@article {2538, title = {Acute Toxicity Study of the Crude Aqueous Extract of Tribulus terrestris Dried Fruit with Potential Diuretic Effect}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {566-576}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {566}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tribulus terrestris is an important medicinal plant used in Indian traditional medicine, the crude aqueous extract of the plant is primarily used to induce diuresis for treating cardiovascular diseases and managing renal stones, etc... The safe dose and adverse effect profile of the extract was not explored adequately in preclinical studies. Hence, the present study was undertaken. Methods: The acute toxicity was assessed based on the OECD guideline number 425: Acute Oral Toxicity {\textendash} Up-and-Down-Procedure. A total of 11 animals were used in the study. Initially, one animal was administered with a dosage of 2000 mg/kg; and as the animal survived, four more animals were dosed and were observed for survival and other possible adverse drug reactions. The animals{\textquoteright} body weight was measured before experimenting and at the end of the study. Biochemical and haematological examinations were done on normal control and test groups. Animals from the test group were sacrificed, and histopathological examinations of the vital organs were carried out. Results: No signs of toxicity or changes in the behaviour were observed in the treatment group. As all the animals survived, it was decided that the LD50 was greater than 2000 mg/kg. However, the changes observed with platelets, total cholesterol and LDL were within the normal limits. Histological examination of the vital organs did not reveal any changes in the architecture of the organs. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that the crude aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris dried fruit does not cause toxicity under the 2000 mg/kg dose limit.

}, keywords = {acute toxicity study, crude aqueous extract, Indian traditional medicine, Siddha system of medicine, Tribulus terrestris, Wistar Rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.70}, author = {Amruth Kiran and Praveen Kumar S E and Tatiyana Mandal and K Ganesh Shenoy and Vasudev R Pai and Swati Sharma and Arul Amuthan} } @article {2488, title = {Analgesic Effect of the Chloroformic Extract of Aniba canelilla {\textquotedblleft}canelon{\textquotedblright} Bark in BALB/c Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {231-235}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {231}, abstract = {

Background. Some diseases can cause intense pain, where pharmacological treatment with opioid analgesics is necessary, as in cancer. Despite advances in cancer treatment, pain is still a common symptom. Treatment is usually based on the use of opioids, but there is still some rejection because of their adverse effects or because of the delay in access to them. To evaluate the analgesic effect of Aniba canelilla "canelon" bark in mice to validate the above and consider it an alternative to existing palliative treatment in cancer patients. Methodology. The analgesic effect was evaluated according to the method of Koster et al. using 50 BALB/c mice distributed in groups of 07 mice each. Comparison was made with the standards Tramadol 50 mg/kg and Paracetamol 500 mg/kg administered orally, and acetic acid 0.8\% was used intraperitoneally as a pain inducer. Results. The potent analgesic effect of the chloroformic extract of Aniba canelilla at 200mg/kg was observed, with an analgesic percentage of 98.87\% with a mean number of writhes of 28.29 {\textpm} 5.44, being statistically significant to the other treatments (p\<0.01). Conclusions The analgesic effect of the chloroformic extract of Aniba canelilla at 200mg/kg was determined.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Aniba canelilla, Pain, Palliative}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.29}, author = {Jesus Rojas Jaimes and Juana E. Chavez-Flores and Jenny Estela Villalobos and Ashley Mantilla Aliaga and Roxana Miranda Sanchez and Zulema Suricachi Cerron} } @article {2522, title = {Analysis of Fatty Acids in Wool Oil Extracted from Mongolian Sheep Wool using Gas Chromatography and Infrared Spectrophotometry}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {444-449}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {444}, abstract = {

To develop a method for extracting wool oil from Mongolian sheep wool, evaluate its quality, and determine the fatty acid composition. The extraction of wool oil was performed using the Soxhlet method. Fatty acid content was determined by gas chromatography, while saponification and ester numbers were assessed using titrimetric methods. Functional compounds in the wool oil were identified using infrared spectrophotometry, with further analysis conducted through gas chromatography. Infrared spectroscopy identified valence and deformation oscillations at 3308.01 cm-1, 2922.47 cm-1, 1743.46 cm-1, 1378.34 cm-1, 1465.76 cm-1, 720.83 cm-1, and 1085.39 cm-1. Gas chromatography revealed 14 distinct fatty acids, with saturated fatty acids accounting for 66.6\%, and unsaturated fatty acids making up 33.3\%. Polyunsaturated fatty acids comprised 26.26\%, while monounsaturated fatty acids represented 7.14\% of the total. The analysis identified key functional groups (C=O, CH3, CH2, C-C, C-O, O-H) in wool oil using infrared spectroscopy. The fatty acid composition of the extracted wool oil included a predominance of saturated fatty acids (66.6\%) and a significant proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (26.26\%). This method provides a viable alternative for extracting and utilizing wool oil from Mongolian sheep wool.

}, keywords = {Functional groups; Lanolin; Saponification; Soxhlet extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.56}, author = {Tserennadmid Erdenebaatar and Otgonsuren Daramzav and Bilguun Enkhbat and Davaadagva Damdinjav and Myagmarsuren Badamtsetseg and Khatanbold Otgonbayar and Munkhbat Sukhee} } @article {2525, title = {Analysis of Solvent Concentration Effect and Extraction Method on The Total Phenolic of Syzygium myrtifolium Walp. Leaf Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {461-469}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {461}, abstract = {

Background: Syzygium myrtifolium Walp., an Indonesian ornamental plant, contains phenolic compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. The demand for natural antioxidants is rising due to concerns over synthetic alternatives. Objectivity: To determine the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of S. myrtifolium leaf extracts obtained with various solvents (ethanol 60, 70, 80, 96\% v/v, ethyl acetate, n-hexane) and two extraction methods (maceration and ultrasonic-assisted extraction, UAE), and to assess the effects of solvent polarity and extraction method. Methods: Leaves were extracted by maceration and UAE. TPC was measured via the Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu method (tannic acid equivalents, \%) using UV{\textendash}Vis spectrophotometry. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH assay (IC$_{5}$$_{0}$). Phytochemical screening was also performed. Results: TPC (maceration): 60\% ethanol = 18.76\%, 96\% ethanol = 13.64\%, ethyl acetate = 8.33\%, n-hexane = 0.83\%. TPC (UAE): 60\% ethanol = 20.02\%, 96\% ethanol = 14.04\%, ethyl acetate = 10.13\%, n-hexane = 0.92\%. Solvent type/concentration and extraction method significantly affected TPC (p \< 0.05). UAE 96\% ethanol showed the strongest antioxidant activity (IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ ≈ 16.03 ppm), ethyl acetate had moderate activity (≈67{\textendash}76 ppm), and n-hexane the weakest (≈153{\textendash}163 ppm). UAE 60\% ethanol had the highest TPC but not the strongest activity (IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ ≈ 88.27 ppm), suggesting antioxidant potency depends on phenolic composition. Conclusion: UAE with 60\% ethanol produced the highest TPC, while UAE with 96\% ethanol exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity. Further profiling is needed to clarify the phenolic composition{\textendash}activity relationship.

}, keywords = {Maceration, phenolic, solvent concentration, Syzigium myrtifolium walp, UAE}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.59}, author = {Novi Fajar Utami and Rizky Mulyana Syarif and Chorry Sundari Irawan and Shintia Ramadhani} } @article {2481, title = {Analysis of the Influence of Leadership Style on Organizational Culture and Organizational Performance at RSUD H. Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja Bulukumba District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {236-243}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {236}, abstract = {

The success and failure of a hospital is influenced by a leader, Effective leadership impacts the progress of the hospital so that leadership style becomes one of the determining factors in the success of hospital performance. Leadership style is a norm of behavior used by a person when that person tries to influence the behavior of other people or subordinates. This research aims to determine the influence of leadership style on organizational culture and organizational performance at RSUD H.Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja, Bulukumba Regency, the type of research used is quantitative research. The sample in this study was 178 staff and health workers at H.Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja Regional Hospital Bulukumba Regency using a sampling technique.Accidental Sampling. The analysis method used is Path Analysis with SmartPLS software version 3.0. Based on the results of this research, it shows that there is a direct influence of leadership style on organizational culture p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (15.172), there is a direct influence of organizational culture on organizational performance with p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (7.815), there is a direct influence of leadership style on organizational performance with p value (0,038) with a t.statistic value (2.077), and there is an influence of leadership style on organizational performance through organizational culture with p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (6.339). Therefore, there is a need for good appreciation and direction to overcome difficulties in carrying out duties and responsibilities for employees, as well as consideration for paying more attention to employee needs which are implemented in organizational culture to improve better performance.

}, keywords = {Employee needs, Leadership Style, Organizational Culture, Organizational Performance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.30}, author = {Andi Nadia Nur Cahyani and Balqis B and Indar I and Amran Razak and A. Arsunan Arsin and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2493, title = {Andrographolide and Resveratrol as Potential Modulators of AIM2 and IFI16 Inflammasomes in Periodontitis: A Docking Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {179-187}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {179}, abstract = {

Background: Proinflammatory cytokines play a critical role in the destruction of periodontal tissues. DNAsensing inflammasomes, such as AIM2 and IFI16, are key mediators in the secretion of IL-1 and IL-18 and facilitate pyroptosis in periodontitis. Andrographolide and resveratrol are phytocompounds known for their anti-inflammatory effects, though their precise mechanisms of action remain uncertain. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular interactions of andrographolide and resveratrol with AIM2 and IFI16 inflammasomes using a computational approach. Methods: Ten phytocompounds were selected and analyzed via molecular docking. Protein-ligand docking was conducted with AutoDock 4.2.6. Binding affinities and hydrogen bond interactions were assessed. Andrographolide and resveratrol complexes with AIM2 and IFI16 were further subjected to 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations using GROMACS software to assess complex stability. Results: Both andrographolide and resveratrol complexes demonstrated stability throughout the simulations, with adequate inter-hydrogen bonding. Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MMPBSA) analysis revealed that AIM2-andrographolide (-112.100 {\textpm} 18.106 kJ/mol) and IFI16-andrographolide (-50.047 {\textpm} 27.076 kJ/mol) complexes exhibited higher binding energies compared to AIM2-resveratrol (-15.328 {\textpm} 2.539 kJ/mol) and IFI16-resveratrol (-12.534 {\textpm} 20.184 kJ/mol) complexes. Conclusion: Molecular docking and dynamics analyses indicate that andrographolide demonstrates a stronger binding affinity to AIM2 and IFI16 inflammasomes compared to resveratrol. This suggests andrographolide as a promising host modulatory candidate for the therapeutic management of periodontitis.

}, keywords = {AIM2 inflammasome, Andrographolide, IFI16 inflammasome, Molecular docking, Periodontitis, Resveratrol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.22}, author = {Lalitha Tanjore Arunachalam and Snophia Suresh and Vamsi Lavu and Shankarram Vedamanickam and Nissanthe Nagarajan} } @article {2511, title = {Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Phanera aureifolia (K.Larsen \& S.S.Larsen) Bandyop., P.P.Ghoshal \& M.K.Pathak Leaf Ethanolic Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {365-369}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {365}, abstract = {

Introduction: Natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents are abundantly found in medicinal plants. Objective: This study evaluated the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of two colors from Phanera aureifolia (K.Larsen \& S.S.Larsen) Bandyop., P.P.Ghoshal \& M.K.Pathak leaf ethanolic extracts including gold and green leaves. Method: To assess antimicrobial efficacy, the agar well diffusion technique was analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to investigate the ultrastructural alterations in MRSA caused by leaf extracts. DPPH assay was used to assess antioxidant activity. The total amounts of phenolic compounds and flavonoids were evaluated through the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric techniques, respectively. The statistical analysis using an independent t-test. Results: Both extracts demonstrated activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa TISTR146, Micrococcus luteus TISTR884, Staphylococcus aureus TISTR517 and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus 142 (MRSA142). Their activity against M. luteus TISTR884 was the highest observed. The MIC of both extracts against MRSA were 10 mg/ml. SEM analysis revealed that the cells exhibited noticeable enlargement and swelling compared to untreated MRSA cells. Extract from the green leaves of Gold leaf Bauhinia showed greater radical scavenging activity, higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents, compared to those from the golden leaves. Conclusions: The findings show that the extract from the green leaves of Gold leaf Bauhinia possess higher antioxidant potential compared to those from the golden leaves. In addition, both extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity, especially against MRSA.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant, Flavonoid compound, P.P.Ghoshal \& M.K.Pathak, Phanera aureifolia (K.Larsen \& S.S.Larsen) Bandyop., Phenolic compound}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.45}, author = {Gornganok Piboonpol and On-Anong Somsap and Wanita Panthong and Penporn Sujiwattanarat and Anussara Kamnate} } @article {2518, title = {Antioxidant Activity and Tyrosinase Inhibition of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Leaves and Seeds Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {420-424}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {420}, abstract = {

Background: Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can stimulate melanin production in the skin, leading to hyperpigmentation. One way to reduce melanin formation is by inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase. Often discarded as waste, avocado leaves and seeds are rich in flavonoids with potential tyrosinase-inhibiting properties. Objectives: This study aimed to perform phytochemical screening, measure antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor activities, and explore the correlation between free radical scavenging and tyrosinase inhibition in ethanol extracts of young avocado leaves (EAL(O)) and old avocado leaves (EAL(Y)), as well as the ethyl acetate extract of avocado seeds (EAS). Methods: Antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2-Diphennyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, while tyrosinase inhibition was evaluated in vitro with mushroom tyrosinase and L-DOPA as a substrate. Results: The results of the antioxidant activity test using the DPPH method yielded IC50 values for EAL(Y), EAL(O), and EAS of 17.9{\textpm}0.15 μg/mL, 15.33{\textpm}0.02 μg/ mL, and 745.66{\textpm}6.08 μg/mL, respectively. Tyrosinase inhibition tests indicated that EAL(Y), EAL(O), and EAS could significantly inhibit tyrosinase activity (P \<0.01), with IC50 values of 10133.26{\textpm}140.12 μg/mL, 8496.20{\textpm}155.06 μg/mL, and 48375.8{\textpm}553.06 μg/mL, respectively. The correlation coefficients between tyrosinase inhibition and antioxidant activity for EAL(Y), EAL(O), and EAS were r = 0.955, r = 0.947, and r = 0.991, respectively. Conclusion: These findings suggest that EAL(Y), EAL(O), and EAS may be potential natural skin-whitening agents due to their flavonoid content and antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase properties.

}, keywords = {Persea americana Mill; tyrosinase inhibition; DPPH; L-DOPA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.52}, author = {Shalina Sebayang and Raendi Rayendra and Ietje Wientarsih and Bambang Pontjo Priosoeryanto} } @article {2462, title = {Anti-Tyrosinase, Anti-Inflammatory, and Cytotoxic Activity of Si Boo Gan Tang Rice and Rice Bran Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {22-27}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {22}, abstract = {

Si Boo Gan Tang is a widely cultivated variety of rice in the Tak Bai district of Narathiwat province, located in the southern region of Thailand. This study aimed to evaluate the biological properties of Si Boo Gan Tang rice and rice bran extracts, focusing on their anti-tyrosinase activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and cytotoxicity. The anti-tyrosinase assay revealed that the aqueous extract of rice (RW) significantly inhibited tyrosinase activity by 41.47\%. Similarly, the ethanolic extract of rice (RE) exhibited anti-tyrosinase activity at 35.34\%. The aqueous (RBW) and ethanolic (RBE) extracts of rice bran showed anti-tyrosinase activity with percentages of 19.26\% and 29.08\%, respectively. The anti-inflammatory experiment, conducted using RAW 264.7 cells, demonstrated that all extracts (RW, RBW, RE, and RBE) from rice and rice bran exhibited anti-inflammatory properties by reducing the release of nitric oxide (NO) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The extracts had IC50 values of over 400 μg/ml and CC50 values over 400 μg/ml. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay on HaCaT cells. The findings indicated that the IC50 values for both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of rice and rice bran were greater than 800 μg/ml.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anti-tyrosinase, Cytotoxicity, HaCaT cell, Si Boo Gan Tang Rice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.3}, author = {On-Anong Somsap and Wasinee Poonsawat and Ameena Benchamana and Anussara Kamnate and Gornganok Piboonpol and Wanita Pantong} } @article {2527, title = {Can Moringa Serve As A Substitute For NSAIDS In Pain Management? A Bibliometric Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {480-496}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {480}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pain management often relies on NSAIDs, but their long-term use poses risks, including GI toxicity, cardiovascular events, renal damage, and neurotoxicity. Moringa oleifera offers a safer, plantbased alternative with anti-inflammatory properties. This study uses bibliometric analysis to explore moringa{\textquoteright}s scientific potential as an analgesic substitute. Materials and methods: This research aims to explore the evolution of scientific disciplines by finding and identifying trends, patterns, and correlations in scientific texts related to certain topics. The main things this study looked at were Moringa oleifera and pain, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative methods. Results and discussion: Moringa oleifera offers multi-pathway analgesic effects with low toxicity. Enhanced with synergistic compounds, it rivals NSAIDs in safety and efficacy, though standardization and bioavailability remain key challenges; Conclusions: This bibliometric study gives Moringa oleifera provides a safe, multi-targeted alternative to NSAIDs for chronic pain, with enhanced efficacy when combined with bioavailability boosters and synergistic antiinflammatory compounds. This research was conducted in July 2025.

}, keywords = {analgetic, Bibliometric, Moringa, NSAID, Pain, Substitute}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.61}, author = {Arman Yurisaldi Saleh and Dwi Arwandi Yogi Saputra and Riezky Valentina and Tirta Darmawan Susanto} } @article {2490, title = {Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of Edible Moroccan Truffles}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {211-216}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {211}, abstract = {

Background and objectives: Truffles have a unique nutritional profile and are known to play an important role in terrestrial ecosystems. Mediterranean countries, including Morocco, are the location of an abundant harvest of truffles. This study investigated the chemical composition and the nutritional value of edible Moroccan truffles. Materials and methods: We studied the nutritional profile, and we performed a phytochemical screening of Tirmania pinoyi, Terfezia claveryi, Terfezia oligosperma, Terfezia rosea, and Terfezia arenaria collected from different areas from Morocco. Results and conclusions: The results showed that the truffles that we analyzed are a good source of carbohydrates, lipids and dietary fibers. The phytochemical screening that we performed afterwards revealed that these Moroccan truffles contain numerous secondary metabolites such as saponins, alkaloids, sterols, coumarins, and tannins. These results demonstrate the nutritional value of these truffles that can support a healthy and well-balanced diet. The secondary metabolites that we detected in our samples can make an important pharmacological contribution that could be the subject of future investigations for therapeutic purposes.

}, keywords = {Fungi, Morocco, Nutritional Value, Phytochemical screening, Truffles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.26}, author = {Lamyae Yachi and Soukaina Bennis and Madiha Alami Chentoufi and Mohamed Yafout and Brahim Mojemmi and Amal Ait Haj Said and Mustapha Bouatia} } @article {2530, title = {Comparative Phytochemical, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Study of Different Solvent Extracts of Cissus hastata Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {511-519}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {511}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plants have long been utilized in traditional medicine for treating a variety of diseases. Plant-derived extracts are a rich source of phytochemicals with documented antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Objective: This study aimed to investigate and compare the phytochemical profiles, antioxidant capacities, and antibacterial activities of various crude extracts from the leaves of Cissus hastata. Methods: Leaf extracts of C. hastata were prepared using hexane (Hex), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), 95\% ethanol (EtOH), and 50\% ethanol (AqE). These extracts were analyzed for preliminary phytochemical constituents, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays), and antibacterial activity against five bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus (TISTR 517), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA 142), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778), Escherichia coli (ESBL 182), and Salmonella typhimurium (TISTR 292). Results: Phytochemical screening of different solvent extracts of C. hastata leaves revealed the presence of diverse bioactive compounds. The EtOAc and AqE extracts exhibited the highest TPC (65.31 {\textpm} 1.85 and 61.45 {\textpm} 3.34 mg GAE/g extract, respectively) (p \< 0.05). In contrast, the EtOH extract showed the highest TFC (29.92 {\textpm} 3.42 mg QE/g extract) (p \< 0.05). The EtOH and AqE extracts also demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activities in the DPPH (IC50: 307.07 {\textpm} 7.18 μg/mL and 316.86 {\textpm} 11.78 μg/mL), ABTS (IC50: 160.21 {\textpm} 5.43 μg/mL and 208.45 {\textpm} 3.84 μg/ mL) (p \< 0.05), and FRAP (4.69 {\textpm} 0.08 and 4.96 {\textpm} 0.07 mM FeSO4/mg extract) assays. The antibacterial activity was observed exclusively against Gram-positive bacteria. Among all the extracts, the AqE extract at a concentration of 100 mg/mL exhibited significant antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus, with zones of inhibition measuring 15.43 {\textpm} 0.46 mm, 14.76 {\textpm} 0.58 mm, and 15.66 {\textpm} 1.04 mm, respectively. Conclusion: Ethanol-based extracts of C. hastata leaves demonstrate high antioxidant and antibacterial activities and represent a promising source of bioactive compounds for developing natural therapeutic agents.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Cissus hastata, Leaves, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.64}, author = {Patcharin Singdam and Anussara Kamnate and On-Anong Somsap and Ruhainee Tohkayomatee} } @article {2463, title = {Comparison of the Effectiveness of Cream Extracts and VEGF Expression on Incision Wounds in Male Wistar Rats Treated with Ethanol Extracts of Papaya Leaf, Fruit Flesh, and Seeds (Carica Papaya L.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {28-39}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Background: Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is a tropical fruit plant known for its medicinal benefits, including wound healing. Objective: This study aimed to analyze and compare the potential of papaya leaf, fruit, and seed extracts in accelerating incision wound healing in male Wistar rats. Additionally, we compared the flavonoid content and stability of the extracts in cream formulations. Materials and Methods: Creams containing 30\% ethanol extracts of papaya leaf, fruit, and seeds were prepared and applied to the backs of male Wistar rats for two weeks. The wound diameter, epithelial thickness, fibroblast count, macrophage count, collagen density, and VEGF expression were measured after two weeks. Results: Our findings revealed no significant differences between the effects of the papaya leaf, fruit, and seed ethanol extracts on wound diameter, epithelial thickness, fibroblast count, macrophage count, and collagen density (p \> 0.05). There were also no significant differences when compared to the negative control group (p \> 0.05). The highest flavonoid content was found in the ethanol extract of papaya leaves. Application of the ethanol extract creams of leaf, fruit, and seeds had a significant effect on angiogenesis, as evidenced by VEGF expression (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Papaya leaf, fruit, and seed extracts are promising products for wound healing. Further research is recommended to conduct periodic histopathological examinations during the wound healing process and to explore different extract concentrations for optimal results.

}, keywords = {Incision wound; Male Wistar rats; Papaya; VEGF}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.4}, author = {Ali Napiah Nasution and Juanto Tiojaya and Stephanie and Erny Tandanu and Suandy Suandy and Andre Budi and Masdalena Nasution} } @article {2503, title = {Comprehensive Analysis of Brassica oleracea: Phytochemical Composition, Radical Scavenging, and Anti-Proliferative Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {293-298}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {293}, abstract = {

Background: Natural sources like plants, vegetables, and fruits contain vast micro and macro nutrients that are useful for livelihood and also act as a medicine for various health conditions. Brassica vegetable naturally contains high antioxidant property which aids in removing free radicals caused by organelles during cellular process. The study aims at preparing Brassica oleracea extracts using a range of polar and non-polar solvents and to evaluate its phytochemical, antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties. Methods: Brassica oleracea was extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. All the extracts were subjected to phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity was performed using DPPH method. The antiproliferative activity was perfomed on THP-1 cells by MTT assay. The extract showing maximum activity was then characterized using FTIR and GCMS. Results: The extract study infers positive results for major secondary metabolites (alkaloids, glycosides, proteins, phenols, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids and diterpenes) and negative for quinones and coumarins. DPPH radical scavenging assay showed high antioxidant activity for ethanol extracts 45-91\% at 5μg/mL followed by ethyl acetate (37\%-80\%) and hexane extract (23\%-73\%). The anti-proliferative activity in THP-1 cells, revealed that the ethanolic extract significantly decreases cell viability relative to hexane and ethyl acetate extracts, indicating its potential as a natural anticancer drug. Conclusion: Cytotoxicity studies further demonstrated a concentration dependent effect on cell viability, indicating its potential bioactivity. The structural analysis performed with FTIR and GC-MS revealed important functional groups and bioactive compounds that could play a role in these effects

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Broccoli, DPPH, Flavonoids, FTIR, ROS, THP-1 cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.37}, author = {Nithya Venugopal and Radhika Jayaraman and Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath and Ganesh Munuswamy Ramanujam and Sundarapandian Subramaniyan and Pratheepa Sivasankari Natarajan and Jayashri Seetharaman} } @article {2476, title = {Comprehensive Antioxidant Evaluation of Tiliacora triandra Extracts: Assays of Leaf, Stem, and Root}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {95-98}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {95}, abstract = {

This study evaluates the antioxidant potential of Tiliacora triandra (locally known as {\textquotedblleft}Yanang{\textquotedblright}) extracts from the leaves, stems, and roots using three established assays: DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2{\textquoteright}-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power). The extracts were prepared using 95\% ethanol, and their antioxidant activities were assessed in terms of IC50 and Trolox equivalents. The DPPH assay yielded IC50 values of 187.91{\textpm}28.09 μg/ml, 85.93{\textpm}10.91 μg/ml, and 71.31{\textpm}11.29 μg/ml for the leaf, stem, and root extracts, respectively. Similarly, the ABTS assay showed IC50 values of 181.78{\textpm}22.96 μg/ml for the leaf extract, 70.07{\textpm}6.40 μg/ml for the stem extract, and 48.09{\textpm}8.77 μg/ml for the root extract. In both assays, the root and stem extracts exhibited comparable antioxidant activity, whereas the leaf extract showed significantly lower activity (p \< 0.05). The FRAP assay revealed no significant differences among the extracts, with Trolox equivalent values ranging from 190 to 211 mg TE/g extract. These findings suggest that the root and stem extracts possess strong antioxidant activity and may be used interchangeably in applications requiring such properties, whereas the leaf extract has comparatively lower potential. Further studies are recommended to explore the therapeutic properties and potential health benefits of these extracts.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, DPPH, Five roots, Tiliacora triandra, Yanang}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.13}, author = {Thidarut Kwuansawat and Suwakrit Sriplee and Phattharawadee Meelek and Patcharawan Sujayanont} } @article {2581, title = {Comprehensive Quality Evaluation: Flow Characteristics, Microscopy and Phytochemical Screening of Terminalia chebula}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {366-377}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {366}, abstract = {

Introduction: Terminalia chebula are widely recognized for their medicinal value in traditional and modern systems of medicine. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the phytochemical profile and microscopic characteristics of Terminalia plant material in order to establish its identity, quality, and therapeutic relevance. Phytochemical are abundantly present at varying concentrations in numerous medicinal plants. Microscopic examination of the powdered drug showed characteristic diagnostic features such as distinct epidermal cells, lignified fibers, stone cells, xylem vessels with spiral and pitted thickenings, calcium oxalate crystals, and starch grains, which serve as reliable markers for authentication. The powder exhibited fair flow behavior, as indicated by a Carr{\textquoteright}s compressibility index of 18.00\% and a Hausner{\textquoteright}s ratio of 1.22. Proximate analysis revealed the presence of essential nutritional components, including moisture content, ash values, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and carbohydrate content, providing insight into the physicochemical stability and compositional quality of the plant material. Fluorescence analysis was conducted under visible and UV light using different chemicals and solvents. Methods: Powdered Terminalia chebula was evaluated using physicochemical tests: powder characterization, extractive value, alcohol, and water-soluble matter, Ash value and LOD. Flow properties were determined using standard pharmacopeial parameters, including bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr{\textquoteright}s compressibility index, and Hausner{\textquoteright}s ratio. Result: Organoleptic characters of Haritaki revealed dark brown color, characteristic odor, astringent taste and fine texture. Physicochemical parameters resulted in water-soluble extractive (67.32{\textpm}0.83), alcohol-soluble extractive (42.6{\textpm}1.20), total ash (3.18{\textpm}0.12), acid insoluble ash (2.78{\textpm}0.66) and LOD (6.37{\textpm}0.53) respectively. The phytochemical analysis shows the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, carbohydrates and phenols.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Carr{\textquoteright}s index, flow property, Fluorescence, Microscopic, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17s.108}, author = {Ankita singh and Arun Kumar Mishra} } @article {2531, title = {A Comprehensive Review on the Pharmacological Potential of Dioscorea bulbifera and its Potential Hepatotoxicity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {520-530}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {520}, abstract = {

Dioscorea bulbifera, or the air potato has been studied and used in traditional medicine for centuries particularly in countries like China and India. It is loaded in different secondary metabolites such as steroidal saponins, flavonoids, diterpenoids, tannins, and carotenoids, which all play a major role in its pharmacological activities. Researchers have shown that it can be useful in the treatment of inflammation, microbial infections, oxidative stress, cancer, and liver diseases. even with these benefits there remains a shortage of clinical trials, toxicity assessment, and standardized extraction procedures to facilitate its application in herbal drug industry in a safe manner. One of the most striking features of Dioscorea bulbifera is its antimicrobial activity especially in the fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. also, studies done on anticancer activity are actively being conducted with some compounds being reported to induce apoptosis in cancer cells and suppress the growth of tumour. However, talking about its drawbacks some diterpenoid compounds such as diosbulbin A have been reported to show hepatotoxicity in humans and hence further studies are required to determine its safety for therapeutic purposes. The other significant challenge to developing this plant as a standard drug is its variability in chemical composition. The bioactive content is dependent on its cultivation, so it is quite a challenge to control for consistent potency. Sophisticated analytical methods such as HPLC and LC-MS could be utilized to overcome this and contemporary drug delivery systems like nano-formulations could enhance its absorption and bioavailability. Bringing together the ancient herbal knowledge and new scientific inquiry might reveal even greater therapeutic applications of the plant constituents. In the future the studies need to penetrate deeply into its safety, carry out extensive clinical trials, and explore sustainable mechanisms for massproducing its major compounds. With additional studies, Dioscorea bulbifera could become a prominent natural medicine, providing solutions for numerous health conditions while maintaining its traditional medicinal significance.

}, keywords = {air potato, Anticancer, Antimicrobial, Bioactive compounds, Dioscorea bulbifera, Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.65}, author = {Rudresh Adarkar and Chandrashekar K S and Vasudev Pai and Richard Lobo and Aswatharam H N and Vamshi Krishna Tippavajhala and Ullas Prakash D{\textquoteright}Souza and Rajesh Kaverikana Shankara} } @article {2466, title = {Effect of Different Extraction Solvents on the Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Brassica oleracea var. italica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {58-62}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {58}, abstract = {

This study offers an alternative solution for the prevention and/or treatment of diseases caused by free radicals. The objective was to evaluate the effect of different solvents on the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli). Methods: The sample, consisting of stems and florets of Brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli), were collected from the Chocas community in Carabayllo, Lima, Peru. Three extracts were prepared using different solvents, including a mixture of ethanol and water. The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and antioxidant capacity was evaluated using two specific assays (DPPH and ABTS). Additionally, the correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity was analyzed. Results: The hydroethanolic extract demonstrated the highest phenolic content, with 686.02 mg GAE/100 g dry matter). It also exhibited strong antioxidant activity, measuring 1035.81 mg TE/100 g DM in the DPPH assay and 6506.94 mg TE/100 g DM in the ABTS assay. Conclusion: The highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Brassica oleracea var. italica were found in the hydroethanolic extract, which showed a significant high correlation. Frequent consumption of broccoli in the diet is recommended due to its high values.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Broccoli, Extract, Polyphenol, Vegetable}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.7}, author = {Vivian Nathaly Echegaray Florian and Claudia Giuliana Montoya Sisniegas and Juan Ernesto Valdiviezo-Campos} } @article {2499, title = {The Effect of Tender Coconut Water on the Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Macrophage Type-1 (M1) in Hyperlipidemic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {277-281}, chapter = {277}, abstract = {

Background: Individuals with hyperlipidemia have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared to those with normal total cholesterol levels. High-fat intake can increase cholesterol esters, especially low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels. This causes adipocyte death, infiltration of macrophage type-1 (M1) expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from M1 such as Interleukin 6 (IL-6). The effect leads to apoptosis of vascular and neuronal cells as well as regulates the expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Tender coconut water contains antioxidants with the ability to prevent ROS, as well as reduce PKC activation, AGEs formation, and VEGF expression. Objective: To determine the effect of tender coconut water on VEGF and M1 expression in hyperlipidemic male Wistar rats. Method: This research used an experimental design and a post-test Only Control Group Design. The number of samples was 24 rats divided into Groups K1 (healthy rats), K2 (hyperlipidemic rats), K3 (hyperlipidemic rats+ Tender coconut water 4 mL / 200grBW / day), and K4 (hyperlipidemic rats+ coconut water 8 mL / 200grBW / day), with treatment duration of 21 days. VEGF expression data were analyzed by a one-way ANOVA test. Results: The highest and lowest average number of M1 was in K2 (28.72) and K1 (3.61). The average in K3 was lower when compared to K2 (14.66 \>\< 28.72). Furthermore, M1 expression in K4 was lower when compared to K3 (6.72 \>\< 14.66). The highest and lowest average VEGF expression was in K2 (4.58) and K1 (1.00). The average K3 was lower when compared to K2 (2.85 \>\< 4.58), and VEGF expression in K4 was lower than K3 (1.76 \>\< 2.85). Conclusion: Tender coconut water affected VEGF expression and M1 quantity in hyperlipidemic rats

}, keywords = {Hyperlipidemia, M1 quantity, Tender coconut water, VEGF expression}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.34}, author = {Winda Noer Oktavia and Siti Thomas Zulaikhah and Agung Putra and Mochamad Navi Suharto and Raja Faisal Manganju Sitorus} } @article {2560, title = {The Effectiveness of Beltfish (Trichiurus lepturus) Protein Intake and Physical Activity on Muscle Mass Growth}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {714-717}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {714}, abstract = {

Malnutrition cases have increased every year. One of the causes is insufficient food intake, marked by a decrease in muscle mass. Preventing malnutrition can be done by increasing muscle mass through providing daily protein intake according to needs and engaging in physical activity. The fish species Trichiurus lepturus is a high-protein source from the sea. The protein content in this fish can help promote muscle mass growth. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of protein intake from Trichiurus lepturus combined with physical activity on increasing muscle mass. The research method is experimental, using test animals (Rattus norvegicus) given protein intake and physical activity for 28 days. The animals were divided into six groups: three control groups and three treatment groups receiving different protein levels. Muscle growth was assessed by observing the enlargement of the cruris muscle using HE (hematoxylin and eosin) staining under a 4x microscope magnification. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA with an Bonferroni test. The results showed a significant difference between all groups (p=0.000). The treatment groups receiving protein intake and physical activity had larger muscle sizes compared to the control groups (P<=0.05). The conclusion is that protein intake accompanied by physical activity causes changes in muscle mass. Additionally, the amount of protein intake is directly proportional to the increase in muscle size.

}, keywords = {Malnutrition, Muscle Mass, Physical Activity, Protein Intake, Trichiurus lepturus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.89}, author = {Rivan Virlando Suryadinata and Gabriel Tirtawijaya and Sawitri Boengas and Priscilla Keshia Jayasaputri and Henriette Milda Latuputty and Nisa Kirania Dianti Mulyadi and Nawal Fajril Haya} } @article {2474, title = {Effects of Citrus aurantifolia Root Ethanolic Extract on Lipogenesis in Palmitate-Induced Lipid Accumulation in HepG2 Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {77-83}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {77}, abstract = {

Introduction: Citrus aurantifolia (lime) is mostly found in tropical and subtropical region. The lime peel and lime juice extracts have antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the pharmacological effects of the lime root remain widely unknown. Thus, the current study investigated the effects of Citrus aurantifolia root ethanolic extract (CA) on lipogenesis induced by palmitic acid (PA) in HepG2 cells. Methods: The PA-induced lipogenesis in HepG2 cells was used for measuring lipogenic gene expression and lipid accumulation of CA. Phytochemical content was also determined in CA. Results: In PA-treated group showed the state of hepatic lipid accumulation with increased lipogenic gene, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element binding protein1c (SREBP1c) as compared to the control group. Interestingly, administration of CA (5-10 μg/mL) effectively reduced lipid storage and significantly decreased the expression of these lipogenic gene in PA-treated cells. Notably, CA treatment increased the gene expression of fatty acid oxidation, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1A) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). Furthermore, this study found that the major bioactive component from CA was nordentatin (coumarin group). Conclusions: The results indicated that the CA treatment might be a useful agent for improving abnormal lipid metabolism in obesity-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

}, keywords = {Citrus aurantifolia, Lipid metabolism, Lipogenesis, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Obesity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.10}, author = {Urarat Nanna and Jarinyaporn Naowaboot and Linda Chularojmontri and Rawiwun Kaewamatawong and Sudarat Homhual and Suvara Wattanapitayakul and Wanwisa Suwannaloet} } @article {2582, title = {Efficacy of Standardized Withania Somnifera as Neuro Agent in Tension-Type Headache: A Comparative Trial of Data in Transit}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {378-385}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {378}, abstract = {

Background: To evaluate the role of withania somnifera as a neuro-psychiatric agent in the treatment of Tension-Type Headache (TTH), there is a need to substantiate the therapy using solid therapeutic evidence. Although using traditional medicine has a great potential, it is difficult to demonstrate the efficacy of a particular phytochemical composition regarding the frequency of and physiological stress markers of the chronic Tension-Type Headache in standardized research. Objective: The purpose of the study is to assess the therapeutic efficacy of a standardized Withania somnifera extract in reducing the frequency of and physiological stress markers of the chronic Tension-Type Headache. Methods: We used the study as a double-blind and randomized controlled trial (RCT). The subjects were randomly selected to be given a standardized extract of the root of W. somnifera, that has been titrated to contain 5 percent withanolides, or a placebo dose of 60 days. The paper ensured a rigorous "molecular chain of custody" with a batch of withanolides linked in clinical outcome reported where the mean frequency of headaches in the treatment group reduced by 42\% (p [Less than] 0.005). Results: Clinical outcome showed that there was a significant decline in the frequency of headaches in the treatment group by 42\% (p [Less than] 0.005). Moreover, the Ashwagandha group was showing a significant drop in salivary cortisol levels, which means that there was a decrease in the level of physiological stress response to chronic TTH. Conclusion: Standardized natural products should be integrated into clinical trials as it is the most beneficial to the development of sustainable pharmacognosy. This experiment can offer an unambiguous evidence base, a clear and reproducible basis of evidence regarding the use of Ashwagandha in the current neurological practice by showing the clear efficacy in reducing the frequency of Tension-Type Headaches and biological stress markers.

}, keywords = {Biomarker Integrity, Phytochemical Standardization, Sustainable Research Framework, Tension-Type Headache, Withania somnifera}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17s.109}, author = {Ashwani Kumar and Prikshat Kumar Angra and Suresh Chandra Akula and Pritpal Singh and Anuj Sharma and Anup Sharma} } @article {2459, title = {Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Flavonoid and Phytocompounds Content in Pongamia Pinnata Seed}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {6}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pongamia pinnata is a woody shrub and tree found in entire India mainly in dry areas. The seeds of P. pinnata are collected and traditionally oil is extracted and used to kill helminthes. The plant is a remedy for skin diseases, wound, rheumatism \& ulcers and also as biofuel, green manure and fodder. This study is an attempt to know antioxidant activity of particular fraction which is having antifungal activity and flavonoid and fatty acids content which is responsible for the same. Materials and methods: In this investigation, an effort was made to know the antioxidant activity of PPEAF by DPPH assay, FRAP assay and H2O2 assay methods and Optimization of mobile phase by TLC method and supporting major flavonoid content quantification by HPTLC method Results: The result shown the ethyl acetate fraction has significant antioxidant activity of IC50 value of 212.09 (DPPH assay), 235.87 (FRAP assay) and 268.62 (H2O2 assay). The TLC method optimum mobile phase was found to be Toluene: ethyl acetate (7:3). The standard flavonoids used are Karanjin, Gallic acid and Quercetin. Conclusion: The HPTLC method results shown PPEAF was found to contain 1.465\% Karanjin. GCMS result shown the PPEAF contain 13 phytocompounds in which Octadec-9-enoic acid at retention time 22.356 was found to be abundant.

}, keywords = {DPPH, FRAP, GCMS, Karanjin, Pongamia pinnata, PPEAF}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.1}, author = {Honnesh NH and Santanu Saha} } @article {2478, title = {Health Action Process Approach in Non-Communicable Diseases: A Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {107-116}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {107}, abstract = {

Background: Epidemiological research has indicated that the deleterious effects of non-communicable disease can be prevented through participation in health behaviour. The HAPA is a dual-phase model that identifies the determinants of the initiation and maintenance of health behaviour. The aim of this study was to systematically map the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA)- based interventions in non-communicable diseases in relation to the type of intervention, the target groups and the constructs of the HAPA model that are used in the study and to assess the clinical relevance of the studies. Methods: This review study complies with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) version 2020. The search for relevant literature involved PubMed, Sciencedirect, Willey online Library and Proquest databases for the studies published in 2000 to 2023 period. Quality of the study was assessed using CASP, and the Risk of Bias using Cochrane RoB tool. Results: In data bases search, there are 912 studies. The results for eligibility resulted in 18 articles consist of 13 observational studies, and 5 experimental studies. Discussion: Physical activity, healthy diet behaviour, and medication adherence were the targeted behaviour. In the majority of the studies, the targeted intervention was physical activity and the population consisted of adult patients. Conclusion: All studies used only a selection of the HAPA constructs. Therefore, only a minority of the studies can be considered real HAPA intervention studies.

}, keywords = {Behaviour change, Health action process approach, non-communicable diseases}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.17.15}, author = {Sahmad S and Andi Zulkifli Abdullah and Muh. Syafar and Indahwaty Sidin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2510, title = {How Extensively is Herbal Medicine Used as a Therapy for Insomnia? A Bibliometric Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {342-364}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {342}, abstract = {

Introduction: This bibliometric study explores the use of herbal medicine as a treatment for insomnia, identifying trends and gaps in existing literature. It provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research, guiding future efforts and improving care quality for insomnia patients. Materials and methods: This research aims to explore the evolution of scientific disciplines by finding and identifying trends, patterns and correlations in scientific texts related to certain topics. The focus of this study was on insomnia, therapy, and "herbal medicine" using both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Results and discussion: The study evaluates the use of herbal medicine for insomnia, finding a significant increase in publications but a lack of information on correct dosage. This highlights a gap in literature and calls for further research on dosage and methodological standards to improve its effectiveness.; and Conclusions: The study confirms the effectiveness of herbal medicine as an insomnia therapy, but highlights the need for further research on appropriate dosage for safer and more effective treatment. This research was conducted in January 2025.

}, keywords = {Antiepileptic, Bibliometric, Carbamazepine, Neuroprotective, Riluzole, Topiramat}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.44}, author = {Arman Yurisaldi Saleh and Dwi Arwandi Yogi Saputra and Riezky Valentina and Tirta Darmawan Susanto} } @article {2578, title = {Identification of Phytochemicals and Antibacterial Activity of South Sulawesi Propolis (Apis mellifera) Using TLC and LC-MS/MSQTOF}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {352-361}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {352}, abstract = {

Introduction: Propolis from Apis mellifera exhibits antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Despite Indonesia{\textquoteright}s rich biodiversity, the phytochemical profile of propolis from South Sulawesi and its antibacterial potential against Pseudomonas aeruginosa remain underexplored. Objective: This study aimed to tentatively identify flavonoid and glycoside compounds in A. mellifera propolis from South Sulawesi and to evaluate its antibacterial activity. Methods: Propolis samples were collected from Masamba Subdistrict, South Sulawesi, and extracted using 70\% ethanol through ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Phytochemical profiling and tentative compound identification were performed using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and LC-MS/MS-QTOF. Antibacterial activity was tested by the disk diffusion method at concentrations of 0.25\%, 0.5\%, and 0.75\%, with ciprofloxacin and distilled water as positive and negative controls. Results: The analysis revealed that flavonoids and glycosides were the main constituents of the extract. These compounds were tentatively identified along with other secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds, indicating a complex chemical composition. Antibacterial testing showed mean inhibition zones of 11.23 mm (0.25\%), 13.65 mm (0.5\%), and 16.50 mm (0.75\%), whereas ciprofloxacin and the negative control produced zones of 31.95 mm and 5.70 mm, respectively. ANOVA revealed significant differences among treatments (F = 232.4, p \< 0.0001), with the 0.75\% extract showing the largest mean inhibition zone. Conclusions: These findings suggest that South Sulawesi propolis contains tentatively identified bioactive flavonoids and glycosides and demonstrates antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, indicating its potential as a natural antibacterial source for further investigation.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Flavonoids, Glycosides, LC-MS/MS-QTOF, propolis (Apis mellifera), TLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17s.106}, author = {Ledi Yohanis Ruruk Ali and Gemini Alam and Firdaus Hamid and Andi Rofian Sultan} } @article {2477, title = {In Vitro Antibacterial Activity, In-Silico Molecular Docking and Pharmacokinetic Profile of a Phytosterol Isolated from The Leaves of Carissa Bispinosa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {99-106}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {99}, abstract = {

Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. Ex-Brenan is a medicinal plant widely used in South Africa. The study reports on the isolation of a phytosterol from C. bispinosa along with molecular docking and pharmacokinetic studies. The phytochemicals were extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, acetone and methanol. The compound was isolated following a bioactivity-guided isolation protocol using column-chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used for compound characterisation. The antimicrobial activity was assessed using bioautography and micro-broth dilution assays. AutoDock vina, SwissADME and ADMET lab were used for molecular docking, pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties, respectively. Drug-likeness was evaluated based on Lipinski{\textquoteright}s rule of five (Ro5). The isolated compound was identified as β-sitosterol. It had an anti-S. aureus activity of (0.31 mg/mL). It revealed binding scores of -7.2 and -6.4 kcal/mol against penicillin-binding protein and DNA gyrase, respectively. It violated one of Ro5 (MLOGP \> 4.15). It has no inhibitory effects against isoforms of cytochrome P450. Moreover, it demonstrated no adverse effect on skin, non-carcinogenic and non-hepatotoxic effects. Based on the results, β-sitosterol can be considered as potential anti-S. aureus drug. Further studies may focus on ascertaining the mechanism of action in-vitro and investigating the synergistic effects of the compound with conventional drugs.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Carissa bispinosa, Molecular docking, Pharmacokinetics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.14}, author = {Wanda Shekwa and Mashilo Mash Matotoka and Tsolanku Sydney Maliehe and Peter Masoko} } @article {2504, title = {In vitro Platelet Aggregation-Stimulatory, Antibacterial, and Cytotoxic Activities of the Fresh Stem Juice from Montrichardia arborescens Schott (Araceae) {\textendash} Evidence for Wound Healing- Stimulatory Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {299-306}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {299}, abstract = {

Background: Montrichardia arborescens is traditionally used for wound healing, but without scientific evidence. In this study, the fresh stem juice was assessed for its platelet aggregation stimulatory and antibacterial activities and its safety. Methods: The stem juice was evaluated at various dilutions for platelet aggregation-stimulatory activity in human platelet rich plasma (PRP) using norepinephrine as a positive control; antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes (gram-positive bacteria) as well as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-negative bacteria) in a broth microdilution method using tetracycline as a reference compound; and absence of substantial cytotoxicity against cultured CHO cells in an MTT assay. Data (means {\textpm} SDs; n >= 3) were evaluated for statistically significant differences (p \< 0.05) using ANOVA with Bonferroni{\textquoteright}s adjustments. Results: The stem juice stimulated platelet aggregation to nearly 100\% at 50\% (v/v) dilution and about 50\% at 12.5\% (v/v) dilution. It did not affect the growth of E. coli and P. aeruginosa at 50\% (v/v) but partially inhibited that of S. aureus at 37.5\% (v/v) and that of S. pyogenes completely at 12.5\% (v/v). These effects were validated by those found with epinephrine 20 μM and tetracycline 10-60 μg/mL. CHO cell survival was only 3 {\textpm} 1\% with the 50\% (v/v) diluted stem juice but 64 {\textpm} 2\% with the 12.5\% (v/v) dilution. Conclusion: The M. arborescens stem juice exhibited substantial platelet aggregation-stimulatory and antibacterial activity at 12.5\% (v/v) dilution which seemed safe to the normal tissues. These findings confirm its traditional use for wound healing.

}, keywords = {Broth microdilution, In vitro studies, Lack of cytotoxicity, Montrichardia arborescens Schott, MTT Assay, Platelet aggregation stimulation, Preliminary Antibacterial activity, PRP, Stem juice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.38}, author = {Dennis R.A. Mans and Terrence Mawie and Priscilla Friperson and Meryll Djotaroeno and Jennifer Pawirodihardjo and Vinoj H. Sewberath Misser and Ed P.F. Ijzerman and Walther Jap Tjoen San} } @article {2486, title = {The Influence of Website-Based Health Information Access Media on Primary Outcomes of Metabolic Syndrome Prevention In ASN Employees}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {222-230}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {222}, abstract = {

Background : Metabolic syndrome is a condition that can put all people at risk, including workers. It is important to improve health literacy related to the prevention of metabolic syndrome among workers. The association of health literacy on healthy lifestyle modification with a decrease in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of website-based health information access media on risk factors (knowledge, self-efficacy, work stress). Methods : The type of research used is Quasy Experimental design Nonequivalent Control Group design. The sample in this study were 62 employees from 2 government offices engaged in regional finance \& assets and the implementation of the water resources network of South Sulawesi province. This study divided two groups, namely the intervention group, which received education through the {\textquoteleft}SAFETY prevent metabolic syndrome{\textquoteright} website and daily journal filling, and the control group, which received education with booklets, with both groups measured and monitored for 2 months. Results : The {\textquoteleft}SAFETY{\textquoteright} websitebased health literacy model intervention was effective in improving knowledge (p=0.000), self-efficacy (p=0.004), and reducing work stress (p=0.047) in government workers, with the significant reduction in work stress demonstrating the benefits of a technology-based approach in managing stress in the work environment. Conclusion: This study was effective in increasing knowledge and self-efficacy and reducing work stress. Future research is recommended to expand the website intervention programme with interactive modules, explore integrated self-efficacy enhancement methods, and develop specific stress management programmes with a multidisciplinary approach.

}, keywords = {Booklet, Employee, Health Literacy, Metabolic syndrome, Website}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.28}, author = {Samsiana S and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Ridwan Amiruddin and Healthy Hidayanty and Nurhaedar Jafar and Muhammad Syafar and Wahiduddin W and Chatarina Umbul Wahyuni and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2513, title = {In-silico Analysis of Molecular Interaction Between Silk Proteins with BMP-2 Type IA and Type II Receptors}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {378-383}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {378}, abstract = {

Background: Alveolar ridge defects are commonly associated with delayed tooth replacement. Natural biomaterial with enhanced regenerative potential is always sought after as a primary choice for ridge reconstruction. Silk, a biopolymer with its constituent proteins (fibroin and sericin) has recently demonstrated promising outcomes in vitro. However, the molecular mechanism by which this occurs remains to be elucidated. Objective: We assessed the molecular interactions between silk proteins bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 type IA and type II receptors using molecular docking. Methodology: The N-terminal domain of silk proteins and structural complex of BMP-2 type IA and type II receptors were considered for protein{\textendash}protein docking using the high ambiguity-driven protein{\textendash}protein docking (HADDOCK) server. HADDOCK scores are a measure of the predicted stability of the protein{\textendash}protein complex, and a lower score indicates a more stable complex and a higher affinity for binding. Results: The HADDOCK scores and root mean square deviation value for interaction between silk proteins with BMP-2 type IA and type II receptors were (-114.2 {\textpm} 25.0 and -143.1 {\textpm} 11.3) and (2.9 {\textpm} 0.4 and 1.9 {\textpm} 0.5), respectively, for fibroin and (-1.8 {\textpm} 15.6 and -9.7 {\textpm} 25.2) and (3.5 {\textpm}0.3 and 0.9 {\textpm} 0.6), respectively, for sericin. Conclusion: The interaction between fibroin and BMP-2 receptors was more stable with higher affinity.

}, keywords = {biopolymer, Fibroin, HADDOCK, RMSD, Sericin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.47}, author = {Nandhinee Thiagaraj and Lekha Ashokkumar and Ram Sabarish and Balaji SK} } @article {2528, title = {In-Silico Study of Bioactive Compounds from Moringa oleifera Fruit as Anti Premature Senescence Agents in Cardiac Cells: A Study on the p53 Protein}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {497-505}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {497}, abstract = {

Background: Cellular senescence, characterized by irreversible cell cycle arrest, contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases through mechanisms involving oxidative stress and activation of p53-mediated signaling. Moringa oleifera, widely recognized for its antioxidant properties, has demonstrated anti-aging effects; however, the specific bioactive compounds within its fruit and their mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the potential of M. oleifera fruit-derived compounds as anti-premature senescence agents targeting the p53 protein using in-silico molecular docking approaches. Methods: Bioactive compounds from M. oleifera fruit were screened via molecular docking against the human p53 protein, with Nutlin-3 used as a positive control. Binding affinities, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions were analyzed to determine ligand{\textendash} receptor interactions. Results: Niacin and oxalic acid exhibited stronger binding affinities ({\textendash}5.90 and {\textendash}6.00 kcal/mol, respectively) compared to Nutlin-3 ({\textendash}5.64 kcal/mol). Niacin formed stable hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with key residues within the p53 active site, suggesting a capacity to modulate p53 activity. Oxalic acid demonstrated the highest binding affinity but lacked hydrogen bonding, indicating potential instability despite strong interaction. These findings support previous studies highlighting M. oleifera{\textquoteright}s role in ROS suppression and p53 modulation, pointing to its therapeutic relevance in mitigating cellular aging. Conclusion: Niacin and oxalic acid from M. oleifera exhibit promising binding characteristics as modulators of the p53 pathway. Their anti-senescence potential warrants further validation through molecular dynamics simulations and biological assays. This study supports the development of natural compound-based therapeutics for age-related cardiac degeneration.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, cellular senescence, in silico, Molecular docking, Moringa oleifera, p53 protein}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.62}, author = {Tiwuk Susantiningsih and Ichwan Baihaki and Maria Selvester Thadeaus and Yuni Setyaningsih and Mila Citrawati} } @article {2570, title = {Integration of Analytical and Computational Techniques for Bioactive Profiling of Celtis timorensis Span Bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {292-301}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {292}, abstract = {

A wound occurs when there is damage to the body{\textquoteright}s tissue due to a puncture in the skin1. An injury is caused by a breakdown in the skin{\textquoteright}s barrier function, resulting in either a superficial or deep wound2. The healing process is complicated by chronic wounds, but acute wounds might go through the normal sequential stages of wound healing3. Particularly in hyperglycemic circumstances, chronic wound healing is hindered and imprisoned, usually during the inflammatory phase4. The wound{\textquoteright}s healing process stagnates and takes longer than expected. Chronic wounds are persistent because of a number of pathological factors, including poor blood circulation and bacterial infections in the wounds. These include diabetes mellitus and other chronic disorders5.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.99}, author = {Nishamol K. S and T. Sundarrajan} } @article {2548, title = {Intermittent Fasting as a Non-Invasive Strategy to Mitigate Diabetes-Induced Complications in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {632-637}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {632}, abstract = {

Introduction: The global burden of diabetes mellitus is steadily increasing. Abnormal eating patterns and excess energy intake contribute to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although dietary modifications such as intermittent fasting have gained attention, evidence supporting their beneficial role in T2DM is limited. Objective: To evaluate the beneficial effects of intermittent fasting on physiological, biochemical, and histological changes in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Healthy adult Wistar albino rats (150{\textendash}200 g) were used. Diabetes was induced by administering alloxan (150 mg/kg). Animals were divided into four groups: Normal Control (Group I), Experimental Control (Group II), and Intermittent Fasting groups (Group III \& Group IV). Physiological, biochemical, and histological parameters were assessed to determine the impact of intermittent fasting. Results: Intermittent fasting demonstrated a protective effect by reducing diabetes-induced physiological, biochemical, and histological alterations. Rats in the intermittent fasting groups showed improved outcomes compared to the experimental control group. Conclusion: Intermittent fasting may serve as a potential non-invasive strategy to reduce diabetesrelated complications. Further studies focusing on molecular mechanisms are warranted to provide deeper insights into its protective role.

}, keywords = {Intermittent fasting; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Alloxan; Wistar rats; Physiological changes; Biochemical parameters; Histological changes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.78}, author = {Vishu Manchanda and Bhagyalakshmi K and Nayanatara Arun Kumar and Anupama N and Rekha D Kini and Sneha Shetty} } @article {2516, title = {Interpersonal Communication Training as an Effective Strategy to Optimize Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation (MMS) Utilization in Preventing Maternal and Neonatal Deaths}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {399-406}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {399}, abstract = {

Background: Maternal mortality remains a global health problem, with approximately 800 deaths every day, mostly due to complications such as bleeding, where severe anemia is a major predisposing factor. Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation (MMS) is now recommended as a substitute for blood supplementation tablets due to its more complete nutritional content. However, utilization of MMS still faces challenges, including low knowledge of pregnant women, negative perceptions of side effects, and misinformation. Education by health workers, especially midwives, is key to overcoming these barriers. Interpersonal communication training is a relevant strategy to improve midwives{\textquoteright} ability to deliver information effectively and build positive relationships with pregnant women. Although MMS has begun to be implemented, studies related to the effectiveness of interpersonal communication training in the context of MMS education are still limited in Indonesia. This study aims to fill this gap and strengthen the role of midwives in antenatal care. Objective: To assess the effect of interpersonal communication training on the utilization of multiple micronutrient supplementation on midwives{\textquoteright} knowledge and skills. Methods: This study was conducted in September 2024 in Bone Bolango Regency, Gorontalo Province, involving 74 coordinating midwives and village supervisors. The design used was a quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest to evaluate the effectiveness of interpersonal communication training on improving midwives{\textquoteright} knowledge and skills. Knowledge was measured using a questionnaire, while skills were assessed through a post-training observation checklist. All instruments were tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis included Wilcoxon test to compare pretest and posttest scores, Spearman test to see the relationship between knowledge and skills, and Mann-Whitney test based on midwives{\textquoteright} characteristics. Path analysis was conducted within a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) framework with directly observed variables. Results: The results showed that the score before the intervention was 10.80 and after the intervention was 15.23, which means there is a difference in scores between before and after the intervention. The statistical test results showed a p value (0.000) \<0.05, which means that there is an effect of interpersonal communication training in the utilization of multiple micronutrient supplements (MMS) on the knowledge and skills of midwives. Conclusion: Interpersonal communication training for midwives is effective in improving midwives{\textquoteright} knowledge and skills.

}, keywords = {Interpersonal Communication, knowledge, Midwives, Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation, Skills, Training}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.50}, author = {Rabia Zakaria and Veni Hadju and Rahayu Indriasari and Mardiana Ahmad and Muhammad Arsyad and Nurmala Sari and Fatmawati Mohamad and Juli Claudia and Siti Choirul Dwi Astuti and Rahma Dewi Agustini and Magdalena M.Tompunu and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2485, title = {Literacy of Alpha-Lactalbumin (ALA) and Oleic Acid Content Improves Knowledge and Self Efficacy in Breastfeeding Milk by Mothers Who Have Babies 0-24 Months}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {217-221}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {217}, abstract = {

Introduction: The world health organization (WHO) actively promotes breast milk as the best source of nutrition for babies and continues to increase the level of exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months to two years and reach at least 50\% by 2025. The low level of exclusive breastfeeding is likely a lack of Education about the composition of breast milk which contains peptides including α-lactalbumin (ALA) and Oleic Acid (OA) which are able to reduce the risk of breast and ovarian cancer and have therapeutic effects which have been published under the name human a-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells (HAMLET ), so that this literacy is able to convince mothers to give breast milk and is a health threat to mothers that it is important to give breast milk because it has anti-cancer substances that can prevent cancer. Method: This type of research is quantitative, with a Quasi Experimental Nonequivalent Control Group Design. In this research , the experimental group was treated by providing education and assessing and using knowledge and self-efficacy instruments . Mean while, the control group received education through the KIA book. The target population in this study is mothers who have babies aged 0-24 months in the working area of the Ujoh Bilang Health Center, Mahakam Ulu Regency. The sampling technique is purposive sampling. Results: there is a difference in knowledge literacy, Self Eficaccy on Breast Milk Feeding (ASI) by mothers who have babies 0-24 months in the intervention and control groups before and after being given breast milk literacy with a p value of 0.000 (p \< 0.005) which indicates that the hypothesis is accepted, namely there is an effect of breast milk literacy on knowledge and self-efficacy. Conclusion: literacy of alpha-lactalbumin (ALA) and oleic acid (OA) content increases knowledge and selfefficacy in providing breast milk by mothers who have babies 0-24 months.

}, keywords = {alpha-lactalbumin, Breast milk literacy, knowledge, oleic acid and breast milk, self-efficacy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.27}, author = {Nursari Abdul Syukur and Citrakesumasari and Anwar Mallongi and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Masni Mappajanci and Aminuddin Syam and Syamsuar S and Endah Wahyutri} } @article {2517, title = {Mechanistic Insights on the Neuro-Modulatory Potential of Cannabis sativa: A Network Pharmacology- and Molecular Dynamics Simulation-Based Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {407-419}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {407}, abstract = {

Background: Although, studies have reported the use of cannabis as a temporary antidepressant and implicated its chronic use in neurological diseases, the exact mechanisms through which these happen remain elusive. Objective: This study aims to investigate the neuro-modulatory potential of cannabis as antidepressant and its role in neurological disorders Methodology: Network pharmacology and molecular dynamics simulation were employed to unveil the mechanism of cannabis as a temporary antidepressant and potential agent implicated in neurological disorders. Results: A total of 156 cannabis metabolites were retrieved from data mining. 22 genes were common in cannabis metabolites and central nervous system (CNS) neurotransmitters{\textquoteright} genes. Glutamate receptor activity and neuroactive ligand receptor activity (NALR) were the most enriched biological process and signalling pathway, respectively, with cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) and glutamate metabotropic receptor 2 (GRM2) being the hub targets in the NALR pathway. A probe into the structural stability of top-ranked metabolites identified cholesterol- CNR1 (-73.88 kcal/mol) and campesterol-CNR1 (-65.96 kcal/mol) with lower free binding energy than reference antidepressant drug (anandamide) (-65.08 kcal/mol), whereas for GRM2, the binding free energy of nerolidol (-43.57 kcal/mol) which was the least among the top ranked metabolites was higher compared to anandamide (-58.78 kcal/mol). Conclusion: Data from this study shows that the profiled cannabis metabolites displayed modulatory effects on key neurotransmitters of the CNS and their receptors and formed stable binding interaction with genes implicated in brain functioning suggestive of the mechanistic effect of cannabis on brain activity during depression and chronic use.

}, keywords = {Cannabinoid receptors, Cannabis, Depression, Neurological diseases, Neurotransmitters}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.51}, author = {Christina Peter and Halimat Yusuf Lukman and Nosipho Wendy S{\textquoteright}thebe and Usman Abiola Sanni and Saheed SABIU} } @article {2460, title = {Microencapsulation of Paracetamol with Polycaprolacone Coating}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {89-94}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Paracetamol is widely used as a medicine for fever and pain. Paracetamol has a normal half-life in the blood of 2 hours. If paracetamol is consumed frequently it will cause stomach irritation. This research aims to cover the unpleasant taste of paracetamol by microencapsulating using a coating and changing the release of paracetamol microcapsules. In this study, the coating material used was polycaprolactone because polycaprolactone is a biodegradable coating material. The amount of coating used in this study was 1.5g, 3g and 4.5g. Paracetamol microencapsulation was carried out in evaluation tests, namely organoleptic examination and particle size. Then a characterization test was carried out, namely the surface morphology test of the paracetamol microencapsulation using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) method and the dissolution test. The research results showed that the concentration obtained by Formula 1 was 95.66\%, Formula 2 was 97.17 and F3 was 98.81. The dissolution test results showed that the largest dissolution percentage of microcapsules in formula 1 was 97.85\% at 50 minutes, formula 2 was 98.13 at 55 minutes and formula 3 was 98.91\% at 60 minutes. Microencapsulation of paracetamol with polycaprolactone can cover the bitter taste and changing the release of paracetamol microcapsules into sustained release preparations.

}, keywords = {Microencapsulation, Paracetamol, Polycaprolactone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.12}, author = {Elmi Sariani Hasibuan and Ayus Diningsih and Cory Linda Futri Harahap and Anto J. Hadi and Hafni Nur Insan and Rini Fitriani Dongoran and Haslinah Ahmad and Hapiz Arlanda Sani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2492, title = {The Miracle Moringa Oleifera Tree: A Bibliometric Review of Its Neuroprotective Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {258-276}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {258}, abstract = {

Introduction: With its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities, Moringa oleifera is gaining interest for its neuroprotective potential. This bibliometric analysis examines Moringa oleifera research trends, gaps, and future prospects, focusing on its function in cognitive deficits and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s. Topiramate and riluzole{\textquoteright}s neuroprotective effects are also discussed.; Materials and methods: Research trends in Moringa oleifera were examined using Scopus-indexed literature. The plant parts studied (leaves, seeds, roots), doses, and methods were key. The review included antiepileptic medication trials to complement their neuroprotective properties. Results and discussion: Antioxidant and phytochemical properties made Moringa oleifera a promising neuroprotectant, according to the review. However, dose reporting and plant part specification variations compromised findings{\textquoteright} reliability and reproducibility. To maintain methodological consistency, dose-response studies, uniform reporting techniques, and interdisciplinary collaboration are future research topics. Antiepileptic medications like topiramate and riluzole modulate neurotransmitter systems and provide neuroprotection with natural products. Conclusions: This analysis emphasizes the necessity for rigorous research and standardized methods to enhance Moringa oleifera and related pharmacological compounds{\textquoteright} therapeutic potential. Addressing these obstacles will improve findings{\textquoteright} reliability and clinical application, enabling evidencebased neurological condition treatments. This research was conducted in January 2025.

}, keywords = {Brain, Herb, Moringa oleifera, Natural Agent, Neuroprotective, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.33}, author = {Arman Yurisaldi Saleh and Dwi Arwandi Yogi Saputra and Riezky Valentina and Tirta Darmawan Susanto} } @article {2523, title = {Moringa oleifera Fruit Secondary Metabolites Role in Sarcopenic Obesity via Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Protein: An In Silico Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {450-457}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {450}, abstract = {

Background: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) refers to the coexistence of sarcopenia and obesity, pathogenic interaction between loss of skeletal muscle and function and fat-mass accumulation. Fat mass and obesityassociated (FTO) protein is one of the proteins that involved in pathophysiology of SO. Moringa oleifera is one of potential drug candidates for degenerative diseases due to its various bioactive metabolites from most parts of this plant. Objective: An in silico study, employing computational methods to simulate molecular interactions through molecular docking, aims to investigate the potential of Moringa oleifera fruit secondary metabolites to interact with FTO protein. Methodology: This study was carried out the molecular docking analysis of Moringa oleifera fruit secondary metabolites that was retrieved from database and have been screened for drug-likeness and toxicity for FTO protein inhibitor candidates. Molecular docking was using Pyrx v0.8, AutoDock 4.2.6 by AutoDockTools 1.5.7, and BIOVIA Discovery studio client 2025 as visualization tools. Results: This study showed 9 bioactive compounds from Moringa oleifera fruit is bioavailable and safe for oral drugs according to Lipinski Rule of 5 (RO5) and Oral Rat Acute Toxicity (LD50). Molecular docking results showed riboflavin is the most potential compound as FTO protein inhibitor as its strongest affinity and interaction in active site compared to FTO protein native ligands 3-methylthymidine (DT). Conclusion: Therefore, Moringa oleifera fruit is potential for SO therapy candidates through regulation of FTO protein activity.

}, keywords = {and riboflavin, FTO protein, Molecular docking, Moringa oleifera fruit, sarcopenic obesity (SO)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.57}, author = {Mila Citrawati and Assyafiya Salwa and Yuni Setyaningsih and Cut Fauziah and Tiwuk Susantiningsih} } @article {2491, title = {Mucuna Pruriens Seeds Extract Loaded Phytosomal Intranasal Gel for the Effective Treatment of Parkinson{\textquoteright}s Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {129-154}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

One phytoconstituent derived from Mucuna pruriens (legumes) is levodopa. This medication{\textquoteright}s oral usage is limited by its high first-pass metabolism and low absorption. The goal of the present research was to develop a phytosomal gel filled with levodopa extract for better delivery and brain targeting. Various techniques, including solvent evaporation, salting out anti-solvent precipitation, direct egg yolk, and egg lipids methods, were used to create phytosomal formulations. Scanning electron microscopy, particle size, x-ray diffraction, and other techniques were used to characterize phytosomes. And added into gel formation, the more successful batch was examined for several parameters. The final batch underwent a variety of animal tests, including pharmacokinetic analysis, irritation to the nasal cavity testing. The most effective phytosomes were those made via the antisolvent precipitation approach. In this investigation, a 32-randomized complete factorial design was employed. Batch F4 had an entrapment efficiency of 70\%, a particle size of 15 (μg) and 60\% CDR. The gel-formulated batch F4G3 demonstrated improved results in terms of extrudability (90.82), amount of drug (89.32\%), viscosity (5421 cps at 100 rpm), and spreadability (25.18). Batch F4G3 of the Mucuna pruriens phytosome gel exhibited Higuchi{\textquoteright}s kinetics. According to the findings of the animal study, dopamine levels were significantly elevated. The pharmacokinetic and nasal irritation studies showed notable in vitro penetration of the nasal mucosa without resulting in skin irritation. For improving Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease treatment, the phytosomal gel formulation delivered via the nasal route would be the ideal option.

}, keywords = {Gel, L-Dopa extract, Mucuna pruriens, Nasal gel, Optimization, Phytosome}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.18}, author = {Aniruddha Kulkarni and Manoj Tare and Meera Singh} } @article {2487, title = {Myricitrin-Mediated Biogenic Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis, Characterization, and its Antioxidant, Anticancer, and DNA Cleavage Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {121-128}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {121}, abstract = {

Introduction: Myricitrin (MY) is a potent antioxidant flavonoid that has recently gained research interest due to its wide applications in food, cosmetics, and medicine. Objective: The current work reports MY, its isolation and characterization from Eugenia uniflora leaves, and green synthesis with AgNO3 to afford myricitrin-based silver nanoparticles (MY-Ag NPs). Materials and Methods: The biosynthesized nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized using UV, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Dynamic light scattering (DLS) methods. Antioxidant, anti-cancer, and DNA cleavage activities were based on standard in vitro bioassay methods. Results: The UV-vis absorption peak at 430 nm suggests the formation of silver-based NPs. The FESEM imaging showed spherical-to-cubical shaped MY-Ag NPs with an average size of 45.35 nm. The EDX analysis showed the presence of elemental Ag (89.40\%) and N (10.22\%), suggesting a successful synthesis. The XRD analysis revealed various peaks at 38.37$^{0}$, 43.56$^{0}$, 63.76$^{0}$, and 77.77$^{0}$, which suggest metallic silver reflections, further establishing the crystallinity of NPs. The MY-Ag NPs inhibited O2 -, OH-, H2O2, and NO free radicals in a dose-dependent manner. At 50 and 80 μg/mL, it demonstrated a better inhibitory effect on OH- radical than L-ascorbic acid. The cytotoxicity (IC50) against human cancer cell lines of the kidney (ACHN) and the liver (HepG2) were 54.21 {\textpm} 0.06 μg/mL and 33.36 {\textpm} 2.25 μg/mL respectively at 48 h post-treatment. Lastly, at 20 mg/mL for 120 minutes, MY-Ag NPs cleaved DNA, acting as chemical nucleases. This may suggest its capacity to impede cancer cells by cleaving the genome. Conclusion: Therefore, this study has shown that Myricitrinbased Ag NPs possess notable antioxidant and cytotoxicity that can be further exploited in the search for newer anticancer agents.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Antioxidant, DNA cleavage, Myricitrin, Silver nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.17}, author = {Pallab Kar and Ayodeji O. Oriola and Moganavelli Singh and Adebola O. Oyedeji} } @article {2507, title = {New Studies on Drug Discovery for Cardiovascular Diseases from {\textquotedblleft}Beautiful Wondrous Eye Ornament{\textquotedblright} by Jambaldorj}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {323-326}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {323}, abstract = {

This research is to clear the information of the ancient medical books written by toin Jambaldorj, who wrote about some herbal medicines used to treat cardiovascular diseases, and their taste, potency, and quality. Toin Jambaldorj. Gso byed bdud rtsi{\textquoteright}i {\textquoteright}khrul med ngos {\textquoteright}dzin bzo rig me long du rnam par shar ba mdzes mtshar mig rgyan zhes bya ba bzhugs so. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. Methods of textual analysis for ancient books and checklist methods were used in the study. A prominent representative of traditional Mongolian medicine, Toin Jambaldorj, wrote his book {\textquotedblleft}Beautiful Wondrous Eye Ornament{\textquotedblright} between 1817 and 1823. He used dozens of Indian Ayurvedic, Chinese, and Tibetan medical works of that time to write this book. He also extensively used the Mongolians{\textquoteright} medical heritage. Therefore, this book is considered the most reliable book on pharmacognosy. Toin Jambaldorj{\textquoteright}s book {\textquotedblleft}Beautiful Wondrous Eye Ornament{\textquotedblright} lists 9 herbal medicines used for cardiovascular diseases. The names of some herbal medicines are written in Mongolian, Chinese, Tibetan, Manchu, and Sanskrit, further evidence that the book was written in many languages and from many different sources

}, keywords = {Ancient medical books, Cardiovascular diseases, Jambaldorj, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.41}, author = {Ariunaa Erdene and Amarjargal Baldandorj and Shagdarsuren Dashjamts and Khaliunaa Baasanjav and Bold Sharav and Selenge Erdenechimeg} } @article {2576, title = {Pharmacognostic Authentication and Phytochemical Profiling Coupled with Flowability Studies of Zingiber officinale for Quality Control}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {342-351}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {342}, abstract = {

Introduction: Medicinal plant extracts and other natural products have continued to find useful applications in nanomedicines due to their interesting biological properties. Clerodendrum thomsoniae (CT) is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat stress- and inflammation-related diseases, including jaundice, diabetes, and cancer. Objectives: This study, therefore, evaluated CT extract-based silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Materials and Methods: The nanoparticles were prepared using green synthesis methods. They were characterized using UVVis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Antioxidant study was based on NO, H2O2, superoxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging spectrophotometric methods. The in vitro anti-inflammatory test was based on a protein (egg albumin) denaturation assay. Results: Results showed CT-Ag NPs ranged from spherical to cubic shapes. The UV absorption peak at 427 nm suggests CT-Ag NP formation. The presence of elemental Ag (96.04 \%) by EDX analysis suggests the conversion of metallic silver into elemental silver. The crystallinity of the nanoparticles was shown on the X-ray diffractogram as a sharp peak at 38.12{\textdegree} [reflection index (111)] with an average particle size of 47 nm. CT-Ag NPs showed dose-dependent hydroxyl and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities with 67.63 {\textpm} 0.78 \% and 58.48 {\textpm} 1.20 \%, respectively, at 200 μg/mL. It showed a notable anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting protein denaturation with an IC50 of 53.58 {\textpm} 17.78 μg/mL. Conclusions: It can be deduced from this study that CT-Ag NPs show promise as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.

}, keywords = {Clerodendrum thomsoniae; silver nanoparticles; antioxidant; anti-inflammatory}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.105}, author = {Ankita singh and Arun Kumar Mishra} } @article {2542, title = {The Photoprotective Effect of Cucurbita moschata Seed Extract on Rat Skin Exposed to Ultraviolet Radiation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {588-596}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {588}, abstract = {

Photoaging induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is characterized by DNA damage, oxidative stress, extracellular matrix degradation, and collagen loss. This study evaluated the photoprotective effects of topical pumpkin seed (Cucurbita moschata) extract cream against UVB-induced skin damage in Wistar rats. CPD (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer), MDA (malondialdehyde), MMP-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1) levels, and collagen density were assessed. UVB exposure significantly increased CPD, MDA, and MMP- 1 levels while reducing collagen density. Treatment with pumpkin seed extract cream, particularly at 10\% concentration, markedly reduced CPD and MDA levels (P <= 0.05), indicating potent DNA repair support and antioxidant activity likely attributable to phenolic and flavonoid compounds. MMP-1 levels were significantly decreased, approaching normal values, suggesting inhibition of collagen degradation through anti-inflammatory and anti-matrix degradation mechanisms. Histological examination revealed higher collagen density and more organized collagen fibers in treated groups compared with negative control and placebo. These findings indicate that Cucurbita moschata seed extract cream exerts strong photoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and collagen-preserving effects, with the 10\% formulation showing the greatest efficacy.

}, keywords = {collagen density, CPD, Cucurbita moschata, photoaging, UVB radiation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.73}, author = {Dewi Sartika and Gusbakti Rusip and Linda Chiuman and Ermy Girsang} } @article {2505, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Pro-Melanogenic Activity of Nigella sativa Extract in B16F10 Cells: A Natural Candidate for Vitiligo Treatment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {307-313}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {307}, abstract = {

Background: Vitiligo is a chronic depigmentation disorder caused by the selective destruction of melanocytes, with limited effective treatment options, particularly in resource-limited regions. Nigella sativa (black cumin seed, BCS) has traditionally been used for various skin ailments, including pigmentation disorders. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the pro-melanogenic activity of a 96\% ethanol extract of Indonesian BCS (EE BCS) in B16F10 cells. Methods: Phytochemical profiling was performed using gas chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and thymoquinone (TQ) content was quantified by highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cell viability (MTT assay), tyrosinase activity (L-DOPA assay), and melanin content were measured. Results: GC-MS identified 9,12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (E,E) as the predominant compound (45.88\%), while HPLC confirmed a relatively low TQ concentration (0.04\%). EE BCS maintained \>90\% cell viability at concentrations up to 12.50 ppm and exhibited an IC50 of 56.41 ppm. Tyrosinase activity significantly increased at 6.25 ppm (136.40\%; p \< 0.05) and 12.50 ppm (228.10\%; p \< 0.01), accompanied by a significant elevation in melanin content (226.00\%; p \< 0.05 and 266.90\%; p \< 0.01 respectively). Conclusion: EE BCS can effectively promote melanogenesis, despite containing low levels of thymoquinone, potentially through synergistic actions of its phytochemical constituents. Given its region-specific phytochemical richness, Indonesian N. sativa extract holds promise as a natural therapeutic candidate for vitiligo. Further in-vivo and clinical validation is warranted.

}, keywords = {B16F10, Melanogenesis, Nigella sativa, Thymoquinone, Tyrosinase, Vitiligo}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.39}, author = {Dian Pratiwi and Silmi Mariya and Raendi Rayendra and Agus Setiyono} } @article {2495, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Potential, and α-Glucosidase Inhibition of Causonis trifolia Leaf Extracts: A Solvent-Based Comparative Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {164-170}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {164}, abstract = {

Introduction: Medicinal plants are used in diabetes mellitus due to their proven minimal adverse effects in humans. Causonis trifolia leaves have been used as traditional medicine for various treatments. Objective: The aim of this research was to investigate the phytochemicals, the total flavonoid and phenolic content, and in-vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of the extracts of C. trifolia leaves. Method: The leaves of C. trifolia were sequentially extracted with maceration in hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and 50\% ethanol. Then, the C. trifolia leaf extracts were assessed for antioxidant activity by the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging and FRAP assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by the Folin- Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated by determination of α-glucosidase inhibitory effect. Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis of ethanol and 50\% ethanol extracts of C. trifolia leaves showed positive results for alkaloids, coumarin, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, and steroids. The 50\% ethanol extract had the best antioxidant activities of the three antioxidant assays (p \< 0.05). The results revealed higher phenolic and flavonoid contents in 50\% ethanol extract than in the other extracts (p \< 0.05). Moreover, the 50\% ethanol extract exhibited the best potential as α-glucosidase inhibitors of all the extracts and acarbose (p \< 0.05). Conclusions: The results conclude that the C. trifolia leaves with 50\% ethanol as the solvent possessed the potential to extract the highest levels of phytochemical content and have potential antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities for diabetic therapy.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Causonis trifolia, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.20}, author = {Patcharin Singdam and Anussara Kamnate and On-Anong Somsap and Ruhainee Tohkayomatee} } @article {2464, title = {Preconception Posyandu Performance Assessment Instrument with Europan Foundation Quality Management (EFQM) Method: Indicators, Validity and Reliability}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {40-46}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {40}, abstract = {

Preconception Posyandu is one of the preconception women{\textquoteright}s health services created to help reduce MMR, IMR and stunting prevalence in Banggai District. This study aims to create a performance assessment instrument for the Preconception Posyandu so that it can maintain the existence of the service. The development of performance assessment indicators through Focus Discussion Group (FGD) activities using the Europan Foundation Quality Management (EFQM) method consists of using 9 variables. We involved 30 village midwives and 30 preconception women at three health centers within Luwuk City to test the performance assessment instrument. Internal reliability was assessed with Cronbach{\textquoteright}s alpha and criterion validity. The performance appraisal instrument using the EFQM method obtained development results, namely from 52 indicator questions made into 92 questions, then after testing the validity of the instrument, 81 questions were declared valid and 11 questions were invalid. The results of Cronbach{\textquoteright}s alpha value, there are 5 variables with strong reliability (alpha\> 0.80), namely leadership variables, strategic policies, staff management and partnerships and resources, while there is 1 variable with perfect reliability (alpha\> 0.90), namely process variables, and 3 variables with sufficient reliability (alpha \> 0.70), namely performance outcome variables, customer satisfaction and impact on society. The questions generated from the development of indicators can be used to measure performance. The service of the Preconception Posyandu Program that has been running so far, this is evidenced by the average value of the reliability test which is 0.83, which means strong reliability.

}, keywords = {EFQM, Instrument, Performance Appraisal, Preconception Health Post}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.5}, author = {Fitrianty Sutadi Lanyumba and Muhammad Syafar and Darmawansyah D and Apik Indarty Moedjiono and Healthy Hidayanty and Wahiduddin W and Faizal Fahmi and Anang S Otoluwa and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2535, title = {A Prospective, Multi-centre, Open label, Single arm Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Amlapitta Mishran Suspension in Participants with Amlapitta (Symptomatic Gastritis)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {545-551}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {545}, abstract = {

Introduction: The multi-center clinical study was conducted to revalidate the efficacy and safety of Amlapitta Mishran Suspension in Amlapitta (symptomatic gastritis) in a larger sample size in improving Amlapitta Symptom Rating Scale Score, PPDS score, EPS score, and safety. Methods: The study was a multi-centric, open-labeled, single-arm, prospective clinical trial in participants with Amlapitta (symptomatic gastritis). Participants with the presence of Amlapitta (symptomatic gastritis), as diagnosed by the Amlapitta Symptom Rating Scale Score >= 5 were included in the study. Participants were advised to take Amlapitta Mishran Suspension in a dose of 15 ml twice daily for 14 days. The study involved three visits. The investigator recorded the Amlapitta Symptom Rating Scale (ASRS) Score, Post Prandial Distress Syndrome (PPDS) Score, and Epigastric Pain Syndrome (EPS) Score at screening visit (Visit 1), baseline visit (Visit 2) and final visit (Visit 3). The p\<0.05 was considered statistically significant measured by paired t-test or Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. Results: In the multi-center study 204 participants completed the study. At final visit, a statistically significant (p\<0.001) reduction was reported in mean Total ASRS score, PPDS score, and EPS score as compared to the baseline scores. The individual ASRS, PPDS, and EPS variables also exhibited significant reduction (p\<0.001) at the final visit. None of the participants reported any adverse events during the study. Conclusion: Amlapitta Mishran Suspension treatment for 14 days effectively and safely reduced the clinical symptoms of Amlapitta (symptomatic gastritis) assessed by Amlapitta Symptom Rating Scale, Postprandial Distress Syndrome and Epigastric Pain Syndrome scores.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Gastritis, Symptom scores}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.68}, author = {Paresh G. Koli and Yashashri Shetty and Reetu Sharma and Bal Krishan Sevatkar and Anaya A. Pathrikar and Hemant S. Paradkar and Mukesh B Chawda and Sangam S. Narvekar and Megha L. Nalawade and Pawankumar R. Godatwar} } @article {2508, title = {Re-examining Crude Drugs used in the Treatment of COVID-19 from Ancient Medical Books}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {327-330}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {327}, abstract = {

Purpose: Research ancient medical books to find the medicinal ingredients used in the two most widely used recipes for treating COVID-19. Research materials: 1. The following materials were used in the study. Including: Lamyn gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan (1649-1704). {\textquotedblleft}Man ngag bdud rtsi zegs ma.{\textquotedblright} Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. 2. Toin Jambaldorj (1792-1855). Gso byed bdud rtsi{\textquoteright}i {\textquoteright}khrul med ngos {\textquoteright}dzin bzo rig me long du rnam par shar ba mdzes mtshar mig rgyan zhes bya ba bzhugs so. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. Research Methods: Methods of textual analysis for ancient books and checklist methods were used in the study. Conclusion: The most effective and most widely used drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 were Mana-4 and Norov-7 decoctions. The source of these two decoctions is Lamyn gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan{\textquoteright}s (1649-1704) book {\textquotedblleft}Man ngag bdud rtsi zegs ma{\textquotedblright}. This book was one of the main textbooks at the Medical School established in Mongolia in 1685. The traditional medicinal indications and usages of the 7 medicinal crude drugs included in the composition of Mana-4 and Norov-7 decoctions were studied in detail in Toin Jambaldorj{\textquoteright}s book {\textquotedblleft}Beautiful Marvelous Eye Ornament.{\textquotedblright} Apart from these 7 medicinal crude drugs, 6 medicinal crude drugs have the effect of treating influenza and influenza-like illnesses according to modern medical theory. Therefore, it has been established that Mana- 4 and Norov-7 decoctions have the effect of treating infectious febrile disorders accompanied by cold chills and shivering, preliminary stages of influenza, and open up bodily pores and induce sweat.

}, keywords = {Ancient medical books, Common cold, COVID-19, Influenza, Mana-4, Norov-7, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.42}, author = {Ochirbat Dagvadorj and Javkhlan Bold and Tserendagva Dalkh and Selenge Erdenechimeg and Bold Sharav} } @article {2546, title = {A Review on Chemical Profile and Pharmacological Properties of Marine Sponge Tectitethya Crypta}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {608-619}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {608}, abstract = {

Marine sponges have gained recognition as a valuable resource due to their significant pharmacological properties. The investigation of substances produced by sponges has been extensively researched to identify their pharmacological properties. Marine sponges, which are part of the phylum Porifera, are thought to be the main source of marine natural products. Sponges are multicellular organisms that have a number of pores and channels for exchanging water; the secondary metabolites they create are in turn influenced by their specific environmental circumstances. Natural products such as lipids, terpenoids, peptides, alkaloids, and steroids are abundant in the marine sponge genus Tectitethya crypta. These compounds have unique chemical structures and have shown promising biological activities, making them ideal candidates for the development of novel drugs to treat various ailments. Tectitethya crypta is a sessile filter-feeder that produces a variety of bioactive compounds, including nucleosides and other secondary metabolites. This article reviews the biology and chemistry of Tectitethya crypta and serves as an introduction to the organism. We discuss the taxonomic classification, morphology, and microenvironment of the sponge, as well as the chemical structures and biological activities of its bioactive compounds. Tectitethya crypta was the source for the development of vidarabine, ara-C, and gemcitabine, which are used to treat viruses and cancer, respectively. We discussed about how these molecules may be used to treat parasitic and infectious disorders.

}, keywords = {Anticancer drugs, Antiviral drugs, Bioactive compounds, Marine sponges, pharmacological properties}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.76}, author = {Durga Prasad Kondeti and T. Sundarrajan} } @article {2558, title = {The role of TNF-Alpha, IL-6, Adiponectin, and Leptin in Inflammation and Metabolic Dysregulation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {699-702}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {699}, abstract = {

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. The present study investigates the role of inflammatory markers, including TNF-alpha and IL-6, and metabolic hormones such as adiponectin and leptin, in individuals with T2DM. Methods: A total of 147 participants diagnosed with T2DM were included in the study. Clinical and biochemical parameters, including fasting blood sugar (FBS), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), adiponectin, leptin, TNF-alpha, and IL-6, were measured. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were performed to determine associations between inflammatory markers and metabolic dysregulation. Results: The mean age of participants was 42.63 {\textpm} 6.38 years, and the average BMI was 28.38 {\textpm} 2.25 kg/m{\texttwosuperior}. FBS and HbA1C levels were 175.72 {\textpm} 61.61 mg/dL and 7.26 {\textpm} 0.94\%, respectively. The mean adiponectin and leptin levels were 4.71 {\textpm} 1.75 μg/mL and 20.58 {\textpm} 5.19 ng/mL, respectively. TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels averaged 132.00 {\textpm} 9.45 pg/mL and 33.52 {\textpm} 14.55 pg/mL, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated an inverse relationship between adiponectin and BMI, while leptin was positively correlated with BMI and insulin levels. Elevated TNFalpha and IL-6 levels were associated with increased HbA1C and fasting blood glucose. Conclusion: This study highlights the significant role of inflammatory markers in metabolic dysregulation among T2DM patients. Elevated TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels reinforce the link between chronic inflammation and impaired glucose metabolism. These findings underscore the need for anti-inflammatory strategies in diabetes management.

}, keywords = {Adiponectin, IL-6, Inflammation, Leptin, Metabolic Dysregulation, TNF-Alpha, Type 2 diabetes mellitus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.87}, author = {Prajna R H and Shivananda Nayak and Priya V and Shruthi Rai P and Shivaraja shankara Y M and Prashanthkumar Goudappala and Dinesh PV and Namratha KG} } @article {2567, title = {A Study on Arsenic and Arsenic-Containing Mineral Medicines Referenced in Ancient Books of Traditional Mongolian Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {270-274}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {270}, abstract = {

Introduction: Arsenic was used to distinguish between red stone poison and white stone poison in traditional medicine from ancient times. However, there is no specific study conducted on "stone arsenic" based on ancient Mongolian medical books and manuscripts. Therefore, this study aims to collect and analyse information on arsenic recorded in ancient traditional medical scriptures and books written in Mongolian and Tibetan as early as the 19th to late 20th centuries, with a focus on its medical applications and associated terminology. Methods: The hermeneutic research method emphasises the interpretive analysis of ancient texts, communications, and their interrelations. Employing the hermeneutics method, we focused on interpreting the meanings within ancient medical texts and manuscripts, including the terminology of the sources selected for analysis. The checklist method was used to categorise and list the facts and information about arsenic in the study sources. The relevant components of the collected information and facts regarding arsenic and arsenic-containing mineral medicines were examined. Results: Several sources of traditional Mongolian medicine have mentioned the use of arsenic as a standalone substance. Additionally, there is limited information about its use in combination with other medications. During the research, it was discovered that an ancient manuscript mentioned its use as an active ingredient. This manuscript, a single-page scripture, is poorly written but contains rare information. The active ingredient of this medicine is arsenic, and the other four ingredients are sulphur native, sal ammoniac, realgar, and resin of the plant Shorea robusta. It is mixed with aged oil and applied to various wounds, and is regarded as one of the most effective remedies for all ulcers and wounds. Conclusion: The research results revealed that there are several clear references to arsenic in ancient traditional Mongolian medical books and manuscripts written in Tibetan and Mongolian. The Tibetan name for arsenic is rdo dug, the Mongolian name is kh{\"u}ntsel, and the Latin name is Arsenicum. The findings indicate that arsenic is incorporated into several traditional prescriptions and serves as an active component in certain medicinal formulations.

}, keywords = {Arsenic, ingredient, manuscript, mineral medicines, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.96}, author = {Sainjargal Ayush and Selenge Erdenechimeg and Ao Wuliji and Hua Naranmandura and Bold Sharav and Javkhlan Bold} } @article {2524, title = {Sub-Acute Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Leucas indica Ethanolic Leaf Extract in Wistar Rats Using the Cotton Pellet Granuloma Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {458-460}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {458}, abstract = {

This study investigated the sub-acute anti-inflammatory potential of Leucas indica leaves using the cotton pellet granuloma model in Wistar albino rats. Fifty rats were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 10 per group). Sterile cotton pellets (~20 {\textpm} 1 mg) were prepared and autoclaved before subcutaneous implantation at the nape of the neck following sedation with pentobarbitone sodium (30 mg/kg, orally) and skin disinfection with 70\% ethanol. Treatment regimens included: a control group receiving 3 mL of 1\% gum acacia (orally), a standard group administered Indomethacin (10 mg/kg, orally), and three test groups receiving leaves of Leucas indica ethanolic extract at 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg, three times daily for seven days. On the eighth day, the animals were humanely sacrificed, and the implanted pellets were removed, dried, and weighed to assess inflammatory response. Key parameters, including granuloma formation, transudative weight, and percentage inhibition, were analysed using ANOVA with Dunnett{\textquoteright}s multiple comparison test (p \< 0.05 considered significant). Standard drug (Indomethacin) produced a highly significant reduction (p\<0.01) in all three parameters (WW, DW, TW), confirming the model{\textquoteright}s validity and the drug{\textquoteright}s strong anti-inflammatory effect. EELLI at 75 mg/kg showed no statistically significant reduction, indicating weak or no anti-inflammatory activity at this dose. EELLI at 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/ kg showed a significant reduction in: Wet weight (WW): Suggests decreased exudation and inflammation. Dry weight (DW): Indicates reduced granuloma formation (proliferative phase). Transudative weight (TW): Reflects reduced fluid accumulation. The ethanolic extract of Leucas indica (EELLI) exhibited significant sub-acute anti-inflammatory activity at 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, as evidenced by reduced granuloma weight and fluid accumulation. The effect, though moderate compared to Indomethacin, supports the plant{\textquoteright}s traditional use and warrants further investigation.

}, keywords = {Cotton pellet granuloma, Leucas indica, Sub-acute anti-inflammatory activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.58}, author = {Chandrashekar R and Robin Shetty and Rashmi B R and Vinodini NA} } @article {2519, title = {Traditional claims to Scientific Evidence: A Analysis of Trachyspermum ammi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {425-433}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {425}, abstract = {

Background: Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain) is a medicinally significant plant belonging to the Apiaceae family, widely cultivated in various regions, including India, Iran, and Egypt. Objectives: This study provides a detailed Pharmacognostic evaluation of ajwain through macroscopic, microscopic, powder microscopy, histochemical, and preliminary phytochemical analyses, along with standardization parameters for crude drug validation. Materials and methods: Ajwain fruits were collected and authenticated by a certified botanist. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses were conducted using digital and compound microscopes. Powder microscopy, histochemical staining, preliminary phytochemical screening, and physicochemical standardization, such as ash values, extractive values, and moisture content, were performed. Result: Macroscopic observations confirmed the fruit{\textquoteright}s distinctive morphological features, while microscopic studies detailed the anatomical structure, including the presence of vittae, epicarp with papillae, and oil globules. Powder microscopy further verified characteristic elements such as anomocytic stomata, fibers, annular vessels, and phenolic compounds. Histochemical tests revealed the presence of bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, lignin, and mucilage, which contribute to its therapeutic properties. These findings substantiate the traditional medicinal applications of ajwain, particularly in gastrointestinal and respiratory treatments. Conclusion: The study provides essential diagnostic markers for quality control and standardization in herbal medicine, laying a foundation for future pharmacological investigations.

