response to Mycobacterium leprae antigens. Acute ENL was defined as the first episode of ENL with a duration of less than 24 weeks. Chronic ENL was defined as ENL that persisted for more than 24 weeks. These types of ENL can have different risk factors and require different therapeutic interventions. Purpose: The onset of ENL is acute, but may progress to a chronic or recurrent phase and require long-term therapy. Early detection of leprosy is very important, because the infection is curable and prompt treatment can reduce nerve damage and associated stigma. Chronic ENL patients require prolonged high doses of corticosteroids to control inflammation in ENL and cause severe complications and side effects associated with morbidity and mortality. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted using a non-probability sampling technique consecutively using a casecontrol formula in leprosy patients with ENL in the Leprosy Division of the Outpatient Dermatology and Venereology Unit RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya for the period 2015 {\textendash} 2020, using secondary data in the form of medical record data. Result: The results of this study obtained leprosy patients with ENL as many as 234 patients, 56 patients with acute ENL and 89 patients with chronic ENL. 45 patients with acute ENL and 45 patients with chronic ENL were obtained from the case-control minimal sample size formula. Conclusion: The results of the bivariate analysis test showed that there was a relationship between risk factors for coinfection and steroid therapy with the type of ENL. The presence of coinfection and steroid therapy showed that patients tend to be chronic ENL, conversely, in the absence of coinfection and without steroid therapy, patients tend to be acute ENL. The multivariate logistic regression analysis test showed a significant association between risk factors for ENL onset before MDT and the presence of coinfection with chronic ENL, whereas ENL onset after MDT and absence of coinfection were associated with acute ENL.

}, keywords = {Acute ENL, Chronic ENL, ENL, Leprosy, Neglected disease., Risk factors}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.165}, author = {Ditya Indrawati and Linda Astari and Afif Nurul Hidayati and Sawitri, Damayanti and Budi Utomo and Bagus Haryo Kusumaputra and Medhi Denisa Alinda and Cita Rosita Sigit Prakoeswa and M. Yulianto Listiawan} } @article {1950, title = {The Role of Breast Milk on Reducing the Risk of Neonatal Sepsis in Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {1067-1074}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1067}, abstract = {

Background: High mortality and morbidity rates are associated with neonatal sepsis in preterm and low birth weight infants. Aside from controlling the nosocomial infection, intervention for reducing the risk of sepsis is demanded. The best nutrition for preterm infants is breast milk. Bioactive compounds found in it, such as antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities not only for immunity against the infection but also for growth, and development. Objective: To investigate the effect of breast milk against the risk of neonatal sepsis in preterm and low birth weight infants. Methods: We conducted an electronic search through several databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus. We performed an analysis on nutritional feeding and volume of breast milk and late-onset sepsis from ten potential observational studies. Results: Breast milk significantly reduced the risk of sepsis in preterm and low birth weight infants (pooled RR 0.70; 95 \% CI 0.55 - 0.88, p = 0.002). In addition, when we performed subgroup analysis, we found that breast milk volume \> 50ml/kgbw/day also reduce the risk of sepsis with pooled RR 0.61(95\% CI 0.46-0.8, p=0.0004). Conclusion: Low birth weight and preterm infants had a lower risk of neonatal sepsis when they got breastmilk. To preserve the supply of breastmilk, health professionals should support and encourage mothers who were breastfeeding.

}, keywords = {Breast milk, Low birth weight, Neonatal sepsis, Preterm infant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.211}, author = {Tita Natalia Manurung and Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu and Martono Tri Utomo} } @article {1800, title = {Utilization of Secondary Metabolites in Algae Kappaphycus alvarezii as a Breast Cancer Drug with a Computational Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {536-543}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {536}, abstract = {

Breast cancer is one of the worst diseases that affect female people. Long-term treatment with therapy or surgery has a detrimental impact on the patient. The algae Kappaphycus alvarezii has gotten a lot of interest as a breast cancer medication because it contains chemicals that are expected to be anti-cancer. The objectives of this paper were to see how secondary metabolites in algae interact with the Nuclear Factor- kappaB protein kinase in breast cancer. The ligands and proteins were obtained from the PubChem and PDB websites, respectively. Swiss ADME was then used to assess the Pharmacokinetics and Drug likeness Properties. The last stage involved using molecular docking with PyRx and molecular dynamics to identify the interaction and visualization between the ligand and the target protein. The findings of the test revealed that the maraniol chemical had a superior binding capacity with NF kB protein kinase because it has a chromone group that controls transport efficiently in preventing breast cancer proliferation.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, K. alvarezii, Molecular Docking., NF kB protein kinase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.68}, author = {AF Dibha and S Wahyuningsih and ANM Ansori and VD Kharisma and MH Widyananda and AA Parikesit and MT Sibero and RT Probojati and AAA Murtadlo and JP Trinugroho and TH Sucipto and DDR Turista and I Rosadi and ME Ullah and V Jakhmola and R Zainul} } @article {1397, title = {The Anti-Malarial Effect of Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland ex Correa Extract Using Malaria Mice Model Infected with P. berghei}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {585-590}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {585}, abstract = {

Introduction: Malaria is a re-emerging disease that still causes high morbidity and mortality rates. Reports of malaria therapy, encouraging studies to find new therapies based on plants and adjuvant in malaria infection. Thespesia populnea or portia tree leaf extract is a plant that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal effects. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of Thespesia populnea leaf extract as antimalarial levels, and and its effect on hemoglobin levels in BALB/C mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA). Methods: The study was true experimental laboratories using post-test only group design. Using 27 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: Group with aquades (G1), Group received Chloroquine (G2), and Group with 200 mg/kg bw of Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland ex Correa extract and Chloroquine (G3). The degree of parasitemia was observed serially from the first day to the fourth day. Observation of the number of leukocytes and hemoglobin on the fourth day after the mice were terminated. Results: The results of statistical analysis showed that the administration of Thespesia populnea leef extract 200 mg/kg bw with chloroquine had the effect of decreasing the degree of parasitemia and increasing hemoglobin significantly than G1 group, but there was no significant difference with G2 group, although descriptively there were differences. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that Thespesia populnea or portia tree leaf extract has an anti-malarial effect and can also significantly prevent anemia.

}, keywords = {BALB/C, Hemoglobin, Malaria, Parasitemia, Thespesia populnea extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.73}, author = {Prawesty Diah Utami and Herin Setianingsih and Indira Firdha Syafitri and Rico Pratama Wiyono} } @article {1349, title = {The Antioxidant Effects of the Ethanolic Extract of Binahong Leaves Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction Rat Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {185-188}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {185}, abstract = {

Background: Chronic kidney injury produced free radicals. In a previous study, the ethanolic extract of binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) has a flavonoid content, quercetin, a protective free radical effect. This study aims to determine the impact of binahong leaves against chronic kidney damage in Sprague Dawley rats. Results: To this end, we developed a chronic kidney injury animal model by Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO) method. We randomly divided rats into six groups. Group I is the Sham group; Group II is the negative control group; Group III is the positive control group (losartan 1.18 mg/kg BW); Group IV is Dose I of binahong leaves extract 75 mg/kg BW); Group V is Dose II binahong leaves extract 150 mg/kg BW); Group VI is Dose III binahong leaves extract 300 mg/kg BW). We administered losartan and binahong extracts on day 14 after UUO treatment. The plasma was examined for the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity, catalase enzyme activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA). All statistical analyzes were processed using the Statistical Program of Social Sciences (SPSS) software for Windows, version 16. The measured values of the parameters were expressed in mean {\textpm} SD. The difference test between groups was evaluated by ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) followed by LSD (Least Significant Difference) with a degree of significance (p) \<0.05 if the data distribution was normal and homogeneous. If the distribution of data is not normal and not homogeneous use non-parametric Kruskal Wallis analysis. Results: The results showed that UUO produced high MDA levels, whereas SOD activity and catalase activity were decreased compared with the Sham group. Administration of binahong extracts could reduce the MDA amount and increased the SOD and catalase activity. Conclusion: Binahong leaves extracts showed antioxidant activity to prevent kidney injury in UUO model rats.