}, keywords = {Ajwain, Apiaceae, Histochemical studies, Pharmacognostical study, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.53}, author = {Monika S and Sridevi N and Ranjitha S and Harini V and Oviya R and Tharun Adhithya M B and Thirumal M and Vignesh S} } @article {2543, title = {Tribulus terrestris: A Revisit to a Promising Herbal Diuretic}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {653-661}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {653}, abstract = {

Background: Standard diuretics are essential for managing fluid as well as electrolyte overload and hypertension but are frequently associated with adverse effects such as electrolyte imbalances, renal dysfunction, and metabolic disturbances. This has prompted increased interest in safer, plant-based alternatives. Tribulus terrestris, a medicinal herb used as a diuretic agent in traditional systems, has shown promising diuretic activity in recent experimental studies. Objective: To provide an outline and assess the reported diuretic effects of Tribulus terrestris, including its phytochemical profile, mechanisms of action, and findings from in vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies. Methods: An extensive literature survey was performed on the PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases for studies published between 2000 and 2025. The inclusion criterion was original articles evaluating the diuretic activity of Tribulus terrestris. Articles without diuretic activity were excluded. Data extraction included the plant part used, extract type, dosage, model used and observed effects. Results: This review highlights the diuretic properties and phytoconstituents of Tribulus terrestris. Most studies have used aqueous or ethanolic extracts of fruits or whole plants and reported significant increases in urine output and urinary sodium excretion, which are often comparable to those of standard diuretics such as furosemide. Conclusion: This review highlights the preclinical diuretic activity of Tribulus terrestris. It has shown effective and welltolerated diuretic potential in preclinical and human subjects. It is a promising, likely herbal-based diuretic, natural alternative or complement, adjunct to conventional diuretics, which warrants further investigation through clinical studies.

}, keywords = {diuresis, diuretic agent, Herbal medicine, Indian traditional medicine, Siddha system of medicine, Tribulus terrestris}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.82}, author = {Amruth Kiran and Praveen Kumar S E and Devasrita Dash and Govindasamy Suresh and Vasudev R Pai and Arul Amuthan and K Ganesh Shenoy} } @article {2426, title = {Adsorption of Metanil Yellow Using Flavonoid Extract from Longan Peel (Dimocarpus longan): Optimization of pH and Concentration}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1315-1319}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1315}, abstract = {

Water pollution can come from industrial waste containing various toxic pollutants, one of which is dye. Hazardous dyes are stable and resistant to biodegradation due to their complex aromatic structure, so dyes need to be treated. Metanil Yellow is a dye that is harmful to aquatic life and the human body. One method that can be used is adsorption with the batch method because it has the advantage of low cost and simple processing. Flavonoid extracts have high potential to be used as biosorbents because they have hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. This study aims to determine the potential of flavonoid extracts to adsorb metanil yellow dye using optimum pH and solution concentration and to determine its absorption capacity. The results showed that the optimum pH obtained was at pH 2 and the optimum solution concentration was at 150 ppm with an absorption capacity of 9.22078 mg/g.

}, keywords = {Adsorption, Batch, Flavonoids, Longan Peel, Metanil Yellow}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.212}, author = {Sri Benti Etika and Desy Kurniawati and Melindra Mulia and Rahni Darussalam and Okta Suryani and Edi Nasra and Nada frista} } @article {2349, title = {Analysis of Executive and Legislative Behavior in Planning the Stunting Program in Maros District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {851-859}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {851}, abstract = {

Objective: Indonesia has quite a serious nutritional problem which is characterized by the large number of cases of malnutrition in children under five, as a result this problem has become the attention of the Indonesian government so that it has become a national protas called stunting, so it must be resolved in an integrated manner across sectors. Unfortunately, this problem has not been resolved so stunting cases are still very high, one of which is Maros district which has the eighth number of stunting cases based on SSGI data for 2022. Method: Qualitative research is carried out in natural settings to seek information from executive and legislative experience based on knowledge, attitudes, actions and interests. We used indepth interviews, assisted by interview guides, and reviewed the rules to answer the research objectives. The researchers carried out a review of the regulations in the form of basic reading of the recommendations and outreach carried out by the relevant government. Results: Interestingly, government planning uses new methods, namely bottom up, participatory and top down. The reason given by the executive is that this method is the most effective method in government organizations because planning is made based on the Maros district government budget calendar. Conclusion: In analyzing the behavior of the Executive and the legislature, not all of them understand stunting program planning so their involvement is lacking and not all of them play an active role in the stunting program, even though they have an interest in improving the level of health in the people of Maros district by trying to achieve zero stunting for the sustainability of regional development in Maros district. Recommendation: Continuing research on the theme of Analysis of Community Behavior towards the Implementation of Stunting Program Planning in Maros Regency, we suggest to the regional government to accelerate the realization of community welfare through improving human resource services and health levels, overcoming poverty.

}, keywords = {Executive, Legislative, Natural conditions, Strategy, Stunting}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.139}, author = {Andi Yulyana Mulmaharani and Sukri Palutturi and Indar and Darmawansyah and Aminuddin Syam and Yahya Thamrin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2231, title = {Analysis of Factors Influencing the Willingness to Pay BPJS Kesehatan Contributions of Mandiri Participants in the Working Area of Bua Health Center, Luwu District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {211-216}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {211}, abstract = {

The willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions regularly and on time every month for independent participants is the most important component to make it easier for independent participants to utilize health services. This research aims to analysis the factors that influence the willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions for independent participants in the Bua Health Center working area, Luwu Regency. The research was conducted in the working area of the Bua Health Center, Luwu Regency. The research design iscross sectional study. The total sample was 340 independent BPJS Health participants using sampling techniquesSimple Random Sampling. Data were analyzed using testsChi-Squareand Multiple Logistic Regression test. Test resultsChi-Squareshows that there is a relationship between the number of family members (p=0,000), income (p=0,000), perception of the quality of health services (p=0,000), history of catastrophic illness (p=0,000), and ability to pay BPJS Health contributions (p= 0,000) with a willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions. Meanwhile, there is no relationship between knowledge (p=0,364) and willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions. The results of the Multiple Logistic Regression test show that number of family members (OR=69,893) is the factor that most influences the willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions. It is recommended that the BPJS Health consider a contribution payment system for independent participants who are required to pay contributions collectively which includes all family members in one family who are registered as independent BPJS Health participants, so that independent participants who have large family members are not burdened and are willing to pay BPJS contributions Health regularly and on time every month.

}, keywords = {BPJS Health, Income, Independent Participants, Number of Family Members, Willingness to Pay Contributions}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.30}, author = {Syiar Cakke. S and Balqis and Indar and Sukri Palutturi and Hasanuddin Ishak and Andi Zulkifli and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2363, title = {Analysis of Quality of Life Factors in HIV/AIDS Patients at Example Health Center}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {949-952}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {949}, abstract = {

People with HIV / AIDS are vulnerable in living their lives. The presence of a viral load in him causes physical disorders due to the progressive influence of the body{\textquoteright}s immunity resulting in opportunistic infections with various symptoms that appear. As a result, a reaction appears to the emotional or psychological aspects of the sufferer due to the influence of the sufferer{\textquoteright}s physical disorders. The aim of the research is to analyze the effect of quality of life on HIV / AIDS patients at Teladan Community Health Centers in 2020 The research design is an analytical survey with a cross sectional approach. The population was 360 people with a probability sampling technique of 78 people. Data analysis used univariate, bivariate with chi-square test and multivariate with multivariable logistic regression test. The results of research using bivariate tests using Chi-Square obtained a p - value of 0.002 \< 0.05, meaning that there is an influence of the level of independence of HIV/AIDS patients on the quality of life at the Teladan Medan Community Health Center in 2020. There is an influence of intellectual function on the quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients. The p - value obtained was 0.011\<0.05. There was an influence of depression in sufferers on the quality of life of HIV/AIDS sufferers, the p - value obtained was 0.010\<0.05. The factor that has the most influence on the quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients is the level of independence factor which has a value of Exp(B)/OR = 3.943, meaning that the level of independence of those experiencing dependency means they have a chance of having a weight quality of life that is 3.9 times higher than those who are independent. It is recommended to involve HIV/AIDS sufferers in every service related to the sufferer{\textquoteright}s treatment program and provide understanding to the family and community to help and interact with sufferers so that they do not feel ostracized.

}, keywords = {HIV/AIDS., independence, Quality of life}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.153}, author = {Asriwati Amirah and Asriwati Amirah and Lusianah Samosir} } @article {2435, title = {Analysis of the Impact of Muscle Mass Changes in Stroke Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1359-1364}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1359}, abstract = {

Stroke has become an increasingly prevalent health issue every year. Malnutrition is one of the complications that arise in post-stroke patients. Reduced physical activity, intake disturbances, and comorbidities experienced by stroke patients can trigger malnutrition. Additionally, factors such as age, sex, Body Mass Index (BMI), and stroke type accelerate the onset of malnutrition. One of the signs of malnutrition in stroke patients is a change in body composition, characterized by muscle mass loss due to inflammatory responses and catabolic reactions, which lead to increased caloric needs in stroke patients. This study aims to investigate the changes in muscle mass in stroke patients at Dr. Kariadi General Hospital, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. This is an observational study with a cross sectional design conducted at Dr. Kariadi General Hospital from November 2023 to April 2024. The sample size was 49 patients diagnosed with stroke, receiving medical care on the first day at Dr. Kariadi General Hospital. This study evaluates factors such as age, sex, stroke type, BMI, smoking habits, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia, hypertension, kidney disorders, and respiratory diseases, in relation to changes in fat-free mass, fat mass, visceral fat, and phase angle, to assess the correlation with muscle mass changes. Data analysis will be approached using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Partial Least Square (PLS). The results show that various risk factors affect body composition changes, contributing to muscle mass changes by up to 84.1\%. In conclusion, the decline in muscle mass in stroke patients is influenced by various factors, in addition to reductions in visceral fat and phase angle, which indicate a tendency toward malnutrition risk.

}, keywords = {Body Composition, Dr. Kariadi, Muscle Mass, Stroke}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.219}, author = {Rivan Virlando Suryadinata and Hertanto Wahyu Subagio and Khairuddin and Darmonoss and Febe Christianto} } @article {2352, title = {Analysis of the Implementation of the Bpjs Kesehatan Chronic Diseases Management Program (Prolanis) in Biru Health Center, Bone Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {872-879}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {872}, abstract = {

Objectives: Prolanis is a health service system that involves patients, primary health facilities and BPJS. Prolanis aims to maintain health and achieve an optimal quality of life in patients with chronic disease (hypertension and diabetes mellitus) through effective and efficient health services to prevent disease complications. This study aims to determine and analyze the implementation of Prolanis in the Biru Health Center of Bone Regency based on input, process, output, impact, and feedback. Method: The type of research used in this research is qualitative research, and data were collected through technical triangulation using in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation with key informants, main informants and supporting informants using purposive sampling techniques. Result: Research shows that in the input aspect, blood sugar strips used in health checks of prolanist participants are still limited, and there are no special facilities for prolanis. In terms of process, Biru Health Center has carried out all prolanist activities recommended by BPJS Kesehatan. However, some obstacles remain to these activities, such as prolanist participants who do not have Whats App, and laboratory HbA1c examinations every six months have not been carried out. In the output aspect, the achievement of the Biru Health Center RPPT has increased significantly from October 2023 to January 2024, although it decreased in November 2023. Regarding impact, BPJS Kesehatan, the Health Office, and Prolanis Participants are satisfied with implementing the prolanis at the Biru Health Center. Feedback from BPJS Kesehatan is available through the KBK monitoring and evaluation. Conclusion: Implementing prolanists at Biru Health Center has gone well and as expected. However, the input aspect still needs to be improved so that the implementation of prolanists can run even better.

}, keywords = {BPJS Kesehatan., Chronic Disease Management Program (Prolanis), Diabetes mellitus, Health Center, Hypertension}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.142}, author = {Suci Fajriani S and Amran Razak and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Muhammad Yusran Amir and Anwar Mallongi and Muhammad Syafar} } @article {2313, title = {Analysis of the Influence of Leadership Style on Organizational Culture and Organizational Performance at RSUD H. Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja Bulukumba District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {671-678}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {671}, abstract = {

The success and failure of a hospital is influenced by a leader, Effective leadership impacts the progress of the hospital so that leadership style becomes one of the determining factors in the success of hospital performance. Leadership style is a norm of behavior used by a person when that person tries to influence the behavior of other people or subordinates. This research aims to determine the influence of leadership style on organizational culture and organizational performance at RSUD H.Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja, Bulukumba Regency, the type of research used is quantitative research. The sample in this study was 178 staff and health workers at H.Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja Regional Hospital Bulukumba Regency using a sampling technique.Accidental Sampling. The analysis method used is Path Analysis with SmartPLS software version 3.0. Based on the results of this research, it shows that there is a direct influence of leadership style on organizational culture p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (15.172), there is a direct influence of organizational culture on organizational performance with p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (7.815), there is a direct influence of leadership style on organizational performance with p value (0,038) with a t.statistic value (2.077), and there is an influence of leadership style on organizational performance through organizational culture with p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (6.339). Therefore, there is a need for good appreciation and direction to overcome difficulties in carrying out duties and responsibilities for employees, as well as consideration for paying more attention to employee needs which are implemented in organizational culture to improve better performance.

}, keywords = {Employee needs, Leadership Style, Organizational Culture, Organizational Performance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.107}, author = {Andi Nadia Nur Cahyani and Balqi and Indar and Amran Razak and A. Arsunan Arsin and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2238, title = {Antibacterial Potential of Durian (Durio zibethinus murr.) Waste as an Alternative Disinfectant in Raw Drinking Water - A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {255-262}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {255}, abstract = {

Efforts continue to be made to eliminate pathogenic bacteria in drinking water by using safer disinfection materials. The use of local plants as disinfection materials is highly desirable. The durian plant (Durio zibethinus) can be a very promising alternative as a natural disinfection agent to destroy pathogenic bacteria in drinking water. This narrative review comes from three online journal databases that provide free journal articles in PDF format, collected over the last ten years. The main keywords in conducting a literature review through online journals are "Durian, Durio Zibethinus, antibacterial, disinfectant, drinking water". Of the 5,693 journals identified in the three databases, 21 studies remained that met the requirements for inclusion in this review. This included study illustrates that fruit rind, seed, and leaf extracts from the durian plant have antimicrobial properties. Durian plants have antibacterial active compounds such as phenolics, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and triterpenoids. The antimicrobial potential tested using the diffusion and dilution method indicated that the presence of antimicrobial ingredients in the durian plant extraction was in the strong category. Some pathogenic bacteria in water that can be inhibited or killed are Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aerugenosa, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphilococcus aureus, Shigella boydii and Salmonella Typhi. This shows that there is an opportunity for the durian plant to provide a solution and great hope as a safe and economical alternative disinfection material as a replacement for current disinfection materials. Index terms: Durian (Durio zibethinus), antibacterial, disinfectant, drinking water.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.37}, author = {Rahwan Ahmad and Ridwan Amiruddin and A.Arsunan Arsin and Stang Stang and Hasanuddin Ishak and Yahya Thamrin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2417, title = {Antidepressant, Anxiolytic, and Antioxidant Properties of Piper Aduncum Essential Oil from Northern Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1252-1258}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1252}, abstract = {

This investigation aimed to evaluate the antidepressant, anxiolytic, and antioxidant effects of Piper aduncum essential oil from northern Peru. The essential oils were obtained through hydro-distillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus. The chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to assess the chemical composition. Behavioral assays in mice were used to evaluate the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. In addition, the antioxidant capacity was performed through DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. The GC-MS analysis revealed that linalool (29.16\%), bicyclogermacrene (13.32\%), nerolidol (12.38\%), and β-caryophyllene (10.76\%) were the principal components. The results demonstrated significant antidepressant and anxiolytic effects comparable to fluoxetine and diazepam, with statistical differences between all groups (p\<0.005). The IC50 values for the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays were 5.9{\textpm}0.08, 0.20{\textpm}0.06, and 109.5{\textpm}1.3, respectively. Consequently, Piper aduncum essential oil exhibits antidepressant and anxiolytic-like effects and modest antioxidant properties compared to the controls.

}, keywords = {Antidepressant, Antioxidant, Anxiolytic, Essential oil, Piper aduncum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.203}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Jos{\'e} Gilberto Gavidia-Valencia and Natalia Mavila Guzm{\'a}n-Rodr{\'\i}guez and Elda Maritza Rodrigo-Villanueva and Iris Melina Alfaro- Beltr{\'a}n} } @article {2260, title = {Anxiety Levels, Cortisol, Blood Gluc Ose and Sodium Levels in Working Wives: Comparison Between Husbands Who Were Hospitalized and Husbands Who Were Not Hospitalized}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {382-387}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {382}, abstract = {

Background:\ Anxiety affects balance and physiological changes in the body. The research aims to investigate the comparison of anxiety levels, blood cortisol levels, blood glucose levels and blood sodium levels between working wives of husbands who are hospitalized and working wives of husbands who are not hospitalized. Methods: The research design uses statistical group comparison. The research subjects were 40 people divided into 2 groups, namely 20 subjects, working wives, husbands who were hospitalized, 20 subjects, working wives, husbands, who were not hospitalized. Data was collected using the HARS (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale) questionnaire instrument, laboratory examination of blood cortisol levels, blood glucose levels and blood sodium levels. Results: Unpaired t test with a significant value of p \< 0.05 if the data is normally distributed or Mann Whitney U Test with a significant value of p \< 0.05 if the data is not normally distributed was carried out to analyze the comparison of anxiety levels, blood cortisol levels, sugar levels blood and blood sodium levels. Data processing with the help of statistical software. The results of the analysis showed that there were differences in anxiety levels (p\<0.05), blood cortisol levels (p\<0.05) and blood glucose levels (p\<0.05) but there were no differences in blood sodium levels (p\>0.05). between working wives whose husbands are hospitalized and working wives whose husbands are not hospitalized. Conclusion: blood cortisol levels and blood sugar levels in working wives of husbands who were hospitalized were higher than working wives of husbands who were not hospitalized and based on statistical tests, significant differences were found in HARS values, blood cortisol levels and blood sugar levels between the group of working wives whose husbands were hospitalized. hospitalized and the wife works, the husband is not hospitalized.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, blood cortisol levels, blood glucose levels, blood sodium levels, HARS, working wife}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.59}, author = {Rudi Mahruzar and I Nyoman Ehrich Lister and OK Yulizal and Hamzah Shatri and Gusbakti Rusip} } @article {2362, title = {Application-based Reproductive Health Education on Reproductive Health Risk Behavior among Adolescents in Ternate City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {942-948}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {942}, abstract = {

Background: The current era of digitalization is encouraging public health literacy to increase, especially among teenagers who are close to gadgets, so that the term e-health literacy is known, namely digital health literacy is defined as the ability to search, find and understand health information available in resources. electronically and use information obtained from these resources to overcome health problems. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of application-based reproductive health education to increase positive behavior of adolescents in Ternate City. Method: This research uses a Quasi-experimental method (Pre-post Control Design). The number of samples in this study was 300 teenagers aged 12- 15 years, in Ternate City. The measurement uses a questionnaire to measure knowledge, attitudes, actions, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and health literacy. The analysis used is the mean difference test, namely the Wilcoxon test and the Mann-Whitney test. Research Results: The distribution of respondents based on age groups in the control group and in the intervention group was mostly in the 13 year age group, namely 119 people (79.3\%) and 111 people (74.0\%), the most common gender was female. The results of the analysis showed that there were no differences between the control and intervention groups before treatment, there were differences between the control and intervention groups after treatment, there were differences before and after treatment in the variables knowledge (p value = 0.000), action (p value = 0.000), and health literacy (0.007) (p value \< 0.05). However, there is no difference for the variables Attitude, Subjective Norms, Behavioral Control. There are differences before and after treatment in the variables knowledge (p value = 0.000), attitude (p value = 0.000), action (p value = 0.000), subjective norms (p value = 0.000), behavioral control (p value = 0.000) and health literacy (p value = 0.000) (p value \< 0.05). Conclusion: Application-based reproductive health education has a good impact in increasing positive behavior among teenagers in Ternate City, this is based on changes in knowledge, attitudes, subjective norms, behavioral control and health literacy.

}, keywords = {Adolescents., Application, Reproductive Health, Risk Behavior}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.152}, author = {Muhlisa and Ridwan Amiruddin and Apik Indarty Moedjiono and Suriah and Rizal Damanik and Ummu Salmah and Sudirman Nasir and Intan Sari Areni and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2343, title = {Association of CRP, Procalcitonin, Lactate, and Albumin Levels with In-Hospital Mortality Post-Definitive Laparotomy in Patients with Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {805-808}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {805}, abstract = {

Introduction: Complicated intra-abdominal infection (cIAI) still has a high mortality rate due to organ dysfunction despite advances in supportive care. Unlike other sources of septicemia, cIAI requires source control surgery, which is crucial for improving outcomes. The strategy for source control varies depending on the degree of inflammation associated with cIAI; the more severe the inflammation, the less aggressive the surgery needs to be. Therefore, we need a reliable parameter to predict the degree of inflammation before any physiological rearrangement or organ dysfunction occurs due to excessive inflammation from surgery. The literature shows that CRP, procalcitonin, lactate, and albumin are associated with the degree of inflammation. Thus, it{\textquoteright}s necessary to study about mentioned parameters for being reference determination strategy of surgery in cIAI, classical definitive laparotomy, or rapid source control laparotomy (RSCL). Methods: We have collected data from CIAI patients at Dr. Soetomo Regional General Hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia, covering November 2022 to April 2024. Our primary focus is assessing the inflammation level associated with the compensated or decompensated phase. The decompensated phase signifies an excessive inflammatory response, with one indication being in-hospital mortality. Subsequently, we performed univariate and multivariate analyses using the SPSS program to determine which laboratory parameters (CRP, Procalcitonin, Lactate, and Albumin) are most associated with in-hospital mortality. Results: Between November 2022 and April 2024, there were 309 patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI). Among the patients, 61.8\% were male and 38.2\% were female. The majority of patients (27.17\%) were aged 61-70. The causes of cIAI included perforated appendicitis (22.65\%), perforated peptic ulcer (21.69\%), complications from previous surgeries (18.13\%), large bowel perforation (12.29\%), small bowel perforation (11.33\%), intraperitoneal abscess (11.33\%), and other causes (2.58\%). Statistically, lactate was found to be the most accurate predictor of intraoperative hemodynamic instability (p-value \< 0.001; correlation coefficient of 0.481), followed by albumin (p-value \< 0.001; correlation coefficient of 0.357). CRP and Procalcitonin were less accurate, with correlation coefficients of 0.182 and 0.272, respectively. The determined cut-off points for lactate and albumin were 1.94 and 2.73, for CRP and Procalcitonin were 23,24 and 47,95. Abnormal laboratory finding in our study mean CRP above cut off point, Procalcitonin above cut off point, lactate above cut off point and albumin below cut off point. More than 2 laboratories finding, in-hospital mortality 66,7\%, 2 laboratory finding in-hospital mortality 42,8\% and only 1 laboratory finding in-hospital mortality 28,4\%. Conclusions: CRP, Procalcitonin, Lactate and Albumin have relation statistically significant with in-hospital mortality. Lactate and albumin are better than CRP and procalcitonin in our study, and consider RSCL for more than 2 parameter abnormal laboratory findings CRP, procalcitonin, lactate or albumin.

}, keywords = {Complicated intraabdominal infection, Damage control laparotomy, Inflammatory mediators}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.133}, author = {Mochamad Syahroni Fardiansyah and Tomy Lesmana and Edwin Danardono and Denny Septarendra and Ismu Nugroho and Adhitya Angga Wardhana and Anton Sugianto and Rena Normasari} } @article {2386, title = {Association of Triglyceride and Glucose Index with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1077- 1080}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1077}, abstract = {

Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is significantly linked to obesity, insulin resistance (IR), metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). There isn{\textquoteright}t a single biomarker used to diagnose NAFLD. Objectives: Analyzing the association between triglyceride and glucose index (TyG) with NAFLD in T2DM. Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the efficacy of TyG as a potential NAFLD biomarker. The study was conducted on 103 diabetes outpatient clinics at the Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital from August to October 2023. Sixty-seven subjects experienced steatosis, while those who did not experience steatosis were 36. The statistical analysis used in this study is binary logistic regression with p \<0.05. Results: The receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) analysis showed a TyG cut-off value of 9.334 (AUC = 0.660). Analysis of the risk of TyG on the incidence of steatosis was carried out using binary logistic regression. The results showed that TyG was a significant risk factor for steatosis. Patients with a TyG value above 9.334 risk developing steatosis 3.567 times greater than patients with a TyG value below 9.334 (OR 95\% = 1.373 {\textendash} 9.270, p = 0.009). Conclusion: A significant association between TyG and NAFLD in T2DM patients, which the TyG index may be a more effective, valuable, and uncomplicated measure for detecting and controlling NAFLD.

}, keywords = {Hepatic steatosis, Insulin resistance, NAFLD, TyG index, Type 2 diabetes mellitus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.174}, author = {Febri Kurniawati and Sony Wibisono Mudjanarko and Soebagijo Adi Soelistijo and Titong Sugihartono} } @article {2321, title = {Biomarker Profiles Associated with Covid-19 Mortality in East Java, Indonesia: A Tertiary Care Hospital Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {689-694}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {689}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aimed to compare the most useful biomarkers for predicting prognosis and response to therapy in COVID-19 patients. Material and Methods: This quantitative study involved 639 patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 infection. Patients without any biochemical marker result; patients referred to another hospital; and peripheral oxygen levels measured using oxygen supplementation were excluded from the study. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in terms of demographics, vital signs on admission, and laboratory parameters. The risk of mortality in COVID-19 is significantly influenced by c-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels (p-value \<0.05). Conclusion: Findings revealed these biomarkers could help the future development of more personalized treatment and diagnostic approaches.

}, keywords = {Biomarker, COVID-19, Outcome}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.110}, author = {Retno Budiarti and Ediono and Muhammad Miftahussurur and Abdulloh Machin and Mochammad Wijdan Rosyich and Ayu Imamatun Nisa and Fatimatuzzahro and Nila Novia Putri and Muhammad Ja{\textquoteright}far Shodiq} } @article {2246, title = {Boletus griseipurpureus Corner: Antibacterial, Antioxidant Properties and Phytochemical Compositions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {296-301}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {296}, abstract = {

This study aims to investigate the properties of B. griseipurpureus Corner concerning its efficacy against various bacterial strains and its antioxidant capacity, along with its phytochemical composition. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method, revealing pronounced efficacy against gram-negative bacteria, particularly noteworthy against E. coli ESBL182, known for its antibiotic resistance. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of B. griseipurpureus Corner extract against E. coli ESBL182 were determined to be 75 and 300 mg/ml, respectively. The extract exhibited bacteriostatic activity by inhibiting cell growth, leading to a reduction in optical density at 600 nm. Additionally, examination of the supernatant from untreated and treated E. coli ESBL182 cells with B. griseipurpureus Corner extract indicated absorbance values of 0.088 and 0.248 at 260 nm, and 0.045 and 0.286 at 280 nm, respectively. Further investigation utilizing a scanning electron microscope revealed alterations in the morphology of treated cells, which displayed elongation and fragmentation, in contrast to untreated cells. The DPPH assay indicated that the IC50 of B. griseipurpureus Corner extract was 31.22 mg/ml. The IC50 value obtained from the ABTS assay was 47.31 mg/ml. Additionally, the FRAP assay revealed that the concentration of ascorbic acid equivalent in B. griseipurpureus Corner extract was 1.06 mg/g crude extract. Phytochemical analysis, conducted using a spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 750 nm and 510 nm, respectively, indicated phenolic and flavonoid contents of 0.22 mg gallic acid/g fresh weight and 3.23 mg quercetin/g fresh weight in the extract.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant property, Boletus griseipurpureus Corner, Flavonoid compound, Phenolic compound, Phytochemical compositions}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.44}, author = {On-Anong Somsap and Anussara Kamnate and Amornrat Angajchariya} } @article {2365, title = {Cadre Assistance in Improving the Nutritional Status of Two Years Baby: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {960-965}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {960}, abstract = {

Background: The Health Law mandates that efforts to improve community nutrition aim to improve the nutritional quality of individuals and society. Indonesia is still a country with a fairly high category of nutritional problems. Very underweight badgers were 1.2\% and underweight badgers were 5.2\%. Overcoming nutritional problems must involve various parties in society, one of the community parties who plays an important role in overcoming nutritional problems for toddlers is health cadres in the village, especially nutritional problems for toddlers. Objective: to identify and explain scientific evidence regarding Mentoring Efforts by Cadres to improve Nutrition for Baduta and strengthen the theoretical basis that can support solving the problem being researched. Method: Using online journal databases that can be accessed in PDF form, namely, Pubmed, Elsevier/Scopus, Crossref and Google Scholar. Other sources such as textbooks, national health reports, and dissertations. The search included studies published in the last 10 years (2012{\textendash}2022). Using keywords (Kader, Nutrition Baduta, Posyandu Cadre, Cadre, Health Workers, Nutrition Health Workers). Appropriate articles were then entered into Mendeley. Results: Conclusion: Assistance to cadres can increase cadres{\textquoteright} knowledge and skills in improving nutrition for children, especially toddlers and toddlers. Mentoring and empowering cadres is carried out using various methods such as counseling, training, using various tools and media.

}, keywords = {Baduta Nutrition, Cadres, Mentoring, Two years baby., underweight}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.155}, author = {Ramli Ramli and Muhammad Syafar and Veni Hadju and Aminuddin Syam and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2273, title = {Can Ventilator Settings Influence Lung Damage Biomarkers KL-6 and CRP during One Lung Ventilation?}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {455-459}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {455}, abstract = {

Background: Volume-controlled (VCV) or pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) modes are most often used during OLV. This is a prospective observational analytical study of patients undergoing thoracic surgery with OLV. Method: 40 patients underwent thoracic surgery using one lung ventilation (OLV) from December 2023 to February 2024. All patients received lung protective ventilation (PLV) with a tidal volume of 6 ml/ kgPBW during OLV with PEEP 5-7 cmH2O and were divided into two groups: one with a ventilator in volume-controlled mode (VCV) and the other with pressure-controlled mode (PCV). KL-6, CRP, and p/f ratio were measured before OLV, 2 hours after OLV, and 24 hours after the operation was completed. Respiratory variables during OLV were recorded. Results: KL-6 and CRP levels in PCV and VCV groups were significantly different. There were significant differences in the values of Ppeak (p \<0.001), PEEP (p = 0.008), Cstat (p = 0.004) and driving pressure (p \<0.001) in both groups. The correlation between changes in KL-6 and CRP levels and the P/F ratio were very weak and insignificant. Cytokines play an important role in the inflammatory response in the lungs. Several determining factors of blood flow are gravity, lung disease, surgery, and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Duration of OLV may affect the pulmonary inflammatory response and is correlated with the duration of OLV. Conclusion: There is no association found between KL-6 and CRP in PCV and VCV mode during thoracotomy with OLV.

}, keywords = {CRP, KL-6, One lung ventilation, Thoracotomy, Ventilator}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.72}, author = {Novita Sari and Bambang Pujo Semedi and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Kohar Hari Santoso and Maulydia and Budi Utomo and Christrijogo Sumartono} } @article {2449, title = {Cerebral Vessel Rupture Leading to Sudden Death: Implications for Pharmacognosy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1442-1446}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {1442}, abstract = {

Sudden death is one of the situations that necessitates immediate treatment from a forensic doctor. The WHO defines sudden death as death occurring within 24 hours of the beginning of symptoms. There are three sorts of sudden death: unexpected, unwitnessed, and spontaneous. Diseases of the Central Nervous System are the third most common cause of sudden death. Ischemic stroke (blockage) and hemorrhagic stroke (bleeding) are examples of central nervous system illnesses. Hypertension (cardiovascular disease) and smoking are known risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke.In 2019, the global incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was 14.46 per 100,000 people. The case discussed in our paper is about the sudden death of a European (Ukrainian) ship captain who happened to be anchored in the waters of Gresik, East Java, who died of hemorrhagic stroke.

}, keywords = {Cardiovascular Disease, ICH, SAH, Stroke, sudden death}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.233}, author = {Farhad Moegis and Ahmad Yudianto and Renny Sumino} } @article {2326, title = {Challenges in the Diagnosis and Management of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A Case Report}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {702-705}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {702}, abstract = {

Background: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive endocrine disorder resulting in 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency. Nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia is commonly found in adult patients with menstrual disorders, growth delays, secondary sexual characteristic abnormalities, or infertility. Diagnosing and managing CAH presents several challenges that can hinder patients from achieving therapeutic targets. Case Presentation: A 19-year-old female was referred from the Internal Medicine Polyclinic to the Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Polyclinic at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital (RSUD Dr. Soetomo), presenting with primary amenorrhea and no breast development. Examination revealed signs of virilization, such as hirsutism, acne, and clitoromegaly. Ultrasound examination showed a hypoplastic uterus with normal ovaries. Elevated serum 17-OHP and testosterone from laboratory examination confirmed the diagnosis. Treatment with glucocorticoid replacement therapy using hydrocortisone, along with antiandrogenic contraceptive pills, showed therapeutic progress within six months. Discussion: Diagnosing CAH is challenging and often results in delays in patients receiving appropriate care. The primary therapeutic goal of CAH is to prevent hyperandrogenism and provide glucocorticoid replacement therapy to suppress ACTH activity. Long-term administration of hydrocortisone and contraceptive pills for puberty induction is a viable and accessible option. However, long-term therapy can lead to side effects that impact the patient. Conclusion: There are several challenges in diagnosing and managing congenital CAH. Long-term management should be personalized, prioritizing the patient{\textquoteright}s goals and maximizing the benefits of multidisciplinary therapy.

}, keywords = {21-hydroxylase, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Disorder of sexual development}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.118}, author = {Ganesha Pratama Biyang and Ashon Sa{\textquoteright}adi} } @article {2215, title = {Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Essential Oil and its Potential Against Stress, Anxiety, and Sleep Quality}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {100-107}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {100}, abstract = {

Introduction: This investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of Matricaria chamomilla L essential oil on stress, anxiety, and sleep quality. Methods: The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus, and the chemical composition was performed by Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Furthermore, a study was conducted where 128 participants were divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group treated with essential oils. Stress, anxiety, and sleep quality were evaluated using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS{\textendash}10), the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI). In addition, cortisol was measured. Results: Chemical analysis showed thatα-Bisabolol oxide A exhibited the highest concentration at 30.42\%, followed by α -Bisabolol (10.94\%), α-Bisabolone oxide A (9.82\%), and spathulenol (8.83\%). Stress, anxiety, sleep quality, and cortisol scores decreased in the post-test study phase compared to the pre-test in the experimental group (p\<0.05). Important effect size was found in the case of anxiety (d = 1.203; Δ = 1.246), while medium effects were observed for stress (d = 0.701; Δ = 0.633) and sleep quality (d = 0.888; Δ = 0.732), while cortisol showed small changes (d=0.374; Δ=0.357). Conclusion: The study showed the potential of Chamomile essential oils to reduce stress and anxiety levels and improve sleep quality.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Essential oils, Matricaria chamomilla, Sleep quality, stress}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.14}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Elda Maritza Rodrigo-Villanueva and Jos{\'e} Gilberto Gavidia-Valencia and Natalia Mavila Guzm{\'a}n Rodr{\'\i}guez and Roger Antonio Rengifo-Penadillos and Julio V{\'\i}ctor Campos-Flori{\'a}n and Yolanda Elizabeth Rodr{\'\i}guez de Guzm{\'a}n} } @article {2387, title = {Changes in Blood Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Levels in Experimental Animals with Traumatic Brain Injury after Magnesium Sulfate Administration: An Experimental Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1086-1089}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1086}, abstract = {

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in notable impairments in neurological function and is associated with poor outcomes. Various processes occur at the cellular level, one of which is neuroinflammation. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin protein produced by the brain that circulates in plasma post-injury. It has functions such as anti-apoptosis, anti-neurotoxicity, and antiinflammatory effects. Therapeutic approaches aimed at modulating or synergizing BDNF are anticipated to reduce inflammation and enhance outcomes in TBI patients. Magnesium sulfate administration is known for its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Methods: This study employed a true experimental post-test-only group design. The subjects, male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), were subjected to weight-drop-induced TBI and divided into three distinct groups: a control group (Group A), a TBI group without therapy (Group B), and a therapy group (Group C). Group B received TBI without magnesium sulfate administration, while Group C received TBI with magnesium sulfate administered at 250 μm/kg BW. BDNF levels in blood plasma were assessed at the conclusion of therapy utilizing ELISA. ANOVA was used to conclude the inquiry after all groups underwent a Shapiro-Wilk test. Results: Plasma BDNF levels were significantly lower in the TBI rat models treated with magnesium sulfate at 250 μm/kg BW within 4 hours after injury than in the untreated group (p = 0.005). Compared to the untreated group, the magnesium sulfate-treated group had reduced plasma BDNF levels. Conclusions: Administration of MgSO4 to the TBI treatment group resulted in decreased BDNF levels compared to the untreated group.

}, keywords = {BDNF, Magnesium sulfate, Neuroinflammation, Traumatic Brain Injury}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.176}, author = {Aditya Brahmantio Sujaka and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Tedy Apriawan and Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi} } @article {2332, title = {Cheminformatic and in vitro Bioprospection of Capsicum Annuum L. Metabolites as DNA Gyrase B Inhibitors}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {726-737}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {726}, abstract = {

Introduction: Capsicum species are known in food and trado-medicinal uses for maladies management due their rich content of phytochemicals, but with little work done on in silico bioprospection of its volatilome. Objectives: This study targeted chemometric profiling, virtual bioprospection of potential lead metabolites in 2 Capsicum annuum L. fruit variants{\textquoteright} (green and red) to identify lead gyrase B inhibitors (GBIs) and provide new mechanistic insights. Methods: Metabolites were profiled using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and quantitative phytochemical assays. Extracts antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) and antibacterial (susceptibility testing) activities were also determined. In silico [docking, pharmacokinetics, DFT] analyses were used to identify and predict chemical features of potential lead GBIs key to extracts molecular mechanism of action. Results: Mass spectral analysis identified hydrocarbons, fatty acid and other derivatives. Quantitative phytochemical analysis showed flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and alkaloids. The green C. annuum extract had better antioxidative action, while extracts of both green and red variant showed similar antimicrobial profiles against resistant bacterial pathogens. In silico highest docking scores were observed for [1-Ethyloctyl) cyclohexane (-6.6 kcal/mol)] and dibutyl phthalate (-6.4 kcal/mol). All lead GBIs had desirable pharmacokinetics in line with the Lipinski rule of 5, and chemical reactivity properties. Conclusion: In silico and in vitro methods combination provided robust metabolomic profiling. The identified lead C. annuum-based natural GBIs contribute to the bioactivity profile and molecular mechanism of action of fractions. The study provided a first-hand report on natural GBIs derivable from Capsicum fruits which could be exploited in formulations for non-food and pharmaceutical applications.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, Capsicum annuum, Computational analysis., Gyrase B, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.122}, author = {Ajayi Adebimpe Oluwabunmi and Aruwa Christiana Eleojo and Sabiu Saheed and Akinyosoye Felix Akinsola} } @article {2350, title = {Community-Based Electronic Recording and Reporting in Indonesia: Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {860-864}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {860}, abstract = {

Background: Implementing electronic-based health information systems in Indonesia has shown a significant increase in the last decade. However, many problems still need to be solved that hinder the effectiveness of this system. Studies describing the implementation of electronic-based data collection, monitoring, and reporting show confusing results. Aim: This review aims to evaluate the implementation of community-based electronic data collection, monitoring and reporting. Method: PRISMA guidelines was used to conduct this review. Databases used to search relevant literature including PubMed, Sciencedirect, Willey Online Library, and Proquest. Authors independently screening and extracted the data from the eligible studies. CASP for qualitative study was used to assess the quality of the study. Result: There are nine studies that matched with the inclusion criteria. Area of recording, monitoring, and reporting including maternal and child health, NCDs, and Tuberculosis. the challenges faced by Indonesia in implementing the ERMR including internet connections, access to electricity, absence of regulations, human resources, facilities, Fragmented application, Age, Pandemic, and lack of communication. Based on those barriers, infrastructure in supporting the implementation of ERMR is the most stated in the studies included. Conclusion: The implementation of ERMR is crucial for the Indonesian government to address immediately, given the significantly substantial benefits for the health status of the Indonesian people. The availability of adequate infrastructure, especially in remote areas, will support satisfactory public health services.

}, keywords = {Health, Indonesia., Monitoring, Recording, Reporting}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.140}, author = {Rahmat Haji Saeni and Andi Zulkifli Abdullah and Veni Hadju and Ridwan Amiruddin and Agus Bintara Birawida and Suriah and Rika Handayani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2443, title = {Comparison of Asiatic Acid and Dexamethasone Effect on Interleukin-4 Expression and Eosinophile Cell Count Following Strabismus Surgery: An Experimental Study in New Zealand Rabbit}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1411-1417}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1411}, abstract = {

Introduction: Postoperative strabismus inflammation can lead to fibrotic tissue formation. Dexamethasone, while generally effective as an anti-inflammatory post-surgery medication, can increase IOP and blood sugar levels. Research on asiatic acid suggests its potential as an anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic agent. Methods: Superior rectus recession was conducted on 20 rabbits, which were divided into five groups based on the subconjunctival injection substance: aquadest, dexamethasone, asiatic acid at a concentration of 0.4 mg/0.5 mL, 0.8 mg/0.5 mL, and 1.6 mg/0.5 mL. After three days, exenteration was performed, and an immunohistochemical examination was performed to assess interleukin-4 expression. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to assess eosinophile cell count. SPSS 26.0 facilitated the data analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney tests. P\<0.05 was considered significant statistically. Results: This study showed that interleukin-4 expression in the asiatic acid 0.4 mg/0.5 mL group was significantly decreased compared to the aquadest group (P = 0.029) and dexamethasone group (P = 0.029). Higher-dose groups did not exhibit a significant decrease. Dexamethasone also did not exhibit a significant decrease compare to aquadest. There was no significant reduction of eosinophile cell count among all groups. Conclusions: This study highlighted the potential of asiatic acid, particularly at the concentration of 0.4 mg/0.5 mL, in reducing the inflammatory response, specifically interleukin-4 expression, after strabismus surgery in New Zealand rabbits.

}, keywords = {Asiatic acid, Dexamethasone, Eosinophil, Interleukin-4, Strabismus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.227}, author = {Harris Kristanto Gunawan and Evelyn Komaratih and Rozalina Loebis and Djoko Agus Purwanto and Luki Indriaswati and Wimbo Sasono} } @article {2357, title = {Cookies Formula for Oat (Avena sativa L.) and Plainnates (Musa Paradisiaca L.) as Alternative Food Ingredients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {910-915}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {910}, abstract = {

Cookies in circulation have a high amount of vegetable or animal fat (20-30\% based on flour weight) and fiber content low Because material main cookies Which There is in market that is flour flour, necessary innovation for develop product cookies that are low in calories and have high fiber content, Wrong the only one with use material main oats (Avena sativa L.). The aim of this research is to analyze whether OAT ( Avena sativa L. ) and Raja banana (Musa Paradisiaca L.) can be formulated as cookies that have low calorie content and sensory evaluation of cookies using color, taste, aroma and texture parameters. This research is true experimental research carried out in the laboratory. Cookies made with the composition of oats and plantain are F1 ( 120gr: 80gr), F2 (150gr: 50gr), F3 (180gr: 20gr). Based on the research results obtained, it is stated that the ash content, water content, carbohydrate content, protein content, fat content and total energy (calories) are respectively as follows: In the control (0.74\%; 3.38\%; 92 .2\%; 2.62\%; 4.8\% and 422kcal), F1 (3.50\%; 4.70\%; 78.97\%; 5.25\%; 12.20\% and 446 kcal), F2 ( 3.42\%; 4.24\%; 70.99; 8.75\%; 18.00; .96\% and 481\%). The results of the sensory test stated the p value: 0.000, which means there is a difference. Oats ( Avena sativa L. ) and plantains (Musa Paradisiaca L.) can be formulated into low-calorie cookies. Based on the sensory evaluation, it was stated that there were differences in the panelists{\textquoteright} preferences for the color, taste, aroma and texture of oat and plantain cookies. In order to carry out further analysis for the application of cookies to mice as a low-calorie diet food.

}, keywords = {Alternative Food., Cookies, King Banana, Oats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.147}, author = {Ayus Diningsih and Cory Linda Futri Harahap and Elmi Sariani Hasibuan and Rudi Dalimunthe and Nefonavratilova Ritonga and Haslinah Ahmad and Anto J. Hadi and Hapiz Arlanda Sani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2445, title = {Cross- Sector Collaboration in Addressing Stunting in Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1424-1430}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1424}, abstract = {

Nutritional obstacles among toddlers persist as a notable health issue, necessitating increased focus from diverse stakeholders, with stunting emerging as a prominent concern. Addressing stunting is not solely the responsibility of the health sector (specific); it also requires collaboration from non-health sectors (sensitive). Several sectors involved are Central Government, Provincial Government, Local Government Agencies, Private sector, Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), mass media, academics and society. However, previous different individual studies in regard to cross-sector collaboration produced diverse outcomes. Some reported optimal, while others reported suboptimal. Therefore, this current work aimed to determine supportive factors and barriers to cross-sector collaboration in addressing stunting. All research conducted in the last 5 years is encompassed within this topic. It explores various processes within cross -sector collaboration that can be utilized to address stunting issues. Through cross-sector collaboration, it is expected that the government and stakeholders share a common perception in addressing stunting issues, enabling joint problem-solving. The research findings emphasize that collaboration strategies within the government should not solely focus on outcomes but also consider models that encompass both processes and results. The model identified in this study aims to be an effective solution for governing cross-sector collaboration in addressing stunting.

}, keywords = {Addressing stunting, Cross-sector collaboration}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.229}, author = {Misrawatie Goi and Andi Ummu Salmah and Nurhaedar Jafar and Amil Ahmad Ilham and Stang Stang and Muhammad Safar and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2356, title = {Development and Feasibility Test of the Self-Management Hypertension (SMH) Application for Elderly People with Hypertension in Makassar City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {902-909}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {902}, abstract = {

Background: The Self Management Hypertension (SMH) application is a digital-based educational media solution to improve knowledge of elderly with HT in managing their disease independently, easy to use and can be accessed wherever they are. Smartphone -based digital technology, Recently, it has become a very common tool needed by most people, including the elderly, not only as a communication tool but can also be used as a medium for education and information. Research Objectives: This research aims to design the development of a prototype of the SMH application and to determine the feasibility of the SMH application for self-management of hypertension for the elderly. Method: The research method used is Research and Development (R\&D). The research subjects for the expert validation test consisted of 3 experts. Meanwhile, the application trial subjects consisted of a one-on-one trial sample of 3 elderly people and a small group trial of 12 elderly people. Data collection uses the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) questionnaire which consists of 13 questions with 4 assessment aspects, namely the convenience aspect, usefulness aspect, trust aspect and user intention aspect. There are 4 Likert scale answer choices ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Results: Expert validation results show the percentage and eligibility criteria are 86.6\%. The results of one-on-one trials show that the ease of application aspect is in the range of 3.25-4.00, the usefulness aspect is in the range of 3.00-4.00, the trust aspect is in the range of 3.67-4.00 and the user intention aspect is in the range of 3.00-4. .00. Small group trials showed an average convenience aspect of 3.52, an average usefulness aspect of 3.53, an average trust aspect of 3.69 and an average user intention aspect of 3.64. Conclusion: The SMH application has decent content, is easy to use, very useful, and trustworthy, thereby increasing the intention of elderly people with HT to use the SMH application

}, keywords = {Elderly, Hypertension, Self Management, SMH Application, TAM.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.146}, author = {Hilda Harun and Ridwan Amiruddin and A. Arsunan Arsin and Abdul Salam and Mondastri Korib Sudaryo and H. Muh. Syafar and A. Ummu Salmah and Sudirman Natsir and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2424, title = {The Effect Ethanol Extract of Phyllanthus niruri l on Malondialdehyde (MDA) Expression and Extracellular Signal- Regulated Protein Kinase-1 (ERK-1) on Vaginal Epithelial Cell Thickness in Menopausal Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1305-1310}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1305}, abstract = {

Introduction: Menopause is the condition of the ovaries stops produce estrogen so that resulting in vaginal bleeding atrophy that is become dry cause pain moment relate sexual so that lower quality life. The ROS pathway with MAPK regulates proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival cell life. Research purposes is know influence giving extract Phyllanthus niruri l against Malondialdehyde (MDA) expression and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinase-1 (ERK-1) expression against thickness cell vaginal epithelium of menopausal model mice. Material from Phillantus niruri l processed become extract. Treatment animal try mice (mus muscullus) first acclimatized during one next week done ovariectomy of both ovaries, after two weeks checked vaginal examination to be sure phase diestrus (menopause). Stage treatment given extract for 21 days with dose different 14 mg, 28 mg and 56 mg/20gBW/ day. Methods: True Experimental research method with Post Test only with control group design. Data analysis used one way ANOVA. Results: The research group that produced the highest average expression of Malondialdehyde (MDA) was the control group. The highest expression of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinase-1 (ERK-1) was in the P3 treatment group (dose 56 mg/20gBW/day). The results of statistical analysis showed that there was a significant effect of Phyllanthus niruri l extract on decreasing MDA expression with a sig value of 0.000 \< p = 21 0.001 and increasing ERK-1 with a sig value of 0.000 \< 0.001, but there was no effect on increasing the thickness of the vaginal wall epithelial cells in menopausal model mice. with a sig value of 0.220 \> 0.05. Conclusion: The three doses of phillantus niruri decreased MDA and increased ERK-1. The Folin-Ciocalteau.

}, keywords = {ERK-1, MDA, Menopausal Mice, Phyllanthus niruri l, Vaginal epithelium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.210}, author = {Lailatul Fadliyah and Hendy Hendarto and Lestari Sudaryanti and Imam Susilo and Anwar Ma{\textquoteright}ruf and Emuliana Sulpat and Endah Sri Wijayanti and Maya Septriana} } @article {2429, title = {Effect of Cacao Bean Extract as a Paracetamol Adjuvant on Pain Scale and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Neuropathic Pain: An Animal Model Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1336-1341}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1336}, abstract = {

Introduction: One treatment for neuropathic pain is paracetamol. Meanwhile, cacao bean extract is a traditional remedy developed for pain management. Objective: Analyzing effect of combining cacao bean extract and paracetamol on pain scale and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in neuropathic pain. Methods: Subjects were randomized post-test only control group design from 28 mice (Mus musculus) to 4 groups: G0 (control), G1 (paracetamol only), G2 (cacao + paracetamol), and G3 (cacao + {\textonehalf} doses paracetamol). The subject assessed pain scale using von Frey test and TNF-α. The statistical analysis includes paired t-tests, Wilcoxon, one-way ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis, and Pearson correlation tests with p \<0.05. Results: The combination of cacao bean extract and paracetamol resulted in a pain scale of 2.57 {\textpm} 1.10 gf, with significant differences observed among the four groups (p \<0.001). Significant differences in pain scale scores were found in four groups (p \<0.001), including G0 (p = 0.006), G1 (p \<0.001), G2 (p \<0.001), and G3 (p \<0.001). After treatment, the average TNF-α levels was 86.96 {\textpm} 23.73 ng/mL, with significant differences observed among the four groups (p \<0.001). There was a strong correlation between the pain scale and TNF-α levels (p \<0.001). Conclusion: In an animal model of neuropathic pain, using cacao bean extract as a paracetamol adjuvant significantly reduces pain scale (as measured by the von Frey test) and TNF-α levels.

}, keywords = {Cacao, Neuropathic pain, pain scale, Paracetamol, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.215}, author = {Faiz Muhammad Ammar and Christrijogo Sumartono Waloejo and Herdiani Sulistyo Putri and Kohar Hari Santoso and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Budi Utomo} } @article {2348, title = {The Effect of Consumption Rice Analogue of Banggai Yam (Dioscorea Alata) on Blood Sugar Levels of Pre-Diabetic Patients in the District of Banggai Archipelago}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {845-850}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {845}, abstract = {

Rice analogue of banggai yam (dioscorea alata) is made with the formula of banggai yam flour, mocaf flour and cornstarch in a ratio of 55:30:15. Furthermore, Banggai Yam{\textquoteright}s Analog rice (Dioscorea Alata) was given to respondents with prediabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of consumption of rice analogues of yam banggai on glucose levels of prediabetics. The research location is in Banggai Islands Regency. The number of respondents was 120 people and the intervention time was 2 weeks. The results showed that fasting blood sugar levels on pre and day 7 in both groups had differences or there was a decrease in fasting blood sugar levels with p values of \<0.001 each. The greatest change was shown in the intervention/rice analog group with a difference of 24.55. While in the control group only amounted to 8,483. Reduction in Fasting Blood Sugar Levels on pre and day 14 p values of \<0.001 each. The greatest change was shown in the intervention/rice analog group with a difference of 29.817. While the decrease in fasting blood sugar levels in the control group was 17,167. Comparison of day 7 and day 14, the two groups had differences or there was a decrease in fasting blood sugar levels with a p value of \<0.001 each. Greater changes were shown in the control/brown rice group with a difference of 8.683. While the decrease in fasting blood sugar levels in the intervention group was 5,267. Thus, rice analogue of Banggai yam (dioscorea alata) as local food has a significant influence on reducing blood sugar levels of prediabetes mellitus sufferers in Banggai Islands district. The use of rice analogues of Banggai Yams (Dioscorea Alata) can be developed as functional foods.

}, keywords = {Analog Rice, Banggai Yams, Blood Sugar., Prediabetes Mellitus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.138}, author = {Marselina Sattu and Aminuddin Syam and Nurhaedar Jafar and Wahiddudin and Anwar Malongi and Stang and Andi Dirpan and Balqis and Yustianty Monoarfa} } @article {2339, title = {The Effect of Giving Iodized Salt and Multi Micro Nutrients to Pregnant Women on the Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women in Majene Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {779-784}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {779}, abstract = {

Background: Maternal nutritional needs during pregnancy increase due to physiological, metabolic and anatomical changes. If the intake is insufficient, there will be deficiencies in both macro and micro nutrients. Multimicronutrient deficiency will affect the growth and anemia status of pregnant women. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of giving iodized salt and Multi Micronutrient Supplements to pregnant women on hemoglobin levels, body weight, iodine levels in urine and pregnancy outcomes. Method: This research is an analytical research using an experimental design that controls several nonexperimental variables and there is a control group as a comparison group to understand the effect of treatment. Determining the sample in this study used a random experimental method where 200 pregnant women were used as the research sample. The results showed that there was a significant change or increase in Hb levels (p=0.006; \<0.000; \<0.000), body weight (p=0.001; \<0.000; \<0.000), lila (\<0.0015; \<0.000; \<0.000 ), Iodine levels (\<0.000; \<0.000; \<0.000), between the group given iodized salt and MMS and the group given MMS. In this study, in the group of pregnant women who received iodized salt and MMS intervention, on average there was an increase or change in HB levels, iodine levels, mother{\textquoteright}s weight, baby{\textquoteright}s weight and abdominal length and circumference compared to those who received MMS. for pregnant women is to regularly maintain nutritional intake during pregnancy, especially consuming iodized salt and MMS which is beneficial for the health of pregnant women and the baby they are carrying.

}, keywords = {Pregnant women; Iodine Salt; Multi Micro Nutrient Supplement; Nutritional status.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.129}, author = {Darmin Dina and Nurhaedar Jafar and Veni Hadju and Hasnawati Amqam and Ridwan Amiruddin and Wahiduddin and Anwar Mallongi and Apik Indarty Moedjiono and Anang S. Otoluwa and Yulianah Sulaiman} } @article {2226, title = {Effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IS-10506 on Accelerating Repair of Ketorolac-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {181-185}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {181}, abstract = {

A gastric ulcer arises due to an imbalance between the stomach{\textquoteright}s aggressive and defensive factors, one of which can be induced by ketorolac. The gastric mucosa serves as a protective layer against gastric damage. Probiotics may enhance mucosal secretion, reinforcing their barrier function. This study evaluated the effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IS-10506 on repairing gastric mucosal injury expressed by Mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) induction from ketorolac in rodent model. In the experiment, 48 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned and segregated into four groups: the control group (K1), the group with ketorolac administration (K2), the group given L. plantarum IS-10506 after ketorolac administration (K3), and the group given L. plantarum IS-10506 before and after ketorolac administration (K4). Gastric tissue was examined for cells producing MUC5AC via immunohistochemistry. MUC5AC differences between groups were compared using Kruskal{\textendash}Wallis and Mann{\textendash}Whitney U tests. Significant differences were observed between each group on Days 5, 7, and 10 of necropsy (p=0.043; p=0.030; p=0.022). The ketorolac group (K2) consistently exhibited the lowest values during all examination days. Group K4 manifested a higher expression of MUC5AC relative to group K3. However, group K3 demonstrated a significantly increased from Day 1 to 10 of necropsy (p=0.030). Administering probiotic L. plantarum IS-10506 prior to ketorolac proved beneficial by significantly accelerate (p=0.030) the MUC5AC expression cells and gene expression.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.25}, author = {Mia Ratwita Andarsini and Andy Darma and Alpha Fardah Athiyyah and Khadijah Rizky Sumitro and Reza Gunadi Ranuh and Fauziah Pratiwi and Wibi Riawan and Widjiati Widjiati and Ingrid S Surono and Subijanto Marto Sudarmo} } @article {2403, title = {Effect of Moringa Oleifera Plus Royal Jelly Capsules in The Gestation Age and Placenta Weight of Newborns in Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1177-1182}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1177}, abstract = {

Background: The incidence of adverse birth outcomes (ABO) in low- and middle-income countries (LIMC) remains significantly elevated. Moringa oleifera (MO), rich nutritional profile, offers to reduce ABO. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of MO plus royal jelly capsules on the gestational age and placental weight of newborns in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental design setup in the Banggai district, Central Sulawesi Province. The study used a purposive sampling of 80 pregnant women from each sub-district. Moilong District received MRJ, while South Batui District was the Multiple Micronutrient Supplement (MMS) control group. Both groups took one capsule daily for six months. Data analysis using SPSS v28 for Windows, including Chi-square/Fisher{\textquoteright}s exact test, Kolmogorov- Smirnov test, Mann-Whitney test, and ANCOVA, with a significance level of p \< 0.05. Results: The demographic characteristics in both groups were similar (p \> 0.05), except for BMI (p=0.031). Pregnancy outcomes data were also identical (p \> 0.05). The Mann-Whitney test did not show a significant difference (p = 0.696) in the gestational age of delivery between the groups. However, there was a significant difference (p \< 0.05) in the PW variable within the MRJ group, as shown by the Mann-Whitney test. After adjusting for BMI in PW, the ANCOVA test indicated a significant difference (p = 0.001). Conclusions: The study concludes that MRJ and MMS interventions are effective and safe in preventing ABO in newborns based on gestational age and placental weight.

}, keywords = {Adverse Birth Outcomes, Moringa oleifera, Multiple Micronutrient Supplement, Pregnancy outcomes, Pregnant women}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.192}, author = {Lina Fitriani and Citrakesumasari and Veni Hadju and Sudirman Nasir and Apik Indarty Moedjiono and Masyitha Muis and Nurpudji Astuti Taslim and Sri Sumarni and M.Bambang Uswatul Firdaus} } @article {2299, title = {Effect of Propofol TIVA Compared Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia on Triglyceride Levels After Elective Craniotomy Surgery}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {597-601}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {597}, abstract = {

Background: Propofol TIVA has been shown to be more effective than sevoflurane in craniotomy surgery. Propofol TIVA offers the benefit of giving better brain relaxation during surgery while also being less expensive than sevoflurane. Nonetheless, it is important to highlight that propofol has side effects that should be considered. Large doses and prolonged anesthesia may result in increased triglycerides (lipids) as well as Propofol Infusion Syndrome (PRIS). As part of their investigation into the detrimental effects of propofol, researchers discovered the necessity for controls to avoid confusing the effects of the surgery itself. Therefore, sevoflurane was chosen as the control group to comprehend and analyze the effects of propofol more accurately. Methods: A prospective observational study analysis was conducted on elective craniotomy patients at RSUD Dr. Soetomo from November to December 2023. 52 subjects were divided into two groups, namely the TIVA Propofol and Sevoflurane Inhalation groups. Each group will be examined for preoperative triglyceride levels and postoperative triglyceride levels while already in the ICU. Results: Postoperative triglyceride levels in the Propofol TIVA group were significantly higher. In the comparison test between the two anesthesia methods on triglyceride levels, there was a significant effect in the Propofol TIVA group. In the test of the relationship between the duration of anesthesia in both groups, there was no significant relationship. In the test of the relationship between the total dose of propofol and triglyceride levels, it was found that the greater the dose of propofol used, the higher the increase in triglyceride levels. In the test of the relationship between the total amount of sevoflurane and triglyceride levels, it was found that the greater the dose of sevoflurane used, the greater the decrease in triglyceride levels, which was statistically not significant. Conclusion: TIVA Propofol increases triglyceride levels compared to sevoflurane inhalation in patients undergoing elective craniotomies.

}, keywords = {Craniotomy, Sevoflurane, TIVA propofol, Triglycerides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.93}, author = {Andika Perdani Somawi and Nancy Margarita Rehatta and Prihatma Kriswidyatomo and Kohar Hari Santoso and Hamzah and Pudji Lestari} } @article {2323, title = {The Effectiveness of Armpit Sweat Odor with COVID-19 Detection Device for Detecting COVID-19}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {691-697}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {691}, abstract = {

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Diagnosis and screening for COVID-19 are crucial in controlling the disease. RT-PCR is used for diagnosis. However, this test is high-risk, time-consuming, and expensive. There is a need for specific non-invasive biomarkers to detect COVID-19 rapidly. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by the human body can be used to depict metabolic conditions. A COVID-19 detection device is an electronic device designed to differentiate and detect odors. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of armpit sweat odor with a COVID-19 detection device to detect COVID-19. This study was an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design conducted on COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients in the special isolation ward of Dr. Soetomo Hospital and the outpatient clinic of the Indonesian Navy Hospital during April 2021-December 2021. COVID-19 examination using armpit sweat odor with a COVID-19 detection device. The results of the COVID-19 detection device and RT-PCR were then compared using the McNemar test. The general characteristics of the 168 subjects (81 COVID-19 patients, 87 non-COVID-19 patients) showed that the most common gender was male with the most common comorbidities being hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The results of the diagnostic test showed sensitivity and specificity of 88.9\% and 97.7\%, respectively with accuracy of 93.45\%. The McNemar test showed no significant difference with the RT-PCR results. The results of RT-PCR were not different from the results of armpit sweat odor using COVID-19 detection device.

}, keywords = {Armpit sweat odor, COVID-19, COVID-19 detection device, RT-PCR, VOC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.116}, author = {Indra Sampe Parimba and Arief Bakhtiar and Soedarsono Soedarsono and Riyanarto Sarno} } @article {2413, title = {The Effectiveness of Booklet and Images Game Education in Anemia Adolescent Women on Anemia Prevention Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavior}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1183-1187}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1183}, abstract = {

Background : Risk factors for anemia in adolescents are lack of education, as well as adolescents inability to apply the information obtained in daily life. Effective health education improving adolescents knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to health. Objective : This study aims to test the effectiveness of Booklet and Image game education in adolescent girls on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors to prevennt anemia. Participants were young women aged 15-19 years in the work area of the bayan Health Center and Gangga Health Center, who were selected through a screening process of 186 participants. each location had 93 respondents. Method : usiang a quasi-experimental two-group pre-test post-test design. In both groups, a pre-test was carried out furthermore, the intervention group was given health education through booklets and image game education, and the control group received health education with booklets. After the intervention was carried out, a pot-test was carried out on both groups. Results : Coherence analysis showed that the control group (booklet), adolescent girl with anemia who received the booklet and image game education in the intervention group reported better knowledge about anemia (p=0,000, n2 p=0,727)attitudes about anemia (p=0,000, n2 p=0,698), and behavior of adolescent girls with anemia between the intervention group and the control group were much different after being given with anemia between the intervention group and the control group were much different after being given booklets and image game education compared to adolescent girls who only received booklets. Conclusion : A multifaceted approach to health education can have a significant positive impact, especially when it involves interactive elements.therefore, the same educational program can be applied in various places to increase the effectiveness of a program or activity goal

}, keywords = {Adolescent women, Anemia, Attitudes, Behavior, Booklet, Image Game Education, knowledge}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.193}, author = {Misroh Mulianingsih and Suriah Suriah and Healthy Hidayanty and Ridwan Amiruddin and Veny Hadju and Dea Wulandari and Andi Ummu Salmah} } @article {2334, title = {Effects of ADCES7 Self Care Behavior Application and Acupressure on Changes in Blood Glucose Levels in Obesive, Prediabetic Women}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {744-750}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {744}, abstract = {

Background: Prediabetes and obesity in women are important health problems today. Appropriate selfmanagement and other methods are needed to overcome this. Objective: To assess the magnitude of the difference in changes in fasting blood glucose levels, before and after carrying out ADCES7 self-care behavior and acupressure. Method: This research is quasi-experimental research. The research design used was the Non-Randomized Pre Test - Post Test Control Group, which gathered obese, prediabetic women in the Kalumata Community Health Center, Siko Community Health Center and Posbindu under the PKK Ternate City through screening by excluding those who had suffered from diabetes mellitus and were pregnant. This group was then divided into the ADCES7 self care behavior intervention group, the acupressure group and the combined ADCES7 self care behavior and acupressure group. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess changes in fasting blood glucose levels. Results: Respondents in this study were 102 people who were divided into three groups. The results showed that there was an effect of Self Management intervention p(0.016)\<0.05, acupressure intervention p(0.032)\<0.05, and the combination group of Self Management and Acupressure p(0.011)\<0.05 on changes in fasting blood glucose levels in prediabetic obese women. Conclusion: obese prediabetic women who are aware and active in self-management ACDES7 self care behavior and acupressure can reduce blood glucose levels and body weight in obese prediabetic women

}, keywords = {Acupressure, ADCES7 Self Care Behavior., Obesity, Prediabetes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.124}, author = {Acce Basri and Syamsiar Russeng and Nurhaedar Jafar and Ridwan Amiruddin and Yahya Thamrin and Masni Masni and Muhammad Safar and Siti Muslimatun and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2405, title = {Effects of Bacteriophage in Postoperative Endophthalmitis Caused by Staphylococcus aureus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1188-1191}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1188}, abstract = {

Postoperative endophthalmitis is a serious complication of cataract surgery. It may leads to vision loss. The most common organism cause endophthalmitis is gram-positive bacteria, mainly Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). To prevent postoperative endophthalmitis, eye drops or intracameral administration of antibiotic agents are universally used. In recent years, the trend of endophthalmitis treatment has grown rapidly. Administration of bacteriophage is a subject of research for the treatment and prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis. This literature review investigates the potential of bacteriophage to provide a rapid, effective alternative to antibiotic treatments for postoperative endophthalmitis caused by S. aureus

}, keywords = {bacteriophage, postoperative endophthalmitis, Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.194}, author = {Herdina Ramadhani and Indri Wahyuni and Ismi Zuhria and Firman Setiawan and Annise Proboningrat and Djoko Legowo and Diah Indriani} } @article {2204, title = {Effects of Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage on Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines Expression in the Subventricular Zone of Kaolin-Induced Hydrocephalic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {20-27}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Background: To determine the neuroprotective effect of CSF drainage by analyzing its impact on the expression and the ratio of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the subventricular zone in kaolininduced hydrocephalic rats. Method: Sprague-Dawley rats of 23 weeks of age (n=36) were used in this study. The rats were randomly divided into normal control, hydrocephalus, and CSF drainage-treated groups. Hydrocephalus was obtained by injecting 0,05 cc of 20\% kaolin suspension into the cisterna magna. The CSF drainage-treated group had ventricular tapping seven days after kaolin induction. The rats were sacrificed 7, 14, or 21 days after kaolin induction. The brain was removed and prepared for immunohistochemistry analysis to detect IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 cytokines expression. Results: Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was significantly increased in hydrocephalus groups than in the control group. In contrast, the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine was significantly decreased. CSF drainage had a neuroprotective effect by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine expression. In the hydrocephalus group, the ratios of IL-1β/IL-10, IL-6/IL-10, and TNF-α/IL-10 increased toward a pro-inflammatory status. After CSF drainage, the ratios of IL-1β/IL-10, IL-6/IL-10, and TNF-α/IL-10 shifted toward an anti-inflammatory status. Conclusion: CSF drainage protects the brain from excessive neuroinflammatory processes in kaolin-induced hydrocephalic rats. Additional investigation is warranted to ascertain the use of inflammatory cytokines expression as a valuable biomarker for hydrocephalus. Furthermore, research on anti-inflammatory drug administration in clinical settings is required.

}, keywords = {cerebrospinal fluid drainage, Cytokines, Kaolin-induced hydrocephalus, Neuroinflammation, Neuroprotective, subventricular zone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.3}, author = {Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi and Ahmad Data Dariansyah and Wihasto Suryaningtyas and Dyah Fauziah and I Ketut Sudiana and Budi Utomo and Prastiya Indra Gunawan} } @article {2372, title = {The Effects of Increasing Doses of Nigella Sativa and Conjugated Estrogen on Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (B-ALP), Procollagen Type 1 N-Terminal Propeptide (P1NP), Carboxy Terminal Crosslinked Telopeptide of Type 1 Collagen (CTX-1), and Osteoprotege}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, pages = {1-5}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Introduction: Osteoporosis is characterized by decreased bone density, increasing the risk of fractures. Hormone therapy for post-menopausal osteoporosis has side effects, prompting the development of Nigella sativa (black cumin) as an alternative treatment. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of administering Nigella sativa and conjugated estrogen as osteoporosis therapy in rats treated with bilateral oophorectomy, which have been verified as having osteoporosis based on bone biomarkers. Materials and Methods: This study involved 72 female Wistar rats divided into six groups: K+ (positive control), K- (negative control), P1 (receiving conjugated estrogen), P2 (receiving 100 mg/kg BW of Nigella sativa), P3 (receiving 200 mg/kg BW of Nigella sativa, and P4 (receiving 400 mg/kg BW of Nigella sativa. After inducing post-menopausal osteoporosis through bilateral oophorectomy, the treatment groups received therapy for 28 days. Bone biomarkers such as bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bALP), procollagen type 1 n-terminal propeptide (P1NP), carboxy-terminal crosslinked telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-1), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) were measured using ELISA. Results: The 400 mg/kg BW administration of Nigella sativa significantly increased bALP and P1NP levels, indicating higher osteoblast activity. At the same dose, Nigella sativa also increased OPG levels, suppressing osteoclastogenesis in bone resorption. However, 100-400 mg/kg BW/day of Nigella sativa did not reduce CTX-1 levels, nor did it inhibit osteoclasts in bone resorption. Estrogen conjugation also increased OPG levels but did not significantly affect bALP and P1NP levels. Conclusion: Nigella sativa at a dose of 400 mg/kg BW significantly increases osteoblast activity and OPG levels. Estrogen conjugation increases OPG levels but does not affect bALP and P1NP. Nigella sativa can potentially serve as an effective alternative therapy for osteoporosis through a mechanism different from conjugated estrogen.

}, keywords = {B-ALP, Bone biomarkers, Estrogen conjugation, Nigella sativa, Osteoporosis rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.175}, author = {Herpramanto Dwi Susetyo and Sri Ratna Dwiningsih and Widjiati and I Wayan Arsana} } @article {2336, title = {Effects of Magnesium Gel and Diode Laser in Combination on the Color Masking of Artificial White Spot Lesions: An in Vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {757-763}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {757}, abstract = {

Objective: White spot lesions are one of the most common problem during and after orthodontic therapy. The present study was accomplished to evaluate the ability of Magnesium gel at different concentration and diode laser in combination compared with commercially available 1.23\%APF in color restoring of WSL on permanent teeth. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 42 human caries-free premolar teeth were randomely divided into 6 experimental groups: Group A: Control (artificial saliva), Group B: 0.5\%MgCl2 gel, Group C: 1\%MgCl2 gel, Group D: 0.5\%MgCl2 gel and Diode laser, Group E: 1\%MgCl2 gel and Diode laser and Group F: 1.23\%APF. The difference between the displayed color and the original color standard (ΔE) was assessed by colorimeter. The surface topography of teeth samples from each tested group was examined by a SEM. Collected data were investigated using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan post hoc test at p <= 0.05. Result: A significant difference in (ΔE) was noticed among groups (p= 0.006). Group (B) showed the lowest ΔE value (9.4{\textpm}1.6), followed by group (D) (10.2{\textpm}1.1), group (F) (10.4{\textpm}2.6), group (A) (11.6{\textpm}1.3), group (C) (12.9 {\textpm}2.3) and group (E) (13.2{\textpm}1.3). Conclusion: 0.5\% magnesium gel is as 1.23\% APF gel in color restoring of white spot lesion. No synergistic effect between materials and diode laser.

}, keywords = {color, Diode laser, Magnesium, White spot lesion.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.126}, author = {Rasha M. Salim and Sarmad S. S. Al Qassar and Aisha A. Qasim} } @article {2383, title = {Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on the Carotid Intima Media Thickness in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease and Hyperphosphatemia: A Double-blind Randomized Clinical Trial}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1056-1061}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1056}, abstract = {

Background: Hyperphosphatemia has been emphasized to be a significant risk factor for vascular calcification in CKD patients. This study aims to investigate the effect of magnesium supplementation on the reduction of phosphate levels and carotid intima media thickness in children as predictor on vascular calcification with CKD and hyperphosphatemia, compared to a placebo. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted at Pediatric Ward and Outpatient Clinic of Pediatric Nephrology in our setting during October-March 2023. We compared oral magnesium supplementation (6 mg/kg body weight/day for two months) with a placebo in children with CKD and hyperphosphatemia (ages 1-18 years old). Patients who were on dialysis and had serum magnesium levels of \<1.6 mg/dL and \>2.4 mg/dL, and were allergic to magnesium supplementation were excluded. A paired T-test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used for statistical analysis. Results: We collected 25 children in the experimental group and 25 children in the placebo group. Phosphate levels were decreased in both the magnesium supplementation and placebo groups (6.1 {\textpm} 0.79 to 6.0 {\textpm} 0.63 mg/dL; p-value = 0.852 and 6.01 {\textpm} 0.55 to 5.8 {\textpm} 0.64 mg/dL; p-value=0.365). However, when compared between groups, the reductions were not significantly different (0.1 vs 0.21; p-value=0.935). A significant improvement was found in carotid intima media thickness in both groups (0.05{\textpm}0.01 to 0.05{\textpm}0.01; p-value=0.000 and 0.05{\textpm}0.01 to 0.05{\textpm}0.01; p-value=0.000), and the reductions were significantly different (0.01 vs 0.01; p-value=0.000). Conclusion: Magnesium supplements have considerably lower phosphate levels and significantly reduced the thickness on carotid intima media in children with CKD and hyperphosphatemia.

}, keywords = {Carotid Intima Media Thickness, Children, Chronic Kidney Disease, Hyperphosphatemia, Magnesium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.171}, author = {Putu Virgina Angga Saraswati and Mahrus Abdur Rahman and Risky Vitria Prasetyo} } @article {2409, title = {The Effects of Melon Superoxide Dismutase and Gliadin on Glutathione Reductase (GSH) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Levels in Blood Plasma and Vitreoretina in Diabetic Rat Model: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1202-1208}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1202}, abstract = {

Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetics causes microvascular damage through four mechanisms of biochemical changes, including activated protein kinase C (PKC) pathway, activated hexosamine pathway, increased polyol pathway, and increased advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), all of which will increase Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels. ROS can damage proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids and hasten the onset of diabetes. ROS are produced in the presence of normal blood sugar levels, and the natural breakdown of glucose is controlled by insulin. Variables that regulate cellular respiration, including NAD-related substrates, oxygen, succinate, and antioxidant enzymes, modulate ROS levels and sustain cellular redox equilibrium. The conversion of superoxide anions into hydrogen peroxide, before subsequently metabolized into water by catalase and glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, is facilitated by the metalloprotein superoxide dismutase (SOD). Increased ROS levels can lead to diabetic complications, one of which is diabetic retinopathy. Melon superoxide dismutase (SOD) combined with gliadin (Glisodin{\textregistered}) is a potent antioxidant in counteracting free radicals that can reduce oxidative stress and prevent further cell death. Research related to the use of Glisodin{\textregistered} shows potential as an antioxidant agent with the hope of preventing diabetic complications.

}, keywords = {Blood Plasma, Diabetes mellitus, Glisodin{\textregistered}, GSH, SOD, Vitreoretina}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.197}, author = {Octarina Ervianti and Wimbo Sasono and Reni Prastyani} } @article {2295, title = {Efficacy and Safety of Traditional Transdermal Patch (Ya-Pok- Dud-Pid) in Primary Knee Osteoarthritis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {570-575}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {570}, abstract = {

Background: Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA) have a progressive decline in their social and physical abilities, which affects their quality of life. The Thai Traditional Transdermal Patch (Ya-Pok-Dud- Pid; YP) has been widely used for the treatment of KOA. Objective: To determine the clinical efficacy and safety of YP in comparison with diclofenac gel (DG) for the treatment of KOA. Methods: 74 primary KOA Patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to YP groups or DG groups. The outcomes were assessed the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Time Up and Go (TUG), Active Knee Flexion (AKF) and Passive Knee Flexion, chair sit and reach, and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Results: YP and DG significantly improved VAS, TUG, AKF, PKF, chair sit and reach, and WOMAC (p \< 0.05). Remarkably, YP experienced the same immediate pain relief after day 1 treatment as DG. The VAS scores of the YP group exhibited a significant reduction from 60{\textpm}11.06 to 38.92{\textpm}17.76, while DG decreased VAS score from 61.24{\textpm}17.84 to 39.19{\textpm}20.05 (p \<0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the two treatment groups. For adverse event, skin reaction (rash, itchy, and dry skin) was noted in the YP group because of the participant receiving YP for an extended period. Altogether, YP has a similar effect to diclofenac gel on pain severity and physical function in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Conclusion: YP is recommended as a natural therapeutic agent with efficacy and safety treatment for knee osteoarthritis.

}, keywords = {Diclofenac, Osteoarthritis of knee, Traditional, Transdermal Patch}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.89}, author = {Chutharat Saereewat and Kusuma Sriyakul and Parunkul Tungsukruthai and Sunyarn Niempoog and Sucharat Tungsukruthai and Chuntida Kamalashiran} } @article {2311, title = {Eosinophil Cell and Mass Appearance in Atypical Mycobacterium Infection of Lymphadenitis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {664-667}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {664}, abstract = {

Introduction: Atypical mycobacterium (ATM) is acid fast bacilli not including tuberculosis and may had opportunistic feature in environment either in air or soil. While symptoms of ATM infection may look similar with typical tuberculosis, these specific group of disease were harder to treat and would necessitate longer antibiotics consumption. While PCR may readily available to detect ATM, anatomical pathology method such as biopsy may be a cheaper alternative in low-resource settings to differentiate between atypical and typical mycobacterium infection. Aim: To analyze correlation between eosinophil cells and eosinophil mass with ATM in lymphadenopathy patient. Methods: This study is an analytical observational study with cross-sectional design which aimed to review diagnostic abilities of eosinophil cell and mass to detect ATM. Patient would undergo both PCR as gold standard of diagnosis and cytology biopsy aspiration as comparative diagnostic modalities. Data would be presented from SPSS v. 25. Results: We collected 70 subjects that fulfill inclusion and exclusion criteria. Most samples were dominated by female in relatively young age. There are 37 patients with ATM in which 75,7\% patients cytology result shown expression of eosinophil cells and 71,4\% patients shown eosinophilic mass. Chi-square test revealed that statistical significance existed between eosinophilic cells with ATM. However, such statistical significance was not found between eosinophilic mass and ATM. Conclusion: Eosinophilic cell can be used as alternative diagnostic modalities in diagnosing ATM. Further studies should further examine pathophysiological correlations and diagnostic power.

}, keywords = {Atypical mycobacterium, Cytology, Eosinophil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.105}, author = {Neni Wahyu Hastuti and Delfitri Munir and Reno Keumalazia Kamarlis and Bintang Yinke Magdalena Sinag and Adang Bachtiar and Farhat and Amira Permatasari Tarigan and Delyuzar} } @article {2227, title = {Ethnomedicine In Nias Island}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {186-194}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {186}, abstract = {

Background: Medicinal plants have an important role in the traditional medicine system of the Nias people, which has been passed down from generation to generation. Although there has been some ethnobotanical research in Indonesia, especially in Nias, studies regarding people{\textquoteright}s knowledge, use and perception of medicinal plants on this island are still very limited. Objective: to investigate the knowledge, use and perceptions of the Nias community towards medicinal plants. Design: The research population involved communities in various areas of Nias, and samples were taken randomly from several villages or communities. Data collection methods include questionnaires, interviews, and observations to detail the use of medicinal plants, local knowledge, and factors that influence the choice and use of medicinal plants. The research variables involve the demographic characteristics of respondents, education level, access to health information as independent variables, while the dependent variables include the use of medicinal plants and knowledge about medicinal plants.\ Results: As a result of data collection on respondents on Nias Island, there were 50 medicinal plants that people have often used for generations to treat diseases. Data analysis involved analyzing factors related to the use of medicinal plants. It is hoped that this research will provide a better understanding of the use of medicinal plants in Nias and contribute to the preservation of local knowledge and the development of public health strategies. Conclusion: Most of the empirical data submitted by the local Nias community is in accordance with research that has been carried out, however, there are 13 plants that need to be explored further because the empirical data does not match.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotanical, Ethnomedicine, Medicinal plant, Nias}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.26}, author = {Nilsya Febrika Zebua and Nerdy Nerdy and Kanne Dachi and Muflihah Fujiko and Abdi Wira Septama} } @article {2455, title = {Evaluating the Efficacy of Cresvin beta on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management: A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1219-1216}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1219}, abstract = {

Background: In this current state, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is more prevalent in the population, and metformin is used as a first-line medication for treating it, but gradually prevalence and incident rate of T2DM is increased. There was an upsurge in the utilization of alternative therapies in managing of diabetes. Especially in diabetes, Herbal medicines are considered safe and reliable by the majority of the population. This research aims to estimate the safety and efficacy of poly herbal metabolite compounds of Cresvin beta capsules in adults with T2DM. Methods: In this study, 60 T2DM patients aged 18-60 years were randomly assigned to Groups A (30), receiving Metformin 500 mg twice a day after food, and Group B (30), receiving Cresvin beta capsule 500 mg twice a day, after food in a prospective, randomized and open-label clinical study. The in-silico simulation study was performed on selected plants major compounds on target protein Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (1K3A). Results: The Cresvin beta is found to be safe and effective in the management of T2DM. The FBS, PPBS and HbA1c were significantly lowered (p\<0.001) in posttreatment in both the Metformin and Cresvin beta capsules. Similarly, the levels of IGF1, adiponectin, EL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α showed significant alteration (p\<0.001) after the treatment. The alterations found in the post-treatment results of Cresvin beta, including the reduced levels of creatinine and triglycerides, express the efficacy. Conclusion: The research results conclude, that the Cresvin beta capsule would be one of the suitable choices for increasing the efficacy in the management of diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Diabetes; Cresvin beta; Cardiovascular complications; Insulin resistance; Metformin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16s.234}, author = {Nandakumar K N and Mohanraj Nehru and Prasanth Subramanian and Bhuvaneshwaran Mothiswaran and Vishagan S S and Satishkumar Rajappan Chandra and Venkataraman Prabhu} } @article {2214, title = {Evaluating the Therapeutic Potential of Vernonia amygdalina: A Promising Antidiabetic Agent in STZ and Nicotinamide-Induced Rat Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {94-99}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {94}, abstract = {

Background: Vernonia amygdalina, commonly known as bitter leaf, has been traditionally used for its potential antidiabetic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Vernonia amygdalina extract (VAE) in ameliorating hyperglycemia using a streptozotocin (STZ) and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced rat model of diabetes. Methods: Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: normal control, diabetic control, and four treatment groups receiving different doses of VAE (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg body weight) orally for eight weeks. Diabetes was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (55 mg/kg) after four weeks of Nicotinamid feeding. Body weight, fasting blood glucose levels, HbA1c, serum insulin levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured. Results: Treatment with VAE significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner compared to the diabetic control group (p \< 0.05). VAE administration also led to a significant decrease in HbA1c levels and an increase in serum insulin levels in a dosedependent manner (p \< 0.05). Furthermore, VAE supplementation restored SOD activity and reduced MDA levels, indicating improved antioxidant status in the treated groups (p \< 0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of Vernonia amygdalina as an antidiabetic agent in the STZ and HFD-induced rat model of diabetes. VAE supplementation effectively reduced fasting blood glucose levels, improved glycemic control as indicated by reduced HbA1c levels, and enhanced insulin secretion. Moreover, VAE exhibited antioxidant activity by restoring SOD activity and reducing MDA levels. These findings suggest that Vernonia amygdalina could be a promising natural remedy for the management of diabetes. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and evaluate its long-term safety and efficacy in humans.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, HbA1c, Insulin, MDA, SOD, Vernonia amygdalina}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.13}, author = {Muhammad Faridz Syahrian and I Nyoman Ehrich Lister and Chrismis Novalinda Ginting} } @article {2456, title = {Evaluation of Anti-oxidant Activity and Flavonoid Content in Macaranga peltata Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1217-1221}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1217}, abstract = {

Introduction: Macaranga peltata is a woody shrub and tree found in forest of Western Ghats of India. The leaves of M. peltata are large so used to wrap sweets in kerala. The plant is used in folk medicine and siddha medicine to treat fever, cough, wound and ulcers. There is very limited research has been conducted on exploring this plant medicinal properties and phytochemical estimation. Materials and Methods: In the present study attempt was made to know the antioxidant activity of MPCF by DPPH assay, FRAP assay and H2O2 assay methods and Optimization of mobile phase by TLC method and supporting major flavonoid content quantification by HPTLC method Results: The result shown the Chloroform fraction has significant antioxidant activity of IC50 value of 123.71(DPPH assay), 185.85(FRAP assay) and 204.31(H2O2 assay). The TLC method optimum mobile phase was found to be Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (5:4:0.2). The standard flavonoids used are Luteolin, Diosmin and ellagic acid. The HPTLC method results shown MPCF was found to contain 11.70\% Luteolin.

}, keywords = {DPPH, Fraction, FRAP, Luteolin, Macaranga peltata, MPCF}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16s.235}, author = {Honnesh N H and Santanu Saha} } @article {2268, title = {Evaluation of Serum Eta Protein, Sclerostin, and Calcitonin Level in Arthritis Patients on Vitamin D Therapy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {426-430}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {426}, abstract = {

Background: Arthritis is an inflammatory condition affecting the diarthrodial joints. A joint{\textquoteright}s bone, cartilage, and structural design all preserve its integrity, and arthritis alters that integrity, resulting in joint activity loss and discomfort. The primary symptom of arthritis is joint pain, although other symptoms include stiffness, inflammation, and impaired joint motor function. Methods: The cross-sectional study comprised 90 subjects: 70 arthritis sufferers and 20 controls, ages 25-60, both sexes. From September 2023 to March 2024, patients were referred to Kirkuk city in Azadi hospital and Kirkuk general hospital. The research participants were placed into three groups: Group 1 for arthritic patients without Vit D (35). Patients with arthritis who received vitamin D for at least two months (G2), n (35), were the second group. The third group comprised healthy individuals without arthritis n (20). Result: Significant (P\<0.05) increase in ETA protein levels in G1 and G2 compared to G3. G1 had ETA protein levels of 28.05{\textpm}5.34 ng/L, G2 had 24.10{\textpm}3.67 ng/L, and G3 had 8.92{\textpm}2.80 ng/L. Sclerostin levels peaked in G1 (0.4273{\textpm}0.3023 pg/mL) and declined in G2 (P\<0.05) compared to G3. Calcitonin levels were higher in G1 (34.72{\textpm}4.72 pg/mL) and G2 (27.06{\textpm}5.85 pg/mL) than G3 (14.71{\textpm}3.71 pg/mL) at (P\<0.05). Conclusion: The study found a rise in ETA protein and calcitonin levels in arthritic patients before and after therapy with vitamin D, which was not influenced by vitamin supplementation. Sclerostin levels increase in arthritic patients and decrease following therapy with vitamin D.

}, keywords = {Arthritis, Calcitonin, ETA protein, Sclerostin, Vitamin D}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.67}, author = {Soma A. Mohammed and Entedhar R. Sarhat} } @article {2251, title = {Evaluation of the Acute Toxicity of the Ethanolic Extract of the Rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {323-331}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {323}, abstract = {

Background: Ginger has pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-neuroinflammatory, and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Objective: The research aims to evaluate the acute toxicity of the ethanolic extract of the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe in rats. Materials and Methods: The extract was administrated at doses of 300 and 2000 mg/ Kg/day to female and male rats. Changes in body weight were determined during the 14-day treatment period, and on the last day of treatment, blood was drawn, and euthanasia was performed, removing organs for histological analysis. Biochemical parameters were measured. Results: The body weight of the research specimens not show statistically significant variation. In the liver, mild lymphocytic portal inflammation and moderate hepatic steatosis occurred at doses of 2000 mg/kg/day. The kidneys exhibited a mild infiltration around the renal tubules and glomeruli at the same dose. The brain showed a slight increase in the count of astrocytes with focal glial reaction at the highest dose. The stomach and heart also showed mild inflammatory processes at the dose of 2000 mg/kg/day. In biochemical parameters, statistically significant differences were observed between the dose of 2000 mg/Kg/day and the control group. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of the rhizome of Z. officinale in rats revealed histopathological changes in the liver, kidneys, brain, stomach, and heart, besides changes in biochemical parameters at doses of 2000 mg/Kg/day.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity test, Biochemical parameters, Histopathology, Rats, Zingiber officinale}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.49}, author = {V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Juana E. Chávez-Flores and Carmen R. Silva-Correa and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Julio Hilario-Vargas and Maria J. Abanto-Vaella and C{\'e}sar D. Gamarra-S{\'a}nchez and Yuri F. Curo-Vallejos and Marco L. Salazar-Castillo and Icela M. Rodriguez-Haro and Flor Soriano-L{\'o}pez and Renato Cueva- Veneros and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco} } @article {2303, title = {Evaluation of the Antenatal Care Service Program at the Tojo Una-Una District Health Office}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {615-623}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {615}, abstract = {

Through ANC, various information and education related to pregnancy and childbirth preparation can be provided to mothers as early as possible. ANC service is a program provided to pregnant women as a form of preventive service for disorders during pregnancy and also functions as an early detection of health problems experienced by pregnant women. Objective: This research is to evaluate the antenatal care service program in Tojo Una-una Regency based on Input, Process and Output. Method: This type of research uses a qualitative research design through in-depth interview techniques and document reviews. Determining informants using purposive sampling technique, numbering 11 informants. Data were collected through triangulation techniques, namely in-depth interviews, observation and documentation using interview guides. Results: research shows that the input to the antenatal care service program in terms of funding used for the ANC service program is still insufficient where the funds come from APBN funds in the form of non-physical DAK, BOK and BPJS funds, apart from that the availability of human resources is still inadequate, Some community health centers still feel inadequate because they have a large working area, making it difficult to carry out activities in the field or at the community health center because the village midwife, who is supposed to only work at the village health post, has concurrent duties at the community health center. In the process component, the community health center has implemented the antenatal care service program in accordance with the plan, although there are still several obstacles such as funding problems during the activity, problems with supervision being carried out by the health service only once a year and while the output is achieving coverage of the antenatal care service program in The Tojo Una Regency Health Service still has not met the target coverage that has been set due to the lack of optimal input and processes in the antenatal care service program system both at the health service and at the community health center. Conclusion: The evaluation at the Tojo Una-una District Health Service in 2023 is still not going well because the input is still inadequate, the process is still not carried out optimally so that the output to achieve program coverage still does not meet the target coverage that has been set.

}, keywords = {Antenatal Care Services, Health Service, Program Evaluation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.97}, author = {Dewi Sartika and Amran Razak and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Balqis and Muhammad Kardi and Nurhaedar Jafar} } @article {2399, title = {Exploration of Adolescent Knowledge Experiences and Efforts to Identify Interventions on the Use of Digital Technology Information Media to Increase Knowledge related to HIV/AIDS Prevention}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1150-1158}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1150}, abstract = {

Background: HIV/AIDS has become a pandemic that worries the world community, especially teenagers because of their lack of understanding in tackling the prevention and spread of HIV/AIDS. One of the things that can be done is to identify interventions in the utilization of digital technology information media. Purpose: This study focuses on exploring the experiences of adolescents in efforts and in identifying interventions using digital technology information media to increase knowledge related to HIV/AIDS prevention. Methods: Qualitative research using interpretive descriptive approach and literature review on teenage students of SMA Negeri 4 (SMA A) and SMK Negeri 6 (SMA B) in Pangkep Regency, Class II and Class III. Sampling using t purposive sampling type of criteria sampling. The number of participants is 20 people and 5 participants who fall into the source triangulation category. Semi-structured interview guidelines with in-depth interviews, FGDs and observations using field notes. Results: There are 4 main themes that are obtained, namely: 1) Lack of youth knowledge about HIV/AIDS; 2) Perception of adolescents{\textquoteright} response control towards HIV/AIDS sufferers (ODHA); 3) Work Program in efforts to prevent HIV/AIDS; 4) The needs of adolescents, teachers, health center staff, and the health office regarding plans for developing interventions to increase youth knowledge in efforts to prevent HIV/AIDS. Conclusion: Respondents have inadequate knowledge about HIV/AIDS, show negative attitudes towards PLHIV and are also involved in risky practices that can affect HIV transmission. This shows that the provision of accurate and comprehensive information related to HIV/ AIDS is a component of prevention and control interventions that must be increased so that intervention strategies are needed to alleviate suffering and possibly reduce the negative consequences that may occur.

}, keywords = {HIV/AIDS, Intervention Strategy, knowledge, Model Development, Youth}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.188}, author = {Rusli Taher and H. Muh. Syafar and A. Indahwaty Sidin and Stang and Oedojo Soedirman and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Ridwan Amiruddin and Andi Armyn Nurdin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2253, title = {Exploring the Bioactive Potential of Marine Algae: Insights from Phytochemical Analysis, GC-MS Profiling, and Antioxidant Evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {336-341}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {336}, abstract = {

Introduction: While there has been a lot of research on novel compounds derived from natural sources, there is now considerably greater opportunity for study when it comes to marine sources. The immense wealth concealed in marine sources was less known in the past because of a lack of technology. The most recent technological advancements have made gathering and researching marine sources simple. Highly bioactive secondary metabolites that may aid in the development of novel pharmacological drugs are found in marine creatures. The two primary categories of marine algae are macroalgae and microalgae. While macroalgae, also referred to as seaweed, are classified into green, brown, and red algae, microalgae comprise blue-green algae, bacillariophyte, and dinoflagellates. Material and methods: Spongomorpha indica, a green macroalga, has been chosen for this study, and its physicochemical parameters, phytochemical analysis, GC-MS analysis, and antioxidant activity have all been examined. The purpose of this study was to determine whether more research on this seaweed{\textquoteright}s potential benefits for medical purposes is necessary. Results: The phytochemical tests indicated the presence of potent active constituents like alkaloids, steroids, tannins, and flavonoids; as a result, the study was further extended to GCMS analysis, where seven components were identified, the highest peak and molecular weight of which are all in accordance with WHO guidelines. The physicochemical parameter results were also in line with WHO guidelines. Ultimately, antioxidant activity was assessed using four distinct models, and all results demonstrated a significant amount of antioxidant activity, with superoxide scavenging activity demonstrating the best results. Conclusion: Based on the results, it was determined that Spongomorpha indica contains potent active ingredients with significant antioxidant effects. As a result, the study is now being conducted to examine target-related activity to determine the most efficient way to cure a specific condition.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, GCMS analysis, Phytochemical, Spongomorpha indica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.51}, author = {K Swathi Priya and Rajasekaran S} } @article {2422, title = {Exploring the Calming Potential of Peppermint: Anxiolytic Effects of Mentha piperita Essential Oil on State and Trait Anxiety}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1290-1296}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1290}, abstract = {

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the anxiolytic effect of Mentha piperita essential oil on state and trait anxiety. Methods: The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, and its chemical composition was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 93 participants were divided into a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG), with 47 participants in the EG receiving MPEO aromatherapy and 46 in the CG. Anxiety levels were measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) at pretest and posttest phases. Results: GC-MS analysis showed that menthol had the highest concentration (42.56\%), followed by menthone (19.24\%) and linalool (11.68\%). Mixed model analysis revealed that group assignment (EG vs. CG) was a significant predictor of posttest state anxiety (F=16.508, p=0.001) and trait anxiety (F=9.091, p=0.003), independent of pretest scores, supporting the intervention{\textquoteright}s effect on reducing anxiety. Posttest results showed a significant reduction in state anxiety in the EG compared to the CG (p=0.001) with a large effect size (r=0.508), while trait anxiety showed a moderate reduction (p=0.001, r=0.342). Conclusion: These findings suggest that Mentha piperita essential oil may effectively reduce state and trait anxiety, with a more pronounced impact on state anxiety.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Essential oil, Mentha piperita, State anxiety, Trait anxiety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.208}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Taniht Lisseth Cubas Romero and Santiago M. Benites and Anthony Derlis Auris-L{\'o}pez and Gerardo Manuel Del Pino-Aliaga} } @article {2262, title = {Factors Affecting the Realization of Non-Physical Special Allocation Funds in The Health Sector at the Baubau City Health Office}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {393-399}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {393}, abstract = {

Failure of meeting the budget realization target can result in the loss of spending benefits, because not all of the funds allocated can be utilized by the government which means there are idle funds. This study aims to investigate the factors that affect budget Realization. This study was approached using mixed method design, using a saturated sample technique where the sample used was the entire population of financial managers within the scope of the Baubau City{\textquoteright}s Health Office and Community Health Center totaling 76 respondents. The data were collected by questionnaire techniques and in-depth interviews with 6 informants and analyzed by univariate analysis techniques, bivariate with Chi Square formula, and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The results showed that budget planning (p = 0.000), budget implementation (p = 0.000), human resources (p = 0.000), regulation (p = 0.001), and leadership (p = 0.012) influence on budget Realization. The results of logistic regression analysis show that budget planning is the most influential factor on budget Realization with p value of 0.002\<0.005 and OR 11.353. Budget planning, budget implementation, human resources, regulations and leadership factors influence budget realization. Related parties are expected to improve the quality of human resources in the field of planning and budgeting division, which in turn, can increase budget realization.