}, keywords = {Anredera cordifolia, Binahong, Chronic kidney injury, Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.26}, author = {Anton Bahtiar and Putri Sagita Utami and Melati Raisa Noor} } @article {1622, title = {Comparison of Antibacterial Activity of Calcium Hydroxide, Azadirachta Indica (Neem), Ocimum Tenuiflorum (Tulsi) and Punica Granatum (Pomegranate) Gels as Intracanal Medicaments Against Enterococcus Faecalis: An in-vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {988-994}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {988}, abstract = {

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Calcium hydroxide, Azadirachta indica (Neem), Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi) and Punica granatum (Pomegranate) gels as intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis. Methodology: Crude extracts of Pomegranate peel, Neem leaves and Tulsi leaves were used to determine MIC following which gels of 5\% neem, 10\% tulsi and 10\% pomegranate were prepared. Forty-eight single rooted human premolars were procured and inoculated with E.faecalis for 7 days. Specimens were then randomly distributed into 4 groups.

Group I- Calcium hydroxide

Group II- 5\% A. indica (Neem) gel

Group III- 10\% O. tenuiflorum (Tulsi) gel

Group IV-10\%

P. granatum (Pomegranate) gel The experimental gels were then introduced into the samples and were sealed at both ends. The antimicrobial activity of medicaments was assessed by measuring CFU/ml at the end of 1, 3 and 5 days. Results: Calcium hydroxide showed the maximum antibacterial activity (5.3X104 CFU/ml) followed by Pomegranate gel (5.4 X104 CFU/ml) with no statistically significant difference between them. Similarly, no statistically significant difference was observed between the mean CFU/ml values of the neem (10.2 X104 CFU/ml) and tulsi gel (10.2 X104 CFU/ml). However, pomegranate gel showed statistically significant antibacterial activity when compared to Neem and Tulsi. (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, table 4) (Figure 1). Conclusion: Calcium hydroxide showed the best antibacterial activity against E.faecalis. Among herbal gels, pomegranate showed the maximum antibacterial activity, however, further in-vivo research is required for it to be used as a sole intracanal medicament clinically.

}, keywords = {Calcium hydroxide, Enterococcus faecalis, Herbal, Intracanal medicaments, Microbial sensitivity tests, Root canal therapy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.127}, author = {Akanksha Mittal and Sunil Tejaswi and Mruthunjaya K and Suneeth Shetty and Ambikathanaya UK} } @article {1373, title = {Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Assay of Bio- Active Compounds and Phytochemical Analyses in Three Species of Apocynaceae}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {383-392}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {383}, abstract = {

Objective: Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze for phytochemicals and bioactive compounds in three species of Apocynacae, Gongronema latifolium, Vincetoxicum rossicum and Marsdenia edulis commonly found in tropical rainforest vegetation and used as food and traditional medicine by locals. Methods and Materials: Phytochemical analysis and GC-MS were carried out using leaf samples of the species following standard protocols. Quantitative phytochemical data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significance tested at 5\% level of probability. Bioactive compounds were identified by comparing the retention times with those of authentic compounds and spectral data obtained from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, terpenes, steroids, flavonoids and phenols. Among the three species, Gongronema latifolium was highest in flavonoids (28.40 \%), Vincetoxicum rossicum was highest in steroids (17.25 \%) while Marsdenia edulis was highest in terpenoids (18.17 \%). GC-MS profiling of the species revealed biologically functional compounds with therapeutic properties including linoleic acid, phytol, neophytadiene, n-hexadecanoic acid, squalene, transfarnesol, 5-pentadecen-7-yne, and mercaptoacetic acid. Conclusion: The array of bioactive compounds present in the three species especially Gongronema latifolium, commonly used as food indicated their utility in pharmacognosy and drug manufacture. This is the first report of GC-MS based metabolite profiling to detect the various bioactive compounds in methanolic extracts of Vincetoxicum rossicum and Marsdenia edulis. We therefore recommend these species for further study in drug discovery trials.

}, keywords = {Drug discovery, Gongronema latifolium, Marsdenia edulis, Phytochemical profiling, Underutilized species, Vincetoxicum rossicum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.49}, author = {Peggy Willie and Edak A Uyoh and Peter O Aikpokpodion} } @article {1414, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies of the Leaves of Hyptis Suaveolens Linn. (Labiatae) (Poit)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {698-705}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {698}, abstract = {

The pharmacognostic standards of fresh, powdered and transverse sections of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) leaf were carried out to determine its macroscopic, microscopical (both qualitative and quantitative), analytical standards and phytochemical profile. The macroscopy revealed a simple leaf, oppositely arranged along the stem with a dark green colour on the outer surface and pale green on the inner surface, ovate in shape and bilateral base, acute apex with a serrate margin. The qualitative microscopy of the powdered leaf shows xylem vessels parenchymal cells with diacytic type of stomata. Also epidermal cells with stoma wall, polygonal parenchymatous and collenchymatous cells making up the cortex with starch grains; non-glandular uniserate, multicellular septate trichome, irregular shaped prisms of calcium oxalate crystals and small bundle of mucilage cells. The quantitative microscopy of the leaf showed the values of palisade ratio, stomatal number (upper and lower epidermal stomatal index (upper and lower surface), vein-islet number and vein termination number to be 5.10, 50stomata/mm2, 80 stomata/mm2, 12.33, 23.14, 35/mm2 and 20/mm2 respectively. For the analytical standards; 9.90 \%, 1.67 \%, 0.38 \% 6.39 \%, 0.61 \% w/w, 1.16 \% w/w, 11.70 \% and 7.25\% were obtained for total ash, water soluble ash, sulphated ash, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extractive value, water soluble extractive value, moisture content and fibre content respectively. The qualitative phytochemical analysis on Hyptis Suaveolens leaves showed presence of carbohydrates, reducing sugar, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloids and saponins. These specific standards obtained are of importance in the establishment of diagnostic indices for the standardization, identification and preparation of monograph on the plant.

}, keywords = {Analytical standards, Hyptis Suaveolens L. (Poit), Macroscopy, microscopy, Pharmacognostic standards, Phytochemical analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.89}, author = {Eleje Oboma Okonta and Peculiar Feenna Onyekere and Patience Ngozi Ugwu and Helen Ogechukwu Udodeme and Vincent Obisike Chukwube and Uchenna Estella Odoh and Christopher Obodike Ezugwu} } @article {1615, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Cotinus coggygria Scop. from Armenian Flora}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {933-941}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {933}, abstract = {

Armenian flora is stood out by the variety of its medicinal and edible plants. Here small plants as well as trees and shrubs are met. Cotinus coggygria of Armenian flora is used in folk medicine. The aim of this investigation was to determine the chemical composition of Armenian flora{\textquoteright}s smoke trees leaves{\textquoteright} essential oil and antiradical activity of ethanol extract of leaves and branches of smoke tree. Methods: The aerial parts were extracted by hydrodistillation method, and the composition was analyzed by gas chromatograph interfaced to a mass spectrometer. Antiradical activity of essential oil from leaves and branches was determined by using appropriate methods. Results: The total amount of flavonoids has been determined in the leaves of the smoke tree by miricetin. This analysis revealed that the flavonoid amount in ethanol extract of C. coggygria, growing in Armenia, was 0,94\%. In volatile oil of Smoke tree leaves 22 compounds were determined. The results demonstrated that in the essential oil of leaves of Cotinus from Armenian flora predominated Germacrene D, Linalool, formate, ά {\textendash}Terpineol sesquiterpenes and diterpene alcohol Thunbergol. Ethanol extracts of leaves and branches of Smoke tree showed antioxidant activity. Conclusion: From the results, it is evident that C. coggygria from Armenia flora contains various bioactive compounds and the extracts of leaves pronounced higher antioxidant activity and recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance.

}, keywords = {Antiradical activity, Cotinus coggygria Scop., DPPH, Essential oil, Ethanol Extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.120}, author = {NK Shaboyan and AV Moghrovyan and KH Dumanyan and NH Ghukasyan and AA Altunyan and NI Arshakyan and AM Ghazaryan and GR Ulikhanyan and AL Ginosyan and AS Dadayan and NB Chichoyan} } @article {1666, title = {Potential of Ethanolic Extract from Ripe Musa balbisiana Colla Fruit Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction as An Antioxidant and Anti-Gout}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1332-1340}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1332}, abstract = {

Plant extracts or their secondary metabolites have functioned as antioxidants in phytotherapy drugs which function as protection against various diseases related to oxidative stress and free radicals. Free radicals play an important role in the initiation and development of various diseases, one of which is uric acid. Hhis study aims to obtain ethanolic extract from the ripe fruit of Musa balbisiana Colla using the UAE method and obtain information about secondary metabolites and their bioactivity as antioxidants and anti-gout. The results showed that antioxidant activity test using the DPPH and FRAP methods gave IC50 values of 150.24 {\textpm} 0.0348 mg/L and 227.80 {\textpm} 0.0986 mg / L, respectively. The total phenolic content value of 625.64 {\textpm} 0.36 mg GAE/g ethanolic extract is thought to have a role in high antioxidant activity. In addition, ethanol extract with a concentration of 50 mg / L has activity in reducing uric acid levels by around 9\%. It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract produced by UAE has potential as a source of anti-oxidants and anti-gout.

}, keywords = {Anti-gout, Antioxidant, Musa balbisiana Colla, Phenolic content, UAE}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.168}, author = {Candra Irawan and Andita Utami and Erna Styani and Imalia Dwi Putri and Ratna Komala Putri and Avisani Dewanta and Annisa Ramadhanti} } @article {1675, title = {Study of Sungkai (Peronema canescens, Jack) Leaf Extract Activity as an Immunostimulators With In vivo and In vitro Methods}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1397-1407}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1397}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sungkai (Peronema canescens, Jack.) contains polysaccharides, terpenoids, alkaloids, and polyphenols which have pharmacological activity as immunostimulants. Objective: This study aimed to see how the effect of Sungkai extract as an immunostimulant agent was carried out in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using two methods, namely in vivo and in vitro. In vivo research method was conducted to test the activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophage cells, the percentage of leukocytes, and the total number of leukocytes. This study used 30 male white mice as the test animals that were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups. Each group was consisting of 6 mice which were given different treatments. The negative control group was given with the 0.5\% NaCMC suspension, the mice test substance group was given with the suspension of Sungkai ethanol extract with various doses of 800, 400, and 200 mg/kgBW, and lastly the comparison group was given with the Stimuno in a dose of 50 mg/kg orally for 7 days. On day 8, blood was taken from the mice{\textquoteright}s vein to count the number and percentage of its leukocytes, then followed by the intraperitoneal injection of a Staphylococcus aureus bacteria suspension. After 1 hour of administration of the bacterial suspension, the peritoneal fluid was taken to be observed for its activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophage cells. The in vitro research method was used to test the viability and immunostimulatory activity of RAW 264.7 cells with the Sungkai extraction at the concentration of 1.10, 100 g/m. This cell viability test using the microtetrazolium (MTT) method aims to see whether the Sungkai sample used is safe and not toxic to RAW 264.7 cells by observing at the cell viability value that should exceed \>90\%. The concentration of Sungkai extraction at 1.10, 100 g/mL was found to be safe and non-toxic to RAW 264.7 cells with a viability value of \>90\%. Thus, this concentration of Sungkai extraction can be performed for its immunostimulatory activity test on LPS induced of RAW 264.7 cells by observing their levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. (proinflammatory cytokines) were compared with the LPS alone as a control using the sandwich ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) method. Results: The observations were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan{\textquoteright}s follow-up test (significance was taken at p\<0.05). The results showed that variations in concentration increased significantly (p\<0.05) on the activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophage cells, along with the total leukocyte cells. The percentage of leukocytes showed that the cells had a significant increase (p\<0.05). It was found that the Sungkai extraction on 1.10, 100 g/mL could significantly increase the concentration of TNF- and IL-6 (p\<0.05) which were tested by one-way ANOVA and followed by Duncan{\textquoteright}s post hoc test. Conclusion: Sungkai leaf extract (Peronemacanescsens Jack.) in a dose of800, 400, and 200 mg/kgBW has an immunostimulant effect both in vivo and in vitro.

}, keywords = {Cell viability, immunostimulant, Jack), LPS (lipopolysaccharide), Macrophages, MTT (Microtetrazolium), Phagocytosis, RAW 264.7 cells, Sungkai (Peronema canescens, total and percentage of leukocytes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.177}, author = {Dwisari Dillasamola and Yufri Aldi and Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Rauza Sukma Rita and Dachriyanus and Salman Umar and Harrizul Rivai} } @article {1004, title = {Antiplasmodial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Macaranga Gigantea Leaf and Its Major Constituent}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1181-1188}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1181}, abstract = {

Introduction: This research main goal is to study the antiplasmodial activity of Macaranga gigantea leaf ethanolic extract and its major components on malaria parasites using ex vivo model. Methods: This study was conducted by extraction of M. gigantea leaves using ethanol and isolation of its major constituent. The extract and isolate were tested ex vivo on Balb-C mice{\textquoteright}s blood after i.p. administration of Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA. Antiplasmodial activity was observed from mice blood treated by various concentration of either extract or isolate and the parasitaemia percentage were determined by calculating infected blood cell after 24 h of the treatment. It is expressed as decreased of parasitaemia levels and percent of inhibition. Qualitative analysis of active fraction were tested by HPLC method. Chemical structure of isolate were characterized by using UV, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS spectrophotometry. Results: Ex vivo antiplasmodial study gave the percent inhibition as much as 92.1; 85.7; 64.1; 41.5 and 21.7\% at extract concentrations of 300, 100, 30, 10 and 3 μg/ mL respectively. The IC50 values of the extract was 27.1 μg/ml. With respect to the percent of inhibition, at the same concentration, the isolate showed activity as much as 70.2; 62.5; 39.1; 21.7 and 10.8\%. The IC50 value of the isolate was 60.2 μg/ml. At the same concentration with extract and Isolate, Pyrimethamine as positive control gave percent inhibition of 94; 87.5; 44.8; 15.; and 12\%, with IC50 of 31.4 μg/ml. The results showed that major constituent of M. gigantea leaves is flavonoid. HPLC analysis using a photo diode-array detector showed that the active fraction have same retention time with that of apigenin as standard. Based on instrumental analysis data and compared with literature, a flavonoid derivate known as apigenin can be said has been isolated. Conclusion: It can be concluded that either M. gigantea leaves extract or isolated active constituent known as apigenin have potent antiplasmodial property.

}, keywords = {Antiplasmodial, Ex vivo, Flavonoid, Macaranga gigantea, Plasmodium berghei}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.183}, author = {Muhaimin Muhaimin and Yusnaidar Yusnaidar and Wilda Syahri and Madyawati Latief and Riski Dwimalida Putri and Andita Utami and Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa and Andreas Yoga Aditama and Josephine Elizabeth Siregar} } @article {803, title = {Effects of Aqueous and Ethanol Root Extracts of Olax subscopioidea on Inflammatory Parameters in Complete Freund{\textquoteright}s Adjuvant-Collagen Type II Induced Arthritic Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {16-25}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {16}, abstract = {

Aim/Background: Rural and Urban dwellers in Nigeria claim to treat their arthritis with Olax subscorpioidea root extracts. One of the reasons they chose this treatment is that it is effective and cost less than orthodox drugs with their accompanying side effects. Hence the aim of this study is to investigate the anti-arthritis effects of Olax subscorpioidea Afzel ethanol and aqueous root extracts on chicken type II-Complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis rat model. Materials and Method: The anti-arthritic potential of ethanol and aqueous root extracts of Olax subscorpioidea was evaluated using the chicken type II-Complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant model in 135 female wistar albino rats. The rats were treated with aqueous and ethanol root extracts of Olax subscorpioidea at varying doses and standard indomethacine drug. Results: The ethanol and aqueous root extracts of Olax subscorpioidea showed significant anti-arthritic activity that was statistically similar to that of indomethacine. Our results suggest that the alcoholic extract of Olax subscorpioidea showed significant (P\<0.05) anti-arthritic potential.