}, keywords = {Budget Realization, Human Resources, Implementation, Leadership, Planning, Regulation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.61}, author = {Wildan Harisma and Sukri Palutturi and Amran Razak and Indar and Ummu Salmah and Syamsuar Manyullei and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2328, title = {Ganglion Impar Block and Neurolysis for Perineal Pain in Anal Adenocarcinoma: A Case Report }, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {711-715}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {711}, abstract = {

Background: Anal adenocarcinoma is a rare malignancy with symptoms including tenesmus, rectal bleeding, and pain during defecation. The pain can significantly reduce a patient{\textquoteright}s quality of life and there is currently no effective treatment for it. Ganglion impar block and neurolytic are one methods for managing pain in such cases. Case: A 60-year-old woman with anal adenocarcinoma and chronic pain in the anal region for two years despite oral medication underwent ganglion impar block and neurolytic treatment using a mixture of 96\% alcohol and levobupivacaine 0.25\%. Conclusion: Ganglion impar block with neurolysis using 96\% alcohol can be an option for managing perineal pain, especially when previous medication therapy is ineffective. This combination is safe for patients and can reduce pain levels.

}, keywords = {Impar Ganglion Block; Neurolysis; 96\% Alcohol; Anal adenocarcinoma; Perineal pain; Pain management.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.120}, author = {Asmaranto and Dedi Susila} } @article {2366, title = {Health Action Process Approach in Non-Communicable Diseases: A Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {966-974}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {966}, abstract = {

Background: Epidemiological research has indicated that the deleterious effects of non-communicable disease can be prevented through participation in health behaviours. The HAPA is a dual-phase model that identifies the determinants of the initiation and maintenance of health behaviour. The aim of this study was to systematically map the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA)- based interventions in non-communicable diseases in relation to the type of intervention, the target groups and the constructs of the HAPA model that are used in the study and to assess the clinical relevance of the studies. Methods: This review study complies with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) version 2020. The search for relevant literature involved PubMed, Sciencedirect, Willey online Library and Proquest databases for the studies published in 2000 to 2023 period. Quality of the study was assessed using CASP, and the Risk of Bias using Cochrane RoB tool. Results: In databases search, there are 912 studies. The results for eligibility resulted in 18 articles consist of 13 observational studies, and 5 experimental studies. Discussion: Physical activity, healthy diet behaviour, and medication adherence were the targeted behaviour. In the majority of the studies, the targeted intervention was physical activity and the population consisted of adult patients. Conclusion: All studies used only a selection of the HAPA constructs. Therefore, only a minority of the studies can be considered real HAPA intervention studies.

}, keywords = {Behaviour change, Health action process approach, Non-communicable diseases.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.156}, author = {Sahmad and Andi Zulkifli Abdullah and Muh. Syafar and Indahwaty Sidin} } @article {2402, title = {Health Risk Assessment and Monte Carlo Simulation of Microorganism Aerosol Pollution at the Intensive Care Unit of Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital. Makassar}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1170-1176}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1170}, abstract = {

Microorganism pollutants can be bacteria, fungi and spores in the room. Microorganisms that are distributed in space are known as bioaerosols. The spread of bioaerosol in hospitals can result in danger to human health, especially for patients with weakened immune systems. Risk assessment is very important for an organization or institution to overcome current and future risks related to contamination. The QMRA approach has been applied to inform standards for the microbiological quality of food, water, air, and touched surfaces. The method uses descriptive analytics with a literature review design. Data was obtained through searches on the electronic databases Pubmed , Elsevier , and Google Scholar. Keyword terms such as: (Bioaerosol * and Airborne * and Infections * and Hospital *) , ( Bioaerosol * and Microorganisms * and Inhalation ) , ( Airborne * and Microbial and * Hospital * or Intensive Room *) , ( Bioaerosol * Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA)* and Hospital-Acquired Infection* and Intensive Care unit ) . health risks AND sensitivity AND aerosol pollution AND microorganisms OR fungi OR bacteria AND montercarlo AND intensive care OR hospital rooms: (Bioaerosol * and Airborne * and Infections * and Hospital *) , ( Bioaerosol * and Microorganisms * and Inhalation ) , ( Airborne * and Microbial and * Hospital * or Intensive Room *) , (Bioaerosol * Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) * and Hospital-Acquired Infection * and Intensive Care unit ) . health risks AND sensitivity AND aerosol pollution AND microorganisms OR fungi OR bacteria AND monter carlo AND intensive care OR hospital rooms are used. The search covered research conducted over the past ten years, from 2012 to 2022. Of the 27 articles found using the search terms, seventeen articles were selected for examination. The four categories of analysis are population, type of study, aims, and findings. According to research, one of the parameters for evaluating indoor environmental quality is bioaerosol. Microbial bioaerosol media in the air are ambient air and indoor air. The routes of exposure can be through ingestion/swallowing, direct contact and inhalation/inhalation. The cause of hospital infections is because hospital environmental conditions do not meet the requirements, causing high levels of room air germs. Poor hospital indoor air quality can cause HAIs. Therefore increasing levels of mechanical or natural ventilation as well as regular cleaning and maintenance activities can play an important role in improving indoor air quality.

}, keywords = {Bioaerosol, Health risk assessment, Microorganisms, Monte carlo, Pollution}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.191}, author = {Rochfika and Anwar Mallongi and Aminuddin Syam and Agus Bintara Birawida and Syafri Kamsul Arif and A. Indahwaty Sidin and Muh. Nasrum Massi} } @article {2389, title = {Hepato-restorative Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Coccinia grandis L. Voigt. in CCl4 - Intoxicated Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1096-1102}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1096}, abstract = {

Background: Coccinia grandis has pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-ulcer, antiinflammatory, anti-hypersensitive, anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-cancer and hepatoprotective. Objective: This work is aimed to investigate an alternative low-cost green drug with hepatoprotective potential from methanolic extract of the leaf, stem and their corresponding calli of Coccinia grandis. Materials and Methods: Using 42 Albino Wistar rats divided into seven groups each group containing 6 rats. 1.5ml/kg bw of CCl4 diluted in olive oil was orally injected for fourteen days and methanolic extracts of parent plant parts, callus and silymarin, and on the last day of treatment, experimental rats were anesthetized, blood and organ removed for the biochemical and histopathological analysis. Results: This work is aimed to investigate an alternative low-cost green drug with hepatoprotective potential. Liver damage was induced by CCl4 (1.5 ml/kg body weight) in Wistar albino rats and recovery was noted by treating with Silymarin (100mg/kg bw), a known standard herbal drug and by treating with crude methanolic extract of leaf and stem parts of Coccinia grandis and their corresponding calli (leaf callus and stem callus at 180mg/kg bw) in terms of marked decrease in CCl4- increased SGOT (Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase), SGPT (Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase), ALP (Alkaline phosphatase), TB (Total bilirubin) and rise in TP (Total protein) compared to untreated control group. Histopathological studies of hepatocytes provide evidence of the centrilobular vacuolar degeneration and recovery by Silymarin or treatment with plant and callus extracts. Conclusion: Biochemical and histopathological examination proved the hepatoprotective potential of calli and parent plant parts (leaf, stem) of Coccinia grandis.

}, keywords = {Callus, CCl4, Coccinia grandis, GC-MS, Liver, Silymarin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.178}, author = {Vimala Yerramilli and Mahendra Singh and Ishwar Singh and Laxman Nagar and Jitendra Singh} } @article {2275, title = {HIF-1α and VEGF Expression in Adult-type Diffuse High-Grade Astrocytoma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {466-470}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {466}, abstract = {

Background: Gliomas stand as the prevalent primary malignant brain tumors in adults with astrocytoma being more common than oligodendroglioma. Based on isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) status, astrocytomas are classified as astrocytoma with mutated IDH and astrocytoma with wild-type IDH (glioblastoma). Tumor growth relies on angiogenesis, a process facilitated by key factors such as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α). This study aims to investigate the VEGF and HIF-1α expression profiles in grade 4 astrocytomas, encompassing both mutated IDH and wild-type IDH. Method: This study was conducted on 43 formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) materials of surgical specimens from adult-type grade 4 astrocytoma. Immunohistochemistry with IDH1 R132H was carried out to determine the IDH status, followed by assessment of HIF-1α and VEGF expression using semi-quantitatively utilizing immunoreactive score (IRS), and categorized as negative, weak, moderate, and strong. Results: Statistical analysis revealed no disparity in HIF-1α expression between both tumor types, nor was there a difference in VEGF expression in both tumor types, yet a positive association was established between VEGF and HIF-1α expression levels in IDH mutant and wild type of grade 4 astrocytoma with moderate strength (r=0.433). Conclusion: HIF-1α and VEGF are positively linked, despite the IDH status, and simultaneously work to promote angiogenesis in diffuse high-grade astrocytoma.

}, keywords = {Astrocytoma IDH mutant grade 4, Glioblastoma IDH wild type, Glioma, HIF-1α, VEGF}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.74}, author = {Febria Rizky Patikawa and Dyah Fauziah and Willy Sandhika} } @article {2380, title = {Hyperbaric Oxygen in Animal Model of Diabetes Nephropathy: Analysis of Blood Glucose, Proteinuria and Kidney Tissue Necrosis Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1043-1046}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1043}, abstract = {

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and is the main cause of 20 to 40 times higher mortality compared to diabetes without nephropathy. Therefore, the author wants to prove the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) on changes in blood glucose levels, proteinuria and kidney tissue necrosis cells in DN animal models. This study used 27 male white rats Rattus Norvegicus strain Wistar, weighing 170 - 220 grams, aged 8-12 weeks, healthy and active, divided into 3 groups, namely the normal rats group (G0), the DN rats without HBO group (G1) and the DN rats with HBO group (G2). Making a DN model with Streptozotocin (STZ) induction 75 mg / kgBW intraperitoneally in a single dose. HBO was performed in a 2.4 ATA pressurized air chamber by inhaling 98\% O2 for 3 x 30 minutes interspersed with inhaling normal air for 2 x 5 minutes for 5 consecutive days. The results showed a significant decrease in blood glucose levels p = 0.000 (p \<0.05). In proteinuria levels, there was an insignificant decrease p = 0.077 (p \> 0.05) in G2 compared to G1. Repair of kidney tissue damage was also indicated by a decrease in necrotic cells by 45.45\% in G2 compared to G1. These results prove that HBO can repair kidney damage in DN model mice, so HBO is expected to be used as an additional therapy in cases of diabetic nephropathy.

}, keywords = {Blood glucose, Diabetes Nephropaty, Hyperbaric Oxygen, Kidney Tissue Necrosis Cells, Proteinuria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.168}, author = {Titut Harnanik and Ketut Edy Sudiarta and Rudi Pandapotan Napitupulu and Arif Rahman Nurdianto and Ni Ketut Alit Darmayanti} } @article {2441, title = {Identification of Murder Victims{\textquoteright} Cranial Bone Mutilation Using Forensic Medicine, Anthropology, and Genotype DNA Approaches}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1404-1407}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1404}, abstract = {

The objective of forensic identification is to aid investigators in ascertaining an individual{\textquoteright}s identity. Reliability in identifying human remains from natural catastrophes, man-made disasters, and situations involving missing individuals has significantly advanced. Anthropological examination and forensic genetic profiling are particularly beneficial when traditional identification procedures, such as fingerprinting or ocular recognition, are not feasible. Even in cases where only skeletal remains are present, anthropological inquiries and forensic genetic examination of the remaining body parts can ascertain the identity and familial connection of the surviving individual. We have found a decapitated skull that is missing its lower jaw and comprises several cervical bones. Investigators think that the decapitated head is a component of a victim who was previously interred. We conducted an autopsy, an anthropological analysis and report the process of identifying skull bone mutilations in murder victims using forensic medicine, anthropology, and DNA genotyping approaches. We performed autopsy and anthropological investigations to collect data from the skeletal remains and a genetic analysis by collecting tooth and blood samples from victims{\textquoteright} parents. These samples were then utilized for DNA extraction, calculation of DNA rate and purity, amplification, and identification of genotype. After investigation, we discovered a single cranial bone and four cervical bones. Under macroscopic examination, the bones exhibit a striking resemblance to the structure of a human head and neck. The presence of tissue still attached to the bones indicates that the time of death exceeds 10 days. The complete destruction of the cranial bones indicates that they belong to individuals aged between 21 and 39 years. The presence of shovel-shaped teeth, a rounded palatal form, straight palatal sutures, and molar teeth with four cusps provide strong identification of the deceased individual as belonging to the Mongoloid race. The assessment of height is challenging due to the absence lengthy bones

}, keywords = {Antrophology, Autopsy, Genetic Profiling, Identification, Skeletal Remains}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.225}, author = {Setya Aji Priyatna and Satria Perwira and Vernando Parlindungan Simanjuntak and Sari Nur Indahty Purnamaningsih and I Ketut Heru Suryanegara and Desy Martha Panjaitan and Ahmad Yudianto} } @article {2439, title = {Impact of Natural Products and Mindfulness Practices on Serum Serotonin Levels, Clinical Symptoms, and Mindfulness in Adolescents with ADHD Symptoms}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1389-1395}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1389}, abstract = {

Introduction: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by impulsivity, hyperactivity, and impaired attention (inattention). Pharmacological treatments are often effective but have limitations, necessitating the exploration of alternative therapies. Interventions based on mindfulness (MBIs) have demonstrated effectiveness in alleviating symptoms of ADHD, but their effects on clinical symptoms, serotonin levels, and mindfulness in adolescents have not been thoroughly studied in Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions on the improvement of clinical symptoms, changes in serum serotonin levels, and mindfulness levels in adolescents with ADHD symptoms. Methods: A true-experimental design with a randomized controlled trial was employed. ADHD symptoms were screened using the Abbreviated Conners{\textquoteright} Teacher Rating Scale (ACTRS) among adolescent students in grades 7 through 9 of junior high school (n = 1067). After meeting all inclusion and exclusion criteria, the study included 28 adolescents aged 12{\textendash}16 years diagnosed with ADHD, divided into treatment (mindfulness) and control groups. Clinical symptoms were assessed using the SPPAHI questionnaire, mindfulness levels were measured with the CAMM scale, and serum serotonin levels were analyzed pre- and post-intervention. Results: The mindfulness group demonstrated notable reductions in clinical symptoms and mindfulness levels in comparison to the control group. There was no notable difference in serum serotonin levels between the two groups. Conclusions: MBIs effectively reduced ADHD symptoms and increased mindfulness levels in adolescents. No substantial changes were observed in serotonin levels, indicating that mindfulness impacts behavioral and cognitive aspects more than biochemical markers. These findings suggest that mindfulness may be a valuable complementary therapy for ADHD management in adolescents.

}, keywords = {CAMM, mindfulness, serotonin serum, SPPAHI}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.223}, author = {Dianasari and Yunias Setiawati and Royke Tony Kalalo and Atika and Farida Anwari and ASM Morshed and Auliya Yudia Yasyfin} } @article {2425, title = {Impact of Stigmasterol from Beluntas Leaves (Pluchea indica) on SGOT and SGPT Levels in Male Rats (Rattus norvegicus)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1311-1314}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1311}, abstract = {

Stigmasterol compounds have the potential as natural male antifertility drugs; based on the results of multiyear research and bioinformatics, further research is needed on the safety of stigmasterol preclinically. The study aimed to examine selected stigmasterol from blunt leaves that are safe for blood SGOT and SGPT levels the type of experimental research, the Post-test control design group. The study was conducted at the Biomedical Laboratory of the University of Muhammadiyah Malang, the Hufaka Bandung Laboratory, and the FKH Laboratory of Brawijaya University. The study was conducted from June to August 2024. The research sample of stigmasterol from blunt leaves came from the UPT materia medica of Batu City. The sampling technique was purposive random sampling. There were three dose treatments (0.125 mg/kgbb, 0.25 mg/kgbb, 0.5 mg/kgbb and control) with seven replications. Data analysis used one-way ANOVA and Duncan{\textquoteright}s further test. The results showed that giving various doses of stigmasterol could reduce SGPT in the blood but not SGOT. Duncan{\textquoteright}s test results of SGOT levels showed no significant difference between treatment categories; SGPT testing showed that the 0.125 mg/kgbb and 0.25 mg/kgbb treatments were not significantly different from the 0.5 mg/kg bb treatment but were substantially different from the control treatment. At the same time, the 0.5 mg/kgbb treatment was not significantly different from the other treatments. The conclusion and findings of the stigmasterol compound are in the safe category for use because it does not cause an increase in blood SGOT and SGPT and potentially tends to decrease.

}, keywords = {Antifertility, Beluntas, Men, Safety Test, Stigmasterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.211}, author = {Eko Susetyarini and Poncojari Wahyono and Sri Wahyuni and Endrik Nurrohman and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {2221, title = {Implementation Model of Acceptance of Covid-19 Booster Vaccine in Elderly in Bogor City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {145-149}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {145}, abstract = {

Objective: The major impact of COVID-19 occurs especially on the elderly, however the vaccination achievement rate among them tends to be low. The COVID-19 vaccination strategy for the elderly must still be implemented even though WHO has been revoked the Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) status for COVID-19. One approach that can be taken is to empower the elderly in the vaccination process. This research aims to see the effectiveness of changes in knowledge, attitudes and behavior of the elderly regarding acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine after receiving educational intervention using modules using the peer group method. Method: Quasi-experiment with a one-group pretest-posttest pattern. The research was conducted at the North Bogor Community Health Center in April-June 2023 on 66 elderly people taken using a purposive sampling technique. The questionnaire is used to look at characteristics, vaccine history, assess respondents{\textquoteright} knowledge, attitudes and behavior regarding the COVID-19 situation. Data collection went through three stages, namely pre-test distribution, peer group method using module-19 and post-test distribution. Bivariate analysis with dependent t-test using SPSS 23.0 software. Results: The majority of elderly people were aged 60-74 years (90.9\%) and there was a significant increase (p\<0.05) in the average score of knowledge, attitudes and behavior of elderly people before and after being given the intervention. The average knowledge score before intervention was 69.60 {\textpm} 9.51 and after intervention 80.30 {\textpm} 10.29, attitude score before intervention 80.43 {\textpm} 9.61 and after intervention 85.25 {\textpm} 11.99, and behavior score before intervention 86.29 {\textpm} 14.67 and after intervention 90.35 {\textpm} 10.34. Conclusion: implementation of the model with intervention modules is effective in increasing knowledge, attitudes and behavior. It is hoped that with this increase, elderly people will be able to receive the COVID-19 vaccine.

}, keywords = {Acceptance of the COVID-19 Vaccine, Attitudes, Behavior, knowledge, Module, Peer group}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.20}, author = {Astrid Dewi Prabaningtyas and Ridwan Amiruddin and A Arsunan Arsin and Healthy Hidayanty and Chatarina Umbul W and Ummu Salmah and Lalu Muh Saleh and Sudirman Nasir and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2316, title = {Implementation of Preconception Health Services in Some Southeast Asian Countries: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {677-681}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {677}, abstract = {

Objective: This literature discusses various forms of implementation of preconception health services in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines. Methods: This literature uses a narrative review with a time limit of 10 years (2011{\textendash}2021) and sources from online database journals that provide free journal articles in PDF format. These include Q1{\textendash}Q4 open access journals, Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, and other sources, such as data from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Of the 52 studies identified in the search phase, 17 were eligible for inclusion in this review. The keywords used in the literature search are preconception, health services, and Southeast Asia. The analysis carried out in this study is to group and combine the same types of preconception services from each country. Results: There is literature showing the implementation of preconception health services in some countries in Southeast Asia. These services include increasing preconception knowledge (in couples of childbearing age and adolescents), providing preconception care in the form of micronutrients, iron administration, use of contraceptives, counseling, screening for infectious diseases, increasing the participation of health workers in the village, and developing web-based preconception electronic modules and platforms. Conclusions: Providing micronutrients to women of childbearing age is a preconception service that is carried out in almost every country in Southeast Asia; some countries have developed preconception health service information systems, and other countries have not. It is necessary to evaluate the performance of existing preconception health services.

}, keywords = {Health Services, Preconception, Southeast Asia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.113}, author = {Fitrianty Sutadi Lanyumba and Muhammad Syafar and Darmawansyah and Apik Indarty Moedjiono and Anang S Otoluwa} } @article {2206, title = {The Implementation of Quick Wins Blood Services Program in Efforts to Prevent Maternal Deaths Due to Hemorrhage in East Lombok Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {37-41}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

The Quick Wins Blood Service Program was launched by the Ministry of Health to accelerate the fulfillment of blood needs for pregnant women with hemorrhage complications by integrating public health centers, referral hospitals, and blood transfusion units. Maternal hemorrhage deaths could be prevented if more voluntary donors regularly donated blood. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the Quick Wins Blood Service Program implementation in East Lombok Regency. Methods: This is qualitative research with a case study design. Data were collected by interviewing 11 informants from the blood transfusion unit of the hospital, the East Lombok Red Cross, Public Health Centers, the East Lombok District Health Office, and high-risk pregnant women. Results: Health services for pregnant women have been adequately provided. However, some midwives do not conduct home visits and only wait for patients at the posts (polindes) in some areas or only do examinations at the integrated health services posts (Posyandu). Blood services have been good, but more blood stocks are often needed due to a lack of donor interest. Preparing prospective donors for pregnant women in the Quick Wins program is not always carried out because pregnant women and their families assume that blood is always available at referral hospitals. Conclusion: The Quick Wins Blood Service Program has been well implemented but needs to be more optimal.

}, keywords = {Blood Transfusion, Hemorrhage, Maternal Death, Pregnancy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.5}, author = {Alfina H. Ummah and Sudirman Nasir and Suriah and Shanti Riskiyani and Syamsuar and Lalu M. Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2390, title = {Improving Tuberculosis Detection: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Contact Investigation Implementation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1103-1109}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1103}, abstract = {

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death. Indonesia is currently ranked 2nd globally, and the incidence rate increases yearly. TB is highly contagious to risk groups, especially to those who live in one house. Purpose. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of tuberculosis contact investigation by health workers and health cadres in Samarinda City, Indonesia. Methods: This study was conducted with an exploratory qualitative design to explore the implementation of Active Case Finding through contact investigation in Samarinda. As research informants, there are five managers of the tuberculosis program of the Samarinda City Health Office and Public Health Center, four Health Cadres, and ten household contacts of tuberculosis patients. Results: The results of the in-depth interviews identified three domains, eight themes, and 22 sub-themes. We found several obstacles in investigating the TB patient case index contacts, including a lack of resources, low awareness of household contacts, and difficulty meeting targets. Conclusion: Lack of resources and use of conventional instruments indicate less effective coverage of contact investigations. Low awareness of household contact for screening is due to a lack of understanding of TB, shame as a family of TB sufferers, denying the existence of TB symptoms, and not wanting others to know about their health conditions.

}, keywords = {Contact Investigation, Evaluation, Tuberculosis Detection}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.179}, author = {Joko Sapto Pramono and Ridwan Amiruddin and Ida Leida and Aminuddin Syam and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2341, title = {In Silico Gene Transcription of 4-Hydroxycinnamic Acid from Broccoli Fruit (Brassica oleracea var. italica) with Estrogen Receptor Beta Protein}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {791-796}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {791}, abstract = {

This study aims to explore the relationship between 4-Hydroxycinnamic Acid, a compound found in broccoli fruit (Brassica oleracea var. italica), and Estrogen Receptor Beta Protein through in silico analysis. The research was conducted using Pymol, MOE 2015, Discovery Studio 2016, and Lepinski Rule software. These tools were employed to model the structure of both the compound and protein, as well as to evaluate their interaction. The results revealed a significant interaction with a Binding Affinity of -6.4182. Moreover, the Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) measurements yielded a value of 3.8907, indicating the degree of agreement between the compound and protein structures. Analysis using the Lepinski Rule disclosed the characteristics of the compound 4-Hydroxycinnamic Acid, including a mass of 164, two hydrogen bond donors, three hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 1.490, and a molar reactivity of 44.776. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential of 4-Hydroxycinnamic Acid in interacting with Estrogen Receptor Beta Protein, which could serve as a foundation for further research on the health benefits and therapeutic applications of this compound, contributing to the goal of good health and well-being.

}, keywords = {Brassica oleracea var. italica, good health and well-being., in silico, molecular interaction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.131}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Dheo Shalsabilla Novel and Herland Satriawan and Khang Wen Goh and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and Sri Suwarni and Ria Septiana and Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori and Mochammad Aqilah Herdiansyah and Anni Faridah} } @article {2381, title = {In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Dried Red Jujube Fruit (Ziziphus jujuba) Ethanol Extract against DENV-2}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1047-1050}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1047}, abstract = {

Dengue infection has become one of the most important mosquito-borne diseases worldwide and is caused by the dengue virus (DENV). Recently, neither patent drug, phytopharmaceutical medicine, nor standardized herbal medicine has been officially available against DENV. Dried red jujube fruit (Ziziphus jujuba) ethanol extract has been proven to have an antiviral effect, anti-inflammatory efficacy, and antioxidant properties, which have potential activity against DENV infection. This research was conducted to analyze the antiviral activity of dried red jujube fruit ethanol extract against DENV-2 in vitro. The halfmaximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) were examined on Vero cells by a 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, whereas the halfmaximal effective concentration (EC50) was determined using luminescence assay. The selectivity index (SI) value was determined from the ratio of CC50 and EC50. Dried red jujube fruit ethanol extracts inhibited DENV-2 in 24.59\%, 22.39\%, 17.98\%, 14.5\%, 6.42\%, and 1.28\% at 80 μg/mL, 40 μg/mL, 20 μg/mL, 10 μg/ mL, 5 μg/mL, and 2.5 μg/mL, respectively. The extract exhibited antiviral activity against DENV-2, showing a CC50 of 67.73 μg/mL, an IC50 value of 166.18 μg/mL, and an EC50 of 64.87 μg/mL, with an SI of 1.04. The LD50 value was 707.95 mg/kg. Dried red jujube fruit ethanol extract could be a potential candidate for developing an antiviral against DENV-2.

}, keywords = {Antiviral, Dengue virus, DENV-2, dried red jujube fruit, Ziziphus jujuba}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.169}, author = {Niluh Suwasanti and Cecilia Putri Tedyanto and Silvia Sutandhio and Teguh Hari Sucipto} } @article {2271, title = {An in Vitro Comparative Evaluation for Internal and Marginal Integrity and the Degree of Monomer Conversion of Alkasite Restorative Material}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {442-449}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {442}, abstract = {

Aims: To compare and evaluate marginal and internal adaptation and to assess the degree of conversion of alkasite restoration in relation with other restorative materials. Methods: on the buccal surface of 25 maxillary premolars a class V cavities were prepared. The teeth were randomly divided into five groups (n=5) that restored as: Group 1: alkasite without adhesive, Group 2: alkasite with adhesive, Group 3: Nanohybrid composite, Group 4: Glass ionomer cement, and Group 5: Resin modified glass ionomer cement. The teeth underwent 5000 cycles of thermocycling between 5{\textdegree} and 55{\textdegree}. Then, silver nitrate solution was infiltrated and Micro-Computed tomography analysis was performed using (LOTUS inVivo). For evaluating degree of conversion, 15 specimens in the form of a disc were prepared from Alkasite, nanohybrid composite and resin modified glass ionomer (n=5). All samples were analyzed using (FTIR) in an ATR Mode in three intervals (after 20 second. 24 hours and 7 days). The data had been analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis, Dune and Wilcoxon tests at a 0.05 significance level. Result: A significant difference in marginal and internal adaptation were observed among restorations (p \< 0.05). Superior marginal and internal adaptation was obtained in this study for alkasite whether with or without bonded over nanohybrid composite. However, RMGIC and GIC show more adaptation values among other tested groups. Also degree of monomer conversion percentage varied among restorations at different intervals. Conclusion: alkasite restorations wither with or without bonding have higher marginal and internal adaptation in comparison with nanohybrid composite but lower than that of GIC and RMGIC. Also alkasite restoration showed higher degree of conversion when compared with nanohybride composite and RMGIC after 20 second and 24 hours of polymerization

}, keywords = {Alkasite, Degree of Conversion, Marginal and Internal Adaptation, Micro-CT}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.70}, author = {Mohammed W. Shackori and Ammar A. Qasim and Nadia H. Hasan} } @article {2382, title = {Increasing Oxytocin through Electroacupuncture Stimulation at LI4 and SP6 Points in Postpartum Cesarean Section}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1051-1055}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1051}, abstract = {

Background: Pain from postoperative cesarean section stitches can cause physiological stress, thereby disrupting mobility and affecting the uterine involution process postpartum. Acupuncture at points LI4 and SP6 has been reported to stimulate uterine contractions and reduce pain. Objective: To look into how electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation works at particular places LI4, SP6, and the combination of LI4 \& SP6 with frequencies of 30, 50, and 100 Hz on the increase in oxytocin levels postpartum cesarean section. Method: The number of respondents was 144 postpartum cesarean section patients who met the inclusion criteria, divided using the randomized controlled trial (RCT) method into 8 intervention and control groups. Oxytocin levels were analyzed through blood samples using the ELISA method, comparing results before and after the intervention as well as with the control group. Result: The electroacupuncture intervention group{\textquoteright}s analysis at points LI4 and SP6 showed a substantial (P\<0.05) rise in oxytocin levels when compared to the control group. Conclusion: The findings of this research suggest that electroacupuncture intervention following a cesarean section can induce a rise in the levels of the hormone oxytocin.

}, keywords = {Electroacupuncture, LI4, Oxytocin, Postpartum, SP6}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.170}, author = {Nurul Azizah and Budi Santoso and Abdurachman and Hanik Badriyah Hidayati and Ario Imandiri and Rafhani Rosyidah and Ratna Dwi Jayanti} } @article {2378, title = {Influence of Chamomile Leaves extract in Different Doses on Renal Functions and Diabetic indices in Streptozotocin {\textendash} Induced Diabetic Rat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1029-1035}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1029}, abstract = {

Background: The prevalence of diabetes among Egyptians is rising. Therefore, there is always a demand for innovative natural medicines. Medicinal plants have long been a significant source in search of novel, effective alternatives for human therapy. Chamomile is one of the most widely used medicinal plants, which may help hyperglycemic patients by lowering blood sugar levels. Objectives: To determine how chamomile extract affects the kidneys when albino male rats with chronic diabetes are induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Methods: The study was conducted in the Al-Azhar Faculty of Medicine (Assiut) pharmacology department animal laboratory. For this investigation, a local strain of fifty adult male albino rats was used as the animal model and weighed 120 to 150 g. In this study, rats were divided into five groups, body weight, and systolic blood pressure was measured, and blood samples were collected for measuring blood glucose and insulin level, HbA1c, Na, K, and renal function tests, and histopathological examination was done. Results: After the study, mean glucose levels, HbA1c, urea, creatinine, K, and systolic blood pressure were significantly decreased in group IV \& group V compared to group III. In contrast, body weight serum insulin level and Na increased dramatically in group IV \& group V compared to group III. Conclusion: The serum levels of urea and creatinine in diabetic patients may be positively affected by chamomile. Additionally, short-term chamomile uses benefits diabetic individuals by decreasing loss of body weight, lowering HbA1c, and increasing insulin levels.

}, keywords = {Chamomile leaves, Diabetes mellitus, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.166}, author = {Mohamed Zaeim Hafez Ahmed and Muhammad Abdelbaeth Hassan Elfiky and Elsayed Elagamy Elsayed Mohamed and Ramadan Hassan Ibrahim Thabet and Ahmed Mohamed Gad Allah and Ahmed Abdrabo Elshenawy Elsisi and Ahmed Abdel Nasser Ahmed Mohamed and Tarek Shikhon and Mostafa Abo-akrab and Sayed A.M.Mahmoud and Mohamed AbdelAziz Doma and Wael Ahmed Mahmoud Khattab and Khaled Saleh Ali Elhamaky and Mohamed El- Salamoni and Fatma Mahmoud Abdelraheem and Mahmoud Ahmad Mohamed Azab and Mahmoud Ahmad Mohamed Azab6 and Mohamed E EL-Refaey and Ahmed A. Abd El-Rhman and Ahmed F. Abdel Ghany and Ghada Adel Hegazy} } @article {2222, title = {The Influence of Organizational Culture and Group Climate on Innovation Readiness at Hasanuddin University Hospital}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {150-155}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {150}, abstract = {

Innovation is considered a competitive mechanism for organizational performance and success, and is considered an important instrument for adapting to the ever-changing business environment. This research aims to analyze the influence of Organizational Culture and Group Climate on Innovation Readiness at Hasanuddin University Hospital. The type of research carried out was quantitative research using an observational study with a cross sectional study design. The sample in this study was employees at the hospital, totaling 123 respondents. The research results show that there is a direct influence of organizational culture on innovation readiness, there is a direct influence of group climate on innovation readiness. It is recommended that hospital management be open to new ideas and encourage their employees to be more open and accept input from other employees. This will greatly encourage the emergence of innovation, improve the climate in positive work teams, such as participative, open and safe, will motivate employees to show Innovative and improving behavior creates or adopts new ideas, products, services, programs, technologies, policies, structures or new administrative systems.

}, keywords = {Group Climate, Hospital, Innovation Readiness, Organizational Culture}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.21}, author = {Michele Wijaya Oei and Syahrir A. Pasinringi and Andi Indahwaty Sidin and Noer Bahry Noor and Fridawaty Rivai and Healty} } @article {2351, title = {The Influence of Psychological Capital on Nurse Performance Through Work Engagement at the Inpatient Installation of the Sandi Karsa Hospital in Makassar City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {865-871}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {865}, abstract = {

Background: One concept that supports nurses in being more motivated to achieve good performance is psychological capital. Objective: To analyse the effect of psychological capital on work engagement and nurse performance at the inpatient installation at Sandi Karsa Hospital. Method: The type of research used is quantitative research. The research design used analytic observations with a cross-sectional study approach. The sample in this study was 65 nurses at the inpatient installation at Sandi Karsa Hospital, Makassar City, using the total sampling technique. The analysis method used is Partial Least Square with SmartPLS software version 3.0. Results: The results of this study indicate that there is a direct influence of psychological capital on work engagement (p = 0.000), and there is a direct influence of psychological capital on nurse performance with a (p = 0.000). There is no effect of work engagement on nurse performance (p = 0.307) and no direct effect of psychological capital on nurse performance through work engagement (p = 0.326).

}, keywords = {Hospitalization., Performance, Psychology, Work engagement}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.141}, author = {Annisa Putri Ramadhani Arifin and Sukri Palutturi and Muhammad Yusran Amir and Amran Razak and Aminuddin Syam and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2244, title = {The Influence of Workplace Spirituality and Leader Member Exchange on Organizational Commitment of Nurses at Elim Rantepao Hospital, North Toraja District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {287-291}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {287}, abstract = {

Background: The determining factor for the success of health service organizations today lies in how well management builds commitment, especially employee performance as internal customers. How well executives and all employees at all levels emphasize the importance of patient retention. How well customer commitment is translated into easy-to-understand actions, processes and performance records and how seriously leadership views all employees as a valuable investment and not a burden to the organization. This study aims to analyze the influence of Workplace Spirituality and Leader Member Exchange on Organizational Commitment in Nurses at Elim Rantepao Hospital, North Toraja Regency. The type of research is quantitative research using an observational study with a cross sectional study design. The sample was 102 nurses in the Inpatient Unit of Elim Rantepao Hospital, North Toraja Regency. Results: of the research show that organizational commitment in the Inpatient Unit of Elim Rantepao Hospital, North Toraja Regency is 46.1\% with the variable that has the most significant influence on nurses{\textquoteright} organizational commitment, namely Workplace Spirituality with a sig value of 0.001\<0.05 with a value of 51.1\%, as well as the most influential dimension. towards organizational commitment, namely Professional Respect with a sig value of 0.001 \<0.05 with a value of 46.6\%.

}, keywords = {LMX (Leader Member Exchange) and Organizational Commitment, Workplace Spirituality}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.42}, author = {Adrian Benedict Wijaya and Irwandy and A. Indahwaty Sidin and Noer Bahry Noor and Syahrir A Pasinringi and Sangkala and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2264, title = {Intercorrelations among Hemoglobin Level, Physical Fitness, and Cognitive Score in Adolescent Girls: A Cross Sectional Study in Banggai District, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {405-409}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {405}, abstract = {

Iron deficiency anemia in adolescent girls can cause decreased concentration, cognitive levels and fitness. In the long term it will have an impact on low productivity and school achievement. This study aims to analyze the correlations between hemoglobin level, physical fitness and cognitive score in Anemic adolescent girls. The research design was cross-sectional, with a sample of adolescent girls aged 12{\textendash}18 years (n=139). Iron status was determined by hemoglobin levels using Hemocue. Cognitive function was measured using the Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT), memory scores using the Intelligenz Structure Test (ITS), and physical fitness based on the predicted VO2max using the Bleep Test. Correlation analysis uses Pearson correlation analysis. The research results showed that overall 58.3\% of students experienced anemia, of which 64.1\% experienced mild anemia and 32.1\% experienced moderate anemia. The average value of hemoglobin levels in respondents was 11.6 mg/dl. The mean predicted VO2 max is 25.3 kg/ m2 and kognitif score 81,02 and memori score 11,01. Pearson{\textquoteright}s test results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between hemoglobin levels and predicted VO2 max (r = 0.28, p\<0.05) and memori score (r = 0.31, p\<0.05). There was a weak correlation between hemoglobin levels and kognitif score (r=0.17, p=0.053). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between hemoglobin levels and physical fitness and cognitive function. Therefore, an intervention program is needed to increase Hb levels in adolescent girls

}, keywords = {Adolescent girl, Anemia, Hemoglobin level, kognitif, Physical Fitness}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.63}, author = {Risma Risma and Veni Hadju and Andi Zulkifli and Healthy Hidayanti and Syamsiar S.Russeng and Apik Indarty and Abdul Salam and Toto Sudargo and Abdul Fandir and Masrif Masrif} } @article {2373, title = {Juglans regia L.: Source of Bioactive Compounds with Potential Anticancer Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {998-1003}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {998}, abstract = {

Background: Juglans regia L., commonly known as {\textquotedblleft}walnut{\textquotedblright}, belongs to the Juglandaceae family, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic medicinal properties. Objective: Describe the anticancer potential of the bioactive compounds present in Juglans regia L. Method: Recent scientific studies were reviewed on the effects of bioactive compounds from Juglans regia L. on inhibiting tumor growth and cancer development in several experimental models. To do this, a scientific literature search was carried out, using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct. Results: Regarding the selected articles, it was found that some bioactive compounds from Juglans regia L. exhibit mechanisms of anticancer action, among which the following stand out: induction of apoptosis, suppression of angiogenesis, and modulation of cell signaling pathways related to cell proliferation and survival. Conclusion: It is concluded that Juglans regia L. contains active metabolites with potential anticancer effects.

}, keywords = {Angiogenesis, Antitumor, Apoptosis, Cancer, Juglans regia L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.161}, author = {Carla Y. Requejo-Rodr{\'\i}guez and Elmer M. Roncal-Alayo and Carmen R. Silva-Correa and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and William A. Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and William A. Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Walter E. Janampa-Castillo and Jos{\'e} E. Alvarez- Trujillo and Glenda J. Vela-Urbina and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Mar{\'\i}a E. Cotrina-Le{\'o}n and Julio A. Casta{\~n}eda-Carranza and Deivy Y. Dionicio-Rosado} } @article {2234, title = {Measuring Adolescent Mental Health and the Effect on Junevile Deliquency Behavior Tendencies. Case Study in Tana Toraja}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {231-234}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {231}, abstract = {

Background: Adolescence is a transitional phase of development from childhood to adulthood, involving various changes in the biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional aspects of the adolescent. These changes often lead to confusion in establishing their identity, which can result in behaviors that are not in line with their developmental responsibilities. The tendency towards delinquent behavior in adolescents is one of the forms of behavior that emerges during adolescence due to the dysfunction of various aspects within the adolescent. The presence of dysfunction in these aspects of the adolescent indicates that the adolescent is experiencing mental disorders. The aim of this study is to analyze how the mental health of adolescents influences their tendency to engage in delinquent behaviors. Method: Using a quantitative method with descriptive statistics and testing assumptions using multiple linear regression analysis. Result: Based on the characteristics of adolescents aged 14 to 18 years, it was found that the mental health condition of adolescents has an impact on the tendency of delinquent behavior in adolescents, with a value based on the linear regression model of 0.000 \< 0.05, indicating a significant level. Conclusion: The non-impulsive behavioral aspect is the most significantly influential factor on the tendency of adolescent delinquent behavior with a value of p \< 0.05.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Juneville delinquency tendency, Mental health, Self-Control}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.33}, author = {Librawaty Sara Tangibali and Muhammad Syafar and Ridwan M. Thaha and Sudirman Nasir and Hasanuddin Ishak and Sukri Palutturi and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2236, title = {Microbial Quantitative Risk Assessment in Springs as Community Drinking Water Sources in the Banggai Islands Karst Area, Central Sulawesi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {241-247}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {241}, abstract = {

The Banggai Karst Area of the Islands of Central Sulawesi Province is dominated by the appearance of the Karst Ecosystem, which covers 97\% of the total area, so it is very vulnerable to pathogenic bacterial contamination. This type of research is an observational study with a Cross-Sectional design with an Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) approach method to assess or forecast the amount of human health risk caused by exposure to environmental hazards. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) determines or predicts the human health risk caused by exposure to environmental hazards from pathogenic bacterial contamination. In this study, we collected 230 human samples and four samples of springs as a source of community drinking water, namely Paisu Lalomo Spring in South Buko District, Paisu Taabak in Liang District, Paisu Olulan in North Bulagi District and Paisu Sinangkal North Tinangkung District. The examination results on four springs as a source of community drinking water contained one sample with the highest probability of infection (Pinf) of 3.92 x10-4, namely Coliform bacteria in Paisu Lalomo springs. Furthermore, the annual chance of infection (Pinf / year), the highest pathogenic bacteria, was also found in Paisu Lalomo spring samples, namely in coliform bacteria with the same value (Pinf / year) = 1.32{\texttimes}10-1. However, examination of other bacteria also showed that all positive springs contained coliform bacteria and Enterococcus exceeding the specified limit (1x10-4). Risk management is needed to control risk factors that can cause health problems due to consuming and utilizing springs as a source of drinking water.

}, keywords = {Karst, Pathogenic bacteria, QMRA, Springs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.35}, author = {Ferdy Salamat and Anwar Daud and Agus Bintara Birawida and Amran Achmad and Muh. Syafar and Ridwan Amiruddin and Stang and Langgeng Wahyu Santoso and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2344, title = {Molecular Insights into Spirulina platensis Compounds Targeting TNFa and P21 in Delaying Cellular Senescence Mechanisms: An In Silico Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {809-815}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {809}, abstract = {

Spirulina platensis with bioactive compounds such as Phycocyanin, β-carotene, Genistein and α-glucan, have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. Our present study investigation utilizes an in silico methodology to examine the molecular interactions between Spirulina platensis chemicals compound with TNFa and p21. Utilizing computational techniques molecular docking, our goal is to clarify the possible pathways by which Spirulina platensis chemicals could affect these important regulators and postpone cellular senescence. Our research may shed important light on the creation of Spirulina platensis-based therapies for ageing and age-related illnesses. Our results imply that Spirulina platensis may contribute to overall cellular health and the mitigation of cellular senescence. Phycocyanin has the most negative ΔG value is -15.0 kcal/mol. Genistein has the lowest Ki value, namely 7.299 μM. The ΔG and Ki values of Genistein were lower than Quercetin. The potential chemical interactions between substances generated from Spirulina platensis and senescence pathways, including those involving TNFa and p21, are highly intriguing for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches targeted at ameliorating cellular senescence dysfunction associated with aging.

}, keywords = {in silico, p21 expression, Spirulina platensis, TNFa-induced cellular senescence}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.134}, author = {Tiwuk Susantiningsih and Fadilah Fadilah and Ani Retno Prijanti and Novi Silvia Hardiany} } @article {2436, title = {Natural Cartilage-Derived Scaffolds for 3D Mesenchymal Stem Cell Culture: Promoting Chondrogenesis and Modulating Secretome Composition}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1365-1372}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1365}, abstract = {

Introduction: The regenerative potential of stem cells lies in their secretome, a collection of signaling molecules whose composition is shaped by the cellular microenvironment and external stimuli. To enhance cartilage regeneration, a 3D culture system using a natural cartilage scaffold has been developed to create a more chondrogenic secretome. This study investigates the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cultured in a decellularized bovine cartilage scaffold and analyzes the resulting secretome{\textquoteright}s composition. Methods: This study employed a randomized time series design to examine MSCs chondrogenic differentiation. A control group was cultured in standard 2D conditions, while two experimental groups were cultured in either 2D medium supplemented with chondrocyte differentiation medium (positive control) or a 3D decellularized bovine cartilage scaffold. The study hypothesized that the 3D culture would promote chondrogenesis at least as effectively as the positive control. Key chondrogenic markers were evaluated at various time points. Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in marker expression between the experimental and control groups. SOX-9 and aggrecan were elevated in both experimental groups. The 3D group showed higher RUNX-2 expression and the highest Coll-2 expression at later time points. Additionally, growth factor analysis showed the 3D group had the highest levels of IGF-1 and FGF-2 towards the end of the study. Conclusion: 3D culture of MSCs in a bovine cartilage scaffold enhances chondrogenic differentiation and produces a secretome with comparable chondrogenic potential to traditional 2D culture with differentiation medium, suggesting its promise for cartilage regeneration.

}, keywords = {Cartilage, Culture Technique, Secretome, Stem Cells, Three-Dimensional}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.220}, author = {Kukuh Dwiputra Hernugrahanto and Naufaldy Rifqiaulia Noerda and Jifaldi Afrian Maharaja Dinda Sedar and Lukas Widhiyanto and Dwikora Novembri Utomo and Djoko Santoso} } @article {2267, title = {Non-Nutritive Sweeteners Modulated Creatinine and Urea Levels in White Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {422-425}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {422}, abstract = {

Artificial sweeteners, also known as nonnutritive sweeteners have many benefits like low calories count. It is frequently used for reducing weight, controlling blood sugar levels and decreasing the chances of dental decay. This study evaluated the effects of NNS in the kidney function. Using the blood sample of the albino rats, the level of creatinine and urea was calculated after the use of NNS for 3 weeks. 70 rats were equally divided into 7 groups. The groups were given Stevia 200mg/kg/day, 10\% solution of sucrose, Sucralose 3g/kg/day, Saccharine, Aspartame 250mg/kg/day and Acesulfame-k 250mg/kg/day respectively. In the controlled group, distilled water was used as a placebo. The results indicated that saccharin and aspartame both caused the urea to increase to 37{\textpm}0.5 mg/dl from initial 30{\textpm}1.5mg/dl and acesulfame-k represented the most increase in the urea, which elevated the levels from 30 mg/dl to 38{\textpm}1.5 mg/dl. Additionally, saccharine and aspartame increased the creatinine levels from from 0.1 to 0.85{\textpm}0.05 mg/ dl and sucralose elevated the level of creatinine from 0.1 mg/dl to 1.3{\textpm}0.2 mg/dl. In the stevia group, the results remained the same as in the controlled group. This indicates the nephrotoxic effects of NNS and proves Stevia safe for the daily use as an alternative.

}, keywords = {Acesulfame-K, Artificial Sweeteners, Aspartame, Non-nutritive sweeteners, Saccharine, Sucralose}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.66}, author = {Mohammed Saarti and Musab M Khalaf and Zeina A. Althanoon} } @article {2410, title = {Obstacles to the Complementary Feeding Assistance Program for Stunted Children Aged 6-24 Months: A Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1209-1217}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1209}, abstract = {

Stunting is a condition of stunted physical and cognitive growth caused by malnutrition during the development of children under five. UNICEF and WHO recommendations stipulate exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and breastfeeding for up to two years. Apart from that, it is very important to provide complementary foods for breast milk for 6-23 months. The aim of the research is to determine the obstacles to the Complementary Feeding assistance program for stunted children aged 6-24 months. The method used is a Systematic Literature Review. Health database with search engines Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direch, ProQuest and Scinapse. The search strategy uses the keywords: Program Constraints, Complementary Feeding, Stunting and Baduta. Identifying research articles for 2017-2023 and using PRISMA flowcharts and literature eligibility criteria based on the PICOS framework. A total of 10,523 articles were identified. Five articles used cross sectional methods, three survey articles, one descriptive analysis article and one cohort article. There were 10 eligible articles that met the inclusion criteria. Based on the results of the identification of Complementary Feeding assistance programs for stunted children aged 6-24 months. There is a correlation between obstacles to the mentoring program related to non-optimal complementary feeding practices (accuracy, diversity and frequency), lack of knowledge and experience, obstacles in communication skills (delivering key messages), selfefficacy/ working mothers, sanitation/environmental conditions, socio-economic, weak regulations and government programs including increasing community-based programs such as posyandu. If children aged 0-23 months receive inappropriate complementary foods, they are at high risk of stunting. Various obstacles to the Complementary Feeding assistance program will influence the program{\textquoteright}s emphasis on promoting children{\textquoteright}s growth and development to prevent stunting. Conclusion: the Complementary Feeding mentoring program is not optimal, due to various obstacles (specific and sensitive) faced in providing Complementary Feeding to stunted children aged 6-23 months.

}, keywords = {Breast milk, Complementary Feeding, Program Barriers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.198}, author = {Icha Dian Nurcahyani and Ridwan Amiruddin and Yahya Thamrin and Wahiduddin and Aminuddin Syam and Nurhaedar Jafar and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2239, title = {Occupational Diseases in Female Workers in the Industrial World, Indonesia: Hazard Types and Exposure Mechanisms {\textendash} Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {263-267}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {263}, abstract = {

Background: Occupational diseases are diseases caused by work and the work environment. Specifically gender, women have a double burden, namely domestic work in the household and the burden of being a breadwinner who works outside the home, women are also faced with reproductive tasks, namely pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding, and bioanatomically women have physical strength different from men, so that women are specifically more vulnerable to health risks due to their work, both physically, mental and social. This research will review the types and mechanisms of the spread of Occupational Diseases (OD) in female workers in the industrial world. Methods: The writing of this research was carried out using the Literature Review method which is a literature review method in which scientific articles are selected by researchers related to the research topic. Results: According to the results of the study, the specific risk of occupational diseases in the female worker community is pregnancy and childbirth disorders, Anemia and Sexuall Transmitted Disease (STD), while other accompanying diseases are Pulmonary Obstruction Disease, Tinea pedis, Neurotoksic Symptoms, Noice Induce Hearing Loss (NIHL), Low Back Pain (LBP), MSDs, and Work Stress. Conclusion: Every female worker has a susceptibility to occupational diseases according to the conditions and work environment experienced. The industry must pay attention to programs to improve occupational health by making anticipatory efforts so that occupational diseases do not become a life threat to female workers.

}, keywords = {Female Worker, Hazard, Industry, Occupational Disease}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.38}, author = {Mirawati Tongko and Yahya Thamrin and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Sukri Palutturi and Ridwan Amiruddin and Irwandy and Anwar Mallongi and Maria Kanan and Fahrudin Lahay and Almustari} } @article {2279, title = {Pectoralis Block in Geriatric Patients with Breast Cancer Undergoing Modified Radical Dextra Mastectomy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {492-494}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {492}, abstract = {

Regional anesthesia has the advantage of minimal use of drugs capable of depressing cardiovascular or pulmonary function, especially in geriatric patients. The pectoral nerve block represents a regional procedure associated with fewer adverse effects compared to alternative regional anesthetic approaches. A 74-year-old woman with a weight of 35 kg and a height of 145 cm, was diagnosed with breast cancer. The patient complained of a lump in the right breast since the last 1 year, the lump felt hard and didn{\textquoteright}t feel painful. We conducted PECS I and PECS II blocks as part of the surgical protocol for dextra Modified Radical Mastectomy (MRM), with the primary goal of minimizing the requirement for opioids and anesthetic agents in the context of geriatric patients. In the PECS I block, we introduced a needle into the anatomical plane situated between the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles, followed by the injection of 10 mL of 0.5\% ropivacaine. In the case of the PECS II block, we administered a 20 mL dosage of ropivacaine at the third rib level above the serratus anterior muscle to ensure a wide distribution of the local anesthetic within the axillary region. The complete PECS block procedure typically spans a duration of approximately 30 minutes. The block was smooth and did not show complications, during the duration of the opioid, fentany 25 mcg was added during the axillary lymph node dissection. VAS scores at first 12 and 24 hours, 1 and 1. Thus, the PECS block can be used as an analgesic either during or postoperatively. The use of PECS 1 and 2 blocks in radical mastectomy may reduce the need for opioids for intraoperative and postoperative pain.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, Geriatrics, Modified Radical Mastectomy (MRM), PECS Block}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.78}, author = {Ardhian Wardana and Dedi Susila} } @article {2263, title = {Peer Group Empowerment to Improve Teenagers{\textquoteright} Behavior in Consuming Blood Supplement Tablets Through the Youth Integrated Healthcare Center Program}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {400-404}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {400}, abstract = {

Backgrounds: South Sulawesi Province ranks in the top 7 with a percentage of 58.9\% coverage of TTD provision to adolescent girls. Based on data from the Gowa District Health Service in 2021, it shows that the number of coverage for taking blood-added tablets among young women is 57\% of the accumulated achievements of 26 health centers, where the health center with the lowest number of coverage for taking blood-added tablets is one of the Kanjilo Community Health Centers with an achievement of 18\% of 1239 targets targets. Youth Integrated Healthcare Center with a peer-group approach allows for continuous interaction between peer educators and their peers so that the delivery of information is more intensive. This research aims to determine the effect of peer group empowerment to increase adolescent behavior in consuming blood supplement tablets at the Youth Integrated Healthcare Center, Barombong District, Gowa Regency. Methods: This research uses a quantitative method of quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test group approach. The population in this study were all members of the youth Integrated Healthcare Center in the Kanjilo health center working area, Barombong sub-district, South Sulawesi province, who were divided into two groups, namely the intervention group and the control group, each with 40 people. Results: The results of the study showed that there was a significant effect of peer group empowerment intervention on intention, self-efficacy, knowledge, attitudes, parental support, and teacher support in the intervention group and control group in consuming blood supplement tablets in youth Integrated Healthcare Center with a p-value \< 0.05. Apart from that, the results showed that adolescent Integrated Healthcare Center participants were more disciplined in consuming blood supplement tablets because of peer invitations which made changes in adolescent behavior in a more positive direction. Conclusion: There is a significant influence between the intervention group and the control group before and after being given counseling and peer group empowerment training on adolescent behavior in consuming blood supplement tablets.

}, keywords = {blood supplement tablets, peer groups, Teenagers, youth Integrated Healthcare Center}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.62}, author = {Nurjanna and Muhammad Syafar and Syria and Ridwan M. Thaha and Abdul Salam and Ridwan Amiruddin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2217, title = {Pharmacognostic Profile and Antidiabetic Activity of Eleutherine bulbosa Mills. Bulbs from East Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {118-125}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {118}, abstract = {

Background: Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb., known as Bawang Dayak, is commonly found growing in Kalimantan, Indonesia. The characteristics of the environment in which the plant grows greatly influence the characteristics of the plant and its biological activity. Objective: This study aimed to determine the pharmacognostic profile and evaluate the antidiabetic activity of E. bulbosa bulb extract obtained from Kota Bangun, Kutai Kertanegara, Indonesia. Methods: The dried powdered of E. bulbosa bulbs was extracted using two different methods (maceration and microwave-assisted extraction). The evaluation of the sample fluorescence and non-specific parameters was done. The antidiabetic activity of the extracts was conducted using streptozocin-induced mice and histopathology analysis. Results: The fluorescence evaluation indicated various secondary metabolites contained in E. bulbosa simplicia. Non-specific parameters include drying loss (8.83{\textpm}0.2611\%), water content in simplicia (8.04{\textpm}0.7481\%), specific gravity (1.04{\textpm}0.0058\%), total ash content (20.3{\textpm}0.1583\%), acid insoluble ash content (1.70{\textpm}0.0608\%), ethanol content in extract (0.99{\textpm}0.0017\%), lead content (0.010 mg/g), cadmium (0.091 mg/g), Arsenic (0.0003 mg/g), aflatoxin (not detected), and mold/yeast (0.8 {\texttimes} 105 colonies/g) meet the established regulations. Meanwhile, the antidiabetic assay showed that both extracts decreased the blood glucose levels in mice during the 14 days of treatments in a dose-dependent manner. This activity is correlated with the increased repair of pancreatic beta cells as observed by histopathological analysis. Conclusion: The dried bulbs of E. bulbosa obtained from Kota Bangun, Kutai Kertanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia meet the standards set as raw materials for antidiabetic herbal medicines.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic activity, Bawang Dayak, contaminant levels evaluation, Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb, pharmacognostic profile}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.16}, author = {Herman Herman and Arsyik Ibrahim and Junaidin Junaidin and M. Arifuddin and Baso Didik Hikmawan and Siska Siska and Tahyatul Bariroh and Reza Yuridian Purwoko and Lizma Febrina and Muhammad Faisal and Iswahyudi Iswahyudi and Marissa Angelina and Erwin Samsul and Laode Rijai and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {2421, title = {Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies of Different Extracts of Stem Bark and Leaf of Flueggea leucopyrus Willd.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1281-1289}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1281}, abstract = {

Background: Traditional medicinal plants are generally extracted and evaluated to identify potential sources of effective drugs. Objective: The present study aimed to conduct the phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of stem bark and leaf extracts of Flueggea leucopyrus. Materials and Methods: The collected plant material was dried, powdered, and extracted separately by soxhlation with different solvents viz., petroleum ether, n-hexane, chloroform, acetone, methanol, and water. All the extracts were subjected to phytochemical evaluation. Alkaloids were extracted and characterized from the powdered sample of leaf and bark. In vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay and anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of protein denaturation and Human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method. Results: Extracts were found to be either semisolid or solid with different tints of green or brown colour. The preliminary phytochemical evaluation found alkaloids, glycoside, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carbohydrates, sterol, and saponin. On spectral evaluation, the presence of an alkaloid, Securinol-A was found in a fraction extracted from the bark. In the in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity the tested samples showed a concentration-dependent rise of activity, particularly, the isolated fraction and acetone extract of stem bark revealed a significant activity. Conclusion: Alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols, and saponins identified in these extracts may be responsible for these biological activities. Hopefully, our in vitro and in vivo evaluations and compound-level studies in the future will reveal significant data for the development of clinically useful chemotherapeutic agents.

}, keywords = {Extraction, Flueggea leucopyrus, In vitro anti-inflammatory activity, In vitro antioxidant activity, Phytochemical evaluation, Spectral evaluation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.207}, author = {Sarath Lal P S and Thirumal M and Ajith Babu T K} } @article {2361, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity Test of Ethanol Extract of Durian (Durio Zibethinus murr.) Soya Varieties Against Pathogen Bacteria Escherichia Coli in Raw Drinking Water}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {933-941}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {933}, abstract = {

Introduction: Durian (Durio zibethinus) fruit skin contains antibacterial compounds. The antibacterial content in durian skin (Durio zibethinus) such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols and tannins can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhosa and Staphylococcus aureus and act as a disinfection agent. This research aims to determine the secondary metabolite compounds and antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Soya durian peel against the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Methods: This type of research is a laboratory experiment, including making Soya durian peel extract using the maceration method using 96\% ethanol solvent. The antibacterial activity test was carried out using the liquid dilution method to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) value and the solid dilution method to determine the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) value. Results: Based on qualitative phytochemical screening, Soya durian peel ethanol extract contains secondary metabolite compounds with an average content of 4.24\% alkaloids, 22.95\% flavonoids, 1.74\% saponins, 57.41\% phenols and 2.27\% tannins. Soya durian peel extract has an MIC against E. coli ATCC 25922 bacteria of 3.12\%, while the MBC value of Soya durian peel extract against E. coli ATCC 25922 bacteria is 6.25\%. The results of the One Way ANOVA analysis of the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) data have a significant value of 0.00 \< 0.05. The results of the Pearson correlation test (r) showed a significant number of 0.000 (p \< 0.05), the Pearson correlation coefficient between concentration and number of bacterial colonies was (r) = 0.812. This means that the higher the concentration of Soya durian peel ethanol extract given, the less the number of E.coli ATCC 2592 bacterial colonies will be reduced. The results of a simple linear regression test showed that the value of Y = 245.618 {\textendash} 29.016 245,618 colonies and each increase in the concentration of Soya durian peel ethanol extract by 1\% will cause a decrease in the number of bacterial colonies to 29,016 colonies. Conclusion: Soya durian skin extract has antibacterial compounds that can kill pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria in raw drinking water.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Durian (Durio zibethinus) Soya variety, Escherichia coli, Phytochemicals, raw drinking water.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.151}, author = {Rahwan Ahmad and Ridwan Amiruddin and A.Arsunan Arsin and Stang Stang and Hasanuddin Ishak and Wahiduddin and Gemini Alam and Bambang Wispriyono and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2415, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential in Euryale ferox Salisb. and Eupatorium birmanicum DC. of Manipur, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1231-1237}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1231}, abstract = {

Introduction: Euryale ferox Salisb. popularly called {\textquotedblleft}Foxnut{\textquotedblright} is a spiny aquatic plant locally named {\textquotedblleft}Thangjing{\textquotedblright} in Manipur and is one of the most highly consumed aquatic crops while Eupatorium birmanicum DC. locally named {\textquotedblleft}Langthrei{\textquotedblright} is an endemic ethnomedicinal plant found in Manipur, India. Methods: This study was carried out to examine the phytochemical content, evaluate the Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) and the in vitro antioxidant potential (DPPH and ABTS assays) in the seeds, arils of E. ferox and leaves of E. birmanicum. Results: Phytochemicals such as phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and steroids were detected from the plant samples studied. Among the samples, TPC was found in the range 21.95 {\textpm} 1.18 mgGAE/g ext to 119.80 {\textpm} 2.63 mgGAE/g ext while, TFC was recorded in the range 2.57 {\textpm} 0.07 mgQE/g ext to 7.27 {\textpm} 0.28 mgQE/g ext with the highest value of TPC and TFC in E. ferox seeds. In case of DPPH and ABTS assays, the recorded IC50 value were attained in the range 16.99 {\textpm} 0.49 μg/mL to 335.90 {\textpm} 2.19 μg/mL and 70.69 {\textpm} 1.83 μg/mL to 576.26 {\textpm} 4.41 μg/mL respectively with the lowest IC50 value recorded in E. ferox seeds. Conclusions: The results of our study revealed that seeds and arils of E. ferox as well as leaves of E. birmanicum contain a variety of phytochemicals and promising antioxidant activity which will contribute a scientific insight for exploration of their therapeutic potentials in the future.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoid, Foxnut, Northeast India, Phenol, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.201}, author = {Okram Ronibala Devi and Lutrika Moirangthem and Ojit Singh Keithellakpam and Nanaocha Sharma and Kshetrimayum Birla Singh} } @article {2213, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Thin Layer Chromatography and Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy Analysis of Eleutherine Bulbous (Mill.) Urb Bulb Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {88-93}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {88}, abstract = {

Background: Many traditional medicinal plants were studied for their phytochemical components. Dayak onions (Eleutherine bulbous (Mill.) Urb) is one of traditional medicinal plant in Indonesia. Analysis of the phytochemical compounds in the extract of the plant would help in determining various biological activities of the plant. Objective: This study was primarily aimed to identify the phytochemical profile of Dayak onions extract and its fractions. Methods: The Dayak onion bulbs were collected from Pancur Batu District, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Multiple solvents used to for extraction and analysis of phytochemical compound by chemical reactions, thin layer chromatography (TLC) profiling, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) profiling. Results: The phytochemical screening of Dayak onions ethanol extract showed it contained alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and triterpenes/ steroids. The n-hexane fraction contained flavonoids and triterpenes/steroids, while the ethyl acetate fraction contains flavonoids and glycosides. The water fraction contained alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides and tannins. By TLC profiling, the bioactive compounds in ethanol extract of the Dayak onion contain steroids, tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids. The bioactive compound in ethyl acetate fraction contains steroids, tannins, triterpenes, flavonoids and glycosides. The bioactive compound in n-hexan fraction contains steroids. The bioactive compound in water fraction fraction contains steroids and tannins. The FTIR demonstrated the presence of C-H alkanes, =C-H alkenes (aliphatic), C-O alcohol, ether, esters and carboxy acid in the ethanol extract, en-hexan fractions and ethyl acetate fractions. Conclusion: The phytochemical qualitative profiling showed that Dayak onion bulb as a rich source of bioactive compounds and have medicinal potential as therapeutic agent. A higher content of bioactive compounds of Dayak onion bulbs found in the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts. The FTIR demonstrated the presence of C-H alkanes, =C-H alkenes (aliphatic), C-O alcohol, ether, esters and carboxy acid in the ethanol extract, enhexan fractions and ethyl acetate fractions.

}, keywords = {Dayak onion, Eleutherine bulbous, Extract, Fraction, FTIR, TLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.12}, author = {Lokot Donna Lubis and Muhammad Fidel Ganis Siregar and Farhat and Iqbal Pahlevi Adeputra Nasution and Dedy Syahrizal and Kamal Basri Siregar and Putri Chairani Eyanoer and Ichwanul Adenin and Muhammad Rusda and Mustafa M. Amin} } @article {2297, title = {Phytochemistry, Antihyperglycemic, Antioxidant and Anti- Inflammatory Properties of Uvaria Chamae and Sida Linifolia Extracts: Potential Implication in Diabetic Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {582-590}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {582-590}, abstract = {

Introduction: Uvaria chamae and Sida linifolia are plants traditionally used in Togo in diabetes treatment, an affection that often leads to several complications. This study aimed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity and toxicity of these two plants extracts. Methods: A phytochemical analysis was carried out on extracts obtained either by decoction or maceration in ethanol of Uvaria chamae leaves and Sida linifolia whole plant. Evaluation of the antihyperglycemic activity consisted in glucose absorption test using yeast and rats{\textquoteright} muscle and jejunum. DPPH test, total antioxidant capacity assay, hemolysis and egg albumin denaturation inhibition assays and evaluation of extracts acute toxicity were performed. Results: Hydroalcoholic extract of Uvaria chamae showed the strongest antihyperglycemic activity (p\<0.05); the highest phenolic contents (147.93 {\textpm} 1.01 mg/g), the best total antioxidant capacity (153.33 {\textpm} 4.07), the lowest IC50 (μg/mL) for DPPH test (296.96 {\textpm} 91.69), a capacity of hemolysis (825.99 {\textpm} 29.24) and egg albumin denaturation (738.10 {\textpm} 92.26) inhibition assays. In the same way, hydroalcoholic extract of Sida linifolia, showed the strongest antihyperglycemic activity (p\<0.05), the highest phenolic contents (71.60 {\textpm} 2.16 mg/g), the best total antioxidant capacity (146.98 {\textpm} 2.81), lowest IC50 (μg/ mL) for DPPH test (788.28 {\textpm} 112.54), the hemolysis (882.03 {\textpm} 20.86) and egg albumin denaturation (1966.18 {\textpm} 35.94) inhibition assays. None of the extracts showed acute toxicity in rats. Conclusion: the hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Uvaria chamae and of the whole plant of Sida linifolia could be candidates in the treatment of diabetes and its complications.

}, keywords = {Decoction, hyperglycemia, Neuroprotection, Phytochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.91}, author = {Sabrina Chris Janiba Sanvee and Bignoate Kombate and Yendub{\'e} Toughelighan Kantati and Pascaline Kindji Kpoyizoun and Essotolom Badjabaissi and Mindede Assih1 Aboudoulatif Diallo and Batomayena Bakoma} } @article {2241, title = {Poikilodermatous Mycosis Fungoides: A Rare Case Treated with Low-Dose Methotrexate}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {276-279}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {276}, abstract = {

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a subtype of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and a primary cutaneous lymphoma. Poikilodermatous MF (PMF) is a rare clinical variant of MF. Systemic chemotherapy, such as methotrexate (MTX), may be administered as monotherapy or in combination at low doses in MF. A 64-year-old man with PMF has been reported. History and physical examination revealed hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules on the chest, abdomen, both arms, back, and upper legs, along with erythematous macules on the right medial thigh. The diagnosis of PMF is based on clinical manifestations and histopathological features of atypical lymphocyte cell infiltration in the epidermis. In addition, immunohistochemical examination also supports the MF diagnosis. The patient received chemotherapy consisting of monotherapy with MTX at low doses. During the third month of observation following MTX therapy, a few of the hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules appeared to have diminished; some of the erythematous macules had transformed into hyperpigmented macules, and there were no new lesions. The purpose of therapy is to control the disease. Administration of low-dose MTX as a monotherapy may result in clinical improvement, but further observation is necessary. PMF may have a better prognosis than other clinical variants of MF.

}, keywords = {Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, Methotrexate, Mycosis fungoides, Poikilodermatous mycosis fungoides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.40}, author = {Eva Krishna Sutedja and Frizam Dwindamuldan Sutisna and Endang Sutedja and Kartika Ruchiatan and Yogi Faldian and Laila Tsaqilah and Hermin Aminah Usman and Yovan Rivanzah} } @article {2359, title = {Positive NS1 Antigen in Non-Dengue Virus Infection Serum: Possible Reasons for the Discrepancy with DENV PCR Results}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {923-926}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {923}, abstract = {

Background and Objective: A specific examination is required to distinguish between DVI and viral, bacterial, and parasitic illnesses because their clinical manifestations are nearly identical. Leukopenia and lymphocytosis are examples of non-specific tests that might be used to get a diagnosis. Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) antigen, anti-DENV antibody, or DENV-specific nucleic acid detection are more specific assays. Methods: Virus isolation or molecular analysis of the detection of DENV nucleic acid ribonucleic acid (RNA) using RT-PCR was used to make the conclusive diagnosis of DVI. The sensitivity of the DENV RT-PCR method ranges from 28.8 to 99\%. NS1 antigen is used as an initial diagnostic option in primary health care because it has a high specificity value (100\%). Researchers want to analyze the positivity in non-DVI samples that have been confirmed by real-time RT-PCR examination with semi-quantitative NS1 antigen examination. Patient population aged 1-65 years with acute fever \<5 days. A total of 130 samples of non-DVI confirmed patients by RT-PCR were examined for NS1Antigen ELISA. Results: With a proportion of 3.08\% of the total sample, the results showed that 4 NS1Antigen ELISA samples were positive. A negative DENV RT-PCR result could indicate either a true negative or a false negative. Conclusion: The type of PCR technology, the primer used, the existence or absence of a DENV mutation, the DENV serotype, and the presence of mismatched nucleotides can all affect variations in DENV PCR sensitivity.

}, keywords = {Dengue Virus Infection., NS1Ag, RT-PCR DENV}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.149}, author = {I Gusti Agung Ayu Eka Putri Sunari and Aryati Aryati and Faradila Khoirun Nisa Hakim and May Fanny Tanzilia and Ida Parwati and Rismawati Yaswir and Budi Mulyono} } @article {2423, title = {Potential Molecular level Impact of Cresvin beta on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1297-1304}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1297}, abstract = {

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with an increasing prevalence rate over the past few decades. Despite the availability of medications to prevent and reduce disease severity, T2DM prevalence and incidence continue to rise annually. Understanding genetic heritage{\textquoteright}s impact on therapeutic responses is improving, with pharmacogenetics being used to better comprehend the therapeutic variability of T2DM. This study aims to compare the effects of metformin and Cresvin beta capsules containing Pterocarpus marsupium, Withania somnifera, Salacia reticulata, Gymnema Sylvestre, Curcuma longa, Vitis vinifera and Piper nigrum (Black pepper extract) on diabetic and immune-related gene expression in T2DM patients. Methods: Sixty patients were divided into two groups: metformintreated (group A, n=30) and Cresvin beta -treated (group B, n=30). Anthropometric, biochemical, and hematological parameters were measured at baseline and after 3 months of treatment. Gene expression levels were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain from DNA extracted from whole blood samples. Results: After 3 months, metformin significantly reduced fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar (PPBS), and HbA1c levels (p\<0.001). Cresvin beta also significantly reduced FBS (p\<0.01), PPBS (p\<0.001), and HbA1c (p\<0.001). Gene expression analysis showed significant changes in SIRT1, AKT, SLC2A4, IL-6, and TNF-α in both groups. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that Cresvin beta reduced glycemic levels and improved SIRT1, Pi3k, Akt, and SLC2A4 gene expression while decreasing IL-6 and TNF-α cytokine gene expression in T2DM patients.

}, keywords = {anti-diabetic efficacy, Ayurveda, Cresvin beta, Metformin, Sirtuin 1, Type 2 diabetes mellitus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.209}, author = {Nandakumar K N and Mohanraj Nehru and Prasanth Subramanian and Bhuvaneshwaran Mothiswaran and Vishagan S S and Satishkumar Rajappan Chandra and Venkataraman Prabhu} } @article {2254, title = {The Potential of Orthosiphon Aristatus Extract in Improving Skin Lesions in Atopic Dermatitis: A Mice Model Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {342-347}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {342}, abstract = {

Introduction: This research discusses the potential of Orthosiphon aristatus, a medicinal plant, in improving skin lesions in Atopic Dermatitis by regulating Th2 cytokines and showing anti-allergic activity. Methods: The study was conducted using BALB/C mice induced with DNCB for 21 days to create an atopic dermatitis model. Then, the mice were orally administered Orthosiphon aristatus extract for 14 days (after 7 days of induction). The doses given were divided into six groups: 17.5 mg/kgbw, 35 mg/kgbw, 70 mg/kgbw, and 140 mg/kgbw. Molecular levels such as IgE, IL4, IL22, and PGE2 were analyzed from blood samples. In addition, the severity of skin lesions was assessed morphologically, and histological examination was performed to confirm clinical improvement. Results: This study showed that the administration of Orthosiphon aristatus extract reduced the severity of skin lesions in all intervention groups. Histologically, this extract reduced epidermal thickness and mast cell infiltration. These findings were also supported by dose-dependent decreases in IgE, IL4, IL22, and PGE2 levels. So, the conclusion of this study is that Orthosiphon aristatus extract shows potential for improving skin lesions in atopic dermatitis by regulating Th2 cytokines and demonstrating anti-allergic activity in a mice model with DNCBinduced atopic dermatitis. Conclusion:\ The administration of Orthosiphon aristatus extract clinically and histologically exhibits anti-atopic effects that can be explained through the regulation of molecules such as IgE, IL4, IL22, PGE2, and NO. Orthosiphon aristatus has the potential to be a valuable herbal therapy for managing atopic dermatitis.

}, keywords = {Atopic dermatitis, Orthosiphon aristatus, Skin lesions, Th2 cytokines}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.52}, author = {Thigita Aga Pandaleke and Kusworini Handono and Dhelya Widasmara and Hani Susianti} } @article {2306, title = {A Quasi-Experimental One Group Pre-Post Test Design in Air Traffic Controller in Indonesia: Progressive Muscle Relaxation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {638-643}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {638}, abstract = {

Objectives: The effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) in assessing the general health of air traffic controllers (ATC) is still insufficient, specifically when examining the psychological conditions of workers who use questionnaire instruments. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the use of PMR program in ATC by developing a model using biomarkers (saliva) tested on the cocorometer stress diagnostic tool and validity, including observing related determinants in the work environment. Methods: A quasi-experimental method was used, focusing on one group pre-post-test design for 92 respondents across six research areas in Indonesia. All respondents had received training in PMR methods conducted by psychologists. Subsequently, ongoing assistance was provided in implementing relaxation by a trained reminder team for eight weeks to maintain the precision and effectiveness of the intervention. Further analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon signed rank test to evaluate the success of the intervention. Results: The implementation of PMR program in ATC reduced the incidence of stress levels after the observation. Statistically, the feeling of fatigue was a significant variable that decreased in mean value after the implementation of the relaxation program on the data review. The main benefit of PMR program in improving psychological health conditions (stress) was found in Surabaya branch ATC. Conclusions: The relaxation program was proven to reduce stress levels in ATC, showing an improvement in conditions before and after the implementation of PMR.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.100}, author = {Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Istiana Tadjuddin and Iva Hardi Yanti and Nurul Mawaddah Syafitri and Yulianah Rahmadani and Mahfuddin Yusbud and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2324, title = {The Relationship Between Blood Levels of Ubiquitin Carboxyterminal Hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) Protein and the Severity of Traumatic Brain Injury Based on the Glasgow Coma Scale and Rotterdam CT Score}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {695-699}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {695}, abstract = {

Objective: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide, with an estimated 64-74 million cases annually. The current gold standard for diagnosis is a computed tomography (CT) scan, which has limitations such as access, cost, and radiation risk. Therefore, a simple, accessible, and safe diagnostic modality is needed, one of which is biomarker examination. This study aims to establish the relationship between blood levels of the biomarker ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) and the severity of TBI based on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Rotterdam CT score. Material and Methods: This observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design involved 41 samples aged 18-50 years who presented to the Emergency Department of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, within 3-24 hours of the incident. UCH-L1 levels were measured from blood samples using the ELISA method, and the data on UCH-L1, GCS, and Rotterdam CT scores were analyzed with SPSS 29. Results: The mean UCH-L1 level was 0.522 {\textpm} 0.592, with a cutoff value of \> 0.2057, indicating moderate to severe TBI if UCH-L1 levels exceeded 0.2057. Spearman{\textquoteright}s test and correlation coefficient analysis showed a strong relationship between UCH-L1 levels and Rotterdam CT score (p \< 0.05), as well as between UCH-L1 levels and TBI severity based on GCS (p \< 0.05). The cutoff value for Rotterdam CT score was \> 2, indicating moderate to severe TBI if the score exceeded 2. Conclusion: Serum UCH-L1 levels are significantly associated with the severity of TBI based on GCS and Rotterdam CT score.

}, keywords = {Glasgow Coma Scale, Rotterdam CT score, Traumatic Brain Injury, UCH-L1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.111}, author = {Junjungan Kristianto Manurung and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Hamzah Hamzah and Prihatma Kriswidyatomo and Anggraini Dwi Sensusiati and Budi Utomo} } @article {2329, title = {Relationship Between Cerebrospinal Fluid S100B Levels with Glasgow Coma Scale and Rotterdam CT Score in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {503-508}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {503}, abstract = {

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) stands as one of the foremost reasons for mortality and incapacitation in young adults on a global scale, accounting for nearly half of all injury-related deaths. The severity of TBI can be assessed using various biomarkers, with the SI00B protein being one of them. While many studies have explored the correlation between serum protein levels and various aspects such as neuroimaging findings, clinical scores, and neuropsychological evaluations, there is a notable lack of research examining the correlation with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels. Methods: The research design of this study was prospective and observational, employing analytic methods for analysis. Fifteen TBI patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were fitted with ICP monitors comprised the study sample. GCS data used is post-resuscitation GCS. Data on SIOOB protein levels were taken from the examination of CSF samples taken when the ICP monitor was installed. Rotterdam CT score variables was taken from the last CT scan performed before the patient was fitted with an ICP monitor. The statistical analysis was conducted utilizing the SPSS version 26 software. Results: Demographic characteristics for this study tended to be more male (73.3\%), with ages ranging from 18 to 65 years, and a mean age of 34.60 {\textpm} 16.22 years. The majority of injury mechanisms were traffic accidents (80\%), and the most common lesion type was ICH. The mean CSF S 100B value of the 15 samples was 2753.689 pg/ ml. The results of the relationship test between S 100B CSF and GCS using the Spearman test obtained a p-value of less than 0.05, indicating a meaningful correlation between S 100B CSF and GCS, with a correlation coefficient or r value of -0.684. The results of the SIOOB CSF relationship test with Rotterdam CT Score obtained a p-value \<0.05, with a correlation coefficient or r value of 0.827. Conclusion: Increased levels of S100B in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with decreased GCS and increased Rotterdam CT score in traumatic brain injury patients.

}, keywords = {Glasgow Coma Scale, Rotterdam CT score., S100B, Traumatic Brain Injury}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.81}, author = {Rian Nofiansyah and Kohar Hari Santoso and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Prihatma Kriswidyatomo and Hamzah} } @article {2305, title = {The Relationship of Marketing Mix with Patients{\textquoteright} Decisions to Choose Health Services in Outpatient and Inpatient Installations at Sandi Karsa Hospital, Makassar}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {630-637}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {630}, abstract = {

The marketing mix is a core business that is very closely related to the targeted patients, so that hospital efforts are specifically closely related to patient behavior in utilizing services. The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between the marketing mix and the patient{\textquoteright}s decision to choose health services in outpatient and inpatient installations at Sandi Karsa Hospital, Makassar. The type of research used is quantitative research with a cross sectional study design. The population in this study was 97 outpatients and 76 inpatients. Sample determination was carried out using the accidental sampling method. Data analysis used univariate, bivariate with chi square test and multivariate with multiple logistic regression test. The results showed that in outpatient installations, there was a relationship between product (p=0.003), staff (p=0.009), physical evidence (p=0.001), process (p=0.000), and performance (p=0.000), there was no relationship between price (p=1,000), promotion (p=0.554), place (p=1,000), and strength (p=1,000) with the patient{\textquoteright}s decision to choose health services at Sandi Karsa Hospital. Meanwhile, in inpatient installations there is a relationship between product (p=0.005), place (p=0.017), staff (p=0.000), process (p=0.002) and physical evidence (p=0.006), there is no price relationship (p= 0.674), promotion (p=1.000), performance (p=1.000), and strength (p=0.358) with the patient{\textquoteright}s decision to choose health services at Sandi Karsa Hospital Makassar.

}, keywords = {Patient Decision, Performance, Physical Evidence, Price, Process, Product, Promotion, Staff, Strength}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.99}, author = {Ika Bella Rezqi Jaya and Muhammad Yusran Amir and Darmawansyah and Sukri Palutturi and Nurhaedar Jafar and Muhammad Syafar} } @article {2291, title = {Renal Resistive Index and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Nondiabetic Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {538-544}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {538}, abstract = {

Background: Renal resistive index (RRI) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are predictive markers for chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. Aim: To evaluate RRI value, eGFRcr-cys and renal biomarker in nondiabetic patients with CKD stage 3 in Bangkok, Thailand. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical analysis was conducted involving nondiabetic patients with CKD stage 3, aged 35-85 years. Ultrasound was used to assess the RRI of arteries in both kidneys. Patients underwent assessments of serum and urine 24-hour. Results: Among the 61 participants (67.2\% male; mean age 69.03 {\textpm} 12.59 years), the mean eGFRcr-cys was 41.63 {\textpm} 8.64 mL/min/1.73 m{\texttwosuperior}, and the mean RRI was 0.65 {\textpm} 0.06. Patients were categorized into three RRI groups: low (\<0.65, n=35), intermediate (0.65-0.70, n=14), and high (\>0.70, n=12). The high RRI group showed a mean RRI of 0.73 {\textpm} 0.05 (p \< 0.01). Among those with high RRI group were significant decreased right kidney size (p\<0.05) and they had a lower BMI, averaging 22.49 {\textpm} 3.48. An increase in PP (59.66 {\textpm} 13.84, p=0.04) was also significant in this group. The correlations coefficient of RRI value showed a significant positive correlation with age (p\<0.05) and significant negative with BMI (p\<0.05). In addition, eGFRcr-cys displayed a significant negative correlation with UAGT and 24hUP (p\<0.05) and a significant while eGFRcr-cys positive correlation with both kidney size and urine iNOS(p\<0.01). Conclusion: An increase in RRI is inversely linked to age, BMI, and PP. Lower eGFR is correlated with factors that cause CKD progression.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.85}, author = {Patnaree Wongmanit and Kusuma Sriyakul and Parunkul Tungsukruthai and Ouppatham Supasyndh and Pratya Phetkate} } @article {2277, title = {The Role of Neuron Specific Enolase, S100B, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, and Myelin Basic Protein as Prognostic and Survival Values in Traumatic Brain Injury: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {478-484}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {478}, abstract = {

Background: The high number of accidents and traumatic brain injuries, especially in the productive age group, causes a lot of morbidity and mortality. A fast and accurate examination method is needed for the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic brain injury. Nerve damage biomarkers such as Neuron Specific Enolase, S100B, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, and Myelin Basic Protein, have been used globally both for research and daily use to determine the severity of traumatic brain injury. Methods: Searches and journal searches were carried out from Science Direct, Scopus, Springer Link, and PubMed, with the keywords "Neuron Specific Enolase", "S100B", "Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein", "Myelin Basic Protein", and "Traumatic Brain Injury {\textquotedblright}. Screening was carried out using PRISMA 2021 to look for studies that met the criteria and were of sufficient study quality according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: Twenty-three studies were collected and further grouped based on outcomes, both prognostic and survival outcomes. Neuron Specific Enolase, S100B, and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein values were higher in poor outcomes (all p values \< 0.001) and poor survival (all p values \< 0.001) in traumatic brain injury. Myelin Basic Protein was not significant in poor outcome (p = 0.35), but was higher in poor survival (p \< 0.001) in traumatic brain injury. Conclusion: Neuron Specific Enolase, S100B, and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, can be used as markers for prognostic and survival value in traumatic brain injury. Myelin Basic Protein can be used as a marker for survival value in traumatic brain injury.

}, keywords = {Glial Fibriallary Acidic Protein, Myelin Basic Protein, Neuron Specific Enolase, Prognostic Value, S100B, Survival, Traumatic Brain Injury}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.76}, author = {Wibowo Artho Sutrisno and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu and Prihatma Kriswidyatomo and Hamzah and Bambang Pujo Semedi and Mahmudah} } @article {2318, title = {The Role of Parents in Monitoring the Growth and Development of Toddlers: A Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {682-686}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {682}, abstract = {

Background: Toddler growth and development are important aspects that are interrelated. Growth is an increase in physical size and body structure while development is an increase in body structure and function in terms of movement, speech, language, socialization, and independence. The first five years of a child{\textquoteright}s life are a time of building learning, social, and emotional skills.1Children who receive stimulation provide good benefits for growth in body weight and mental development.2However, the growth and development of toddlers can experience disorders. The role of parents in monitoring the growth and development of toddlers is very important because it will influence the child{\textquoteright}s behavior as an adult. Applying parenting knowledge to children as early as possible is beneficial for the development of children{\textquoteright}s cognition and socio-emotional behavior.3Parenting is the overall interaction of parents with children that affect children{\textquoteright}s psychological and social.4Parenting groups are effective for increasing children{\textquoteright}s development, especially physical growth. The application of parenting techniques can be a method or way to help parents take better care of their children. Objective: This study aimed to know the methods and implementers that can monitor the growth and development of toddlers. Methods: This systematic review refers to the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The databases used to search for articles are Pubmed and Google Scholar. The studies used were assessed using eight criteria from Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE). A total of 10 of 45,388 articles met the inclusion criteria for review. Results: The programs for monitoring the growth and development of toddlers using an application is considered more effective for training family independence in preventing disease. Monitoring the growth and development of toddlers can be carried out by health workers, child development agents, researchers, and parents. Conclusion: Parents can be effective implementers of monitoring because they are the closest people and the first for education place to their children. The use of the application is considered very effective for monitoring the growth and development of toddlers.

}, keywords = {Development, Growth, Monitoring, Role of Parents, Toddlers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.114}, author = {Andi Lis Arming Gandini and A. Ummu Salmah and Stang and A. Arsunan Arsin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2269, title = {The Role of Vitamin D-Binding Protein, and Procalcitonin in Patients with Arthritis on Vitamin D}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {431-435}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {431}, abstract = {

Background: Arthritis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints. Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness. Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, swelling, and decreased range of motion of the affected joints. In some types of arthritis, other organs are also affected. Aim: This study aimed to identify the impact of vitamin D therapy on serum level of vitamin D-binding protein and procalcitonin in Patients with arthritis. Methods: This cross-sectional study, was conducted in Kirkuk city between January 1st and March 1st, 2024. A total of 180 subjects were included, categorized into three groups: arthritis patients not receiving vitamin D (Group 1), arthritis patients receiving vitamin D for at least 2 months (Group 2), and a control group comprising 40 healthy subjects. Blood samples were collected from participants, processed, and stored for subsequent analysis. Various biomarkers, including vitamin D-binding protein and procalcitonin, were determined using ELISA kits. Results: The study revealed a higher prevalence of females among arthritis patients (54.29\%), with most affected individuals aged above 60 years. Urban residency was predominant among arthritis patients (75.71\%). The majority of RA patients had been affected for 6-10 years (40\%). Comparative analysis demonstrated significantly higher procalcitonin levels in RA patients without vitamin D supplementation (112.4{\textpm}24.3 ng/ ml) compared to those with supplementation (48.33{\textpm}10.73 ng/ml) and healthy controls (9.68{\textpm}5.49 ng/ ml). Furthermore, vitamin D binding protein levels were significantly lower in arthritis patients without supplementation (1.26{\textpm}0.12 ng/ml) compared to those with supplementation (0.75{\textpm}0.15 ng/ml) and healthy controls (0.23{\textpm}0.14 ng/ml). Conclusion: These findings underscore the potential role of vitamin D supplementation in modulating inflammatory markers and enhancing vitamin D binding protein levels in arthritis patients, suggesting its therapeutic implications in disease management.

}, keywords = {Arthritis, Procalcitonin, Vitamin D, Vitamin D-binding Protein}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.68}, author = {Mardin M. Obied and Entedhar R. Sarhat} } @article {2235, title = {Safety Assessment of Oral Lysiphyllum strychnifolium Aqueous Extract in Healthy Volunteers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {235-240}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {235}, abstract = {

Background: Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (LS), widely known as Ya nang daeng in Thailand, is a traditional herbal remedy that has long been used to promote health and treat diverse health conditions, especially detoxification, by alleviating the severity of symptoms and lowering the risks associated with toxic exposures. Although it is extensively used in Thailand, human safety studies have been lacking. Thus, this study aimed to examine the safety of using LS capsules in healthy participants through a Phase I clinical trial. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the safety of aqueous extract of LS in twenty-four healthy Thai participants. Method: The participants were received 1,000 mg of LS aqueous extract each morning before their meals for seven days. All participants were examined safety assessment including history taking, physical examination, and laboratory tests at day 0, 8 and 14 (follow-up). Results: The findings showed that there were no significant side effects or abnormalities found during the history taking, physical examination, or laboratory evaluation. Particularly, when compared to baseline, participants who received LS experienced statistically significant reductions in blood sugar, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, and creatinine (P \< 0.05), but still within normal ranges. Conclusions: Dietary supplementation with 1,000 mg of LS aqueous extract per day may have a beneficial effect on blood sugar and cholesterol management while remaining safe for healthy people.

}, keywords = {Clinical study, Healthy volunteers, Lysiphyllum strychnifolium, Safety, Yanang Daeng}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.34}, author = {Piracha Jumpa-ngern and Parunkul Tungsukruthai and Chuntida Kamalashiran and Somboon Kietinun and Kesara Na- Bangchang and Kusuma Sriyakul} } @article {2314, title = {A Study is Examining How Postpartum Pain after Cesarean Section (SC) Can be Reduced by Boosting Levels of β-endorphin Through Electroacupuncture Stimulation at The Specified Points LI4 and SP6}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {670-676}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {670}, abstract = {

Background: The physical healing process following a cesarean section surgery can induce anxiety and physiological stress due to wound pain, potentially impairing patient mobility and necessitating the administration of analgesic therapy. Pharmacological treatment sometimes proves insufficient or contraindicated for postpartum cesarean section patients, highlighting the need for non-pharmacological alternative therapies. Objective: This study aims to investigate the impact of electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation at specific points SP6 and LI4 using frequencies of 30, 50, and 100 Hz on reducing pain intensity and increasing levels of the hormone β-endorphin in postpartum cesarean section patients. Method: In this research, 144 postpartum cesarean section participants meeting inclusion criteria are divided into 8 groups, comprising intervention and control groups, utilizing a randomized control trial (RCT) technique. Pain intensity is measured using the pain numeric rating scale (PNRS), while levels of β-endorphin are analyzed through blood samples using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method to compare outcomes before and after intervention. Result: The analysis of the intervention group receiving electroacupuncture at specific points LI4 and SP6 has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing pain by increasing levels of the hormone β-endorphin, in comparison to the control group, with significant findings. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that electroacupuncture intervention in postpartum cesarean section patients can stimulate an increase in β-endorphin hormone levels and effectively reduce postpartum cesarean section pain intensity.

}, keywords = {Cesarean section, Electroacupuncture, LI4, Postpartum, SP6}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.112}, author = {Nurul Azizah and Budi Santoso and Abdurachman and Hanik Badriyah Hidayati and Ario Imandiri} } @article {2249, title = {Study on Factors that Influence the High Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) of Makassar Ethnic Nurses in LANTO Hospital DG Pasewang Jeneponto in 2024.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {312-318}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {312}, abstract = {

Background: Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is behavior carried out by an employee that exceeds formal work obligations, but has a good impact because it supports organizational effectiveness. Culture value is one of the factors for the high level of organizational citizenship behavior in Makassar ethnic nurses. According to the theory that researchers read, it is not only culture values that are a factor in high OCB. There are several factors that influence OCB, including Workplace Variables, HRM Policies \& Practices, Culture, Contextual Factors, Work Centrality, Org Service Orientation, Org Reputation Threat, Dispositional Variables, Org Commitment, Demographic Variables, Personality Variables, Leader Supportive. Researchers became interested because this research only explored cultural values. Researchers want to look for other factors that influence the high OCB of the Makassar tribe at Lanto Dg Pasewang Jeneponto Regional Hospital so that they can be explored in more depth and become input for hospitals and other organizations. Methods: The type of research carried out is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. The informants in the research were 3 key informants consisting of the hospital director, head of nursing and head of the inpatient room and 7 regular informants consisting of several nurses at Lanto Dg Pasewang Jeneponto Regional Hospital. Results: Based on the results of interviews conducted by writers and ethnic Makassar nurses at Lanto Dg Pasewang Jeneponto Regional Hospital, there are several factors that influence the high level of OCB attitudes. Divided into 2 factors, namely internal and external. Internal factors include aspects originating from individual members of the organization, while external factors relate to the organizational environment and culture within it. Internal and external factors are interrelated in increasing OCB. Internal factors include aspects originating from individual members of the organization which include Dispositional Variables, Organizational Service, Organizational Commitment, Personality Variables, and Work Centrality. External factors relate to the organizational environment and culture within it, which include Workplace Variables, HRM Policies \& Practices, Culture Values, Contextual Factors, Organizational Reputation Treats, Demographic Variables, and Leader Supportiveness. Conclusion: These twelve factors influence the high level of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in Makassar ethnic nurses at Lanto Dg Pasewang Jeneponto Regional Hospital.