}, keywords = {Adjuvant, Arthritis, Indomethacine, Plant extracts, Rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.4}, author = {Nkiru Nwamaka Ezeani and Udu Ama Ibiam and Obasi Uche Orji and Ikechuku Okorie Igwenyi and Chinyere Aloke and Esther Alum and Partrick Mmaduabuchi Aja and Okechukwu Paul Chima Ugwu} } @article {796, title = {Effects of Withania somnifera Nicotine Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {43-47}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {43}, abstract = {

Background: Herbal medicines can be novel treatment strategies for management of nicotine addiction. Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) is an Indian medicinal plant of great medicinal value; used in many clinically proven conditions. Objective: In present study we aimed at investigating the effect of withania somnifera extract (WSE) on preventing nicotine mediated effects attributed for the development of addiction. Material and Methods: Mice were treated with nicotine and/or WSE and subjected to nicotine induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in male albino mice was checked. Results: Application of two-way ANOVA showed that with preconditioning and post-conditioning values as a within-subjects (column) factor and treatment as an independent between subject (row) factor. Two-way ANOVA revealed significant effect of treatment [F(3,40)=4.119, p\<0.05], time [F(1,40)=23.76, p\<0.001] and interactiontreatment x time [F(3,40)=5.244, p\<0.01] on Intra-peritoneal (ip) administration of nicotine (1 mg/kg). WSE did not produce any changes in the preference to drug-paired compartment. Factors like treatment [F(3,40) = 0.656, p\>0.05], time [F(1,40) = 7.383, p\<0.01] and interactiontreatment x time [F(3,40) = 0.5748, p\>0.05] showed insignificant effects. Withania somnifera (50,100,200 mg/kg ip) coadministered with nicotine during the 6 days conditioning sessions completely abolished the acquisition of nicotine-induced CPP in mice. Conclusion: Above data indicate that withania somnifera attenuate nicotine induced CPP. Hence it has potential as an anti-addictive therapy.

}, keywords = {Condition place preference, Nicotine, Withania somnifera}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.8}, author = {Nitin Govindrao Dumore and Milind Janrao Umekar and Brijesh Gulabrao Taksande and Manish Manohar Aglawe and Nandkishor Ramdasji Kotagale} } @article {1011, title = {Pharmacognostic study of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1376-1385}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {1376}, abstract = {

Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. has the vernacular name of, {\textquotedblleft}Mundi{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}East Indian globethistle, family Asteraceae. It is a spreading aromatic herb. It is indigenous at Rater of Chhindwara District, M.P and even found in most of the moist damp places of tropical zones of Garhwal Himalaya. The herbs contain a deep cherry coloured essential oil and a bitter alkaloid Sphaeranthine. It also contains many other active ingredients, namely, eudesmenolide-7α- hydroxy eudesm-4-en-6, 12-olide, 2-hydroxycostic acid, β-eudesmol, ilicic acid, methychavicol, α-ionone, d-cadinene, α-terpinene, citral, geraniol, geranyl acetate, sphaerene, indicusene and sphaeranthol. The herb has been investigated for many diseases and used in ethnomedicne. The review of this medicinal plant can revealed some important and valuable information with respect to pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects. The main objective of this paper is to gather some valuable information with respect to its standardization, which has been done along with active ingredients by some researchers.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Ethnomedicine, Flavonoids, Gorakhmundi, Mundi, Pharmacological uses, S. indicus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.213}, author = {Sonia Singh and Bhupesh C Semwal and Dr Prabhat Kr Upadhaya} } @article {1036, title = {Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activities of Crude Extracts from Acacia Senegal Leaf Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1409-1414}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1409}, abstract = {

Background: Acacia senegal (Fabaceae) Wild is a leguminous tree with economic values, but its leaves are under-utilised. Objective: To investigate the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potential of crude extracts from A. Senegal{\textquoteright}s leaves. Methods: Methanol and acetone crude extracts of leaves of A. senegal were prepared by maceration using organic solvents, methanol and acetone respectively. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of the crude extracts were evaluated using Association of Agricultural and Chemist (AOAC) protocols. Antioxidant activities of the crude extracts were determined using 2, 2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) respectively. Results: The crude extracts (acetone and methanol) showed vary quality of phytochemical constituent including flavonoid, alkaloids, carbohydrate, saponins, tannin, steroids, and terpenoids. Acetone crude possessed significant (P \< 0.05) higher total flavonoid and proanthocyanidin content in comparison with methanol extracts. Whereas, methanol crude extract possessed significant higher total phenol content compared with acetone crude extract. The crude extracts showed antioxidant activities as evidence in scavenging ABTS and DPPH radicals. However, acetone crude with lower IC50 of 0.09 mg/mL possessed significant higher ABTS scavenging ability compared to methanol (0.07 mg/mL) and ascorbic acid (0.07 mg/mL). Conclusion: The crude extracts could serve as a promising natural antioxidant agent in management of oxidative stress diseases. For further studies, bioactive compounds need to be ascertained.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Acacia Senegal, Antioxidants, crude extract, DPPH, Free Radicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.218}, author = {Edwina O Uzunuigbe and Foluso O Osunsanmi and Priscilla Masamba and Rebamang A Mosa and Rebamang A Mosa and Andrew R Opoku and Abidemi P Kappo} } @article {698, title = {Analysis of bioactive constituents of n-hexane and methanol fractions of Vernonia calvoana Extracts using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {854-858}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {854}, abstract = {

Aim: Bioactive constituents of n-hexane and methanol fractions of Vernonia calvoana (VC) leaves were evaluated using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry. Method: The leaves were harvested, cleaned and air dried for 7 days. They were ground to yield 5kg weight powder which was macerated and extracted in 8000 mL of 80\% ethanol for 48 hours, yielding 310.3g (6.2\%) of crude extract after evaporation of the solvent. The paste (251.8g) was subjected to column chromatography over silica gel (mesh 60 \– 120\μm) and eluted with 1.5L of n-hexane and methanol respectively. The fractions were analyzed for bioactive constituents using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (30m x 0.25mm ID x 0.25\μm film thickness). Result: The results of GC-MS analysis showed the presences of twelve compounds with phytol (46.67\%), 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (33.40\%), octadecanoic acid (11.25\%), pentadecane carboxylic acid (10.69\%), 9, 12, 15-octadecatrien-1-ol (8.12\%) and ethyl palmitate (7.68\%) in the n-hexane fraction, while methanol fraction was observed to have 14 compounds with oleic acid (33.40\%), hexadecanoic acid (12.49\%), 2-butanone (14.32\%), palmitadehyde (8.36\%), 11-octadecenoic acid (5.56\%), Z-4-nonadecen-1-ol-acetate (5.36\%) and limonene Oxide (4.37\%) as well as other compounds in trace concentrations. Conclusion: it may be concluded from the results that, extracts of Vernonia calvoana contain various bioactive components that may be exploited as a good source of new drug for pharmaceutical industries.

}, keywords = {Bioactive constituents, Methanol, n-hexane, Vernonia calvoana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.144}, author = {Iwara A. Iwara and Godwin O. Igile and Friday E. Uboh and Mbeh U. Eteng and Patrick .E. Ebong} } @article {581, title = {Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Adipogenic Potential of Quercetin Rich Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Prunus persica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {463-469}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {463}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus is enfeebling threatening diseases with continuously increasing rates of incidence and mortality and it may rise tremendously by 2025. Objective: Quercetin rich ethyl acetate fraction (PP-EtOA) of leaves of Prunus persica was evaluated for antidiabetic, anti-oxidant and anti-adipogenic activities. Material and Methods: Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and normalglycemic rat models were investigated at the doseof 100 and 200 mg/kg,p.o. of PP-EtOA. Results: At 200 mg/kg, significant anti-hyperglycaemic activity(p\<0.05) was observed in all the rat models. In STZ induced diabetic rat model, improvement in body weight and lipid profile was also observed.DPPH (2,2\’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging method showed dose dependent scavenging. Preadipocyte differentiation assay (3T3-L1) showed significant inhibition of differentiation. HPLC fingerprinting analysis of fraction was also performed. Conclusion: PP-EtOA possesses potent free radical scavenging property. Its antihyperglycemic and antiadipogenic activities may be due to quercetin (flavonoid) and may prove to be effective in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and diabetes driven dyslipidemic conditions.

}, keywords = {Anti-adipogenic, Anti-diabetic, Anti-oxidant, Prunus persica, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.76}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/509}, author = {Gaurav Sharma and Sunil Kumar and Megha Sharma and Navneet Upadhyay and Sunil Kumar and Zabeer Ahmed and Neeraj Mahindroo} } @article {679, title = {Comparison between Volatile Oil from Fresh and Dried Fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. and Cytotoxicity Activity Evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {827-832}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {827}, abstract = {

Introduction: Zanthoxylum rhetsa is a tree found in northern Thailand. It has been used as a traditional herb with medicinal properties. However, the comparison of composition in volatile oil from fresh and dried fruit is still not fully investigated. In study, we evaluated the constituents in oil from fruits of Z. rhetsa and evaluated the cytotoxicity in non-small lung cancer cells. Methods: The hydro distillation was applied to afford the oil. The obtained oil was analyzed by GC-MS and evaluated the cytotoxicity and apoptosis in non-small lung cells by using MTT method and flow cytometry respectively. Results: Fresh and dried fruits provided a higher yield of volatile oil by approximately 10\% and 20\% respectively, compared to other studies. Twenty-eight compounds were identified and the major components of fresh and dried fruits were not distinctly different. The major component, \α-limonene, was found in dried fruits from Phayao, southern Nan and Chiang Rai province. A high content of \β-phellandrene was found in dried fruits from northern Nan province and the (+)-sabinene was found in high content of fresh fruits from southern Nan, Phayao and Chaing Rai province. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity tests displayed that all of oil products were active against lung cancer cells. Among the components investigated, fresh and dried fruits from southern Nan province showed to be the most potent (EC50 = 1.91 \± 0.53, 1.79 \± 0.43 \μL/mL, respectively). Conclusion: Volatile oil of Z. rhetsa exhibited a strong cytotoxic properties against cytotoxic may be potentially used as natural anticancer agents.

}, keywords = {Chemical composition, Cytotoxic activity, Local variation, Volatile oil, Zanthoxylum rhetsa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.141}, author = {Sewan Theeramunkong and Maleeruk Utsintong} } @article {645, title = {Comparison between Volatile Oil from Fresh and Dried Fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. and Cytotoxicity Activity Evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July/2018}, pages = {73-78}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.14}, author = {Sewan Theeramunkong and Maleeruk Utsintong} } @article {648, title = {Comparison between Volatile Oil from Fresh and Dried Fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. and Cytotoxicity Activity Evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal,}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July/2018}, pages = {73-78}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Introduction: Zanthoxylum rhetsa is a tree found in northern Thailand. It has been used as a traditional herb with medicinal properties. However, the comparison of composition in volatile oil from fresh and dried fruit is still not fully investigated. In study, we evaluated the constituents in oil from fruits of Z. rhetsa and evaluated the cytotoxicity in non-small lung cancer cells. Methods: The hydro distillation was applied to afford the oil. The obtained oil was analyzed by GC-MS and evaluated the cytotoxicity and apoptosis in non-small lung cells by using MTT method and flow cytometry respectively. Results: Fresh and dried fruits provided a higher yield of volatile oil by approximately 10\% and 20\% respectively, compared to other studies. Twenty-eight compounds were identified and the major components of fresh and dried fruits were not distinctly different. The major component, \α-limonene, was found in dried fruits from Phayao, southern Nan and Chiang Rai province. A high content of \β-phellandrene was found in dried fruits from northern Nan province and the (+)-sabinene was found in high content of fresh fruits from southern Nan, Phayao and Chaing Rai province. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity tests displayed that all of oil products were active against lung cancer cells. Among the components investigated, fresh and dried fruits from southern Nan province showed to be the most potent (EC50 = 1.91 \± 0.53, 1.79 \± 0.43 \μL/mL, respectively). Conclusion: Volatile oil of Z. rhetsa exhibited a strong cytotoxic properties against cytotoxic may be potentially used as natural anticancer agents. Key words: Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Local variation, Volatile oil, Chemical composition, Cytotoxic activity.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.14}, author = {Sewan Theeramunkong and Maleeruk Utsintong} } @article {739, title = {Withaferin A attenuates Alcohol Abstinence Signs in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1190-1195}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1190}, abstract = {

Background: Withania somnifera (WS) have been reported to inhibit acquisition and expression conditioned place preference, self-administration and withdrawal anxiety of psychostimulants. In the present work, we have assessed the effect of withaferin A on somatic and affective symptoms of ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats. Methods: Animals had given free access to ethanol uninterrupted for 21 days through liquid diet. Withaferin A (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) was injected (ip) either during the development of ethanol dependence phase (days 15 \– 21 or 30 min before ethanol withdrawal assessment. Withdrawal signs characterized by changes in somatic signs were measured in the open field followed by evaluation of anxiety parameters, locomotion, and depressive behavior. Results: Withaferin A treatment 30 min before 24 h postethanol withdrawal assessment did not alter the scores of somatic behavioral signs in ethanol abstinence animals. However, withaferin A (10 and 20 mg/kg, ip) from day 15-21 prevented the ethanol withdrawal-induced elevated scores of somatic behaviors, hyperlocomotion, depressive behavior, and anxiety. Withaferin A treatment did not influence the blood ethanol levels in dependent and withdrawn animals. However, withaferin A administration attenuated the elevated plasma corticosterone and ACTH levels in ethanol-withdrawn rats, suggesting withaferin A induced anti-stress effect and stabilization of HPA axis activity could have facilitated the inhibitory effect of withaferin A on ethanol withdrawal syndrome. Conclusion: The finding supports further investigation of withaferin A and other bioactive components of WS in alcohol addiction.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Corticosterone, Ethanol withdrawal, HPA axis, Withaferin A.}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.204}, author = {Nandkishor Ramdas Kotagale and Ankit Kedia and Rupali Gite and Shubham Nilkanth Rahmatkar and Dinesh Yugraj Gawande and Milind Janraoji Umekar and Brijesh Gulabrao Taksande} } @article {459, title = {Antibrucellosis Activity of Medicinal Plants from Western Ghats and Characterization of Bioactive Metabolites}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s122-s128}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s122}, abstract = {

Background: Brucellosis is one of the most prevalent bacterial zoonosis which is transmitted to humans from animals. As an alternative to conventional antibiotics, medicinal plants are valuable resources for new agents against antibiotic-resistant strains. Objective: To evaluate the antibrucellosis activity of different medicinal plants collected from the Western Ghats against Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis. Identification and characterization of the bioactive metabolites of the potent antibrucellosis agent by Thin Layer Chromatography and Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. Methods: Antibacterial assay was carried for the ethanolic extract of different medicinal plants, the potential and effective medicinal plants extract was subjected for purification by TLC and the bioactive metabolites were characterized by the GC MS analysis. Results: Acacia nelotica, Terminalia arjuna, Eugenia jambolana and Callistemon citrinus showed the antibrucellosis activity comparatively Callistemon citrinus had the strong antibrucellosis activity. Further the crude sample was purified by TLC profiling, compounds with different retention factor were screened for antibrucellosis activity, and the bioactive metabolites were identified by GC-MS analysis. Conclusion: For the first time the different medicinal plants from Western Ghats were screened for the antibrucellosis activity. The crude and TLC purified Callistemon citrinus ethanolic extract exhibited strong antibrucellosis activity. The bioactive compounds identified were reported for the first time and the bioactive metabolites identified exhibited as potential antibacterial agents against brucellosis and other Human pathogens.