}, keywords = {Hospitals, Makassar Ethnicity, Nurses, Organizational Citizenship Behavior}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.47}, author = {Sri Yuyun Afrianti and Andi Indahwaty Sidin and Noer Bahry Noor and Syahrir A. Pasinringi and Stang and Ridwan M. Thaha and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2240, title = {Stunting and Family Socio-Cultural Determinant Factors: A Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {268-275}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {268}, abstract = {

Background: Stunting is a major public health problem in many developing countries including Indonesia and several ethnic groups have a very high prevalence of stunting which is caused by socio-cultural factors in the family. Objective: This study aims to review family social and cultural factors in relation to stunting. Method: This research uses a systematic review using the PRISMA method. There are 5 steps in this method namely determining the literature topic, searching for sources, selecting relevant sources, grouping and analyzing, and summarizing published research articles on family social culture on stunting published between 2018-2022 in the online article databases PubMed, Proquest, Scopus, Google Scholar and Sciencedirect. Data collection techniques by entering keywords in the database, keywords used: family social culture, intervention AND family environment risk of stunting*social demographics OR health education OR family empowerment OR maternal nutritional behavior OR family empowerment AND stunting. Screening consists of title, abstract, year of research, and methods used. Next, sorting the articles according to the predetermined inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria in this study are: (1) Quantitative type of research with primary data; (2) Contains research results on socio-cultural factors that influence stunting in children; (3) the year the research was published in the last five years (2018-2022), (4) the sample used was families (children), (5) the text of the article was in English. A total of 18 of 1,544 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review material. Results: This study shows that from the 18 selected articles it was found that stunting is caused by socio-cultural and family demographics, family nutritional behavior, and the family environment at risk of stunting. In addition, a model of health education and family empowerment based on family socio-culture was obtained. Conclusion: This study found that family social culture is a significant determinant of stunting.Therefore, further research needs to be carried out to complete our understanding of the complexity of the stunting problem.

}, keywords = {Family Behavior, Health Education, Social Culture, Stunting}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.39}, author = {Henniyati Harahap and Aminuddin Syam and Sukri Palutturi and Muhammad Syafar and Anto J. Hadi and Haslinah Ahmad and Hapiz Arlanda Sani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2233, title = {Test of Antihyperuricemia Activity of Methanol Extract of Plantain Peel (Musa Paradisiaca Var. Sapientum) Against Caffeine- Induced Mice (Mus Musculus)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {226-230}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {226}, abstract = {

Background: Hyperuricemia occurs when serum uric acid levels rise above the normal range, typically exceeding 7.0 mg/dl for adults and 6.0 mg/dl for women. This condition can lead to various health issues, including gout, kidney stones, and renal failure. Objective: This study aims to verify the effectiveness of the methanol extract from plantain peel (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum) in reducing uric acid levels in mice (Mus musculus) and to establish the optimal dosage for maximum efficacy. Materials and Methods: This analytical experimental research utilized a paired sample T-test Pretest-Posttest design. The mice were divided into five groups: a Negative Control of Na.CMC 0.5\%, a Positive Control of allopurinol at 100 mg/kg body weight, and groups receiving plantain peel methanol extract at 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg body weight. Uric acid levels were measured initially, post-caffeine induction on day 7, and post-extract induction on day 14. Results: The study found that plantain peel methanol extract exhibited an anti-hyperuricemic effect in male mice. Among the dosages tested, 400 mg/kg body weight of the plantain peel methanol extract was the most effective in reducing uric acid levels, followed by the 200 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg doses. Conclusion: Plantain peel methanol extract is effective in reducing uric acid levels in male mice, with 400 mg/kg being the most efficacious dosage. This suggests potential for further exploration of plantain peels as a treatment for hyperuricemia.

}, keywords = {Anti-hyperuricemic effect, Hyperuricemia, Methanol extract, Mus musculus, Optimal dosage, Plantain peel, Uric acid levels}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.32}, author = {Ratna Umi Nurlila and Jumarddin La Fua and Toto Surianto S and Titi Purnama and Muh Ikhsan Idrus and Armayani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2401, title = {Testing the Effectiveness of Anti-Aging Cream Preparations with Snakefish Extract (Channa Striata)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1164-1169}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1164}, abstract = {

Background: Skin aging is caused by dry, rough, scaly, less elastic skin with wrinkles and fold lines. Snakehead fish extract has high antioxidant activity so it can be used as an active ingredient in antiaging cosmetics. Objective: The aim of this research was to see the effectiveness of snakehead fish extract cream as an anti-aging agent. Methods: This research method includes formulating snakehead fish extract cream preparations with various concentrations including: 2.5\% (F1), 5\% (F2), 7.5\% (F3), 10\% (F4), evaluating the physical preparations in the form of: organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, stability test, irritation test on volunteer skin, and anti-aging effectiveness test on volunteer skin for 4 weeks with 3 parameter tests, namely water content, pores and wrinkles. Results: The results of the study showed that there were changes that occurred in the volunteers as seen in the measurements of water content, pores and wrinkles on the volunteers{\textquoteright} faces. A good increase in changes was found in the F4 formula (10\%) in the wrinkle parameter test, namely 26.80\%. The number of wrinkles in volunteers from some wrinkles to few wrinkles. The conclusion of this research shows that snakehead fish extract ( Channa striata ) can be formulated in the form of a homogeneous cream dosage with a pH of 5.8 {\textendash} 6.7, and is stable when stored for 12 weeks at room temperature and does not cause skin irritation. Conclusions: There are differences in the results of each concentration of snakehead fish extract cream in influencing anti-aging effectiveness. The best concentration of 10\% snakehead fish extract showed better results compared to other creams in reducing the number of wrinkles on volunteers{\textquoteright} facial skin.

}, keywords = {Anti-Aging Cream, Formula, Snakehead Fish Extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.190}, author = {Cory Linda Futri Harahap and Hakim Soleh Harahap and Susi Yanti and Elmi Sariani and Anto J. Hadi and Nefonavratilova Ritonga and Haslinah Ahmad and Hapiz Arlanda Sani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2364, title = {Training Methods of Basic Life Support in Laypeople to Prevent Death Due to Cardiac Arrest: Scoping Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {953-959}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {953}, abstract = {

Introduction: Most major deaths worldwide are caused by cardiac arrest outside the home. Cardiac arrest is a fatal event and is still a major topic of public health. One effort that can be made to increase community knowledge and skills is to provide Basic Life Support (BLS) training using interesting methods. The purpose of this scoping review is to identify methods of BLS training in laypeople to prevent death from heart attacks. Methods: We conducted a Scoping Review to identify BLS training methods in the community with a search process using appropriate populations, concepts, and contexts. The databases used for article searches are Science Direct, SAGE, PlosOne, Pubmed, NCBI, and Google Scholar. The selection process was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method and conducting a Critical Appraisal using The Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Results: From 2,996, 11 articles were selected in this review. Some of the training methods that can be carried out are in-person training, using mobile applications, CPR videos, and Virtual reality compression. Conclusion: The BLS training methods can be used to increase the knowledge and skills of ordinary people.

}, keywords = {Basic Life Support, Laypeople., Training}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.154}, author = {Alamsyah and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Syamsiar S. Russeng and A. Arsunan Arsin and Ridwan Amiruddin and Muh. Tahir Abdullah and Anwar Mallongi and Tut Handayani} } @article {2259, title = {An Ulcerative Cutaneous Plasmacytosis of the Scalp}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {378-381}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {378}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cutaneous plasmacytosis (CP) is a rare benign disorder characterized by polyclonal proliferation of plasma cells of unknown etiology, with potential for malignant transformation. Clinical manifestations include reddish-brown macules, papules, plaques, or nodules, and, infrequently, ulcerative lesions resembling cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or similar cutaneous neoplasms. Case: Herein we reported a case of ulcerative CP which was initially suspected as SCC in a 77{\textendash}year{\textendash}old male. Physical examination revealed an ulcer with well{\textendash}defined borders, and flat edges, with a granulation tissue base on the scalp which was suggested as SCC. Histopathological features showed infiltration of mature plasma cells in the perivascular area, polyclonal plasma cell population on kappa and lambda chain immunohistochemistry, and hypergammaglobulinemia on protein electrophoresis that supported the diagnosis of CP. Discussion: Cutaneous plasmacytosis requires a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation, which typically includes clinical examination, histopathological analysis, immunohistochemistry, ancillary tests such as protein electrophoresis, and negative results from a diagnostic workup for systemic disease. Conclusion: The complexity of CP manifestations necessitates a rigorous diagnostic approach, enabling the differentiation of this benign condition from malignancies with similar presentations.

}, keywords = {Cutaneous plasmacytosis, Hypergammaglobulinemia, Plasma cell}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.58}, author = {Eva Krishna Sutedja and Eva Yustiana and Yogi Faldian and Hermin Aminah Usman} } @article {2208, title = {Unveiling Potential Therapies: Molecular Docking Analysis of CAMKK2 and Its Mutant Variants with CAMKK2 Inhibitors in Indonesian Patients with HIV-Sensory Neuropathy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {46-51}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {46}, abstract = {

HIV sensory neuropathy (HIV-SN) is one among many complications that impair patients{\textquoteright} quality of life. Studies in Asian and African populations found that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of calcium/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CAMKK2) influence the risk of HIV-SN. This study attempts to explain the influence of CAMKK2 mutations on HIV SN by studying bioinformatics interactions between CAMKK2, its mutants, and their inhibitors by molecular docking with AutoDock in order to observe their interactions with CAMKK2 inhibitors. Results showed that CAMKK2{\textquoteright}s binding energy with its native ligand (ATP) is stronger than the mutant variant of CAMKK2MT85 and CAMKK2MT363. Conversely, interaction between CAMKK2 and its inhibitors (KN-93, STO-609, and trifluoperazine) have the lowest mean binding energy compared to CAMKK2MT85 and CAMKK2MT363. This indicates that the mutant variants have weaker interactions with the native ligand and the inhibitors, therefore disrupting the normal function of CAMKK2, its interactions with the inhibitors, while increasing the likelihood of HIV-SN.

}, keywords = {CAMKK2 inhibitors, HIV-SN, Molecular docking, mutation, SNP}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.7}, author = {Ahmad Yanuar Safri and Salim Harris and Putera Dewa Haryono and Ariane Benina Budiwan and Eugenia Isadora and Aisyah Fitriannisa Prawiningrum and Fadilah Fadilah} } @article {2331, title = {Vaccinium corymbosum: Phenolic Compound Content and Effect of Fruit Extract on Blood Glucose in Healthy Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {716-725}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {716}, abstract = {

Introduction: In the context of the increasing prevalence of metabolic diseases such as diabetes, the search for natural compounds with potential impact on glycemic regulation has become a crucial area of research. Among the numerous options available, Vaccinium corymbosum extract, commonly known as "blueberry", has emerged as a promising candidate due to its rich composition of phytochemicals with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic properties. The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic content (TPC) and the activity of Vaccinium corymbosum ("blueberry") fruit extract on glycemia in healthy mice. Methods: The Folin-Ciocalteau method was applied in order to quantify the phenolic compounds and the BE was administered to 25 mice distributed in six groups: control, negative control, experimental-D1- D2-D3, which were administered the BE in doses of 40, 80 and 120 mg/kg b.w. respectively; and insulin group; which were subjected to the glucose tolerance test (GTT) taking blood samples after 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes. Results: The total phenolic content (TPC) amount found in the berries was 3.79{\textpm}0.06 GAE/dry weight (mg/g) and 18.96{\textpm}0.28 GAE/solution (mg/L). Statistically significant differences were observed between the three doses of BE and the negative control during GTT as well as induced a significant reduction in area under the curve (AUC) compared to the negative control. Conclusions: the three doses of the BE decreased glucose levels being the dose of 40 mg/kg b.w. the one that produced a statistically significant decrease with respect to the doses of 80 and 120 mg/kg b.w. during GTT.

}, keywords = {Animal studies, Blueberry, Hypoglycemic Effect, Insulin, Phenols, Type 2 Diabetes.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.121}, author = {Susana Rubio-Guevara and Olga Castillo-Medina and Marleni Villacorta-Zavaleta and Marleni Villacorta-Zavaleta and Dan Altamirano-Sarmiento and Elena Caceres-Andonaire and Matilde Farias and Nayly Chinchay and Claudia Guerrero and Josue Flores and Edgar Vilela and Sidny Nunez and Janina Sernaque and Felipe Pacherres and Gabriela Mena and Maria Trillo and Julio Amayo and Karyn Olascuaga-Castillo} } @article {2431, title = {VDR and WNT/β-catenin Expression in Invasive Breast Carcinoma of No Special Type: Role and Prognostic Value}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1349-1354}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1349}, abstract = {

Background: Breast cancer prognosis is closely related to tumor size (T stage). The Vitamin D receptor (VDR), found in about 80\% of breast cancer cases, inhibits tumor growth, promotes differentiation, and enhances apoptosis. The growth of tumor cells is linked to β-Catenin, an essential element of the Wnt signaling pathway. Both β-catenin and VDR affect breast cancer aggressiveness. This study explored their correlation with the T stage of invasive breast carcinoma of no special type. Methods: This research employed a cross-sectional design, applied on paraffin-embedded specimens from patients with invasive breast cancer of no special type (NST) who underwent modified radical mastectomy (MRM) at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital from January 2019 to June 2023. The samples were categorized into four groups based on the T stage. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using VDR and β-catenin antibodies. This study used analytic statistical methods to examine differences and correlations among VDR and β-catenin. Results: VDR expression and T stages were significantly different and negatively correlated. Expression of β-Catenin revealed significant differences and had positive correlations with T stages. VDR and β-catenin expressed no significant negative correlation with T stages. Conclusion: The study found significant differences and correlations between VDR and β-catenin expression with T stages in invasive breast carcinoma of NST. Both β-catenin and VDR play crucial roles in breast cancer cell proliferation.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, Invasive breast carcinoma of no special type, Vitamin D Receptor, β-catenin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.217}, author = {Dewi Sartika Ari Wanda and Willy Sandhika and Ridholia} } @article {2438, title = {Visual Mapping and Future Direction of Marine Products Supplementary and Chemotherapy in The Treatment of Breast Cancer. A Bibliometric}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1379-1388}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1379}, abstract = {

Marine products have gained attention for their potential benefits in the treatment of breast cancer, offering an alternative or supplementary approach to traditional therapies. While they are not intended to replace established medical treatments like chemotherapy or surgery, marine natural products have shown promise in providing symptom relief, enhancing the quality of life, and potentially improving treatment success for breast cancer patients. Studies have explored the use of marine products in conjunction with chemotherapy for their palliative care benefits and as adjuvants to conventional therapies. Marinederived compounds have been investigated for their anticancer properties, including apoptosis induction, anti-proliferative effects, and modulation of signaling pathways involved in breast cancer progression. These natural products offer a complementary avenue for managing breast cancer, potentially enhancing treatment outcomes, and addressing therapeutic challenges. The utilization of marine products in breast cancer therapy dates back to ancient times when various cultures recognized the therapeutic benefits of plants, herbs, and marine resources. The purpose of this study is to visually map and guide future research on supplementary marine products and chemotherapy in breast cancer based on bibliometric analysis

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Bibliometric, Breast cancer, Chemotherapy, Marine products, Visual mapping}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.222}, author = {Herin Setianingsih and Nasywa Zahra Sajida Tsuroyya and Prawesty Diah Utami and Riami and Nanang Wiyono} } @article {2166, title = {Alteration of IL-6, BMP-15 and GDF-9 Levels on PCOS Rat Models After Treated with Syzygium Polyanthum (Wight) Walp Leaves Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1084-1090}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1084}, abstract = {

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a global health concern for women in reproductive age women. Numerous studies have been reported an association between chronic inflammation and alteration of cytokine in women with PCOS. Syzygium polyanthum (S. polyanthum) contains antioxidants and has antiinflammation activity. Objectives: This study aims to measure the alteration of IL-6, BMP-15, and GDF-9 in rat PCOS model after treated with S. polyanthum leaves extract. Materials and Methods: The female Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 5), K0 (normal control), K1 (PCOS group), and three treatment groups which received three different doses of S. polyanthum leaves extract. The treatment group consisted of PCOS rat models with S. polyanthum leaves extract supplementation of 150 mg/KgBW (P1), 300 mg/KgBW (P2), and 450 mg/KgBW (P3). Results: IL-6 expression was highest in K1 (4,690 {\textpm} 0.099) and lowest in the P3 treatment, namely (2,370 {\textpm} 0.105). The expression of BMP-15 and GDF-9 was lowest at K1 (2.554 {\textpm} 0.04; 4.502 {\textpm} 0.050) and highest at P3, namely (2.265 {\textpm} 0.072; 4.736{\textpm}0.074). Conclusion: S. polyanthum leaves extract was significantly effective in decreasing IL-6 expressions, as well as a significant increase in BMP-15 and GDF-9 expressions in the PCOS rat model.

}, keywords = {BMP-15, GDF-9, IL-6, Syzygium polyanthum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.198}, author = {Renny Aditya and Budi Santoso and Widjiati} } @article {2004, title = {Analysis of Deferred Blood Donor Candidates at Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {333-337}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {333}, abstract = {

Background: The selection of blood donor candidates contributes to the safety of donors and donor recipients. An understanding of the characteristics, demographic characteristics, and types of potential blood donors are essential to obtain an accurate picture of the donor donors, thereby guiding recruitment strategies and providing benchmarks to assess the success of blood donation. Objective: This scientific work aims to analyze the deferred blood donor candidates annually based on the required blood donor characteristics at the Blood Transfusion Unit (BTU) of Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, from 2017 to 2019. Method: This observational analytic study applied a retrospective design and was conducted at Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta. The data were collected from the donor registration information system and database in the blood request system for the 2017-2019 period. The statistical analysis was conducted using the Chi-Square test in the SPSS version 22. Results: The deferred blood donor candidates in 2017-2019 amounted to 618 (0.82\%) out of 75,067 total blood donors, most of whom were female, reaching an annual percentage of 50.7\% in 2017, 50.9\% in 2018, and 59.1\% in 2019. The age range of both male and female deferred blood donor candidates was 17-30 years. The Hb levels of \< 12.5 g/dL were mostly found in female blood donors, reaching a peak of 82.4\% in 2017, 83.9\% in 2018, and 85.4.6\% in 2019. Voluntary blood donors accounted for 94.7\% (in 2017), 98.6\% (in 2018), and 100\% (in 2019) of the female deferred blood donor candidates. All analytical tests resulted in a p-value of \< 0.0001. Most of the deferred blood donor candidates had blood type O with a p = 0.026. The most common cause of deferral was high or low Hb levels in female blood donors with an age range of 17-30 years. Conclusions: The deferred blood donor candidates in 2017-2019 amounted to 618 (0.82\%) out of 75,067 total blood donors, most of whom were female with the most common deferral reason of Hb levels \< 12.5 g/dL in the age range of 17-30 years.

}, keywords = {Donors rejected, Hemoglobin., Transfusion}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.50}, author = {Teguh Triyono and Tsaniatul Afifah and Usi Sukorini} } @article {2126, title = {Analysis of Knowledge and Skills of Cadres in Early Detection of Stunting Toddler Development in Soppeng Regency, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {833-838}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {833}, abstract = {

Background: About 16\% of Indonesian toddlers experience neuro developmental and brain disorders ranging from mild to severe, every two days 1,000 babies experience motor development disorders. The prevalence of stunting in South Sulawesi is in the 20th lowest ranking, namely 27.4\% based on the provincial level in 2021. Objective: Recognizing the increased knowledge and skill of cadre and mothers and toddlers in early development detection of stunted infants using a Developmental Pre-Screening Questionnaire (DPQ) in the working area of the Panincong Health Center, Soppeng Regency. Method: This study used a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group involving 30 cadres and 30 mothers with 15 children in each group selected by systematic random sampling. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and Independent t-tests. Results: The results showed that there were differences in knowledge (p=0.000) in the intervention group and differences in knowledge levels in the control group (p=0.044). The level of knowledge after treatment was greater in the intervention group (11.8\%), while the knowledge after treatment in the control group was only (2.9\%). There was a difference in the skills of the cadres (p=0.000) after being given the Android-based DPQ intervention. There was a difference in the knowledge (p=0.000) and skills of toddler mothers (p=0.000) after being given the Android-based DPQ intervention applied by the cadres. Conclusion: Android-based DPQ is effective as an educational medium and as an alternative to cadres and parents in monitoring or early detection of child development using Android-based DPQ.

}, keywords = {Cadre, Development Disorders, Questionnaire., Stunting, Survey}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.159}, author = {Hasriani and Andi Ummu Salmah and Masni and Apik Indarty Moedjiono and Healthy Hidayanty and Wahiduddin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1990, title = {An Analysis of Local Knowledge of Phit-Samdaeng in Yang Sisurat District, Maha Sarakham Province and The Medicinal Plants Used to Relieve Its Symptoms}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {259-265}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {259}, abstract = {

Introduction: {\textquotedblleft}Phit-Samdaeng{\textquotedblright} is a Thai term often used to refer to an illness of eating unsuitable foods. However, its use in a diagnosis is limited due to the unclear definition and description. This study aimed to compare knowledge of Phit-Samdaeng symptoms and treatments in Northeastern folk medicine, Thai Traditional Medicine, and medicinal plants in the Yang Sisurat District of Thailand. Methods: Semistructured interviews and participatory observations were used to collect data from 12 folk healers. Questions were designed to obtain local knowledge of Phit-Samdaeng and medicinal plants. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, comparison and interpretation. Results: Some symptoms of Phit-Samdaeng in the nine scriptures of Thai Traditional Medicine, Tumraya Silajaruek Watprachethupon, and of Kin-Phit and Phit-Kaboon, in Tamraya Boran Isan, were similar in Yang Sisurat. However, the names were different. There were also differences in species and the recipes of herbal remedies among folk healers and in the textbooks. The most used plants to treat Phit-Samdaeng by folk healers were Clerodendrum paniculatum L. and Clausena wallichii Oliv. var. guillauminii (Tanaka) Molino. Only nine species had pharmacological effects relating to Phit-Samdaeng treatment. Conclusions: The knowledge of Phit-Samdaeng symptoms in Yang Sisurat District were consistent with the Northeast folk medicine and Thai Traditional Medicine. The most commonly used species were native plants of Thailand. However, information on the medicinal taste and property from scriptures and pharmacological evidence is lacking. Therefore, the pharmacological activity and toxicity of herbal remedies should be further investigated for efficacy and safety.

}, keywords = {Alternative medicine, Folk knowledge, Herbal medicine, Phit-Samdaeng.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.37}, author = {Hatthapan Wipanso and Bhanubong Bongcheewin and Suppachai Tiyaworanant and Suksalin Booranasubkajorn and Natchagorn Lumlerdkij and Pravit Akarasereenont} } @article {2072, title = {Analysis of Lung TB Treatment Strategy in Pangkep District Year 2022}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {524-527}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {524}, abstract = {

Tuberculosis (TB) is still a world concern with morbidity rates that have not been fully recorded but mortality data continues to increase, so strengthening coordination strategies with various related networks is very important in the target of achieving TB eradication nationally and globally in 2035. This research is a qualitative research carried out to identify phenomena and problems related to pulmonary TB management strategies in Pangkep Regency in October 2022. Data were collected through Focus Group Discussions (FGD), which were then analyzed qualitatively through 3 stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, and data verification as well as drawing conclusions. The results of the study show several important points in the strategy for handling pulmonary TB in Pangkep Regency, namely the applicable policies still follow the policies from the center, access for island areas must have a special strategy, the TB control strategy used is TOSS and there is collaboration between cross-sectors, electronic recording is carried out through SITB and manuals, as well as monitoring and evaluation activities carried out by looking through the system, conducting routine monitoring and evaluation, as well as field visits.

}, keywords = {Policy, Pulmonary Tuberculosis., Treatment strategy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.113}, author = {Muhammad Syafar and Ridwan Mochtar Thaha and St. Rosmanely and Rizky Chaeraty Syam and A. Tenri Nurafni Aprilyani} } @article {2032, title = {Analysis of Performance Determinants of Health Laboratory Officers in Health Laboratory Centers and Medical Device Calibration in Maluku Province}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {285-289}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {285}, abstract = {

The Center for Health Laboratories and Medical Devices Calibration has the task of planning, coordinating implementation and evaluation of clinical laboratory examinations/public health laboratories, referrals, education, technical training, research and development. Performance is the result achieved by someone according to the standards that apply to a particular job. There are several factors that influence the performance of officers, both individually and in organizations, namely the dimensions of performance, namely ability, motivation and opportunities. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the performance of the staff at the Maluku Provincial Health Laboratory and Medical Device Calibration Center based on factors related to work, related to opportunities, related to infrastructure and related to officers. This type of research is a quantitative research with a survey method to obtain data from the field based on the existing population with a total sample of 56 people. Data processing is done using SPSS. The results showed that the opportunity factor and staff factor had a significant influence on the performance of the staff at the Maluku Province Health Laboratory and Medical Equipment Calibration Center, while the factors that did not give an effect were infrastructure and work factors. Suggestions for related agencies, namely the Health Service must provide motivation, work autonomy, workload according to ability, carry out work effectively and efficiently, communicate regarding access and availability of medical devices and must be able to strengthen the activeness of officers in carrying out tasks with supervision that does not interfere with autonomy health worker job.

}, keywords = {Equipment, Laboratory Hall, Laboratory Officer, Medical devices., Performance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.76}, author = {Herlyn De Fretes and Darmawansyah and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Amran Razak and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Ummu Salmah and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2048, title = {Analysis of Policy Implementation of The First 1000 Days of Life Program in Overcoming Stunting in Maros District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {405-410}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {405}, abstract = {

Stunting is closely related to the first 1000 Days of Life. This 1000 HPK period starts from pregnancy until the age of 2 years. The aim of the study was to analyze the implementation of the First 1000 Days of Life program policy in Stunting Management in Maros Regency. This study uses a qualitative panel research method with a descriptive approach. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Interviews were conducted with 9 informants in several agencies, including 3 key informants and 6 regular informants. Research result: Communication between Organizations and Executing Activities (The process of conveying information about the 1000 HPK program in tackling stunting is carried out in the form of good socialization). Resources (Almost fulfilled in carrying out the 1000 HPK program but the capacity of human resources is still inadequate in this case the understanding and availability of budgets sourced from APBD funds and APBN funds). Characteristics of the Executing Agency (There is an SOP for the implementation of 1000 HPK. In the distribution of tasks and responsibilities to all policy implementers of the 1000 HPK program contained in the SK so that each cross-sector coordinate with each other. Disposition of Executors (Executors have played an active role and have a commitment for the success of the 1000 HPK program). Conclusion: Socialization activities have not gone well; several agencies are still experiencing a shortage of human resources both in quantity and quality and experiencing budget shortages resulting in inadequate facilities. In implementing the 1000 HPK program policies, several agencies used the SOP as a procedure for implementing the program as well as the division of tasks and responsibilities based on the Decree of the Maros Regent. Special suggestions for the health office to pay more attention to and have a high commitment to the nutritional status of children by ensuring specific nutrition interventions and sensitive nutrition interventions are right at the location of the village and at the right target group.

}, keywords = {First 1000 Days of Life, Policy, Stunting.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.92}, author = {Andi Sri Fifi Wahyuni Azis and Darmawansyah and Amran Razak and Alwy Arifin and Muh Syafar and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1960, title = {Analysis of The Effect of Leptin, AMPK, Adiponectin, and NPY Markers on Changes in Body Weight of Childhood Epileptic Using Valproic Acid Monotherapy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {150-153}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {150}, abstract = {

Introduction: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that occurs due to abnormal neurons in the brain and an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system. The first line of OAE in children is VPA (Valproate Acid). However, long-term use can cause weight gain with a frequency of 10-70\%. The underlying mechanism of weight gain in patients remains unclear. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between levels of biomarkers AMPK, NPY, Leptin, and Adiponectin on changes in body weight in patients with epileptic seizures using VPA monotherapy. Method: This study is an observational cohort design. Data collection in April-June 2019. Inclusion criteria were children aged 2-10 years who used VPA requirement less than two years, not taking any drugs that affect body weight, not diagnose systemic lupus, nephrotic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus. Bodyweight and all biomarkers measurement on subjects who came to the clinic at the time of study and at least after one month of taking VPA. A total of 17 subjects participated in this study. Result: The results of the statistical multivariate analysis test of VPA dosage on changes in body weight and biomarker levels found that Leptin, AMPK, Adiponectin did not significantly increase in body weight (p\>0.05), but NPY significant increase in body weight (p\<0.05). Conclusion: NPY is the most potent for appetite enhancing, preferential effect on carbohydrate intake, weight regulation, energy storage, and expenditure. Increase production of NPY, there is an increase in energy intake and then increases fat storage and body weight.

}, keywords = {Adiponectin, AMPK, Childhood., Epilepsy, Leptin, NPY, Valproic acid, Weight gain}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.21}, author = {Wardah Rahmatul Islamiyah and Nasronudin and Abdulloh Machin and Iin Ernawati and Yunita Dwi Tanti and Nur Jaya and Farah Medina and Fathia Faza Rahmadanita and Paulus Sugianto} } @article {2157, title = {Analysis of the Influence of Internal and External Factors on Empowered Pregnant Women Through the Behavior of Pregnant Women in Early Detection of Pregnancy Complications}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1029-1035}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1029}, abstract = {

Objective: Maternal health is still one of the health problems globally, including in Indonesia. Empowering women that allows someone in making decisions about themselves to detect pregnancy complications. This study aims to analyze the influence of internal and external factors on empowered pregnant women through the behavior of pregnant women in conducting early detection of pregnancy complications [KOMPAK] in Bogor Regency. Method: Village in study is an analytical survey with a cross sectional study approach, which takes data related to internal factors (age, education, and parity) and external factors (husband support, family support, community support, and health worker support), behavior (knowledge, attitudes and motivation), and empowered pregnant women. It was analyzed using the spearman correlation test and path analysis with a confidence level of 95\%. The data was analyzed using the SPSS program version 26.0. Results: internal factors that influence empowered pregnant women in Conducting Early Detection of Pregnancy Complications [KOMPAK] in Bogor Regency are education (r: 0.194; p\<0.001) and parity (r: -0.108; p: 0.044) which means that the higher the education and the less parity, the better empowered pregnant women will be with weak correlation strength. External factors affect Empowered Pregnant Women in Early Detection of Pregnancy Complications [KOMPAK] in Bogor Regency where external factors (husband support, family support, culture and community support, and health worker and government support) will cause empowered pregnant women to be better with moderate correlation strength (r: 0.537-0.645; p\< 0.001). Conclusion: Internal factors (education and parity) and external factors (husband support, family support, culture and community support, and health worker and government support) affect (empowered pregnant women in early detection of pregnancy complications. External factors also influence pregnant women through maternal behavior (knowledge, attitudes, and motivations).

}, keywords = {Behavior, Empowered pregnant women, External factors, Internal factors}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.189}, author = {Bintang Petralina and Ridwan Amiruddin and Wahiduddin and Irwandy and Anwar Mallongi and Ummu Salmah and Suriah and Evi Martha} } @article {2046, title = {Analysis of The Influence of The Marketing Mix on The Satisfaction of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Miletus Installation at Hajj General Hospital, Makassar}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {395-399}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {395}, abstract = {

Marketing mix is a set of marketing tools used by companies to achieve marketing objectives. The marketing mix consists of nine components, namely product, price, place, promotion, people, process, physical evidence, performance, and strength. This study aims to determine the effect of the marketing mix on patient satisfaction with type 2 diabetes mellitus inpatient installations in public hospital in the Hajj area of Makassar, the type of research used was an analytical survey with a quantitative approach using cross sectional. The sample in this study was type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the inpatient installation at the Hajj area general hospital as many as 81 people who were obtained by the probability sampling method, collecting data using a questionnaire instrument. Processing data using the Chi-Square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Based on the results of the study, there is an influence between the process (Process). Promotion, Place, and Power on patient satisfaction with type 2 diabetes mellitus in inpatient installations. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that the most dominant variable was placed (exp β = 19,093). The conclusion of several influential variables that are most related to patient satisfaction with the marketing mix, namely the place variable, which is the most important factor in patient satisfaction. It is hoped that the Haji Makassar Hospital will pay more attention to the services needed by the community in general, especially the location in terms of the number of rooms, parking and waiting rooms that are more adequate.

}, keywords = {Place, Power, Price, Process, Product, Promotion, Satisfaction.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.90}, author = {Suci Safwa Salsabila and Indar and Darmawansyah and Amran Razak and Syamsuar Manyullei and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2015, title = {Analysis of the Metabolite Compound of the Ethanol Extract of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium Stem and Activity for inhibition of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) in silico study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {393-398}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {393}, abstract = {

Background: Oral cancer is a deadly disease that is expected to increase yearly. Current cancer treatment methods have side effects. C. cinerariifolium plants have potential as anticancer agents. Objective: To evaluate the anti-OSCC properties of the ethanol extract of C. cinerariifolium stems via an in-silico study. Materials and Methods: Analysis of active compounds in ethanol extracts of C. cinerariifolium stems using TLC and UPLC-QToF-MS/MS metabolic profiling. The data were analysed statistically using principal component analysis (PCA). In silico of C. cinerariifolium compounds on protein (PI3K and Cyclin D) from OSCC. Results: TLC procedures utilizing UV light with λ 366 nm after spraying with H2SO4 revealed multiple-colored spots, indicating that H2SO4 is a specific spray detector for terpenoid and carotene. Metabolic profiling in ethanol extract of C. cinerariifolium stem included Pronethalol (3.96\%), 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-N-(1 naphthylmethyl) methanamine (7.34\%), Orphenadrine (24.27\%), Pentazocine (5.09\%), 4-(Dodecyloxy) aniline (6.30\%), Linoleamide (4.95\%), and Pheophorbide A (8.05\%). Orphenadrine had the highest percentage. Based on the Lipinski rule of five, pronethalol has the potential to be used as a drug-like therapy for OSCC. The anticancer activity profile is predicted by PASS online with a likely range of 0.065 to 0.385. An in-silico study showed that the strongest binding affinity is pronethalol to Cyclin D1 and pheophorbide A to the PI3K protein. Conclusion: The active metabolite of the ethanolic extract of C. cinerariifolium stem exhibits potency against oral squamous cell carcinoma via the downregulation of the cell cycle (cyclin D1) and P13K, especially pronethalol.

}, keywords = {Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium, Cyclin D1, OSCC, P13K.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.61}, author = {Anik Listiyana and Yuanita Lely Rachmawati and Hani Susianti and Nurdiana and Hidayat Sujuti and Roihatul Mutiah and Agustina Tri Endharti} } @article {1997, title = {Another Mode of Action of Temephos Against Aedes aegypti Larvae: A Stomach Poison Investigation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {298-303}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {298}, abstract = {

Introduction: Aedes aegypti is a key vector for the spread of several severe arboviral infections. The Indonesian Ministry of Health launched Temephos as a national effort to limit the Aedes aegypti larvae population. The old theory has been passed down for generations that the principle of the mechanism of action of temephos as a neurotoxin. The main aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of temephos as a stomach poison by using histopathology study. Method: There are two treatments with three replications: a container containing only 100 ml of water with tween 20 and a container containing 100 ml of water with 1 ppm of temephos 8G. The 20 third-instar Ae. aegypti larvae in containers containing 100 ml of water with 1 ppm of temephos 8G were compared with those in 100 ml of water containing Tween-20. The experiment was done in three replications. The number of dead larvae was recorded after 24 hours of treatment. Histological sections of the larval midgut were prepared and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE). Light microscopy was used to examine changes in the length of the midgut lumen and the epithelium. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA. The appearances of the nucleus of the epithelial cell and the degree of damage were qualitatively observed. Results: The results showed that no dead larvae were found in the control group, however, 100\% mortality was found in the temephos group. The changes in midgut lumen length and in the epithelium length were significantly different from those in the control group (p\<0.05). Nuclei of epithelial cells were lost and midgut cells were damaged in the temephos group. Conclusions: This study reports the first discovery of the mechanism of action of temephos other than a neurotoxin, namely stomach poison

}, keywords = {Ae. aegypti, Histopathology, Midgut, Temephos}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.43}, author = {Hebert Adrianto and Sri Subekti and Heny Arwati and Etha Rambung and Hanna Tabita Hasianna Silitonga and Etik Ainun Rohmah} } @article {1992, title = {Antibacterial and Anti-quorum Sensing Activities of Erianthemum dregei{\textquoteleft}s Leaf Extract and Molecular Docking}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {279-285}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {279}, abstract = {

Background: The increasing incidence of multi-drug resistance among pathogens has propelled researchers to search for novel antimicrobial and anti-quorum sensing agents characterised by different mechanisms and high potency. Objective: The study aimed at investigating the antibacterial and antiquorum sensing properties of compounds from Erianthemum dregei and their molecular interactions with the target proteins. Methods: The methanolic leaf extract from E. dregei was evaluated for its chemical composition and antibacterial activity using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) and micro-dilution method, respectively. The inhibition of violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum (ATCC 07) was assayed as anti-quorum sensing activity using micro-dilution method. The molecular docking of the GC-MS ligands and penicillin-binding protein 2x (PDP2) and CviR was executed using AutoDock Vina. Results: The two volatile compounds namely phytol (93.58\%) and 3-tetradecyn-1-ol (6.42\%) were shown by GC-MS. The extract exhibited antibacterial activity against the selected bacterial strains with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 1.56 to 3.125 mg/mL. The maximum inhibition of violacein production of 53.93\% was observed at 1.56 mg/mL. Both compounds had docking scores of more than -6.0 kcal/mol against the target proteins. Conclusion: The results revealed that the extract is a potential source of antibacterial and anti-quorum sensing compounds and thus can have pharmacological applicability.

}, keywords = {Anti-quorum sensing activity, Antibacterial activity, Erianthemum dregei, Molecular docking}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.39}, author = {Tsolanku Sidney Maliehe and Tlou Nelson Selepe and Nokuthula Nomusa Mthembu and Jabulani Siyabonga Shandu} } @article {1969, title = {Anticancer and Neuroprotective Effects of the Triterpene Glycosides From Sea Cucumber Holothuria imitans}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {119-127}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {119}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sea cucumbers has gained notoriety because possess a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. In this sense, the aim of this work was to evaluate the anticancer and neuroprotective effects of the triterpene glycosides from sea cucumber Holothuria imitans. Methods: Triterpene glycosides were separated and purified by Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Their structures were deduced by spectral analysis and chemical evidence. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated using normal African green monkey kidney epithelial cell line (VERO) and three cancer cell lines: cancer gastric (MKN-28), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and lung carcinoma (A-549). Besides, the neuroprotective effect was studied using the Cath.a-differentiated (CAD) cell line and human glial (Oligodendrocytic) hybrid cell line (MO3.13). Results: Two triterpene glycosides (Fuscocineroside C and Scabraside D) were isolated, which showed low cytotoxic activity against VERO cell line, and high cytotoxic activity against lines MKN-28, MCF-7 and A-549 cells, with IC50 between the ranges of 0.92 μmol/L to 2.61 μmol/L. The isolated triterpene glycosides showed the ability to regain mitochondrial viability in CAD and MO3.13 cells treated with neurotoxin (C2-ceramide) with statistically significant results (p\<0.05). Conclusion: The triterpene glycosides Fuscocineroside C and Scabraside D isolated from sea cucumber Holothuria imitans show anticancer and neuroprotective potential and may be considered promising active principles for anticancer and neuroprotective drugs.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Holothuria imitans, Neuroprotective., Triterpene glycosides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.16}, author = {Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Elda Maritza Rodrigo-Villanueva and Jos{\'e} Gilberto Gavidia-Valencia and Iris Melina Alfaro-Beltr{\'a}n and Bertha Mirella Alfaro-Ttito} } @article {2044, title = {Anti-Gastritis Activity of Cloves (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunberg) and Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) Leaf Extracts Combination in Absolute Alcohol Induced-Gastric Injury Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {378-384}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {378}, abstract = {

Background: Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunberg) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia) are medicinal plants traditionally used to treat various diseases such as gastritis. Some studies reported that cloves leaf and lime leaf extract showed a gastroprotective effect by decreasing the gastric acid secretion and increasing the gastric mucus. Aim: This study aims to investigate the anti-gastritis activity of the combination of ethanolic extract of cloves leaf and lime leaf extract in alcohol absolute-induced mice. Methods: Mice were treated with the combination extract 0.7 g/kg BW, 1.4 g/kg BW, and 2.8 g/kg BW. Famotidine was used as a positive control, and Na CMC suspension was used as a negative control. After 45 minutes of oral administration, 0.14 ml/20g BW alcohol absolute was given to all mice. All groups were sacrificed one hour later. The evaluation showed that extract combination in all doses significantly decreased ulcer index (UI) compared to a negative control group (p\<0.005) in macroscopic evaluation. Results: In histopathologic evaluation, all doses significantly decreased mucosal edema and epithelial cell loss (p\<0.005), but in gastric bleeding evaluation, only 0.7 and 1.4 g/kg BW doses showed a significant decrease. Conclusion: This study showed that a combination of clove and lime leaf extracts has anti-gastritis activity and could be a possible therapeutic of anti-gastritis. The most effective dose is 1.4 g/kg BW in mice which showed the lowest ulcer index and gastric mucosal edema, bleeding and epithelial cells loss reduction on histopathological observation.

}, keywords = {Citrus aurantifolia, Clove, Eugenia caryophyllata, Gastritis, Lime, Ulcer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.88}, author = {Herra Studiawan and Sukardiman and Indana Lazulfa and Rosita Handayani} } @article {2000, title = {Antihypertensive Choices during Pregnancy in Limited Setting}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {315-318}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {315}, abstract = {

Background: Antihypertensive agents used during pregnancy may vary from institution to institution and depend on resource availability. Objective: This study aimed to determine the profile of antihypertensive drugs used in pregnancy in low-middle-income countries and the impact of these drugs on maternal and fetal outcomes. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study on hypertensive pregnant patients admitted to the emergency unit at a tertiary referral Hospital in Indonesia. The type of hypertension during pregnancy, antihypertensive drugs, side effect, and maternal and perinatal outcomes was extracted from medical hospital records. Results: A total of 762 hypertensive pregnant women were recruited; 61 were diagnosed with preeclampsia, 491 were preeclampsia with severe features and 174 were chronic hypertension superimposed preeclampsia, and 81.54\% of them received antihypertension therapy. The most commonly prescribed antihypertensive drugs were combination therapy of nifedipine and methyldopa (96.7\%), followed by monotherapy of methyldopa (2.3\%), nicardipine (1.1\%), and nifedipine (0.2\%). Most of the patients successfully attained a Systolic blood pressure\<160mmHg. Tachycardia was reported in 47 (7.9\%) pregnant women who received antihypertensive medication; none reported hypotension and arrhythmia. Conclusion: Nifedipine and methyldopa are choices for an antihypertensive agent in limited resources, either monotherapy or combined. Nifedipine{\textquoteright}s immediate release can be used with a low risk of hypotension.

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive agent, Chronic hypertension, Hypertension during pregnancy, Preeclampsia, Side effect.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.46}, author = {Ernawati and Aditiawarman and Salsabila Nabilah Rifdah and Agus Sulistyono} } @article {2116, title = {Anti-Neoplastic and Cytotoxicity Potency Measuring of Five Medicago sativa L. (Alfalfa) Leaf Extracts Towards Melanoma (UACC62), Breast (MCF7), Prostate (PC3), and Colon (HCT116) Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {768-776}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {768}, abstract = {

The National Cancer Registry of the National Department of Health of South Africa confirms that in females, the highest incidence of cancers diagnosed in the year 2019 was breast (10 172 cases), cervical (6 945 cases) and colorectal (1 952 cases) cancers, while in males the most diagnosed cancers were prostate, lung, and colorectal neoplasms. The risk factors that promote cancer development, and metastasis or spreading includes excessive alcohol and narcotic usage, carcinogenic infections (oncoviruses) and genetical predispositions. The global incidence of cancer is much likely to increase because of the increased exposure to risk factors (processed fast foods, industrial toxins in air and water) that promote oxidative stress, low grade chronic inflammation, diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. Because the ancient healer or doctor relied on plants and other natural resources for therapeutic compounds, we wanted to measure the anti-cancer actions induced by our Alfac-facah leaf extracts towards four major cancer cells. The growth inhibitory and cytotoxicity activity that was induced by our extracts was measured using the reliable Sulforhodamine B Assay as per the collaborative research program between the CSIR{\textquoteright}s Biosciences Pharmacology Group and the NCI. Our Alfac-facah leaf test material was extracted using five solvents: Ethanol, Methanol, Diethyl-ether, Acetone, and Water. Medicinal Plants persist to play a key role in medicine, whereby they not only help with treating or preventing diseases, but they also contribute to the general wellbeing of the patient. For this reason, natural resources remain a pivotal ingredient of novel drug development compounds

}, keywords = {AICR (American Institute for Cancer Research), Cancer (malignancy, Carcinoma, CSIR (The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, ECACC (European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Leukemia, lymphoma), Medicago sativa L. (Alfalfa), NCI (National Cancer Institute, neoplasm, sarcoma, South Africa), Sulforhodamine B Assay (SRB), THC (delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol). Rick Simpson oil (RSO)., Tumour, U.S Department of Health and Human Services), UK)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.150}, author = {Makhele Thapelo Simon and Makhoahle Pakiso Moses and Mashele Sitheni Samson} } @article {2100, title = {Anxiolytic-Like Effect of Cymbopogon Citratus (Lemongrass) Essential Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {674-679}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {674}, abstract = {

Introduction: Essential oils are complex substances that are widely utilized in the practices of aromatherapy. Certain essential oils are recognized for their potential to alleviate anxiety symptoms. This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil on anxiety. Methods: The chemical composition of the extracted essential oil was analyzed using Gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID) and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). In addition, an experimental study with measures at pretest-posttest was conducted, where 128 participants were divided into two groups, a waiting-list (WL) control group, and an experimental group (EG)treated with aromatherapy based on Cymbopogon citratus essential oil. The anxiety index was evaluated by Zung Self- Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). Results: The chemical analysis identified geranial (52,1\%) and neral (35,2\%) as the principal constituents. Anxiety levels decreased in the experimental group during the posttest phase (p\<0.05). Besides a large effect size was found for anxiety (d = 0.962; Δ= 0.988) with 1-β=0.999 a percentage of change of -10.99\%. Conclusion: Cymbopogon citratus essential oil inhalation showed to be effective in decreasing scores anxiety. Therefore, it has the potential to serve as a supplementary treatment for anxiety.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Cymbopogon citratus., Essential oil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.136}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Luis Enrique Rosales-Cerquin and Santiago M. Benites and Taniht Lisseth Cubas-Romero and Emilio German Ram{\'\i}rez-Roca} } @article {2142, title = {Briefly Describe the Traditional Preparation Method of Mercury in Mongolian Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {921-923}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {921}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aims to review the traditional preparation methods and clinical applications of mercury in Mongolian medicine through a literature review. Methods: Ancient and modern literature on the preparation of mercury were reviewed, and the recorded preparation methods in the literature were summarized and organized. The clinical applications were also briefly described. Results: The traditional preparation methods of mercury in Mongolian medicine can be divided into two parts: preparation before processing and specific processing methods. The preparation before processing includes steps such as removing impurities and reducing the weight of mercury. The "Four Parts Ganlu" emphasizes the toxicity of mercury due to its rust (impurities) and weight. Specific processing methods include hot processing, cold processing, slow processing, and quick processing. According to the clinical application records in the literature, hot processing is widely used and still in use today. As a commonly used mineral medicine in Mongolian medicine, mercury is found in various compound formulations recorded in the literature, with a focus on diseases such as "bile", lymphatic, and brain diseases. The proportion of mercury used varies significantly. For example, the preparation of mercury in the Mongen Wusu-18 pill has a higher content and is widely used with significant effects. In addition, mercury is also used in formulations such as Qishiwu Pearl Pill, Ershiwu Songshi Pill, and Ershiwu Coral Pill. Conclusion: The review and study of the traditional preparation methods of mercury in Mongolian medicine can contribute to the standardization and normalization of processing techniques and provide reference materials for the safe application and formulation of mercury processing products.

}, keywords = {Literature research., Mercury, Traditional processing methods}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.175}, author = {Qimuge and Terbish L and Bold Sharavyn} } @article {2009, title = {Child Survival Strategies on the Growth and Development of Infants Aged 0-6 Months in Makassar City (A Study on Employed and Unemployed Mothers)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {359-364}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {359}, abstract = {

The South Sulawesi Provincial Government, through the health Office, stated that South Sulawesi currently has a fairly high infant mortality rate. From January to September 2018, a total of 870 infants died. According to these data, the highest mortality rate was recorded in Bone District. High maternal and neonatal mortality rates have a major impact on families and communities. Therefore, it is highly expected that women{\textquoteright}s participation as housewives will directly determine the survival of their infants. This study aims to determine the effect of child survival strategies (CSS) on the growth and development of infants of employed and unemployed mothers aged 0-6 months. It is an observational study with a case-control design. This study involved employed and unemployed mothers who had infants aged 0-6 months. The sample was determined by the simple random sampling method in the case and control groups. The Data was collected through interviews using a questionnaire and then analyzed statistically. This study is expected to provide input for the Indonesian Government (Health Office) as a consideration in formulating policies to reduce infant mortality rates, especially in South Sulawesi. The results indicated a significant correlation between mothers{\textquoteright} occupations and their infants{\textquoteright} fine motor skill development category (p \< 0.05 or = 0.033). The anthropometry of infants of employed and unemployed mothers indicated no significant differences, both in terms of age, body weight, and body length (with p \> 0.05). There was a significant correlation between mothers{\textquoteright} occupations and their infants{\textquoteright} fine motor skill development category. The infants of employed mothers tend to have good fine motor skill development than those of unemployed mothers. The percentage of growth and development of other infants that fall into the good category was found to be higher in employed mothers than in unemployed mothers, although it was not statistically significant. Employed mothers have better CSS than unemployed mothers, although it is not statistically significant.

}, keywords = {Child Survival Strategies, Growth and Development, Infants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.55}, author = {Arifin Seweng and Nurbaeti and Ella Andayani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2035, title = {Community Compliance Regarding No-Smoking Area Policy: Belief Control Analysis and Tobacco Use Habits in Society the Bugis Tribe (Pare-Pare City \& Sidrap Regency) and the Makassar Tribe (Gowa-Takalar Regency) in South Sulawesi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {301-306}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {301}, abstract = {

Introduction: Smoking among the people of Bugis-Makassar has become an inseparable part of a smoker and has become a habit. Community compliance with the No-Smoking Area (KTR) policy is still a problem in various regions, this is because the habits and control of people{\textquoteright}s beliefs are not in line with implementation of KTR implementation. Methods: This study used an explanatory research design, namely to examine the correlation between control beliefs and the habit of using Bugis cigarettes on compliance with the policy of implementing a smoking-free area which is part of tobacco control. The research was conducted in four districts in South Sulawesi, namely Takalar, Gowa, Pare-pare, and Sidenreng Rappang (Sidrap) Regencies. The sample used was 400 respondents using the non-probability sampling method, namely the Accidental Sampling technique. Results: This study shows that control beliefs and respondent compliance obtained a p-value of 0.717 \> 0.05 which means there is no significant correlation between control beliefs of tobacco use and community compliance with KTR policies. The results of the correlation test of smoking habits on public compliance with KTR policies obtained a p-value of 0.015 \<0.05 which means there is a significant correlation between tobacco use habits and public compliance with KTR policies. The results of the study also show that the control variable beliefs and habits have a p-value of 0.001 \<0.05 which means that there is a correlation between control beliefs and smoking habits. Conclusion: Policy makers should focus more on the implementation of KTR policies in all public places and law enforcement related to KTR policies in various contexts, including social and cultural approaches. KTR got easier with time.

}, keywords = {Believe control, Community compliance, Non-smoking area, Smoking cessation, Tobacco use.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.79}, author = {Achmad R. Muttaqien Al-Madin and H. Amran Razak and Darmawansyah and Suriah and HM Alimin Maidin and Pupin Astuti and Mutia Nur Rahmah and Nur Indah Sari} } @article {1963, title = {Comparative and Evaluative Study On Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Potential Within Hydromythanol Extracts and Their Fractions from All Parts of Drimia numidica (JORD. \& FOURR.) J.C. MANNING \& GOLDBLATT of Northeastern Algeria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {64-81}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {64}, abstract = {

Introduction: Drimia numidica is a polyphenol-rich species that has antioxidant capacity, which makes it very important. Nevertheless, D. numidica has not been studied in depth. Moreover, its capsules have not been studied so far. This detailed study compared the values of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of all D. numidica parts (scapes, flowers, bulbs, capsules, leaves, roots), from Edough Peninsula, Annaba, Algeria, using hydromethanol extracts and their fractions (cyclohexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol). Methods: The total phenolic content was determined by Folin Ciocalteo assay, and the antioxidant activity by the following methods: DPPH, Reducing Powder, Phenanthroline, Silver Nanoparticles, CUPRAC, and ABTS. Statistical analysis was done using the ANOVA test and a correlation test (between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content). Results: The Ethyl acetate fraction was found the sample with the highest phenolic content. The same was true for the antioxidant activity in all tests except for the silver nanoparticles test in which cyclohexane extracts scored the best. Considering the methods used in general, there is a correlation between phenolic content and the highest antioxidant activity, but there are some methods that have not recorded any correlation. Conclusion: Choosing the appropriate method or extract/fraction type is extremely important. In addition, extracts of D. numidica parts could be an important natural alternative to antioxidants industrial.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Drimia numidica, Hydromythanol extracts and their fractions., total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.10}, author = {Fares Khenniche and Abderachid Slimani and Chawki Bensouici and Ibtissem Magboune and Manel Srief and Hamed Hakkom} } @article {2110, title = {Comparative Evaluation of Microhardness and Color Change of Root dentin using Punica granatum (pomegranate extract), Sodium hypochlorite, Chlorhexidine and Normal saline as an Endodontic irrigant {\textendash} An in vitro study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {732-737}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {732}, abstract = {

Aim: To evaluate the microhardness and change in color of root dentin using Punica granatum, sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine and normal saline as an endodontic irrigant and to implement their use in field of dentistry. Materials and Methods: 60 single rooted anterior teeth extracted due to periodontal and orthodontic reasons were collected. All the samples were decoronated to achieve constant length of 14mm. Patency of root canal was established using 10k file and working length was determined 1mm short of the file length. Each canal was prepared till F3 protaper. After preparation the samples were randomly divided into 4 groups: Group 1: Saline (Control); Group 2: 5\% Sodium Hypochlorite; Group 3: 2\% Chlorhexidine; Group 4: 5\% Punica granatum (pomegranate peel extract). After grouping the samples were longitudinally sectioned. One half of the tooth sample was used for microhardness testing using Vickers microhardness indentor and the other half of sample was used for color change evaluation using spectrophotometer after irrigation with the test solutions on day 1 and day 7th post irrigation. Results: The mean microhardness in all four groups decreased comparatively at post as compared to pre and the decrease was evident highest in sodium hypochlorite followed by chlorhexidine, pomegranate and saline the least. In regard to color change sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine and pomegranate all showed visible color changes after 7 day of irrigation with pomegranate showing the highest color change. Higher lightness was shown in Group 2 i.e., sodium hypochlorite whereas redness was seen more in Group 4 i.e., pomegranate and yellowish tint was more visible in Group 3. Conclusion: 5\% Punica granatum has showed negligible effect on microhardness of dentin but showed maximum color change when compared to chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite and saline.

}, keywords = {Chlorhexidine., Color change, Endodontic irrigant, Herbal, Microhardness, Punica granatum (pomegranate peel extract), UVVIS spectrophotometer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.144}, author = {Ankita singh and Sunil Tejaswi and Kenganora Mruthunjaya and Suneeth Shetty and Ambikathanaya U.K and Sachin B. Manglekar} } @article {2066, title = {Computational Evaluation of the Potential of Salicylate Compound from Syzygium aromaticum on Carbonic Anhydrase I as a Gastric Acid Stimulant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {489-493}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {489}, abstract = {

This article explores the potential of the salicylate compound (Syzygium Aromaticum) as a stimulant for Carbonic Anhydrase I in gastric acid secretion, using a computational approach. The research methods include molecular modeling with Pymol and Pyrex, determination of compound structure and interactions with Protein Plus, and examination of physicochemical properties using the Lipinski Rule. The results show that the Binding Affinity of salicylate with Carbonic Anhydrase I ranges from -7.3 to -6.5, with RMSD values of 0, 2.102, and 2.212, indicating good modeling quality. The interaction between salicylate and Carbonic Anhydrase I is also supported by the findings from Protein Plus. Furthermore, the salicylate compound complies with the Lipinski Rule, with a molecular weight of 137, 1 hydrogen bond donor, 3 hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 0.34, and a molar reactivity of 34.16. This study highlights the prospect of salicylate as a potential modulator of Carbonic Anhydrase I.

}, keywords = {Carbonic Anhydrase I, Gastric Acid Stimulant, Molecular docking, Salicylate, Syzygium Aromaticum.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.107}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Rauza Sukma Rita and Fadhli Ranuharja and Musa Ghufron and Agariadne Dwinggo Samala and Herland Satriawan and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Devi Purnamasari and Riso Sari Mandeli and Amalia Putri Lubis and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2056, title = {Correlation of Apo E Gene Polymorphism with Recurrent Acute Coronary Syndrome}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {450-453}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {450}, abstract = {

Background: Recurrent cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence puts patients at higher risk for mortality and morbidity. One of the CVD symptoms is acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Many genetic polymorphisms are CVD risk factors. This study{\textquoteright}s purpose was to investigate the correlation between recurrent ACS incidence and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene polymorphism. Method: Case-control design was used in this study. About 90 patients who visited the cardiology and internal medicine clinics at UNAIR Hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia, served as the study{\textquoteright}s subjects. There were 30 patients with recurrent ACS, 30 patients with a single ACS, and 30 patients with no history of cardiovascular disease. Afterward, using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length method, the ApoE gene polymorphism examination was carried out. The Tropical Disease Center UNAIR Laboratory conducted all laboratory testing. Results: In the recurrent ACS group, ApoE polymorphism genotype patterns were 5 subjects for ε2ε2 (16.67\%), 23 subjects for ε3ε3 (76.66\%), and 2 subjects for ε4ε4 (6.67\%). Meanwhile, in the single ACS group, ApoE polymorphism genotype patterns were 6 subjects for ε2ε2 (20\%), 22 subjects for ε3ε3 (73.4\%), 1 subject for ε4ε4 (3.33\%), and 1 subject for ε2ε3 (3.33\%). And, in the non- ACS group, ApoE polymorphism genotype patterns were4 subjects for ε2ε2 (13.34\%), 25 subjects for ε3ε3 (83.33\%), and1 subject for ε4ε4 (3.33\%). There was no correlation of ApoE gene polymorphism with recurrent ACS incidence by Chi-square analysis (p \> 0.05). Conclusion: ApoE gene polymorphism cannot significantly affect recurrent ACS incidence.

}, keywords = {Acute Coronary Syndrome, ApoE gene, PCR RFLP, Polymorphism, Public Health}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.100}, author = {Muhamad Robiul Fuadi and Jusak Nugraha and I Gde Rurus Suryawan and Hartono Kahar and Aryati and Gwenny Ichsan Prabowo and Budi Utomo and Reny I{\textquoteright}tishom} } @article {2182, title = {Correlation of Mitotic Index (MI) and Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) to Chemotherapy Response in Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital Medan}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1181-1184}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1181}, abstract = {

Background: The response to chemotherapy depends on the proliferation of cancer cells. The higher the proliferation of cancer cells, the better the response. Mitotic Index and Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes are markers related to the rate of proliferation and cancer immunity. Objectives: to analyze the correlation of Mitotic Index (MI) and Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) to chemotherapy response in Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods: This study used an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. It was conducted at the Division of Oncology Surgical, Department of Surgery, USU Medical Faculty, H. Adam Malik Hospital, Medan, for six months with a sample of 60 people. Results: On average, most respondents are 47 years old, with the youngest age being 27 and the oldest 73 years old. Most respondents have Grade II, with most in stage IIIB. There was no relationship between Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Chemotherapy Response (p\>0.05), with a Positive Predictive Value (NPP) of 47\% and a Negative Predictive Value (NPN) of 50\%. Conclusion: There is no relationship between the mitotic index and clinical response to chemotherapy, and there is no relationship between tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and the response to chemotherapy due to influencing factors such as albumin, T stage, menopausal status, and receptor status.

}, keywords = {Chemotherapy response, Mitotic index, TNBC, Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.214}, author = {Kamal Basri Siregar and Barry Winaldy Siregar and Suyatno} } @article {2183, title = {Correlation of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) to Apoptotic Index (AI) in Breast Cancer}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1185-1188}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1185}, abstract = {

Background: TILs is higher in breast cancer tissue, especially in the stroma compared to normal breast tissue. There is still no research on the relationship between AI and TILS in breast cancer. Yet another study indicating the presence of lymphocytic infiltration was investigated further by detailed analysis of apoptotic epithelial/tumor cells, using the CytoDEATH M30 antibody. The number of apoptosis was significantly higher. Methods: This study used an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach to analyze the relationship between Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and the apoptotic index (AI) in breast cancer. This research was conducted at H. Adam Malik General Hospital. The study was conducted using a case series model to see the correlation between Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) and Apoptotic index (AI) in Breast Cancer. Results: In this study there were 52 patients where the mean age was 54.8 years with a standard deviation of 9.66 years Based on the characteristics of the TNM, it was found that most of the patients came with T3 (24 patients/46.2\%), N0 (29 patients/55.8\%) and M1 (31 patients/59.6\%). Based on the frequency, there were 35 patients with high TILS or 67.3\% of the total sample and 44 patients with high AI or 84.6\%. In this study, an analysis of the relationship between TILS and AI was carried out where a p value \<0.001 was obtained indicating a significance and relationship between TILS and AI. Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and the Apoptotic index (AI).

}, keywords = {Apoptotic Index, Breast cancer, H. Adam Malik General Hospital, Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.215}, author = {Kamal Basri Siregar and Barry Winaldy Siregar and Suyatno} } @article {2108, title = {Decreased Expression of Endocrine Glands Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (EG-VEGF) in Rat Endometrial After Stimulation with Recombinants FSH Can be Reduce Implantation Rates}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {707-713}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {707}, abstract = {

Background: Decreased expression of EG-VEGF in human endometrium after administration of ovarian stimulators has been reported to adversely affect endometrial receptivity and low implantation rates. Objective: To determine the effect of recombinant FSH administration on EG-VEGF protein in the endometrium of rats taken in the secretory phase and how it relates to endometrial receptivity. Design: A total of 36 female wistar rats with normal estrous cycles were randomly assigned to the natural cycle group (NC) and two stimulation groups (SC) which were injected with recombinant FSH at 12.5 IU and 25 IU intraperitoneally. Uterine necropsy and blood collection were performed on day 1, day 2, and day 3 after hCG administration. A total of 3 female rats from each group were mated with male rats (two males and three females in one cage). A successful marriage is indicated by the presence of a vaginal plug the next day. The level of EG-VEGF protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemical technique and steroid hormone levels were measured by the Elisa technique. Results: ANOVA test, that the expression of EG-VEGF in the endometrial glands showed a significant decrease from the normal cycle group to the stimulated cycle group 1 (SC 1) and SC2 (P = 0.00), as well as the expression of EG-VEGF in the endometrial stroma. (P = 000). Steroid hormone levels did not show a significant decrease between the normal cycle group and the stimulated cycle group (P = 0.48 and P = 0.13). Conclusion: Decreased EG-VEGF expression in rat endometrium after administration of recombinant FSH is associated with decreased endometrial receptivity which can reduce pregnancy rates.

}, keywords = {EG-VEGF, Endometrial receptivity, rFSH, Secretory phase.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.141}, author = {Raden Muharam and Nurhuda Sahar and Kusmardi Kusmardi and Luluk Yunaini and Risqa Novita and Rosalina Thuffi and Conny Riana Tjampakasari and Ponco Birowo and Diyah Kristanty} } @article {2074, title = {Diversity of Types of Medicinal Plants and Local Wisdom of the Kaili Tribe in Processing Medicinal Plants Around the Forest Areas of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {535-540}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {535}, abstract = {

The forest area in Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi, is a habitat for various medicinal plant species. Forest areas must be managed appropriately for the local community and society{\textquoteright}s welfare and sustainable use. One of the local people living around the forest is the Kaili tribe. The local wisdom of the Kaili tribe, who inhabit forest areas in Central Sulawesi, in managing forests and forest products, especially using plants as medicine, must be documented in research. This study aimed to identify the species, habitat, habitus, and ways of using the plant as medicine by the Kaili people in the Sigi Regency. Prior to data collection, a literature study was conducted to obtain information regarding the condition of the research location around the forest area and the ethnic/ethnic groups who live permanently around and within the forest area. This stage was then followed by interviews and field surveys. The interviews were conducted by combining purposive sampling and snowball methods. The results showed the high potency of medicinal plants around forest areas used by the Kaili tribe, with the discovery of 113 species in 51 families. Herbs are the most common habitus of medicinal plants. The habitat of medicinal plants is mainly found in the yard. The most used plant part is the leaves, which can be boiled in water and drunk directly.

}, keywords = {Kaili tribe, Local knowledge, Medicinal plants, Species diversity.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.115}, author = {Abdul Hapid and Ariyanti Ariyanti and Erniwati Erniwati and Ni Made Dharma Shantini Suena and Ketut Agus Adrianta and Karnita Yuniarti and Muthmainnah Muthmainnah} } @article {2194, title = {Does Land-Use Associate with Escherichia coli Pollution in Karst Springs? A Review of the Literature}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1250-1253}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1250}, abstract = {

Objective: The presence of Escherichia coli bacteria in karst springs, influenced by land cover conditions and land use activities in rainwater catchment areas, indicates a decrease in water quality. The study aimed to describe the effect of land use on Escherichia coli contamination in karst springs. Methods: This was a narrative review retrieving studies from Scopus and PubMed databases. The keywords used are pollution, Escherichia coli, land use, and karst springs. Of the 52 studies identified in the search phase, ten studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. Results: The concentration of Escherichia coli increases with increasing rainfall in all types of land use, such as forested land, mixed garden land, residential land, and grazing or livestock land. Factors that cause concentration Escherichia coli does not meet water quality standards due to feces from wild animals, feces-contaminated fertilization, construction of non-water impermeable septic tanks, and feces from livestock grazing. Conclusions: Repairing septic tanks and sewage in areas with high population density may reduce Escherichia coli contamination. Further research is needed to formulate strategies and policies for managing springs in the karst areas.

}, keywords = {Escherichia coli, Karst Springs, Land-Use, Pollution}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.226}, author = {Ferdy Salamat and Anwar Daud and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2005, title = {The Effect of Cardiac Catheterization Intervention on The Nutritional Status of Children with Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {338-342}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {338}, abstract = {

Background: Intervention is required since malnutrition in children with acyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD) will affect growth, development, and quality of life. Research on the impact of cardiac catheterization on the nutritional health of children with acyanotic CHD is limited, particularly in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the effect of cardiac catheterization on the nutritional status of children with acyanotic CHD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2019 and December 2021. The participants of this study were children aged 1-60 months with acyanotic CHD who had undergone cardiac catheterization. We compare the nutritional status of participants in three observation stages, including pre-intervention of catheterization and the 3rd and 6th months post-cardiac catheterization. The parameters of nutritional status are determined according to the mean of Z-scores of weight-for-age (WAZ), length-for-age (LAZ), and weight-for-length (WLZ) of participants. Results: A total of children with acyanotic CHD who underwent catheterization and 49 children were eligible participants. The mean age of children with acyanotic CHD patients who underwent catheterization was 31.51 months, and 89\% of them were 1-5 years. Fifty-three percent of participants who underwent cardiac catheterization were male. The most common acyanotic CHD defects were the Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) among 55.1\% of participants. Significant differences were found in WAZ, LAZ, and WLZ in the measurement of three observation stages (p\<0.05). Conclusion: Interventional cardiac catheterization affects and enhances the nutritional status of children with acyanotic CHD and may be suggested as an initial therapy to further evaluate the disease.

}, keywords = {Acyanotic CHD, Children, Congenital heart disease, Interventional cardiac catheterization., Nutritional status}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.51}, author = {Muqiemuddin Salim and I Ketut Alit Utamayasa and Roedi Irawan and Irwanto and Azwin Mengindra Putera and Meity Ardiana} } @article {2052, title = {The Effect of Family-Based Empowerment in Preventing Overweight and Obesity in Elementary School Children in Kupang}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {428-434}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {428}, abstract = {

Background: The prevalence of overweight and obesity continues to increase in both developing and developed countries and occurs in all age groups. As well as being the biggest threat to public health, especially non-communicable diseases. Childhood is the most special period in life. It is almost certain that many health problems/illnesses experienced during this period will be carried on into adulthood. The causes of obesity in children are very complex; genetic, biological, psychosocial, behavioral and sociocultural factors. The impact of overweight and obesity on children is related to physical and psychological effects. Lifestyle modification which includes increasing knowledge, diet, physical activity, sedentary behavior, socio-cultural aspects is believed to be a strategy in preventing and controlling overweight and obesity. This study aims to examine the effect of family empowerment on the prevention of overweight and obesity in elementary school children. This research is a quasy experiment that is pre-test and posttest with control group design. Parallel design with one treatment group and one control group. The sample is determined by purposive random sampling. The research sample was overweight/obese children in elementary school grades 4, 5 and 6, totaling 112 people. Data were obtained through a structured questionnaire covering family abilities, knowledge, physical activity and nutritional intake. Nutritional status was measured after measuring body weight and height using digital scales. Eating patterns were measured using a food frequency questionnaire and a 24-hour recall formula. Results: The results showed that there were differences in family ability (p\<0.016), knowledge (p\<0.001), physical activity (p\<0.015) and nutritional intake (p\<0.000) in the treatment group and the control group after implementing the family empowerment intervention. Conclusion: Family-centered empowerment interventions through health education about overweight and obesity management have a positive impact on increasing family capacity, family knowledge, physical activity and changes in family eating patterns. It is necessary to implement lifestyle modifications in preventing and controlling overweight and obesity. Family-centered empowerment interventions through health education about overweight and obesity management have a positive impact on increasing family capacity, family knowledge, physical activity and changes in family eating patterns. It is necessary to implement lifestyle modifications in preventing and controlling overweight and obesity. Family-centered empowerment interventions through health education about overweight and obesity management have a positive impact on increasing family capacity, family knowledge, physical activity and changes in family eating patterns. It is necessary to implement lifestyle modifications in preventing and controlling overweight and obesity.

}, keywords = {Elementary School Children., Empowerment, Family, Obesity, Overweigh}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.96}, author = {Fransiskus Geroda Mado and Nurhaedar Jafar and Masyta Muis and Ida Leida Maria and Muhammad Syafar and Darmawansyah and Muhammad Alwi Arifin and Anwar Mallongi and Toto Sudargo and Agustina} } @article {2177, title = {The Effect of Jelly Candy Snake Fruit and Banana With Ferrous Fumarat Fortified using Nano Technology in Adolescent Female at Junior High School}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1150-1155}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1150}, abstract = {

Aim: Adolescent Female are a population at risk for anemia. Nutritional factors such as calories, protein, iron, dietary fiber, and folic acid induce this disease. Furthermore, fishy odor and nausea are two factors that contribute to adolescent females{\textquoteright} lack of iron consumption. Jelly candy formulations of snake and banana fruit with ferrous fumarate fortification using nanotechnology also decrease these diseases as an alternative to food consumption. Young adolescents ought to embrace this jelly formulation, considering its reasonable pricing. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of jelly candy formulations of snake and banana fruit with ferrous fumarate fortification using nanotechnology on the increase in hemoglobin levels. Materials And Methods: A quasi-experimental approach was adopted with a Pretest-Posttest Control Group design. The study included a cohort of 150 adolescent girls hailing from Tamansari District, Tasikmalaya City, within the age range of 12 to 18 years. Additionally, the subjects were divided into three distinct groups, namely the treatments (involving jelly, snack fruit, banana, and ferrous fumarate supplementation, abbreviated as JEPISA), control group 1 (comprising jelly and ferrous fumarate supplementation, denoted as JFumarate), and control group 2 (receiving iron and folic acid supplementation as part of the Programme), each consisting of 50 participants. The sample selection process employed the purposive sampling technique and the collected data were subjected to analysis using T-Test, Chi-square and Multiple Logistic Regression methods. Results: The results of the T-Test analysis showed that the mean rise in hemoglobin after lean period of 13 week after giving treatments increased hemoglobin levels by 0.65 {\textpm} 0.39 g/dl (95\% CI 0.53-0.75 g/dl), significantly (p-value=0,000). Their mean post intervention haemoglobin of three group was 12.10 {\textpm} 0.80 g/dl, 12.42 {\textpm} 0.70 g/dl and 11.73 {\textpm} 0.90 g/dl respectively. The results of statistical test were obtained, the treatment and control group 1 (p=0,044) and the treatment and control group 2 (p=0,33). The result of the multivariate analysis showed that complaince (p=0,000), nutritional status (p=0,000) and menstrual duration (p=0,000) variable were confounding variables for the incidence of anemia (Exp(B)=17,769). Conclusion: There were differences in Hb levels before and after administering the treatment. However, there was statistically significant difference between treatment with controls 1 and 2. Weekly supplementation of treatment{\textquoteright}s in Iron Deficiency Anemia patients is as good as weekly supplementation of control 1 and but higher than control 2. Adolescent female who did not adhere to consuming iron had a chance of experiencing anemia 17,769 times compared to obedient adolescents after controlling for the variable nutritional status and length of menstruation.

}, keywords = {Adolescent female, Anemia, Fortified, Hemoglobin, Jelly Candy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.209}, author = {Meti Megawati and Toto Sudargo and And Susetyowati} } @article {2144, title = {Effect of Lactobacillus Plantarum IS-10506 on Paneth Cell Regeneration in the Ileum of Sprague Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {928-932}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {928}, abstract = {

Background: Pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most common infectious agent among children in developing countries. Indigenous probiotics are not widely used to treat diarrhea and intestinal infections. This study aims to investigate the cell regeneration process of paneth cells after administration of Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 due to damage caused by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) E. coli O55:B5, through the expression of MATH-1 and DEFA-6. Methods: This study used 64 paraffin blocks from Rattus norvegicus strain Sprague-Dawley divided into four groups. There were three treatments, KN, KL, KP and KPR groups, The KN group represent the administration of placebo. The KL group received LPS E. coli O55:B5 on day one. The KP group received LPS E. coli O55:B5 on the first day and Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 on the second day until six-day. The KPR group were administered Lactobacillus plantarum IS- 10506 six days prior to receiving LPS E. coli O55:B5, respectively. All groups, except KN, received LPS at a dose of 250 μg/kg body weight once, and Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 at a dose of 2.86x1010 CFU/ day. Evaluating paneth cell regeneration, DEFA-6, and MATH-1 expression immunohistochemistry was conducted on all tissues. Results: The expression of DEFA-6 and MATH-1 in the KP and KPR groups on day three of observation was significantly higher from the KL group. Even though the KL group achieved significant growth, the results of this expansion were significantly smaller than KP and KPR groups. Conclusion: After mucosal injury caused by LPS E. coli O55:B5, administration of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 may increase paneth cell regeneration through differentiation and cell number.

}, keywords = {DEFA-6, Escherichia coli O55:B5, Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506, Lipopolysaccharide, MATH-1., Paneth cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.177}, author = {Rasio Putra Hutama and Alpha Fardah Athiyyah and I.G.M. Reza Gunadi Ranuh and Andy Darma and Khadijah Rizky Sumitro and Wibi Riawan and Ingrid S. Surono and Subijanto Marto Sudarmo} } @article {1999, title = {The Effect of Moringa Leaf Extract Intervention Since Preconception Period on the Prevention of Oxidative Stress in Pregnant Women and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {310-314}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {310}, abstract = {

Background: Oxidative stress occurs due to an imbalance of oxidants and anti-oxidants and is often associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, additional supplementation is needed since the preconception period to prevent oxidative stress and poor pregnancy outcomes. This study aims to examine the effect of supplementing Moringa leaf extract on the prevention of oxidative stress in pregnant women and poor pregnancy outcomes. Methods: This study is an observational study with a prospective cohort study design. The research subjects were third trimester pregnant women consisting of 2 groups, namely the control group who only received Iron-Folic Acid (IFA) supplements (n = 30) and the group that received moringa leaf extract and IFA supplements (n = 26). Then an examination of Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as a biomarker of oxidative stress was carried out using the ELISA (enzyme-link immune sorbent) method, followed by pregnancy outcomes including birth weight and birth length. Data were analyzed by unpaired t test. Results: The results showed that there were no significant differences in the levels of MDA, birth weight and birth length in the two groups with a p value \> 0.05. Nevertheless, MDA level in IFA group was 49.25 nmol/ml higher than Moringa + IFA group which was 47.58 nmol/ml. Likewise, the average of birth weight and birth length in Moringa group were 3042.3 grams and 48.62 cm higher than IFA group which were 2993.7 grams and 48.23 cm. Malondialdehyde levels were also higher in women who had babies with birth weight \< 2500 grams was 49.48 nmol/ml and birth length \< 48 cm was 49.13 nmol/l compared to birth weight >= 2500 grams was 48.50 nmol/ml and birth length >= 48 cm was 48.62 nmol/ml but there was no significant difference in the two groups (p\>0.05). Conclusion: Oxidative stress in pregnant women tends to be associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. Moringa leaf extract supplementation since preconception can prevent increased oxidative stress and improve pregnancy outcomes.

}, keywords = {Malondialdehyde, Moringa oleifera, Oxidative stress, Pregnancy outcomes.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.45}, author = {Rahma and Veni Hadju and A. Arsunan Arsin and Aminuddin Syam and Anwar Mallongi and Abd. Farid Lewa and Haerani Harun and Miranti} } @article {1995, title = {The Effect of Preconcenption Moringa Leaf Extract Supplementation on Cotinine Serum Levels in Pregnant Women Exposed to Tobacco Smoke}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {290-293}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {290}, abstract = {

Background: Moringa oleifera is known for its nutrition content, antioxidant and medical benefit. Tobacco smoke contains various toxic substance and can affect the pregnancy. To reduce the tobacco smoke effect on pregnancy outcome good nutrition is needed. Objective: This study aims to assess the effect of Moringa leaf extract on serum cotinine levels in pregnant women exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke. Method: This is an observational study with a prospective cohort study design the study population was pregnant women which were divided by 2 groups, first group received IFA supplements only (n = 30) and the second group receive IFA and Moringa leaf extract supplements (n = 26). The tobacco smoke exposure data collected with questionnaire, and cotinine serum by blood sample. The tobacco smoke exposure and cotinine serum levels were compered between the two groups. Results: The tobacco smoke exposures at home were higher in MO+IFA group pregnant women then the IFA group pregnant women (p\<0,05). The cotinine serum levels in both groups were found not significantly different (p=0,535). These results indicate that pregnant woman with high exposure of tobacco smoke who MO receive have similar cotinine serum levels with the pregnant woman with lower exposure of tobacco smoke. Conclusion: Moringa leaf extract supplementation to pregnant women with high tobacco smoke exposure has serum cotinine levels similar to pregnant women with lower exposure to tobacco smoke.

}, keywords = {Cotinine, Moringa oleifera., Preconception, Tobacco smoke}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.41}, author = {Haerani Harun and Anwar Daud and Ridwan Amiruddin and M Sabir and Veni Hadju and Anwar Mallongi and Rahma and Miranti and Tamrin Talebe and M. Faris} } @article {2198, title = {The Effect of Ramania Leaves Extract Gel (Bouea macrophylla Griff) on the Number of Osteoblast (in vivo Study of Post Extraction in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus))}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1219-1223}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1219}, abstract = {

Ramania leaves extract contains secondary metabolite compounds such as flavonoids, steroids, phenols and terpenoids which can be used as an alternative medicine for socket wound healing. Flavonoids have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that can accelerate wound healing and can stimulate the formation of osteoblasts. Analyzing the differences in the number of osteoblasts in the negative control group, positive control given aloe vera gel 15\% and ramania leaf extract gel 15\% on day 5, 7 and 14. This study used true experimental design with posttest-only control design, using 27 rats divide into 3 groups. The experimental animals were sacrificed on days 5, 7 and 14 for histopathological observations. Two-Way ANOVA test results obtained p value = 0.013 \<0.05, which indicates that there is a significant difference between the use of 15\% ramania leaf extract gel 15\% and the number of osteoblasts on days 5, 7 and 14. Bonferroni{\textquoteright}s Post Hoc test showed a difference. The number of osteoblasts was significant among the negative control group with ramania leaf extract gel 15\%. Ramania leaf extract gel 15\% was proven to be able to increase the number of osteoblasts and has the potential as an alternative medicine for socket healing after tooth extraction.

}, keywords = {Bouea macrophylla Griff, Flavonoids, Osteoblast, Ramania leaf extract gel, Secondary metabolite, Tooth extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.221}, author = {Irham Taufiqurrahman and Siti Hajar Norma Gupita and Beta Widya Oktiani and Isyana Erlita and Andi Zulkifli and Veni Hadju and Anwar Mallongi and Eko Suhartono} } @article {2006, title = {Effect of Rosmarinus Officinalis Essential Oil On Anxiety, Depression, And Sleep Quality}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {343-349}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {343}, abstract = {

Introduction: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil on anxiety, depression, and sleep quality. Methods: The essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and the chemical composition was performed by Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Furthermore, a quasi-experimental study was conducted, where 81 participants were divided into two groups, comprising a waiting list control group and an experimental group treated with essential oils. Anxiety and depression indexes were evaluated using the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and sleep quality was measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI). Results: Chemical analysis showed that 1,8 cineole (37.6\%), α-pinene (19.9\%), and linalool (15.8\%) were the main components. Anxiety, depression, and sleep quality scores showed a decrease in the post-test study phase compared to the pre-test in the experimental group (p\<0.05). A large size effect was found in the case of anxiety (d = 1.491; g= 1.490) with 1-β=0.996, while medium size effects were observed for depression (d = 0.581; g= 0.582) with 1-β=0.585; and sleep quality (d = 0.586; g = 0.588) with 1-β=0.638. Conclusion: Essential oils extracted from Rosmarinus officinalis are more effective in calming anxiety and show moderate changes in depression and sleep quality.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Depression, Essential oils, Rosmarinus officinalis, Sleep quality}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.52}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Luis Enrique Rosales-Cerquin and Santiago M. Benites and Taniht Lisseth Cubas-Romero and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Jos{\'e} Gilberto Gavidia-Valencia and Iris Melina Alfaro-Beltr{\'a}n} } @article {2049, title = {The Effect of Safety Climate on Safety Behavior with Safety Motivation as An Intervening Variable on Contractor Workers in PT X}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {411-416}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {411}, abstract = {

Safety climate in the workplace and safety behaviour of workers need attention to be able to assess what factors are the causes of safe action for workers. This study aims to determine the effect of safety climate on safety behaviour with safety motivation as an intervening variable on contractor workers at PT X. The type of research is analytical observational with a cross sectional design. Questionnaires were given to 380 respondents. The data were analyzed using path analysis to see the direct and indirect effects of safety climate on safety behaviour. The results showed, 361 respondents (95\%) with good safety climate, 367 respondents (96.9\%) with good safety motivation, and 348 respondents (91\%) with good safety behaviour. The path analysis showed that there was no direct influence of safety climate on safety behaviour in contractor workers at PT X (p value \>0.05). However, the safety climate indirectly affects safety behaviour through safety motivation (p value = 0.001). It is recommended to workers that they need to maintain and increase their motivation so the safe work behaviour will still create.

}, keywords = {Contractor workers, Path analysis., Safety behaviour, Safety climate, Safety motivation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.93}, author = {Darius Tandiabang and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Atjo Wahyu and Yahya Thamrin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1994, title = {The Effect of Sapodilla Leaf Extract (Manilkara zapota L.) on Lipid Profiles of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {286-289}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {286}, abstract = {

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of sapodilla leaf extract on lipid profiles of alloxan-induced diabetic mice. This research method are 30 male mice were used as experimental animals, which were randomly divided into five groups, each group consisting of 6 mice. The division of the group is as follows: Treatment of non-diabetic mice, diabetic mice, diabetic mice by administering pioglitazone at a dose of 2 mg/kg BW, extracts of manila sapodilla leaf (M. zapota L.) dose 100 mg/kg BW and 300 mg/kg BW. Observations were made on the 14th day, after administration of sapodilla leaf extract, mice were given light anesthesia and serum lipid profiles Total Cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) were measured using diagnostic kits (Pars Azmoon Kit) and automatic analyzer (Abbot, model Alcyon 300). The results of this study are in TC, there was a significant difference in pioglitazone and 100 mg leaf extract against all treatment groups. In TG, there was a significant difference in pioglitazone and 300 mg leaf extract against all treatment groups. In LDL, there were significant differences in the 100 mg, 300 mg leaf extract and pioglitazone, against negative control, and diabetes control. In HDL, there was a significant difference in negative control and 300 mg leaf extract, against 100 mg leaf extract, pioglitazone, and diabetes control. The conclusions of this study exhibited the ethanol extract of M. zapota leaves contains several phytochemical compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, tannins, quinones, and steroids. M. zapota leaves extract (100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) exhibited a significant effect on improvement in lipid protein.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Diabetes, Lipid Protein, Manilkara zapota}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.40}, author = {Tridiganita Intan Solikhah and Tania Anggreani Wijaya and Salsabila and Daffa Alice Pavita and Ragil Kusnandar Miftakhurrozaq and Hartanto Mulyo Raharjo and Maya Nurwartanti Yunita and Faisal Fikri} } @article {2055, title = {The Effect of Service Quality and Patient Satisfaction Toward Patient Loyalty in Special Regional Hospitals of South Sulawesi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {443-449}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {443}, abstract = {

The improvement and guarantee of hospital Service Quality in Indonesia should always be in the best interest of any hospital as regulated in Article 40 of Hospital Law No. 44 of 2009. Adequate Service Quality in a hospital would result in emotional bonds and positive experiences felt by patients and family, eventually strengthening loyalty in the long run. Thus, Service Quality is a critical aspect and indicator to achieve patient satisfaction hence behavioral intention to build loyalty towards the hospital and future visits. The aim of this study is to identify the effect of Service Quality and patient satisfaction in relation to patient loyalty in Special Regional Hospitals of South Sulawesi. This is a quantitative study with a crosssectional model. The sample in this study were all patients who had been registered in the database, namely patients who had visited the outpatient service at Dadi Special Regional Hospital (RSKD), Siti Fatimah Regional Special Hospital for Mother and Child (RSKDIA), and Pertiwi Special Regional Hospital for Mother and Child (RSKDIA) in 2017-2019 with a total sample of 269 from the outpatient care, respectively. The inclusion criteria in this study are as follows: (1) Patients from the outpatient care. (2) Patients who had received hospital services twice. (3) Not suffering from any mental illness and sensory disturbances. (4) Patients who are willing to be respondents and consented to fill out research questionnaires. (5) The patient is conscious and is able to communicate. The results that were obtained show that Service Quality holds a significant effect on patient satisfaction. Service Quality has no significant effect on patient loyalty, while patient satisfaction has a significant effect on patient loyalty. The output of this study should be taken into consideration for hospitals to commit to improving the Service Quality in order to achieve patient satisfaction. Increased patient satisfaction in turn will develop loyalty, thereby accommodating the implementation of the hospital strategy and achieving hospital goals.

}, keywords = {Patient Loyalty, Patient Satisfaction, Regional Special Hospital., Service Quality}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.99}, author = {Rara Armita Arman and Syahrir A Pasinringi and Fridawaty Rivai and Andi Indahwaty Sidin and Irwandy and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2034, title = {Effect of Single-Bulb Garlic (Allium sativum Var. Solo Garlic) Extract on The Hematological Profile In E-Cigarette-Induced Male Sprague Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {296-300}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {296}, abstract = {

Garlic and its derivative preparations have long been used in traditional medicine for good health. Garlic is known to act as an antioxidant, antitumor, antibacterial, and antifungal. The antioxidant compound in singlebulb garlic is considered to be better than the antioxidant content in other species of garlic. This research aimed to study the effect of hematological profile in oral administration of single-bulb garlic extract in e-cigarette-induced male Sprague Dawley rats. The method used in this study was randomized post-test only control group design. Twenty-four rats were randomly distributed into six groups. The group consisted of C (-) as normal rats{\textquoteright} control; C (+) only exposed to e-cigarette smoke; T1 exposed to e-cigarette smoke and treated with vitamin C; T2 exposed to e-cigarette and treated with single-bulb garlic extract 75 mg/kg BW; T3 exposed to e-cigarette and treated with single-bulb garlic extract 100 mg/kg BW; and T4 exposed to e-cigarette and treated with single-bulb garlic extract 125 mg/kg BW. Exposure to e-cigarette smoke is conducted by evaporating the liquid into a gas chamber with a nicotine dose of 3.6 mg/ml. All treatments were given for 14 days. On the 15th day, the rats were sacrificed. Blood samples were collected by the cardiac puncture method and were examined using a hematology analyzer. Data obtained were white blood count (WBC), platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocytes that were analyzed with one-way ANOVA. The result of this study is that garlic extract may boost immunity in the body. However, higher doses can be toxic to erythrocytes.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, E-cigarette, Good health, Hematology profile}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.78}, author = {Maya Nurwartanti Yunita and Julia Calvina Fauzi and Zahra Defitra Rahmania and Bella Safinda and Tridiganita Intan Sholikhah and Bodhi Agustono and M. Gandul Atik Yuliani and Shekhar Chhetri and Reina Puspita Rahmaniar} } @article {2120, title = {The Effect of Syzygium Polyanthum (Wight) Walp. Extract on Glutathione, Tumour Necrosis Factor-Alpha, Spdl1, And Degraff Follicles Expression in PCOS Rat Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {791-800}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {791}, abstract = {

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine and reproductive disorder affecting 5\% to 13\% of women of reproductive age. Approximately 80\% of women with PCOS underwent infertility cases. Many studies have shown an association between PCOS and low-grade inflammation. Syzygium polyanthum (S. polyanthum) contains antioxidants and has antiinflammation activity. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of S. polyanthum leaf on glutathione, tumour necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α), sPDL1, and DeGraff follicle expression in PCOS rat models. Materials and Methods: The female Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 5), K0 (normal control), K1 (PCOS group), and three treatment groups which received three different doses of S. polyanthum extract. The treatment group consisted of PCOS rat models with S. polyanthum extract supplementation of 150 mg/KgBW (P1), 300 mg/KgBW (P2), and 450 mg/KgBW (P3). Results: S. polyanthum leaf extract significantly decreased TNF-α expression in the treatment group. The highest TNF-α, GSH, and sPDL1 concentration was found in the P3 group (3.83{\textpm}0.123, 273.12{\textpm}12.4 ng/ml, and 3.25 ng/ml, respectively). Moreover, the number of follicles was statistically significant in the P1, P2, and P3 groups (2.0, 3.0, and 3.50, respectively). The number of follicles in the P1, P2, and P3 groups was higher than in the positive control; however, it was lower in the negative control (K0) (p\<0.05). Conclusion: S. polyanthum extract was significantly effective in decreasing TNF-α expression, as well as a significant increase GSH, sPDL1 and DeGraff foliclle count in PCOS rat model.

}, keywords = {DeGraff follicle count, GSH, sPDL1, Syzygium polyanthum, TNF-.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.154}, author = {Renny Aditya and Budi Santoso and Widjiati} } @article {2029, title = {The Effect Supplementation of Microbiota Inoculant in the Early Laying Hens Feed on High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and Low- Density Lipoprotein (LDL) in Egg Yolk}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {270-273}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {270}, abstract = {

Laying hens (Gallus gallus) are one of the poultries kept for their eggs. Eggs produced by chickens are used as a source of human food that contains a lot of nutrition and is affordable. Eggs also contain high levels of cholesterol in the yolk, so if consumed in large quantities, they will pose a risk of disease. This study aims to determine the effect of giving probiotics in the early layer laying hen feed on the levels of high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein in egg yolks. This study has four treatments, namely P1 = control, P2 = feed + AGP, and P3 and P4 = feed + probiotics. The probiotic used is a combination of three bacteria, namely Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium sp. The sample used in this study was egg yolk, which was collected in the last week of the study. Testing for HDL and LDL levels in egg yolks was carried out using the Quantitative Colorimetric/Fluorometric Determination of HDL and LDL/VLDL method. Testing HDL and LDL levels in this study showed that the administration of probiotics had an effect in the form of increasing HDL levels but did not have an effect in the form of a significant decrease in egg yolk LDL levels during the four-week treatment period in laying hens in the early layer phase, aged 18{\textendash}22 weeks. The best probiotic dose used among the three probiotic doses is 3 ml/kg of feed.

}, keywords = {High Density Lipoprotein, Laying hens, Low Density Lipoprotein, Probiotics.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.73}, author = {Bodhi Agustono and Rini Apriliawati and Sunaryo Hadi Warsito and Maya Nurwartanti Yunita and Widya Paramita Lokapirnasari and Sri Hidanah and Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum and Mohammad Anam Al-Arif and Mirni Lamid and Gandul Atik Yuliani and Shekhar Chhetri and Sarasati Windria} } @article {2050, title = {Effectiveness of Ketapang (Terminalia cattapa L.) Extract Against Avian Pathogenic Eschericia coli (APEC) Infections in Layer Performance}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {417-422}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {417}, abstract = {

This study aimed to determine the activity of Ketapang extract (Terminalia cattapa L.) in layers infected with APEC. In vitro study that was conducted dilution methods using Ketapang extract at 5\%, 10\%, 15\%, 20\%, 25\% and 30\% concentrations. In vivo study was conducted by randomly dividing 20 layers into five treatment groups, four per group. The chickens (except in group P0-) were infected with APEC aged 24 weeks. Then, the treatment was conducted according to the divided groups in one week. The said treatments are P0- (uninfected APEC and unadministered with Ketapang extract), P0+ (infected with APEC and unadministered with Ketapang extract), and P1, P2, and P3 (infected with APEC and administered with Ketapang extract with 5\%, 10\%, and 20\% concentrations, respectively). The data from layers{\textquoteright} performance were analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan{\textquoteright}s test. The dilution method (MIC and MBC) exhibited the antibacterial ability of Ketapang extract against APEC at 5\% dose. The Ketapang extract administration in layers exhibited improved performance of chickens infected with APEC, with the administration of 10\% dose of Ketapang extract showing the best result. In summary, about 10\% concentration Ketapang extract can serve as an antibacterial agent and showed the best results in layers infected with APEC.

}, keywords = {Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli., Food security, Layer chicken performance, Terminalia cattapa L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.94}, author = {Kadek Rachmawati and Rochmah Kurnijasanti and Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum and Sin War Naw} } @article {2057, title = {Effects of Melissa officinalis essential oil on state and trait anxiety}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {454-460}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {454}, abstract = {

Introduction: Essential oils are complex substances used extensively in aromatherapy and phytotherapy, some of them as anxiety and stress-relieving agents. In order to evaluate the effects of Melissa officinalis essential oil on state and trait anxiety, this study was conducted. Methods: The essential oil was extracted by steam distillation and the chemical composition was investigated by Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). In addition, a Quasi experimental study with measures at pretest-posttest was conducted, where 58 participants were divided into two groups, a waiting-list (WL) control group, and an experimental group (EG)treated with aromatherapy based on Melissa officinalis essential oil. The anxiety index was evaluated by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Measures were taken at two times: pretest and posttest. Results: The chemical analysis showed that β-cubebene (26.3\%), β-caryophyllene (25.4\%) and geranial (12.5\%) were de main components. Both state and trait anxiety levels decreased in the experimental group during the posttest phase; however, only state anxiety demonstrated statistically significant differences (p\<0.05). A moderate size effect was found for state anxiety (d = 0.799; g= 0.797) with 1-β=0.803; but none for trait anxiety. Conclusion: Melissa officinalis essential oil was moderately effective on state anxiety but has no effect on trait anxiety.