}, keywords = {Antibrucellosis, Bioactive compounds, GC-MS, Medicinal plant, TLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.168}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/393}, author = {Sri Raghava and Sharanaiah Umesha} } @article {229, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Whole Plant of Rostellularia diffusa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {70-72}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {70}, abstract = {

Introduction: To identify the various phyto constituents present in the unexplored plant Rostellularia diffusa (Willd.) by using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Methods: The whole plant of Rostellularia diffusa was extracted with ethyl acetate at room temperature for 72 h. The concentrated extract was subjected to GCMS analysis to detect the phyto constituents. Results: Totally 40 compounds were identified and the chromatograph showed 40 peaks with 40 individual compounds. The major constituents were identified in the extract were 16-Hentriacontanone (22.59\%), Hexadecanoic acid (11.23\%), Stigmast-5-en-3-ol (6.78\%), 9-Octadecenoic acid (6.30\%) and many other compounds were identified as low level. This preliminary study gives an idea to isolate the major active constituents present in the plant and also helps to develop potential pharmacologically active compounds

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Gas chromatography, Mass spectrometry, phytosterol., Rostellularia diffusa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.13}, author = {Mohamed Saleem Thattakudian Sheik Uduman and Prema Rathinam and Yogendrachari Karuru and Gangadhar Obili and Gopinath Chakka and Ashok Kumar Janakiraman} } @article {373, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Analgesic Efficacy of Ethanolic Extract of Euphorbia dracunculoides L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {644-653}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {644}, abstract = {

Background: Euphorbia dracunculoides L is available in market in raw form. It is used by people for the treatment of warts, snake bite and epilepsy. Present study is about Euphorbia dracunculoides L. belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae, comprises pharmacognostic study, physiochemical analysis and their pharmacological efficacy. Materials and Methods: The macroscopic study was carried out through sensory organs like size, shape, texture etc. Physiochemical analysis was carried out through proper procedure from relevant literature, and analgesic activity was done through proper method by following literature. Results: Macroscopic study showed that the plant is an annual herb, stem is branched from the base, yellow green at the bottom and light green at the top, glabrous, smooth, contains white latex, its leaves are sessile, alternate, dark green, simple, stipulated, sub-acute or acute at the apex and entire margin. Root is yellowish in colour, conical in shape, smooth texture, downward in position. Powder drug study which was performed revealed various structures. Phytochemical screening includes both qualitative and quantitative analysis which was carried out indicated the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, saponins, sterols, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, glycosides, flavonoids and tannins. Proximate analysis showed proteins, crude fat, crude fibre, carbohydrates, moisture contents and ash. Elemental analysis revealed the presence of macro and micronutrients i-e Na, Zn, Mg and Fe, Cu, Ag and Au. Analgesic effect was dose dependent. Plant extract showed maximum inhibition of writhing 1.66\±0.32 (96.61\%) at 300 \μg/ml. Conclusion: The pharmacognostic study, physiochemical analysis and their pharmacological efficacy is helpful in the standardization of drug.

}, keywords = {Analgesic activity., Euphorbia Dracunculoides L. Macroscopic Study, Pharmacognostic evaluation, Physio chemical Analysis, Powder Drug Study, Whole plant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.102}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.102/index.html}, author = {Umbreen Khattak and Rehman Ullah and Shafqat Ali Khan and Barkatullah and Sami Ullah and Saima} } @article {414, title = {Phenolic Constituents, Anti-Inflammatory and Antidiabetic Activities of Cyperus laevigatus L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {828-833}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {828}, abstract = {

Background: Cyperus species are well known traditional plants and used for several diseases around the world. Aim of the Study: Our study aimed to identification of the phenolic constituents in addition to evaluation of different extracts of Cyperus laevigatus L as antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antidiabetic agents. Materials and Methods: The phenolic constituents were identified using spectroscopic techniques. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using in vitro DPPH assay. Total extract, methanol and EtOAc fractions were evaluated for their antiinflammatory activity using RAW 264.7 macrophages assay. Antidiabetic activity of the total extract was examined biochemically and histopathologically using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Results: A new flavone, chrysoeriol 7-O-\β-(6'''-O-acetyl-\β-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1\→4) glucopyranoside (1), along with seven knowns (2-8) were isolated from Cyperus laevigatus L. The structures of isolated compounds were established depending upon 1D, 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS. The MeOH and EtOAc fractions exhibited significant antioxidant activity while the isolated flavonoids exhibited from moderate to weak antioxidant activity. The total extract, MeOH and EtOAc fractions exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages model by decreasing of NO accumulation by 76 \– 66\% and 84 \– 67\%, of the original accumulation values with increasing concentrations in comparison with the reference drug, dexamethasone. The total extract exhibited antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and this effect was manifested by decreasing serum levels of glucose, glucagon and NO. It also increased level of insulin and promoted paraoxonase activity. Conclusion: These results proved that this plant may be multiple sources for medicinal natural drugs especially for anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antidiabetic., Antioxidant, Cyperus Laevigatus, New Flavone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.129}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/182}, author = {Abdelsamed Ibrahim Elshamy and Mohamed El-Shazly and Yomna Mahmoud Yassine and Mona Anwar El-Bana and Abdel- Razik Farrag and Mahmoud Ibrahim Nassar and Abdel Nasser Singab and Masaaki Noji and Akemi Umeyama} } @article {165, title = {Anti-anemia Effect of Chlorophyll from Katuk (Sauropus androgynus) Leaves on Female Mice Induced Sodium Nitrite}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {375-379}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {375}, abstract = {

Context: Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) in blood is highly reactive with haemoglobin (Hb), thus affecting hematopoiesis and induction of methemoglobinemia. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the effect of chlorophyll from katuk (Sauropus androgynus) leaves on the level of Hb, Malondialdehyde (MDA), ferritin, and schistocytes percentage in female mice induced NaNO2. Settings and Design: Experimental research was conducted using 24 female mice strain Balb-c. Methods and Material: NaNO2 0.3 ml/head/day given during 18 days, while the chlorophyll or Cu-chlorophyllin as much as 0.7 ml/head/day given the following day for 14 days. Statistical analysis used: Results are reported as mean values \± SD and statistically analyzed by One Way Anova test with 95\% significance level. Results: The Hb levels of blood plasma in the control group, NaNO2 induction, induction NaNO2 and chlorophyll of katuk leaves (NaNO2+katuk), induction of NaNO2 and Cu-chlorophyllin from K-LiquidTM (NaNO2+Cu-chlorophyllin) in sequence is 13.29 g/dl; 11.83 g/dl; 14.54 g/dl; 13.99 g/dl, whilst the MDA levels in each group is 2.10 \± 0.11 mol/L, 3.44 \± 0.38 mol/L, 2.31 \± 0.18 mol/L, 2.31 \± 0.13 mol/L, and the ferritin levels is 62.71 \± 6.42 ng/ml; 63.22 \± 7.59 ng/ml; 67.45 \± 8.03 ng/ml, and 64.74 \± 7.80 ng/ml, respectively. The fragment schistocytes ocyte percentage\’s in each group is 0\%, 0.11\%, 0.01\%, 0.03\%. The ferritin levels tend to increase in NaNO2+katuk. Mann Whitney test results obtained no significant difference in Hb, MDA level and schistocytes percentage between the groups of mice that received NaNO2+katuk NaNO2+Cu-chlorophyllin (p\>0.05). This indicates that chlorophyll from S. androgynus leaves as effective as Cu-chlorophyllin in decrease the MDA levels after NaNO2 treatment, and although not significant, it can increase ferritin levels. Conclusion:\ The antioxidant activity of chlorophyll from katuk leaves are able to decrease schistocytes percentage\’s and MDA level. The increasing of Hb and ferritin level indicates its potential in the treatment of haemolityc anaemia. Further studies aimed at the mechanisms of action of this chlorophyll are needed.

}, keywords = {Anemia, Chlorophyll, Ferritin, Schistocytes., Sodium nitrite}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.10}, author = {Suparmi Suparmi and Sampurna Sampurna and Nur Anna C.S and Alvenia Meilina Ednisari and Galuh Dea Urfani and Iqrommatul Laila and Heavin Rakhmat Saintika} } @article {216, title = {Revelation of β-sitosterol from Benincasa hispida Seeds, Carissa congesta Roots and Polyalthia longifolia Leaves by High Performance Liquid Chromatography}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {610-613}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {610}, abstract = {

Background: Fruit juice of Benincasa hispida (BH) is regarded as Vrindamadhava that is recommended for internal use in snake\’s bites. The fruits have been reported to contain good amount of proteins, enzymes, Vitamin B1 and C1 flavonoid C-glycoside, terpenes, phenolic acids and free sugars such as glucose, rhamnose, mannitol, uronic acid, astilbin, catechin, naringenin, pectic polysaccharides and even some trace metals. Polyalthia longifolia (PL) has been well known for its ayurvedic preparations such as Sitaphala kula, Kaphapitashama, Anulomak and Krimighna. PL leaves has been reported to contain phytoconstituents like polylongine, Aporphine-Noxide alkaloids, allo-aromadendrene, caryophyllene oxide, \β-caryophyllene, \β-selinene, \α-humulene, \α-pinene and camphene. Carissa congesta (CC), known as Bengal currant, have yielded 2-acetyl phenol, carissone, carindone and Des-n-methylnoracronycine. \β-sitosterol, an important phytoconstituent recognized from all these selected plants has been well known for its ethnopharmacological importance. In this new study, the research team members has focused on determining the percentage of the \β-sitosterol present in the BH seeds, CC roots and PL leaves by subjecting the extract to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Materials and Methods: BH, CC and PL plants were shade-dried and extracted by suitable extraction methods. In HPLC, peaks obtained in the extracts were compared with the standard by matching their retention time. Results: The amounts of \β-sitosterol present in the BH seeds, CC roots and PL leaves extracts obtained at 254 nm were found to be 36.00, 7.46 and 3.21\% w/w respectively. Conclusion: Thus, BH, PL and CC extracts were said to contain \β-sitosterol as a key constituent.