}, keywords = {Essential oil, Melissa officinalis., State anxiety, Trait anxiety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.101}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Francisco Mercedes Infantes Gomez and Natalia Mavila Guzm{\'a}n Rodr{\'\i}guez and Yolanda Elizabeth Rodr{\'\i}guez de Guzm{\'a}n and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Roger Antonio Rengifo-Penadillos and Jos{\'e} Gilberto Gavidia-Valencia and Iris Melina Alfaro-Beltr{\'a}n} } @article {2179, title = {Elucidating the Use of the Plant Paeonia Anomala from the Ancient Medical Books Kept in Mongolia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1163-1165}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1163}, abstract = {

Background: It is important to determine and study in detail the action of the main chemical and secondary components contained in Paeonia anomala against diseases. In particular, it is of great practical significance to clarify the use of the plant from ancient medical books and scriptures and to determine which of the six main diseases were used in traditional medicine. Purpose: To compare the information of the ancient medical books written by Mongolian doctors and scientists, who wrote about Paeonia anomala L. and to clarify the taste, potency, strength, and quality. Research materials and methods: Research materials: Sumbe khamba Ishbaljir. {\textquotedblleft}gso dpyad bdud rtsi {\textquoteright}i chu rgyun gyi cha lag gi nang tshan gyi sman so so{\textquoteright}i mngon brjod dang ngos {\textquoteright}dzin shel dkar me long{\textquotedblright}. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. Toin Jambaldorj. {\textquotedblleft}gso byed bdud rtsi{\textquoteright}i {\textquoteright}khrul med ngos {\textquoteright}dzin bzo rig me long du rnam par shar ba mdzes mtshar mig rgyan zhes bya ba bzhugs so{\textquotedblright}. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. Research methods: Methods of textual analysis for ancient medical books and checklists were used in the study. Conclusion: The use of Paeonia anomala has been enriched with indications for use in traditional Mongolian medicine, Mongolian folk medicine, Russian folk medicine, and Chinese, Japanese, and Korean traditional medicine. In his book "ngos {\textquoteright}dzin shel dkar me long", the ancient medical scientist Sumbe khamba Ishbaljir wrote the name of the Paeonia anomala plant in Sanskrit as shogandha and in Tibetan as baspru. On the other hand, Toin Jambaldorj noted in his book "mtshar mig rgyan" wrote Paeonia anomala has a warm and equable quality, thus it can create potency. Therefore, it is appropriate to note that this plant in traditional Mongolian medicine is mainly used to treat back pain caused by cold conditions, chronic kidney disease, arthritis, uterine benign tumors, and bladder stones.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.211}, author = {Ariunjargal Tudev and Sansarkhuyag Enkhtur and Khurelbaatar Luvsan and Odontuya Gendaram and Bold Sharav and Ulambayar Lkhamsuren} } @article {2138, title = {Elucidating the Uses of the Plant Veronica Incana from the Ancient Medical Books}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {901-904}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {901}, abstract = {

Background: Medicinal plant research has been successfully carried out in the field of pharmacy and pharmacology in Mongolia, and dozens of research projects are still being carried out. However, there are still fewer studied medicinal plants of practical importance growing in Mongolia. Therefore, there is a need to register and study the ancient medicinal books written by ancient Mongolian doctors about the relatively little-studied Veronica Incana plant. In addition, taking into account that scientific research on Veronica Incana, which grows in Mongolia, has not been done in the field of medicine. Therefore, the topic was selected for research in this field. Purpose: Comparing the information of the ancient medical books written by Mongolian doctors and scientists, who wrote about Veronica Incana, to clarify the taste, power, and quality. Research materials and methods: 1. Research materials: Sumbe khamba Ishbaljir. gso dpyad bdud rtsi {\textquoteright}i chu rgyun gyi cha lag gi nang tshan gyi sman so so{\textquoteright}i mngon brjod dang ngos {\textquoteright}dzin shel dkar me long. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. Toin Jambaldorj. gso byed bdud rtsi{\textquoteright}i {\textquoteright}khrul med ngos {\textquoteright}dzin bzo rig me long du rnam par shar ba mdzes mtshar mig rgyan zhes bya ba bzhugs so. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. 2. Research methods: Methods of textual analysis for ancient books and checklist methods were used in the study. Conclusion: Gandhabhatra plant is used in traditional Mongolian medicinal practices from ancient times, the plant is called Veronica Incana in Latin. Also called Buural gandbadraa in Mongolian. On the other hand, the traditional medical doctors of China{\textquoteright}s Inner Mongolia and Tibet use Gandbadraa, the Latin name Gnaphalium affine D. Don. The appearance, shape, and color of the flowers of these two plants are different. According to the research of the source, the main instruction and usage of the plants are the same: to destroy benign tumors, to remove poison, to treat colds, and to stop cough.

}, keywords = {Ancient medicinal books., Medicinal plants, Traditional Mongolian medicine, Veronica Incana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.171}, author = {Sansarkhuyag Enkhtur and Ariunjargal Tudev and Tungalag Dagdanbazar and Selenge Erdenechimeg and Odontuya Gendaram and Ulambayar Lkhamsuren and Bold Sharav} } @article {1957, title = {Evaluation of Antidiarrheal, Antispasmodic, and Antisecretory Activities of Extract and Fractions of Castanopsis costata Leaves in Animal Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {31-37}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {31}, abstract = {

Background: The use of traditional medicinal plants Castanopsis costata in the management of diarrhea is an ancient practice in North Sumatra, Indonesia, but its safety and efficacy have not been examined scientifically in animal models. Therefore, this study aims to determine the antidiarrheal effect of C. costata leaf extract and fractions in vivo. Methods: The antidiarrheal activity was evaluated against animal models of diarrhea induced by castor oil, charcoal meal, and entero-pooling test. The extract group received doses of 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, while the fraction groups was treated with WFCC, EAFCC, and nHFCC, in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. The negative control received 10 mL/kg of the dissolving vehicle, while the positive was treated with loperamide 3 mg/kg. Results: The results showed that EECC doses of 200 mg/kg, WFCC, and EAFCC at 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively significantly delayed the onset of diarrhea, while WFCC and EAFCC at 100 mg/kg significantly reduced the amount of wet feces output and total feces output. In addition, only WFCC and EAFCC (at 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively) significantly reduced the mean weight of wet feces and total feces. The percentage of maximum diarrhea inhibition was observed at the EAFCC dose of 100 mg/kg. Based on the charcoal meal test results, only EAFCC significantly inhibited the distance traveled by charcoal meal and reduced the peristaltic index at a dose of 100 mg/kg, while the percentage decrease in gastrointestinal motility was 46.87\%. Similarly, in the entero-pooling test, WFCC and EAFCC significantly reduced the volume and weight of intestinal contents at a dose of 100 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusion: The results confirm that the extract and fractions of C. costata have antidiarrheal activity. Therefore, this study provides scientific support for the traditional use of C. costata in treating diarrhea.

}, keywords = {Animal models, Castanopsis costata, Diarrhea, North Sumatra., Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.5}, author = {Maulana Yusuf Alkandahri and Mally Ghinan Sholih and Nitya Nurul Fadilah and Maya Arfania and Surya Amal and Dedy Frianto and Lina Aliyani Mardiana and Diany Astuti and Dadang Muhammad Hasyim} } @article {2123, title = {Evaluation of In vivo Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Oroxyulum indicum, Baicalein, Chrysin with Phytochemical Analysis and Molecular Docking Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {811-822}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {811}, abstract = {

Background: Oroxyulum indicum (OIE) is a native medicinal plant that has been widely employed in Ayurvedic medicine for thousands of years. Though studies have been published citing the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Oroxyulum indicum and chrysin and Baicalein, there has been no comparative study comparing their activittes and confirming them with molecular docking results. Molecular docking study of two phytochemicals Chrysin (PubChem CID 5281607) and Baicalein (PubChem CID 5281605) into the active sites of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Evaluation and validation of Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic effects of a methanolic extract of the stem bark of Oroxylum indicum and its two constituents Chrysin and Baicalein in Charles foster rats with analysis of the phytoconstituent of Oroxyulum indicum through HRMS analysis. Methodology: UHPLC-HRMS/MS analyses were performed on a Dionex Ultimate 3000 RS Series UHPLC system combined with a Q Exactive Plus High-Resolution Accurate Mass Spectrometry System. Hot plate and Tal flick model are used for screening of analgesic activity. TNF-alpha and IL-6 inflammatory markers were examined. Carrageenan model is used for antiinflammatory analysis. Result: Interesting results has been obtained in the docking studies of Chrysin and Baicalein with COX-1 (PDB ID: 1EQG). The hydrogen bond interaction established between the Chrysin and Baicalein with the important amino acid, includes Arg 120, Tyr 355, Ser 530, Met 522 (Figure 1). The binding free energy of the Chrysin and Baicalein with target COX-1 was found to be -7.88 and -7.26 Kcal/mol. Conclusion: There is marked reduction in the TNF Alpha expression in the OIE group which is followed by Baicalein and Chrysine. The Baicalein group shows the most marked cumulative increase in reaction time for tail flick among all the groups of the intervention group followed by Chrysine and OIE.

}, keywords = {Baicalein, Chrysine, Molecular docking, Oroxylum indicum, TNF alpha.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.156}, author = {Bhairav Kumar Pathak and Kamlesh M. Palandurkar and Meenakshi Singh and Anshuman Trigunayat and Amit Singh and Reena Giri and Kiran Rajendra Giri} } @article {2043, title = {Evaluation of Neuroprotective Efficacy of Indian Shankhpushpi Varieties in Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease {\textendash} North Vs South}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {372-377}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {372}, abstract = {

Background: Shankhpushpi is a well-known Ayurvedic memory enhancing medicine associated with controversy. Among the various varieties, Convolvulus pleuricaulis and Clitorea ternatia are widely used in commercial memory enhancing formulations under the name of Shankhpushpi. Convolvulus pleuricaulis is recognized as true shankhpushpi in North side of India, however in southern part of India, Clitorea ternatia is accepted as Shankhpushpi. Objectives: The present study aims to compare neuroprotective efficacy of C. pleuricaulis and C. ternatea by in vitro, in vivo methods and establish scientifically validated data to choose appropriate shankhpushpi variety for commercial use. Materials and Methods: Both herbs were extracted in the Soxhlet apparatus with 70\% ethanol for 5 - 6 hours at 60 - 65̊ C. The presence of neuroprotective principles - taraxerol and scopoletin in extracts was confirmed by the Thin Layer Chromatography. The preliminary screening for neuroprotective efficacy of extracts was done by in vitro free radical scavenging, Acetyl cholinesterase enzyme inhibition and LOX enzyme level estimation. Invivo study of extracts included behavioral assessment of adult rats by Y maze, Morris water maze using scopolamine induced Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease like model. Result: Extracts of both C. pleuricaulis and C. ternatea significantly scavenged free radicals, inhibited acetyl cholinesterase and LOX enzyme in vitro. But in in-vivo study, significant retention of spatial and working memory was observed in rats administered with C. pleuricaulis as compared to C. ternatea. Conclusion: C. pleuricaulis more significantly shields against memory loss and dementia by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and memory impairment. Hence should be used in commericial neuroprotective formulation as chief source of Shankhpushpi instead of C. ternatea.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Dementia, Scopolamine, Scopoletin., taraxerol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.87}, author = {Sharada L. Deore and Anjali A. Kide and Bhushan A. Baviskar and Somshekhar S. Khadabadi and Bhavana A Shende} } @article {2178, title = {Evaluation of the Economic Impact of Implementing National Health Insurance (JKN) on Hospitals at RSUD Tenriawaru Kab. bone}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1156-1162}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1156}, abstract = {

The National Health Insurance Program (JKN) through the Social Security Administering Body has been running since January 1 2014, the Tenriawaru Regional General Hospital in Bone Regency is one of the hospitals under the auspices of the local government that works closely with BPJS Kesehatan. The Bone Regency Government has registered 237,381 people into the National Health Insurance (JKN) program. In general, this study aims to analyze the economic impact of the implementation of the National Health Insurance (JKN) on hospital income, hospital financing and financial compensation for hospital employees at Tenriawaru Hospital, Kab, Bone. This study uses a qualitative descriptive research method that aims to obtain an in-depth evaluation study on evaluating the economic impact of the implementation of the National Health Insurance (JKN) program on hospitals. The informants in this study totaled 5 people consisting of the Head of Finance Subdivision, the JKN case mix officer, the Head of Service Subdivision, the Head of HR Subdivision and the Head of Public Relations Subsection. The results of the study show that the implementation of the National Health Insurance (JKN) program has an impact on hospital income. The implementation of JKN provides great benefits for the hospital. the implementation of the National Health Insurance (JKN) program also has an impact on hospital financing, JKN covers hospital operational costs, JKN claims have their respective portions for hospital human resources, drug resources and BHP in hospitals. The implementation of the National Health Insurance (JKN) program has no impact on the financial compensation of employees in hospitals, salaries, bonuses and semi-annual incentives that employees get have no effect on the implementation of JKN in service hospitals that get a portion each for the operational needs of the hospital not for employee financial compensation.

}, keywords = {Compensation, Financial, Financing, Income, JKN}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.210}, author = {Karmilasari and Sukri Palutturi and Darmawansyah and Muh. Syafar and Indar and Citrakesumasari and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2190, title = {An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Pharmacognosy Research and a Pharmaceutical Resource Management in Hospitals}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1224-1229}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1224}, abstract = {

Objective: This research paper aims to evaluate the relative efficacy of pharmacognosy research on the top 40 tertiary hospitals and its pharmacy in India according to Newsweek{\textquoteright}s 2021 ranking. Purpose: India{\textquoteright}s pharmaceutical market is now estimated to be worth $50 billion. India is a significant pharmaceutical exporter, reaching more than 200 nations with its exports. This study will help to identify whether the pharma industry is working efficiently in selected Indian hospitals or not. Thus, to create a bench marking for the hospital pharmacies in India. Design/methodology/approach: Data for the study came from public and private hospitals{\textquoteright} official websites, financial records, and government notifications. Cross- sectional data analyses were done using a Slack-Based model and data envelopment analysis (DEA). STATA was the software used to scrutinize the results effectively. Results: Thirteen hospital pharmacies out of a total of 40 are judged to be relatively technically efficient overall, according to the research. The findings of the slack analysis demonstrate that government hospitals and pharmacies are better able to handle slack and effectively manage input and output. Conclusion: The researchers also set upped a benchmarking hospital both for private and government healthcare settings for pharmacognosy research. Thus, it can be utilized for the betterment of the pharmacies.\ 

}, keywords = {Data envelopment analysis (DEA), Efficiency, Hospitals, India, Pharmacognosy research, Pharmacy, SBM model}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.222}, author = {Suresh Chandra Akula and Pritpal Singh and Prikshat Kumar Angra and Gagandeep Singh Cheema and Anup Sharma and Mohd Farhan} } @article {2060, title = {Experiences and Expectations of Post-Partum Mothers Toward Psychosocial Nursing Services for Mothers Who Have Experienced Postpartum Blues in City of Balikpapan}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {471-478}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {471}, abstract = {

After giving birth, the mother feels happy to finally be able to meet her beloved baby. However, some mothers actually do not feel happy but appear feelings of sadness, anxiety, and depression after giving birth. As many as 30-75 present of women can experience baby blues after giving birth and one in seven women can experience postpartum depression. Health Education needs to be improved and Nutrition for pregnant women needs attention Micronutrients prevent postpartum depression so that babies are born healthy. Based on the above problems that are still untouched by promotion and prevention health for women overcome the level of emotional anxiety from pregnancy to post-delivery which can be experienced by mothers from mild, moderate to severe. Nurses play a key role related to providing physical and psychological care to support the improvement of the mother{\textquoteright}s condition towards more positive. Mothers are at risk for natural emotional problems requiring someone to be able to give him an understanding of the process he is going through and help him to remain in a more stable condition. This study involved seven participants with diverse characteristics and provided an overview and the high need of postpartum mothers to feel comfortable so that their coping efforts could be achieved so that they did not experience emotional problems after giving birth.

}, keywords = {Baby Blues, Depression, Postpartum, Psychosocial Services.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.104}, author = {Ns. Grace C Sipasulta and Indah Nur Imamah and Genevieva E Tanihatu} } @article {2045, title = {Factors Affecting the Long-Term Protection Against Hepatitis B Immunization in Infancy: A Meta-Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {385-394}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {385}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health issues and one of the most dangerous viral infections with a high mortality rate. Newborns and infant vaccination against chronic HBV infection are crucial for preventing mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis to investigate the factors affecting long-term protection against Hepatitis B Immunization in infancy. Material and Methods: Our literature searches are from PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and ProQuest publications between January 2000 and December 2021. The included literature assessed the risk of bias using the Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. We identify Hepatitis B surface antibodies (anti-HBs) >= 10 mIU/mL as being protective against HBV infection. The results are combined with a random effect or fixed effect model. Results: Eighteen eligible observational studies with a total of 16,642 participants were included. Analysis of factors affecting long-term protection status by assessing anti-HBs titers showed significant results on several factors, including gestational age for anti-HBs titers (OR 2.5; 95\% CI 1.62-3.85; p\<0.0001), weight for age to anti-HBs titers (OR 1.36; 95\% CI 1.06-1.75; p=0.02), length for age to anti-HBs titers (OR 0.01; 95\% CI 0.01-0.02; p\<0.00001), and immunization status based on the number of vaccine doses (4 doses vs 3 doses) to anti-HBs titers (p\<0.00001). Conclusions: Anti-HBs titers of hepatitis B immunization were significantly affected by gestational age, weight for age, length for age, and vaccine doses. Parents of newborns must be informed about basic immunization and provide adequate nutritional intake to the mother and babies to prevent HBV infection.

}, keywords = {Hepatitis B antibodies, Hepatitis B vaccines, Immunity, Immunization, Infant.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.89}, author = {Aldila Pratiwi and Bagus Setyoboedi and Citrawati D. K. Wungu} } @article {2033, title = {Habitat Characteristics of Aedes Sp Larval Containers and Density of Container Index (CI) In the Area Endemic and Non-Endemic to DHF In Makassar City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {290-295}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {290}, abstract = {

Aedes sp has breeding habitats in water reservoirs or containers with relatively clear water, both inside and outside the house and in public places. The existence of containers as a breeding habitat for Aedes sp mosquitoes can increase the population density of Aedes sp mosquitoes, triggering high transmission of the dengu virus in the city of Makassar. The purpose of the study is to determine the characterisitic relationship of containers with the index of aedes sp larvae in dengue endemism areas in Makassar city in 2022. This study is an analytical observational study. Quantitative analysis with a cross-sectional approach. The sample sampling technique is a technique with simple purposive sampling. The sample was 600 houses in endemic and non-endemic areas in makassar city. The results of this study are container types with CI density in endemic areas, namely bucket 242 (CI = 9.5), while in non-endemic areas namely bucket 298 (CI = 5.4), container materials with CI density in endemic areas namely plastic 422 (CI = 10.9), while in non-endemic areas namely plastic 482 (CI = 5.6), and container locations with CI materials and densities namely in indoor locations with plastic material 398 (CI = 8.0), while in non-endemic areas with CI materials and densities, namely in indoor locations with plastic material 455 (CI = 5.5). The results of the chi-square test in the endemic area obtained a value of p = 0.478 which means that there is no relationship between the container type and the presence of aedes sp larvae in Tamamaung, Chi-square test results in non-endemic areas obtained a value of p = 0.217 which means that there is no relationship between the container type and the presence of Aedes sp larvae in the new Malimangan Village. The results of the chi-square test in the endemic area obtained a value of p = 0.000 which means that there is a relationship between the location and the presence of aedes sp larvae in tamamaung, and Meanwhile, the results of the Chi-Square test in non-endemic areas obtained a value of p = 0.631 which means that there is no relationship between the location and the presence of Aedes sp larvae in the new malimongan. There is no relationship between CI density and endemic and nonendemic regions. All six regions fall into the moderate category. His advice for the Makassar City Health Office, especially in Tamamaung, Pisang Utara, Pampang, Malimongan Baru, Kalukuang and Rappojawa villages, is that it is necessary to conduct counseling / information about the importance of environmental cleanliness and mosquito breeding sites to residents evenly and distribute abate, so that the community can be vigilant and avoid the transmission of dengue fever

}, keywords = {Characteristics of Container Habitats, Endemic and Non-Endemic., Larval Density}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.77}, author = {Muh Ichsan and Hasanuddin Ishak and Erniwati Ibrahim and Hasnawati Amqam and Isra Wahid and Syahribulan and Rusdiyah Sudirman and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2022, title = {Health Literacy Brisk Walking Exercise on Clinical Outcomes of Blood Sugar in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {433-438}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {433}, abstract = {

Background: Regular Physical activity (PA) is recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes because it has a beneficial effect on metabolic risk factors for the development of diabetic complications. This study was designed to determine the effect of health literacy (HL) brisk walking on clinical outcomes (HbA1c) and PA in patients with DMT2. Method: In using the Quasi Experimental method using the Two group pre-posttest design approach. Research subjects were allocated for the provision of Health literacy Brisk walking (n-30, 30 completed) and the usual care group (n = 30,30 completed). Health literacy brisk walking participants received weekly scheduled information via WhatsApp group with monitoring to walk 3-5 times for 150 minutes/week, while the control group only received regular care from the Chronic Disease Management (Prolanis) program. Results: Sixty T2DM patients (thirty in the intervention group and thirty in the control group) were examined. The results showed that Health literacy Brisk walking with Whatsapp Group Monitoring in the intervention group was significantly higher than usual care from the Chronic Disease Management program (Prolanis) in the control group towards changes in HbA1c and PA after 3 months (p\<0.05). Conclusion: Health literacy brisk walking related to diabetes can be a modifiable factor related to HbA1c for DMT2 patients. The findings indicate the need for health care providers to be able to consider brisk walking PA as a solution in controlling blood sugar (HbA1c).

}, keywords = {Blood Sugar (HbA1c)., DMT2, Health Literacy Brisk walking, Physical Activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.68}, author = {Zainuddin and Andi Zulkifli Abdullah and Nurhaedar Jafar and Suriah and Nursalam and Darmawansyah and Syahrul Syahrul and Wahiduddin and Widiantoro and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2105, title = {Hepatitis E Inhibited by Rosmarinic Acid Extract from Clove Plant (Syzygium Aromaricum) through Computational Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {518-523}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {518}, abstract = {

This study aims to evaluate the potential of Rosmarinic Acid as an inhibitor against Hepatitis E by interacting with the active site of the Tyrosine FYN protein. Computational approaches were employed to predict the molecular interactions between Rosmarinic Acid and Tyrosine FYN. The research methodology involved the use of software such as Pymol, Pyrex, Protein Plus, and the Lepinski Rule. Docking analysis was conducted using Pymol to obtain information about the binding energy between Rosmarinic Acid and Tyrosine FYN. The results of the analysis showed that Rosmarinic Acid exhibited a Binding Affinity of -8.3, -8, and -7.9, indicating a strong affinity towards the target protein. Additionally, Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) values of 0, 15.905, and 17.014 were used to assess the stability of the formed protein-ligand complex. Analysis using Protein Plus revealed interactions between Rosmarinic Acid and Tyrosine FYN. Furthermore, analysis using the Lepinski Rule to examine the physicochemical properties of Rosmarinic Acid indicated that the molecule had a mass of 360, 5 hydrogen bond donors, 8 hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 1.76, and a molar reactivity of 89.8. These findings highlight the potential of Rosmarinic Acid as an inhibitor of Hepatitis E through its interaction with the Tyrosine FYN protein, providing a basis for the development of potential new therapies in the treatment of this disease.

}, keywords = {Hepatitis E, Molecular Docking., Rosmarinic acid, Syzygium aromaricum, Tyrosine FYN}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.112}, author = {Sunadi and Saddam Al Aziz and Fadhilah Fitri and Devni Prima Sari and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Rismi Verawati and Nita Yessirita and Oski Illiandri and Riso Sari Mandeli and Devi Purnamasari and Putri Azhari and Rahadian Zainul and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2136, title = {Hydrocephalus Mice Model: Choroid Plexus Aquaporin-1 Dynamics Following Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {891-896}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {891}, abstract = {

Background: Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of membrane proteins that act as channels for water, facilitating its movement across the plasma membrane of cells. Aquaporin1 (AQP1), located in the choroid plexus, is thought to be involved in the process of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production. Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the impact of hydrocephalus and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage on the expression of AQP1 in a mice model of hydrocephalus. Material and Methods: Laboratory experimental study with six groups. Five test groups, one control group, and a rat model of hydrocephalus caused by kaolin were used in the experiment. Results: Hydrocephalus in mice model induced by kaolin, and CSF drainage was performed on the 7th and 14th days group. Immunohistochemical analysis was conducted to examine the presence of AQP1 in the choroid plexus using microscopes. The findings revealed a noticeable decrease in AQP1 expression levels in the choroid plexus, which exhibited a semi-quantitative decline in correlation with the duration of hydrocephalus (p = 0.01). This decrease was observed when comparing the normal group with the hydrocephalus groups on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days following induction. However, after cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage, there was a significant increase in AQP1 expression (p \< 0.05). Conclusions: This study shows the significant role of AQP1 in CSF production by comparing of AQP1 expression in the choroid plexus of hydrocephalus mice model, with and without CSF drainage. AQP1 expression experiences downregulation in hydrocephalus mice model and upregulation after CSF drainage.

}, keywords = {AQP1, Aquaporin 1, Choroid plexus, Hydrocephalus.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.169}, author = {Yusuf Baktir and Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi and Wihasto Suryaningtyas and Dyah Fauziah and I Ketut Sudiana and Budi Utomo} } @article {2039, title = {Identification of Family Adaptive Behavior in The Dayak Tribe in An Effort to Prevent Stroke}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {334-338}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {334}, abstract = {

The Dayak tribe inhabits a large part of West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province. Hypertension is a major health problem in the West Kutai region. The family plays a role as a facilitator in reducing hypertension and preventing the risk of Stroke in family members. The purpose of this study was to identify the adaptive behavior of Dayak families in an effort to prevent Stroke. This research method is qualitative research with in-depth interviews and FGD (focus group discussion). FGDs were conducted on 7 participants with tingkat 1 and tingkat 2 hypertension patients and 3 people from traditional leaders/ culturalists. This study obtained four main themes, namely 1) Understanding health problems, 2) Utilization of medicinal plants, 3) Disease control, 4) Driving factors in reducing Stroke risk. Suggestions for health workers to be able to improve educational methods and digital health promotion not only using print media.

}, keywords = {Family Adaptive Behavior., FGD, Stroke, The Dayak Tribe}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.83}, author = {Parellangi and Muhammad Syafar and Sukri Palutturi and Agus Bintara Birawida and Anwar Mallongi and Oedojo Soedirham and Pawennari Hijjang} } @article {2153, title = {Immunization During the Covid-19 Pandemic}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1005-1009}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1005}, abstract = {

Objectives: This Study Aims to Analyze the Determinant Factors Associated with Basic Immunization Services for Infants Aged 1-12 Months in Banjarbaru City During the Covid 19 Pandemic. Methods: The Research Design Is an Analytic Research with A Cross Sectional Approach. The Independent Variables Are Mother{\textquoteright}s Knowledge, Mother{\textquoteright}s Anxiety, And Accessibility to Health Facilities, And the Dependent Variable Is Basic Immunization Services. The Research Sample Consisted Of 100 Respondents Who Had Babies Aged 1-12 Months in The Cempaka Health Center, Sungai Ulin Health Center, Sungai Besar Health Center and South Banjarbaru Health Center. The Sampling Technique Was Non-Probability Sampling, Namely Purposive Sampling. The Instruments Used Were A Knowledge Questionnaire, An Anxiety Questionnaire (Dass) And an Accessibility Questionnaire in The Form of a Google Form. Analysis Using the Chi Square Statistical Test. Results: The Results Showed That 58 People (58.0\%) Had Basic Immunization Services According to Age, 44 People (44.0\%) Had Good Knowledge And 55 People (55.0\%) Had Accessibility to Health Facilities. Variables Related to Basic Immunization Services in Banjarbaru City Were Knowledge (P=0.03) And Anxiety (P=0.01). Another Variable in This Study, That Is Accessibility to Health Services, Was Not Related to Basic Immunization Services in Banjarbaru City (P=0.80). Conclusions: It Is Recommended That Basic Immunization Information and Services Be More Proactive. Health Promotion Uses an Interpersonal Approach in The Community to Increase Knowledge, Attitudes and Change People{\textquoteright}s Behavior.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, Anxiety, Health Center, Immunization, knowledge}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.185}, author = {Yuniarti and Rusmilawaty and Tri Tunggal and Norlaila Sofia and Nur Rohmah Prihatanti and Ahmad Rizani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2199, title = {The Impact of Kaempferia galanga L. Extract on Nerve Growth Factor Expression in A Rat Model of Traumatic Brain Injury}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1236-1243}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1236}, abstract = {

Introduction: Head injuries contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality globally, and there is need of effective treatment. This study focuses on evaluating NGF (Nerve Growth Factor) expression in a rat model of traumatic brain injury, exploring the potential therapeutic effects of Kaempferia galanga L. extract. Methods: Male Wistar rats were used in the experiment, and traumatic brain injury was induced using Marmarou{\textquoteright}s weight drop model. Four groups of rats were studied: a negative control group, a group with traumatic brain injury without Kaempferia galanga L. extract, and two groups with traumatic brain injury treated with different doses of Kaempferia galanga L. extract. Rats were divided further based on the time of decapitation, either 24 or 48 hours post-injury. NGF expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Results: The study confirmed NGF expression variations among groups, with stronger expression observed 48 hours post-injury in rats receiving 1200 mg/kgbb of Kaempferia galanga L. extract. This suggests a potential impact of the extract on NGF expression, likely attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Discussion: Kaempferia galanga L. extract has known anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which may contribute to increased NGF expression observed in this study. Conclusion: This study sheds light on the potential benefits of Kaempferia galanga L. extract in promoting NGF expression and improving outcomes in traumatic brain injury, emphasizing the need for further investigation to translate these findings into clinical practice.

}, keywords = {kaempferia galanga, Nerve Growth Factor, Traumatic Brain Injury}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.224}, author = {Muhammad Fauzan Jauhari and Lucia Yovita Hendrati and Agus Turchan and Asra Al Fauzi and Budi Utomo and Eko Agus Subagio} } @article {2103, title = {Improving the Quality of Assessment and Diagnosis in Nursing Care: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {703-706}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {703}, abstract = {

Nursing care involves a series of interactions between nurses with clients and the environment to meet their needs and ensure independence in caring for themselves. Therefore, this research aimed to examine how to improve the quality of assessments and diagnoses in nursing care. Several articles were obtained from Google Scholar, Pubmed, and ProQuest databases, while the research questions were structured using the PICO method and search keywords. The inclusion criteria included articles focused on the quality of assessments and diagnoses in nursing care, applied to health institutions and services, and published in English from 2018-2022. A total of six articles were included after thorough identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion. The results obtained can be used to improve the quality of assessments and diagnoses in nursing care.

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.140}, author = {Brajakson Siokal and Ridwan Amiruddin and Tahir Abdullah and Yuliana Syam and Sukri Palutturi and Hasnawati Amqam and Rian Adi Pamungkas and Wahyuningsih and Samsualam and Sudarman and Akbar Asfar and Andi Mappanganro}, editor = {Yahya Thamrin} } @article {2081, title = {In Silico Study on the Inhibition of Sitogluside from Clove Plant (Syzygium aromaticum) on Interleukin 2 in B and T Cell Proliferation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {575-580}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {575}, abstract = {

This research discusses an in-silico study of sitogluside found in the clove plant (Syzygium aromaticum) as a potential inhibitor of B and T cell proliferation through interaction with Interleukin-2. This study utilizes methods such as Swiss Target Prediction, Pymol, Pyrex, Protein Plus, and Lipinski{\textquoteright}s Rule to predict the biological activity and pharmacokinetic characteristics of sitogluside. From the docking simulation results, sitogluside exhibited strong interactions with interleukin-2 with RMSD values of 0, 1.637, and 2.299, and Binding Affinities of -5.7, -5.5, and -5.5, indicating its potential effectiveness as an inhibitor. In addition, sitogluside fulfills Lipinski{\textquoteright}s rule with a molecular mass of 520, 4 hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, a log P value of 2.3, and a molar reactivity of 133, indicating a high potential for good bioavailability in biological systems. These results suggest that sitogluside from the clove plant holds potential as a new therapy in inhibiting B and T cell proliferation, however further research is needed to validate these findings and explore its potential in clinical treatments.

}, keywords = {Cell Proliferation, Interleukin-2, Molecular docking, Sitogluside, Syzygium.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.122}, author = {Linda Rosalina and Devi Purnamasari and Rismi Verawati and Okta Suryani and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Rahadian Zainul and Riso Sari Mandeli and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2067, title = {In Silico Study on the Potential of Guaiacol Extract from Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) as a Stimulant for Carbanoic Anhydrase II in Renal Tubular Acidosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {494-499}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {494}, abstract = {

This study explores the potential of Guaiacol, a green tea extract from Camellia sinensis, as a stimulant in renal tubular acidosis through in-silico investigation on the Carbanoic Anhydrase II enzyme. Utilizing comprehensive computational tools including PyMOL, PyRx, Protein Plus, and the Lipinski{\textquoteright}s Rule of Five, a detailed examination of the molecular structure and its interactions with the target enzyme was conducted. The results from Protein Plus revealed interactions between Guaiacol and Carbanoic Anhydrase II. Quantitative parameters were determined with Binding Affinity values of -5, -4.7, and -4.5, along with RMSD values of 0, 0.956, and 1.412. The Lipinski{\textquoteright}s Rule of Five was employed to evaluate the compound{\textquoteright}s drug-like properties, with the findings indicating a molecular weight of 124, one hydrogen bond donor, two hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P of 1.4, and a molar reactivity of 34.65. Overall, these findings suggest that Guaiacol holds promising therapeutic potential in the treatment of renal tubular acidosis.

}, keywords = {Camellia sinensis., Carbanoic Anhydrase II, Guaiacol, Molecular docking, Renal Tubular Acidosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.108}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Agus Suprijono and Riso Sari Mandeli and Asri Peni Wulandari and Dony Novaliendry and Ritmaleni and Linda Rosalina and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2061, title = {The Influence of Effective Nurse Communication Application on Patient Satisfaction: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {479-483}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {479}, abstract = {

Communication is an important element for building trust and comfort in nursing, and it is the foundation of the nurse-patient relationship. The purpose of this study is to find out how effective communication influences nurses{\textquoteright} perceptions of patient satisfaction. A recent literature review was conducted using the Pubmed, Wiley Online, and Science Direct electronic databases. The review method uses the terms and expressions of the keywords "effective communication," "nurse," and "patient satisfaction." Based on the screening results for inclusion and exclusion criteria, a literature search turned up 10 studies. Effective communication provided by nurses greatly affects patient satisfaction; the better effective communication is carried out, the greater the patient satisfaction will be. With patient satisfaction, nurse communication can improve service by creating good cooperative relationships and fostering trust so as to improve patient recovery. Not only with patients, but effective communication must also be carried out with colleagues and other professions by applying several methods such as ISBAR, PCC, and MCA communication methods. Therefore, health services, especially nurses, should pay more attention to effective communication with patients and implement this effective communication in nursing care activities.

}, keywords = {Effective communication, Nurses, Patient satisfaction.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.105}, author = {Brajakson Siokal and Ridwan Amiruddin and Tahir Abdullah and Yahya Thamrin and Sukri Palutturi and Erniwati Ibrahim and Yuliana Syam and Rian Adi Pamungkas and Samsualam and Andi Mappanganro and Wahyuningsih and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2001, title = {The Influence of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Nurse Performance with Work Motivation as a Mediating Factor at I Lagaligo East Luwu Hospital In 2022}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {319-324}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {319}, abstract = {

Nursing performance is an important thing that needs to be studied in order to maintain and improve the quality of hospital services. There are many factors that affect nurse performance. This study aims to analyze the effect of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on the performance of nurses with work motivation as a mediating factor at I Lagaligo East Luwu Hospital. The type of research conducted is quantitative research using an analytic observational study with a cross sectional study design. The sampling technique is proportional random sampling with the number of samples in this study being 130 nurses. Testing the hypothesis in this study using path analysis. The results showed that job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on work motivation (β= 0,264; T statistic= 2,433). Organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on work motivation (β= 0,347; T statistic= 3,742). Work motivation has a positive and significant effect on performance (β= 0,160; T statistic= 2,533). Job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on performance (β = 0,179; T statistic= 2,510). Organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on performance (β= 0,151; T statistic= 2,163). Job satisfaction has no direct effect on performance with work motivation as a mediating factor (β= 0,042; T statistic = 1,888). Organizational commitment has no direct effect on performance with work motivation as a mediating factor (β= 0,056; T statistic = 1,911). Hospitals are expected to be able to maintain job satisfaction, organizational commitment and work motivation of nurses so that every nurse is willing to provide the best productivity and performance for the realization of improving the quality of nursing services.

}, keywords = {Hospital., Job satisfaction, Nurse performance, Organizational commitment, Work motivation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.47}, author = {Maria Ulfha Ibrahim and Alimin Maidin and Irwandy and Indahwaty Sidin and Fridawaty Rivai and Khalid Shaleh} } @article {2161, title = {The Influence of Vitamin D3 Administration on the Levels of CGRP, Glutamate, and NLRP3 during the Ictal Phase in Chronic Migraine Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1052-1058}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1052}, abstract = {

Background: Migraine is a primary headache disorder that ranks as the third leading cause of disability. Various prophylactic therapies have been developed for migraine treatment, including vitamin D3 supplementation. The mechanism of action of vitamin D3 supplementation in the pathophysiology of migraine has not been extensively studied. Objective: This study assesses the impact of vitamin D3 administration on the levels of the biomarkers CGRP, Glutamate, and NLRP3 and its effect on reducing the frequency and intensity of migraine attacks in chronic migraine patients. Methods: This experimental study (single-blind clinical trial) observes two groups: a group given vitamin D3 at 2000 IU for 12 weeks and a placebo group. This study involved 61 chronic migraine subjects. At the end of the study, after excluded 31 subjects, there were 12 subjects in each of the two groups. Results: A significant relationship was found between vitamin D3 administration and the reduction in the frequency and duration of migraine attacks in both the vitamin D3 group (p\<0.001) and the placebo group (p=0.078). No significant relationship was found between vitamin D3 administration and changes in CGRP levels (p=0.633), but there were significant changes in glutamate (p\<0.001) and NLRP3 (p=0.016) levels following vitamin D3 administration. Conclusion: Vitamin D3 supplementation has an impact on reducing the frequency and duration of migraine attacks in chronic migraine patients, and there is a significant association with changes in glutamate and NLRP3 levels, but not with changes in CGRP levels.

}, keywords = {CGRP, Chronic Migraine, Glutamate, NLRP3, Vitamin D3}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.193}, author = {Restu Susanti and Yuliarni Syafrita and Afriwardi and Rauza Sukma Rita and Eryati Darwin and Nur Indrawaty Lipoeto and Hirowati Ali and Fika Tri Anggraini} } @article {2097, title = {The Influence of Work Engagement on Job Satisfaction and Human Resource Performance in South Sulawesi Provincial Hospital 2022}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {650-654}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {650}, abstract = {

One of the most important factors for an individual to have at work is work engagement which is a concept that can reflect that an individual has passion, focus, and also strong dedication to work at the company. Work engagement is also defined as a positive and satisfying mental state related to work that is characterized by vigor, dedication, and absorption.1 An HR can be said to be work engagement when an HR is able to make his work a priority for himself and personally for the organization besides that work engagement is personal HR who are proud to have been part of an organization so that they are able to work according to the jobdesk given (Rohana Manalu et al., 2021). This study aims to analyze the effect of Work Engagement on Job Satisfaction and HR Performance at the South Sulawesi Provincial Hospital. This type of research is quantitative research using an analytic observational design with a cross sectional study approach. The sample in this study were health workers using a stratified random sampling technique of 316 people. The samples taken in this study were 152 employees at Laburan Baji Hospital, 122 Haji Hospital and 42 people at Sayang Rakyat Hospital. Data analysis used univariate, bivariate \& path analysis. The results showed that there was a direct effect of work engagement on job satisfaction and HR performance with a coefficient of 0.525 and 0.267 for each with a p value (0.000) \< 0.05 (significant). In addition, there is a direct effect of job satisfaction on HR performance, namely a coefficient value of 0.620 with a p value (0.000) \<0.05. Meanwhile, the effect of work engagement on HR performance through job satisfaction obtained a coefficient value of 0.326 with a p value (0.000) \< 0.05. which means Work Engagement has an influence on HR Performance through Job Satisfaction.

}, keywords = {Performance., Satisfaction, Work engagement}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.133}, author = {Nurfhadila Utami Husain and Syahrir A Pasinringi and Fridawaty Rivai and Noer Bahry Noor and Khalid Saleh} } @article {2083, title = {Interaction of Cynaroside from Orthosiphon Aristatus Plant Extract on TNF Alpha as a Stimulant in Malaria and Asthma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {581-586}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {581}, abstract = {

This research aims to investigate the interaction between cynaroside, a natural compound found in Orthosiphon aristatus plant extract, with TNF Alpha as a stimulant in the context of malaria and asthma. The research method involved an in-silico approach using software such as Pymol, PyRx, Protein Plus, and the Lepinski Rule. The results of the study showed that cynaroside has a significant interaction with TNF Alpha, as indicated by high Binding Affinity values of -9.6, -9.3, and -9.2. Analysis using Protein Plus confirmed the interaction between cynaroside and TNF Alpha. Additionally, evaluation using the Lepinski Rule of Five revealed that cynaroside has physicochemical characteristics suitable as a potential drug compound, with a mass of 448, hydrogen bond donors of 7, hydrogen bond acceptors of 11, log p -0.401, and molar reactivity of 105.2. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the potential of cynaroside in regulating the immune response to malaria and asthma through its interaction with TNF Alpha. These results can serve as an important basis for further research in the development of more targeted and effective therapies for both of these diseases

}, keywords = {Asthma., Cynaroside, Malaria, Molecular docking, Orthosiphon aristatus, TNF Alpha}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.123}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Gemini Alam and Khoirun Nisyak and Trisna Kumala Sari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Ritbey Ruga and Putri Azhari and Romadhon and Himmatul Barroroh and Riso Sari Mandeli and Devi Purnamasari and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2192, title = {Interpolation Pedicle Flap Technique in Wound Defect with Tibial Bone Exposed: A Case Report}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1268-1271}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {1268}, abstract = {

Interpolation flap is a flap constructed from nonadjacent donor tissue that carry an inherent blood supply (vascular pedicle). They are ideally suitable for reconstruction of large or deep defect. These flaps have their own blood supply therefore they are more likely to survive on exposed bone or cartilage. The use of these technique should result in a bridge of tissue, or pedicle, between the flap base and the surgical defect. A 61-years-old man admitted to the emergency unit 2 hours ago after a traffic accident. Physical examination shows crush injuries on the right lower limb with open wounds exposing the muscles, tendons, and bone. In the distal neurovascular (NVD) obtained capillary refill time \< 2 seconds, limited active movement due to pain, and good sensory. After the initial treatment of external fixation and debridement, a week follow up found a wound defect on the medial side of the leg around 10 x 15 cm with tibial bone exposed as a base of wound defect. The usage of Pedicle Interpolation Flap Technique is a better choice to delayed treatment for soft tissue defect with bone exposed. The anatomy of artery is essential as a requirement to obtain the flap needed. Fine and holistic care of the flap shall increase the success rate of regaining and retaining anatomical and physiological, as well as cosmetic, and exponentially lower the probability of complications occurrence by accurate planning and hand in hand care to better strength, motion and functional outcome.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.230}, author = {Zainarda and Andi Asadul Islam and Muhammad Sakti} } @article {2187, title = {Intravitreal Resveratrol as Anti Apoptotic Agent Against Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss in Ischemic Reperfusion Injury}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1207-1212}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1207}, abstract = {

Background: Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy caused by the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells and results in progressive retinal ganglion cell injury. A decrease in intraocular pressure (IOP) is a modifiable risk factor for slowing the progression of the disease, and can be accomplished through medication, laser therapy, or surgery. Even though the intraocular pressure has decreased and attained normal levels, the injury to the retinal ganglion cells continues in some cases. It is believed that neuroprotective administration has a positive effect on preventing the loss of retinal ganglion cells. Methods: Bax and Caspase-3 expression were measured involving 20 eyeballs of Rattus Norvegicus by immunohistochemistry examination. I-R injury was developed by increasing intraocular pressure (IOP) through the intracameral balanced salt solution (BSS) injection, then lowered after 60 minutes. Samples were divided into 4 groups: control, no further injection group, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-injected group and resveratrol-injected group. Each group was enucleated at days 7, 0, 7, and 7, respectively. Data with a non-normal distribution were examined using the Kruskal-Wallis test, and if the outcome was significant, the Mann-Whitney test. Results: The highest mean Bax and Caspase-3 expression was found in PBS injected and enucleated at day 7 group (G2), 0.96{\textpm}0.40 and 0.72 {\textpm} 0.30, respectively. When compared to PBS injection, the expression of Bax and Caspase-3 was lower in the resveratrol-injected group. Conclusion: Bax and Caspase-3 expressions were lower in the intravitreal injection of Resveratrol in the dose of 100 {\textmu}M following the I-R injury group compared to the group without intravitreal Resveratrol injection.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Glaucoma, Ischemic-reperfusion injury, Neuroprotective, Resveratrol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.219}, author = {Amelia Shinta Prasetya and Evelyn Komaratih and Wimbo Sasono and Mercia Chrysanti and Maria Debora Niken Larasati and I Ketut Sudiana} } @article {2122, title = {Knowledge and Perception of the Risk of Respiration Disorders in COVID-19 Pandemic in COPD Patient: A Mixed-Method Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {801-810}, chapter = {801}, abstract = {

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a higher risk for COVID-19-related complications. Knowledge and perception will greatly influence the behavior of a COPD patient in dealing with a problem, such as the risk of COVID-19 infection. The purpose of the study was to determine knowledge and perceptions about the risk of respiration disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic in COPD patients. This research was a mixed methods research with an explanatory sequential research design. The location was conducted in Rungkut District in Surabaya City, East Java, from May-October 2022. Sampling by purposive sampling method, and analyzed descriptively. The research sample was 116 people. On the knowledge, the most correct answers were the COVID-19 virus was contagious (112 of 116). On the perception, the answer with the most positive level is a question regarding the use of masks. Some respondents had a low knowledge category (54 of 116), and the most positive perception category (57 of 116). The respondents{\textquoteright} knowledge of the COVID-19 virus showed COVID-19 virus was a contagious disease and was transmitted through air. But many respondents didn{\textquoteright}t know about the type of COVID-19 virus. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a strategy to increase knowledge about COVID-19 and related COPD treatment.

}, keywords = {COPD, COVID-19, knowledge, Perception.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.155}, author = {Amelia Lorensia and Rivan Virlando Suryadinata and Dita Sukmaya Prawitasari} } @article {2118, title = {Male and Female Rosy Barb Fish (Pethia conchonius) Predation Time Against Aedes aegypti Mosquito Larva and Pupa Stage in the Morning}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {781-785}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {781}, abstract = {

Introduction: The control program for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) outbreaks prioritizes controlling the mosquito vector population. One way of biologically controlling mosquitoes that is safer and more environmentally friendly is fish as natural predators of larval and pupae stage mosquitoes. One fish tested in this study was Rosy Barb (Pethia conchonius). Objective: This study aimed to compare the male and female fish predation ability of rosy barb (P. conchonius) in Aedes aegypti larval and pupal stages. Methods: This study is a laboratory experiment with a post-test-only design and five replications. One aquarium holds one litre of water, one fish, and 25 Ae. aegypti larval/pupa tails. Fish testing begins at 09.00 WIB in the morning. Fish predation was timed until the fish consumed all larvae and pupae. Results: The mean time of predation of male P. conchonius to larvae was 12.03 minutes, and pupae were 2.83 minutes. The mean time of predation of female P. conchonius on larvae was 11.70 minutes, and pupae were 4.28 minutes. The results of the independent sample t-test equal variance assumed statistical test showed that male and female fish had mosquito larvae feeding times that were not significantly different (p\> 0.05). Male and female fish had mosquito pupa feeding times that were not significantly different (p \> 0.05). Conclusions: Rosy barb fish (P. conchonius) has the potential as a natural predator of Ae. aegypti larval and pupal stages.

}, keywords = {Aedes aegypti, Female fish, Larvae, Male fish, Pethia conchonius, Pupae.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.152}, author = {Hebert Adrianto and Sri Subekti and Heny Arwati and Etha Rambung and Natalia Christiani} } @article {2172, title = {The Mediating Role of Perceived Value on the Relationship between Quality Assurance and Student Satisfaction in Nursing Education}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1121-1125}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1121}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aimed to examine the connections between quality assurance, perceived value, and nursing student satisfaction. Methods: A survey was conducted with 200 nursing students in Indonesia. Data on quality assurance, perceived value, and satisfaction was gathered. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to assess the measurement and structural models. Results: PLS-SEM showed a significant positive link between quality assurance and perceived value (β=0.239, p=0.002), and between perceived value and satisfaction (β=0.510, p\<0.001). However, no direct relationship was found between quality assurance and satisfaction (β=0.042, p=0.571) in the structural model. Perceived value exhibited a mediating role. Conclusion: Enhancing quality assurance in nursing schools is essential for improving students{\textquoteright} perceived value, subsequently leading to higher satisfaction levels. However, it{\textquoteright}s crucial to note that quality alone doesn{\textquoteright}t directly impact satisfaction. Nursing schools should prioritize both quality assurance and increasing perceived value to maximize student satisfaction.

}, keywords = {Nursing education, Perceived value, Quality assurance, Student satisfaction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.204}, author = {Hammad and Parellangi and Kelana Kusuma Dharma and Anwar Mallongi and Sukri Palutturi and Ainun Sajidah and Naning Kisworo Utami and Khairir Rizani and Reza Fauzan and Heru Santoso Wahito Nugroho and Muhammad Rasyid} } @article {2013, title = {Molecular Docking and ADME Studies of Centella Asiatica as Anti Hyperuricemia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {384-389}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {384}, abstract = {

Centella asiatica is a traditional natural medicine used in a number of Southeast Asian nations. (also known as Centella asiatica L., Urb., or Gotu Kola). The aim of this study is to determine the antihyperuricemia properties of Centella asiatica extract and the possibility that they will interact with the XDH enzyme. The XDH enzyme is one of three enzymes that can influence the onset of hyperuricemia with the other two are SLC22A12 and ABCG2. In this research, we employ a computational method in collaboration with a number of applications and databases. ADME analysis was carried on for some Centella asiatica constituents to determine their similarities to the drug and bioavailability components. The analysis continued on with molecular docking between the chemical compounds and several enzymes related to hyperuricemia. According to the findings, Centella asiatica contains active constituents that can be used as an alternative therapy for hyperuricemia.

}, keywords = {Centella asiatica, Hyperuricemia, Molecular Docking.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.59}, author = {Ahmad Shobrun Jamil and Prayogi Galie Saputro} } @article {2068, title = {Molecular Docking of Thaflavine from Camellia sinensis in Inhibiting B-Cell Lymphoma Through BCl2 Apoptosis Regulator: An In Silico Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {500-505}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {500}, abstract = {

This study aims to analyze the potential of Thaflavine, a compound found in green tea (Camellia sinensis), as an inhibitor in inhibiting B-cell lymphoma through its interaction with the BCl2 apoptosis regulator using an in-silico approach. The research methodology involved the use of software tools such as PyMOL, PyRx, Protein Plus, and the Lepinski Rule. Through molecular docking analysis using PyMOL and PyRx, the findings of this study demonstrate significant interactions between Thaflavine and BCl2, with Binding Affinity values of -5.5, -4.6, and -4.6, and RMSD values of 0, 1.436, and 2.292. The analysis using Protein Plus indicates the presence of interactions between Thaflavine and BCl2. Additionally, the analysis using the Lepinski Rule of Five reveals that Thaflavine meets the criteria as a potential drug compound, with a molecular weight of 549, 9 hydrogen bond donors, 12 hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of -2.5, and a molar reactivity of 119.17. The findings of this study provide important contributions to the development of therapies for B-cell lymphoma through an in-silico approach. However, further research is needed for in vitro and in vivo validation.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis Regulator BCl2, B-cell Lymphoma, Camellia sinensis., In-Silico Thaflavine, Molecular docking}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.109}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Herland Satriawan and Teresa Liliana Wargasetia and Devi Purnamasari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Bahrun and Riso Sari Mandeli and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2036, title = {Novel Point Mutations of the ace-1 Gene of Aedes aegypti Larva Treated with Methanolic Extract of Citrus hystrix}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {307-315}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {307}, abstract = {

Introduction: The mosquito species of Ae. aegypti is a vector of arthropod-borne diseases such as dengue haemorrhagic fever. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme in Ae. aegypti that encoded by the ace-1 gene. Damage in the ace-1 gene as target of insecticide lead to the loss of the normal structure and function of AChE. However, damage in the ace-1 gene remains uncharacterised. The main aim of this study was to find out the point mutations of ace-1 gene in Ae. aegypti larvae treated with methanolic extract of Citrus hystrix leaves. Method: This experiment using a completely randomized design with two treatment groups. A container containing lethal concentration 50 of methanolic extract of C. hystrix leaves, and a control group containing only water with 0.5\% Tween-20. Each group contained 50 third instar larvae of Ae. aegypti, and each group was repeated four times. Observation was performed for 24 h for the number of survived and dead larvae. Survived and dead larvae were collected prior to the DNA extraction, PCR, electrophoresis, and sequencing. The sequences of those two groups were then compared to determine the point mutations using genetyx ver 12. Results: The PCR products of both groups showed clear bands of 500-600 bp long. Furthermore, the presence of the mutation was confirmed by sequencing the PCR product of ace-1 between each treatment group. The survived larva in the extract-treated group showed more point mutation compared with that of dead larvae. Conclusions: This first report indicated that many mutations in the form of deletions and insertions in nitrogenous bases and different amino acid variations of the ace-1 gene of third instar larvae of Ae. aegypti after 24 h treated with methanolic extract of C. hystrix leaves than those in control group.

}, keywords = {ace-1 gene, Aedes aegypti, Citrus hystrix, Point mutation., Sequence}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.80}, author = {Hebert Adrianto and Heny Arwati and Sri Subekti and Etik Ainun Rohmah and Reviany Vibrianita Nidom and Setyarina Indrasari} } @article {2028, title = {Optimization of Xanthine Oxidase Activity, Phytochemical Screening, Toxicity Assay, and Antigout Activity of Spatholobus littoralis Hassk. Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {258-269}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {258}, abstract = {

Introduction: A medicinal plant from Central Kalimantan, Spatholobus littoralis Hassk., with a local name bajakah tampala, has long been used to treat gout or uric acid disease. This study aimed to develop the optimum conditions of xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, phytochemical screening, and to obtain the antigout activity of S. littoralis Hassk. Methods: Before performing the phytochemical screening, we performed a simplicia maceration with water and 70\% ethanol solvents. The development of the optimum conditions for XO was carried out using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) combined Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Toxicity assay (LC50) on both extracts was assessed by BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test). The two extracts were then evaluated for antigout activity. Results: The yield of 70\% ethanol extract (11.24\%) was higher than the aqueous extract (7.29\%). The phytochemical screening on the simplicia and the two extracts positively contained steroids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The optimum conditions of XO activity were temperature of 20 {\textcelsius}, pH of 8.0, and xanthine concentration of 1.40 mM. The toxicity of the 70\% ethanol extract (LC50 662.25 mg/L) was stronger than the aqueous extract (LC50 774.68 mg/L). Moreover, the 70\% ethanol extract (IC50 224.14{\textpm}8.62 mg/L) showed higher XO inhibition than the water extract (IC50 348.83{\textpm}4.85 mg/L). Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis showed that 70\% ethanol and water extracts inhibited XO competitively with the inhibition constant (KI) of 272.68 mg/L and 378.44 mg/L, respectively. Conclusion: This preliminary study can be a reference that S. littoralis Hassk. is potentially an antigout.

}, keywords = {Box-Behnken Design, Gout, Lineweaver-Burk plot, Spatholobus littoralis Hassk, Xanthine Oxidase.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.72}, author = {Min Rahminiwati and Rut Novalia Rahmawati Sianipar and Komar Sutriah and Dyah Iswantini and Trivadila and Suminar Setiati Achmadi and Ibnu Hari Sulistyawan} } @article {2003, title = {Pharmacognostic Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Gendola Stem (Basella Rubra L.) Ethanol Extract from South Kalimantan}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {329-332}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {329}, abstract = {

Background: Gendola (Basella rubra L.) is a medicinal plant native to South Kalimantan. Therefore, this research aims to determine the antioxidant activity of B. rubra and the specific as well as nonspecific parameters of its ethanolic stem extract through pharmacognostic tests. Objective: The specific parameters comprise of the extract composition, phytochemical screening, TLC profile, organoleptic, and microscopic variables. Meanwhile, drying shrinkage and ash content were the non-specific parameters. Materials and Methods: The Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia was used as a reference for the pharmacognostic test method. Also, the antioxidant activity was determined through the DPPH method, which was based on the IC50 value. Results: A tasteless, brownish-purple powder with a characteristic smell, was obtained from the simple organoleptic assay while the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pith, xylem, phloem, cambium, cell walls, stoma, epidermal, guard, and neighboring cells were observed through microscopic examinations. The B. rubra stem contains phenolic compounds, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, and saponins. A good TLC profile was shown by the eluents of n-hexane: ethyl acetate (3:7) and chloroform: methanol (9:1). The B. rubra simplicia stem had a water- and ethanol-soluble extract, drying shrinkage, total ash, and acid insoluble ash contents of 16.433\% {\textpm} 0.252, 10.5\% {\textpm} 0.173, 8.467\% {\textpm} 0.153, 6.5\% {\textpm} 0.1, and 0.517\% {\textpm} 0.115, respectively. Conclusion: Moreover, the pharmacognostic test results were acceptable. The B. rubra stem ethanol extract had an antioxidant activity of 344,096 ppm based on the IC50 value.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant., Basella rubra L., Gendola, Pharmacognostic, Stem}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.49}, author = {Arnida Arnida and Dian Kurnia and Sutomo Sutomo} } @article {2073, title = {Phytochemical Compounds Identification From 70\% Ethanol Extract of Arcangelesia Flava (L.) Merr Stems Using LC-MS/MS and In-Silico Molecular Docking Approach as Inhibitor Interleukin-1β}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {528-534}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {528}, abstract = {

Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr has been traditionally used to treat jaundice, liver disease, diarrhea, fever, and inflammation. Judging from its potential, scientific evidence of this plant extract as an inhibitor of interleukin-1β is still lacking. This study aims to investigate the phytochemical compounds present in the 70\% ethanol extract of Arcangelesia flava stems by LC-MS/MS and to elucidate the ligand-protein interactions through in-silico studies. The extract was found to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, furanoditerpene, hydroxyquinoline, phenylpropanoid, phenol, and fatty acids. According to molecular docking of the 15 compounds analyzed by LC-MS/MS, the compounds 3-hydroxy-3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright},5{\textquoteright}-trimethoxyflavone (ΔG=-7.72 kcal/mol), fisisaine (ΔG=-6,91 kcal/mol), and demethyleneberberine (ΔG=-6.85 kcal/mol), which demonstrated the highest affinity for binding to the protein target. In addition, active amino acids contribute to this interaction by creating strong hydrogen bonds, such as MET148, LYS 103, and THR300. Phytochemical compounds from Arcangelesia flava may serve as adjunctive therapy or a promising source of advanced structures in drug discovery for treatments targeting interleukin-1β

}, keywords = {Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr, Inhibitor interleukin-1β, LC-MS/MS, Molecular Docking.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.114}, author = {Rizki Rahmadi Pratama and Irawati Sholikhah and Sukardiman and Ram Kumar Sahu and Retno Widyowati} } @article {2117, title = {Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Luma Chequen (Molina) A. Gray from Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {777-780}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {777}, abstract = {

Background: Luma chequen belongs to Myrtaceae family and it is known as {\textquotedblleft}arrayan{\textquotedblright}. In the traditional medicine from Peru, L chequen is used as aromatic plant, anti-inflammatory and hypocholesterolemic. Objective: To determine the phytochemical profile, evaluate the antioxidant and the antibacterial activity of L. chequen essential oil. Material and Methods: In the analysis of the volatile components a Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the content of terpenes and sesquiterpenes. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was the method used to determine the antioxidant activity and obtain the half inhibitory concentration (IC50). For the antibacterial activity, a colorimetric macrodilution method was carried out to evaluate the effect of the essential oil of L. chequen against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Results: The analysis by GC-MS showed two major components alpha-pinene (62.89\%) followed by 1,8-cineole (11.94\%), and propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-methylpropyl ester with 8.67\%. In the antioxidant activity against DPPH radical, the essential oil of L. chequen showed an IC50 equivalent to124.60 {\textpm} 2.0 μg/mL. In the antibacterial activity, L. chequen had an MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 of 4.35 {\textpm} 0 μg/mL and 8.71 {\textpm} 0 μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: L. chequen presented monoterpene compounds as main phytoconstituents as well as antioxidant and antibacterial activity in vitro. The essential oil might be used as antimicrobial agent in the future overall against S. aureus.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial., Antioxidant, Aromatic plant, Essential oil, Luma chequeen, Medicinal plant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.151}, author = {Julio Luis D{\'\i}az-Uribe and Mar{\'\i}a Elena Salazar-Salvatierra and Julio Reynaldo Ruiz-Quiroz and Oscar Herrera- Calderon and Eddie Loyola-Gonzales and Freddy Emilio Tataje-Napuri and Jos{\'e} Francisco Kong-Chirinos} } @article {2119, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antiinflammatory Activity of the Extract from the Leaves of Desmodium molliculum (Kunth) DC (Fabaceae) in Rats with Acute Inflammation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {786-790}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {786}, abstract = {

Inflammation and pain are the initial response mechanisms to environmental aggression on the human body. The traditional use of plants such as Desmodium Molliculum (Kunth) DC, among the Peruvian population for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, has occurred since ancient times. The objective of this research was to determine the presence of secondary metabolites and evaluate the antiinflammatory activity of Desmodium molliculum (EDM) leaves in rats with acute inflammation induced using carrageenan. The phytochemical profile was performed for the main secondary metabolites with biological activity. Subsequently, 25 rats were divided into 5 groups and treated as follows: Group I and II: Physiological Saline Solution (PSS) by oral administration. Group III: Sodium Diclofenac (25 mg/kg body weight) by intraperitoneal administration. Group IV and V: EDM at 250 mg/kg bw and 500 mg/kg bw by oral administration, respectively; 30 minutes after administration, acute inflammation was induced in Groups II, III, IV, and V using the subplantar edema technique with 1\% w/v carrageenan. The volume displaced by the hind paw was evaluated in all 5 groups using a digital plethysmometer every 60 minutes for 5 hours. The results were obtained from the displaced volume (Mean {\textpm} SD), with the most representative values obtained at 240 minutes, where EDM at 250 mg/kg (0.57 {\textpm} 0.07 ml) bw and 500 mg/kg bw (0.578 {\textpm} 0.051 ml) showed significant anti-inflammatory activity (ANOVA p\<0.05). We concluded that Desmodium Molliculum has anti-inflammatory activity at doses of 250 mg/kg bw and 500 mg/kg bw.

}, keywords = {Acute inflammation, Carrageenan, Desmodium, Dog{\textquoteright}s Paw, Edema Subplantar, Fabaceae.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.153}, author = {Karyn Olascuaga-Castillo and Olga Castillo-Medina and Marleni Villacorta-Zavaleta and Dan Altamirano- Sarmiento and Elena Caceres-Andonaire and Maria Llontop and Fatima Malca and Sebastian Noe and Cyntia Blanco-Olano} } @article {1968, title = {Preparation of Face Mask from Microalga Chlorella sp. and Its Potential as Antiaging}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {112-118}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {112}, abstract = {

The mask with natural extracts is more acceptable by consumers at present. The Chlorella sp. is one of the microalgae which contain the antioxidant compound. The research aimed to obtain the best concentration of Chlorella sp. in the manufacturing of masks and to evaluate the sensory, physical properties, chlorophyll a b, carotenoid and its antioxidant compound. Non-factorial Completely Randomized Design with 4 level treatments was used in this study with different concentrations of Chlorella sp. powder whereas MW0 (without chlorella powder), MW1 (0.4\% chlorella powder), MW2 (0.5\% chlorella powder), MW3 (0.6\% chlorella powder), triplicated. The parameter assay was observed for sensory (color, texture, and odor), physical properties (homogeneity, pH, spreadability, drying time), chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid and antioxidant activity. Based on the result of this study shows that the MW3 with 0.6\% of chlorella powder was the best treatment with sensory value (8.28, 7.08, 7.37); physical properties (homogenous, 5.3, 7.5 cm, 24-30 minutes), respectively. Meanwhile, chlorophyll a 0.67 mg/L, chlorophyll b 0.89 mg/L, total chlorophyll 1.63 mg/L, carotenoid 0.84 mg/L, the antioxidant activity of Chlorella sp. mask was 246.70 mg/L. Therefore, the present study suggested that the Chlorella sp. mask could be used in cosmeceutical products, and potentially as an antiaging.

}, keywords = {Antiaging, antioxidant activity, Chlorella sp, Face mask.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.15}, author = {Dian Iriani and Bustari Hasan and N Ira Sari and Vivi Alfionita} } @article {2155, title = {Qualitative Study on Adolescent Marriage and The Risk of Stunting in South Kalimantan}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1016-1023}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1016}, abstract = {

Objective: An exploratory qualitative investigation to determine the causes of adolescent marriage, analyze the effect of early marriage on stunting, and analyze the food patterns of toddlers in adolescent marriage in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Method: The method used is phenomenology using the FGD system and in-depth interviews. Participants include the FGD informants from the Family Planning Regional Apparatus Organization, the Office of Women{\textquoteright}s Empowerment and Child Protection and the Office of Religious Affairs from 13 Regencies/ Cities in South Kalimantan. In-depth interview informants were adolescent marriage offenders and their parents, adolescent pregnant women, midwives, integrated health service post cadres, and community leaders each taken from three Regencies/ Cities. Results: There are not many formal adolescent marriages because they have to get a recommendation from the Religious Courts. Adolescent marriages mostly occur through informal marriages. The high rate of early marriage in South Kalimantan Province is caused by culture and weak enforcement of the rules. The incidence of adolescent marriage is caused by promiscuity and information. Meanwhile, adolescent marriage is mostly due to economic motives and limited education facilities in rural areas. Adolescent marriage is not closely related to the incidence of stunting, but low education can be a factor in the inability of parents to provide good parenting, especially feeding pratice. Conclusions: Adolescent marriages appear to be triggered by economic motives and teenagers{\textquoteright} desires, as well as driven by economic conditions, social influences, and a lack of encouragement to complete formal education. It was observed that stunting is more common among toddlers with adolescent mothers than toddlers with adult mothers. There is a poor feeding parenting pattern of toddlers with adolescent parents.

}, keywords = {Adolescent marriage, Qualitative investigation, Stunting, Toddler feeding pattern}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.187}, author = {Meilla Dwi Andrestian and Meitria Syahadatina Noor and Resa Ana Dina and Ayunina Rizky Ferdina and Zulfiana Dewi and Niken Widyastuti Hariati and Purnawati Hustina Rachman and Muhammad Irwan Setiawan and Windy Tri Yuana and Ali Khomsan} } @article {2094, title = {Quality of Health Services of Non-Accredited Health Centers on Patient Satisfaction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {633-640}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {633}, abstract = {

Introduction: Health Centre a health service facility that organizes public health efforts and first-level individual health efforts, by prioritizing promotive and preventive efforts in its working area. Health Center as a first-level health facility is required to always improve service quality and patient safety, improve health center performance, protect health human resources, the community and the environment. The purpose of this study was to explore or describe the quality of health services on patient satisfaction at the Tiakur Health Center, Southwest Maluku Regency. Methods: This research is a type of qualitative research with a descriptive phenomenological approach. Key informants in this study were patients who had undergone treatment at the Tiakur Health Center from January to December 2022 and supporting informants were the head of the health services facility field, the head of the Tiakur Health Center, the head of Tiakur administration and the head of the Tiakur Health Center working group. The technique of determining informants using purposive sampling method. The instruments used were in-depth interview guidelines and focus group discussions. Results: The results showed that the dimensions of service quality, namely effective, efficient, patient-focused and safe, have not been fulfilled properly while the dimensions of accessible and fair have been fulfilled properly. The Tiakur Health Center needs to make improvements to health services so that service quality and patient satisfaction can be realized properly. Conclusion: This qualitative study of patient satisfaction with non-accredited Health Center as health services can be used as evaluation material to be able to improve and improve the health services of Tiakur Health Center to the community.

}, keywords = {Health, Patient., Quality, Satisfaction, Service}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.131}, author = {Sohordinatus Ifan Unkelefta and Amran Razak and Sukri Palutturi and Balqis and Aminuddin Syam and Andi Ummu Salmah and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2137, title = {The Relationship of the Gene Allele Apolipoprotein E with Height in Down Syndrome 21}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {897-900}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {897}, abstract = {

Background: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a form of polymorphic protein located on the long arm of chromosome 19 at position 13.2 (19q13.2), translated into three alleles of the gene, namely normal allele 3 and dysfunctional allele 2 and 4. Patients with Down{\textquoteright}s Syndrome Trisomy 21 may have different allele frequencies and combinations of APOE gene genotypes with controls, which can result in decreased cognitive function and inhibition of bone growth. This study aims to analyze the relationship of the Apolipoprotein E Gene Allele with the height of patients with Down Syndrome Trisomy 21. Methods: This research is a cross sectional study with a comparative cross-sectional study design. Results: The sample used was the result of DNA extraction of patients with Down{\textquoteright}s Syndrome Trisomy 21 as many as 33 samples and 33 controls stored in the Biomedical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia. The next step is to examine the APOE gene polymorphisms using PCR and sequencing techniques. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the APOE gene allele and height (p=0.009). Conclusion: This study concluded that there was a significant relationship between the APOE gene allele and the height of patients with Down Syndrome Trisomy 21.

}, keywords = {Apolipoprotein E, Down{\textquoteright}s Syndrome, Height.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.170}, author = {Malinda Meinapuri and Arni Amir and Eva Chundrayetti and Efrida Efrida and Susmiati Susmiati} } @article {2021, title = {The Risk Analysis of Patient Transfer Practice Events to Safety of Nurses and Patients of the TNI AU Dodi Sardjoto Hospital}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {429-432}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {429}, abstract = {

Work accidents can occur due to unsafe action and unsafe condition factors. This type of research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative research (mix method) with a phenomenological approach that aims to determine the risks of patient transfer practices to the safety of nurses and patients. This research was conducted at the TNI AU Dody Sardjoto Hospital with a total sample of 51 people, the sampling technique is simple random sampling. Then in-depth interviews will be conducted on key informants, ordinary informants, and additional informants. Quantitative data analysis using chi square test and multiple linear regression. The results of the study found that the history of disease (p = 0.010), physical activity (0.026), facilities and infrastructure (0.011), SOP (p = 0.000), and the environment (p = 0.000) influenced the safety of nurses. The results also showed that compliance with SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) was the most influential variable with B of 0.675. It is also known that the results of the path test have an indirect influence between nurse safety and patient safety is E2 = 0.887 or 88.7\%. It is hoped that the results of this study can be a reference to reduce the risk of patient transfer practice events to the safety of nurses and patients.

}, keywords = {Accident, Patient Transfer, Work safety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.67}, author = {Muh. Nur Amal Sali and M. Furqan Naiem and Masyitha Muis and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Atjo Wahyu and Erniwati Ibrahim and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2130, title = {Risk Factors of Stunting in Children Aged 0-23 Months in Katumbangan Health Center, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {851-855}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {851}, abstract = {

The results of Indonesian nutritional status study at the regency level in 2021 showed that Polewali Mandar Regency had the highest prevalence of stunting in West Sulawesi Province at 36\% with the highest percentage of stunted toddlers being reported by Katumbangan Health Center (42.6\%). This study aims to determine the most dominant risk factors for stunting in children aged 0-23 months. This study was conducted in the working area of Katumbangan Health Center with a case-control study. The number of samples was 236 infants (0-23 months) with a ratio of cases and controls of 1:1. This study used secondary data sourced form e-PPGBM application, then analyzed by odd ratio test and logistic regression on Stata. The results showed that CED in pregnancy (OR=3.142 with 95\% CI, 1.122-10.072), LBW history (OR=5.963 with 95\% CI, 1.251-56.216) and exclusive breastfeeding (OR=2.099 with 95\% CI, 0.984-4.613). The dominant risk factor for stunting in children aged 0-23 months, namely LBW history (OR=5.092 with 95\% CI, 1.08-23.94). It is recommended for mothers to put more attention to the fulfillment of nutrition during in order to reduce the risk of LBW and also to assure that children nutritionl intake are adequate to their needs during the golden period of growth, especially infants with LBW.

}, keywords = {Infant, Risk Factors., Stunting}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.163}, author = {Nurul Iffa Safitri and Nur Nasry Noor and Wahiduddin and Ridwan Amiruddin and Nurhaedar Jafar and Balqis and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2025, title = {The Role of Cyclooxigenase-2 Inhibitor in Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {233-238}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {233}, abstract = {

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin malignancy worldwide. It has low mortality but can cause significant morbidity primarily due to local destruction. The incidence and associated cost are rising in recent years causing a burden in healthcare system. BCC incidence are continue to increase due to lack of effective chemopreventive option. Several risk factors are associated with the pathogenesis of BCC. One of the major risk factors of BCC is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays, hence the prevention strategy for this malignancy include avoidance of natural and artificial sources of UV radiation. However, these methods are still less than optimal in inhibiting the emergence of basal cell carcioma. In recent years, there is accumulating evidence that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), may be involved in the pathogenesis of BCC. Several recent studies have shown that the use of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor drugs can prevent the development of nonmelanoma skin tumors including BCC. In this review, we described the potential of COX-2 inhibitors as chemoprevention for BCC.

}, keywords = {Basal cell carcinoma., Cancer, Chemoprevention, Cox-2 inhibitor, Cyclooxygenase, Skin malignancy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.15.35}, author = {Maylita Sari and Kartika Misalina and M. Yulianto Listiawan} } @article {2059, title = {The Role of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 Polymorphism on Amiodarone Responses: Review Article}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {467-470}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {467}, abstract = {

Introduction: Amiodarone is one of drug with narrow therapeutics index. This medicine was metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2C8. The changes in the activity of this enzymes by CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 polymorphism will affect the effect. The study aimed to determine the impact of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 polymorphism on amiodarone responses. Method: the study is review article with search article in PubMed with keywords: {\textquoteleft}amiodarone{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}polymorphism of CYP3A4{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}polymorphism of CYP2C8{\textquoteright}. Results: We collect 46 references to determine of impact polymorphism of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 on amiodarone responses. Conclusion: Individual with CYP3A4*22 (rs35599367, 15389C\>T); CYP2C8*2 (A805T), CYP2C8*3 (G416A, A1196G), and CYP2C8*4 (C792G) and CYP2C8*4 polymorphism have lower activity of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 enzymes and potentially cause adverse effect.

}, keywords = {Amiodarone responses., CYP2C8, CYP3A4, Polymorphism}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.103}, author = {Em Sutrisna} } @article {2149, title = {Safety Assessment of Supplementation with Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. (Lemongrass) Extract in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3: A Preliminary 90-Days Prospective Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {976-986}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {976}, abstract = {

Background: Chronic kidney disease is a major public health issue, and due to resource constraints, many can{\textquoteright}t access dialysis. C. citratus, lemongrass is globally prevalent and known to increase urine output without toxicity. Objective: To examine the safety of C. citratus in patients with CKD stage 3. Materials and Methods: The major compound of C. citratus was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 64 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to control or C. citratus groups. The control group received a placebo, whereas the C. citratus group received 900 mg of C. citratus daily for 90 days. All participants were examined BUN, Scr, Cys-C, and eGFR, liver functions, RBC, HCT, Na+, K+, Cl-, and HCO3, and other biochemical parameters. Results: HPLC showed C. citratus contains of phenolic compounds. Clinically, C. citratus group had no notable side effects on T-Bil, AST, ALT and ALP. Also, maintained eGFR, SCys-C, K+ and Cl level. The level of blood Na+ was significant increase at day 30 (p \< 0.05). The control group had a significant decrease in eGFR and HCO3 levels (p \< 0.05) and a significant increase of Cl- and SCys-C. In addition, no statistical differences had found between groups in eGFR, BUN, Cr, Na+, K+, HCO3, PO4, RBC and HCT levels. Throughout the 90 days, no drug allergies or side effects were reported. Conclusion: Dietary supplementation with C. citratus may have a favorable effect on delaying the course of CKD and is safe to use for patients with CKD stage 3.

}, keywords = {Chronic Kidney Disease, CKD stage 3, Cymbopogon citratus Stapf., Lemongrass, Safety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.181}, author = {Patnaree Wongmanit and Parunkul Tungsukruthai and Pratya Phetkate and Daraporn Rungprai and Sucharat Tungsukruthai and Ouppatham Supasyndh and Kusuma Sriyakul} } @article {2101, title = {Spatial Distribution of Microplastic Contamination in Blood Clams (Anadara granosa) on the Jeneponto Coast, South Sulawesi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {680-690}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {680}, abstract = {

Plastic waste in oceans will threaten of marine biota. There is a very high degree of plastic pollution in Indonesia, however the distribution of microplastic contamination in seafood, particularly that ingested by the general populace as a daily meal from seas, is quite low. The purpose of this investigation is to map the distribution of microplastic contamination in blood clams (Anadara granosa) throughout the South Sulawesi coast. Observational study employing a spatial analysis exploratory design. Blood clams (Anadara granosa) and information on wind, currents, and tides are used to map the distribution of microplastic pollution. The Kriging model was used for their geographical analysis. Purposive sampling was used to collect a total of 25 samples of blood clams (Anadara granosa) from offshore locations, residential waterways, mangrove ecosystems, rivers, and river estuaries. The results showed that the highest distribution of microplastic contamination was found in mangrove ecosystem areas and residential waters, while the lowest was found in river areas. Blood clams (Anadara granosa) have high levels of microplastic contamination because of sources of plastic pollution that come from waste disposal activities. It became stuck in the fisheries and mangrove ecosystems along the coast. Oceanography has an impact on how currents and winds migrate from the northeast (where mangrove habitats are) to the north (where residential waters are), carrying microplastic particles. Provision of waste management facilities by the local government and using the depuration method to eliminate microplastics in blood clams (Anadara granosa) consumed by the community needs to be done to reduce the impact on ecology and health.

}, keywords = {Blood Clams (Anadara granosa), Coastal Coast., Microplastic Contamination, Spatial Analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.137}, author = {Rachmat Saleh and Anwar Daud and Hasanuddin Ishak and Hasnawati Amqam and Atjo Wahyu and Stang and Agus B. Birawida and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2134, title = {Standardization Study of Trunks and Branches of Xanthoceras Sorbifolia Bunge}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {873-880}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {873}, abstract = {

Introduction: Although there is a wide range of studies on phytochemistry and pharmacology, there currently needs to be a standard quality control method or index for assessing the components of X. sorbifolium Bunge to ensure quality. Objectives: This study aimed to determine some quality parameters of the standardization of trunks and branches of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge. Methods: The cellular diagnostic structures of trunks and branches of the plant were defined by {\textquotedblleft}Olympus{\textquotedblright} light microscopy. Biologically active compounds were identified using TLC and HPLC, and the main biologically active compounds{\textquoteright} contents were determined by HPLC methods. Some quality parameters of trunks and branches of X. sorbifolium Bunge were determined by Chinese Pharmacopoeia methods. Results: Microstructure of trunk and branch of the X. sorbifolia Bunge was defined. Some quality parameters of trunks and branches of X. sorbifolia Bunge collected from seven locations in Inner Mongolia were defined as: moisture 4.8-6.1\%, total ash 5.57-7.3\%, acid-insoluble ash 1.3-2.7\%, alcohol-soluble extractive 8.97- 11.63\%. The fingerprints of TLC to reveal epicatechin and HPLC to reveal epicatechin, dihydromyricetin, dihydroquercetin, myricetin, quercetin, and naringenin were defined. Some flavonoid contents in trunks and branches of X. sorbifolia Bunge collected from seven locations in Inner Mongolia were determined according to the developed and validated method as: epicatechin 6.39-11.687 mg/g, dihydroquercetin 1.02-1.833 mg/g, and myricetin 0.02-2.693 mg/g. Conclusion: The standardization criteria for the trunk and branches of X. sorbifolia Bunge were defined. Quality parameters and contents of epicatechin, dihydroquercetin, and myricetin were different in Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge collected from seven locations in Inner Mongolia.

}, keywords = {Dihydroquercetin, Epicatechin, Mongolian medicine., Myricetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.167}, author = {Qirigeer and Bagenna and Laxinamujila and Munkhzol Malchinkhuu and Purevsuren Sodnomtseren} } @article {2112, title = {Strategy for Service Quality Improvement Based on Patient Experience Using Importance Performance Analysis in Inpatients General Hospital in South Sulawesi Province}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {743-749}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {743}, abstract = {

Background: Over the past few years, patient satisfaction surveys have been used to provide an indication of patient experience. However, patient satisfaction surveys do not accurately describe the feelings and experiences that are actually felt by patients. Using patient experience measurements can provide information on what events occur when getting services at health facilities, measure aspects that are important to patients and see their point of view that can improve the quality of health services. Objective: The study aimed at analyzing the best strategy to be implemented to improve the quality of service for Provincial General Hospital at South Sulawesi based on patient experience. Methods: The study design was quantitative with descriptive analysis approach. A sample of 382 patients was determined and selected with the certain criteria. Data were collected using a measuring instruments in the form of a patient experience questionnaire which contains 48 questions. Results: In these three hospitals, admission to hospital and hospital ward environment are two dimensions of the patient experience that have had unsatisfactory outcomes. Meanwhile, at the Sayang Rakyat Hospital, they have unsatisfactory care and treatment dimensions. Conclusions: This study highlights the relevance of utilizing IPA to evaluate patient perspectives of hospital services and suggest opportunities for improvement. Hospitals can improve patient experience and overall service quality by concentrating on the most critical dimensions in which the hospital is performing poorly (Quadrant A). The study{\textquoteright}s findings can help hospital stakeholder to identify the methods in order to improve patient experience and satisfaction.

}, keywords = {Importance Performance Analysis, Patient Centered Care, Patient Experience, Quality Improvement.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.146}, author = {Asvika A. Anwar and Syahrir A. Pasinringi and Andi Zulkifli and Fridawaty Rivai and Andi Indahwaty Sidin and Irwandy} } @article {1962, title = {Study of Triterpene Saponin Compounds from Centella asitica as Renin Inhibitor with Pharmacophore Modeling, Molecular Docking and In-vitro Evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {57-63}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {57}, abstract = {

Hypertension is a silent killer that causes kidney, heart, and stroke damage if not handled properly. In Indonesia, the prevalence of the population with high blood pressure is 34.11\% with women 36.85\% higher than men 31.34\%, this shows a fairly high value so that special attention is needed on hypertension therapy. It is known that currently there are 6 types of pharmacological therapy for hypertension and one of the newest is the renin inhibitor class (Aliskiren). Indonesia has diverse natural wealth in the form of flora and fauna, with a wealth of more than 30,000 types of medicinal plants with 9500 potential herbal medicines that have not been utilized optimally, with the largest exporter of herbal medicines in the world. Centella asiatica plants containing triterpenoid saponins have high renin inhibitor activity, namely the content of Asiaticoside and Madecasoside. The research method was carried out in silico using molecular simulation and in vitro with fluorometry (328/552 nm) to test the activity of asiaticoside and madecasoside compounds as well as a mixture of asiaticoside and madecasoside in Centella asiatica plants. This is supported by the docking outcome. The docking results show that madecososide compounds have a gibbs energy close to the positive control aleskiren (-8.356 kcal/mol) and aleskiren (-9.44 kcal/mol). The experiment results showed that the triterpenoid saponin compound (madecassoside) contained an IC value of 0.71, at a concentration of 5 μg/μl, and absorbance of 1.35 A in the first minute. The strongest renin inhibition was Madecasoside compound with a concentration of 5 μg/μl with an average value of fluorescent adsorption and an average percent inhibition of 135\% with the best renin inhibition at Madecasoside 5 ug/ul the first minute with absorbance values 1.19 A. Finally, the in silico result corresponded to the in vitro experiment. Centella asiatica plants have renin inhibitor activity as antihypertensive, especially in secondary metabolites of triterpene saponins with pure madecasoside compounds compared with aliskiren as a renin inhibitor. So that the compound madecasoside has renin inhibitor activity as an antihypertensive.

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive., Asiaticoside, Centella asiatica, In-vitro, Madecasoside, Renin inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.9}, author = {Rangki Astiani and Mohamad Sadikin and Aprilita Rinayanti and Wawaimuli Arozal and Ani Retno Prijanti and Fadilah Fadilah and Firdayani Firdayani and Piter Piter and Guntoro Halim and Franciscus D. Suyatna} } @article {1975, title = {Sub Chronic Toxicity Study of Coumacines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {160-164}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {160}, abstract = {

Coumacine is a brand-new heterocyclic molecular nucleus that was discovered in 2018. In addition to the unique heterocycle known as coumacine, the designer has developed two variants known as coumacine I and II. Coumacine derivatives had been evaluated for their antibacterial effects in vitro against a variety of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria using conventional bacterial strains, using ciprofloxacin and metronidazole as positive controls. The purpose of this research is to look into the relationship between the anticoagulant activity and hepatotoxicity of coumarin and coumacine because the former is a synthetic precursor of the latter and many natural and synthetic coumarins involving warfarin have anticoagulant activity. Thirty male mice were used in this study and exposed to a subchronic dose of 250 or 500 mg/kg of coumacine I or coumacine II. The results of histochemistry showed dramatic changes in hepatocellular morphology that were dose-dependent for both coumacine I and II. Traditionally, higher doses of Coumacine I and II resulted in a significant increase in liver enzymes. Coumacine I or II did no effect on bleeding time. In conclusion, coumacines at subchronic high doses might have hepatotoxic effects through a mechanism that does not affect the coagulation process

}, keywords = {Bleeding, Clotting., Coumacine, Hepatotoxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.23}, author = {Wejdan Al-Shakarchi and Yasir Saber and Marwan M. Merkhan and Yasser Fakri Mustafa} } @article {1971, title = {Sun Protection Factor Activity of Jamblang Leaves Serum Extract (Syzygium cumini)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {134-140}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {134}, abstract = {

Background: The development of serum preparations containing natural ingredients for sun protection is growing rapidly. Jamblang (Syzygium cumini) leaves are rich in phenolic compounds that can inhibit free radicals causing premature aging. Therefore, this study aims to determine the potential of S. cumini serum extract as sun protection. Methods: The extract was prepared and included in the serum base. The formulations were evaluated for rheological, pH, dispersion coefficient, and stability examinations. Furthermore, Sun Protection Factor was tested using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Results: The test of phytochemical compounds showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, quinones, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, triterpenoids, and steroids. The result also showed that all serum formulations met the predetermined requirements. Furthermore, the extract has protective activity against ultraviolet rays, which was indicated by the SPF value. The higher the dose of S. cumini extracts in the serum formulation, the higher the value obtained. Formulations 1, 2, and 3 have SPF of 9.35{\textpm}0.11, 13.26{\textpm}0.16, and 26.05{\textpm}0.31, respectively. This indicates that they all met the Indonesian National Standard, that a sun protection preparation must have a minimum protection factor of 4. Conclusion: S. cumini extract serum has the potential to be developed as a new sun protection agent against ultraviolet radiation. However, further studies are still needed to determine the mechanism of its constituent active compounds.

}, keywords = {Serum, Sun protection factor, Syzygium cumini, Ultraviolet.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.18}, author = {Himyatul Hidayah and Surya Amal and Nia Yuniarsih and Farhamzah and Anggun Hari Kusumawati and Neni Sri Gunarti and Ermi Abriyani and Iin Lidia Putama Mursal and Adinda Khansa Sundara and Maulana Yusuf Alkandahri} } @article {2113, title = {Supplementation of Caesalpinia Sappan L. Extract to Increase Superoxide Dismutase Activity and Suppress Malondialdehyde Levels in Sprague Dawley Exposed to Inhaled Formaldehyde}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {750-755}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {750}, abstract = {

Introduction: It is not yet known how Caesalpinia sappan L. extract (CSE) affects the activity of SOD and MDA levels in rats exposed to inhaled formaldehyde. Method: This true experimental study in vivo uses a randomized post-test-only control group design. The subjects were male Sprague Dawley, 2-4 months old, weight 200-300 grams, a total of 30 heads divided into 6 experimental groups. The treatment group was given CSE at doses of 0, 100, 400, and 1000 g/kg BW for 28 days, and exposed to inhaled formaldehyde for 2 weeks, and 8 hours/day. SOD and MDA were measured using the ELISA kit. Statistical analysis used Kruskall Wallis, Mann Whitney, and rank spearman tests with α= 5\%. Results: The highest average SOD was in the CSE 1000 group and the lowest was in the negative control group. The highest average MDA levels were in the negative control group and the lowest was in the positive control group. The difference in SOD levels between groups with a p-value = 0.016, while the difference in MDA between groups has a p-value of 0.915. the p-value of the relationship between SOD levels and MDA levels is 0.02 (correlation coefficient = -0.422). Conclusion: Caesalpinia sappan L. extract can increase the activity of superoxide dismutase enzymes but has not been able to suppress malondialdehyde levels. There was an association of increased superoxide dismutase enzyme activity with decreased malondialdehyde levels in Sprague Dawley exposed to inhaled formaldehyde

}, keywords = {Caesalpinia Sappan L. Extract, inhaled formaldehyde, Sprague Dawley., Superoxide Dismutase Activity, Suppress Malondialdehyde Levels}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.147}, author = {Ulfa Nurullita and Neni Susilaningsih and Ari Suwondo and Suhartono and Kisdjamiatun Retna Mustika Djati} } @article {2053, title = {Tanacetum Parthenium (L.) Sch Bip From Peru: Antioxidant Profile and The Antinociceptive Effect in An Experimental Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {435-437}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {435}, abstract = {

Background: Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch Bip known as {\textquotedblleft}santa mar{\'\i}a{\textquotedblright} (Asteraceae family) is used in Peru for inflammatory diseases and also in colic, stomachache, headaches, diarrhea, among other. Objective: The aim was to determine the antioxidant profile, and analgesic effect of ethanolic extract of flowers and leaves of T. parthenium Material and Methods: Leaves and flowers of T. parthenium were soaked in 96\% ethanol and the obtained extract was analyzed using chemical reactions for identifying each secondary metabolite, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to determine the antioxidant capacity, and the antinociceptive effect was determined by using tail flick method. Results: Qualitative phytochemical study indicates the presence phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and steroids in both extracts. In DPPH assay IC50 showed in leaves and flowers extract 452.10 {\textpm} 10.2 μg/mL and 270.70 {\textpm} 20.6 μg/mL respectively. The antinociceptive effect was better in leaves at doses 300 mg/ Kg than flower extract. Conclusions: The ethanolic extract of flowers of T. parthenium showed a high antioxidant activity and antinociceptive effect in mice.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Antioxidant, Medicinal Plants., Polyphenols, Tanacetum parthenium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.97}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Wilfredo Bulege-Guti{\'e}rrez and Luz Alexandra Javier-Silva and Melva Iparraguirre- Meza and Victor Guillermo Sanchez-Araujo and Elizabeth Julia Melgar-Merino and Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo and Jos{\'e} Santiago Almeida-Galindo and Josefa Bertha Pari-Olarte} } @article {1976, title = {Tectona Grandis Leaves: Determination of Total Flavonoid Content, Phenolic Content, Characterization of the Leaves, and Compound Identification in GC-MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {165-170}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {165}, abstract = {

Nowadays, traditional plant study has grown in importance as their use has been increased. Tectona grandis (teak) is one of several plants that have been studied for its phytochemical and pharmacological properties. This plant includes a number of secondary metabolites, which may explain its diverse pharmacological properties. Although teak leaf compounds have been examined in the past, there is still little information on the diversity of teak leaf compounds. As a result, we are employing several methodologies to determine the total flavonoids content, phenolic content, water extractable matter, ethanol extractable matter, total ash content, and other component analysis of teak leaves. We found that the average of total flavonoid content in the teak leaves is about 3.93 {\textpm} 0.008\%w/w, while the average total phenolic concentration in teak leaves is about 4.3{\textpm}0.15\%w/w. The Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry GC-MS study of the methanol extract of T. grandis leaves also found twenty-three active chemical compounds (phytochemical components)

}, keywords = {Ash content, Flavonoids content, GC-MS., Moisture content, Phenolic content, Teak, Tectona grandis, Water content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.24}, author = {Pepi Budianto and Suroto Suroto and Brian Wasita and Diah Kurnia Mirawati} } @article {1961, title = {Uterocervical Angle Anterior, Posterior, and Cervical Length Ultrasound as a Predictors for Successful Delay in Labor of Pregnant Women with Threatened Preterm Birth (PTB)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {52-56}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Introduction: To determine whether the examination of the uterocervical angle anterior, posterior, cervical length, and combination can be used as a predictor of successful delay in labor in patients with threatened preterm birth (PTB). Methods: This is a prospective cohort analytical observational study of 44 women admitted to our hospital gestational age 28-36 weeks diagnosed with threatened preterm birth. Cervical length, anterior uterocervical angle, and posterior uterocervical angle examinations were performed. Patient then observed for 2x24 hours whether there was a delay in labor or not. If there is a delay, the patient followed until delivery. Results: CL cut off value \> 2.66 cm delaying labor for 2x24 hours and \> 2.81 cm delaying labor until term. UCA posterior cut off value \< 113.2o delaying labor for 2x24 hours and \< 107.8o delaying labor until term. Anterior UCA cut off values \< 103.2o delaying labor for 2x24 hours and \< 93.1o delaying labor until term. Statistical Analysis showed that CL was significant as a single tool for predictor of delayed labor either 2x24 hours or up to term, while posterior and anterior UCA was not. But if this 3 single tools combinate, CL, anterior UCA, and posterior UCA was statistically significant as a predictor of delay in labor either 2x24 hours or until term, with the best predictive value is a combination of CL and posterior UCA of 25.2\% for predicting delay of labor 2x24 hours and the combination of CL, posterior, and anterior UCA was 24.6\% for predicting delay labor until term. Conclusion: Cervical length ultrasound examination and the combination of CL, anterior UCA, and posterior UCA can be predictors of delayed labor in patients with threatened preterm birth but not for anterior and posterior uterocervical angle as a single tool.

}, keywords = {Cervical Length, Preterm Delivery, Threatened Preterm Birth (PTB), Uterocervical Angle Anterior, Uterocervical Angle Posterior.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.8}, author = {Qurrata Akyuni and Agus Sulistiyono and Hermanto Tri Joewono and Lilik Djuari} } @article {2193, title = {Utilization of Rainwater as Consumable Water with Rainwater Harvesting Methods: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1254-1257}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1254}, abstract = {

Background: Water demand is expected to increase in all sectors. Rainwater can be a solution to the lack of the clean water crisis. The quality of rainwater harvested is highly dependent on the rainwater harvesting system. Methods: This literature review is a narrative review using sources from the Scopus and Pubmed databases. The keywords used were utilization, rainwater, and rainwater harvesting methods. Of the 30 references identified in the search phase, ten were eligible for inclusion in this review. Results: Harvested rainwater can be used for multiple purposes such as watering plants, washing, bathing, and even cooking if the water quality meets health standards. There are three fundamental components that should be present within the rainwater harvesting system: 1) a rainwater pipe that traps water, e.g., utilizing the shape of the roof surface, 2) a water distribution system, i.e., a system that transports water from the roof to the superficies through a gutter, and 3) a reservoir that stores rainwater such as barrels, tubs, or ponds. Conclusions: Water conservation efforts are needed to meet the demand for water in the face of increasingly limited supply. Harvesting rainwater is one of the methods of water conservation that can be carried out by each household of the community to collect raw rainwater for consumption and use. If rainwater harvesting is practiced in a sustainable manner, it will help maintain water and environmental sustainability, thus supporting the livelihood of present and future generations.

}, keywords = {Consumable, Harvesting, Rainwater, Utilization, Water Quality}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.227}, author = {Sandy Novryanto Sakati and Anwar Mallongi and Erniwati Ibrahim and Budimawan and Stang and Sukri Palutturi and Maria Kanan and Herawati} } @article {2197, title = {Why Preconception Treatment is Important? A Literature Reviews}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1262-1267}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1262}, abstract = {

Objective: Conceptional care is a concept that has been proposed to address maternal health problems and environmental risk factors during pregnancy to improve the health of both mother and fetus during pregnancy. This article provides an overview of several studies relating to preconception care that are useful for preparing for a healthy pregnancy and fetus. Methods: This narrative review uses several sources from the Elsevier database. Key search terms such as preconception, iron status, pregnancy and fetus were used in this review. Of the 50 studies identified, 20 were eligible for inclusion in this review. Results: Preconception care is getting an increased focus as an effective way to prevent complications during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum as well as preventing fetal abnormalities by estimating nutritional status in the preconception period. Preconception care is aimed at supporting the health of women before pregnancy, which is useful for improving the health of a pregnancy and preventing stunted fetal growth due to poor nutritional status in the mother. Low preconception iron status will have an impact on preconception gynecological morbidity, which will cause complications in pregnancy and cause low birth weight. Conclusion: Preconception care when given regularly will affect the health of a pregnancy and the baby when born. Preconception care teaches women of reproductive age to minimize potential health risks from an early age so that if they have a baby, the baby is born in better health. Considering that a healthy baby is very late if it is prepared during pregnancy but must be prepared from the preconception period, that is why preconception is so important.

}, keywords = {Fetus, Iron status, Preconception, Pregnancy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.229}, author = {Darmin Dina and Nurhaedar Jafar and Veny Hadju and Hasnawati Amqam and Wahiduddin and Ridwan Amiruddin and Anwar Mallongi and Yulianah Sulaiman} } @article {1861, title = {Acute Oral Toxicity Assessment of Freeze-Dried Lipote Fruit Extract (Syzygium polycephaloides (C. B. Rob.) Merr.) in ICR Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {490-503}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {490}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lipote (Syzygium polycephaloides (C. B. Rob.) Merr.) has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine due to its nutritional and bioactive contents. Methods: An acute oral toxicity test was conducted following the OECD 425 guidelines to investigate the toxic effects of freeze-dried lipote fruit extract (LFE) in male and female ICR mice at doses of 55, 175, 550, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg BW. Results: At the end of the 14-day experimentation period, no physical, behavioral, neurologic, or cardiorespiratory signs of toxicity nor mortalities were recorded in LFE-treated mice. Also, physiologic parameters such as body weight, and feed and water intake registered normal throughout the study. Hematologic values such as total RBC, total WBC, and differential WBC for both sexes remained normal, apart from the male mouse administered with 2000 mg/kg LFE dose which presented erythrocytopenia, leukocytopenia, and lymphocytopenia after the end of the experimentation period, most likely due to extraneous factors unrelated to treatment. Meanwhile, the blood creatinine and blood urea nitrogen values remained within their respective normal reference ranges. Conclusion: It can be inferred from results of this acute oral toxicity study that LFE is relatively non-toxic, has an LD50 above 5000 mg/kg, and like other closely related Syzygium berries, does not elicit any adverse effects on the physiologic, hematologic, and blood chemical levels of kidney-filtered substances in mice. Sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies must be conducted to determine the safety of continuous oral ingestion of lipote fruit.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Lipote, Mice, Philippine berry, Safety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.126}, author = {Mark Joseph M. Desamero and Liezl M. Atienza and Maria Adrianna Isabella G. Claravall and Roxanne P. Gapasin and Jonna Rose C. Maniwang and Dianne Jane A. Sunico and James Ryan D. Aranzado and Joan I. Delomen and Loraine C. Bainto-Ancheta and Katherine Ann T. Castillo-Israel and Rohani B. Cena-Navarro and Maria Amelita C. Estacio} } @article {1842, title = {Amino Acid and Proximate Analysis of Type-1 Collagen from Sea Cucumber and Tilapia-Skin and its Potential Application as Artificial Tendon}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {358-361}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {358}, abstract = {

Tendon injury is a medical indication that requires surgical therapy and prolonged recovery. Collagen plays a crucial role in the wound healing process. Collagen maintains homeostasis, interacts with platelets, and enhances cellular components. Most living organisms consist of collagen components as fibrillar proteins. In this study, the potential properties of type-1 collagen from sea cucumber and Tilapia-skin were evaluated depend on proximate analysis, amino acid composition, and moisture-absorption ability. The result showed that Tilapia-skin has a higher protein and fat composition compared to the sea cucumber. In contrast, moisture, ash, and yield composition showed higher for sea cucumber compared to Tilapiaskin. Meanwhile, based on amino acid analysis was revealed that proline, alanine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine were lower on sea cucumber compared to Tilapia-skin. In conclusion, both type-1 collagen material from sea cucumber and Tilapia-skin might be developed as a biomaterial for tendon injury. It is crucial that further studies be carried out to emphasize the potential of biodegradable and bio-replaceable materials using the in vivo model.

}, keywords = {collagen, Key words: Artificial tendon, Marine biodiversity, Sea cucumber, Tilapia-skin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.107}, author = {Arifia Safira and Cinta Atsa Mahesa Rani and Roro Ayu Puspitasari and Anindyta Kirana Putri Ayuningtyas and Yayang Amru Mahendra and Agus Purnomo and Faisal Fikri and Shekhar Chhetri and Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama} } @article {1858, title = {Analysis of LH Receptor Expression in the Testes of Infertile Azoospermic Non-Obstructive (NOA) Men at High Serum Prolactin Concentrations}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {462-468}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {462}, abstract = {

Background: Hyperprolactin is one of the endocrine disorders that causes male infertility (11\%). The mechanism is not widely known; it is thought to occur through disruption of LH receptor activity on germ cells. Objective: The aim of study to compare the level of prolactin secretion with receptor expression in non-azoospermic infertile men (NOA). Methods: During the period from July 2019 to July 2021, 40 samples of testicular tissue and serum were obtained from infertile NOA men, aged 25-50 years who were recruited from Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) Jakarta, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia and Bunda Hospital Jakarta. Subjects were divided into 4 groups based on prolactin levels (20 ng/ml, 20-50 ng/ml, 50-100 ng/ml and 100ng/ml). This group was tested for significance between groups and continued with a correlation test with the level of LH receptor expression. Results: ANOVA test showed a significant decrease in LH receptor expression between prolactin levels \< 20 ng/mL with levels of 50-100 ng/ml and prolactin levels \> 100 ng/ml (P \< 0.05). Furthermore, the results of the correlation test showed a significant decrease between prolactin levels and LH receptor expression (P \< 0.05). Conclusion: The higher the level of prolactin secretion in this sample, there is a decrease in LH receptor expression, so that testosterone production decreases and the spermatogenesis process will be disrupted.

}, keywords = {Hyperprolactinemia, LH receptor expression, Male infertility, Non obstructive azoospermia (NOA).}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.123}, author = {Ponco Birowo and Nurhuda Sahar and R. Muharam and Dwi Ari Pujianto and Rosalina Thuffi and Kusmardi Kusmardi and Conny Riana Tjempakasari} } @article {1880, title = {Analysis Protein APOB and TroponinT in Obese Mice (Musmusculus) Induced by Static Magnetic Field as a Marker of Coronary Heart}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {627-631}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {627}, abstract = {

Obesity is closely related to cardiovascular disease. APOB protein was a better predictor of LDL particle count. Increased troponin T protein is also indicated as an indication of the risk of CHD disease. Static Magnetic Field (SMF) is an electromagnetic applied in therapy because only a simple magnetic disk is used to generate it both in vitro and in vivo. The use of SMF is considered to affect the biological state of cells so that it can affect weight loss in mice. The method used was male c57bl/6j mice with groups of Obes0, Obes2, Obes7, Obes 14, and Obes21 fed high-fat diet and then exposed to SMF with an intensity of 2mT for 1 hour. The results obtained were that there was a significant difference p=0.015 (p\<0.05) in the protein concentration of APOB and there was no significant difference in the concentration of cTnT taken from the blood serum of mice. The increase in APOB protein levels in each control group was not found to have an increase in cTnT protein so that the two proteins did not have a linear correlation between the two proteins 0.598 (p\>0.05). Most of the protein concentrations of APOB and cTnT decreased in concentration at longer days. It can be seen morphologically in the heart there is a decrease in the number of adipose cells.

}, keywords = {Cardiovaskular, Electromagnetic, Obesity, Protein.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.145}, author = {Puji Sari and Luluk Yunaini and Dwi Anita Suryandari and Widia Bela Oktaviani and Rahma Nur Istiqomah and Umiatin} } @article {1739, title = {Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibition Activity by Syzygium polyanthum Wight (Walp.) Leaves: Mechanism and Specificity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {76-84}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {76}, abstract = {

Introduction: One of the potential antihypertensive mechanisms include angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. So far, there is no in-depth study on the ACE inhibition activity of S. polyanthum, an ethnomedicinal plant used in treating hypertension. Thus, we aimed to study the ACE inhibition activity of S. polyanthum leaves by evaluating its potency, mechanism, and specificity. Methods: S. polyanthum leaves were macerated in a bath-sonicator with either water, methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane producing aqueous (ASP), methanolic (MSP), ethyl acetate (EASP) and hexane (HSP) extracts. Each extract (100 μg/mL) were initially screened for ACE inhibition activity and then compared with standard drug, captopril (2.06 ng/mL), then the most active extract was further tested at 1 to 1000μg/ml. Inhibition mechanism was studied using zinc chloride and bovine serum albumin (BSA), while inhibition specificity was determined upon screening for α-chymotrypsin and trypsin inhibition activity. Results: ASP at 100 μg/ mL exhibited the highest inhibition activity (69.43 {\textpm} 0.60 \%) compared to MSP (41.63 {\textpm} 0.15 \%), EASP (9.62 {\textpm} 1.60 \%), and HSP (45.40 {\textpm} 0.15 \%). ASP showed dose-dependent ACE inhibition activity with IC50 of 41 μg/mL. ASP{\textquoteright}s ACE inhibition activity was significantly reduced in the presence of BSA, but not upon the presence of zinc chloride. ASP did not significantly inhibit α-chymotrypsin and trypsin. Conclusion: This study showed that the enzyme inhibition activity by S. polyanthum leaves was specific towards ACE. The ACE inhibition possibly occurs via protein precipitation and was non-dependent to the chelation with zinc at ACE active site.

Key words: Antihypertensive, ACE, Angiotensin converting enzyme, Hypertension, Syzygium polyanthum

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.11}, author = {A Ismail and TAFT Anuar and IFM Suffian and AA Abdul Hamid and MN Omar and BE Mustafa and WAN Wan Ahmad} } @article {1945, title = {Antibacterial Effect of Nigella sativa L. Seed from Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {1029-1032}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {1029}, abstract = {

Nigella sativa L. was allegedly to has antibacterial effect. The aim of this research is to investigate antibacterial effect of ethanolic extracts of 96\% Nigella sativa L. from Indonesia toward Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus epidermidis. The Antibacterial activity of of Nigella sativa L toward Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus epidermidis using the well method. The 96\% ethanolic extract of 12,5; 25;50 and 100\% (mg/ml)inhibit growth of Staphylococcus aureus (with inhibition zone 11.06; 29.58; 28.22; 30.84 mm respectively) and Streptococcus epidermidis (20.90; 31.90; 29.93; 33.07 mm respectively). Ethyl acetate fraction of 96\% ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa concentration of 6,25; 12,5; 25;50 and 100\% (mg/ml) inhibit growth of Staphylococcus aureus (12.91; 15.06; 19.19; 37.48; 46.18 mm respectively and Streptococcus epidermidis (19.07; 19.21; 20.22; 21.62; 40.00 mm respectively). Ethanolic 96\% extract and ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa have antibacterial effect toward Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus epidermidis invitro.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Nigella sativa L., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus epidermidis.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.206}, author = {Em Sutrisna and Sri Wahyuni and Aris Fitriani} } @article {1758, title = {Antimalaria Activities of Several Active Compounds from Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {245-252}, type = { Review Article}, chapter = {245}, abstract = {

The growth and spread of resistance to all first-line antimalarial drugs used in the treatment of malaria today has caused many problems in eradicating malaria in various countries in the world. Researchers have begun to look for candidates for new antimalarial drug compounds derived from natural products that have been scientifically proven to have antimalarial activity. This is done to replace antimalarial drugs that are currently experiencing resistance. Some active compounds that have been successfully isolated from various plants, including curcumin, kaempferol, piperine, andrographolide, α-mangostin, catechin, luteolin and betulinic acid, have been scientifically tested to have antimalarial activity with different mechanisms of action.

Key words: Malaria, Antimalarial, Curcumin, Kaempferol, Piperine, Andrographolide, α-Mangostin, Catechin, Luteolin, Betulinic acid.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.30}, author = {Maulana Yusuf Alkandahri and Nia Yuniarsih and Afiat Berbudi and Anas Subarnas} } @article {1751, title = {Antimicrobial Compound from Endophytic Pseudomonas azotoformans UICC B-91 of Neesia altissima (Malvaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {172-181}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {127}, abstract = {

Centrifugated extract of endophytic Pseudomonas azotoformans strain UICC B-91 has been observed for its antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6583, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 25241, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 19659 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231, with minimum concentration in the range 250 μg/mL. But, the novel compound of the bioactive substances which relevant for antimicrobial activity have not been described. Further fractionation and identification of the extract by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and liquid chromatography mass spectrophotometry (LCMS-MS) detected several compound as futoamide (C18H23NO3), gentialutine (C9H11NO), gentiabetine (C9H11NO2), 1-[(2E,4E)-2,4-decadienoyl]pyrrolidine (C14H23NO), lycopodine (C16H25NO) and dihydrolycopodine (C16H27NO). The majority compounds containing CHON elements with molecular weight approximately 100-450 Da.

Keywords: Alkaloid, Antimicrobial compound, Extraction, P. azotoformans.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.23}, author = {Rina Hidayati Pratiwi and Eva Oktarina and Wibowo Mangunwardoyo and Iman Hidayat and Endang Saepudin} } @article {1863, title = {Antioxidant Activity of DPPH, CUPRAC, and FRAP Methods, as well as Activity of Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibiting Enzymes from Tinospora crispa (L.) Stem Ultrasonic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {511-520}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {511}, abstract = {

Aims: The goal of this work was to get the stem extract of Tinospora crispa (L.) using ultrasoundassisted extraction (UAE) with duration and amplitude changes to achieve optimal extraction conditions. The antioxidant potential of the extract as measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), CUPRAC (Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma), and its antidiabetic potential. Results: The third test of antioxidant methods showed that the measurement of antioxidant activity with, DPPH, CUPRAC, and FRAP gave significantly different results, but CUPRAC and FRAP gave the same response to the ethanol extract of Tinospora crispa stems, it can be concluded that the extract of Tinospora crispa stems in all treatments had strong antioxidant activity using either the CUPRAC or methods FRAP. In addition, it is very active as an antidiabetic by inhibiting alpha glucosidase. The optimum extract selected was extract B (extraction time was 35 minutes and amplitude 65\%) with IC50 values for antioxidant activity in the CUPRAC method of 72.53 {\textpm} 0.18 mg/L and the FRAP method of 152.29 {\textpm} 2.16 mg/L, while the inhibition of alpha glucosidase was 0.30 {\textpm} 0.006 mg/L.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Tinospora crispa (L.), Ultrasound-assisted extraction.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.128}, author = {Candra Irawan and Imalia Dwi Putri and Maman Sukiman and Andita Utami and Ismail and Ratna Komala Putri and Anisa Lisandi and Andrean Nur Pratama} } @article {1801, title = {Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) Seed Fractions on HeLa Cell Line an In Vitro}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {559-564}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {559}, abstract = {

Introduction: Medicinal plants have been investigated for possible anti-cancer effects. One of them is Gnetum gnemon L (melinjo). This study aims determined in vitro antioxidant activity and the cytotoxic effects of polar, semipolar and non polar melinjo seed fractions againts HeLa cell line. Methods: The melinjo seed were extracted with ethanol as a solvent. Then, the fractionation was done using liquidliquid extraction method with three different polarity solvent. Cytotoxic activity was carried out using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay in HeLa cell lines at concentrations ranging from 25 to 400 μg/mL. Antioxidant activity was determined by the diphenyl picryl hidrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging method. Results: Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of phyto-constituents like flavonoids, terpenoid and tanin. The DPPH scavenging activity by the melinjo seed aqueous, ethyl acetate and N-hexane fraction was 733,12 {\textpm} 18,95 μg/mL; 68,40 {\textpm} 1,9 μg/mL and 2035,70 {\textpm} 65,59 μg/mL, respectively. The cytotoxic activity of the melinjo seed fractions showed that the ethyl acetate was the most active fraction against HeLa cell line with IC50 value 45,27 μg/mL. Conclusion: In this study, we have observed that the melinjo seed fractions exhibited antioxidant and cytotoxic activity against HeLa cell lines. This is presumably due to the content of phytochemicals and stilbenoids such as resveratrol and gnetin C. Melinjo seeds are more potent as anticancer Compared with other plants that also contain RSV such as grape extract (Vitis vinifera L.) against lung cancer cells (A549). From the three fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest antioxidant and cytotoxic effect compared to the water and n-hexane fractions. Gnetum gnemon L. can be considered as a potential source of anticancer agents. However, more research is needed to determine the mechanism of action.

}, keywords = {Anti-cancer, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, HeLa., Melinjo}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.71}, author = {Asep Sukohar and Suharyani and Sutyarso and Hendri Busman and Nuning Nurcahyani and Evi Kurniawaty} } @article {1941, title = {Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antiplasmodial Activities of Sonchus arvensis L. Leaf Ethyl Acetate Fractions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {993-998}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {993}, abstract = {

Infection is one of the health problems and a disease that mainly causes death. Malaria is a parasitic infection that is transmitted through the Anopheles sp. The female then causes infection and besides malaria, other contaminants that caused infection are bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This study aims to determine the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiplasmodial activity of Sonchus arvensis L. ethyl acetate fractions. In vitro antiplasmodial activity was carried out by Rieckman methods against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7. In vitro antioxidant activity was conducted by Prieto method against (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Then antimicrobial activity was performed using well diffusion method against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Maceration of S. arvensis L. dried leaves used n-hexane and ethyl acetate successively. Then the ethyl acetate extract was fractionated by vacuum column chromatography, using n-hexane and ethyl acetate as mobile phases. There are five fraction groups based on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis. The IC50 of antioxidant and antiplasmodial activity showed that fraction IV was the lowest value and categorized as active for antioxidant (IC50=22.56 μg/mL), for antiplasmodial (IC50=12.07 μg/mL). Fraction IV also had antimicrobial activity, with diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) of 19.22 mm against Escherichia coli and 17.167 mm against Staphylococcus aureus.

}, keywords = {Biological activities, Escherichia coli., Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, Sonchus arvensis L., Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.202}, author = {Dwi Kusuma Wahyuni and Anindya Nariswari and Agus Supriyanto and Hery Purnobasuki and Hunsa Punnapayak and Wichanee Bankeeree and Sehanat Prasongsuk and Wiwied Ekasari} } @article {1837, title = {Antioxidant Capacity and Potential as an Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor in Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl Fruit Peel Ultrasonic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {305-312}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {305}, abstract = {

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl is native to the tropical region of Papua Island, Indonesia, and has traditionally been used as a herbal drink, either alone or in combination with other medicinal plants, to treat diseases such as cancer, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to obtain the fruit peel extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The potential of the extract as an antioxidant using the cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods, and its potential as an antidiabetic through alpha glucosidase inhibition. The optimum extract selected was extract C (extraction time was 45 minutes and amplitude 60\%) with IC50 values for antioxidant activity in the CUPRAC method of 39.63 {\textpm} 0.009 mg/L and the FRAP method of 77.37 {\textpm} 0.8 mg/L, while the inhibition of alpha glucosidase was 0.45 {\textpm} 0.007 mg/L. It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit peel has the potential as a source of antioxidants and anti-diabetic.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.100}, author = {Candra Irawan and Maman Sukiman and Ismail and Imalia Dwi Putri and Andita Utami and Andrean Nur Pratama and M. Ilham Kumala Zalni} } @article {1783, title = {Anxiolytic and Antidepressant-like Effects of Foeniculum vulgare Essential Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {425-431}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {425}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this research was to determine the anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects of the essential oils from Foeniculum vulgare aerial parts and seeds. Methods: The oils were extracted by hydro-distillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and chemical composition was performed by Gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID) and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Furthermore, an experimental trial was conducted, where 117 participants were divided into three groups, comprising a waiting list control group and two experimental groups treated with essential oils. The anxiety and depression indexes were evaluated by Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). Results: chemical analysis showed that trans- Anethole was the main component, both in the essential oil from aerial parts (35.5\%) and seeds (79.2\%). Anxiety and depression scores showed a decrease in posttest study phase in comparison with pretest in all experimental groups (p\<0.05), except for depression scores in the group treated with essential oil from aerial parts (p\>0.05). Small changes were found in the case of anxiety for group treated with essential oils from aerial parts (d = 0.41; Δ= 0.40) while moderate (d = 0.86; Δ = 0.85) and small (d = 0.38; Δ = 0.39) changes were found for anxiety and depression respectively, in the group treated with essential oil from seeds. Conclusion: The essential oil from Foeniculum vulgare seeds is more effective to relief anxiety than depression while the essential oil from Foeniculum vulgare aerial parts only exhibit small changes for anxiety.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Depression, Essential oils, Foeniculum vulgare}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.54}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Luis Enrique Rosales-Cerquin and Elda Maritza Rodrigo-Villanueva and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Lurdes Tuesta-Collantes} } @article {1948, title = {Aquaporine 4 Expression on End Feet Astrocyte Before and After Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage of Hydrocephalus Mice Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {1054-1060}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {1054}, abstract = {

Background: Aquaporin (AQP) is a family of integral membrane proteins that function as water channels. AQP facilitates the transport of water across the plasma cell membrane. AQP lining the periventricular wall in the presence of edema may impair the function of the AQP to prevent or facilitate proper movement of water. Result: We analyze the effect of hydrocephalus and CSF drainage on the expression levels of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) end feet astrocytes in a hydrocephalus mice model. The test was carried out using a mice model of hydrocephalus induced with kaolin, then CSF drainage was performed on the 7th and 14th day, and compared the levels of AQP4 expression in each group. Data showed an increase in AQP4 excretion levels in astrocyte end feet along with the duration of hydrocephalus (p = 0.001) in comparison between hydrocephalus mice on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days. AQP4 before and after CSF drainage, comparison of the hydrocephalus group on day 21 with the group of mice undergoing CSF drainage (p\<0.05). The results showed that the CSF drainage treatment was proven to reduce the level of AQP4. Conclusion: This is the first study to describe immunohistochemical distribution of AQP4 after drainage hydrocephalus model in mice end feet astrocyte. The AQP4 expression and distribution in after drainage hydrocephalus model was comparable 14th and 21st day of hydrocephalus but 7 days after drainage. Larger studies are needed to substantiate the influence of breed and ageing on AQP4 expression after drainage of hydrocephalus model.

}, keywords = {AQP4., Aquaporin 4, CSF, Drainage, Hydrocephalus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.209}, author = {Mustaqim Apriyansa Rahmadhan and Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi and Wihasto Suryaningtyas and Dyah Fauziah and I Ketut Sudiana and Budi Utomo} } @article {1794, title = {Azadirachta indica Hexane Extract: Potent Antibacterial Activity Against Propionibacterium acne and Identification of its Chemicals Content}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {489-496}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {489}, abstract = {

Background: Acne is a skin surface disease that appears when the excessive fat deposits clogged the skin pores, causes the growth of acne-causing bacteria and stimulates inflammation. Propionibacterium acnes is one of common acne-causing bacteria which usually manage by synthetic chemical-based drug. However, the presence of its long- used side effects pointed the urgent need of new anti P. acne drug discovery. Azadirachta indica is a medicinal plant which empirically used as antibacterial. A. indica leaves has been reported to exhibit activity against P. acne but limited to ethanol extract. Thus, the evaluation of other extract- and identification of active compound(s) against P. acne is needed to be explore. Methods: First, the microscopic morphology of A. indica leaves were observed using Scanning Electron Microscope. The leaves were then extracted sequentially by hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvent using the ultrasonic assisted extraction method, followed by its in vitro anti- P. acne activity evaluation. The most active extract was further evaluated for its chemical(s) content by LC-MS. Results: Scanning Electron Microscope identified the presence of oxalate in the leaves of A. indica. Evaluation of the anti-P. acne activity showed that the hexane extract had highest anti-P. acne compared to others. Further chemical identification showed that hexane extract contains three steroids, one saturated acids and one phenolic compounds. Conclusions: A. indica hexane extract leaf is prospective to be developed as an acne antibacterial.

}, keywords = {Anti-Propionibacterium acne, Azadirachta indica, Chemical content., Hexane extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.62}, author = {Annysa Ellycornia Silvyana and Ratika Rahmasari and Berna Elya} } @article {1740, title = {Bioactive Compounds from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) as an Antiviral Agent via Dual Inhibitor Mechanism against SARSCoV- 2: An In Silico Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {85-90}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {85}, abstract = {

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus that causes COVID-19 which is responsible for respiratory illness infection in humans. The virus was first identified in China in 2019 and later spread to other countries worldwide. This study aims to identify the bioactive compounds from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) as an antiviral agent via dual inhibitor mechanisms against two SARS-CoV-2 proteases through the in silico approach. The three-dimensional structure of various bioactive compounds of mangosteen from the database was examined. Furthermore, all the target compounds were analyzed for drug, antiviral activity prediction, virtual screening, molecular interactions, and threedimensional structure visualization. It aimed to determine the potential of the bioactive compounds from mangosteen that can serve as antiviral agents to fight SARS-CoV-2. Results showed that the bioactive compounds from mangosteen have the prospective to provide antiviral agents that contradict the virus via dual inhibitory mechanisms. In summary, the binding of the various bioactive compounds from mangosteen results in low binding energy and is expected to have the ability to induce any activity of the target protein binding reaction. Therefore, it allows various bioactive compounds from mangosteen to act as dual inhibitory mechanisms for COVID-19 infection.

Key words: Antiviral agent, COVID-19, Garcinia mangostana L., In silico approach, SARS-CoV-2.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.12}, author = {ANM Ansori and VD Kharisma and AA Parikesit and FA Dian and RT Probojati and M Rebezov and P Scherbakov and P Burkov and G Zhdanova and A Mikhalev and Y Antonius and MRF Pratama and NI Sumantri and TH Sucipto and R Zainul} } @article {1841, title = {Bioactive Compounds from Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook) as SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Agent via Dual Inhibitor Mechanism: In Silico Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {352-357}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {352}, abstract = {

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the COVID-19 pandemic that infects humans and attacks the body{\textquoteright}s immune system. The purpose of the study was to identify the potential of bioactive compounds in purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and star anise (Illicium verum Hook) via a dual inhibitor mechanism against SARS-CoV-2 proteases with an in silico approach. The samples were obtained from PubChem and RSCB PDB. Antivirus probability prediction was performed on PASS Online. Virtual screening was performed with PyRx via molecular docking. Visualization was used by PyMol and Discovery Studio. Compounds with the best antiviral potential are indicated by the low binding affinity value to the target proteins, namely SARS-CoV-2 TMPRSS2 and PLpro. The results showed that purslane luteolin has the best antiviral potential. However, further studies are required to validate this computational prediction.

}, keywords = {Antiviral agent, Illicium verum Hook, in silico, Portulaca oleracea L., SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.106}, author = {Nur Sofiatul Aini and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Dony Novaliendry and Riso Sari Mandeli and Budhi Oktavia and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Saddam Al Aziz and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Okta Suryani and Putri Azhari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Devi Purnamasari and Agariadne Dwinggo Samala and Mirella Fonda Maahury and ANM Ansori and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1785, title = {Coleus atropurpureus (L) Benth. Leaves as a New Promising Drug for Abscesses Caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus aureus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {439-443}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {439}, abstract = {

Background and Objective: Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can cause an abscess, a skin condition with a build-up of pus due to a fluid or pus-filled tissue covering. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract and its fraction from jawer kotok (Indonesian), Coleus atropurpureus (L) Benth.) against abscess-causing bacteria, S. aureus and MRSA. Materials and Methods: Laboratory Experimental Design. C. atropurpureus was collected, macerated using 96\% ethanol extract, then fractionated using ethyl acetate and n-hexane. Antibacterial properties of ethanol extract and its fraction using S. aureus ATTC 25923 and MRSA. Statistical analysis used: descriptive statistics. Results: It was found that the MIC values for S. aureus ATTC 25923 and MRSA were in the range of 0.78\% - 1.56\% w/v and the MBC value for the two test bacteria was 1.56\% Conclusions: Ethanol extract and n.hexane fraction from C. atropurpureus were new drugs for abscess treatment. It is necessary to research the formulation and evaluation of the ethanolic extract and the n-hexane fraction from C. atropurpureus against the two bacteria that cause abscesses first.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Coleus atropurpureus (L) Benth., Maceration, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus aureus ATTC 25923}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.56}, author = {Resmi Mustarichie and Yoppi Iskandar and Nyi Mekar Saptarini} } @article {1913, title = {Correlation of the Presence of Non Structural-1 (NS1) Antigen Dengue Virus with Severity of Dengue Infection}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {813-816}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {813}, abstract = {

Dengue is a major public health threat worldwide, affecting approximately 3 billion people. More than 100 countries in the world located in tropical and subtropical areas, there are at least 100 to 400 million people infected with the dengue virus which causes dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Soluble Non Structural Protein (sNS1) DENV is a soluble NS1 protein that is secreted and found in the serum of patients during acute infection. Because of its presence early in infection, sNS1 is used as a diagnostic indicator of acute dengue infection. NS1 can directly activate platelets through TLR4 and can further increase platelet aggregation, endothelial cell adhesion, and phagocytosis by macrophages that can cause thrombocytopenia so that high sNS1 levels are associated with disease severity. From the results of the study showed p \<0.05. This indicates that there is a correlation between the presence of NS1 and the severity of dengue infection.

}, keywords = {Dengue virus, NS1 antigen, Thrombocytopenia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.172}, author = {Ichwan Baihaki and Beti Ernawati Dewi and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Devi Purnamasari and Nunuk Hariani Soekamto and ANM Ansori and Kuswati and Riso Sari Mandeli and Kawther Ameen Muhammed Saeed Aledresi and Nur Farhana Mohd Yusof and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and Pavel Burkov and Marina Derkho and Pavel Scherbakov and Rahadian Zainul and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Asmi Citra Malina AR Tasakka and Tengku Siti Hajar Haryuna} } @article {1777, title = {Cytotoxic Effects of Kirinyuh Herb (Austroeupatorium inulaefolium (Kunth) R. d. King \& H. Robinson) Extracts and Fractions on BSLT, MCF-7 Cells and T-47D Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {374-378}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {374}, abstract = {

Breast Cancer is the second-highest prevalence of cancer disease in Indonesia, with the number of new cases and deaths continues to increase. Kirinyuh or Austroeupatorium inulaefolium (Kunth) R. D. King \& H. Robinson is a shrub plant, which are widely grown in Indonesia. Traditionally, it is used for woundhealing and information about anticancer potential of A. inulaefolium is still very limited. This study aims to assess the potential of cytotoxic activity of A. inulaefolium on MCF-7 and T-47D breast cancer cells. Tests that carried out in this study were phytochemicals screening, Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) and Cytotoxicity assay. The phytochemicals screening showed that EA (leaves extracts levels 1-3), EB (leaves extracts levels 4-6) and EC (stalk extracts) contained tannin, steroids/triterpenoids, flavonoids and phenols. The BSLT results showed that the EB has the smallest LC50 value of 12.86 μg/mL. MTT assay results showed the smallest IC50 value of the extract and the fraction on MCF-7 cells were EA 204.96 μg/ mL and FEA 205.43 μg/mL and T-47D cells were EB 217.03 μg/mL and FEA 192.36 μg/mL. The conclusion of toxicity and cytotoxicity of the herb (leaves and stalks) ethanol 96\% extracts of A. inulaefolium had a very toxic effect on BSLT however had less potential cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells and T-47D cells.

}, keywords = {BSLT, Cytotoxicity, Kirinyuh (Austroeupatorium inulaefolium (Kunth) R. D. King \& H. Robinson), MCF-7, T-47D}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.48}, author = {Riskianto and Andreanus Andaja Soemardji and Marselina Irasonia Tan} } @article {1737, title = {Determination of Phytochemical Constituent, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenol and Total Flavonoid of Extract Ethanol Phyllanthus emblica Fruit}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {63-67}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {63}, abstract = {

Introduction: Phyllanthus emblica (PE) is a plant that grows widely in Indonesia, particularly on Sumatra island. In India, it is known as Indian gooseberry and is frequently used in ayurvedic medicine. PE fruit is well-known for its high antioxidant activity and a variety of pharmacological properties. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, total phenol, and total flavonoid concentrations. Methods: The fruits were harvested in the Indonesian town of Padang Sidimpuan. Up to 700 g of dry PE fruit powder was dissolved in 96 percent ethanol and macerated for seven days, with periodic steering daily. The solution was then filtered using Whatman paper no 1, and the filtered result was evaporated under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator until a crude extract/ethanol extract of PE (EEPE) was obtained, and the phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity, total phenol, and flavonoid were analysed. Results: The result shows that EEPE contains some flavonoids such as quercetine, betaine, Trigonelline, Myricitrin, Myricetin, Leucine, and Kaempferol. EEPE as an antioxidant of 7.626 {\textpm} 0.41 μg/dL. It shows that the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of Phyllanthus emblica is strong ethanol extract of Phyllanthus emblica contains Total Flavonoid was 5.816 {\textpm} 2.81(mg QE/g extract) and total phenol was 274.590 {\textpm} 13.61(mg GAE/g extract). Conclusions: In summary, extract ethanol of Pyllanthus emblica contains flavonoid and have antioxidant activity and high total phenol and flavonoid levels.

Key words: Antioxidant, Total flavonoid, Total phenol, Phyllanthus emblica..

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.9}, author = {B Halim and RA Syahputra and I Adenin and HP Lubis and F Mendrofa and S Lie and SE Nugraha} } @article {1925, title = {Differences in interleukin-6 and interleukin-17 expression in covid-19 post-mortem lung tissue biopsy compared with noncovid- 19}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {887-892}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {887}, abstract = {

Background: COVID-19 has spread rapidly around the world. It is necessary to study lung tissue of postmortem COVID19 patients to determine the molecular alteration particularly the role of IL-6 and IL-17 in causing fatality. Objective: This study aims to determine the differences in the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in lung tissue of post-mortem COVID-19 patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients. This study also aimed to analyze the correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in lung tissue of post-mortem COVID-19 patients. Methods: This research is an observational analytic study with crosssectional approach. The samples were 15 paraffin blocks of post-mortem lung tissue biopsy of COVID-19 patients, and 15 paraffin blocks of inflammatory lung tissue biopsy or surgery of non-COVID-19 patients. IL-6 and IL-17 expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemical procedure. Result: There was a significant difference in the expression of IL-6 in the COVID-19 group and the non-COVID-19 group with a p-value = 0.001 (p \< 0.05). There was a significant difference in the expression of IL-17 in the COVID-19 group and the non-COVID-19 group with p-value = 0.001 (p \< 0.05). There was a significant correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in the COVID-19 group, with the Spearman coefficient value (rs) of 0.548 with p = 0.034 (p \< 0.05). Conclusion: There are differences in the expression of IL-6 and IL-17 between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 lung tissue. There is a significant correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in post-mortem lung tissue of COVID-19 patients.

}, keywords = {Biopsy, COVID-19, IL-17, IL-6, Post mortem lung tissue.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.184}, author = {Etty Hary Kusumastuti and Priangga Adi Wiratama and Grace Ariani and Stephanie Natasha Djuanda and Alphania Rahniayu and Nila Kurniasari and Dyah Fauziah and Anny Setijo Rahaju and Isnin Anang Marhana and Alfian Nur Rosyid and Dwi Wahyu and Gilang Muhammad Setyo Nugroho and Adhitri Anggoro and I Komang Rusgi Yandi and Bambang Pujo Semedi and Jilientasia Godrace Lilihata and Ummi Maimunah and Supriadi and Achmad Lefi and Lalu Galih Pratama Rinjani and Edi Suyanto and Ricardo Ardian Nugraha} } @article {1770, title = {The Effect of Antioxidant activity, Total Phenols and Total Flavonoids on Arginase Inhibitory Activity on Plants of Genus Sterculia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {322-328}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {322}, abstract = {

Background: The genus of Sterculia has the main compound of phenol and flavonoids. The secondary metabolites which have an arginase inhibitory activities were phenol and flavonoids. The aim of this study was to investigate the arginase inhibitory activity from genus Sterculia. The Plant of Sterculia: Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. ex Miq., Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb., Sterculia parkinsonii F. Muell, Sterculia macrophylla Vent, Sterculia Stipulata Korth. The simplisia were leaves and woods. Materials and Methods: The simplisia were extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The ethyl acetate and methanol extract determined the arginase inhibition activity. The active extracts as an arginase inhibitory, determined the total flavonoids, total phenols and antioxidant activity, and the chemical content. Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb., Sterculia macrophylla Vent, Sterculia Stipulata Korth., have arginase inhibitory activity. Results: The ethyl acetate extracts of Sterculia Stipulata leaves is an active extract. The methanol extract which have an arginase inhibitor activity were Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb. wood and leaves, Sterculia macrophylla Vent., wood and leaves, Sterculia stipulata Korth., wood, and leaves. The methanol extract of Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb. Woods has the highest content of total phenols, antioxidant activity, and arginase inhibitory activity. The methanol extract of Sterculia macrophylla Vent. has the highest content of total flavonoids, but this extract as an arginase inhibitory activity more lower than Sterculia comosa. The active extract as an arginase activity was methanol extract of Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb. Conclusion: The total phenols were more contributed for the response of the arginase inhibitory activity much more than antioxidant activity and total flavonoids.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Arginase, Enzyme, Flavonoids, Phenols, Sterculia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.41}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Ema Dewanti and Rani Sauriasari} } @article {1755, title = {The Effect of Curcumin and Virgin Coconut Oil Towards Cytokines Levels in COVID-19 Patients at Universitas Sebelas Maret Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {216-225}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {216}, abstract = {

Introduction: To date, no specific therapeutic drug has been approved to target SARS-CoV-2. Hence, it remains a major challenge to decide what potential therapeutic regimens to treat COVID-19 patients. This study aims to investigate curcumin and virgin coconut oil (VCO) effects on cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α, and IFN-β) in COVID-19 patients. Methods: This study was a single-center, controlled trial with a parallel Arm or a Randomized Clinical trial design. A total of sixty COVID-19 patients admitted to the Universitas Sebelas Maret Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia, were divided into two groups. The first group, consisting of 30 patients, was treated with Azithromycin 500 mg + Oseltamivir 2{\texttimes}75 mg + Hydroxychloroquine 400 mg/day for 5 days. The second group, comprising 30 patients, was treated with Azithromycin 500 mg + Oseltamivir 2{\texttimes}75 mg + Hydroxychloroquine 400 mg/day for 5 days, added with VCO 30 mL and curcumin 3{\texttimes}1 g/day for 21 days. The cytokine profiles of the serum samples were analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on days 1, 14, and 21. Results: Our study showed that the second group had a significant reduction in IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-β levels after being treated with standard therapy added with curcumin and VCO on day 21 (p\<0.05). Conclusion: These results suggested that curcumin and VCO might benefit the treatment of COVID-19 patients.

Key words: COVID-19, Curcumin, Cytokines, Virgin coconut oil.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.27}, author = {Hartono and B Suryawati and Y Sari and A Avicena and Maryani and C Sukmagautama and H Apriningsih and L Shofiyah and RGH Novika and NJ Wahidah and NY Rahmawati and ANM Ansori and L Sumarno} } @article {1830, title = {Effect of Seahorse Extract (Hippocampus comes L.) on Caspase-3 and TUNEL assay in Rats After Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Induction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {253-258}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {253}, abstract = {

Seahorse (Hippocampus spp) is marine fish and have pharmacological activity, such as an antiinflammatory, antioxidative, antifatigue and improve the fertility. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is a contraception drug for male and affect the endocrine system by inhibiting pituitary gonadotropin with reduce testosterone levels in 12 weeks. There are limited studies reported the effects seahorse extract (SE) on Caspase-3 and TUNEL assay in rats induced by DMPA. Thirty Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats that were induced by 1.25mg/kgbw DMPA in 0 and 12 weeks. The animals were randomly into five groups, following: aquadest (G1), CMC 1\% (G2), SE dose of 150 mg/kgbw (G3), SE dose of 225 mg/kgbw (G4), SE dose of 300 mg/kgbw (G5). The rats were gavage every day from seven until week eighteen. On the last week, we taken the right and left testis to observed the apoptotic on Caspase-3 and TUNEL assay. Apoptotic marker was observed through immunohistochemistry from testicular tissue and analysed with plugin ImageJ IHC profiler, which is H-score as the results. Data were analysed using One-Way ANOVA and Bonferroni{\textquoteright}s post hoc tests. The SE decrease the Caspase-3 and TUNEL assay expression in rats induced by DMPA until eighteen weeks, with dose 150 mg/kgbw given the significant difference with p=0.028; \<0.05 and p=0.000; \<0.01. These results suggest that SE decreased germ cells apoptotic in DMPA induced rats.

}, keywords = {Apoptotic, Caspase-3, DMPA, Seahorse, TUNEL assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.93}, author = {Trisnawati Mundijo and Yurnadi Hanafi Midoen and Franciscus D. Suyatna and Agung Eru Wibowo and Kusmardi Kusmardi} } @article {1885, title = {Effect of Vitamin C and E Supplementation and Combination of Both in Egg Yolk Tris Diluter on the Quality of Sapera Goat Spermatozoa in the 5 {\textdegree}C Cooling Process}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {661-665}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {661}, abstract = {

This study was aimed to determine the effect of vitamin C, E supplementation and both combination in the egg yolk tris diluent on the quality of Sapera goat spermatozoa in 5oC cooling process. The samples were fresh semen collected from Sapera goat. It was divided into four different treatment groups. The control treatment or P0 contained semen sample + egg yolk tris diluent, P1 contained semen sample + egg yolk tris diluent + vitamin C 0,9 mg/ml, P2 contained semen sample + egg yolk tris diluent + vitamin E 1 mg/ml, P3 contained semen sample + egg yolk tris diluent + vitamin C 0,9 mg/ml + vitamin E 1 mg/ ml. The least decrease of spermatozoa motility, viability and membrane integrity was found in P3, which was significantly different to P0 (p\<0,05). However, P1 and P2 did not show significant difference in the results of motility and viability evaluation (p\>0,05). It can be concluded that the combination of vitamin C and E supplementation can be an optimal antioxidants supplement in egg yolk tris diluent on the quality of Sapera goat spermatozoa in 5oC cooling process.

}, keywords = {5oC Cooling Process, Quality of Spermatozoa, Sapera Goat, Vitamin C, Vitamin E}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.150}, author = {Amung Logam Saputro and Uliy Ba{\textquoteright}sin Syadid and Rimayanti and Suherni Susilowati and Ragil Angga Prastiya and Bodhi Agustono and Fauzan Mumtazi and Marifatunnisa{\textquoteright}romadhona and Anastasya and Muhammad Riesta Farhan} } @article {1901, title = {Effects of Acalypha indica L. Extract on Inflammatory Response in The Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: An Overview of TLR9, NFκB and TNFα Expression in Hepatocytes and Macrophages of Sprague-Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {710-719}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {710}, abstract = {

Background: Complications of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) include 67\% of the criteria for metabolic syndrome. Acalypha indica L., (AI) which is one of a herbal plant had been known as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The effect of AI for therapy investigated by looking of the immune defense mechanisms. This researched was assessed by molecular docking approached on TLR9, NFκB, TNFα expression and liver morphological changes. Methods: Animal models of steatohepatitis were collected from high-fructose and cholesterol diet (HFCD) of Sprague-Dawley rats for 12 weeks and followed by therapy for 8 weeks. There were 5 groups from twenty five researched rats, include normal group (K1), HFCD group (K2), HFCD group supplemented with 400 mg Acalypha indica L. (K3), combination between 400 mg AI+Gemfibrozil (Gem) 31 mg (K4) and Gem 31 mg/kg (K5) in kgBW, respectively. Results: The results of molecular docking were carried out by assessing the interaction between hydrogen molecules of AI compounds and amino acid residues in TLR9, NFκB, TNFα. Morphological changes were assessed by scoring system. Statistical analyzed used Kruskall Wallis with post hoc Mann Whitney test continued by Spearman correlation test. Conclusion: The molecular docking analysis showed that, an alkaloid compounds were found besides the flavonoid compounds that can bind to the binding pocket of inflammatory markers with the best binding energies. Other compounds, there are dasycarpidan-1- methanol, acetate (ester), fenofibrate and quinine. Supplementation of AI would reduced hypertrophy (p=0.031), macrovesicular steatosis (p=0.018), inflammation foci (p=0.005) and also decreased of TLR9 (p=0.009), NFκB (p=0.009), TNFα (p=0.009) expression, but not as good as the combination of AI+Gem.

}, keywords = {Acalypha indica L., NAFLD, NFκB, TLR9, TNFα}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.158}, author = {Novianti Supriatna and Nurjati Chairani Siregar and Erni Hernawati Purwaningsih and Linda Erlina} } @article {1817, title = {Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on the Expression of FGF, MMP-9 and Occludin in the Repair of Gastric Mucosal Erosions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {660-671}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {660}, abstract = {

This study was conducted to evaluate the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and occludin in the repair of gastric mucosal erosions in Wistar rats was induced by administration of aspirin, one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These expressions are associated with changes in histopathological features. This experimental research used a posttest only control group design. The research sample was 28 male Wistar rats that met the inclusion criteria, but not met the exclusion criteria. The samples were randomly allocated into four groups. Group 1 as negative control and group 2 as positive control. Group 3 as treatment 1, which was given HBOT (hyperbaric oxygen therapy) 2.4 ATA for 3 x 30 minutes/day (air break 5 minutes) for 5 days, after aspirin induction at 30 mg/kgBW/day for 10 days. Group 4 as treatment 2, which was given HBOT 2.4 ATA for 3 x 30 minutes/day (air break 5 minutes) for 10 days, after aspirin induction at 30 mg/kgBW/day for 10 days. Each group was evaluated the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of FGF, MMP-9 and occludin, using the Remmele scale index, immune reactive score (IRS). The expressions were correlated with histopathological changes, using the HAI (Histology Activity Index) method. The results show that the HBOT 2.4 ATA for 3 x 30 minutes/day (air break 5 minutes) for 5 days and for 10 days, it can improve FGF (p=0.016) and occludin (p=0.021) expression significantly. The HBOT can also reduce inflammation (p=0.005), epithelial defects (p\<0.001) and MMP-9 expression (0.042). There is a significant difference in occludin expression (p=0.034) between 5-day HBOT and 10-day HBOT. However, there was no significant difference between the 5-day HBOT and the 10-day HBOT for reduce inflammation (p=0.845), epithelial defects (p=0.469), FGF expression (0.054) and MMP-9 expression (0.470). The provision of HBOT at 2.4 ATA significantly improved gastric mucosal erosion in NSAID-induced gastric mucosal erosion Wistar rats model, by decreasing MMP-9 expression, as well as increasing FGF and occludin expression. There is a significant difference in occludin expression between 5-day HBOT and 10-day HBOT.

}, keywords = {FGF, Gastric mucosal erosions, HBOT, MMP-9, Occludin.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.85}, author = {M. Fathi Ilmawan and Soetjipto and M. Guritno Suryokusumo and M. Miftahussurur} } @article {1907, title = {The Effects of Leaves Extract of Toddalia aculeata on Body Weight, Body Mass Index, Body Fat Content and Resistive Index in Male Rats with High-Fat Diet}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {771-777}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {771}, abstract = {

Introduction: Dictamine is found in the Toddalia aculeata plant and is able to interact with Flavin- Containing Monooxygenase-3 (FMO3) in silico, which mediates endogenous atherosclerosis formation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of T. aculeata extract (TAE) administration on Body Weight (BW), Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Fat Content (BFC), and Resistive Index (RI) in rats with a high-fat diet. Methods: Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the negative control (NC), positive control (PC) + 2.98 μg/kg BW dictamine and treatment (TAE1-3) + 200, 400, and 800 mg/ kg BW TAE respectively. All rats were given a high-fat diet (HFD) for 28 days. The data were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA, repeated-measured ANOVA, and Friedman{\textquoteright}s tests with p\<0.05. Results: The average of rats{\textquoteright} BW in TAE2 (270{\textpm}13.78 g) and TAE3 (276.62{\textpm}40.31 g) was lower than that of the NC (304.12{\textpm} 4.16 g) but only the TAE2 group was significantly different (p=0.032). Rats in the TAE 1-3 groups had the average BMI (26.03{\textpm}5.61; 21.84{\textpm}0.81; 20.78{\textpm}2.17 g/cm3) significantly lower than the NC (29.61{\textpm}2.28 g/cm3) and the PC (28.67{\textpm}1.68 g/cm3) for TAE2 and 3. The same pattern was also observed in BFC. All treatment groups had significantly lower RI compared to the NC group (0.62{\textpm}0.07 cm). Conclusion: Administration of 400 and 800 mg/kg BW TAE for 28 days decreases BW, BMI, BFC, and RI in rats with a high-fat diet. Dictamine in the ethanol extract of T. aculeata leaves might contribute to the reduction of RI in rats with a high-fat diet.

}, keywords = {Body Fat Content, Body Mass Index, Obesity, Resistive Index, Toddalia Aculeata Extract.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.166}, author = {Prasetyo Sarwono Putro and Dono Indarto and Bambang Purwanto and Widyastuti Soewondo and Sulistyani Kusumaningrum and Khim Yatul Nguzum} } @article {1903, title = {Effects of Satureja brevicalyx essential oil inhalation on coping premenstrual syndrome}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {728-735}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {728}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of Satureja brevicalyx essential oil inhalation on premenstrual syndrome. Methods: The oils were extracted by hydro-distillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and chemical composition was performed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Furthermore, a quasi-experimental study was conducted, where 61 participants were divided in two groups, comprising an experimental with essential oils and a control group with no treatment. Main psychological symptoms were assessed with the used of Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) as well as total score of premenstrual syndrome was evaluated with Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS). Results: chemical analysis showed that linalool (17.6\%) was the main component. All variables showed a decrease in posttest study phase in comparison with pretest in experimental group (p\<0.05). A large size effect was observed for anxiety (d = 1.25; Δ = 1.35). Besides, moderate changes were found for depression (d = 0.79; Δ= 0.81) and premenstrual syndrome total score (d = 0.62; Δ = 0.56). Conclusion: The essential oil of Satureja brevicalyx exerts a potencial use, especially for the treatment of psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Depression, Essential oils, Premenstrual syndrome, Satureja brevicalyx}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.160}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Francisco Mercedes Infantes Gomez and Yolanda Elizabeth Rodr{\'\i}guez de Guzm{\'a}n and Taniht Lisseth Cubas Romero and Natalia Mavila Guzm{\'a}n Rodr{\'\i}guez and Olga Gessy Rodr{\'\i}guez Aguilar and Ana Mar{\'\i}a Honores Alvarado and Elsa Roc{\'\i}o Vargas D{\'\i}az and Lesly Alexandra Cabrera Cabrera and Klersy Almendra Truyenque Rom{\'a}n and Edwar Guido Brice{\~n}o Esquivel} } @article {1867, title = {Efficacy and Tolerability of Intravenous Paracetamol Compared to Oral Paracetamol for the Treatment of Childhood Fever}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {537-541}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {537}, abstract = {

Introduction: Paracetamol is widely used as antipiretic in children and has complete rute. The use of enteral rute is limited because of high variability of bioavailability. Intravenous paracetamol commonly used as accessible analgetic in adult. There are limited data about efficacy and tolerability intravenous paracetamol compares to oral paracetamol as antipiretic in children. The aim of the study is to analyse efficacy and tolerability intravenous paracetamol compared to oral paracetamol for treating fever in children. Methods: A randomized, controlled, and open labelled clinical trial was conducted at pediatric ward Soetomo hospital Surabaya. Eligible patients received either intravenous paracetamol or oral paracetamol 10 mg/kgBW and were examined for temperature at 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180 and 240 minutes. Tolerability evaluations included adverse event (AE), physical exam and laboratory assessments. Results: Of 104 patients, 52 received intravenous paracetamol intravena and 52 received oral paracetamol. Mean temperature intravenous group were lower than oral groups, with higher degree of decrease. The difference were achieved at 30, 45, and 60 minutes with p=0.005, 0.002, and 0.006 respectively. Maximum decrease from baseline were achieved at 120-minute for intravenous grup and 180-minute for oral groups. Normal temperature achievement were higher in intravenous group than oral. The adverse event were comparable between the intravenous and oral groups. Conclusion: Intravenous paracetamol is more effective and as safe as oral paracetamol in reducing fever in children.

}, keywords = {Accessible, Efficacy, Fever, Intravenous paracetamol, Tolerability}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.132}, author = {Prastiya Indra Gunawan and Darto Saharso} } @article {1806, title = {Efficacy of Probiotic on Duodenal TNF-α Expression and the Histological Findings in the Liver and Lung in Animal Model Canine Coronavirus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {591-597}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {591}, abstract = {

Currently, Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is an enteric pathogen of the Alphacoronavirus-1 species that causes mild to severe diarrhea in puppies. The pathogenesis of this infection will cause severe lymphopenia and lead to death in puppies. This study aimed to determine the administration of probiotics on TNF-α expression, histological findings of the liver and lung in mice infected with CCoV. A total of 28 mice were randomly assigned into seven treatment groups, i.e. (C-) placebo; (C+) active CCoV vaccine induction; (T1) CCov + Isopronosin; (T2) CCoV + Lactobacillus acidophilus probiotic; (T3) CCoV + Lactobacillus Acidophylus and Bifidobacterium probiotics; (T4) CCoV + colustrum fermentation probiotic; (T5) CCoV + ginger, turmeric and ginger probiotics. Thereafter, the expression of TNF-α in the duodenum was stained using immunohistochemistry, liver and lung were stained using hematoxylin eosin. The data were analyzed using the ANOVA test followed by the Tukey test with a significance level (p\<0.05). TNF-α expression on T4 and T5 decreased significantly (p\<0.05) compared to C+, T1, T2 and T3. Histologic findings of the liver in the C- and T4 groups showed normal features in the central vein. On the other hand, glycogen accumulation was found in hepatocyte cells, hemorrhage with sinusoid dilation, lymphocyte infiltration in centro lobular area in group C+. Lung histology showed normal features of sinusoids and alveolar septa in groups C- and T4. Meanwhile, intra-alveolar hemorrhage was found with neutrophil cell infiltration and fibrin plasma accumulation in group C+. In conclusion, colostrum fermentation probiotics can reduce TNF-α expression in the duodenum and improve the liver and lung physiology in mice infected with CCoV.

}, keywords = {Biodiversity, Canine coronavirus, Liver, Lung, Probiotic, TNF-α.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.76}, author = {Iwan Sahrial Hamid and Juni Ekowati and Rondius Solfaine and Shekhar Chhetri and Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama} } @article {1921, title = {The Ethanolic Extract of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz Flower has Antioxidant, Anti-Gout, and Antibacterial Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {867-872}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {867}, abstract = {

The goal of this research was to explore the potential of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz (RnLK) flower extract as an antioxidant utilizing the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method; the possibility that it might be used as a treatment for gout by employing the 2,4,6-tribromo-3-hydroxybenzoic acid (TBHBA) technique, as well as the possibility that it could be used as an antibacterial agent against E. coli and B. subtilis. Results: The IC50 value for the extract{\textquoteright}s ability to serve as an antioxidant is 8.62{\textpm}0.006 mg/L, indicating that it is quite effective. In addition, the extract of ethanol possesses highly potent anti-gout properties, being capable of bringing about a 81.95{\textpm}0.1\% reduction in uric acid levels. In spite of this, the antibacterial properties of E. coli as well as B. subtilis bacteria were not particularly robust. Conclusion: The RnLK flower has the potential to produce alternative chemicals with the ability to reduce blood uric acid levels, but according to the results of the test, the antibacterial activity has little impact on E. coli and B. subtilis.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, FRAP, RnLK, TBHBA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.181}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1819, title = {Evaluation of Antiviral Effects and Toxicity of Herbal Medicine Vipdervir Capsules}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {681-689}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {681}, abstract = {

Background: Antiviral vaccine is not effective, synthetic antiviral drugs are highly toxic, leading to increased interest in herbal medicines as promising antiviral drugs. Recently, Vipdervir has been developed from medicinal herbs with the aim to support and treat diseases caused by viruses such as H5N1 and SARSCoV- 2. In the present study, we assessed Vipdervir{\textquoteright}s antiviral activity against H5N1 and SARS-CoV-2. In addition, we also evaluated the acute toxicity and repeated dose toxicity of Vipdervir in mice and rabbits, respectively. Methods: H5N1 inhibitory effect of Vipdervir was assessed using hemagglutination inhibition assay. Vipdervir{\textquoteright}s SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory effect was evaluated by Plaque Reduction Neutralization assay. Acute and repeated dose oral toxicities of Vipdervir were determined according to OECD 423 and OECD 407 guidelines, respectively. Results: Data show that Vipdervir is effective against both H5N1 and SARSCoV- 2. At concentrations of 3 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL Vipdervir completely inhibits H5N1. At a concentration of 50 μg/mL Vipdervir showed an inhibitory effect on SARS-CoV-2. Acute toxicity data revealed that the LD50 of Vipdervir is greater than 35200 mg/kg, b.wt. in mice. Repeated toxicity data indicated that Vipdervir did not induce significant differences in body weight gain, hematology and clinical biochemistry in compared to the control group. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level of Vipdervir is greater than 613.8 mg/kg b.wt./day in rabbits. No delayed toxicity effects of Vipdervir were observed. Conclusion: Vipdervir capsules were found to be antiviral effective and relatively safe in the tested doses and experimental conditions.

}, keywords = {Antiviral, COVID-19, H5N1, Herbal, SARS-CoV-2.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.87}, author = {Thi-Lien Nguyen and Huong Ha Thi Thanh and Kiet Ngo Tuan and Doan Cao Son and Thao Le Quang and Hang Nguyen Thi and Tien Vuong Duy and Quyen Doan Thi Tam and Huan Le Quang} } @article {1928, title = {Evaluation of Experimental Cerebral Malaria of Curcumin and Kaempferol in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-Infected Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {905-911}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {905}, abstract = {

Background: Cerebral malaria (CM) is one of the most severe complications of Plasmodium falciparum infection and the leading cause of death from malaria in endemic areas. Natural products with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities have become valuable alternative therapeutic options in CM treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of curcumin and kaempferol in experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA). Methods: After PbA infection, mice were divided into 9 groups, namely Group I (negative control (NC)) with 0.5\% HPMC, Group II received chloroquine 20 mg/kg, Group III (normal) with aquadest, Groups IV, V, and VI received curcumin at doses of 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg, respectively, Groups VII, VIII, and IX received kaempferol at doses of 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg, respectively. The antimalarial activity was evaluated using Peter{\textquoteright}s four-day suppressive test. This was conducted to determine the \% parasitemia, survival rate, AST and ALT, blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage, and neurobehavioral disorders in mice with CM. Results: The results showed that all treatments had significant antimalarial activity, with the \% suppression depending on the dose. It also indicates that PbA-infected mice had a survival rate of 11-19 days after infection, which was higher than those in the NC group. This suggested that curcumin and kaempferol have a protective effect on the survival of PbA-infected mice. Furthermore, they significantly reduced the AST and ALT concentrations in the sample compared to the NC group. The same was observed in cerebral vessel extravasation, where the Evans Blue stain assay showed significantly less dye extravasation in the brains of PbA-infected mice treated with curcumin and kaempferol. This indicated better-protected integrity of the BBB. Additionally, the results also demonstrated a decrease in neurological disorders arising during ECM in the group treated with curcumin and kaempferol. Conclusion: Considering these results, it is concluded that treatments with curcumin and kaempferol could improve animal survival, prevent AST and ALT elevations, as well as protect the BBB and neurobehavioral disorders associated with CM in PbA-infected mice.

}, keywords = {Blood-brain barrier., Cerebral malaria, Kaempferol, Kurkumin, Plasmodium berghei Anka}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.187}, author = {Maulana Yusuf Alkandahri and Afiat Berbudi and Anas Subarnas} } @article {1752, title = {Extraction, Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Compounds from Moroccan Satureja nepeta L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {182-192}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {182}, abstract = {

Satureja nepeta is an aromatic medicinal plant, widely used by the Moroccan population. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of extraction methods on total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total flavonoid compounds (TFC). The phytochemical characteristics are subsequently analyzed to determine the components constitution as well as the evaluation of antioxidant activity. The extraction optimization and the extraction of total polyphenols was carried out using three methods (decoction, infusion and hydroethanolic). The antioxidant capacity was evaluated using the DPPH free radical trapping method, reducing power assay and the ABTS radical reduction test. Polyphenols were identified by the HPLCUV method. The optimal hydro-ethanol extraction conditions defined from the experimental design are: ethanol/water, 60/40 (v/v), 15 hours, 42.5 {\textdegree}C TPC and TFC of the infused extract were the highest. The evaluation of the antioxidant capacity showed that the infused extract had a good antioxidant efficacy. HPLC-UV and GC-MS has been used to identify some phenolic compounds in various extracts. In conclusion, optimizing the extraction of S. nepeta seems to be an efficient and quick method to establish the best extraction conditions. Also, Satureja.

Key words: Moroccan Satureja nepeta, Antioxidant activity, Total polyphenol, Total flavonoids, Total tannins.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.24}, author = {A EZAOUINE and M R SALAM and Y SBAOUI and B NOUADI and S ZOUHIR and M ELMESSAL and F CHEGDANI and F BENNIS} } @article {1776, title = {Formulation and Characterization of Meniran (Phyllanthus Niruri Linn) Extract Nanoparticle on Antibacterial Activity Against Salmonella Pullorum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {369-373}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {369}, abstract = {

This study aims to examine the results of meniran extract (Phyllanthus niruri Linn.) on antibacterial activity. Salmonella Pullorum is capable of causing huge economic losses. The misuse of antimicrobials has resulted in the evolution of multidrug-resistant strains. Meniran has potential as an antibacterial because it contains many bioactive components such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. Nanoparticles help in the bioavailability of plant extracts. The research was conducted by making a meniran extract nanoparticles formulation with ionic glass method using chitosan and TPP sodium with a dose difference of 5\%, 10\% and 20\%. Each dose of meniran nanoparticles then were characterized by PSA, SEM and TEM. The result on PSA showed that size range from 192.67 nm to 385.16 nm and 5\% meniran extract nanoparticles have the best homogeneity and stability. EE value showed that the increase in the dose was directly proportional to the increase in the EE value. The result on SEM showed that the overall production of nanoparticle samples, it looks like they are nano-sized. The result on TEM showed small sample morphology with a good distribution. After that, the antibacterial activity test was then carried out using the MIC and MBC tests. The results showed that 5\% of meniran extract nanoparticles had the best antibacterial activity against Salmonella Pullorum.

}, keywords = {Nanoparticle, Phyllanthus niruri, Salmonella Pullorum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.47}, author = {Sri Hidanah and Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum and Sri Agus Sudjarwo} } @article {1860, title = {Functional Beverages from Blends of Ficus Deltoidea Leaves and Brown Rice Powders: Physico-Phytochemical Properties, Antioxidant Activities, Sensory Evaluation and Acute Toxicity Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {477-489}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {477}, abstract = {

Background: Ficus deltoidea (Ficus: Moraceae) has great potential as a functional food. Administration of F. deltoidea has been reported to reduce hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and increase insulin secretion in diabetic rats and humans. However, the poor bioavailability and intestinal absorption of F. deltoidea impede its therapeutic effectiveness at a lower dosage, thus integrating F. deltoidea into brown rice will provide additional advantages. This study aimed to examine the phyto-physicochemical profile, antioxidant properties, consumer acceptance, and safety of beverages formulated from fine powder mixtures of F. deltoidea leaves and brown rice. Methods: The new beverage formulations were prepared by mixing the fine powders of F. deltoidea leaves with brown rice at ratios of 1:6 and 1:13, respectively. Physicochemical, phytochemical, and antioxidant analyses were performed to characterize the prepared beverages. Consumer acceptance was assessed utilising a 9-point hedonic scale and an acute toxicity study was employed to determine the safety of F. deltoidea-added formulations. Results: F. deltoidea decreased the pH and increased the moisture content, ash, and viscosity of a brown rice beverage. The total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content as well as antioxidant activities increased significantly in both F. deltoidea-added formulations. The oral LD50 of the F. deltoidea-added formulation was higher than 2000 mg/kg body weight. Conclusions: These results suggest that adding F. deltoidea leaves to brown rice beverages is safe to consume and improves the phyto-physicochemical profile, antioxidant activities, and consumers{\textquoteright} acceptance of the formulation.

}, keywords = {9-point hedonic scale., Animal study, DPPH assay, FRAP assay, Functional beverages}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.125}, author = {Nur Ain Sabrina Azmi and Nurdiana Samsulrizal and Siti Aimi Sarah Zainal Abidin and Noor Syaffinaz Noor Mohamad Zin and Norol Hamiza Zamzuri and Yong Meng Goh and Ana Sharmila Shafie and Rohaizad Abdul Raoof} } @article {1846, title = {Genetic Diversity in Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari (Guggul): An Assessment of Populations in Conservation Sites of Kachchh Region (Gujarat) of India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {379-387}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {379}, abstract = {

Introduction: Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari (Guggul) is native to semi-arid to arid zones. Its oleoresin gum is used for both medicinal and non-medicinal applications. Reportedly, the species faces high degree conservation threats. A network of Four Medicinal Plants Conservation Areas (MPCA) was carved out in Kachchh region- under financial support from National Medicinal Plants Board. The species also occurs in sanctuary and protected by default. It is considered important to assess genetic diversity of these conserved populations. Methods: A total of 38 accessions of Guggul leaves were collected from five study sites and the whole genomic DNA was extracted for each sample. Genetic study was carried out using ISSR technique. Scorable bands were obtained for 14 out of 40 primers tested. A total of 49 bands were obtained of which 20 were polymorphic in nature. UPGMA dendrograms were constructed for individual sites and also a collective dendrogram for all the study sites. Results: All the 8 accessions of Tharawada MPCA were observed to share a high similarity coefficient. Among rest of three sites, genetic diversity was seen to be narrow. The accessions obtained from NSWS displayed good diversity. These accessions were also noted to be distant to the populations captured in the MPCA sites. Conclusions: Established MPCA sites capture the available gene pool of Commiphora wightii of Kachchh region. Since NSWS populations are distant to rest of the region, it is suggested to create another site for this purpose. It is desirable to assess the genetic diversity in rest of the MPCA sites.

}, keywords = {Gene Pool, Guggulu, In-situ conservation, Medicinal Plants Conservation Area, MPCA, UPGMA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.111}, author = {Narasimha Baba Brindavanam and Gurinderjit Singh Goraya and Santosh Pal Singh and Amandeep Kumar and Ankita Tiwari and Badari Narayan Sarvepalli and Pankaj Prasad Raturi} } @article {1748, title = {Imperata cylindrica and Moringa oleifera: Antithrombotic Effect on Pulmonary Thromboembolism in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {148-153}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {148}, abstract = {

Background: Imperata cylindrica and Moringa oleifera have been used widely as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases. These plants also have some compounds that are proven in vitro for their action to reduce platelet aggregation which has a major role in thrombosis pathogenesis. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extracts from I. cylindrica and M. oleifera as an antithrombotic agent in mice. Methods: The effects of I. cylindrica and M. oleifera on the pulmonary thrombosis in vivo and bleeding time parameters were examined. The two extracts were given orally for seven days prior to thrombosis induction. Survival rate was observed by the calculation of dead or paralysed mice and bleeding time was observed on amputated mice tails. Results: I. cylindrica and M. oleifera prevented paralyse and death caused by collagen-epinephrine induced pulmonary thrombosis in mice after 7 days pre-treatment in dose-dependent manner. The mouse tail bleeding time was significantly prolonged by administration of the extract, where I. cylindrica showed the most potent. Conclusion: These results suggest that the extract of I. cylindrica and M. oleifera have a potential activity as an antithrombotic agent in vivo.

Key words: Antithrombotic, Imperata cylindrica, Moringa oleifera, Survival rate, Pulmonary thromboembolism, Bleeding time.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.20}, author = {Fadlina Chany Saputri and Arini Andriani and Nuriza Ulul Azmi} } @article {1732, title = {Improving Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Brazilin from Sappanwood (Caesalpinia Sappan L.) Extract by Fungal Cellulase}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {21-28}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {21}, abstract = {

Brazilin was one of phytoconstituent from sappanwood that widely used as textile-colouring agent and found in traditional concoction for therapeutic purposes. Due to obtain its maximum level in sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) extract, the extraction method of brazilin has been developed. Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) is one of green chemistry methods to achieve that outcome. This study aims to enhance brazilin level by optimize the EAE condition with fungi cellulase. The cellulase are produced by monoculture Aspergillus niger UICC371 in carboxymethyl cellulose submerged fermentation{\textquoteright}s media. Sappanwood extracted with fungi cellulase through variation conditions: enzyme concentrations (2.0; 4,0; 6.0\%); temperature (45, 50, 55{\textcelsius}); and time (1, 2, 3 hrs). The optimization are provided by response surface method-BoxBehnken design and brazilin level was carried out through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with asetonitril : 0,3\% acetic acid in water (14.5 : 85.5) as eluents. The study showed that cellulase from monoculture of Aspergillus niger UICC371 showed optimum condition of cellulase-EAE method at 6.0\% concentration enzyme at 50{\textcelsius} for 3 hours extraction time which provide an increase in brazilin level to 5.014\% compare to reflux method.

Key Words: Caesalpinia sappan L., Cellulase, Enzyme assisted extraction, Fungi, Response surface method.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.4}, author = {Dia Septiani and Herman Suryadi and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {1735, title = {In Silico Modelling, Regulation of Cell Viability and Anti Atherosclerotic Effect in Macrophage by Decaffeinated Coffee and Green Tea Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {46-55}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {46}, abstract = {

Background: The evidence of decaffeinated coffee and green tea extract (DCGTE) in amelioration of atherosclerosis through foam cell formation inhibition has not been established. This study tried to predict the potential role of coffee and tea in foam cell inhibition through in silico modelling and to investigate the effect of DCGTE on the viability and regulation of foam cell inhibition effect in macrophage cell. Methods: Prediction of physicochemical properties of secondary metabolite of coffee and tea was computed with Swiss ADME. Simulation of molecular docking was performed using PyRx Autodock Vina. Prediction of biological activities was done with PASS SERVER and analyzed the suitability with KEGG Pathway: lipid and atherosclerosis. The effect of DGCTE on macrophage viability was assessed with WST-1 assay then synergistic score was calculated with Synergy Finder. The effect of DCGTE in foam cell formation was examined with light microscope after stained with ORO on oxLDL-stimulated Raw264.7. Results: Molecular docking analysis revealed a strong affinity binding between all active compound of tea or coffee with CD36, but not with PPARγ. Except EGCG, the active compound of tea and coffee fulfil the criteria of drug-likeness. The online prediction function demonstrated that secondary metabolites of coffee and tea potentially inhibit foam cell atherosclerosis. No cytotoxicity effect was obtained after the 24 hours treatment of serial dose of DGCTE 10-640 μg/ml (p=0.000). Moreover, the DGCTE (320/320 μg/ml) had a synergistic effect (Loewe score = 17.26417) and significantly reduced the foam cell number in oxLDL-stimulated Raw264.7 compared to control (p=0.000). Conclusion: The DCGTE exhibit potential benefit as candidate agent for the prevention of atherosclerosis-based diseases.

Key words: Atherosclerosis, Coffee polyphenol, Foam cells, Molecular docking, Tea flavonoid.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.7}, author = {Ermin Rachmawati and M Saifur Rohman and Lintang Widya Sishartami and Djanggan Sargowo and Umi Kalsum} } @article {1832, title = {In Silico Screening of Bioactive Compounds from Syzygium cumini L. and Moringa oleifera L. Against SARS-CoV-2 via Tetra Inhibitors}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {267-272}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {267}, abstract = {

The global pandemic of COVID-19 has caused disastrous consequences for both humans and the economy. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of juwet (Syzygium cumini L.) and moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) as inhibitors of RBD spike, helicase, Mpro, and RdRp activity of SARS-CoV-2 with an in-silico approach. Samples were obtained from PubChem and RSCB PDB databases. The drug similarity analysis was determined using Swiss ADME and the Lipinski rule of five. Prediction of antivirus probabilities is carried out with PASS Online. Molecular screening is performed by molecular docking using PyRx. Visualization was used using PyMol and Discovery Studio. The bioactive compounds with the best antiviral potential had the lowest affinity bonds to the target proteins against RBD spike, helicase, Mpro, and RdRp of SARS-CoV-2. Results show that ellagic acid from java plum and myricetin from moringa have the best potential as potential antivirals. However, more research is required to validate the results of these computational predictions.

}, keywords = {Antiviral agent, in silico, Moringa Oleifera L, SARS-CoV-2, Syzygium cumini L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.95}, author = {Nur Sofiatul Aini and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Devni Prima Sari and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Devi Pernamasari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Riso Sari Mandeli and Muhardi and Budhi Oktavia and Trisna Kumala Sari and Titi Sriwahyuni and Putri Azhari and Mirella Fonda Maahury and ANM Ansori and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1872, title = {In Silico Study of Entry Inhibitor from Moringa oleifera Bioactive Compounds against SARS-CoV-2 Infection}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {565-574}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {565}, abstract = {

The aim of this study is to screen the content of bioactive compounds of Moringa oleifera and to identify its potential as an antiviral against COVID 19 through an entry inhibitor mechanism using bioinformatics tools. The sample was obtained from PubChem database. Amino acis sequences were obtained from the NCBI. Protein modeling is made through the SWISSMODEL site. The target proteins for this study were SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and RdRp. The protein-inhibitory interaction of the drug from M. oleifera bioactive compounds to SARS-CoV-2 was predicted by molecular docking with PyRx software. The result shows that M. oleifera was a potential antiviral candidate for SARS-CoV-2 with an entry inhibitor mechanism through a compound, especially quercetin. The RFMS value of both interactions between Mpro and quercetion and RdRp with quercetin were not higher than 1.05. This result still needed further research to prove this prediction.

}, keywords = {Active site, COVID-19, Moringa oleifera, Mpro, RdRp}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.137}, author = {Nala Mawaddani and Ekris Sutiyanti and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Syamsurizal and Bayu Ramadhani Fajri and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Dony Novaliendry and Dwi Hilda Putri and Fadhilah Fitri and Devni Prima Sari and Alexander Patera Nugraha and ANM Ansori and Maksim Rebezov and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1773, title = {An In Silico Study of Examining Bioactive Compounds from Azadirachta indica Juss. (Neem) as Potential Death Receptor 5 Inductor in Hepatoma Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {343-349}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {343}, abstract = {

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a disease that occurs due to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal hepatocytes. While cancer cells will not die by itself, due to resistance to death receptors 5 (DR5)-mediated apoptosis. This study is aimed to investigate Azadirachta indica Juss. leaves compound, such as gedunin and nimbolide, in binding DR5 and stimulated the TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), native ligand binding to DR5, which has a role of pro-apoptotic by docking simulation. The ligand and protein preparations were done using Discovery Studio 2016 and Hex 8.0.0 for docking. Visualization was done using Discovery Studio 2016. The docking studies revealed that nimbolide has a lower binding energy with the DR5-TRAIL complex than gedunin. According to the findings, nimbolide is a more effective DR5-TRAIL binding inducer than gedunin and has a higher binding affinity for DR5-TRAIL. This interaction has the potential to significantly reduce DR5-TRAIL binding resistance. Nimbolide and gedunin can be considered as drugs that can sensitize TRAIL binding to DR5 and increase the activation of one of hepar cancers signaling apoptosis pathways.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Azadirachta indica Juss., Cancer, Death receptor 5, in silico}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.44}, author = {Ricadonna Raissa and Anna Safitri and Masruri Masruri and Ma Asuncion Guiang Beltran5 and Aulanni{\textquoteright}am Aulanni{\textquoteright}am} } @article {1912, title = {In Silico Study of the Potential of Endemic Sumatra Wild Turmeric Rhizomes (Curcuma Sumatrana: Zingiberaceae) As Anti-Cancer}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {806-812}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {806}, abstract = {

Cancer is one of the diseases that is the highest cause of death in humans. Most human cancer cells are formed as a result of over-expression of anti-apoptotic proteins. Thus, the activation of these proteins can inhibit pro-apoptotic proteins, then apoptosis will be inhibited so that other apoptotic pathways need to be activated to prevent cancer cells from developing. Current cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy using synthetic compounds, have various side effects, so research on natural based therapies can be used as an alternative in cancer treatment. Curcuma sumatrana is one of the plants of the Zingiberaceae family which is an endemic plant from Sumatra which is found along the Bukit Barisan. The research was carried out in silico by analyzing the potential bioactivity of the compounds, testing the bioavailability, toxicity, and molecular docking of the bioactive compounds from the ethanol extract of the rhizome of C. sumatrana which had been previously identified through gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS) analysis. The results obtained that the compound 9-Acetyl-S-octahydrophenanthrene and 3-Oxoandrosta- 1,4-dien-17.beta.-spiro-2{\textquoteright}-3{\textquoteright}-oxo-oxetanecontained in C. sumatrana has the potential to be developed as an anticancer where the compound has good bioavailability value and is not toxic and potentially can trigger apoptosis. However, the results of this study need to be analyzed further with an in vitro or in vivo approach.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, C. sumatrana, in silico}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.171}, author = {Aldi Tamara Rahman and Rafia and Aiken Jethro and Putra Santoso and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Devi Purnamasari and Nunuk Hariani Soekamto and ANM Ansori and Kuswati and Riso Sari Mandeli and Kawther Ameen Muhammed Saeed Aledresi and Nur Farhana Mohd Yusof and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and Maksim Rebezov and Rahadian Zainul and Kiran Dobhal and Tarun Parashar and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Deffi Ayu Puspito Sari} } @article {1914, title = {An In Silico Study to Explore the Role of EGFR in Ovarian Cancer}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {817-821}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {817}, abstract = {

EGFR is a tyrosine kinase receptor that has a role in the tumorigenesis of many types of solid tumors. Aberrantly phosphorylated or overexpressed EGFR is associated with cellular proliferation, prevention of apoptosis, activation of invasion and metastasis, and stimulation of tumor-induced neovascularization. EGFR{\textquoteright}s hyperactivity has been observed in ovarian cancer. Although conventional chemotherapy and surgery for advanced ovarian cancer have improved over the years, still there is a critical need for the development of molecular targeted therapies. The major challenge for this approach is the complete understanding of the protein structure of this mega receptor. In this study, we explored this receptor using in silico tools. The protein structure of the EGFR kinase domain (PDB ID: 1M17) and co-crystal containing EGFR and PTP1B kinase domain fragment (PDB ID: 3I7Z) were obtained from the RCSB Protein Data Bank. We performed protein-protein docking using BioLuminate. It was found in this study that the DADEYL segment of EGFR (position 988-993) which includes autophosphorylated tyrosine at position 992, is the segment that is responsible for the overexpression of this receptor in ovarian cancer. There are currently two main classes of clinically-approved drugs which downregulate EGFR activity; tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). However, treatment with both type of therapies has been met with shortcomings. Therefore, there is a need for further studies to explore the suitable ligands that can downregulate its activity.

}, keywords = {EGFR, In silico study, Protein-protein docking, Tyrosine kinases}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.173}, author = {Vikash Jakhmola and Tarun Parashar and Pallavi Ghildiyal and ANM Ansori and Rajeev Kumar Sharma and N. G. Raghavendra Rao and Kapil Kalra and Nishan Singh and Nidhi Nainwal and Rajeev Kumar Singh and M. P Singh and Vishwadeepak Kimothi and Alok Bhatt and Ashish Dimri and Ravi Kumar and Amit Semwal and Nur Sofiatul Aini and Maksim Rebezov} } @article {1908, title = {Increased Risk of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Levels in Adult Patients with Malignancy Receiving Non-Leucodepleted Packed Red Cells Transfusion}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {778-781}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {778}, abstract = {

Background and Objectives: Blood transfusion in patients with malignancy may evoke transfusion reactions. Leukocyte, as a major producer of cytokines, including Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), is considered to correlate to transfusion reactions. This study aims to determine the risk of increased TNFalpha in adult patients with malignancy who received non-leucodepleted (nLD) erythrocyte transfusion compared to those receiving leucodepleted (LD) Packed Red Cells (PRC) transfusion. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on adult patients with malignancy who required PRC transfusion and underwent outpatient treatment. The patients were divided without randomization into nLD and LD groups, and then their pre-transfusion TNF-alpha levels and the post-transfusion changes were examined. Results: This study included thirty-one patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria. The TNFalpha levels in nLD and LD groups after transfusion increased significantly (p \< 0.05), i.e., from 0.81 (0.2 - 4.2) pg/mL and 1.7 (0.15 - 6.3) pg/mL to 10.1 (1.4 - 28.9) and 5.9 (0.95 - 12.9) pg/mL. There was no significant difference in the pre-transfusion median TNF-alpha levels between the nLD and LD groups (p = 0.122). However, the post-transfusion median TNF-alpha levels of the nLD group were significantly higher (p = 0.024). It indicated that the increase in TNF-alpha levels is associated with nLD blood products transfused. The Relative Risk of the increased TNF-alpha levels in nLD-PRC transfusion was 2.01 (95\% Confidence Interval: 1,153-3,502). Conclusion: nLD-PRC transfusion poses a 2.01 times risk for increased TNF-alpha levels compared to LD-PRC transfusion.

}, keywords = {Malignancy, Non-leucodepleted, PRC transfusion, Relative risk, TNF-Alpha}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.167}, author = {Teguh Triyono and Bambang Hendriawan Prasaja Jati and Usi Sukorini} } @article {1852, title = {Indonesian Medicinal Plants with Anti-inflammatory Properties and Potency as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Herbal Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {432-444}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {432}, abstract = {

Indonesia is a tropical country with mega-biodiversity. Several medicinal plants locally have been recognized for their anti-inflammatory properties and are traditionally used to help treat respiratory diseases. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the diseases known as the high cause of death globally, and one of the treatment efforts is by using anti-inflammatory drugs. In developing alternative remedies for COPD, this review summarizes the potential of Indonesian medicinal plants and their ingredients known to have an anti-inflammatory activity to develop alternative remedies for COPD. Primarily, we focus on the medicinal plants that have been scientifically proven to pose some biological activities, such as legetan warak (Adenostemma lavenia), celery (Apium graveolens), pegagan (Centella asiatica), kenikir (Cosmos caudatus), and kersen (Muntingia calabura). This review is expected to provide more information about Indonesian medicinal plants and their potencies to be developed as COPD herbal medicine and, further, as a treatment to help patients suffering from coronavirus disease (COVID-19).

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Bioactive compounds, Biological activity, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Indonesian medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.119}, author = {Min Rahminiwati and Trivadila and Dyah Iswantini and Hiroshi Takemori and Mamoru Koketsu and Rut Novalia Rahmawati Sianipar and Suminar Setiati Achmadi and Ahmad Sjahriza and Betty Marita Soebrata and Armi Wulanawati} } @article {1900, title = {Influence of Chitosan Concentration on Characteristic of Microspheres Delivery System Prepared from Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr. Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {702-709}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {702}, abstract = {

Background: Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr. (E.palmifolia) is a medicinal plant containing naphthoquinone, isoliquiritigenin, and oxyresveratrol compound. This study aims to formulate and characterize the E. palmifolia microspheres delivery system using chitosan variation as the polymer. Methods: The preparation method was the solvent evaporation method. The microspheres delivery system was performed by variation of chitosan concentration in each formulation 0.637\% (F1), 1.275\% (F2), and 1.912\% (F3). The physical and chemical characterizations include Entrapment Efficiency (EE), yield percentage, particle size, particle morphology, FTIR analysis, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) had been evaluated. Results: The results showed that chitosan concentration variation affected the microsphere{\textquoteright}s physical and chemical characteristics. Variations in the concentration of chitosan polymer (0.637\%, 1.275\% and 1.912\%) had an effect on the physical characteristics of the microspheres of the resulting Dayak onion bulb extract. The higher the concentration of chitosan used, the higher the entrapment efficiency and the yield yield will increase. Meanwhile, in observing the particle size, the higher the concentration of chitosan used, the smaller the particle size produced. The optimal concentration of chitosan as a polymer at concentration variations of 0.637\%, 1.275\% and 1.912\% to provide good physical characteristics of the Dayak onion bulb extract microspheres was shown in formula 3 with a chitosan concentration of 1.912\%. Conclusion: The better characteristic was obtained upon higher chitosan concentration. The best physical characteristics of E.palmifolia extract microspheres were obtained from chitosan concentration at 1.912\% (F3).

}, keywords = {Characteristic, Chitosan, Delivery system., Eleutherine palmifolia, Microspheres}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.157}, author = {Roihatul Mutiah and Wirda Ardania and Arief Suryadinata and Dewi Sinta Megawati and Anik Listiyana and Abdul Wafi and Rahmi Annisa} } @article {1789, title = {Inhibitory Capacity of Xanthine Oxidase in Antigout Therapy by Indonesian Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {470-479}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {470}, abstract = {

The traditional medicine has been used in Indonesia since the days of the Ancient Mataram Kingdom (about 12 centuries ago). Indonesia is rich in medicinal plants. For this reason, it is necessary to inform the broader community regarding medicinal plants in Indonesia that have the potential as antigout. The prevalence of gout in Indonesia is in the range of 1.6-13.6 per 100,000 people and will increase with age. There are 25 species of Indonesian plants that have more than 50\% xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme inhibitory activity. XO is responsible for catalyzing hypoxanthine to xanthine then producing uric acid, accompanied by the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during catalysis. The magnitude of the inhibitory power to XO ranged from 50.00{\textpm}1.16\% to 97.53\%. The lowest inhibitory power of 50.00{\textpm}1.16\% was in Phaleria macrocarpa, while Orthosiphon aristatus had the highest inhibitory power of 97.53\%. The major compounds that inhibit xanthine oxidase are flavonoids. The structural similarity of flavonoids in rings A and C with xanthine as a substrate causes hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals forces between flavonoids and XO. It means that flavonoids bind to the XO active site, thereby preventing the formation of uric acid. The type of inhibitory kinetics that occurs between flavonoids and XO is competitive inhibition. Five plants with competitive inhibition kinetics against XO are Sida rhombifolia, Syzygium polyanthum, Cyperus rotundus, Ruellia tuberosa and Phaleria macrocarpa.

}, keywords = {Competitive inhibition kinetics, Flavonoid, Gout, Indonesia, Xanthine Oxidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.60}, author = {Rut Novalia Rahmawati Sianipar and Komar Sutriah and Dyah Iswantini and Suminar Setiati Achmadi} } @article {1884, title = {Inhibitory Effect of Carallia Brachiata Extract Through Regulation of Adipogenesis Pathways in 3T3-L1 Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {655-660}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {655}, abstract = {

Background: Pharmacological effects of Carallia brachiata Merr. has been reported to show antioxidant effects against the development of diabetes. However, the mechanism underlying antiadipogenic activity have not been investigated. Objective: Effect of Carallia brachiata ethanolic extract was determined on inhibition of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Materials and Methods: Adipose tissue development was performed in preadipocyte 3T3-L1 cells culture. Carallia brachiata leaf (CL) and stem (CS) part were selected for measuring cytotoxicity, accumulation of lipids, and genes involved in adipogenic differentiation. Results: During the adipogenic differentiation, CS down-regulated gene expression of adipogenic transcription factors (PPARγ, C/EBPα, aP2, FAS, LPL and SREBP1c). However, CL only suppressed SREBP1c and aP2 genes. The accumulation of lipids was suppressed by CS, but CL could not show this effect. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that ethanol extract of Carallia brachiata stem has a better anti-adipogenesis effect than the leaf part by suppressing adipogenesis-related gene expression. Moreover, inhibition of lipid storage could be decreased insulin resistance risk.

}, keywords = {3T3-L1 adipocytes, Adipogenesis, Carallia brachiata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.149}, author = {Linda Chularojmontri and Urarat Nanna and Rawiwun Kaewamatawong and Sudarat Homhual and Wanwisa Suwannaloet} } @article {1862, title = {Isolation and Characterization of Neuroglobin and The Reducing Enzyme Metneuroglobin (Neuroglobin Fe3+) From Bovine Brain Tissue}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {504-510}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {504}, abstract = {

Background/Aim: The brain uses 20\% of the O2 consumed by the body for energy metabolism. In 2000, found a protein that is thought to be a binding O2 in the brain, namely neuroglobin (Ngb). Ngb is a member of the hemoprotein which has a heme group. The iron ion in the haem group can be oxidized, so a reducing enzyme is needed. In this study, the isolation, purification, and characterization of Ngb protein and the reducing enzyme from oxidized neuroglobin (neuroglobin Fe3+) were carried out. Materials and methods: Ngb protein was isolated by fractionation technique using ammonium sulfate 90\% saturation, purified by anion exchange chromatography (DEAE Cellulose) and immunoaffinity chromatography, confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The metneuroglobin-reducing enzyme was isolated by RIPA lysis buffer, purified by Affi gel blue chromatography, and confirmed by SDS-PAGE. Results: The isolated Ngb obtained has a molecular weight of 17.26 kDa. Spectrum analysis in the wavelength range of 350- 500nm, showed the afternoon peaks of deoxyNgb, oxyNgb, carboxyNgb and metNgb were 415 nm, 405 nm, 405 nm, and 420 nm, respectively. The results of the isolation of the reducing enzymes obtained consisted of 2 parts, namely the matrix-bound eluate (eluate-1) and matrix-bound eluate (eluate-2). SDSPAGE results of eluate-1, eluate-2 and Ngb-free fraction (byproduct of Ngb purification) showed the same 3 bands at a molecular weight of 72.45; 26.84 and 16.33 kDa were suspected as reducing enzymes. Conclusion: The reduction kinetics was tested by reacting the fraction and metNgb and measuring the deoxyNgb uptake formed per unit time. The results of the measurement of the ratio of NgbFe3+ to NgbFe2+ from the free fractions Ngb, eluate-1 and eluate-2, which has the best reducing activity is eluate-1 because it has the best regression value of 0.8769.

}, keywords = {Bovine brain tissue, Neuroglobin, Neuroglobin absorption spectrum, Reductase enzyme}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.127}, author = {Ninik Mudjihartini and Dewi Pratiwi Purba and Fadilah Fadilah and Mohammad Sadikin and Sri Widia A. Jusman} } @article {1866, title = {Isolation and Characterization of Snakehead Fish Meal Extract with Fresh, Boiled, and Steamed Treatments and Its Potential for Health Drinks and Immunomodulators}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {532-536}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {532}, abstract = {

Albumin is one of the proteins that currently have an important role for the organism{\textquoteright}s body. This study aims to determine the characteristics of albumin with several treatments which will later be applied to cendol drinks. The treatments for extraction and albumin flour were fresh, boiled, and steamed, which were tested for extract yield, amino acids, and molecular identification using SDS-Page. The results showed that the steam treatment of the extract produced the highest yield of 0.42g/dL. The highest amino acid was in albumin flour with boiled treatment, namely each essential amino acid, namely leucine and non-essential amino acid, namely leucine. Identification of albumin molecular weight showed that albumin was found only in fresh and flour conditions when fresh. Other results indicate the possibility of processing factors affecting the presence of albumin which is easily soluble in water. albumin isolation from snakehead fish can potentially be developed into immunomodulatory health products

}, keywords = {Albumin, Extract, Food product, Immunomodulator, Sds page.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.131}, author = {Dewita and Desmelati and Santhy W. Sidauruk and Taufik Hidayat} } @article {1738, title = {Isolation of White Rot Fungi from Rotten Wood from Bogor Botanical Garden in Indonesia and its Ligninolytic Enzymes Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {68-75}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {68}, abstract = {

Background: White rot fungus is one of the microorganisms that can naturally decompose lignocellulosic biomass. Indonesia{\textquoteright}s nature with its tropical forests has enormous potential for the development of white rot fungi that can be used as biological resources, one of which is in the bio delignification process. This paper aims to study the isolation and qualitative and quantitative screening of ligninolytic enzymes from white rot fungi found on rotten wood. Methods: In this study, white rot fungus was isolated from rotten wood from Bogor Botanical Gardens area, Indonesia. The isolated fungus were screened qualitatively by the Bavendamm test and decolorization of Remazol Brilliant Blue R test. Furthermore, the activity of laccase enzymes, manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase were measured by UV-Vis Spectroscopy. Laccase enzyme as an enzyme that has the highest activity is produced in liquid media containing rice husks and purified and its activity is measured. Result: The results showed that of the 5 isolates that were positive for Bavendamm test and decolorization of RBBR test, they were KRB1, KRB8, KRB9, KRB10 and KRB12. The highest laccase activity was produced by isolates KRB 12 at 8244.72 U/ml. Laccase was purified by precipitation of ammonium sulfate at a saturation level of 0-80\%. Laccase was precipitated optimally in ammonium sulfate saturation 0-20\%. The overall yield of the purification was 44.92\%, with a purification fold of 1.72 and a specific activity of 5579.95 U/mg protein. Conclusion: The result for isolate KRB12 laccase as compared of the reported laccases suggests isolate KRB12 is a potential isolate for the production of laccase enzymes.

Key words: White rot fungi, Isolation, Bavendamm test, Decolorization of RBRR, Laccase, Manganese peroxidase, Lignin peroxidase.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.10}, author = {T Sumiati and H Suryadi and Harmita and Sutriyo} } @article {1849, title = {Leaf Effect of C. Trifolia L. as Nf-B and Tnf-Α Inhibitor Compounds with In Silico Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {407-415}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {407}, abstract = {

Introduction: Infection H. pylori causes inflammation through various pathways to induce proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. The transcription factor NF-kB is a crucial regulator of the immune response and inflammation and regulates many cellular processes that are important in carcinogenesis, including transformation, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Antiinflammatory plant C. trifolia L was shown to inhibit the activity of NF-B and several pro-inflammatory cytokine mediators. This study proved that the active compound from the plant{\textquoteright}s leaves, C. trifolia L has potential as an inhibitor of NF-B and TNF-α. Method: This study used a docking method with a grid box mimicking the bond between the receptor and the inhibitor control complex. Results: The bioactivity of Cayratria trifolia compounds as anti-inflammatory was shown in the inflammation parameters used, namely Interleukin 10 agonist, Interleukin agonist, Interleukin antagonist, Interleukin 6 antagonist, Interleukin 4 antagonist, Interleukin 2 agonist, Interleukin 1 antagonist, Interleukin 1b antagonist, Interleukin 10 antagonist, Interleukin 12 agonist, and Interleukin 1a antagonist. Interleukin 2 agonists showed the highest activity of all compounds. Piceid compounds showed high anti-inflammatory activity with interleukin 10 agonists, interleukin agonists, interleukin 6 antagonists, and interleukin 2 agonists. The compounds stilbenes, piceid, resveratrol, cyclopentadecane, and hentriacontane showed potency higher interleukin-6 inhibition than the other 22 compounds. These five compounds were continued for molecular docking analysis. The low bond energy is correlated with the number of bonds and the variety of interactions. The higher the number of bonds and the type of interaction, the lower the bond energy. The lower the bond energy, the stronger the interaction between the ligand and protein. Conclusion: Based on the prediction of anti-inflammatory bioactivity, five potential compounds were identified, namely cyclopentadecane, resveratrol, stilbenes, piceid, and hentriacontane. The five compounds bind to NFkB on the active site of the binding site with DNA, and this inhibition causes DNA to be unable to restrain NFkB transcription factors, and transcription does not occur. This proves that the active compound from the leaves of the plant C. trifolia L has potential as an inhibitor of NF-κB compounds. Inhibition of 6 compounds on TNF at the TNF receptor proves that the active compound from the leaves of the plant C. trifolia L has potential as a TNF-α inhibitor compound. The active ingredient Piceid exhibits predominant anti-inflammatory potential with lower binding energy and stronger interactions than other complexes.