}, keywords = {Benincasa hispida, Carissa congesta, HPLC, Polyalthia longifolia, β-sitosterol.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.15}, author = {Gaurav Mahesh Doshi and Pratip Kashinath Chaskar and Hemant Devidas Une} } @article {153, title = {Shelf Life Evaluation and Comparative HPTLC Profile of Hridya Yoga Churna}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {234-238}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {234}, abstract = {

Background: Quality, safety and efficacy of medicines used form the back\­bone of every health care system. Shelf-life is the length of time, after which all substances start to degrade in their qualities and become unsuit\­able for consumption or sale. The saviryatavadhi of churna is considered to be 2 months according to ayurvedic classics. The use of modern pack\­aging technology and preservatives have increased the shelf life period of ayurvedic medicines and the shelf life period of churna is 2 years according to Rule 161-B, Drugs and Cosmetics Act. To ascertain the quality, hridya yoga churna was taken up to assess its shelf life period. Methods: Accelerated stability study (includes evaluation of organoleptic and physic-chemical parameters, assay of active constituents and microbial load) and Comparative HPTLC (High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) were done to evaluate the shelf life of the Hridya yoga churna. Atomic absorp\­tion spectrophotometry was done to analyze the heavy metal content in the sample. Results and Conclusion: In the present study the shelf life period of Hridya yoga churna is found to be 3 years and 7 months. Similar Rf values obtained in HPTLC analysis of hridya yoga churna initially and after six months showed the minimum deterioration of the product. The presence of heavy metals namely arsenic, cadmium and lead were not detected and mercury was present within permissible limits.

}, keywords = {Accelerated stability, Churna, HPTLC., Hridya Yoga, Shelf life}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.10}, author = {Vidhya Unnikrishnan and Karra Nishteswar and Bhupesh R. Patel} } @article {74, title = {Effect of various extracts of Ocimum sanctum and Mallotus phillipensis on Setaria digitata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {344-347}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {344}, abstract = {

Introduction: The anthelmintic activity of various extracts of leaves of Ocimum sanctum and Mallotus phillipensis was assessed in vitro against Setaria digitata. Materials and Methods: The leaves of Ocimum sanctum and Mallotus phillipensis were collected and were extracted using methanol, dried and stored under refrigeration till further use. The aqueous extract was taken as a decoction. The methanolic extract was further fractionated by taking solvents of increasing polarity viz, hexane, chloroform, n-butanol and water. The extract as well as the fractions were analysed qualitatively for various phytochemical constituents. Fresh nematodes (Setaria digitata) were recovered manually from the peritoneum of infested buffalo, were washed and transferred to the extract containing petriplates (concentrations of 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125 and 1.56 mg/ml) immediately and the motility/death of Setaria digitata was noted. Results: The presence of flavonoids and tannins were detected in all the extracts where was phenolics as absent in the hexane fraction. The methanolic extract of Tulsi and Kamla produced death of nematodes in concentrations of 3.125 mg/ml and the extract of tulsi was found to be more potent. Similar results were also observed in the case of hydro alcoholic extract whereas the aqueous extract showed no effect. The chloroform fraction of Ocimum sanctum and n-butanol and chloroform fractions of Mallotus were equally potent in inhibiting the motility and producing death of the worms. The control drug, albendazole produced death in 30 minutes in both the concentrations. Conclusion: It could be concluded that higher doses of the extract are as potent as albendazole.

}, keywords = {Albendazole, Anthelmintic, Mallotus phillipensis, Ociumum sanctum, Setaria digitata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.5}, author = {Deepa Chundayil Kalarickal and Sujith Samraj and Darsana Udayan and Priya Manakkulaparambil Narayanan and Sreedevi Ramachandran and Sreeshitha Sreedharan Gouri} } @article {1451, title = {Elucidation of β -sitosterol from Benincasa hispida Seeds, Carissa congesta Roots and Polyalthia longifolia Leaves by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {221-227}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {221}, abstract = {

Background: Fruits of Benincasa hispida (BH) is regarded as Valliphala due to its vast plethora of medicinal properties, Carissa congesta (CC) is an imperative local plant particularly in rural communities and Polyalthia longifolia (PL) is an ornamentally significant traditionally relevance plant in India system. \β-sitosterol, an active constituent identified from enormous plants has been reported to possess excellent amount of pharmacotherapeutic potential by number of researchers. Objective: In the recent studies, the research team focuses on determining the percentage of the \β-sitosterol present in the BH seeds, CC roots petroleum ether extracts as well as PL leaves ethanolic extract by chromatographic technique in harmony with High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography. Materials and Methods: Respective parts of BH, CC and PL plants were shade-dried and extracted by appropriate extraction methods followed by identification of \β-sitosterol from the extracts by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography after preliminary phytochemical screening extracts for the constituents. Results: The amount of \β-sitosterol present in the BH seeds, CC roots and PL leaves extracts was found to be 23.00, 5.94 and 1.81 \% w/w respectively. Research studies elucidated a peak that coincided with standard peak of \β-sitosterol suggesting the presence of constituent in the extracts. Conclusion: Thus, extracts contains important constituent of \β-sitosterol in BH, CC and PL.

Key words:Benincasa hispida, Carissa congesta, HPTLC, Polyalthia longifolia, \β-sitosterol.

}, keywords = {Benincasa hispida, Carissa congesta, HPTLC, Polyalthia longifolia, β-sitosterol.}, author = {Gaurav Mahesh Doshi and Pratip Kashinath Chaskar and Hemant Devidas Une} } @article {54, title = {Elucidation of β-sitosterol from Benincasa hispida Seeds, Carissa congesta Roots and Polyalthia longifolia Leaves by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul-Aug 2015}, pages = {221-227}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {221}, abstract = {

Background: Fruits of Benincasa hispida (BH) is regarded as Valliphala due to its vast plethora of medicinal properties, Carissa congesta (CC) is an imperative local plant particularly in rural communities and Polyalthia longifolia (PL) is an ornamentally significant traditionally relevance plant in India system. \β-sitosterol, an active constituent identified from enormous plants has been reported to possess excellent amount of pharmacotherapeutic potential by number of researchers. Objective: In the recent studies, the research team focuses on determining the percentage of the \β-sitosterol present in the BH seeds, CC roots petroleum ether extracts as well as PL leaves ethanolic extract by chromatographic technique in harmony with High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography. Materials and Methods: Respective parts of BH, CC and PL plants were shade-dried and extracted by appropriate extraction methods followed by identification of \β-sitosterol from the extracts by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography after preliminary phytochemical screening extracts for the constituents. Results: The amount of \β-sitosterol present in the BH seeds, CC roots and PL leaves extracts was found to be 23.00, 5.94 and 1.81 \% w/w respectively. Research studies elucidated a peak that coincided with standard peak of \β-sitosterol suggesting the presence of constituent in the extracts. Conclusion: Thus, extracts contains important constituent of \β-sitosterol in BH, CC and PL.