}, keywords = {C. trifolia L, H. Pylori, in silico, NFkB, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.115}, author = {Judya Sukmana and Widjiati and Siswandono and I Ketut Sudiana and Hari Basuki Notobroto and Iswinarno Doso Saputro and Yoes Prijatna Dachlan and Endang Joewarini} } @article {1930, title = {Left Atrial Myxoma Presented with an Obstructive Shock, Right Ventricle Dysfunction and Pulmonary Hypertension}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {917-920}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {917-920}, abstract = {

Myxoma is a benign primary cardiac tumour, mostly located in the left atrial. A 43 years old woman was referred with a difficulty of breathing for 3 months. The patients also complained about weakness, swollen legs, enlarged abdomen, and blood-tinged cough. The patient appeared weak with blood pressure of 80/50 mmHg and grade III/IV systolic and diastolic murmurs were found. Transthoracic echocardiography and pathology evaluation conclude a cardiac myxoma. The patient was diagnosed with a LA myxoma with an obstructive shock, right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension, thus a surgical approach was done immediately to prevent embolism and sudden death. Cardiac features are most likely a consequence of obstructed LV inflow. Transthoracic echocardiography is a useful modality to determine the size, location, and mobility of the mass. The persistence of RV dysfunction post-surgical may be due to the chronicity of the myxoma.

}, keywords = {Myxoma, Obstructive shock, Pulmonary hypertension., Right ventricle dysfunction, Transthoracic echocardiography}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.189}, author = {Wisda Medika Valentidenta and Agus Subagjo and Dandy Hertriwibowo} } @article {1804, title = {Molecule Attachment and Prediction of ADMET Compounds in Cinnamomum burmannii on Orexin Receptor as Anti-insomnia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {576-583}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {576}, abstract = {

Background and Objectives: Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by a person{\textquoteright}s dissatisfaction with the quantity or quality of sleep. Suvorexant is a sedative and hypnotic drug that has been shown to be useful for the treatment of insomnia and can act more centrally and selectively on the orexin system. However, suvorexant has quite a lot of side effects. According to research, cinnamon has pharmacological benefits, one of which is anti-insomnia. The aimed this study to determine the interaction between the compounds contained in the cinnamon plant and the Orexin receptor with the molecular anchoring method and to determine the prediction of the ADMET properties of cinnamon compounds which have the potential as anti-insomniac. Material and Methods: The research method was in-silico study consisted of validation, bonding of cinnamon compounds and prediction of ADMET properties. Results: The results showed that cinnamon compounds, namely Cinnamic acid and Methylhidroxy calcone, had the best interactions with lower Gibbs bond energy values (ΔG) and inhibition constants (Ki). From the results of the prediction of ADMET properties, the Methylhydroxy calcone compound obtained positive results on the hepatotoxicity parameter and the Cinnamic acid compound obtained negative results, which means that the compound does not have toxic properties. Conclusion: The Cinnamic acid could be used as a new promising anti-insomnia agent.

}, keywords = {ADMET, Cinnamic acid, Cinnamomum burmanii, Insomnia, Orexin.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.74}, author = {Resmi Mustarichie and Nyi Mekar Saptarini and Sandra Megantara} } @article {1856, title = {Nephrotic Syndrome with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Histological Feature: A Case Report}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {459-461}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {459}, abstract = {

Introduction: Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical syndrome of heavy proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia or hypoproteinemia. Renal biopsy is fundamental to assess not only the type but also the degree of disease activity. The overall prognosis and response to treatment often depend on the severity of histological lesions and their reversibility.1,2 Case Presentation: An eighteen years old man with nephrotic syndrome and planned for a kidney biopsy. This case showed a patient with swollen face (especially on the cheek). On Biopsy results showing the glomerulus proliferation of cells and mesangeal matrix, adhesions in (50\%) glomerulus, focal sclerosis in some glomeruli, erythrocyte cells visible in the urinary space and thickening of the basement membrane in some glomeruli, partially atrophic tubules, visible erythrocytes in the tubular lumen. Conclusion: An eighteen years old man with nephrotic syndrome with cushing syndrome and hypokalemia who had a renal biopsy. The histological feature from the renal biopsy was focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The underlying cause of FSGS is still unclear. Assessing the diagnosis and etiology become important to direct the subsequent clinical approach and therapy

}, keywords = {Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Nephrotic syndrome, Renal biopsy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.122}, author = {Dian Samudra and Widodo and Nunuk Mardiana and Artaria Tjempakasari and Pranawa and Aditiawardana and Anny Setijo Rahaju} } @article {1780, title = {Optimization of the Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. Fruit Peel and its Antioxidant and Anti-Gout Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {397-405}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {397}, abstract = {

Aims: This study aimed to obtain the skin extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The extract{\textquoteright}s potential as an antioxidant with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition parameters, and its potential as an anti-gout. Results: The yield of crude ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl rind obtained from the UAE process ranged from 18 to 21\%. The phytochemical test results of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit peel extract contain phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids. Extract B was treated for 35 minutes and had an amplitude of 65\% with an antioxidant activity IC50 of 52.01 {\textpm} 0.06 mg/L and a reduction of uric acid level of 90.49 {\textpm} 0.08. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the fruit peel of Phaleria macrocarpa from the UAE has the potential as a source of antioxidants and anti-gout.

}, keywords = {Anti-gout, Antioxidant, Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl., Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.51}, author = {Candra Irawan and Maman Sukiman and Ismail and Imalia Dwi Putri and Andita Utami and Avisani Dewanta and Aulia Noviyanti} } @article {1784, title = {Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Andrographis paniculata Nees Leaves, Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Content and Anti-Gout Potential Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {432-438}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {432}, abstract = {

Gout is a type of arthritis that causes painful inflammation in one or more joints. In gout, an increase in uric acid in the blood triggers the formation of crystals, causing joint pain. Indonesia is a country rich in the biodiversity of medicinal plant species. Therefore, its flora offers promising therapy for gout, one of which is Andrographis paniculata Nees. This study aims to obtain the leaf extract of A. paniculata through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. Then the extract obtained was subjected to phytochemical screening, a total phenolic content test and uric acid test. The results of phytochemical screening of A. paniculata leaf extract using UAE contained saponins, phenols, tannins and alkaloids. The high total phenolic content has an effect on the high potential for reducing uric acid levels. Sample B with a time variation of 35 minutes and an amplitude of 65\% showed the highest total phenolic content and potential for reducing uric acid levels compared to the other samples, which were 1104.53 {\textpm} 0.5 mg GAE/g extract and 72.81{\textpm}0.2 \%, respectively. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the UAE extract from the leaves of A. paniculata has good potential as an anti-gout agent.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata Nees, Anti-gout, Phytochemical screening, total phenolic content, Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.55}, author = {Ismail and Candra Irawan and Maman Sukiman and Imalia Dwi Putri and Andita Utami and M. Ilham Kumala Zalni and Ratna Komala Putri} } @article {1768, title = {Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Tinospora crispa Stem, Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Content and Anti Gout Potential Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {308-314}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {308}, abstract = {

Aims: This study aimed to obtain the stem extract of Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f \& Thomson through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The extract{\textquoteright}s potential as an anti-gout. Results: The yield of crude ethanol extract of Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f \& Thomson obtained from the UAE process ranged from 4.49\% to 10.60\%. The phytochemical test results of Tinospora crispa stem extract contain saponins, tannins and alkaloids. Extract C was treated for 45 minutes and had an amplitude of 60\% with a total phenolic content of 981.37 {\textpm} 0.7 mg/L and a reduction of uric acid level of 53.22 {\textpm} 0.1\%. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the Tinospora crispa stem from the UAE has the potential as a source of anti-gout.

}, keywords = {Anti-gout potential activity, Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f \& Thomson Stem, total phenolic content, Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.39}, author = {Maman Sukiman and Candra Irawan and Ismail and Imalia Dwi Putri and Andita Utami and Avisani Dewanta and Wira Aditia Septian} } @article {1869, title = {Pathophysiological Electrolyte Changes Connoted via Antagonism of Serotonin Receptor in Experimental Animals}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {548-552}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {548}, abstract = {

Background: Atypical antipsychotics are a subclass of antipsychotics that have emerged primarily since the 1970s for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. They are sometimes referred to as second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs). Several atypical antipsychotics have received regulatory approval for the treatment of disorders such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, irritability in autism, and as adjunctive treatment for major depressive disorders. Objectives: The purpose of the following study was to evaluate the effect of two widely known atypical antipsychotics, aripiprazole, and risperidone, on pathophysiological fluctuations in electrolytes. Several other studies were based on the following ideas, which brought a variety of different perspectives. As can be seen in the following evaluation, although atypical antipsychotics reduce the chance of extrapyramidal symptoms, it leads to impairment of renal function and destruction of renal histo-morphology. Materials and Methods: Thirty rats (10 per group) were used for this study, control group received normal saline, aripiprazole group received 10mg/kg//day, and risperidone group received 20mg/kg//day. The duration of therapy was long up to 3 months. Results: the results confirmed that both drugs reduced plasma sodium and chloride concentration with no effects on plasma potassium and calcium concentration. Moreover, the histomorphology at microscopic level shown no defects after 3 months of therapy. Conclusion: the outcome confirmed no deleterious defects associated with aripiprazole and risperidone when used for 3 months.

}, keywords = {Aripiprazole, Calcium, Chloride, Electrolyte, Potassium, Risperidone, Sodium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.134}, author = {Mohammed D Mahmood and Mohammed A. Younes and Mohammed Saarti} } @article {1878, title = {Pharmacognostic Profile of Simplicia and Ethanolic Leaves Extract from Indonesian Piper betle var. nigra}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {610-618}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {610}, abstract = {

Piper betle var. nigra has potency as an herbal medication. Thus it can be used as a source of medicinal raw materials. Piper betle var. nigra simplicia and extracts must be controlled to obtain unswerving quality and ensure their pharmacological effects by standardizing them through several specific and non-specific parameters. Specific parameters were analyzed organoleptically in the ethanol extract, namely having a thick consistency, brownish-green or blackish-green color, a mild peculiar odor, a bitter, cherish taste, and a slightly spicy flavor. The microscopic simplicia powder profile is as follows: the lower epidermis with idioblasts in oil cells contour and upper epidermis, sclerenchyma, covering hairs, and transport bundles ladder-type thickening, and idioblasts in oil cells contour. Extract content analysis of simplicia and black betle leaves ethanol extract showed water-soluble extract content of 2.77\% and 12.45\% and ethanolsoluble extract content of 1.38\% and 19.1\%. Secondary metabolites in the ethanol extract are flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and steroids. The non-specific parameters of the simplicia and extract are as follows; total ash content of 12.1\% and 7.43\%; acid insoluble ash content of 4.45\% and 1.57\%; drying shrinkage of 14.5\% and 15.85\%; total lead (Pb) contamination 47.5 ppm and 1.2 ppm; and the total cadmium (Cd) contamination \<0.2 ppm. The total bacterial contamination in the extract was 4.3x105 colonies/g. The total yeast contamination was 8.3x105 colonies/g and volumetric mass density of the water-soluble extract of 0.96 g/mL and the volumetric mass density of the ethanol-soluble extract of 1.01 g/mL.

}, keywords = {Black betle, Non-specific parameters, Piper betle var. nigra, Specific parameters, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.143}, author = {Herman and Fajar Prasetya and Supriatno Salam and Hifdzur Rashif Rijai and Hadi Kuncoro and Rolan Rusli and Agung Rahmadani and Hady Anshory Tamhid and Kuswandi and Dewanto Harjunowibowo and Islamudin Ahmad and Laode Rijai} } @article {1864, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Activity, and Anti- Inflammatory Potential of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz Flower Ethanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {521-526}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {521}, abstract = {

Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the content of the secondary metabolite compound in the flower extract of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz (RnK); The potential of the extract as a radical scavenger of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); and its potential as an anti-inflammatory by inhibiting protein denaturation with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Results: Phytochemical screening results on the ethanolic extract of R. nasutus flowers revealed the presence of steroid glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins. The extract has a strong ability to scavenge DPPH radicals with an IC50 value of 77.07 {\textpm} 0.05 mg/L. Besides that, the ethanol extract has very strong anti-inflammatory activity, with an IC50 value of 13.88 {\textpm} 0.2 mg/L. Conclusion: According to these findings, the ethanolic extract of R. nasutus flower can be used as an alternative anti-inflammatory drug.

}, keywords = {2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Anti-inflammatory., BSA, RnK}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.129}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1820, title = {Phytochemical Screening, In vitro Antioxidant Activities and Zebrafish Embryotoxicity of Abelmoschus esculentus Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {690-701}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {690}, abstract = {

Background: Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (A. esculentus) commonly known as okra is being used as a medicinal plant traditionally, due to its phytochemical content that exhibits significant biological activities. Objective: The present study was undertaken to determine phytochemicals, antioxidant activity and embryotoxic effects of hexane extract (HE), chloroform extract (CE), methanol extract (ME), and aqueous extract (AE) of A. esculentus cultivated in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: A. esculentus extracts were screened for the phytochemicals while in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated by performing 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) assay and reducing power assay. Meanwhile, the embryotoxicity were accessed by exposing zebrafish embryos to the extracts and developmental endpoint recorded with median lethal concentration (LC50). Results: The phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, anthraquinones, alkaloids and reducing sugars. The highest phenolic content was obtained in the CE at 143.85 μg (GAE)/mg extract. Whereas the HE depicted the highest flavonoid content at 63.76 μg (QE)/mg extract. At 1000 μg/mL, ME showed the highest free radical scavenging activity at 28.86 \% and reducing power at 0.271, in both DPPH and reducing power assay, respectively. While the CE presented a significant embryotoxic effect on zebrafish with the LC50 at 236.07 μg/mL. The morphological malformation of embryos, scoliosis and pericardial oedema were observed at 500 μg/mL of HE and ME treatment. Conclusion: As a result, with various ranges of phytochemical compounds, antioxidant capacities and lower toxic effects of A. esculentus extracts may be efficient in reducing the inflammation precursors that drive chronic inflammatory illnesses.

}, keywords = {Abelmoschus esculentus, Antioxidant Capacity, Phytochemicals, Zebrafish embryotoxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.88}, author = {Veshalini K and Daryl Jesus Arapoc and Zainah Adam and Rosniza Razali and Noor Azuin Suliman and Noor Azlina Abu Bakar} } @article {1883, title = {Phytochemical Test and Acute Safety Evaluation of Oral Purple Leaves (Graptophyllum Pictum L. Griff) Extract in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {649-654}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {649}, abstract = {

Background: Purple leaves (Graptophyllum pictum (L) Griff) is a native plant from Indonesia (Polynesia) which is empirically common used to treat hemorrhoids, diabetes, and many other diseases. Despite its massive development globally, there are few studies have written about the toxicity of this herbal medicine. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the acute toxicity of this herbal medicine, as the basic ground of the further safe development of this medicine. Method: Each purple leaf dry powder (2 kg) was extracted with 15 L of 70\% ethanol and 15 L of hexane by maceration method for 3 days at room temperature and then filtered to obtain macerate liquid. The study was conducted on 36 male 6-8 weeks, Sprague{\textendash}Dawley (SD) rats. The result was presented as the mean value {\textpm} standard deviation (SD). Data were evaluated for homogeneity using Saphiro Wilk. The comparisons between pre dan post treatment body weight were measured by paired student t test and hematological measurements were analyzed by ANOVA. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Acute toxicity of ethanol and hexane extract were assessed following a single dose administered by gavage at a dose of 50, 2000 and 3000 g/kg bw. The mean body weight of rats increased from 150 {\textpm} 2.22 g to 161 {\textpm} 6.68 g during the 14 days. The difference of body weight between before and at 14 days amongs groups were significantly different with P value \<0.01. Conclusion: The present study showed that hexane extract contains more valuable components for medical treatment purposes. The acute toxicity on 50, 2000,3000 kg/BW oral ethanol and hexane extract of Graptophyllum pictum showed no significant influence on hematological blood parameters of rats. It is safe to administered orally ethanol or hexane extract of G. pictum below 3000mg/kgBW rats.

}, keywords = {Acute, purple leaves, Safety, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.148}, author = {Feda Makkiyah and Eldiza Puji Rahmi and Yuni Setyaningsih} } @article {1781, title = {Potency of Antidiabetic Effects of the Combination of Syzygium cumini and Andrographis paniculata in Rats with High-Fat Dietand Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {406-412}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {406}, abstract = {

Andrographis paniculata (AP) and Syzygium cumini (SC) are known for their antihyperglycemic effects. However, the combined effects of these plants have not yet been assessed. This study evaluated the oral acute toxicity and in vivo antihyperglycemic effects of the extract combining AP and SC (SCAP) in rats with high-fat diet- and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Thirteen female DDY mice for toxicity test were divided into three groups and orally administered one dose SCAP (0, 300, or 2000 mg/kg). On day 15, animals were euthanized, their internal organs were observed, and blood samples were collected for clinical biochemistry analyses. In vivo antihyperglycemic activity was examined in male Sprague- Dawley rats-induced diabetes. Diabetic rats were assigned to once-daily oral treatment with metformin, AP, SC or SCAP for 1 week. Concerning toxicity, SCAP had no effects on liver and kidney and histology of these organs displayed no abnormalities. Blood glucose levels had a tendency to reduce in treatment groups compared with the findings in the diabetic control group. SCAP treatment protected rats against pancreatic damage. These results illustrated that the combined SCAP treatment had beneficial effects on blood glucose levels and pancreatic β-cell function, in rats-induced diabetes.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Combination, Diabetes, Syzygium cumini}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.52}, author = {Gumilar Adhi Nugroho and Febrika Wediasari and Zahra Fadhilah and Berna Elya and Heri Setiawan and ELFAHMI} } @article {1816, title = {Potential Anticancer Activity of Bioactive Compounds from Ipomoea batatas}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {650-659}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {650}, abstract = {

Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.) known as "sweet potato" is a plant species of great importance in the human diet due to the contribution of nutrients and also for its bioactive compounds that have various medicinal properties. Its anticancer activity is one of the properties that attract the attention of researchers in the study of plant species. This review aims to make a critical compilation of current information on research that evaluated the antitumor and antiproliferative activity of Ipomoea batatas. The studies included in this review show a diversity of bioactive compounds present in Ipomoea batatas such as phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, flavonoids, coumarins and sterols; also isolated compounds such as pectin, peptides and glycoproteins that can be related to their biological activity. It is concluded that there are positive results about Ipomoea batatas and its anticancer activity evaluated through in vitro and in vivo tests. In humans, safety and efficacy trials are still lacking to support its future use and allow drug development. Further research evaluating the safety and efficacy of reported bioactive compounds in Ipomoea batatas is important for the development of this promising area.

}, keywords = {Antiproliferative, Antitumoral., Cancer, Sweet potato}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.84}, author = {Carmen R. Silva-Correa and Julio Hilario-Vargas and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Anabel D. Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco} } @article {1911, title = {The Potential of Antivirus Compounds in Gletang (Tridax procumbens Linn.) in Inhibiting 3CLpro Receptor of SARS-CoV-2 Virus by In Silico}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {796-805}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {796}, abstract = {

SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused pandemic disease since the end of 2019. Virus transmission occurs through droplet and infects the host{\textquoteright}s respiratory tract rapidly. Viral propagation occurs through translation process of genome +ssRNA, then it being replicated forming some new body parts of virus and assemblied into virions that ready to infect. During the replication process, the translated viral genome in the form of polyprotein will be cut into smaller components by proteases, which one is 3CLpro. The presence of the 3CLpro receptor is used in drug development through in-silico molecular docking process to minimize failures before laboratory test. The antivirus compounds that used to inhibit the 3CLpro receptor are from gletang plant (Tridax procumbens Linn.). This study aim is to determine the value of binding affinity, the interaction between compounds and receptor, and the effect of drug components. The research was conducted by in-silico through the molecular docking process of 3CLpro receptor and antivirus compounds of gletang (Tridax procumbens Linn.), including betulinic acid, kaempferol and lignan. The results showed that the binding affinity of betulinic acid was -6.6 kcal/mol, kaempferol was -5.6 kcal/ mol and lignan was -5.4 kcal/mol. The interaction form of compounds and receptor was hydrogen bond, electrostatic, hydrophobic, and van der Waals. Compared to baicalein compound as a positive control with the value of binding affinity was -6.7 kcal/mol and its interaction with 3CLpro receptor, showed betulinic acid, kaempferol and lignan have smaller ability but they have the potential to inhibit the 3CLpro receptor.

}, keywords = {3CLpro receptor, Antivirus, Gletang, In-silico, SARS-CoV-2.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.170}, author = {Yuna Islamiati and Yani Suryani and Ayuni Adawiyah and Opik Taufiqurrohman and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Devi Purnamasari and Nunuk Hariani Soekamto and Anny Setijo Rahaju and Kuswati and Riso Sari Mandeli and Kawther Ameen Muhammed Saeed Aledresi and Nur Farhana Mohd Yusof and Maksim Rebezov and Shimanovskaya Yanina and Belyakova Natalia and Dmitriy Kulikov and Gulnara Mullagulova and Rahadian Zainul and Muhammad Thoriq Albari} } @article {1778, title = {The Potential of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lamk) Seed Oil as Anti- Alopecia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {379-387}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {379}, abstract = {

Objective: This review article aimed to examine the potentiality of moringa seed oil as anti-alopecia. Method: The data was collected by studying national and international journal articles using several search engines, namely Google and Google Scholar websites, Research Gate, Sciencedirect and Scimagojr. The keywords for this article include moringa seed oil, fatty acids, phytosterol, and anti-alopecia. Results: The result was tabulated in a table and described according to the mechanism of action of the active compounds found in moringa seed oil, fatty acids, phytosterol, and anti-alopecia. Moringa seed oil contain the phytosterol compounds (β-sitosterol, ergosterol and campesterol) show the activities that obstruct the formation of the dihydrotestosterone (DHT) compound known to be the cause of alopecia. The fatty acid compounds found in moringa seed oil (lauric acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid) reinforce its potential to be an anti-alopecia. Conclusion: The phytosterol and fatty acid compounds supported the growth of hair to be fertile and healthy.

}, keywords = {Anti-alopecia, Fatty Acids, Moringa Seed Oil, Phytosterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.49}, author = {Yulius Baki Korassa and Nyi Mekar Saptarini and Resmi Mustarichie and Rini Hendriani} } @article {1845, title = {Potential of Rhinachanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz Leaves Extract as an Antioxidant and Inhibitor of α-Glucosidase Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {373-378}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {373}, abstract = {

Aims: The goal of this study is to learn more about the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz (RnLK) leaf extract. The Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) technique was used to extract the leaf material, and the solvent used was ethanol with a 70\% concentration. The total phenol content (TPC) of the extracted material was determined. The Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) method was used to examine antioxidant activity, whereas α-glucosidase activity was used to test antidiabetic action. Results: The ethanol extract of RnLK leaves yielded 8.36\%, with a TPC of 607.1{\textpm}0.2 mg GAE/g sample. The IC50 value for leaf extract antioxidant activity was 19.1{\textpm}0.1 mg/L. Furthermore, the leaf extract inhibits α-glucosidase activity and has an IC50 value of 81.3{\textpm}3 mg/L, making it an antidiabetic. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of RnLK leaves can be used as an alternative antioxidant and antidiabetic material, according to the findings of this study.

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic, CUPRAC method, RnLK, UAE, α-glucosidase activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.110}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1865, title = {Potential Role of Mitragynine as Lipolysis Stimulator via Adrenergic Signalling: Docking Model Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {527-531}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {527}, abstract = {

Backgrounds: Mitragynine is the most popular of the more than 50 alkaloids contained in M.Speciosa. In particular, the Mitragynine alkaloid has the potential to increase lipid (fats) metabolism through specific pathways such as adenylyl cyclase signaling via adrenergic receptors. In this case, Asp Amino acid and Ser are the types of residues that can activate adenylyl cyclase to initiate a series of activities in cells. Methods: This study used Mitragynine ligand and adrenergic receptors (α1b, α2a, α2b, α2c dan β1). The receptor candidates were tested using Autodock whose test results were presented in the form of tables and 3-dimensional images using the Biovia Discovery Studio. Results: Hydrogen bonds were formed between Mitragynine and the amino acids Asp and Ser at the β1-adrenergic receptor. The binding amino acids were found in Ser20 and Asp21 with energy bond of -5.26 kcal/mol and IC50: 111.35 ppm. Meanwhile, at the adrenergic receptor α2b there was only Asp residue that formed hydrogen bond with Mitragynine namely Asp218A. The energy bond formed between the two was -5.19 kcal/mol and IC50: 125.04 ppm. Conclusion: Mitragynine has the potential to stimulate lipolysis through the pathways of α2b and β1-adrenergic receptors.

}, keywords = {Adrenergic, Docking, Lipolysis, Mitragynine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.130}, author = {Khoirul Rista Abidin and Ronny Lesmana and Mas Rizky Anggun Adipurna Syamsunarno and Kelana Kusuma Dharma} } @article {1812, title = {Potential Roles of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) as Antimetabolic Syndrome: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {710-714}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {710}, abstract = {

The number of cases of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is part of the metabolic syndrome case. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is a plant that has been clinically tested and has the potential to prevent and treat metabolic syndrome as well as pathogenic and pathophysiological activities that cause disease. The aim of this study is to discuss and conclude information regarding the activity and use of purslane (P. oleracea) as an antimetabolic. This review article is based on scientific publications found on Google Scholar and PubMed databases using the keywords of {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca obesity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca overweight{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca dyslipidemia{\textquotedblright}, and {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca metabolic syndrome{\textquotedblright}. This plant acts on numerous pathways in the metabolic syndrome such as reduction of lipids, blood sugar, body weight and total cholesterol. Purslane (P. oleracea) can be used as a candidate for a new herbal plant as an anti-metabolic syndrome.

}, keywords = {Body weight, Insulin resistance, Metabolic syndrome, Obesity., Portulaca oleracea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.90}, author = {Nur Sofiatul Aini and Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Farraz Syadzha and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Md. Emdad Ullah and Sin War Naw and Vikash Jakhmola and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1917, title = {Prediction of MMP-9 Polymorphism Impacts on MDR-TB by Molecular Simulation and Network Interaction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {833-841}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {833}, abstract = {

MMP-9 overexpression is associated with a poor outcome in MDR-TB patients, indicating that MMP-9 is a suitable target for MDR-TB therapy. MMP-9 also includes SNPs that occur at inhibitor binding areas as well as zinc ions. As a result of polymorphisms, the usage of MMP-9 inhibitors for MDR-TB might vary. Through molecular simulation, it has been found that the mutant MMP-9 has a larger cavity and a more lipophilic surface. The docking tests revealed that EGTA had the least amount of binding energy to both wild-type and mutant MMP-9. The wildtype MMP-9 can bind zinc when EGTA is in the active site. This shows that using EGTA to chelate Zn is only partially successful. However, the binding energy of EGTA at the active site suggests that it may be a competitor to MMP-9 substrates. On the other hand, Zn is not involved in the interaction of the mutant MMP-9-EGTA complex.

}, keywords = {Gene polymorphism, Matrix metalloproteinase 9, Molecular simulation., Multidrug resistant TB}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.176}, author = {Anse Diana Valentiene Messah and Sawitri Darmiati and Cleopas Marthin Rumende and Retno Ariza Soemarwoto and Joedo Prihartono and Asmarinah and Fadilah Fadilah and Aisyah Fitriannisa Prawiningrum} } @article {1890, title = {Profound Assessment of Phytochemical, Botanical and Antioxidant Characteristics Including Determination of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Stem Bark of Cordia obliqua L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {753-758}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {753}, abstract = {

Cordia obliqua is known as Bumber. Its fruits and leaves are popularly used because of antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity as well as botanical features of stem bark of Cordia obliqua. Chemical components were preliminary screened in various fractions based on the polarities including; n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fractions of using standard procedures. Total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents were assessed by Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride methods respectively. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by ABTS antioxidant procedure, using ascorbic acid as standard. Results confirmed that stem bark of Cordia obliqua chemically is characterized by the presences of flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, tannins and carbohydrates at different levels in various fractions and the absence of cardiac glycosides and anthraquinones. Microscopically, the plant is characterized by presence of big Ca oxalate clusters, various types of xylem vessels and big amount of cork cells. TPC was ranged from 13.6{\textpm}1.4 and 220.5{\textpm}3.4 mg GAE/g dry plant extract and TFC was ranged from 0.029{\textpm}0.12and 15.46{\textpm}0.33 mg QE/g dry plant extract. Due to the high phenolic and flavonoid content in butanol and ethyl acetate fractions; results of antioxidant using ABTS assay showed high antioxidant activity with IC50 valued 11.84{\textpm}1.2 μg/ ml for butanol fraction and 14.81{\textpm}1.1 μg/ml for ethyl acetate fraction. Taken together, the research work demonstrated the potential natural antioxidant value of the waste product stem bark of Cordia obliqua. The study endorses forthcoming work to isolate and identify the chemical constituents in stem bark of Cordia obliqua.

}, keywords = {ABTS., Boraginaceae, Cordia obliqua, DPPH, Folin-Ciocalteau, Total phenolic and flavonoid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.163}, author = {Dalya Ramzi Alsuliman and Zainab Mohammed Al Sultan and Maryam Khalil Almajhad and Nour Kamal Alhajri and Abdullah Abdulhamid Altaweel and Abdullah Jalal Alasoom and Hany Ezzat Khalil} } @article {1936, title = {Research on External Signs and Chemical Composition of Medicinal Plant Raw Material -Leaves of Ficus Elastica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {958-972}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {958}, abstract = {

Ficus elastica is a species of the plant in the genus Ficus, from the family Moraceae. Ficus elastica, which is the object of our study, has been used for many years in phytodesign, however in terms of medicine, it remains a poorly studied plant. While studying the external signs and chemical composition of medicinal plant raw materials of leaves F{\'\i}cus elastica, chromato-mass spectrometry was used. During the process of studying, some diagnostic signs of Ficus elastica were identified. Chromato-mass spectrometry was used to identify 68 compounds. The maximum amount was accounted for б-D-Glucopyranoside, methyl (28,99\%), Phytol (9,90\%), 2-Hydroxy-3-methylsuccinic acid (6,93\%), Lanosterol (6,13\%), Hydroquinone (5,55\%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- (4,86\%), Lup-20(29)-en-3- one (4,17\%), 1,2-Benzenediol (3,33\%), Lupeol (2,95\%), 16-Allopregnene-3б,9а-diol-20-one 3-O-acetate (2,77\%), 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)- (2,67\%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)- (2,05\%), з-Sitosterol (1,84\%), а-d-Lyxofuranoside, methyl (1,57\%), Dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate (ester) (1,52\%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (1,45\%), Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (1,33\%), 1,8-Dioxacyclohexadecane-2,10- dione, 5,6:12,13-diepoxy-8,16-dimethyl- (1,15\%), Vitamin E (0,64\%). Identified morphological features of the leaves of Ficus elastica can be used in diagnosis of this species and may help to develop indicators of authenticity for promising medicinal leaves. As mentioned earlier, by means of chromato-mass spectrometry were identified 68 compounds, and the relative percentage of identified compounds was determined using a simple normalization method.

}, keywords = {Chromato-mass spectrometry, Ficus elastic, Methyl, Phytol, Vitamin E., б-D-Glucopyranoside}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.197}, author = {Angelina V. Strelyaeva and Anna G. Kharitonova and Larisa B. Vaskova and Alexander N. Luferov and Dmitry O. Bokov and Alina A. Bondar and Natalia V. Bobkova and Nevena Jeremic and Yulia B. Lazareva and Alla M. Antsyshkina and Tatiana V. Prostodusheva and Roman M. Kuznetsov} } @article {1815, title = {RETRACTED: Phytochemical Screening, Gc-Ms Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Marine Algae Obtained from Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {641-649}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {641}, abstract = {

The Article has been Retracted based on the Authors{\textquoteright} Request.

}, keywords = {DPPH, GCMS analysis, Physicochemical., Spongomorpha indica, Superoxide}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.83}, author = {Swathi Priya K and Rajasekaran S} } @article {1787, title = {A Review of an Important Plants: Annona squamosa Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {456-463}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {456}, abstract = {

Plants have been utilized extensively in traditional medicine by a range of nations since ancient times, and more research into their safety, efficacy, and quality value is needed. One of the plants that have been widely used by society in traditional medicine is Annona squamosa L. A. squamosa is commonly cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. Based on previous research, all parts of A. squamosa including bark, leaf, and roots have proven biological activities such as antioxidant, antifungal, and anticancer, especially on the leaves. Indian people have long history used young leaves of A. squamosa for antidiabetic, besides in South China, they use seeds to decrease the cancer effect in the human body. The pharmacological activities of A. squamosa leaves are antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiulcer, antidiabetic, antidiarrheals, antiplatelet, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and cytoprotective. Phytochemicals in A. squamosa leaves include coumarins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and saponins. Meanwhile based on nutritional analysis shows that the A. squamosa leaves are water, protein, lipids, Fiber Ash and Calcium.

}, keywords = {Annona squamosa, Medicine, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, Traditional medicinal plant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.58}, author = {Arifia Safira and Prasita Widayani and Dhiya An-Najaaty and Cinta Atsa Mahesa Rani and Mela Septiani and Yan Arengga Syah Putra and Tridiganita Intan Solikhah and Aswin Rafif Khairullah and Hartanto Mulyo Raharjo} } @article {1931, title = {Risk Factors for Hepatotoxicity From L-Asparaginase Chemotherapy In Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {921-927}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {921}, abstract = {

Introduction: L-asparaginase chemotherapy often causes hepatotoxicity and affects complete remission in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This study aims to investigate the risk factors that affect the incidence of hepatotoxicity caused by L-asparaginase chemotherapy in ALL children. Methods: An observational study with prospective sampling was conducted at Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya. The inclusion criteria included ALL children aged 1-18 years, undergoing ALL Induction phase chemotherapy based on the 2018 Indonesian Children{\textquoteright}s ALL protocol as evidenced by bone marrow aspiration, receiving L-asparaginase chemotherapy, and obtaining written consent from parents or guardians. Each child had 3 ml of blood drawn from a peripheral vein to assess their complete blood count, alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, and albumin level. Results: Thirty-two children with ALL were collected. Two of them were excluded due to allergic reaction and enable to continue the L-asparaginase chemotherapy. Thirty of them were eligible participants. Approximately 53.3\% of ALL children aged <= seven years. Fourteen (47\%) children with ALL were included in the standard-risk group and 16 (53\%) of them included high-risk group. There were significant differences in ALT levels between the four stages of observation (p=\<0.001). Twenty-two ALL children had hepatotoxicity (73.3\%), while 8 had non-hepatotoxicity (26.7\%). Two risk factors had a significant influence on the occurrence of hepatotoxicity due to L-asparaginase chemotherapy including age and hypoalbuminemia (p=0.045, p=0.028). Conclusion: Age and hypoalbuminemia were the risk factors that might affect the incidents of hepatotoxicity. Clinical monitoring before and after treatment needs to be done to prevent poor outcomes.

}, keywords = {Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Children, Hepatotoxicity, L-asparaginase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.190}, author = {Agniya Ali Fahmi Hikmat and Mia Ratwita Andarsini and Bagus Setyoboedi and Maria Christina Shanty Larasati and Andi Cahyadi and I Dewa Gede Ugrasena} } @article {1906, title = {Risk Factors of Acute and Chronic Erythema Nodosum Leprosum in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital Surabaya}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {766-770}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {766}, abstract = {

Background: Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infection and is one of the neglected diseases caused by Mycobacterium leprae. ENL is a complex syndrome, that caused inflammation of the skin, nerves, and other organs due to an inflammatory immune response to Mycobacterium leprae antigens. Acute ENL was defined as the first episode of ENL with a duration of less than 24 weeks. Chronic ENL was defined as ENL that persisted for more than 24 weeks. These types of ENL can have different risk factors and require different therapeutic interventions. Purpose: The onset of ENL is acute, but may progress to a chronic or recurrent phase and require long-term therapy. Early detection of leprosy is very important, because the infection is curable and prompt treatment can reduce nerve damage and associated stigma. Chronic ENL patients require prolonged high doses of corticosteroids to control inflammation in ENL and cause severe complications and side effects associated with morbidity and mortality. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted using a non-probability sampling technique consecutively using a casecontrol formula in leprosy patients with ENL in the Leprosy Division of the Outpatient Dermatology and Venereology Unit RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya for the period 2015 {\textendash} 2020, using secondary data in the form of medical record data. Result: The results of this study obtained leprosy patients with ENL as many as 234 patients, 56 patients with acute ENL and 89 patients with chronic ENL. 45 patients with acute ENL and 45 patients with chronic ENL were obtained from the case-control minimal sample size formula. Conclusion: The results of the bivariate analysis test showed that there was a relationship between risk factors for coinfection and steroid therapy with the type of ENL. The presence of coinfection and steroid therapy showed that patients tend to be chronic ENL, conversely, in the absence of coinfection and without steroid therapy, patients tend to be acute ENL. The multivariate logistic regression analysis test showed a significant association between risk factors for ENL onset before MDT and the presence of coinfection with chronic ENL, whereas ENL onset after MDT and absence of coinfection were associated with acute ENL.

}, keywords = {Acute ENL, Chronic ENL, ENL, Leprosy, Neglected disease., Risk factors}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.165}, author = {Ditya Indrawati and Linda Astari and Afif Nurul Hidayati and Sawitri, Damayanti and Budi Utomo and Bagus Haryo Kusumaputra and Medhi Denisa Alinda and Cita Rosita Sigit Prakoeswa and M. Yulianto Listiawan} } @article {1942, title = {Senna Siamea Hexane Extract: Potent Antifungal Activity Against Candida albicans, Candida Krusei and Identification of Its Chemicals Content}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {999-1004}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {999}, abstract = {

Background: Senna siamea contains several chemical: flavonoid, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloid, and tanin which is as an antifungal againts of Candida sp because interfere function of the fungal cell membrane and inhibit syntesis of chitin. Candida albicans and Candida krusei could causing oral candidiasis, vulvovaginal infections, life threatening candidiasis, such as candidemia and internal organ infections. S. siamea is a medicinal plant which empirically used as antifungal. S. siamea leaves has been reported to exhibit activity against Candida sp but limited to ethanol extract. Thus, the evaluation of other extract- and identification of active compound(s) against C. albicans and C. krusei is needed to be explore. Methods: First, the microscopic morphology of S. siamea leaves were observed using Scanning Electron Microscope. The leaves were then extracted sequentially by hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvent using the ultrasonic assisted extraction method, followed by its in vitro antifungal activity evaluation. The most active extract was further evaluated for its chemical(s) content by LC MS. Results: Scanning Electron Microscope identified the presence of oxalate in the leaves of S. siamea. Evaluation of the antifungal activity showed that the hexane extract had highest antifungal compared to others. Conclusions: S. siamea hexane extract leaf is prospective to be developed as an antifungal. Further in vivo research are needed.

}, keywords = {Antifungal, Chemical content., Hexane extract, Senna siamea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.203}, author = {Diny Kamilah and Berna Elya and Robiatul Adawiyah and Annysa Ellycornia Silvyana} } @article {1809, title = {Standardization Study of Khurtsiin deed-6 Traditional Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {610-621}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {610}, abstract = {

Introduction: Although traditional medicines are widely used, quality and safety of some of them are not ensured due to lack of suitable quality controls and inadequate labeling. he diagnostic cellular structures and cell content for all powdered ingredients in Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine were defined by {\textquotedblleft}Novel{\textquotedblright} light microscopy. Biologically active compounds were identified by using TLC and HPLC. Main biologically active compounds contents were determined by UV spectrophotometer methods. Some quality and safety parameters of Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine were determined by Mongolian National First Pharmacopoeia methods. Results: Some quality and safety parameters of the traditional medicine were determined as: moisture 9.63{\textpm}0.09\%, total ash 4.725{\textpm}0.22\%, and water-soluble extractive 21.28{\textpm}0.11\%, Alcohol soluble extractive total 46.30{\textpm}0.09\%, aerobic microbial count 5x103, total yeast and mold count 3x102. The fingerprints of TLC and HPLC to reveal gallic acid, apigenin, costunolide, E-guggulsterone were defined. The total contents were measured for phenolic compounds as 65.95{\textpm}1.05 mg/g and for flavonoids as 10.55 {\textpm}0.16 mg/g. Conclusion: The standardization criteria for Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine were defined and Mongolian National Pharmacopeia Monograph{\textquoteright}s draft for Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine was developed.

}, keywords = {Gallic acid, Herbal medicine, High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography, Thin layer Chromatography.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.79}, author = {Myadagbadam and Purevsuren S and Chimedragchaa CH and Tserenkhand G and Norovnyam R} } @article {1799, title = {Subchronic Toxicity Studies of a Combined Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Syzygium cumini (L) Skeels, and Caesalpinia sappan L Extract in Sprague-Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {531-535}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {531}, abstract = {

Introduction: Andrographis paniculata, Syzygium cumini and Caesalpinia sappan (ASC) are plants that are widely used as traditional medicines in treating diabetes. The acute toxicity test results of the combination of these three plants were safe up to 5000 mg/Kg BB. Objectives: To evaluate subchronic toxicity of a combined ASC extract. Methods: Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were acclimatized for 14 days and then fed a normal diet with ASC extract at doses of 150, 575 and 1000 mg/kg BW daily for 135 days. At the end of the study, the rats were sacrificed and then blood, heart, pulmonary, liver, kidneys, spleen and pancreas were collected. Result: The results showed no abnormality in the experimental group compared with the control group. All values of other parameters assessed remained within the normal range. Conclusions: The combination of ASC extract given orally for 135 days to male and female rats did not show any subchronic toxicity.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Caesalpinia sappan, Rats., Subchronic yoxicity, Syzygium cumini}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.67}, author = {Atini Solawati and Berna Elya and Heri Setiawan and Raysa Yunda Pratiwi} } @article {1886, title = {Survey on Aromatherapy Among Healthcare Professionals in Morocco}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {666-670}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {666}, abstract = {

Background: Herbal remedies and more particularly essential oils are increasingly used throughout the world. In Morocco, the practice of aromatherapy is becoming more and more important, but the knowledge, attitudes, and expectations of healthcare professionals towards essential oils have never been studied. Aim: To assess the attitudes, knowledge, and expectations towards essential oils and aromatherapy of Moroccan healthcare professionals. Methods: We conducted a survey among 205 Moroccan healthcare professionals from different categories using an anonymous electronic questionnaire. Results: The participants to our survey have a good general knowledge and 47.8\% of the them have already prescribed or advised essential oils. However, only 10.2\% of them considered essential oils as widely available. Moreover, only 3.9\% of the respondents judged their theoretical knowledge of essential oils and aromatherapy as perfect, 36.6\% considered the lack of information in this field as the limiting factor in prescribing and advising essential oils, and 88.3\% were in favor of integrating aromatherapy into their basic training course. The prescription or advice of essential oils are statistically correlated with age, profession, factors mentioned as limiting the prescription and advice of essential oils, and the theoretical knowledge. Conclusion: Empowering healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} capacities could help them overcome their fears and enable them to offer aromatherapy advice to their patients with confidence. This could also help to expand the use of essential oils in Moroccan healthcare facilities.

}, keywords = {Aromatherapy, Essential oils, Healthcare professionals, Morocco, Survey}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.151}, author = {Asmae Alaoui Belghiti and Mohamed Yafout and Soukaina Bennis and Amal Ait Haj Said} } @article {1786, title = {Ten Commonly Available Medicinal Plants in Malaysia with Potential Sun Protection Factor and Antioxidant Properties {\textendash} A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {444-455}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {444}, abstract = {

Background: Malaysia has a diverse range of medicinal plants that utilized to make effective nutritional, folk medicine, and cosmetic preparations. Natural antioxidants obtained from medicinal plant extracts have recently gained popularity as protective ingredients in sunscreen formulations due to their safety, wide range of biological effects on skin, and environmental sustainability in absorbing Ultraviolet (UV) radiation and preventing skin damage. Prolonged exposure to UV rays may cause skin damages like sunburn, photoaging, erythema, edema, wrinkle, and skin cancer. Natural sunscreen products are becoming more popular among consumers who are becoming more aware of the risks of excessive UV and chemicals in beauty and personal care products. Objective: This review aimed to provide brief information about ten commonly available medicinal plants in Malaysia with potential sun protection factor and antioxidant properties. Methods: In the present review, the relevant literatures were an extensive search from various scientific database including Pubmed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Scopus. Ten commonly available medicinal plants in Malaysia such as Graptophyllum pictum, Moringa oleifera, Mangifera indica, Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Andrographis paniculata, Sonneratia caseolaris, Camellia sinensis, Morinda citrifolia, Nephelium lappaceum and Murraya koenigii were included based on its potential sun protection factor (SPF) and antioxidant properties. Results: All the ten medicinal plants reported in this review found to have potential antioxidant activities due to the presence of phenolic and flavonoid content in the extracts. All of these findings well correlated to their potential SPF. The M. indica extracts had the highest SPF value among the ten plant extracts reported in this review, with a value of >=30. This is considered high sun protection action. Extracts of A. paniculata, M. citrifolia, C. sinensis, and G. pictum have a moderate photoprotective effect (SPF value of >=15). Sun protection activity was low in M. oleifera and S. caseolaris (SPF value <= 2). Conclusion: The identification of natural antioxidant and photoprotective ingredients from medicinal plants has demonstrated as a potential natural sunscreen product in protecting UV radiation against damaging UV rays, and therefore recommended to utilize them to replace synthetic chemicals in cosmetics development in the future.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Medicinal plants, Sun protection factor, total flavonoid, Total phenol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.57}, author = {Noor Diyana Ibrahim and Lay Jing Seow and Mahendran Sekar and Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani and Pei Teng Lum} } @article {1833, title = {TLC Profiling and Phytochemical Screening of Various Extracts of Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr. from Kog Dong Keng Forest, Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {273-277}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {273}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr. belongs to family Ochnaceae, and it is a traditionally important herb in Southeast Asia. The objective of this study was to investigate the phytochemical compounds of various extracts from six samples. Methods: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) of the hexane, dichloromethane and 70\% ethanol extracts were performed for five important phytochemicals namely, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpene, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinone. Results: Terpene was found in all the samples that were extracted from all extracts, while cardiac glycosides and anthraquinone did not occur in all samples that were extracted from all extracts. Flavonoids were observed in all samples that were only extracted with dichloromethane, whereas it was found in some samples from the other extracts. The hexane extract compound was found in alkaloids in Garcinia cowa and Cryptolepis dubia, while the dichloromethane extract compound was discovered in Suregada multiflora, Capparis micracantha and Salacia chinensis. All samples extracted with 70\% methanol did not contain any alkaloid compounds. Terpene was found in the hexane extracted compounds. Conclusions: These findings suggested that Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr. is a potent source of medicinal phytochemical compounds that could lead to its use as medicinal products.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr., Phytochemical compounds, TLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.96}, author = {Sombat Appamaraka and Chadaporn Senakun and Surapon Saensouk} } @article {1795, title = {Toll Like Receptor 4 Expression Profile in Mice Infected Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Given with Miana Leaves Extract (Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth) (Tuberculosis Preventive and Curative Mechanisms)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {497-505}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {497}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. During Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, pathogens modulate TLR-4 receptor flow signaling, suggesting possible involvement of TLR-4 in the regulation of the host immune response. This study aims to determine the effect of miana leaf extract on the expression of toll like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in tuberculosis mice at the preventive and curative stages. Methods: Mice were divided into 3 groups with 7x replication. Providing 14 days of preventive treatment, 14 days of incubation and 14 days of curative treatment. Group 1 and group 3 were given Miana Leaves Extract (EDM) and placebo at all three stages. Group 2 was given EDM at the preventive and incubation stages, then they were given anti-tuberculosis drugs (OAT). Results: The results proved that EDM given as a preventive did not increase the expression of TLR-4 protein in healthy mice; Changes in expression of TLR-4 protein in M.tb-infected mice before and after curative EDM increased by 17\%, after administration of placebo increased 97\% and decreased 12\% after OAT curative administration; Changes in expression of TLR-4 protein in M.tb-infected mice before preventive administration and after EDM curative administration increased by 20\%, after administration of placebo increased 102\% and decreased by 10\% after the curative administration of OAT. Conclusions: EDM has potential as antituberculosis with TLR-4 regulatory mechanism.

}, keywords = {Antituberculosis., Miana Leaf, TLR-4}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.63}, author = {Sesilia Rante Pakadang and St. Ratnah and Alfrida Monica Salasa and Jumain and Mochammad Hatta} } @article {1835, title = {Uncover Itchy Leaves Ethnomedicine Usage: A Preliminary Study on Characterization and Bioactivity of Laportea Spp}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {286-295}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {286}, abstract = {

Background: Laportea decumana (Roxb.) Wedd. and Laportea stimulans (L.f.) Miq. (Urticaceae) or itchy leaves are endogenous plants from The Maluku Islands, Indonesia, which are used topically as analgesics by local people. Objective: As part of a preliminary investigation on the itchy leaves, this study was conducted to provide information on their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, phytochemical profiles, and bioactivities according to the ethnomedicinal usages. Materials and Methods: The macroscopic examination was carried out on fresh leaves. The microscopic examination was carried out on leaf powder under a light microscope. The phytochemical analyses using TLC were conducted on those crude extracts and fractions. The bioactivity assays were conducted in vitro as Cox-2 inhibitory and DPPH radical scavenging activities. Results: reveal similar characteristics in the macroscopic and microscopic properties of both Laportea spp. leaves. Calcium oxalate crystals were observed in L. decumana but not found in L. stimulans. Both species have stomata with anisocytic type. More trichomes are found in the leaves of L. decumana, yet smaller and easily detachable. TLC analyses exhibited slightly different profiles. The crude extracts and fractions at 10 μg/ml showed similar inhibitory percentages on Cox-2. The DPPH scavenging activities of the crude extracts and fractions of L. decumana showed active moderate activity with an IC50 value \< 250 μg/ml, while those of L. stimulans showed moderate to weak potency with an IC50 value \< 500 μg/ml. Conclusion: Further exploration on Laportea spp. pharmacological activity is recommended to provide stronger evidence for its ethnomedicinal usage.

}, keywords = {Characterization, Cox-2 inhibitor, DPPH radical scavenging activity., Itchy leaves, Laportea decumana (Roxb.) Wedd, Laportea stimulans (L.f.) Gaud, Phytochemical profiles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.98}, author = {Lukman La Basy and Djoko Santosa and Retno Murwanti and Triana Hertiani} } @article {1800, title = {Utilization of Secondary Metabolites in Algae Kappaphycus alvarezii as a Breast Cancer Drug with a Computational Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {536-543}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {536}, abstract = {

Breast cancer is one of the worst diseases that affect female people. Long-term treatment with therapy or surgery has a detrimental impact on the patient. The algae Kappaphycus alvarezii has gotten a lot of interest as a breast cancer medication because it contains chemicals that are expected to be anti-cancer. The objectives of this paper were to see how secondary metabolites in algae interact with the Nuclear Factor- kappaB protein kinase in breast cancer. The ligands and proteins were obtained from the PubChem and PDB websites, respectively. Swiss ADME was then used to assess the Pharmacokinetics and Drug likeness Properties. The last stage involved using molecular docking with PyRx and molecular dynamics to identify the interaction and visualization between the ligand and the target protein. The findings of the test revealed that the maraniol chemical had a superior binding capacity with NF kB protein kinase because it has a chromone group that controls transport efficiently in preventing breast cancer proliferation.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, K. alvarezii, Molecular Docking., NF kB protein kinase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.68}, author = {AF Dibha and S Wahyuningsih and ANM Ansori and VD Kharisma and MH Widyananda and AA Parikesit and MT Sibero and RT Probojati and AAA Murtadlo and JP Trinugroho and TH Sucipto and DDR Turista and I Rosadi and ME Ullah and V Jakhmola and R Zainul} } @article {1750, title = {Validation of Rosmarinic Acid Quantification using High- Performance Liquid Chromatography in Various Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {165-171}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {165}, abstract = {

Introduction: Rosmarinic acid has been utilized in traditional medicine as antioxidant, antiinflammation, anticancer and antibacterial. In order to control the herbal quality, validation of rosmarinic acid determination using high-performance liquid chromatography was developed. The objective of this report was to validate an HPLC technique for assessing rosmarinic acid levels. and application that method to determine rosmarinic acid in Rosmarinus officinalis, Symphytum officinale, Mentha piperita, Orthosiphon stamineus and Salvia officinale. Methods: The chromatographic separation was carried out on a reversed-phase C18 column with a mobile phase of 0,1\% formic acid and acetonitrile and an isocratic elution at a flow rate of 0,5 mL/min. The wavelength for detection was set to 330 nm. The method has been validated for precision, accuracy, linearity, limit of detection, and limit of quantitation. Result: The concentration response of the detector was linear, with a coefficient of determination of 0.9933. The HPLC technique had an accuracy of 101,00 {\textpm} 6,43\%. The precision was 6,36\% when expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV). The highest level of rosmarinic acid was 214,86 {\textpm} 0,60 μg/mL in Rosmarinus officinalis extract. Conclusion: The HPLC method was valid to analyse rosmarinic acid level. The method can be applied in routine determination of rosmarinic acid of phytopharmaceutical products.

Key words: Rosmarinic acid, HPLC, Laminaceae Borraginaceae.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.22}, author = {Andiri Niza Syarifah and Herman Suryadi and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {1855, title = {Viral Meningoencephalitis Patient with Comorbid Major Depression with Psychotic Symptoms: A Case Report}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {455-458}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {455}, abstract = {

Viral meningoencephalitis causes meninges and brain parenchyma inflammation, thus provoking significant morbidity and mortality. Clinical features include neurological and psychiatric symptoms depending on the brain involved, mild symptoms such as fever, headache, neck stiffness, and confusion, or severe symptoms such as seizures, weakness, hallucinations, and coma. Therefore, the clinical diagnosis and treatment of such cases are challenging to make. This case report describes an adult male patient suffering from viral meningoencephalitis with comorbid major depression with psychotic symptoms. The patient requires holistic management of meningoencephalitis with comorbid depression and neuropsychiatric symptoms that may occur in the long term.

}, keywords = {Comorbid, Depression, Viral meningoencephalitis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.121}, author = {Maulana Farid Rizki and Paulus Sugianto and Margarita Maria Maramis and Soetjipto} } @article {1704, title = {Alterations in Body Weight, Blood Glucose Levels, and Lipid Profiles in High-Fat Diet-Low Dose Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1562-1567}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1562}, abstract = {

Introduction: New preventive and therapeutic strategies to treat Type 2 diabetes (T2D) continue to be pursued, the complexity of this disease makes it imperative to establish preclinical animal models which must provide accurate similarities to the pathogenesis of diabetes in humans. Making a diabetic animal model using rats with high-fat diet (HFD)-streptozotocin (STZ) induction is popular because it is relatively low cost and simple. Objectives: This study aims to analyse the changes in body weight, blood glucose, and lipid profiles that occur in diabetic rat models created by induction of HFD in combination with lowdose STZ. Methods: This study used forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-240 g). After the adaptation period, thirty rats were fed with HFD for 28 days (DM group), while the other ten rats continued to be fed with standard feed (NC group). After then, diabetes was induced to the DM group by low-dose STZ (35 mg/kg BW). The body weight of the rats was measured before and after diet manipulation periods. Blood samples were taken before and after STZ induction to determine lipid profiles and blood glucose levels. Results: During the diet manipulation period, the HFD group experienced a significantly greater weight gain, higher blood glucose levels, and cholesterol (TC) levels. After STZ injection, rats{\textquoteright} blood glucose levels, TC, and triglycerides significantly increased. Conclusion: HFD feeding combined with a low-dose STZ effectively work to mimic specific condition that is similar to T2D, and the stability of the experimental animal conditions remains constant for up to 6 weeks.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Diabetic animal model, High-fat diet, Insulin resistance, Low-dose streptozotocin, Stable diabetes type 2 profile.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.199}, author = {Raysa Y. Pratiwi and Berna Elya and Heri Setiawan and Atini Solawati and Rosmalena} } @article {1656, title = {Amelioration of Cisplatin-Induced Kidney Injury by Pometia pinnata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1257-1268}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1257}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cisplatin is one of the most effective anticancer drugs. But using cisplatin can cause very serious nephrotoxicity and acute kidney injury (AKI). Pometia pinnata (PE) or commonly referred to as matoa is a typical plant, especially Papua, Indonesia. Pometia pinnata belongs to the Sapindaceae family. This study aimed to determined the nephroprotective activity of the extract ethanol pometia pinnata on rats induced cisplatin. Methods: 30 rats are divided into six groups, each group were contained 5 rats. Group I was a normal group which rats only given CMC (carboxy methyl celluloce). Group II was a negative group which rats injected 7 mg / kgbw of Cisplatin in day 3. Group III was a positive group which rats given vitamin C 1\% from day 1 to 7 and in day 3 rats were injected cisplatin. Group IV-VI were extract groups (100 mg / kgbb, 200 mg / kgb, 400 mg / kgbb) which rats orally given extract from day 1 to 7 and in day 3 rats were injected cisplatin. On day 8 rats were injected ketamine 1\% which directly took the blood from the heart. Results: The result shows that EEPE on rats biochemical parameters including urea, creatinine, uric acid. Group II showed that there was a significant increase (p \<0.05) compared to the normal group that was not given cisplatin and extracts. Whereas in the group given the extract in groups IV, V, and VI there was a reduction in biochemical parameters because the Pometia leaf extract had high antioxidant activity so that it had nephroprotective activity. extract ethanol pometia pinnata can reduced the level of sodium, potassium and chloride of each group after receiving cisplatin. Statistically group II that only given cisplatin has significantly different with group I (p\<0,05) and also statically different with group VI (p\<0,05).

}, keywords = {Cisplatin, Kidney injury, Pometia pinnata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.159}, author = {Adrian and RA Syahputra and Sukirman Lie and SE Nugraha and PC Situmorang} } @article {1347, title = {Analysis of Several Inflammatory Markers Expression in Obese Rats given Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng Ethanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {172-178}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {172}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oxidative stress is one of the inflammatory events caused by obesity. This condition is characterized by an increase in various inflammatory markers, such as intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and a cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40). This study aimed to analyze the effect of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng ethanol extract on ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and CD40 in obese rats. Methods: The study used a pure experimental method with a completely randomized design. There were 6 groups, namely, C- (negative control), C+ (positive control), CMC (soluble control), EE300 (P. amboinicus ethanol extract, 300 mg/kg body weight [BW]), EE600 (P. amboinicus ethanol extract, 600 mg/kg BW) and EE900 groups (P. amboinicus ethanol extract, 900 mg/kg BW). Results: The results showed low levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in the blood plasma, especially in the EE900 group, but the difference was not substantial. The same trend also occurred in the expression of CD40 in the tunica intima layer of the rat aorta. Conclusions: Thus, the administration of 900 mg/kg BW P. amboinicus ethanol extract for 45 days has the potential to treat obesity in rats through the suppression of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers (ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and CD40).

}, keywords = {Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, immunohistochemistry, Obese, Plant extract, Rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.24}, author = {Karnirius Harefa and Delmi Sulastri and Ellyza Nasrul and Syafruddin Ilyas} } @article {1697, title = {Analyzing of Urine 3-Hidroxy Propil Mercapturic Acid on Cyclophosphamide Induced Rat to Determine Ameliorating Effect of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Seed Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1549-1556}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1549}, abstract = {

Background: A 70\% ethanolic extract of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds contain a certain amount of sulfhydryl active compounds and potential for ameliorated cyclophosphamide side effects. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze of urine 3-hidroxy propil mercapturic acid (3-HPMA) in a rat model for cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis to determine the effect of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds extract. Materials and methods: The levels of urine 3-hidroxy propil mercapturic acid was measured using LCMS/MS. Urine preparation was carried out by dilution (1:5) with mobile phase and contained a deuteurated internal standard. The LC separation was performed using a C18 column (1.7 μm; 2.1 mm {\texttimes} 100 mm). The mobile phase consisted of formic acid (0.1\%) and formic acid (0.1\%) in acetonitrile (90:10 v/v), as a starting gradient at flow rate of 0.2 ml/min with total run 7 min. Results: The lower limit of quantification was 40 ng/ml and the linear extended to 20,000 ng/ml. The method has been successfully to be applied in determined of rat urine 3-HPMA. The results showed that the 70\% ethanolic extract of seeds can increased the amount of 3-HPMA in rat urine. Conclusion: The 70\% ethanolic extract of seeds displayed a potential ameliorating effect against cyclophosphamide side effects.

}, keywords = {3-Hidroxypropil mercapturic acid, Cyclophosphamide, Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, Urine.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.197}, author = {Sri Wardatun and Yahdiana Harahap and Noorwati Sutandyo and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {1637, title = {Antibacterial Activities of Cationic Porphyrins and Porphyrin Encapsulated Gold Nanorods on Bacterial Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1086-1096}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1086}, abstract = {

Bacterial infections form part of the major causes of mortality and morbidity around the world more especially in developing and under-developed countries. Cationic porphyrins have been reported to display better efficacy in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy activity. The purpose of this study was to synthesise the cationic porphyrins; (TAP) and (TPyP) and evaluate their pharmacokinetics and metabolic interactions with the DNA gyrase subunit A. The antibacterial activity of the nano-conjugates was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25925), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 4352) using the micro-dilution assay without light. AutoDock Vina was used to assess the molecular interactions between ligands and the DNA gyrase subunit A. The SwissADME online tool was used to assess the pharmacokinetic properties of the nano-conjugates, while the ADMETlab online tool was used to assess the ability to inhibit the hERG gene, human hepatotoxicity and mutagenicity. The test nano-conjugates showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial strains with the MIC values in a range of 0.42 {\textpm} 0.1 to2.6 {\textpm} 0.7 mg/ml. The nano-conjugates revealed good molecular interaction with DNA gyrase subunit A with their binding free energy in the range of -8.3 to -8.7 kcal/ mol. They are predicted to be P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates, able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and non-inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isomers (CYP 2C19, CYP 2C9 and CYP 2D6). Both nanoconjugates have the potential to cause cardiotoxic and mutagenic effects but not hepatotoxic effects. The results show that the synthesized compounds have the potential as anti-bacterial PDT agents.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Bacteria, Porphyrin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.141}, author = {Hlapisi N and Maliehe TS and Oluwafemi OS and Songca SP and Linganiso L and Motaung TE} } @article {1629, title = {Anti-Cancer Potential of Nggorang Leaves Extract (Salvia Occidentalis SW.) as a Protein P53 Supressor in T47D Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {1036-1045}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1036}, abstract = {

Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in women. The high incidence of breast cancer has led to the development of anticancer drugs that are more selective against cancer cells without damaging normal tissues. One of the alternatives in cancer treatment by looking for natural sources that can be developed, Nggorang leaves (Salvia occidentalis Sw.). This plant is found in Tenda Village, Langke Rembong District, Manggarai Regency, NTT Province, when the leaves are harvested for one year and are used as medicine. As a preventive, this leaf has been used for generations as an anticancer (7 leaves boiled with 200 ml of water to 100 ml and then drunk), for wounded breast cancer (crushed leaves and attached to the wound); stamina enhancer, cough, influenza, hemorrhoids, diarrhea, nosebleeds (Primary data, 2014). This study aims to prove the potential of EDG (Nggorang Leaves Extract) as an antiproliferative against Hela cancer cells and protein P53 suppressor. The method used is the Quasy experiment, because this study uses laboratory tests in sample testing. The results of the cytotoxic test of Nggorang Leaves Extract have the potential to be anti-proliferative against cancer cells T47D IC50 at 201 ppm and Nggorang Leaves Extract (EDG) has the potential to increase p53 gene suppression in T47D cancer cells by 94.13\% at a concentration of 50 ppm.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Nggorang Leaves Extract (Salvia occidentalis Sw), Protein P53, T47D}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.134}, author = {Sisilia Teresia Rosmala Dewi and M Sabir and Sesilia Rante Pakadang and Sainal Edi Kamal and Santi Sinala} } @article {1334, title = {Antidepressant-Like Behavioral and Spatial Memory Effects in Peruvian Red Maca (Lepidium meyenii)-Treated Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {81-88}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {81}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lepidium meyenii, known with the vernacular name of {\textquotedblleft}Maca{\textquotedblright}, is a Brassicaceae family that has been widely used by Peruvian traditional medicine in cases of sexual dysfunction, memory loss, and several other diseases and pathologies. Objetive: The aim of the study was to test the potential effects of aqueous extract of Red Maca (AQ-RM) on antidepressant-like behavioral in male rats and spatial memory in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Methods: Forced swimming test was used to examine the potential antidepressant AQ-RM activity in male rats. Fluoxetine and amitryptiline were included as reference drugs. Morris Water Maze test was employed to examine the effect of AQ-RM on spatial memory in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Such effects were compared to exogenous estradiol administration. The potential role of oxidative stress on spatial memory loss was assessed by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in rats brain homogenates. Results: AQ-RM enhances swimming and climbing activities while reducing the time of immobility in male rats. Meanwhile, it prevents the decrease in the time spent in the target quadrant and displays higher values in the number of crossings in OVX-rats as compared to OVX-control rats. MDA levels in brain homogenates were decreased in OVX-rats receiving AQ-RM. Conclusion: Oral administration of AQ-RM has anti-depressive application in male rats; and increases the ability of learning and memory in OVX rats.

}, keywords = {Antidepressant activity, Forced swimming test, Lepidium meyenii, Morris water maze test, Red Maca, Spatial memory}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.12}, author = {Roberto O Yba{\~n}ez-Julca and Ivan M Quispe-D{\'\i}az and Daniel Asunci{\'o}n-Alvarez and Kelly S{\'a}nchez-Mu{\~n}oz and Albert Vargas-Go{\~n}as and Jazminy Morote-Guzman and Ronald Yaro-Marcelo and Edmundo A Venegas-Casanova and Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Pedro Buc Calderon and Julio Benites} } @article {1690, title = {Antidiabetic Activity and Phytochemical Constituents of Syzygium cumini Leave in Kadipaten, Central Java Indonesia, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1502-1508}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1502}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ethnomedicaly, jamblang (java plum) has been used as antidiabetic treatment in Dayak Tribe. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and the safety of the jamblang leaf extract as an antidiabetic. Objective: Evaluate Effecticity of Syzigium cumini (java plum) as anti-diabetic herb. Method: The antidiabetic activity test, used an animal model which gaven food a high fat diet High Fat Diet (HFD) then it was induced with Streptozotocin injected intraperitoneally. The subjects used in the study were male rats (Ratus novergicus) Sprague-Dawley strain. Results: Oral administration of jamblang extract has anti hyperglycemic activity through decrease of fasting blood glucose point significantly (dose 1, 50mg/ Kg Bw p: \<0.0001, dose 2, 100 mg/Kg BW p: \<0.0001).

}, keywords = {Anti-hyperglicemic, Fasting blood glucose, Syzigium cumini}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.191}, author = {Zahra Fadhilah and Berna Elya and Heri Setiawan and Gumilar Adhi Nugroho and Febrika Wediasari and Eem Masaenah and Varda Arianti} } @article {1716, title = {Antidiabetic Activity of Extract and Fractions of Castanopsis costata Leaves on Alloxan-induced Diabetic Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1589-1593}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1589}, abstract = {

Background: In North Sumatra, Castanopsis costata is commonly used by traditional practitioners for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, however, no studies have been carried out to substantiate this practice. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of extract and fractions of C. costata leaves in mice with alloxan-induced diabetes. Methods: Swiss albino mice with alloxan-induced diabetes, were acquired and subjected to the experimental evaluations. Subsequently, the fasting blood glucose levels of the diabetic mice groups treated with glibenclamid, extract and fractions, as well as the untreated group, were evaluated after two weeks of therapy. Results: Based on the results, the ethanolic extract of C. costata considerably reduced the mice{\textquoteright}s blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner, at dosages of 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kgBW (\% DBGL: 21.10\%, 46.36\%, 58.94\%, and 60.93\%, respectively). In addition, the water fraction of C. costata leaves produced a greater reduction in blood glucose levels (\% DBGL: 78.93\%), compared to the ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions (\% DBGL: 67.06\% and 58.83\%), respectively. Meanwhile, treatment with the antidiabetic drug, glibenclamide (5 mg/kgBW) produced a 50.75\% reduction in blood glucose levels. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the extract and fractions of C. costata leaves were concluded to exhibit significant anti-diabetic activity. This supported the claim that traditional practitioners in North Sumatra use the plant extract for diabetes treatment.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic activity, Castanopsis costata, Diabetes mellitus, North Sumatra.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.204}, author = {Maulana Yusuf Alkandahri and Dani Sujana and Dadang Muhammad Hasyim and Mareetha Zahra Shafirany and Lela Sulastri and Maya Arfania and Dedy Frianto and Farhamzah and Anggun Hari Kusumawati and Nia Yuniarsih} } @article {1421, title = {Antihypertensive Effects of Osteospermum Imbricatum in Two Hypertensive Rat Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {744-751}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {744}, abstract = {

Introduction: Osteospermum imbricatum is used traditionally in Eastern Cape, South Africa for the management of hypertension, chest and stomach complaints. This study was aimed at investigating the antioxidant and antihypertensive effects of this plant. Methods: Antioxidant capacity was determined by radical scavenging assays and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Antihypertensive effects after once off treatment with the leaf/root extracts (500 mg/kg) were evaluated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The effect of the extracts on established hypertension was determined in Wistar rats treated with Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (40 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks followed by co-treatment with L-NAME and extracts (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) or amlodipine (5 mg/kg) or normal saline for 4 more weeks. Results: The concentration at which there was 50 \% inhibition (IC50) of DPPH radical by the extracts was lower for the leaf extract (0.79 mg/mL) compared to the root extract (1.15 mg/mL). The leaf extract significantly (p\<0.01) decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressures in both rat models. Conclusion: The extracts of Omsteospermum imbricatu have moderate antioxidants and antihypertensive properties.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, High blood pressure, Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, Spontaneously hypertensive rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.95}, author = {Charlotte Mungho Tata and Constance Rufaro Sewani-Rusike and Olukayode Aremu and Opeoluwa Oyehan Oyedeji and Benedicta Ngwenchi Nkeh-Chungag} } @article {1397, title = {The Anti-Malarial Effect of Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland ex Correa Extract Using Malaria Mice Model Infected with P. berghei}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {585-590}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {585}, abstract = {

Introduction: Malaria is a re-emerging disease that still causes high morbidity and mortality rates. Reports of malaria therapy, encouraging studies to find new therapies based on plants and adjuvant in malaria infection. Thespesia populnea or portia tree leaf extract is a plant that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal effects. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of Thespesia populnea leaf extract as antimalarial levels, and and its effect on hemoglobin levels in BALB/C mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA). Methods: The study was true experimental laboratories using post-test only group design. Using 27 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: Group with aquades (G1), Group received Chloroquine (G2), and Group with 200 mg/kg bw of Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland ex Correa extract and Chloroquine (G3). The degree of parasitemia was observed serially from the first day to the fourth day. Observation of the number of leukocytes and hemoglobin on the fourth day after the mice were terminated. Results: The results of statistical analysis showed that the administration of Thespesia populnea leef extract 200 mg/kg bw with chloroquine had the effect of decreasing the degree of parasitemia and increasing hemoglobin significantly than G1 group, but there was no significant difference with G2 group, although descriptively there were differences. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that Thespesia populnea or portia tree leaf extract has an anti-malarial effect and can also significantly prevent anemia.

}, keywords = {BALB/C, Hemoglobin, Malaria, Parasitemia, Thespesia populnea extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.73}, author = {Prawesty Diah Utami and Herin Setianingsih and Indira Firdha Syafitri and Rico Pratama Wiyono} } @article {1607, title = {Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity of Ethanol Extract of Annona cherimola Mill. On Paracetamol-Induced Liver Toxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {874-882}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {874}, abstract = {

Background: Annona cherimola Mill. (A. cherimola) is mainly characterized by its antioxidant and cytoprotective properties due to their content of phenolic compounds. Objective: To evaluate antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extract of leaves from A. cherimola against induced toxicity by paracetamol in rats. Methods: Amount of total phenolics compounds of ethanol extract of A. cherimola Mill. was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH method. Three doses of the ethanol extract of leaves of A. cherimola (250, 500 and 750 mg/Kg/day) were administered to rats and it was evaluated biochemical blood parameters: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured, liver tissue was removed for histopathological analysis. Results: Ethanol extract of leaves from A. cherimola had 41.26 mg GAE/g extract and antioxidant DPPH Scavenging Activity had 85.51\%. A. cherimola reduced blood levels of ALT, AST and ALP, compared to control group Paracetamol, ethanol extract, being more effective at doses of 750 mg/Kg/day. Histopathological evaluation suggested that A. cherimola decreased hepatic necrosis and degenerative process induced by paracetamol. Conclusions: Hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extract of leaves of A. cherimola was demonstrated, being hepatoprotective activity dose dependent and the mechanism may involve antioxidant activity and total polyphenols found in extract of this plant.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, DPPH, Liver, Paracetamol, Rat}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.112}, author = {Carmen R. Silva-Correa and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui- Guarniz and Mar{\'\i}a V. Gonz{\'a}lez-Blas and Anabel D. Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Cinthya L. Aspajo- Villalaz and Luz M. Guerrero-Espino and Jorge Del Rosario-Ch{\'a}varri and Julio Hilario-Vargas} } @article {1367, title = {Antioxidant, Anti-quorum Sensing and Cytotoxic Properties of the Endophytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa CP043328.1 {\textquoteright}s Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {332-340}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {332}, abstract = {

Background: Novel bioactive compounds are in high demand to combat challenges of microbial resistance. In recent years, secondary metabolites from endophytic bacteria have drawn attention from researchers due to their novel structures and significant biological activities. Objective: This study aimed at extracting secondary metabolites from endophytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa CP043328.1 from Anredera cordifolia leaves for their biological activities. Methods: The anti-SMASH was used to predict the biosynthetic gene clusters of P. aeruginosa CP043328.1. The bacteria was resuscitated on Nutrient agar. Ethyl acetate was used to extract the secondary metabolites. Chemical composition of the secondary metabolites was evaluated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2, 2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods were used to analyze the scavenging activity. Anti-quorum sensing activity was investigated using Chromobacterium violacuem ATCC 12472 as the biological indicator. Cytotoxicity assay was performed using a tetrozolium-based columetric (MTT) assay. Results: The bacterium has 12 gene clusters that encode for secondary metabolites. The extract revealed 15 volatile constituents with diisooctyl phthalate (50.51\%) and [1, 2, 4] oxadiazole, 5-benzyl-3 (10.44\%) being the major compounds. The extract revealed scavenging capabilities with IC50 of 0.625 mg/ml for DPPH and 0.15 mg/ml for ABTS. It displayed anti-quorum sensing activity with 88\% violacein inhibition at 3.31 mg/ml. According to MTT assay, the extract was found to be safe for use up to 2000 μg/mL. Conclusion: P. aeruginosa CP043328.1 shows a potential use as a source of pharmacologically important metabolites.

}, keywords = {Anti-quorum sensing activity, antioxidant activity, Chemical composition, Cytotoxicity assay, Pseudomonas aeruginosa CP043328.1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.43}, author = {L S Ngidi and C I Nxumalo and J S Shandu and T S Maliehe and K Rene} } @article {1672, title = {Anxiolytic-like Effect of Essential Oils Extracted from Lippia alba and Lippia citriodora}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1377-1383}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1377}, abstract = {

Introduction: Essential oils from natural plants are widely use around the world to relief mental conditions. The aim of this investigation was to determine the anxiolytic-like effect of essential oils extracted from Lippia alba and Lippia citriodora. Methods: The oil was extracted by hydro-distillation for 3 hours using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and then chemical composition was investigated by gas chromatography analysis (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Moreover, a randomized experimental trial was conducted, where 95 participants were divided into 3 groups, comprising a waiting list control group and two experimental groups treated with essential oils by inhalation. The anxiety index was evaluated by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Measures were taken two times: pretest and posttest. Results: chemical analysis showed that carvone was the main component (64.5\%) for Lippia alba essential oil and geranial (39.8\%) for Lippia citriodora. State and Trait anxiety scores showed a decrease in posttest study phase in comparison with pretest in all experimental groups (p\<0.05). Cohen{\textquoteright}s D and Hedges{\textquoteright} G scores show a large size effect in state anxiety for experimental group treated with Lippia alba while moderate changes were found for the rest of variables in all experimental groups. Conclusion: the essential oils extracted from Lippia alba and Lippia citriodora may be useful as a mean to counteract anxiety, specifically state anxiety showing short-terms benefits.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Essential oils, Lippia alba, Lippia citriodora}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.174}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Luis Enrique Rosales-Cerquin and Bertha Mirella Alfaro-Ttito and Elda Maritza Rodrigo-Villanueva} } @article {1723, title = {Anxiolytic-like Effect of Luma chequen Essential Oil: A Pilot Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1607-1613}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1607}, abstract = {

Introduction: Essential oils are complex substances used widely extended in the form of aromatherapy or phytotherapy, some of them as agents to relieve anxiety and stress. In this sense this study was conducted to examine the anxiolytic-like effect of Luma chequen essential oil. Methods: The essential oil was extracted by steam distillation and the chemical composition was investigated by Gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID) and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Moreover, a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted, where 48 participants were divided into two groups, comprising a control group (CG) treated with placebo, and an experimental group (EG) treated with aromatherapy based on Luma chequen essential oil. The anxiety index was evaluated by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Measures were taken at two times: pretest and posttest. Results: The chemical analysis showed that α-pinene was the main component (56.5\%). State and Trait anxiety scores showed a decrease in posttest study phase in comparison with pretest in experimental group compared to placebo (p\<0.005 for state anxiety and p\<0.05 for trait anxiety). Cohen{\textquoteleft}s d score was 0.84 in State anxiety, while it was 0.52 for Trait anxiety. Percentages of change showed reductions of anxiety variable ranging between 14.94\% for State anxiety and 13.60\% for Trait anxiety. Conclusions: These results suggest that aromatherapy based on essential oil of Luma chequen was moderately effective in improving anxiety.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Essential oil, Luma chequeen.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.207}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Luis Enrique Rosales-Cerquin and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Santiago M. Benites} } @article {1661, title = {Application of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction on the Stem Bark of Rhinachantus Nasutus (L.) Kurz, Total Phenolic, and Its Potential as Antioxidant and Inhibitor of Alpha-Glucosidase Enzyme Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1297-1303}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1297}, abstract = {

Aims: This study aims to obtain a stem bark extract of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and reveal: the total phenolic content in the extract; The extract{\textquoteright}s potential as an antioxidant with copper-reducing strength parameters, and its potential as an antidiabetic by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase activity. Results: The crude ethanol extract of R. nasutus stem bark obtained from the UAE process was 7.4896 g with a yield of 4.99\%. The high total phenolic content, namely 677.3343{\textpm}0.0007 mg GAE / g sample, the antioxidant activity test using the CUPRAC method gave an IC50 value of 18.43{\textpm}0.20 mg / L. In addition, the ethanol extract of stem bark has a high ability to inhibit the activity of the alpha-glucosidase enzyme with an IC50 value of 10.95{\textpm}0.28 mg / L. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the stem bark of R. nasutus from UAE has the potential as a source of antioxidants and antidiabetic.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase enzyme, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz, Total phenolics content, Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.164}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1628, title = {Azadirachta indica (Neem) Water Leaf Extract Inhibits Melanin Production and Tyrosinase Activity in B16F10 Melanoma Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {1030-1035}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1030}, abstract = {

Introduction: Abnormal melanin production can cause pigmentary disorder such as hyperpigmentation. Finding a potent medicinal plants that can prevent pigment disorder. Objective: This study was to investigate the potential of leaf extract from Azadirachta indica var siamensis valeton to inhibit melanin formation or melanogenesis. Materials and Methods: A.indica leaf extract was tested for phenolic and flavonoid content assay. Tests using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay were administered to determine the toxicity of A.indica leaf extract in B16F10 melanoma cells. Melanin content and tyrosinase activity assays were used to determine the potential for the inhibition of melanogenesis. Data was analyzed using SPSS. Results: It was found that A.indica leaf extract per gram has a total phenolic content of 28.73 {\textpm} 0.30 mg gallic acid equivalents and flavonoid of 12.48 {\textpm} 0.00 mg rutin equivalent. In addition, we found that these herbal extracts decreased the melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity in B16F10 melanoma cells without any toxicity. This study suggested that the melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity in B16F10 melanoma cells were decreased without any cytotoxicity by the A.indica leaf water extract. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that A.indica leaf water extract inhibits melanin production through reducing tyrosinase activity. These results could be useful as a therapeutic treatment for skin hyperpigmentation disorders as well as an effective ingredient in whitening cosmetics.

}, keywords = {Azadirachta indica, Hyperpigmentation, Melanin, Melanogenesis, Tyrosinase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.133}, author = {Thanitsara Songtavisin and Benjamart Pratoomthai and Warachin Gangnonngiw and Jarinyaporn Naowaboot} } @article {1345, title = {Beneficial Effects of Sambucus nigra in Chronic Stress-Induced Neurobehavioral and Biochemical Perturbation in Rodents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {155-161}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {155}, abstract = {

Background: Stress is the causative factor for various diseases and disorders faced by the majority of the diseased population. The leaves of Sambucus nigra (S. nigra) are attributed to neuropharmacological properties as per literature. Considering the above, the S. nigra hydroalcoholic extract was tested for adaptogenic activity in animals. Objective: The study deals with the evaluation of S. nigra hydroalcoholic extract for adaptogenic activity using cold immobilization and footshock induced stress. Materials and Methods: The S. nigra hydroalcoholic extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) was administered to treatment groups 1 hour before footshock for 14 consecutive days and cold immobilization stress for 10 consecutive days, respectively. The current work was carrying out to investigate the adaptogenic activity of S. nigra against footshock stress induced perturbations in behaviour (sexual behaviour, depression, and cognitive dysfunction). Suppressed male sexual behaviour, percentage active avoidance response and duration of immobility in footshock stress were used as the stress indices. Additionally, liver function (SGOT, SGPT, and ALP), lipid profiles (TC, TG, HDL, LDL, and VLDL) and differential leukocytes counts (neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocyte, and monocyte) in cold immobilization stress were assessed in terms of stress indices. Diazepam (1 mg/kg) was served as the standard adaptogenic agent as per literature review for comparison. Results: All these chronic stress-induced perturbations were reversed, dose-dependently by S. nigra (2000 and 400 mg/kg) and diazepam (1 mg/kg). The dose group 400 mg/kg p.o. of S. nigra hydroalcoholic extract for adaptogenic activity in cold immobilization and footshock induced stress method showed significant variation (P\< 0.1) when is compared with the stress control group. Conclusion: S. nigra hydroalcoholic extract showed significant adaptogenic activity was indicated by qualitatively results comparable to diazepam, against a range of biochemical and behavioural perturbations induced by chronic stress.

}, keywords = {Active avoidance response, Cold immobilization, Footshock induced stress, Lipid profiles, Sambucus nigra, Sexual behaviour}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.22}, author = {Sachin Neekhra and Himani Awasthi and Dharmchand Prasad Singh} } @article {1379, title = {Bioactive Secondary Metabolite from Endophytic Aspergillus Tubenginses ASH4 Isolated from Hyoscyamus muticus: Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {434-442}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {434}, abstract = {

Background: Endophytes are the richest sources of natural compounds, showing biological varieties and pharmacological activities. Objective: This study aims to isolate bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic Aspergillus tubenginses with study the biological activity of the isolated bioactive compounds. Materials and Methods: Anofinic acid were obtained from Aspergillus tubenginses crude extract using chromatographic techniques and characterized by spectral analysis. Results: Nine endophytic fungi were isolated from Hyoscyamus muticus plant. The most efficient isolate was AF3 identified as Aspergillus tubenginses ASH4 by 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Anofinic acid is an isolated active metabolite biosynthesized by A. tubenginsis was extracted from ethyl acetate with UPAC name of 2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carboxylic acid. It shows a strong antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Bacillus subtilis. Moreover, anofinic acid inhibits biofilm formation and has antioxidant activity, with strong activity against some carcinoma cells such as HCT-116, Hep-G2 and MCF-7. Conclusion: Anofinic acid was purified from the endophytic Aspergillus tubenginses crude extract and showed antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, anticancer activities.

}, keywords = {Aspergillus tubenginses, Bioactive secondary metabolite, Endophytes, Hyoscyamus muticus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.55}, author = {Heba I Elkhouly and Ahmed A Hamed and Asmaa M El Hosainy and Mosad A Ghareeb and Nagwa M Sidkey} } @article {1627, title = {A Botanical Profile and Phytochemical Evaluation of Leaf, Stem and Root of Egyptian Lycopersicon esculentum Miller}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {1019-1029}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1019}, abstract = {

Background: Tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller, Family Solanaceae) is one of the most important vegetables worldwide for its edible fruit. Other plant organs (leaf, stem, and root) are discarded after harvesting. Reports showed that these worthless plant organs are rich untapped sources of biologically active constituents, which encourage us to do further investigation. However, lack of standardization for this plant represented a problem facing their use in medicine. Objective: The objective of the current work is to establish a botanical profile for the leaf, stem, and root, to perform a phytochemical investigation including estimation of the total phenolics and flavonoids content, as well as identification of isolated pure compounds from the highest yield organ. Methods: Samples of each organ have been examined macroscopically and microscopically. A phytochemical investigation including successive extraction, estimation of the total phenolics and flavonoids content were carried out. The different fractions of the leaf, having the highest yield, were subjected to phytochemical investigation using successive columns of silica gel and sephadex. Results: Colorimetric estimation of the total phenolics and flavonoids content showed that the leaf has the highest values (84.29{\textpm}1.50, 50.49{\textpm}0.26) followed by the stem (50.94{\textpm}0.33, 9.10{\textpm}0.14) then the root (40.71{\textpm}0.07, 1.32{\textpm}0.01), respectively. Six known compounds namely: apo- β-carotenol, β-sitosterol from the n-hexane fraction, protocatechuic acid, stigmasterol 3-O-β-D- glucoside from the ethyl acetate fraction, quercetin and rutin from the n-butanol fraction were isolated and their structure elucidation was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. Conclusion: This study could provide an authenticated data base for this Lycopersicon species.

}, keywords = {Lycopersicon esculentum Miller, Macro- and micromorphology, Pharmacognostical study, Total phenolics and flavonoids content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.132}, author = {Fify I Fathy and Marawan M Shabana and Hoda A Mansour and Manal M Sabry} } @article {1420, title = {Both Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate Curcuma Zedoaraia Extract was Capable of Inducing Cells Death in T47D Cell Line Culture}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {737-743}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {737}, abstract = {

Introduction: Curcuma zedoaria (CZ) has been proven capable of inducing apoptosis in cells cancer. CZ extraction can be performed by ethanol and acetyl acetate as solvent. However, which one of these extracts is superior remains unclear. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the difference potential effect of ethanol and acetyl CZ extract on apoptosis of T47D cell line. Methods: In this study 21 wells were assign into seven groups: control group (T47D); treatment groups consisting of group of ethanol CZ extract 46 (EtZ-46); group of ethanol CZ extract 23 (EtZ-23); group of ethanol CZ extract 11 (EtZ-11); and group of ethyl acetate CZ extract 111 (AcZ-111); group of ethyl acetate CZ extract 55 (AcZ-55); and group of ethyl acetate CZ extract 27 (AcZ-27). In T47D group only loaded with T47D cell line; in treatment groups aside from loaded with T47D cell line culture, also treated with ethanol or acetyl acetate CZ extract respectively. Concentration of T47D cell was 5 x 104 T47D cells line in 100 μl suspension loaded on each well of 21 wells and kept in CO2 incubator overnight. The apoptosis cells were measured after 48 hours post CZ treatment. Results: Post Hoc analysis indicated that the number of apoptosis cells in AcZ-111 was significant higher compared to that of other groups, p\<0.05. Conclusion: Acetyl acetate CZ extract treatment with dose 111 μg was capable of inducing apoptosis in T47D cell line superior than that of other groups including ethanol CZ extract.

}, keywords = {Acetyl acetate, Apoptosis, Curcuma zedoaria, Ethanol, Necrosis, T47D cell line}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.94}, author = {Titiek Sumarawati and Chodidjah and Taufiqurrachman Nasihun} } @article {1398, title = {Cardioprotective Role of Partharishtam on Isopreterenol Induced Myocardial Infarction in Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {591-595}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {591}, abstract = {

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the key causes of high death rate globally. We report the cardio protective effect of an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation Partharishtam on isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction on albino rats. Administration of Isoproterenol to normal albino rat triggers MI evident from the significant changes in key biomolecules tested in blood serum and cardiac tissues. The cardio protective role of Partharishtam was compared with a standard medicine, Propranolol on some of the known identifying markers of MI such as, Troponin I and T, creatine phosphokinase serum (CPK-S), creatine phosphokinase myoglobulin isozyme fraction (CPK-MB) and oxidative enzymes like super oxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase. There was an appreciable decrease in the levels of Troponin 1 and T, CPK-S and CPK-MB after the treatment of Partharishtam on Isoproterenol induced MI rats. In vivo anti-oxidative enzyme studies also revealed the increase in the levels of SOD, GSH and catalase to near normalcy after the treatment of Partharishtam in MI rats, which is very much comparable to the commonly used drug Propranolol to treat MI patients. Histopathological analysis confirmed the cardio protective properties of Partharistham in rat model. We did not find any side effects or toxicity of Partharishtam when tested on the normal rats. Thus, polyherbal formulation Partharishtam could be considered as safe medicine for MI.

}, keywords = {Catalase, Creatine phosphokinase, GSH, Isoproterenol, Myocardial Infarction, Partharishtam, Polyherbal, Propranolol, SOD, Troponin I, Troponin T}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.74}, author = {G. Narayanan and K Prabhu and Anath Bandhu Chaudhury and Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao and V S Kalai Selvi and N S Muthiah and Sruthi Dinakar} } @article {1706, title = {Characterization and Phytochemical Screening of Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) Extract{\textquoteright}s Nanoparticles Used Ball Mill Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1568-1572}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1568}, abstract = {

The aim of this study was to study the characterization and phytochemical screening of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri linn) extract{\textquoteright}s nanoparticles used ball mill method. The effect of herbal products would be maximized, a formulation that able to increase solubility, stability, bioavailability, and a targeted system was needed so the use of simplicia would be more effective. One of alternative solutions to this problem was to make the preparation of meniran extract in the form of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles made it easier for extract to be absorbed in blood plasma and were more effective in achieving the target drug itself. The manufacture of meniran nanoparticles used ball mill method. Then, meniran extract nanoparticles characterization and phytochemical screening were carried out. Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nanoparticle characterization consisted of size, used Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), and morphology, used Scaning Electron Microscope (SEM). Phytochemical screening of meniran extract nanoparticles used qualitative screening by reagent test. The results showed that the meniran extract nanoparticles produced an average size of 192.6 nm. The averange shape of particle was imperfectly amorphous and the dominant composition was Carbon (C). Phytochemical screening showed the content of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids and alkaloids.

}, keywords = {Biological production, Nanoparticle, Phyllanthus niruri, Phytochemical compound}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.200}, author = {Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum and Sri Hidanah and Sri Chusniati and Soeharsono} } @article {1405, title = {Characterization of Flavonoids and Saponins from Gleditsia triacanthos by LC-ESI/MS/MS Analysis: Pharmacological Assessment of the Anti-hyperglycemic and Anti-ulcerogenic Activities of G. triacanthos methanolic Fruit Extract and its n-Butanol Fraction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {631-639}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {631}, abstract = {

Introduction: Gleditsia triacanthos is known to possess various pharmacological activities. Objective: The composition of n-butanol fraction of Gleditsia triacanthos methanolic seedless fruit extract was identified from the LC-ESI/MS/MS spectra. Total methanolic extract of the seedless G. triacanthos fruits (MEGT) and its n-butanol fraction (BFGT) at three dose levels 70, 140 and 280 mg/kg were studied for their anti-diabetic and anti-ulcerogenic effects. Materials and Methods: The anti-diabetics properties of MEGT and BFGT were orally assessed in streptozotocin (STZ; 55 mg/kg; i.p.)-induced hyperglycemic rats. Their anti-ulcerogenic activities were also evaluated in ethanol-induced peptic ulcer in rats. Results: Two phenolic acids, five flavonoids as well as four saponins were identified from BFGT. Both MEGT and BFGT showed high potential in decreasing the elevated serum glucose, total triglycerides and total cholesterol levels in rats, dose dependently, comparable with the anti-diabetic reference drug; gliclazide (Glz; 10 mg/kg; p.o.). They also showed an elevation insulin and α-amylase serum levels. On the other hand, MEGT and BFGT showed significant ulceroprotective activities through decreasing both number and severity of ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats, dose dependently, comparable with the anti-ulcer reference drug; ranitidine (20 mg/kg; p.o.) with MEGT at 280 mg/kg showing highest activity. Conclusion: From all the previous results, it can be concluded that the observed pharmacological properties are attributed to the augmented activities of the saponin and flavonoidal content of G. triacanthos fruits.

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic activity, Gleditsia triacanthos, Hypoglycemic activity, Ulceroprotective effect}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.80}, author = {Iman A. A. Kassem and Sally A. El Awdan and Dalia O. Saleh} } @article {1630, title = {Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antiplasmodial Activity of the Total Alkaloids of the Bulbs of Two Amaryllidaceae Species from Northern Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {1046-1052}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1046}, abstract = {

Introduction: The amaryllidaceae family is characterized by presenting alkaloids with powerful pharmacological activities, including antiprotozoal activity. The aim of the present work was to determine the chemical composition and evaluate the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of the total alkaloids of the bulbs of two amaryllidaceae species from northern Per{\'u}. Methods: The total alkaloids were extracted from the bulbs using an acid-base extraction. The chemical composition of the total alkaloids was determined by GC-MS, using galantamine as a reference standard. It was investigated the in vitro antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum FCR-3 strain (chloroquine-resistant). Results: 8 alkaloids were identified in the bulbs of Clinanthus incarnatus: lycorine, galanthamine, galanthine, vittatine/crinine, hippamine, 3-O-acetylpowelline, 11,12-dehydroanhydrolycorine, 1-O-acetyllycorine with values of 19.73; 14.99; 10.36; 10.22; 10.16; 10.14; 10.04; 9.85 μg GAL/100 mg of total alkaloid (TA) respectively and 6 alkaloids in the bulbs of Clinanthus ruber: lycorine, anhydrolycorine, 11,12-dehydroanhydrolycorine, 2,4-didehydro-2-dehydroxylycorine, 8-0-dimethylmaritidine, hippamine, with values of 70.2; 18; 4.15; 3.45; 6.8 and 0.1 μg GAL/100 mg TA respectively. The total alkaloids of the species of C. incarnatus and C. ruber at concentrations of 1.0; 2.5; 5.0; 10.0; 25.0 and 50.0 μg/ml presented inhibition percentages of 23.5 {\textpm} 0.46\% to 94 {\textpm} 0.56\% against P. falciparum with (p \<0.05). They also presented IC50 0.375 μg/ml (C. incarnatus) and IC50 0.241 μg / ml (C. ruber). Conclusion: The main component of total alkaloids of the bulbs of two species was lycorine, in adittion, these species showed in vitro antiplasmoidal activity against Plasmodium falciparum FCR-3 strain at the doses tested.

}, keywords = {Clinanthus incarnatus, Clinanthus ruber, Plasmodium falciparum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.135}, author = {Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Madeleine Vanessa Horna -Pinedo and Luciana R Tallini and Jaume Bastida} } @article {1651, title = {Chemical Composition and Protective Effect of Rosmarinus officinalis on Alcohol-Induced Serum Hepatic Changes and Liver Injury in Male Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1205-1215}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1205}, abstract = {

Background: Is a pleasant-smelling perennial shrub that grows in many parts of the world, Rosmarinus officinalis a well known valuable herbal medicine which is widely used in pharmaceuticals and traditional medicine as a digestive, tonic, astringent, diuretic, diaphoretic and useful for urinary ailments. Objective: The objective of this study has, on the one hand, focused on the changes in hepatotoxicity induced by the chronic administration of ethyl alcohol according to a biochemical and histological experimental approach and, on the other hand, on the chemical composition which was determined. As well as, the hepato-protective effect of the ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis (EER), whether to restore or not the harmful alterations due to ethylism was evaluated. Method: The study included twenty-four male Wistar albino rats which were divided into four groups. The rats received ethanolic extraction of Rosmarinus officinalis orally at a dose of 200 mg/kg. Hepatotoxicity was induced orally with a daily dose of 05 mL of 20\% alcoholic solution for 90 days. Results: The chemical characterization of the ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis (EER) by HPLC/UV shows the presence of polyphenolic compounds and numerous flavonoids, the main constituent of which is rosmarinic acid. It was noticed that the Ethanol caused an increase in liver function parameters (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, triglyceride and cholesterol, total bilirubin) compared to the control and oxidative stress through a significant decrease in antioxidant liver enzymes Superoxidase dismutase (9.39 U/mg), glutathione peroxidase (12.89 U/mg) and catalase (25.39 U/mg) and increased malondialdehyde levels. The histological study showed significant lesions in the liver. Conclusion: The disturbances in liver function, antioxidant status and structural damage to the liver caused by ethanol have been restored by the administration of the ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis which strongly justifies its therapeutic effect.