}, keywords = {Benincasa hispida, Carissa congesta, HPTLC, Polyalthia longifolia, β-sitosterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.4.3}, author = {Gaurav Mahesh Doshi and Pratip Kashinath Chaskar and Hemant Devidas Une} } @article {38, title = {Hepatoprotective effect of Quail egg against carbon tetra chloride (CCl4) induced hepatic damage in albino rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar-Apr 2015}, pages = {102-106}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Introduction: Quail egg has been used traditionally in the treatment of many ailments. Despite the wide speculations of its involvement in the treatment of liver diseases, very little scientific evidence exist to support this claim. This work investigated the hepatoprotective effect of quail egg against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in albino rats. Materials and Methods: The rats were divided into five groups of five rats per group. Animals of group A (positive control) were fed with vehicle (distilled water) on the first four days and with vehicle and CCl4 on the fifth, sixth and seventh day. Animals of group B (negative control) were given only vehicle for seven days. Animals of groups C, D and E were respectively administered with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of quail egg for the first four days and with vehicle, quail egg and CCl4 for the fifth, sixth and seventh day. Animals were subsequently anaesthetized, and blood samples were taken for the estimation of albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total protein (TP) and bilirubin. The liver was isolated for histopathological studies. Results: The levels of ALT, ALP and TP were significantly affected (p \< 0.05) in CCl4 fed groups, indicating liver injury. The effects were reduced significantly (p \< 0.05) after treatment of rats with quail egg. Furthermore, histopathological studies of the liver tissues also supported the hepatoprotective activity of quail egg- photomicrographs of treated groups showed mild reduction in vacuolarisation/ballooning degeneration of the hepatocytes. Conclusion: Quail egg showed some potentials of protecting the liver from damage by stabilising the levels of ALP, ALT and TP and reducing the degeneration of the hepatocytes. Thus, this finding has provided information that suggests utilising quail egg for treatment of liver dysfunction.

}, author = {Dandare Shamsudeen Umar and Bawa Muhammad and Wasagu Ibrahim Zubairu and Magaji Umar Faruk} } @article {1468, title = {Hepatoprotective Effect of Quail Egg Against Carbontetrachloride (CCl4) Induced Hepatic Damage in Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Dec, 2014}, pages = {102-106}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {102}, abstract = {

Introduction: Quail egg has been used traditionally in the treatment of many ailments. Despite the wide speculations of its involvement in the treatment of liver diseases, very little scientific evidence exist to support this claim. This work investigated the hepatoprotective effect of quail egg against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in albino rats. Materials and Methods: The rats were divided into five groups of five rats per group. Animals of group A (positive control) were fed with vehicle (distilled water) on the first four days and with vehicle and CCl4 on the fifth, sixth and seventh day. Animals of group B (negative control) were given only vehicle for seven days. Animals of groups C, D and E were respectively administered with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of quail egg for the first four days and with vehicle, quail egg and CCl4 for the fifth, sixth and seventh day. Animals were subsequently anaesthetized, and blood samples were taken for the estimation of albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total protein (TP) and bilirubin. The liver was isolated for histopathological studies. Results: The levels of ALT, ALP and TP were significantly affected (p \< 0.05) in CCl4 fed groups, indicating liver injury. The effects were reduced significantly (p \< 0.05) after treatment of rats with quail egg. Furthermore, histopathological studies of the liver tissues also supported the hepatoprotective activity of quail egg- photomicrographs of treated groups showed mild reduction in vacuolarisation/ballooning degeneration of the hepatocytes. Conclusion: Quail egg showed some potentials of protecting the liver from damage by stabilising the levels of ALP, ALT and TP and reducing the degeneration of the hepatocytes. Thus, this finding has provided information that suggests utilising quail egg for treatment of liver dysfunction.

Key Words: Quail egg, Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatotoxicity, Hepatoprotection, Histopathology.

}, keywords = {Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatoprotection, Hepatotoxicity, Histopathology., Quail egg}, author = {Dandare Shamsudeen Umar and Bawa Muhammad and Wasagu Ibrahim Zubairu and Magaji Umar Faruk} } @article {1500, title = {Antiproliferative activity of crude extract and fractions obtained from Digera muricata on Hela cell lines of human cervix and A549 cell lines of Human Lung.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {3rd Sept, 2014}, pages = {32-38}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Digera muricata (Linn.) of family Amaranthaceae is an ethanobotanically important plant species traditionally used against various disorders. Cytotoxic potential of methanolic extract and its fractions were investigated against Hela and A549 cell lines. Crude extract of Digera muricata was prepared in methanol by Continuous Hot Soxhlation technique. Crude extract was fractionated into two organic and one aqueous fraction by the help of Column Chromatography. MTT assay was used to evaluate the reduction of viability of the cancer cell lines. Cell viability was inhibited by crude extract of Digera muricata in a dose dependent manner ranging from 25\μg/ml to 250\μg/ml. Apoptosis assays using nucleic acid stains namely PI exclusion assay and Hoestch/PI assay were performed by the help of fluorescence microscopy. Morphological analysis was done by calculation of Apoptotic ratio and Percentage apoptosis. Our results suggests that methanolic and aqueous fraction of the extract of Digera muricata can be good source of cytotoxic compounds.

Key words: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,4 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, A549 cell line, cytotoxic, Digera muricata, HeLa cell line.

}, keywords = {3-(4, 4 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, 5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2, A549 Cell Line, Cytotoxic, Digera muricata, HeLa cell line}, author = {Shazia Usmani and Arshad Hussain and A.H.A Farooqui and Mohd.Arshad and Sahabjada Siddiqui and Mohd.Ahmad and Shadma Wahab} } @article {1522, title = {Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi in the medicinal plant Mikania laevigata (Asteraceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {10-15}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

The Mikania laevigata (Asteraceae) is a Brazilian medicinal plant used to treat respiratory tract diseases.It is produced on a large scale for phytotherapic formulation. No studies on the endophytes of Mikania laevigata have been described in the literature. The endophytic fungi isolated from the leaves of M. laevigata cultivated in a floral garden located in the south region of the Bahia state, Brazil, were investigated. After surface disinfection, the performing the isolation procedure, a total of forty endophytic fungi were obtained and grouped into different morphospecies. The fungi were characterized by molecular sequencing the ITS rDNA regions, and they were identified by comparing the results published Gen Bank sequences.The phylogenetic analyses revealed four major clades of fungi from the sequenced ITS-rDNA regions: Nodulisporium sp. (3 isolates), Hypoxylon sp.(3 isolates), Daldinia sp. (1isolate) and Xylaria luteo stromata (aunique isolate).The Xylariaceae Genus was the dominant group of fungi associated with Mikania laevigata.

Key words:Mikania laevigata, Asteraceae, Xylariaceae, Endophytic fungi.

}, keywords = {Asteraceae, Endophytic fungi, Mikania laevigata, Xylariaceae}, author = {Fernanda P.C. Ribeiro and H{\'e}lio M Kamida and Paulo R.M. Almeida and Ana P.T. Uetanabaro and Larissa C.B. Costa and Alexsandro Branco} } @article {1492, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Leaf and Fruit of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {14-22}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Introduction: Capsicum frutescens is a well known spice. Leaves and fruits of the species are used in Ayurveda, Unani and Traditional system of medicines to cure various disorders. Therefore the study was aimed to investigate pharmacognostic parameters of C. frutescens leaf and fruit. Methods: Pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of morphological, microscopic characters and physicochemical parameters of C. frutescens samples using standard methods. Results: Smaller fruit size and color of C. frutescens was the distinguishing morphological character observed in the present study. The detailed microscopy of leaf confirmed the presence of rod shaped calcium oxalate crystals, oleoresin cells, pitted parenchyma and fruits with specified oleoresin, sclereid and stone cells with unicellular trichomes on persistent calyx. Physicochemical parameters like ash values, extractive values and nutritive values were determined. Fluorescence analysis of both leaf and fruit powder was determined using organic and inorganic solvents. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, carbohydrates and proteins. Conclusion: Observed pharmacognostic characters in this study may help in identification and standardization of C. frutescens leaf and fruit.

Key words: African chili, Powder microscopy, Physico-chemical analysis, Thin layer chromatography.

}, keywords = {African chili, Physico-chemical analysis, Powder microscopy, Thin layer Chromatography}, author = {Shruti V. Hegde, and Ganesh R. Hegde, and Gangadhar S. Mulgund, and Vinayak Upadhya} }