}, keywords = {Ethylism, Hepatotoxicity, HPLC/UV, Liver stress oxidatives, Rosmarinus officinalis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.154}, author = {Rima Farah AOUAD and Mokhtaria Yasmina BOUFADI and Djallal Eddine Houari ADLI and Faiza MOULAI-HACENE and Khaled KAHLOULA and Miloud SLIMANI} } @article {1622, title = {Comparison of Antibacterial Activity of Calcium Hydroxide, Azadirachta Indica (Neem), Ocimum Tenuiflorum (Tulsi) and Punica Granatum (Pomegranate) Gels as Intracanal Medicaments Against Enterococcus Faecalis: An in-vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {988-994}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {988}, abstract = {

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Calcium hydroxide, Azadirachta indica (Neem), Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi) and Punica granatum (Pomegranate) gels as intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis. Methodology: Crude extracts of Pomegranate peel, Neem leaves and Tulsi leaves were used to determine MIC following which gels of 5\% neem, 10\% tulsi and 10\% pomegranate were prepared. Forty-eight single rooted human premolars were procured and inoculated with E.faecalis for 7 days. Specimens were then randomly distributed into 4 groups.

Group I- Calcium hydroxide

Group II- 5\% A. indica (Neem) gel

Group III- 10\% O. tenuiflorum (Tulsi) gel

Group IV-10\%

P. granatum (Pomegranate) gel The experimental gels were then introduced into the samples and were sealed at both ends. The antimicrobial activity of medicaments was assessed by measuring CFU/ml at the end of 1, 3 and 5 days. Results: Calcium hydroxide showed the maximum antibacterial activity (5.3X104 CFU/ml) followed by Pomegranate gel (5.4 X104 CFU/ml) with no statistically significant difference between them. Similarly, no statistically significant difference was observed between the mean CFU/ml values of the neem (10.2 X104 CFU/ml) and tulsi gel (10.2 X104 CFU/ml). However, pomegranate gel showed statistically significant antibacterial activity when compared to Neem and Tulsi. (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, table 4) (Figure 1). Conclusion: Calcium hydroxide showed the best antibacterial activity against E.faecalis. Among herbal gels, pomegranate showed the maximum antibacterial activity, however, further in-vivo research is required for it to be used as a sole intracanal medicament clinically.

}, keywords = {Calcium hydroxide, Enterococcus faecalis, Herbal, Intracanal medicaments, Microbial sensitivity tests, Root canal therapy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.127}, author = {Akanksha Mittal and Sunil Tejaswi and Mruthunjaya K and Suneeth Shetty and Ambikathanaya UK} } @article {1709, title = {Comparison of the Deep Euteutic Solvent (DES) Solvent for Extracting Lignin from the Lignocellulosic Material of Pineapple Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1702-1709}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1702}, abstract = {

Background: Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the materials that has the potential to produce cellulose. Lignocellulose material consists of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose so that the three materials must be separated first to get pure cellulose. The main problem faced in the process of separating cellulose is the difficulty of separating lignin. One of the processes in separating lignin is by pretreatment of lignocellulosic material. Methods: In this study, Deep Euteutic Solvent (DES) choline (ChCl) as a hydrogen bond acceptor was synthesized and eight hydrogen bond donors (HBD) were mixed. Eight types of DESs, i.e. , choline chloride-acetic acid (ChCl-AA), ChCl: formic acid (ChCl-FA). ), choline chloride: Lactic acid (ChCl-LA), choline chloride:Citric acid (ChCl-SA), choline chloride: Glycerol (ChCl-G), choline chloride: Ethylenglycol (ChCl-EG), choline chloride: Sorbitol (ChCl-S), and choline chloride: Urea (ChCl -U) with a ratio of 1: 2 were investigated. Each. DES solvent was applied as a pretreatment for the lignocellulosic material of pineapple leaves. The results of the pretreatment formed were characterized by the Infra Red spectroscopic method to determine the typical functional groups. Result: The results showed that the pretreatment process using DES solvent resulted in a decrease in lignin levels in pineapple leaf powder, the highest in DES with linear saturated acid-based HBD, formic acid at 32.05\%, glycerol at 30.18\% and then in alpha hydroxy-based HBD, acetic acid at 29.90\%. Meanwhile, the FT-IR results show that ChCl-FA has a high delignification ability during pretreatment. Pineapple leaves that have been pretreted with DES solvent can be a potential raw material for the next conversion process. This study presents DES as an effective and easy pretreatment method for lignin extraction.

}, keywords = {Deep eutectic solvent, Lignocellulose., Pineapple leaves, Pretreatment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.219}, author = {Triyani Sumiati and Herman Suryadi and Harmita and Sutriyo} } @article {1341, title = {Determination of Lupeol, a Cytotoxic Compound Against SW620 Cells in the Extracts of Ha-Rak Recipe}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {133-138}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {133}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ha-Rak is an herbal recipe that has been stated by Ministry of Public Health, Thailand to utilize as the herbal medicines for the treatment of fever. The recipe comprises the roots of five plants including Capparis micracantha, Clerodendrum indicum, Ficus racemosa, Harrisonia perforata and Tiliacora triandra as its ingredients. Methods: The extracts of Ha-Rak and its five herbal principles were evaluated for their potential on the cytotoxicity against SW620 cancer cell lines using the MTT assay and an active compound, lupeol which was found as a cytotoxic compound in the herbal ingredients of Ha-Rak was further determined. A chromatographic method for investigating that compound in the extracts was developed herein. The analytical method comprised a cholesterol-coated C18 column, a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol (70:30) with a flow rate of 2 mL/min, and a diode-array UV wavelength at 210 nm as a stationary phase, mobile phase, and detector, respectively. Results: The amount of lupeol in the extracts of Ha-Rak and the herbal principles, which possessed cytotoxicity against SW620 cell lines with the IC50 values of 30.10-212.24 μg/mL displayed variously in the range of 4.50-250.62 mg/100g. The difference of the contents among the extracts was noted significantly (P \< 0.05). The correlation between the lupeol contents and their cytotoxic performances on the tested cell lines was observed in our investigation. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that Ha-Rak recipe contains a promising cytotoxic compound, lupeol and it will support the recipe to subject further pharmacological studies on anticancer activity.

}, keywords = {Benchalokawichian, Cancer Cell Lines, Cytotoxicity, Ha-Rak, Lupeol, MTT}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.18}, author = {Pathom Somwong and Chomnapas Chuchote} } @article {1658, title = {Determination of Urinary Methyl Hippuric Acid Using Shimadzu UV-Visible Spectrophotometer Among Petroleum Employees}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1277-1281}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1277}, abstract = {

Xylene is a significant part of petroleum and a broadly considered as a natural impure material. About 98\% of Xylene is extracted from the petrochemical and petrol refining factories. It is one of the major genotoxicant part in petroleum, which may initiate various diseases but malignancy is questionable. Taking into consideration, we intend to identify the urinary methyl hippuric acid level which is metabolic product of xylene among petroleum station employees as well as in healthy persons. Aims and Objectives: To identify the occupational exposure of xylene in petrol station employees by assessing urinary methyl hippuric acid level. To determine and compare the level of urinary methyl hippuric acid among healthy individuals and petrol station employees. Materials and Methods: Urine samples were collected from 30 healthy individual (control) and 30 petroleum employees (case) working in petroleum station who are above 18 years of age. The urinary methyl hippuric acid (MHA) level was analysed by using Shimadzu UV-Visible Spectrophotometer method. Results: The urinary Methyl hippuric acid level was significantly higher in petroleum station employees than in healthy individuals (p\<0.001). Conclusion: The urinary MHA level is a helpful tool to identify the occupational exposure of people who work in petrol and petroleum product. Subsequently, our investigation accentuates that proper precautionary measure and efficiently bio-observing should be taken among petrol station employees which will assist with reducing their likely degrees of risk related with the occupation. It might start the cancer-causing disease through the cellular DNA changes and induce genotoxic effects.

}, keywords = {Occupational Exposure, Urine Methyl Hippuric Acid Level, UV Spectrophotometry, Xylene}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.161}, author = {Vidya Gowdappa Doddawad and B.M. Gurupadayya and Shivananda S and Vidya CS and Azhar Mohammed and Bhuyan L} } @article {1714, title = {Effect of a Gel Based on Ipomoea batatas (Purple Sweet Potato) on Dermal Wound Healing in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1720-1726}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1720}, abstract = {

Background: Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (I. batatas) is a root native from South America that is characterized by its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties contribute to the wound healing process. Objective: To evaluate the healing activity of a gel based on I. batatas on dermal wound healing in mice. Material and methods: An acid ethanolic extract (1.5 N hydrochloric acid: Ethanol 96 {\textdegree} 15:85, v / v) was prepared with the peels of the roots of I. batatas "purple sweet potato", which was incorporated into the formulations 0.5\% and 1\% gel. Mus musculus Balb / c with induced injury were distributed in four experimental groups: Group I (Control), which did not receive any treatment. Group II (Gel base), Group III (Gel I. batatas 0.5\%) and Group IV (Gel I. batatas 1\%) received the daily administration of topical treatments for 14 days. Wound closure was determined during the experimentation time, then they were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital 60 mg / kg / pc v.ip. to obtain skin samples for histopathological analysis. Results: Group IV shows a higher percentage of wound closure, which is also evidenced in histopathological changes. Conclusions: The 1\% gel based on the ethanolic extract of the peels of the roots of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. they show healing activity in wounds induced in mice, being the most effective treatment.

}, keywords = {Histology, Ipomoea batatas, Skin., Wound Healing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.222}, author = {Carmen R. Silva-Correa and Cristel M. Ortiz-Noriega and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Luz M. Guerrero-Espino and William A. Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Anabel D. Gonz{\'a}lez- Siccha and Mar{\'\i}a V. Gonz{\'a}lez-Blas and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco and Jorge Del Rosario-Ch{\'a}varri and Patricia Contreras- Vera and Julio Hilario-Vargas} } @article {1715, title = {Effect of a Gel Based on Ipomoea batatas (Purple Sweet Potato) on Dermal Wound Healing in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1720-1726}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1720}, abstract = {

Background: Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (I. batatas) is a root native from South America that is characterized by its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties contribute to the wound healing process. Objective: To evaluate the healing activity of a gel based on I. batatas on dermal wound healing in mice. Material and methods: An acid ethanolic extract (1.5 N hydrochloric acid: Ethanol 96 {\textdegree} 15:85, v / v) was prepared with the peels of the roots of I. batatas "purple sweet potato", which was incorporated into the formulations 0.5\% and 1\% gel. Mus musculus Balb / c with induced injury were distributed in four experimental groups: Group I (Control), which did not receive any treatment. Group II (Gel base), Group III (Gel I. batatas 0.5\%) and Group IV (Gel I. batatas 1\%) received the daily administration of topical treatments for 14 days. Wound closure was determined during the experimentation time, then they were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital 60 mg / kg / pc v.ip. to obtain skin samples for histopathological analysis. Results: Group IV shows a higher percentage of wound closure, which is also evidenced in histopathological changes. Conclusions: The 1\% gel based on the ethanolic extract of the peels of the roots of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. they show healing activity in wounds induced in mice, being the most effective treatment.

}, keywords = {Histology, Ipomoea batatas, Skin., Wound Healing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.222}, author = {Carmen R. Silva-Correa and Cristel M. Ortiz-Noriega and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a} } @article {1678, title = {Effect of Aporosa villosa Stem Ethanolic Extract on Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1422-1427}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1422}, abstract = {

Background: An excessive fat accumulation is related to development of obesity. Obesity is associated with the induction of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus conditions. Aporosa villosa is a plant that found in the Northern and Northeastern region of Thailand. Objective: The present study used 3T3-L1 adipocytes for investigating the effect of Aporosa villosa stem ethanolic extract (AS) on adipogenesis. Materials and Methods: 3T3-L1 adipocytes were used for measuring the cytotoxicity of AS at a concentration range of 3-100 μg/mL. After adipocyte cells treated with AS (3-100 μg/mL) for 8 days, the lipid accumulation was detected by Oil Red O staining and adipogenic gene expression were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Results: AS extracts (3-100 μg/mL) did not show cytotoxicity on cell proliferation. After 8 days of treating 3T3-L1 adipocytes with AS at doses of 3, 10, 30 and 100 μg/mL, the lipid droplets were reduced as compared to non-treated cells. Furthermore, the adipogenic genes were measured. The regulators of adipogenesis, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor γ (PPARγ) and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) were found decreasing in AS extracts. The downstream target genes of these regulators cluster of differentiation (CD) 36, fatty acid synthase (FAS) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were also reduced by AS treatments. Conclusion: These findings indicate that AS extract has an inhibitory activity on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via suppressing C/EBPα, PPARγ and SREBP1c.

}, keywords = {Aporosa villosa; Adipogenesis; Obesity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.180}, author = {Urarat Nanna and Linda Chularojmontri and Pholawat Tingpej and Rawiwun Kaewamatawong and Sudarat Homhual and Wanwisa Suwannaloet and Thanes Fuangfoo and Jarinyaporn Naowaboot} } @article {1605, title = {The Effect of Ethanol Extract of Katuk Leaves (Sauropus androgynus) on Red Blood Cell Count (HR), Hemoglobin (Hb), and Hematocrit (Ht) of Rats Exposed to Emission}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {860-865}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {860}, abstract = {

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 70\% of the world{\textquoteright}s urban population has breathed polluted air from motorcycle emissions. Lead poisoning will have an impact on anemia which is characterized by a decrease in the amount of red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin level (Hb), and hematocrit level (Ht). Katuk leaves contain papaverine which can bind to the red blood cell. The purpose of this research is to see the ability of the ethanol extract of katuk leaves (Sauropus androgynus) to prevent the reduction of RBC, Hb, and Ht. The descriptive, experimental research method that analyzes changes in hematological parameters in experimental rats was conducted 24 days with samples of 30 white rats species of Rattus norvegicus, divided into five groups: control (-), control (+), Treatment 1 (P1, extract 50 mg/kg body weight), Treatment 2 (P2, extract 100 mg/kg body weight), and Treatment 3 (P3, extract 200 mg/kg body weight). All rats used in treatment groups were exposed to motorcycle smoke. The study was carried out for 16 days, and on day-17, all groups were drawn blood through the orbital vein. The results showed the concentration of extract of 200 mg/kg weight has the highest increase in hematological parameters for RBC (8.42 {\textpm} 0.67); Hb (14.0 {\textpm} 0.48); and Ht (44.6 {\textpm} 0.89). Katuk leaf ethanol extract had a significant effect (p \<0.05) in increasing RBC, Hb, and Ht. Therefore, the ethanol extract of katuk leaves can be a potential drug candidate for medicine in conditions where lower hematological parameters occur due to exposure to air pollution.

}, keywords = {Air Pollution, Hematology, Katuk Leaves}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.110}, author = {Budi Siswanto} } @article {1426, title = {The Effect of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) Root Extract on salivary S. Mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida Albicans Isolated from High-Risk Caries Adult Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {787-791}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {787}, abstract = {

Introduction: The roots of E. longifolia jack (E.L.) or Tongkat Ali have been used in traditional medicine as well as supplements and food additives. Many chemical compounds have been detected in extracts of its roots which are believed to be responsible for its medicinal properties. In this study, our objectives were to study the effects of EL root extracts on the growth of Streptococcus Mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida Albicans isolated from saliva of adult patients with high caries risk. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of the root of this plant was tested against saliva isolated Streptococcus Mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida Albicans via disc diffusion assay at a concentration of 200mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration was carried out by the standard broth microdilution method. Cell viability of test microorganisms against different concentration of the extract and inhibition zones were calculated. Results: Disk diffusion assay showed positive zones of inhibition for all test microorganisms with S. mutans, Lactobacillus and C. albicans exhibiting zones of inhibition of 8.3 {\textpm} 0.7mm, 12.4 {\textpm} 2.4mm and 21.4 {\textpm} 2.7mm respectively. For minimum inhibitory concentration, the test microorganisms were tested at concentration of 250mg/ mL, 125mg/mL, 62.5mg/mL, 31.3mg/mL and 0mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration showed that MIC of S. mutans was at 62.5mg/mL, Lactobacillus at 125mg/mL and C. albicans at 31.3mg/mL. Lastly, the cell viability results supported the MIC determined prior. Conclusion: Ethanol-based E. longifolia Jack root extract has an antimicrobial effect on the following microorganisms isolated from the saliva of high-risk caries adult patients: S. mutans, Lactobacillus and C. albicans.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial effect, Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Inhibition, Salivary isolate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.100}, author = {Muhamad Iyad bin Ramzi and Muhammad Hazzim bin Kosnin and Ghasak Ghazi Faisal and Mohd Hafiz Arzmi and Anisa Kusumawardani and ASM Sabere and Essam A Makky and OE Ibrahim and Ghasak Ghazi Faisal and Mohd Hafiz Arzmi and Anisa Kusumawardani and ASM Sabere and Essam A Makky and OE Ibrahim} } @article {1612, title = {Effect of Glycyrrhizin and Sappan Wood Extract on Chemically- Induced Oral Mucosal Ulcer: An in vivo Animal Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {909-915}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {909}, abstract = {

Introduction: Stomatitis is the most common oral mucosal lesions characterized by round ulcers with yellow-white color and usually heals up to 14 days. Many recent studies have demonstrated that glycyrrhizin (GL) and C. sappan extract (CSE) exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and antioxidant action but no study has demonstrated the effect on the oral mucosal ulcer. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of GL and CSE in experimentally chemically induced oral mucosal ulcers using rats. Methods: Male Sprague- Dawley rats were randomly distributed into seven groups: the control group, the comparison group of 0.1\% triamcinolone acetonide (TCA), a single treatment group of 3\% GL and 3\% CSE, combination groups of 3\% GL + CSE (1:1, 1:2, 2:1). The oral ulcer model was induced by 15 μL of 50\% acetic acid. The clinical healing was evaluated by measuring the ulcer size and body weight from day 0{\textendash}14 and evaluate the leukocyte number on days 0, 4, 9 and 14. Histological examination was conducted at the end of the treatment. Results: The group of 0.1\% TCA and GL:CSE (2:1) showed greater ulcer closure (\>80\%) and decreased leukocyte number since day 4 (p\<0.05). Body weight loss was observed after ulcer initiation and started to increase after day 4 of treatment. While the histological examination showed similar tissue regeneration profile only from the GL:CSE (2:1) group with the healthy oral mucosa. Conclusion: Combination treatment of GL:CSE (2:1) enhanced the closure of oral mucosal ulcer and demonstrate complete tissue regeneration.

}, keywords = {Caesalpinia sappan, Licorice, Stomatitis, Triamcinolone Acetonide}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.117}, author = {Ariiq Azmi Rofiqi Sulkhan and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Sutriyo} } @article {1691, title = {The Effect of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) Leaf Extract on the Mucin 1 Expression in Mice Colonic Epithelial Cells Induced by Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1509-1515}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1509}, abstract = {

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic inflammation caused by the malignant inflammation response and if not treated, could lead to colorectal cancer. One of the researched treatment is mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) leaf extract that has flavonoid compound known to reduce inflammation. This study was aimed to prove that mahkota dewa leaf extract could reduce inflammation of mice colon induced with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and observe MUC1 expression from colon epithelial crypt of Lieberkuhn. Methods: This was a laboratory experiment using biological material (paraffin block) taken from 28 mice and divided into 5 groups: normal, aspirin, low and high dose mahkota dewa, and negative control. They were processed into immunohistochemistry and stained microscopic slides. Afterwards, they were observed with 400x magnification and 5 field-of-view of mice colon crypt of lieberkuhn. Then MUC1 expression was counted using ImageJ to obtain mean immunohistochemistry score and analyzed with SPSS. Results: There were significant reduction of MUC1 expressions from normal, aspirin, and high dose mahkota dewa groups compared to the negative control group. The result shown MUC1 expression from high dose mahkota dewa (M=149.90,SD=3.81) and aspirin (M=158.92,SD=5.28) were closer to normal group (M=148.02,SD=5.28). There were no significant results between negative (M=175.39,SD=14.30) and low dose mahkota dewa group (M=149.90,SD=5.02). Conclusion: There was a reduction of MUC1 expression in DSS-induced mice colonic epithelial cells for high dose mahkota dewa group. This shown that high dosage mahkota dewa leaf extract could reduce inflammation like aspirin.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory agent, Colon epithelial cell, Inflammatory bowel Disease, Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa), MUC 1 expression}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.192}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Natasha Yemima Situmorang and Endah Zuraidah and Ari Estuningtyas and Aryo Tedjo} } @article {1686, title = {Effect of Muntingia calabura L. Leaf Extract on Blood Glucose Levels and Body Weight of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1450-1455}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1450}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Muntingia calabura L. leaf extract on the blood glucose level and weight of alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Methods: The mice were injected using 150mg/kg of alloxan intraperitoneally to induce diabetes. Blood glucose level was tested before alloxan injection and 5 days after injection to confirm diabetes development. M. calabura leaf extract with 100 and 300 mg/kg and 600 μg/kg of glibenclamide was given orally for 14 days. Results: The statistical results showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level, especially on day-7 and day-14 in the M. calabura leaf extract treatment group and glibenclamide treatment group compared to the model control group. There was an increase of weight on day-7 and day-14 in the M. calabura leaf extract group and a significant decrease in weight on day-7 in the glibenclamide group compared to the model control group. Conclusion: M. calabura leaf extract had a significant antidiabetic effect that can normalize the weight of alloxan-induced diabetic mice.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Diabetes, Mice, Muntingia calabura leaf}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.184}, author = {Tridiganita Intan Solikhah and Gahastanira Permata Solikhah} } @article {1682, title = {Effect of Muntingia calabura L. Leaf Extract on Blood Glucose Levels and Body Weight of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1450-1455}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1450}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Muntingia calabura L. leaf extract on the blood glucose level and weight of alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Methods: The mice were injected using 150mg/kg of alloxan intraperitoneally to induce diabetes. Blood glucose level was tested before alloxan injection and 5 days after injection to confirm diabetes development. M. calabura leaf extract with 100 and 300 mg/kg and 600 μg/kg of glibenclamide was given orally for 14 days. Results: The statistical results showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level, especially on day-7 and day-14 in the M. calabura leaf extract treatment group and glibenclamide treatment group compared to the model control group. There was an increase of weight on day-7 and day-14 in the M. calabura leaf extract group and a significant decrease in weight on day-7 in the glibenclamide group compared to the model control group. Conclusion: M. calabura leaf extract had a significant antidiabetic effect that can normalize the weight of alloxan-induced diabetic mice.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Diabetes, Mice, Muntingia calabura leaf}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.184}, author = {Tridiganita Intan Solikhah and Gahastanira Permata Solikhah} } @article {1413, title = {Effect of Soybean on Bone Health and Some Metabolic Parameters in Postmenopausal Egyptian Women}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {688-697}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {688}, abstract = {

Introduction: Great concern has been raised recently concerning the therapeutic impact of soybean. The present study aims to investigate the effects of soybean on bone health and metabolic parameters in postmenopausal women. Methods: In this clinical study, 72 healthy postmenopausal women aged between 45-65 years were given soybean bioactive fraction 2 capsules (500mg each) daily for 24 weeks. Each capsule contained 31.25 mg proteins, 3.2 mg carbohydrates and 4.84 mg isoflavones. Blood pressure, bone mineral density, plasma osteocalcin (OCN), telopeptides of collagen type I (CTX), fasting insulin and blood glucose, lipid profile, serum creatinine, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and TSH were assessed prior and after the period of the study. Insulin resistance was calculated by homeostatic model assessment-IR formula (HOMA-IR). Results: Soy ingestion resulted in a significant increase in T score of the hip and OCN; recording -1.97{\textpm}0.13/-1.76{\textpm}0.12 and 22.44{\textpm}0.60ng/ml/30.93{\textpm}0.57ng/ml before/after treatment, respectively. A marked decrease was also detected in CTX from 2.22{\textpm}0.10ng/ml to 1.48{\textpm}0.08ng/ml. With regard to metabolic parameters, there was a significant decrease in fasting insulin (5.40{\textpm}0.62uU/ml vs 4.15{\textpm}0.45uU/ ml), however, fasting glucose and HOMA-IR showed no significant alterations. Lipid profile displayed remarkable decline in total cholesterol (188.86{\textpm}7.23mg/dl vs 159.60{\textpm}4.72mg/dl, triglycerides (97.09{\textpm}5.23mg/dl vs 83.56{\textpm}4.27mg/dl), LDL-c (75.60{\textpm}3.06mg/dl vs 63.95{\textpm}1.86mg/ dl) accompanied with a significant elevation in HDL-c (53.09{\textpm}0.88 vs 65.81mg/dl{\textpm}0.80mg/ dl). A significant decrease in both TSH (1.97{\textpm}0.13 uIU/ml vs 1.40{\textpm}0.08 uIU/ml) and serum creatinine (0.82{\textpm}0.02mg/dl vs0.77{\textpm}0.02mg/dl) was also noticed. Conclusion: Consumption of soy improves bone health, reduces cardiovascular risk with no adverse effects on kidney, liver or thyroid functions.

}, keywords = {Bone health, Bone mineral density, Hypocholesterolemic effect, Insulin resistance, Metabolic parameters, Soybean}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.88}, author = {Mouchira Abdel Salam and Hala M. Raslan and Doha A. Mohamed and Aliaa Elgendy and Rehab A. Hussein and Omneya Moguib and Maha Abdelhadi and Rokia Abd El-Shafy Soliman El-Banna and Karem Fouda and Safenaz Y. El Sherity and Emad N. Zikri and Nagwa M. Ammar} } @article {1387, title = {Effect of Tender Coconut Water (TCW) on TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 in Streptozotocin (STZ) and Nicotinamid (NA) Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {500-505}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {500}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is characterized by an increase in blood sugar levels also known as hyperglycemia. Continuous hyperglycemia can increase the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS causes oxidative stress and increases the formation of TNF-α expression as a marker of inflammation. Tender coconut water is rich in sources of free amino acids, L-arginine and vitamin C which can prevent oxidative stress. Aim and Objectives: This research to investigate the effect of tender coconut water on TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 in Streptozotocin (STZ) and Nicotinamid (NA) induced diabetic rats. Material and Methods: Experimental research design using posttest control group design. Twenty four male wistar strain rats were used in this study were divided randomly into 4 groups, which are group K1 (control); K2 (DM type 2); K3 (DM type 2+ Glibenclamid 0,18mg/200grBW); K4 (DM type 2+ tender coconut water 8mL/200gr BW). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus were induced using Streptozotocin (STZ) 65mg/kg body weight and Nicotinamid 230 mg/kg body weight. The administration of tender coconut water were given on day 3 after DM condition is reached, given daily for 4 weeks with dose of 8 mL/200 gr BW. Data on of TNF-α , IL-1 and IL-6 levels were analyzed by One Way Anova. Result: Average TNF-α level, IL-1 level and IL-6 level in Group 2 increased compared to Group 1 , in Group 3 it decreased compared to Group 2 as well as in Group 4 .The results of the analysis has the p values \<0.05. Conclusion: Administration of tender coconut water can be decreasing of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 levels in wistar strain male rats with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, IL-1, IL-6, Tender coconut water, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.63}, author = {Siti Thomas Zulaikhah and Joko Wahyuwibowo and Mochammad Navi Suharto and Bagus Haruno Enggartiasto and Mohammad Iqbal Raka Ortanto and Arrizki Azka Pratama} } @article {1391, title = {Effects of Jamaican cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) Fruits Extract on Immunoglobulin G Levels and Hematological Profiles in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {535-541}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {535}, abstract = {

Background: Jamaican cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) fruits contain potential immunomodulatory agents such as phenolic and flavonoid compounds. However, previous research was limited only to the effect of Jamaican cherry fruits on non-specific immune response namely the phagocytic index. Objective: This study aims to determine the immunomodulatory activity of Jamaican cherry fruits against specific immune response by measuring the antibody formation named immunoglobulin G (IgG). In addition, the hematological profile of the animals induced by hepatitis B vaccine was also evaluated. Materials and methods: forty male mice were grouped into 8 groups consist of control, treatment, and standard groups. Control group was given CMC-Na 0.5\%, six treatment groups were each given either the methanol extract of Jamaican cherry fruits (MEJF), or ethyl acetate fraction of Jamaican cherry fruits (EAJFJ) with the doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW (each dose for one group), and levamisole was given to the standard group. Levamisole and extract of Jamaican cherry fruits were prepared as a suspension in CMCNa 0.5\% and administered orally for 15 days. Mice were induced with hepatitis B vaccine intraperitoneally twice. The levels of IgG, hematological profiles, and organ index were measured on the 16th day. Results: The administration of MEJF and EAFJF stimulated IgG production significantly compared to the control group (p\<0.05). Meanwhile, the MEJF and EAFJF did not influence the hematological profile. An increase of the spleen index was found in the EAFJF group compared to the control. Both MEJF and EAFJF were shown to have flavonoids, phenolics, and triterpenoids contents. Conclusion: MEJF and EAFJF possessed immunostimulant properties by increasing the specific (humoral) immune response (IgG) after induction with the hepatitis B vaccine.

}, keywords = {Hematological profile, Hepatitis B vaccine, Immunoglobulin G, Jamaican cherry (Muntingia calabura L.)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.67}, author = {Tanti Azizah Sujono and Ika Trisharyanti Dian Kusumowati and Rima Munawaroh} } @article {1377, title = {Ergosterol Isolated from Agaricus blazei Murill N-Hexane Extracts as Potential Anticancer MCF-7 Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {418-426}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {418}, abstract = {

Extracts and some of the Agaricus blazrei Murill isolates have potential anticancer. Ergosterol isolate from Amaouroderma rude can also inhibit the growth of MDA-MB-231 cancer cells through apoptotic pathways by increasing FOXO3 expression, while its potency against MCF-7 cells has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to isolate, determine the structure, determine the anticancer activity of MCF-7 cells, and the isolate mechanism by apoptosis from one of isolates the n-hexane A.blazei Murill extracts. This research method includes the isolation of compounds from A.blazei Murill extract by chromatography method guided using Bioactivity Guided Isolation. The structure elucidation of structure isolates used UV, NMR and MS spectroscopy. Anticancer activity test using the MTT cytotoxic test. Eludation of UV, NMR and MS structures showed a ergostrerol. The anticancer activity test showed IC50 values of 43.10 μg/ mL with the strong cytotoxic category. The mechanism of action is to increase apoptosis induction through inhibition of the cell cycle in the G2/ M phase. The conclusion of the isolated compound was ergosterol with an IC50 value of 43.10 μg / mL with an increased apoptosis induction mechanism through inhibition of the cell cycle in the G2/ M phase.

}, keywords = {Agaricus blazei, Apoptosis, Egosterol, MCF-7 cells, Murill extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.53}, author = {Misgiati Misgiati and Aty Widyawaruyanti and Sentot Joko Raharjo and Sukardiman Sukardiman} } @article {1722, title = {Ethnobotany and Traditional Knowledge of Bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) in Asia and Their Applications in the Complementary and Alternative Medicine: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1751-1762}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1751}, abstract = {

Plants are considered a great source of various herbal medicines in the treatment of certain diseases and ailments. There is a growing interest in the utilization of indigenous medicinal plants as the source for complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) due to the significant contribution of plant-based materials to the pharmaceutical field. Bambusoideae is a large grass family of Poaceae, comprising approximately 119 genera and 1482 described species. About 70\% of the bamboo forests are covered throughout Asia. This study aims to provide an informative review of the ethnobotanical significance and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants belonging to the Bambusoideae. This review comprises informative data on medicinal plants, their uses, and parts used by indigenous people and native communities in Asian regions. In line with this review, bamboo has made significant contributions to the ethnobotanical field, specifically as therapeutics for specific diseases. Ethnobotanical data has also made a successful contribution to the CAM. Therefore, the present review on ethnobotany and traditional knowledge of bamboo is expected to have many benefits and could be a good starting point for future work in the pharmaceutical field, both locally and internationally.

}, keywords = {Asia, Bambusoideae, Complementary and alternative medicine, Ethnobotany, Traditional knowledge.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.226}, author = {Mohammad Amil Zulhilmi Benjamin and Shean Yeaw Ng and Fiffy Hanisdah Saikim and Nor Azizun Rusdi} } @article {1328, title = {Ethnomedicinal Knowledge Verification for the Antidiarrheal and Antioxidant Effects of Rhus chinensis Mill. Fruits with Identification of Thirty Constituents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {37-43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Background: Ethnobotanical survey in the rural villages in Nepal revealed that the fruits of Rhus chinensis Mill. have been using for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery. Objective: To evaluate antimicrobial and antioxidant effects, and identification of chemical constituents in the fruits of R. chinensis. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical screening was performed on the hexane and 70\% methanolic extracts of the sample followed by gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS). Total phenolic content (TPC) was estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu method. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity. Antibacterial effect was estabilished by the Agar well diffusion assay. Results: A total of 30 compounds belonging to phenolics, anhydrides, aldehydes, fatty acids and hydrocarbons were identified in the extracts. The TPC value of 123.52{\textpm}1.29 mg GAE/g dry extract was estimated. IC50 value of 135.54{\textpm}0.82 μg/mL was calculated in DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Scavenging of 42.69{\textpm}0.1\% DPPH free radical and 63.20{\textpm}1.48\% hydrogen peroxide at 100 μg/mL concentration of 70\% methanolic extract were estimated. The maximum zone of inhibition (ZOI) observed was 23.00{\textpm}0.57 mm against Escherichia coli at loading dose of 5 mg of the extract. Conclusion: All together 30 compounds were identified in the fruits. The extracts efficiently inhibited the growth of E. coli and Shigella dysenteriae verifying the rural knowledge. At the same time, the extracts displayed efficient antioxidant activity. The phytochemicals identified were responsible for these activities.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial susceptibility assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay, GC-MS, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.6}, author = {Chandra Mohini Nemkul and Gan B Bajracharya and Hayato Maeda and Ila Shrestha} } @article {1603, title = {Evaluating the Antioxidant and Heavy Metal Content of Pleurotus ostreatus Mushrooms Cultivated using Sugar Cane Agro-Waste}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {844-852}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {844}, abstract = {

Background: Pleurotus ostreatus, is one of the most cultivated mushrooms with great economic and medicinal value that can be easily grown on various bio-waste substrates. However, biosafety evaluations on these mushrooms are rarely conducted. Thus, we sought to evaluate the concentration or presence of Heavy metals in P. ostreatus mushrooms cultivated on agro-bio-waste products. Furthermore, the effect of adding agro wastes on wheat bran (WB) cultivated mushrooms was evaluated. Methods: Mushrooms grown in sugar cane tops and bagasse were supplemented with varying levels of WB. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was applied to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals in the substrates and within mushrooms. Furthermore, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was used to determine antioxidant activity of mushroom extracts. Results: The transfer factor analysis (TF) showed that mushrooms have an affinity to absorb Zn, Cd, Cu and Cr from all tested substrates during cultivation (TF\>1). The addition of WB supplement into substrates resulted into significant increase in mushroom yield. However, the increased addition of WB, inversely affected the DPPH scavenging activity of the P.ostreatus methanolic extracts. Conclusion: The bioabsorption of heavy metals by P. ostreatus is depended on the metal type. Based on these findings, mushrooms grown on these agro-waste appear to be safe and potent scavenging ability against free radicals.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, DPPH, Heavy metals, Mushrooms, Pleurotus ostreatus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.108}, author = {Senzosenkosi Surprise Mkhize and Mthokozisi Blessing Cedric Simelane and Nothando Lovedale Gasa and Ofentse Jacob Pooe} } @article {1424, title = {Evaluation of Acute toxicity, In-vitro, In-vivo Antidiabetic Potential of the Flavonoid Fraction of the plant Chenopodium album L}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {765-779}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {765}, abstract = {

Background: The Chenopodium album L. commonly recognized as Bathua, is widely distributed globally and contains various phytoconstituents that help treat several diseases. However, until now, aerial parts{\textquoteright} antidiabetic potential and the plant{\textquoteright}s acute toxicity at fraction level have never been established. Objectives: To investigate the acute toxicity, the in-vitro, in-vivo antidiabetic potential of the plant at fraction level. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of the plant were fractionated into different fractions, i.e., flavonoid fraction (CAFF), tannin fraction (CATF), alkaloid fraction (CAAF), saponin fraction (CASF), and were analyzed for in-vitro alpha-amylase inhibition assay. The CAFF, CATF, and CAAF were selected based on in-vitro alpha-amylase inhibition assay results and were further screened for its acute toxicity and in vivo antidiabetic activity using a high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetes model. The CAFF was characterized by LC-MS, and a molecular docking study was carried out. Results: The in-vitro alpha-amylase inhibition assay revealed that CAFF was found to be more potent than standard Acarbose having IC50 values 122.18 {\textpm} 1.15 and 812.83{\textpm} 1.07 μg/ml, respectively. The CAFF fraction was found to possess potent antidiabetic activity in a dose-dependent manner in both in vitro and in vivo diabetic models and did not produce any sign of severe toxicity. Furthermore, the bioactive CAFF fraction was characterized by LC-MS, showed the presence of quercetin 3-O-(2{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright},6{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}-di-O-rhamnosyl) glucoside (QRG) or quercetin 3-O-(2{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright},6{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}-di-Orhamnosyl) galactoside (QRGa) and quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) (QR). It is predicted from the molecular docking study that the CAFF fraction primarily acts as an alphaamylase inhibitor. Conclusion: The CAFF fraction was found to poses dose-dependent potent antidiabetic activity and did not produce any sign of severe toxicity and primarily act as an alpha-amylase inhibitor.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Alpha-amylase, Antidiabetic activity, Chenopodium album, Lc-Ms, Molecular docking}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.98}, author = {Neeraj Choudhary and Pranav Kumar Prabhakar and Gopal L Khatik and Subba Rao Chamakuri and Devesh Tewari and Ashish Suttee} } @article {1685, title = {Evaluation of Antihelmintic Activity of Indigenous Plants Found in India Including Butea Monosperma, Origanum Majorana, Piper Longum and Embelia Ribes And GC-MS Phytochemical Analysis of Plant Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1464-1471}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1464}, abstract = {

Introduction: Antimicrobial agents are an essential tool in reducing the burden of the infectious diseases. This study aimed to comprehensively determine the antihelmintic activity of indigenous plants found in India including Butea monosperma, Origanum majorana, Piper longum and Embelia ribes. Methodology: Additionally, the profiling of the phytochemical composition of the extracts was done. The preparation of the extract was done using Maceration method. For determination of antihelmintic activity Eisenia fetida were used. The gas chromatography-mass analysis was carried out in GCMS-QP-2010 plus system). Result and conclusion: Aqueous extracts of Embelia ribes and Origanum majorana did not show anthelmintic activity at any of the tested concentrations. Aqueous extract of Butea monosperma showed antihelmintic activity at 20 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml at 1 hour and 2-hour time interval respectively. The aqueous extract of Piper longum showed activity at concentration 20mg/ml and 10 mg/ml at the time interval of 1 hour and 3-hour respectively.

}, keywords = {Antihelmintic, Butea monosperma, Embelia ribes, Origanum majorana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.186}, author = {Kiran Giri and Aradhana Singh and Kamlesh M. Palandurkar and Tuhina Banerjee and Satish Chaurasia} } @article {1394, title = {Evaluation of Co-administration of Roselle Water Extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and Aspirin for Antiplatelet Therapy in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {563-569}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {563}, abstract = {

Background: Various herbal side effects caused by interactions between herbs and drugs have been reported and reviewed. For instance, roselle water extract and aspirin have similar functions in maintaining cardiovascular function. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of roselle water extract on aspirin pharmacodynamics observed through the parameters of bleeding time, survival rate and the number of microthrombus that induced thromboembolism in rats. Materials and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two different experimental group for bleeding time and survival rate assay. Roselle water extract was given in three various doses (12.5 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg/200 g BW) for seven days followed by aspirin on the last treatment. Results: Results showed that the co-administration of roselle water extract and aspirin did not cause significant changes in the increase in bleeding time, the number of animals that survived and the number of microthrombus. Conclusion: Therefore, roselle water extract does not affect the pharmacodynamics of aspirin.

}, keywords = {Aspirin, Bleeding time, Roselle water extract, Survival rate, Thromboembolism}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.70}, author = {Zahriah and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1646, title = {Evaluation of the Anticonvulsant, Anxiolytic, Sedative, and Neuroprotective Activities of Polysaccharides from Mycelium of Two Ganoderma Species}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1161-1173}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1161}, abstract = {

Background: Ganoderma lucidum has been used as a medicinal mushroom since centuries in East Asia. Recent reports have shown that metabolites isolated from Ganoderma species have shown effects on central nervous system. Objective:\ To determine the neuroprotective, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and sedative effects of Ganoderma sp. and Ganoderma curtisii polysaccharides. Methods: Polysaccharides (Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2) were isolated from two Ganoderma mycelia submerged cultures. Acute toxicity effects of Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 on mice were treated orally with doses of 50 - 2000 mg/kg. Anticonvulsant activity was determined using three chemoconvulsants: kainic acid (KA), strychnine, or pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Anxiolytic-like effects were determined using the elevated plus maze test on mice. GABA release evoked by GC-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 content was determined by HPLC. Neuroprotective effects of Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2 were determined by glial activation, histopathological changes, and immunohistochemistry. Results: Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 showed neuroprotective activity by diminishing neuronal death, reducing glial activation and Neu-N expression levels. Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2 inhibited convulsions in the KA model. An anxiolytic-like, but not a sedative effect was reported in mice treated with Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2. Polysaccharides Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 evoked endogenous GABA release and increased its concentration within the incubation medium. Pretreatment with Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2 showed a reduction of the LPSinduced NO production. Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 did not produce toxic effects. Conclusion:\ Ganoderma sp. or Ganoderma curtisii polysaccharides showed neuroprotective and anticonvulsant activities in animal models. The anticonvulsant activity may involve the GABAergic neurotransmision.

}, keywords = {a- and b-glucan, Anticonvulsant, GABA, Ganoderma curtissi, Ganoderma sp, Neuroprotective}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.149}, author = {Veronica Nunez-Urquiza and Juana Villeda-Hernandez and Elizur Montiel-Arcos and Isaac Tello and Victoria Campos-Pena and Maribel Herrera-Ruiz and Mar{\'\i}a del Carmen Guti{\'e}rrez and Vera Petricevich and Mar{\'\i}a Ang{\'e}lica Santana and Martha Navarro and Ang{\'e}lica Berenice Aguilar-Guadarrama and Gabriel Navarrete-V{\'a}zquez and Irene Perea-Arango and Ismael Leon-Rivera} } @article {1671, title = {Evidence Based Evaluation of Pharmacological Activity and Herb-Herb interaction of Organic Extracts of Certain Natural Anti- Diabetic Mixtures}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1366-1376}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1366}, abstract = {

Objective: This work aims to find a new treatment based on the development of safe natural anti-diabetic mixtures. It assesses the hypoglycemic activity of natural mixtures and determines whether there are any negative side effects from the interaction of the herbs and the herbs. Methods: Six natural mixtures were tested for anti-diabetic activity, which was confirmed by a pathological histological examination. We performed a GC-MS analysis on active mixtures 1 and 2, yielding 54 and 38 compounds, respectively. The major compounds were Gingerol, Butan-2-one and 4-(3-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl) (97 and 64.02 per cent). Results: Among the six samples, the organic extract of mixture 1 and 2 showed a significant reduction in BGL compared to the standard drug glimepiride at a dose of 10 mg/kg ip and demonstrated a beneficial effect on renal function in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. These results were confirmed by a histopathological study which revealed that both mixture 1 and mixture 2 had decreased morphological and ultrastructural changes in the triggered liver. Docking of cuminaldehyde, Gingerol and α-Copaenin at the active site of human pancreatic enzymes α-amylase and aldol reductase revealed that these compounds had binding affinity at the active site of the enzymes. Conclusion: Our results revealed the anti-diabetic activity of non-polar mixtures consisting of long chain hydrocarbons, oils and non-polar components, thus suggesting that the herbal formulation is safe and effective for the treatment and complication of type 2 diabetes.

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic herbs, Herb-herb interaction, Medicinal Plants.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.173}, author = {Asmaa Sayed Abd Elkarim and Amal H. Ahmed and Abdelbaset M. Elgamal and Radwan El Haggar and Alaa Khedr and Mohamed Fouad Shalaby and Roula Bayram and Samah Shabana} } @article {1668, title = {Formulation and Characterization of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia Linn.) Fruit Fraction Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1347-1354}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1347}, abstract = {

Background: The main active compound of bitter melon (Momordica charantia Linn.) fruit is charantin, which is believed to have important role on antihyperglycemic effect. However, charantin compound has a large molecular weight and is easily hydrolysed when given orally. Therefore, a colloidal drug delivery system, such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), is required to provide a suitable and effective delivery of charantin, which is contained in a bitter melon fraction (BMF). Objective: This study aimed to prepare and evaluate SLN containing BMF with an appropriate characteristic for transdermal delivery. Methods: Bitter melon fruits were extracted with ionic liquid of [BMIM]BF4 using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and fractionated with dichloromethane. Four formulas of BMF loaded SLN were prepared with various ratio of BMF to surfactant and various ratio of lipids using high-shear homogenization followed by ultrasonication method. The obtained SLN were characterized, including morphology, particle size distribution, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. Furthermore, the stability study of BMF-loaded SLN was also conducted. Results: The result showed that BMF was a dry powder and brownish fraction with a specific smell. The BMF loaded SLN showed a spherical shape with the SLN F1 formula as a selected formula. The SLN F1 showed a particle size (Z-average) of 98.3{\textpm}1.98 nm, polydispersity index of 0.26{\textpm}0.01, zeta potential of -39.53{\textpm}0.15 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 82.96{\textpm}1.42 \%. According to the stability study, it revealed that the BMF loaded SLN F1 had an acceptable stability, which the charantin content in the SLN was 96.52\% after 3 months storage at 25{\textdegree}C {\textpm} 2{\textdegree}C. Conclusion: The BMF loaded SLN F1 with 1:12 ratio of BMF to surfactant and 1:2 ratio of capric caprylic triglyceride to glyceryl monostearate was selected as the best formula with the appropriate characteristics for transdermal delivery.

}, keywords = {Bitter melon, Charantin, Momordica charantia Linn, Solid lipid nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.170}, author = {Rahayu Anggraini and Silvia Surini and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1718, title = {Formulation of Traditional Mask Powder Containing the Mixture of Coffea robusta, Angelica keiskei and Oryzae sativa, and its Activity as Tyrosinase Enzyme Inhibitor}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1594-1597}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1594}, abstract = {

Objective: Formulate a traditional mask powder with the mixture of Coffea robusta (CR) green bean, Angelica keiskei (AK) leaf and Oryzae sativa (OS) and evaluate its activity as an inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosinase. Methods: The traditional mask powder was formulated by mixing homogeneously CR bean, AK leaf and OS, which is sieved by 125-μm sieve and sealed by foil aluminium. Subsequently, the traditional mask powder was evaluated including organoleptic, pH and microbial contamination test. The total phenolic content of CR bean, AK leaf and OS was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu test, and the inhibitory activities of the tyrosinase enzyme was determined using L-Tyrosine as substrate. Results: The physical stability of the traditional mask powder containing CR bean, AK leaf and OS was stable after 7 days of storage. The total phenolic content of CR bean, AK leaf and OS were 9.51, 2.80 and 2.2 gGAE/100g, respectively. The CR bean, AK leaf and OS had tyrosinase enzyme inhibitor activity with IC50 value 321.52, 930.10 and 339.55 μg/mL, respectively, while the IC50 of traditional mask powder was 127.60 μg/mL, and the IC50 kojic acid used as a positive control was 573.10 μg/mL. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the traditional mask powder made the mixture of the CR bean, AK leaf and OS has a potential as a skin lightening agent.

}, keywords = {Angelica keiskei, Coffea robusta, Oryzae sativa, Traditional mask powder, Tyrosinase enzyme inhibitor.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.205}, author = {Diah Lia Aulifa and Annisa Sri Rahayu Berliana and Nur Asni Setiani and Arif Budiman} } @article {1432, title = {Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff. (Syn: Justicia picta Linn.) and its Effectiveness: A Well-Known Indonesian Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {835-838}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {835}, abstract = {

Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff., a shrubby stove plant, has been used traditionally to treat various diseases. This review summarizes the up-to-date data about its phytochemistry and pharmacological properties and provides a perspective and direction for future research. The phytochemical analysis of G. pictum revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, glycoside, tannins, saponin, chlorophyll, nontoxic alkaloid, and anthocyanin. Meanwhile, the pharmacological analysis revealed that this plant possessed various activities such as antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-analgetic, woundhealing, anti-hemorrhoid, anti-diabetic, and estrogenic effects. However, most of its pharmacological activities were based on the crude extracts and the bioactive compounds responsible for the bioactivities have not been well identified. A further detailed investigation in phytochemistry to identify the bioactive compounds and to investigate the mechanism action of its bioactivities is required. Moreover, a toxicology study is also needed to develop a standardized formulation of G. pictum preparation and to fulfill the requirements of modern phytomedicine.

}, keywords = {Activities, G pictum, Indonesia, Pharmacological}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.106}, author = {Feda Makkiyah and Eldiza Puji Rahmi and Rika Revina and Tiwuk Susantiningsih and Yuni Setyaningsih} } @article {1364, title = {Hepatoprotective Activity of Cordia lutea Lam Flower Extracts Against Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {309-316}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {309}, abstract = {

Background: Paracetamol or acetaminophen overdose leads to hepatotoxicity. This study evaluates the effect of Cordia lutea extract on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods: Three different doses of dry fluid extract of C. lutea (200, 400 and 600 mg / Kg) were evaluated and compared with Silymarin 200 mg / Kg. Biochemical parameters such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, total bilirubin, albumin, globulin and total proteins were evaluated, and histopathological changes in the liver were studied and evaluated. Results: C. lutea reduced the levels of ALT, AST, ALP and increases proteins significantly, although the reduction of bilirubin was not significant, the extract at 400 mg / Kg reduced the levels better than the extract at 600 mg / Kg. The histopathological evaluation suggested that C. lutea extract reduced paracetamol-induced liver necrosis. Conclusions: The extract of C. lutea has a marked hepatoprotective effect, significantly reducing the levels of ALT, AST and ALP, in addition to increasing the levels of albumin, globulin and total proteins, in Rattus norvegicus var. albinus. C. lutea extract is an excellent candidate for use in paracetamol-induced liver diseases.

}, keywords = {Acetaminophen, Biochemical parameters, Cordia lutea, Hepatoprotection, Histopathology, Paracetamol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.40}, author = {Ruiz-Reyes SG and Villarreal-La Torre V{\'\i}ctor E and Silva-Correa Carmen R and Sag{\'a}stegui Guarniz William Antonio and Cruzado-Razco Jos{\'e} L and Gamarra-S{\'a}nchez C{\'e}sar D and Venegas Casanova Edmundo A and Miranda-Leyva Manuel and Valdiviezo Campos Juan Ernesto and Cuellar-Cuellar Armando} } @article {1679, title = {Hepatoprotective Effect of Ganoderma applanatum Crude Polysaccharides on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Early Liver Fibrosis in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1428-1436}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1428}, abstract = {

Introduction: Liver fibrosis is a treatable disease when still at early stages. Ganoderma applanatum plays role as alternative medicine. The fungi have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer bioactivities. This study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of G. applanatum crude polysaccharides (GACP) on liver fibrosis due to CCl4 induction. Methods: This study was divided into six groups. BALB/c mice were given CCl4 dissolved in olive oil (2 mL/kg; 1:3) intraperitoneally (i.p) twice a week for four weeks to produce a liver fibrosis model. Distilled water (control group), silymarin 100 mg/kg and GACP 25, 50, 100 mg/kg were given once daily for four weeks. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), tumor necrosis-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Histopathology was stained by hematoxylin \& eosin (H\&E) and Masson{\textquoteright}s trichome. Results: The administration of GACP effectively prevented ALT, AST, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels from high elevation. Additionally, the GACP had protective effect after liver histological analysis exhibited less injury in the liver tissue. Conclusion: The hepatoprotective effect of GACP on liver fibrosis is mainly due to avoid high elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokine. This result revealed that GACP could be a potential hepatoprotective agent for later clinical therapy.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Carbon tetrachloride, Crude polysaccharides, Fibrosis, Ganoderma applanatum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.181}, author = {Raden Joko Kuncoroningrat Susilo and Dwi Winarni and Saikhu Akhmad Husen and Suhailah Hayaza and Sri Puji Astuti Wahyuningsih and Ruey-An Doong and Win Darmanto} } @article {1614, title = {Hypoglycemic and Antianemia Effects of Chlorophyll from Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr Leaves in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {924-932}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {924}, abstract = {

Background: Beneficial effect of katuk (Sauropus androgynus L Merr) leaves (CSA) as one of medicinal plant in Indonesian jamu may potential to cure diabetes mellitus (DM) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) as well as its well-known effect to increase breast milk production. Objectives: This study was aiming to explore the hypoglycemic effects of CSA in streptozotocininduced DM rats (STZ) and antianemia effects in IDA rats (FeD). Material and Methods: STZ male Wistar rats were treated with CSA, commercial chlorophyll (Chln) and glibencamide. Blood glucose levels and histological changes of liver, kidney and pancreas were analyzed after 14 days treatment. At separate experiment, FeD female Wistar rats were treated with CSA and Chln. The treatment was performed orally at the 1st - 20th day of pregnancy. Levels of Hb, Fe and ferritin blood serum, number and body weight of the offspring were analyzed on 21st day (post-partum). Results: Treatment of CSA for 14 days to diabetic animals demonstrated the hypoglycemic effect, however the histological analysis suggested that the scores of liver, kidney and pancreas were higher than that in the normal group. Moreover, CSA exerted a significant restorative effect by returning the levels of hemoglobin, serum iron, and serum ferritin. A fetus analysis suggested that the fetus body weight of in the CSA and Chln groups was similar to that in the normal group. Conclusion: CSA treatment are potential as a new herbal supplement to cure DM and IDA. However, the safety dose should be considered to prevent the toxicity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Chlorophyll, Diabetes mellitus (DM), Iron deficiency anemia (IDA), Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.119}, author = {Suparmi Suparmi and Minidian Fasitasari and Martanto Martosupono and Jubhar Christian Mangimbulude} } @article {1331, title = {Immunomodulatory Effect of Methanolic Extract and Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Bengkoang (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban) Tuber in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {59-65}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {59}, abstract = {

Background: Recently, interest in the use of herbal medicine that can modulate the immune system is increasing in the pandemic situation. One plant that can be developed as an immunomodulator is bengkoang (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban). Objectives: To evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of a methanolic extract of bengkoang (MEB) and the ethyl acetate fraction of bengkoang (EAFB) in mice induced by the hepatitis B vaccine. Materilas and Methods: Thirty healthy male mice were divided into six groups namely, control, standard levamisole, MEB (100 and 200 mg/kg BW), and EAFB at 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight (BW). The treatments were given for 18 days, and hepatitis B vaccine was injected intraperitoneally twice during the treatment. Assessment of the immunomodulatory effect was carried out against nonspecific and specific immune response parameters. Results: The MEB and EAFB could significantly increase phagocytic capacity, the spleen index, and lymphocyte proliferation. MEB stimulated IgG production, while EAFB, 100 mg/kg BW suppressed immunoglobulin G (IgG) production; otherwise, at the higher dose, EAFB increased IgG production. EAFB also increases nitric oxide production, while MEB had no effect. The higher dose of MEB tended to increase tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels and decrease interleukin (IL)-10, while EAFB tended to decrease TNF-α and increase IL-10, but these changes were not significant. Conclusion: Based on this study, MEB and EAFB could increase the innate immune response and stimulate the humoral immune response but had no effect on cytokine production, which may have potential usefulness of bengkoang to treat immunomodulatory-related disease.

}, keywords = {Bengkoang (Pachyrizus erosus (L.) Urban), Dietary fiber fraction, Immunomodulatory effect, Lymphocyte proliferation, Phagocytic macrophages activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.9}, author = {Tanti Azizah Sujono and Arief Nurrochmad and Endang Lukitaningsih and Agung Endro Nugroho} } @article {1650, title = {Impact of Solvent Selection on Phytochemical Content, Recovery of Tannin and Antioxidant Activity of Quercus Infectoria Galls}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1195-1204}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1195}, abstract = {

Introduction: Quercus infectoria (QI) is medicinal plant well known to exhibit enormous therapeutic values. The main medicinal part of QI plant exists in its edible nutritious gall. This study aimed to determine the effects of extraction solvents on the overall phytochemical content, recovery of tannin and antioxidant activity of the QI galls. Methods: Two solvents of different polarity namely water and methanol, were used to extract bioactive compounds from the QI galls using soxhlet extraction technique. Phytochemical, TLC and HPLC assays were performed to detect and quantify the extracted compounds. DPPH assay was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the extracted compounds. Results: After 6 hours of extraction at respective solvent boiling points, methanol solvent successfully generated 1.8-fold higher crude yield (34.0\%) compared to water solvent (18.9\%). Phytochemical analysis revealed that both solvent extracts contained different secondary metabolites. The methanol extract was found richer in flavonoid, while the aqueous extract was found richer in phenol, tannin, gallotannin, triterpene and cardiac glycosides. Interestingly, we found that the major type of tannin presence in QI galls was gallotannin (hydrolysable tannin) instead of phlobatannin (non-hydrolysable tannin). The quantification results demonstrated that QI aqueous extract contained significantly higher gallotannin (75.0 μg/mL) compared to QI methanol extract (46.8 μg/mL). Furthermore, the aqueous extract also exhibited significant higher antioxidant activity compared to the methanol extract at concentration of 2 μg/mL. Conclusions: This study strongly support the utilization of water solvent for optimum gallotannin extraction from QI galls.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Gallotannin, Phytochemical analysis, Quercus infectoria (QI) galls, Tannin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.153}, author = {Nur Alisa Kamarudin and Norhazilah Muhamad and Nik Nur Hakimah Nik Salleh and Suat Cheng Tan} } @article {1329, title = {The Impact of Sub Acute Administration of Purified Gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) to The Liver and Kidney Functions and its Reversibility on Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {44-51}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Introduction: The impact of sub-acute administration of purified gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) to the liver and kidney function and its reversibility had been studied on rats. Methods: Rats at the aged of 2-3 months and the bodyweight of {\textpm}250 g were treated with water solution of purified gambier at the dose of 5 mg/kg10 and 20 mg/kg for 7 to 14 consecutive days. Plasma ALP, AST activities, creatinine clearance, liver and kidney ratios were determined on the day 1, 7, 14 one week after the doses stopped. All data on each parameter were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Duncan{\textquoteright}s multiple T-test and significance was taken at p\<0.05. Results: The results showed that all parameters was not affected significantly (p\>0.1), except ALT activity and liver organ ratio decreased significantly (p\<0.05). Conclusion: These indicated that purified gambier is relatively non-toxic to the liver and the kidney of the rats at doses of 5-20 mg/kg BW for 14 days.

}, keywords = {ALP, ALT, CrCl, Liver function, Purified gambier, Renal function}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.7}, author = {Armenia and Dita Permatasari and Lathifah Putri Sinamar and Keke Estera and Almahdy Ahmadin} } @article {1327, title = {In vitro and In vivo Antidiabetic Evaluation of Whole Plant Extracts of Argyreia imbricata (Roth) Sant. and Patel}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {30-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {30}, abstract = {

Background: Plants of the genus Argyreia have been used in traditional and folk medicines and a variety of pharmacological activities have also been reported. Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic activity in vitro and in vivo of the different extracts of the whole plant Argyreia imbricata. Materials and Methods: The powdered material of the whole plant Argyreia imbricata was extracted with solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol by soxhelation. In vitro antidiabetic activity of all the extracts was evaluated by α{\textendash}amylase and α{\textendash}glucosidase inhibition assay. Based on the results of in vitro evaluation, the extracts selected were subjected to in vivo evaluation on the Wistar albino rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Initially, acute toxicity of the extracts was evaluated and the effective dose (ED50) was fixed. Standard drug Glibenclamide was used for the comparative evaluation. Two doses of test extracts, low dose and high dose were administered to the test animals and their antidiabetic activity was evaluated by means of monitoring the changes in the blood glucose level, hematological and biochemical parameters and histopathology of liver and pancreas of test animals. Results: Based on the results of in vitro evaluation, the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were selected for the in vivo evaluation. ED50 of the test extracts were fixed as 200mg.kg-1. Two doses, 200mg.kg-1 and 400mg.kg-1 of the test extracts were subjected to evaluation. Both the tested extracts possessed the activity, but the methanol, extracts showed significant activity in all aspects. Conclusion: Results of the present study strongly support the antidiabetic activity of tested extracts. Further studies on toxicity, identification isolation of the potential compounds may give useful results for the development of clinically useful chemotherapeutic agents in the future.

}, keywords = {Argyreia imbricata extracts, in vitro antidiabetic activity, In vivo antidiabetic activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.5}, author = {V Sebastin and G Gopalakrishnan and M Sreejith and KI Anoob Kumar} } @article {1403, title = {In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation of the Whole Plant Extracts of Crotalaria Biflora (L)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {620-625}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {620}, abstract = {

Background: Several species of Crotalaria are cultivated and consumed across the world by the rural population for a variety of purposes that include medicine, food, green manure, fodder etc. Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of different extracts of the whole plant Crotalaria biflora by in vitro and in vivo methods. Materials and Methods: The powdered material of the whole plant Crotalaria biflora was extracted by soxhelation with different solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. Stabilization of human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane is the method employed for the in vitro evaluation. The extracts selected based on the results of in vitro evaluation was further subjected to in vivo evaluation by carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema method. In both in vitro and in vivo evaluations, Indomethacin was used as the standard control. Results: Among the four tested extracts in six different concentrations subjected to the in vitro evaluation, the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts (1000μg/ml) showed significant activity which was selected for the in vivo evaluation. Among the two doses of extracts (200mg.kg-1 and 400mg.kg-1) selected for the in vivo evaluation, the methanol extract (400mg.kg-1) showed significant activity followed by the ethyl acetate extract in the same dose. Conclusion: Further studies on the phytochemicals present in these extracts may give more significant results

}, keywords = {Crotalaria biflora extracts, In vitro anti-inflammatory evaluation, In vivo antiinflammatory evaluation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.78}, author = {K. I. Anoob Kumar and M. Swamivel Manickam and M. Sreejith and V. Sebastin} } @article {1375, title = {In vitro Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis-inducing Activity of Quercus infectoria Extracts in HeLa Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {401-410}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {401}, abstract = {

Background: Quercus infectoria galls (QI) extracts were previously reported to have cytotoxicity effects towards human cervical cancer cells, HeLa. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the extracts have been poorly determined. Objective: The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of ethyl acetate extracts of QI (EAQI) on cell cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells. Materials and Method: The in vitro cytotoxicity was investigated by using the MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay and the OD values were read at 570 nm. Meanwhile the induction of apoptosis was measured by using acridine orange and propidium iodide (AO/PI) staining, flow cytometry analysis of annexin V/PI staining and cell cycle distribution. Results: MTT assay showed that EAQI exhibited cytotoxicity effect on HeLa cells with IC50 of 11.50 {\textpm} 0.50 μg/ml. HeLa cells underwent apoptosis in response to EAQI treatment, demonstrated by an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cell stained with AOPI from 1.00\% to 10.33\% compared to untreated cell population (p\<0.05) at 72 hours of treatment. The evidence of early apoptosis in treated cells were also observed in annexin V/PI staining. Furthermore, an increase of cell population in sub G0/G1 phase revealed that apoptosis as the mode of cell death in HeLa cells treated with EAQI. Conclusion: These findings indicated that EAQI significantly inhibits HeLa cell growth through induction of apoptosis. Further studies are needed to confirm the mechanism of cell death by expression of apoptotic cascade in HeLa cells treated with EAQI.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Cell cycle, Cytotoxicity, HeLa cells, Quercus infectoria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.51}, author = {Illyana Ismail and Rapeah Suppian and Habsah Mohamad and Siti Aisha Mohd Radzi and Hasmah Abdullah} } @article {1431, title = {Inotropes in Chronic Beta-Blocker Therapy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {828-834}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {828}, abstract = {

The increasing rate of cardiovascular disorders contributes to rising hospitalized patients receive chronic oral beta-blocker therapy. Beta-blockers remain one of the fundamental therapy for chronic heart failure. Still, their role in decompensated heart failure and severe sepsis during hospitalization is often debated and inconsistent in clinical practice. In recent years, evidence of the efficacy and clinical outcomes of beta-blockers in acute heart failure (AHF) have accumulated. Clinical research indicates that chronic beta-blockade withdrawals should be prevented, or as soon as hemodynamic stabilization and euvolemic condition are reached, it should be reinstituted. As a subset of AHF patients with low cardiac output required inotropes, the choice of proper agent is fundamental. Different inotropic agents such as inhibitors of the phosphodiesterase, levosimendan, and dobutamine also their associations with beta-blockers are discussed.

}, keywords = {Beta-blocker, Decompensated heart failure, Inotropes, Severe sepsis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.105}, author = {Mochamad Yusuf Alsagaff and Melly Susanti and Mochammad Thaha and Christian Jonatan} } @article {1356, title = {Learning and Memory Enhancing Activity of Polyherbal Formulation on Streptozotocin Induced Memory Impairment in Rats via Reducing Mitochondria{\textendash}Targeted Cytochrome}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {230-240}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {230}, abstract = {

Introduction: Neurodegenerative diseases and/or brain injury may occur due to mild to severe memory disorders in which Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease (AD) is defined as degradation of neurons and there is no effective therapy or cure for the disease. The intention behind this study was to determine memory enhancing effect of an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation (PHF) in Streptozotocin-induced memory deficit experimental animal models. Methods: Polyherbal formulation (PHF) was a suspension of three plant extracts i.e. Alpinia galanga, Glycerrhiza glabra and Convolvulus pluricaulis along with other excipients. Different behavioral animal models like Social recognition test (SRT), Morris water maze (MWM) test, Pole climbing test (PCT) and Elevated plus maze (EPM) test were used to evaluate efficacy of Polyherbal formulation (PHF) in learning and memory process of animals. Gene expression was performed by RT-PCR and western blot. Results: Results indicated that time of social recognition during trial 2 (SIT2) was reduced significantly (P\<0.01) due to PHF administration. In MWM test, treatment with PHF significantly (P\<0.01) reduced [F (4, 20) = 6.9] latency to reach hidden platform from session 3. Similarly, PHF was also found effective in pole climbing test and EPM test. RT-PCR results showed p53 regulates the Bcl-2 family proteins its expression in the given experiment was appreciably reduced in PHF (200mg/kg). NR1, NR2B and GAP-43 proteins leads to reduction of brain cell damage. Conclusion: Thus, PHF may be an effective formulation for learning and memory process against STZ-induced memory impairment.

}, keywords = {Alpinia galanga, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Elevated Plus Maze, Glycerrhiza glabra, Pole climbing test, Social recognition test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.33}, author = {Deepa Shukla and Sajal Srivastava and Talha Jawaid} } @article {1711, title = {Liver-Histological Improvement after Capsaicin Administration in Mice with Aflatoxin B1 oxication}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1577-1581}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1577}, abstract = {

Context: Public health issues are considered to provide safety for public consumption. The distribution of mycotoxins in food is still a concern to be solved. Capsaicin is a property in chili that inhibits the biotransformation of mycotoxins by modifying the activity of liver enzymes in phase I. Objectives: A total of 20 mice were divided into 4 treatment groups, namely (T0) 0.5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T1) 0.5 ml of capsaicin + 0.5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T2) 0.1 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 0.5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T3) 0.1 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 0.5 ml of capsaicin, respectively. Methods: Liver histology was performed with hematoxylin-eosin staining and then evaluated descriptively. Result: The T3 group showed significant improvement in sublobular vein, interlobular vein, centralis vein, interlobular duct. Meanwhile, based on scores of hepatocyte form, focal necrosis, hypertrophy, fibrosis, cholestasis, and steatosis were evaluated for improvement in the T3 group. Conclusion: Capsaicin was revealed to improve the liver histology in mice with aflatoxin B1 toxication.

}, keywords = {Aflatoxin B1, Capsaicin, Liver, Public health.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.202}, author = {Mohammad Sukmanadi and Mustofa Helmi Effendi and Faisal Fikri and Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama} } @article {1633, title = {MIC and MKC Analysis of Herbal Medicine in Indonesia Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1058-1064}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1058}, abstract = {

Data shows that the success of the Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse program(DOTS) in South Sulawesi Province was 74.8\%. Causes of failure include standard drug side effects, length of treatment period and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) bacterial resistance. The development of new drugs today in addition to synthetic chemical drugs are also natural materials that have the potential as antituberculosis with various mechanisms. The aim of the research is to prove the potential of plants used by the community as tuberculosis drugs empirically based on phytochemical screening extracts, M.tb sensitivity to extracts and determine the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MKC (Minimum Killing Concentration) values of M.tb. Selection of plant test materials based on survey results and Riskesdas data in 2015. Testing the potential of plant extracts based on the sensitivity of M.tb to the test material in vitro with an incubation period of 7 weeks. Showed 25 plants that have been used empirically as tuberculosis drugs proved to be potential antibacterial M.tb. Phytochemical screening produces flavonoids and tannins in all extracts. Some extracts contain alkaloids, saponins and steroids. Potential tests show that the extract concentration that is effectively used as a tuberculosis drug is: Meniran leaves and miana 100 ppm. Banana peel and basil leaves 125 ppm. 150 ppm bangle rhizome. Turmeric rhizome 175 ppm. Roselle flowers, soursop leaves and lime 200 ppm. Sandalwood, bitter melon leaves and binahong 225 ppm, Curcuma rhizome, kencur, turmeric and onion tubers, gotu kola leaves, sea lava and papaya 275 ppm. Ginger rhizome, brotowali stem, noni leaf, cloves and mangosteen peel \> 275 ppm. 90\% garlic bulb extract.

}, keywords = {Antituberculosis, MIC, MKC, Plants, Potential}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.137}, author = {Sesilia Rante Pakadang and Maria Hilaria and Sisilia Teresia Rosmala Dewi and Santi Sinala and Jumain} } @article {1361, title = {Microparticles of Herbal Extracts with Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {285-295}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {285}, abstract = {

Plants that have antioxidant content have been shown to have efficacy on the body, antioxidants have several drawbacks including being sensitive to environmental factors such as light, heat, pH, and oxygen. Microencapsulation is a method that has several advantages including providing several benefits, namely microparticles formulated to protect the core from the environment, cover up discomfort, maintain volatility or cell survival, separate incompatible substances, protect the body from side effects, and optimize, extend, or target drug effects. The choice of the type of polymer used will determine the characteristics of the microparticles produced, therefore a suitable coating material is needed to produce the microparticles. This review article was made to find out the results of research conducted in the manufacture of microparticles by using polymers which are expected to be useful to provide information on the basis of the selection of polymers and methods of making microparticles produced to maintain the stability of substances that are efficacious as antioxidants. Based on the results of the literature search, microencapsulation is a method used to maintain the stability of antioxidant content that has a therapeutic effect.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Extract, Microparticle, Polymer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.38}, author = {Zulham and Gofarana Wilar and Yasmiwar Susilawati and Anas Subarnas and Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa} } @article {1693, title = {Modeling relation between hospital efficiency and customer satisfaction of tertiary hospitals: A case of data envelopment analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1527-1532}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1527}, abstract = {

In the present circumstance, it has turned out to be difficult for hospitals to guarantee increasingly productive methods for administrations. Under the current conditions, it is fundamental to discover the fitting asset blend and its use. So also, it is important to distinguish the sources of relative cost wastefulness {\textendash} specialized and allocated both. The center point of this study is on surveying the hospitals in efficiency terms, for example, the perfect measure of inputs to deliver a given degree of output. The other inspiration driving this investigation has been to see how to address an issue of benchmarking in hospitals. Data envelopment analysis utilizes an amazing procedure of linear programming to help in doing this. The research of the study incorporates two different aspects one is to evaluate efficiency of hospitals considered for study and another is find satisfaction level of patients from these hospitals to find association among both these dimensions, Moreover, this study gives the proof that medical hospital size has a critical negative impact on efficiency of hospital i.e. Present research indicates that smaller hospitals have a higher level of efficiency than larger and medium-size hospitals, smaller size hospitals average efficiency is .80. The average efficiency of medium size hospitals is .75 and the large hospital is .71. Results of research also explains that efficiency is considered to be negative moderator between relation of number of specialized doctors and patient satisfaction. Results of study suggested that higher level of efficiency level of hospitals lessen the positive effect of specialized doctors on patient satisfaction.

}, keywords = {Association, Customer satisfaction, Hospital efficiency, Negative moderator}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.194}, author = {Suresh Chandra Akula and Pritpal Singh} } @article {1640, title = {Myocardium Neutrophil Infiltration in Rat Model with Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated by Ramipril}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1116-1121}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1116}, abstract = {

Introduction: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a cardiovascular disease that attacks myocardial cells due to long-standing ischemia. In AMI there is neutrophil infiltration associated with the prognosis of the disease. One of the initial therapies for AMI is ACE inhibitors. Objective: To determine myocardial neutrophil infiltration In rat model with acute myocardial infarction which is given ramipril as an Ace inhibitor. Method: This research is an experimental study using the Post Test Only Control Group study design. This study used 24 experimental rats which were divided into 3 treatment groups. Data were analyzed using the One Way ANOVA test and the Least Significant Differences test. Results: The results obtained were the mean number of neutrophils in the K(-) group was 1.83, the K(+) group was 22.67, and the successive treatment group was 4,17. Significant differences were obtained between the K(+) group and the treatment group where the p value was 0.001 (p \<0.05). Conclusion: There is an effect of 4 mg/kg BW ACE Inhibitor ramipril and on the number of myocardial neutrophils of rats with AMI.

}, keywords = {ACE inhibitors, Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), Neutrophils, Ramipril}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.144}, author = {Biomechy Oktomalioputri and Meutia Savitri and Dwisari Dillasamola and Noverial} } @article {1323, title = {A New Ursane-Type Triterpene from the Fermented Shallot Allium Ascalonicum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {01-07}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {01}, abstract = {

3,24-acetonideclethric acid (1), a new ursane-type triterpene, and four known compounds including ursolic acid (2), randiasaponin IV (3), ilekudinoside W (4) and (25S)-1β,3β,24β- trihydroxyspirost-5-en 1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}2)- α-L-arabinopyranoside (5), and were isolated from the fermented shallot Allium ascalonicum. Their structures were determined by analysis of HR-ESI-MS, NMR spectral data, as well as comparison with those reported in the literature. All of the saponins (3-5) exhibited antimicrobial activity against three strains Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans with IC50 values in the range from 89.49 {\textpm} 2.24 to 95.71 {\textpm} 3.86 μM.

}, keywords = {24-Acetonideclethric acid, 3, Allium ascalonicum, Antimicrobial activity, Saponin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.1}, author = {Nguyen Van Chuyen and Nguyen Hong Son and Pham Van Hien and Dang Truong Giang and Ho Ba Ngoc Minh and Ngo Thi Tuyet Mai and Chu Van Men and Ho Anh Son and Vu Binh Duong} } @article {1382, title = {Novel Antiviral Investigation of Annona squamosa Leaf Extract against the Dengue Virus Type-2: In vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {456-462}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {456}, abstract = {

Introduction: Dengue virus (DENV) infection is general mosquito-transmitted viral taint. It can lead to the dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Dengue is a solemn illness with no endowed antiviral medication or recognized vaccine. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the activity of Annona squamosa leaf extract (ASLE) against dengue virus type-2 (DENV-2) isolated from Surabaya, Indonesia in 2013 (NCBI accession number: KT012509). Methods: In this study, the antiviral activity of ASLE was evaluated against DENV- 2 in Vero cells using Viral ToxGlo{\texttrademark} Assay. In addition, we used CellTiter-Glo{\textregistered} Luminescent Cell Viability Assay to set the amount of viable cells in culture based on quantitation of the ATP. Results: DENV-2 replication inhibited by ASLE in Vero cells with IC50 = 73.78 μg/mL and SI = 4.49 when cells were treated two days after virus infection, whereas its CC50 for cytotoxicity to Vero cells was 331.54 μg/mL. Interestingly, this is the first report on the investigation of ASLE against DENV-2. Conclusion: In summary, ASLE demonstrated the antiviral activity against DENV-2 with less toxicity, and high possibility as a drug candidate. Therefore, it might be suggested for in vivo assessment in the progress of a potent antiviral against DENV-2.

}, keywords = {Annona squamosa, Antiviral activity, DENV-2, Vero cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.58}, author = {Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori and Amaq Fadholly and Annise Proboningrat and Yulanda Antonius and Suhailah Hayaza and Raden Joko Kuncoroningrat Susilo and Bilqis Inayatillah and Mada Triandala Sibero and Sin War Naw and Gabrielle Ann Villar Posa and Teguh Hari Sucipto and Soegen Soegijanto} } @article {1368, title = {Nutritional and Functional Potential of Selliera radicans Cav., a Chilean Native Halophyte}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {341-346}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {314}, abstract = {

Background: Selliera radicans was recognized as one of the foods consumed by the oldest human settlement in America (Monte Verde, Chile) that had a diet with a high component of plants. Objective: This study aims at investigating nutritional and functional characteristics of S. radicans, a native halophyte from Chile. Materials and Methods: An analysis of total protein, carbohydrate, ash, and moisture from S. radicans leaves was performed, using standard methods. The content of macro and micronutrients was quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry. The inulin content was carried out based on the Seliwanoff reactions. S. radicans leaves were extracted with methanol and the total content of phenolic and flavonoids and antioxidant activity were evaluated by spectroscopic method. Results: Leaves from cultivated plants proved to be a suitable source of proteins (7.5 \% on DW), ash (6.8 \% on DW), and a wide range of macro and micronutrients, where Ca, K, and Na had the highest values. In addition, inulin (2.3\% on DW), total phenolics (63.4 GAE/g LDW) and flavonoids (21.8 QE/g LDW), and antioxidant capacity (10 TE/g LDW) were noted. Conclusions: According to the results, cultivated S. radicans leaves are promising sources of food with beneficial health properties.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Goodeniaceae, Inulin, Macro and Micronutrients, Total flavonoids, Total Phenolics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.44}, author = {Maria del Pilar Caramantin Soriano and Flavia Schiappacasse and Patricio Pe{\~n}ailillo and Jaime Tapia and Sergio Wehinger and Camilo A Valenzuela-Vasquez and Sarvia M Dur{\'a}n-Pe{\~n}a} } @article {1699, title = {Optimization of Solvent Extraction of the Leaves of Premna serratifolia and Quantitation of Premnaodoroside A by Validated TLC-densitometric Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1656-1663}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1656}, abstract = {

Introduction: The leaves of Premna serratifolia have been widely used in traditional medicine. Its major constituents were iridoid glycosides and phenolic compounds. Antioxidation was one of its reported bioactivities. The aim of this study was to optimize the ethanol concentration used to obtain high quality extracts. Methods: Three sources of leaf samples were separately extracted by 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100\% ethanol. Their content of premnaodoroside A, the major glycoside, was determined by a TLCdensitometric method developed in this study. The content of total phenolic compounds and antioxidants were also determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH scavenging methods, respectively. Results: The developed TLC-densitometric method showed a good linearity (R2 \> 0.99) in the range of 0.11-0.872 μg/spot. Its limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.13 and 0.04 μg/spot, respectively. The method had satisfactory specificity, precision and accuracy. The analysis results of all extracts showed that the 100\% ethanolic extracts exhibited the highest contents of premnaodoroside A (3.23{\textendash}5.25\%), total phenolic compounds (7.56-8.24\% GAE) and antioxidants (4.92{\textendash}6.66\% AAE), but its extractive yields (13.57-19.57\%) were the lowest. Yields of the 40\% and the 80\% ethanolic extracts were the highest in two samples (36.37-45.96\%) and one sample (47.53\%), respectively. Considering of the extractive ability, the 80\% ethanol could extract the highest amounts of all investigated compounds from plant material. Conclusion: The 100\% ethanolic extract possessed the highest contents of the interesting compounds, but the 80\% ethanolic extract had a higher extractive yield. Their benefits and drawbacks must be considered, depending on further application.

}, keywords = {Antioxidation, Extraction optimization, Premna serratifolia, premnaodoroside A, TLCdensitometry, Total phenolic.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.213}, author = {Khin Su Yee and Tasamaporn Sukwattanasinit and Uthai Sotanaphun and Penpun Wetwitayaklung and Bunyapa Wangwattana and Worrakanya Narakornwit} } @article {1719, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies of the Leaves and Fructus of Arctium lappa L. (Asteraceae Bercht. \& J. Presl)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1734-1745}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1734}, abstract = {

Introduction: The state quality assurance system ensures the confidence of consumers that the product meets its quality requirements. In this study, pharmacognostic standards of the leaves and fructus of burdock are specified for the first time. Methods: Microscopic analysis was carried out by using the microscope Carl Zeiss. The UV spectrum were measured on an SF-2000 spectrophotometer. Results: Macroscopically, the leaves are heart-shaped, broad-heart-ovate-shaped with a spaced emarginatedserrate or whole edge, with a wide, wedge-shaped, rounded, uneven base, acute apex, green on the outer surface, grayish slightly pubescent on the inner surface. The fructus are obovate or wedge-compressed, slightly curved, the color is brown/black with spots, or variegated with black spots on a gray background. The microscopic examination of the leaves revealed the presence of epidermis, large submerged and non-submerged stomata of the anomocytic type, 2 types of simple unbranched multi-cellular and glandular capitate trichomes; essential oil glands. Microscopic examination of the leaf petiole revealed the presence of 2 types of simple multi-cellular trichomes, epidermis, angular collenchyma, bicollateral bundles, parenchyma. The stomatal index value is 8.28{\textpm}0.81 per 1cm2. The microscopy of the fructus revealed the presence of elongated cells of the pericarp epidermis; mesocarp; endocarp; endosperm with aleurone grains and drops of fatty oil. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of revealed the presence of polysaccharides, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolic acids. Conclusion: Physical and chemical parameters (moisture, extractive value, ash content) were also specified. These specific data are important for establishing diagnostic indicators for standardization, identification, preparation of new quality standards.

}, keywords = {Analitical standarts, Arctium lappa L., Fructus, Leaves, Pharmacognostic standarts, Phytochemical analysis.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.224}, author = {Kolomiets Natalia Eduardovna and Korolev Stepan Alexandrovich and Isaykina Nadezhda Valentinovna and Abramets Natalia Yurievna and Kudryavtseva Darya Vladimirovna and Boev Roman Sergeevich and Zhalnina Ludmila Vladimirovna and Ali Abdujalil Kaid Hasan and Bondarchuk Ruslan Anatolevich} } @article {1360, title = {Pharmacological Potential of the Stinging Plant Tragia Species: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {278-284}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {278}, abstract = {

Tragia is well known in the botanical world a stinging plants. Apart from this, the genus also occupies an important constituent of alternative systems of medicine as well as ethnobotany. Among the various species of Tragia, the most studied and experimented species is T. involucrata. This genus is used for several ethnobotanical uses such as cancer, diarrhea, constipation, scorpion bite, rheumatism, whooping cough and diabetes. Apart from this the genus is also an important constituent of ayurvedic and siddha medicines. Owing to these properties several researches has been conducted to validate the traditional uses, finding out new uses and understanding the phytochemical profile. Alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids and tannin are present in the genus Tragia. Calcium oxalate and shellsol is responsible for the stinging property. Various species of Tragia has been validated for its important properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities. All these properties has been related to the occurrence of secondary metabolites. However the exact lead metabolite for the pharmacological properties has to be identified. Based the experimentally proved pharmacological properties, Tragia possesses significant potential on a medicinal species.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Antibacterial, Nanoparticles, Pharmacological activities, Phytochemistry, Tragia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.37}, author = {Narasimhan S} } @article {1615, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Cotinus coggygria Scop. from Armenian Flora}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {933-941}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {933}, abstract = {

Armenian flora is stood out by the variety of its medicinal and edible plants. Here small plants as well as trees and shrubs are met. Cotinus coggygria of Armenian flora is used in folk medicine. The aim of this investigation was to determine the chemical composition of Armenian flora{\textquoteright}s smoke trees leaves{\textquoteright} essential oil and antiradical activity of ethanol extract of leaves and branches of smoke tree. Methods: The aerial parts were extracted by hydrodistillation method, and the composition was analyzed by gas chromatograph interfaced to a mass spectrometer. Antiradical activity of essential oil from leaves and branches was determined by using appropriate methods. Results: The total amount of flavonoids has been determined in the leaves of the smoke tree by miricetin. This analysis revealed that the flavonoid amount in ethanol extract of C. coggygria, growing in Armenia, was 0,94\%. In volatile oil of Smoke tree leaves 22 compounds were determined. The results demonstrated that in the essential oil of leaves of Cotinus from Armenian flora predominated Germacrene D, Linalool, formate, ά {\textendash}Terpineol sesquiterpenes and diterpene alcohol Thunbergol. Ethanol extracts of leaves and branches of Smoke tree showed antioxidant activity. Conclusion: From the results, it is evident that C. coggygria from Armenia flora contains various bioactive compounds and the extracts of leaves pronounced higher antioxidant activity and recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance.

}, keywords = {Antiradical activity, Cotinus coggygria Scop., DPPH, Essential oil, Ethanol Extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.120}, author = {NK Shaboyan and AV Moghrovyan and KH Dumanyan and NH Ghukasyan and AA Altunyan and NI Arshakyan and AM Ghazaryan and GR Ulikhanyan and AL Ginosyan and AS Dadayan and NB Chichoyan} } @article {1351, title = {Phytochemical Profiling of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult and its Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotection Linked Enzyme Inhibitory Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {196-205}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {196}, abstract = {

Introduction: Exponential expansion in the usage of herbal medicines was observed in recent decades due to the increasing importance of the traditionally used natural remedies. In order to identify bioactive components of medicinal value, in the present study, we aimed to screen different extracts of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult for health beneficial effect by exploring its biological properties and phytochemical profile. Methods: By using sequential extraction method, H. indicus roots were extracted with various solvents based on low to high polarity. Subsequently, quantitative phytochemical profiling, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities were tested by using standard protocols. The MTT assay was carried out in SHSY-5Y cell lines to evaluate anti-inflammatory effect. Results: Methanol extract displayed highest phytochemical content with high concentration of terpenoid (59.82{\textpm}0.97 mg LE/g of extract) and saponin (15.03{\textpm}0.45 mg DE/g of extract). All the extracts exhibited concentration dependent pharmacological activities. In comparison, methanol extract produced highest activities with IC50 of 15.21{\textpm}0.31 and 11.36{\textpm}0.39 μg/ml against NO and DPPH radical scavenging assays respectively. Also, methanol extract showed maximum inhibition against acetylcholinesterase (IC50=17.46{\textpm}0.49 μg/ml) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50=31.05{\textpm}0.39 μg/ml), however, aqueous extract displayed highest potency against monoamine oxidase-B inhibition (IC50=24.60{\textpm}0.45 μg/ml). At 12.5-100 μg/mL concentrations, methanol and aqueous extracts did not show any cytotoxic effect on SH-SY5Y cells and dose dependently suppressed TNF-α and IL-6 production. Conclusion: Collectively, H. indicus could act as a disease modifying therapeutic in pharmaceutical industries by utilizing it as alternative therapy for the management of oxidative stress and its related disorders.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Antioxidant, Butyrylcholinesterase, Hemidesmus indicus, Monoamine oxidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.28}, author = {Swati Som and Justin Antony and Palanisamy Dhanabal and Sivasankaran Ponnusankar} } @article {1330, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activities of the Seedling Extracts from Inca Peanut Plukenetia volubilis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {52-58}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Background: Plukenetia volubilis L., Inca peanut is an oleaginous plant, widely cultivated as commercially in South East Asia, especially in Thailand. The oil from the seed plant is a greatest interesting a natural source. Objectives: The aims of this study were investigated phytochemical screening, to evaluated the total flavonoids and phenolic compound contents as well as antioxidant activities of seedling extract from P. volubilis. Methods: The dried P. volubilis seedlings of 21 days growing period were extracted by using different solvent including aqueous (ASS), 50\% ethanolic (HESS), and 95\% ethanolic (ESS) extracts. The phytochemical screenings were determined on total phenolic compound (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents. The antioxidation were tested by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy radical scavenging (DPPH), 2,2 -azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS+) assay, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Results: The results found that the ESS were significantly highest amount on total phenolic compound (23.0809{\textpm}0.8632 mgGE/gExt ) and flavonoid (466.3839{\textpm}1.5580 mgQE/gExt) contents. In this study, ascorbic acid (IC50 =0.016{\textpm}0.0003 mg/mL) and Trolox (IC50 =0.044{\textpm}0.0008 mg/mL) as standard substances were showed more potent than all of the extracts from P. volubilis seedlings. Surprisingly, the ESS has more potent on free radical scavenging higher than different solvents; DPPH=0.007{\textpm} 0.001 (IC50=mg/mL), ABTS= 1.4065{\textpm} 0.0505 (IC50=mg/mL),and FRAP= 74.4960{\textpm} 2.6067 (mg=TE/gExt). Conclusion: the plant seedling extracts composed with high amount of flavonoids and phenolic compound contents possess valuable to antioxidant activities. The seedling extracts from the plant could apply to supplementary food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and horticultural industries. Next study, chemical compositions, the major active compound(s), and biological activities will be clarified.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Flavonoids, Inca peanut seedling, Phenolic compounds, Phytochemical screening, Plukenetia Volubilis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.8}, author = {Darunee Puangpronpitag and Puangpaka Tankitjanon and Adisak Sumalee and Ampa Konsue} } @article {1381, title = {Phytochemicals Screening, GC/MS Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Falcataria moluccana Miq. Barneby and J. W. Grimes Methanolic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {450-455}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {450-}, abstract = {

Introduction: In this study, Falcataria moluccana as a plant of West Java community forest was evaluated for its phytochemical content, characterization of secondary metabolites through GC/MS analysis, and antioxidant activity with the DPPH method. Methods: The extraction of F. moluccana twig used maceration with methanol solvent. Phytochemical compounds in F. moluccana methanolic extract were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The antioxidant activity was tested against 2,2-diphenyl1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results: The phytochemical screening of F. moluccana methanolic extract showed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins. The results of GC/MS analysis showed that the highest abundance was α-terpinolenic from the terpenoid group with a retention time of 6.776 minutes and a percentage area of 25.85\%. Total phenolic content in methanolic extract of F. moluccana was 145.21 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid was 95.39 mg QE/g while antioxidant activity (IC50) was 12.60 ppm. Conclusion: F. moluccana has potential as natural antioxidant and its active compounds can be developed as pharmaceutical raw materials.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Falcataria moluccana, GC/MS, Methanolic extract, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.57}, author = {Alfi Rumidatul and I Nyoman Pugeg Aryantha and Endah Sulistyawati} } @article {1358, title = {Potential Activity of Medicinal Plants as Pain Modulators: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {248-263}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {248}, abstract = {

This review aims to demonstrate the relevance that medicinal plants and their promising results have in prevention and treatment of pain. The neurophysiological bases of pain have been analyzed and the potential mechanisms of action have been proposed, it has also been determined that the main experimental models used for the evaluation of the analgesic potential are: acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin test, hot-plate test, capsaicin-induced nociception, cinnamaldehyde-induced nociception, glutamate-induced nociception, tail{\textendash}flick test and tail immersion test. There are countless medicinal plants with potential analgesic activity, in some of them main responsible compounds for the activity are flavonoids (vitexin, quercetin, naringenin, astragalin, eupatilin), alkaloids (scotanamine B, bullatine A, S-(+)- dicentrine, stephalagine, lappaconitine), terpenoids (p-cymene, thymol, menthol, citronellol, myrcene, carvacrol, linalool) and saponins (siolmatroside I, cayaponoside D, cayaponoside B4, cayaponoside A1); however, all studies have only been carried out up to pre-clinical stages. Therefore, it is recommended to carry out kinetic studies of the most remarkable natural compounds, evaluate mixtures of active compounds for diminishing doses to avoide possible side effects, and continue with clinical studies of medicinal plants whose safety has already been reported.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Antinociceptive, Extract, Natural product, Pain}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.35}, author = {Carmen R Silva-Correa and Jorge L Campos-Reyna and V{\'\i}ctor E Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Mar{\'\i}a V Gonz{\'a}lez Blas and Cinthya L Aspajo-Villalaz and Jos{\'e} L Cruzado-Razco and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui- Guarniz and Luz M Guerrero-Espino and Julio H} } @article {1380, title = {Potential Inhibition by Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract on Ki-67 Expression in Distal Colon Mouse}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {443-449}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {443}, abstract = {

Ulcerative colitis (UC) has been an important aspect of an incurable chronic inflammatory disease over the last few decades. To find useful therapies for UC, one of which is herbal therapy, many researches have been conducted. Due to its anti-inflammatory effects, Phaleria macrocarpa (PM), an Indonesian indigenous herb, is considered to be the alternative therapy for UC. Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract (PMLEE) is then used in this research to determine its effect on UC by using Ki-67 as a marker of proliferation. PMLEE was created from dry PM content undergoing maceration. The animals were classified into six categories: normal, positive control, negative control and PMLEE group (100, 200, 300 mg/kgBW). PMLEE was then injected for 7 consecutive days into BALB/c mice that were caused by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). DSS is used for modeling UC in the colon tissue of mice. All mice were terminated and then stained with anti-Ki-67 after their colons were extracted. Subsequently, the stained parts were analyzed with ImageJ based on the color intensity produced by the results of H-score. Based on H-score, PMLEE 300mg and 200mg has significantly decreased the expression of Ki-67 compare to the negative control (p=0.001 and p=0.01). PMLEE also has a tendency to be dose dependent based on the significant difference from PMLEE 300mg and 100mg (p=0.002). It then concludes that PMLEE is related to Ki-67 expression in cells, as it was inversely proportional in this analysis.

}, keywords = {Dextran sodium sulphate, Inflamation, Ki- 67, Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.56}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Elvan Wiyarta and Ari Estuningtyas and Nurhuda Sahar and Yurnadi Hanafi Midoen and Aryo Tedjo and Alfred Pakpahan} } @article {1647, title = {The Potential Interaction of Ethionamide-Thyroid Hormone Receptor Induces Hypothyroidism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1174-1179}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1174}, abstract = {

Background: Hypothyroidism is a common side effect found in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis taking ethionamide. The mechanism of ethionamide-induced hypothyroidism is potentially caused by the structure of ethionamide compounds chemically similar to thioamide, such as propylthiouracil (C7H8N2S), which inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis. However, hypothyroidism is caused not only by a lack of production but also by signaling alteration. Thyroid hormone action is mediated by thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulate their target genes. Unfortunately, there are limited studies on the potential interaction of ethionamide with TRs. Objective: In the present study, we want to elaborate on the potential interaction of ethionamide with TRs which might alter the thyroid hormone genomic regulation. Methods: Molecular docking studies were used to evaluate the potential interaction between ethionamide with TRα and TRβ. Results: The molecular docking results on TRα showed more than one hydrogen bond{\textendash}steric interaction formed from the ethionamide{\textendash}amino acid residue interaction. Ethionamide{\textendash}TRβ interaction showed more than one steric interaction, but the hydrogen bonds are not visualized. The docking score between ethionamide and TRα is -7.373 kcal/ mol and higher than its interaction with TRβ. Conclusion: These findings indicate that ethionamide can interact with TRα and TRβ. However, the ethionamide{\textendash}TRα interaction is stronger than ethionamide{\textendash}TRβ interaction. Our study reports a novel mechanism of action of ethionamide-induced hypothyroidism.

}, keywords = {Ethionamide, Hypothyroidism, Molecular docking, TRα, TRβ}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.150}, author = {Ronny Lesmana and Firyali Rahmani Shidqi and Hanna Goenawan and Iwan Setiawan and Marisca Evalina Gondokesumo and Farida Suhud and Nasrul Wathoni} } @article {1663, title = {Potential Neuroprotective Activity of Essential Oils in Memory and Learning Impairment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1312-1322}, type = {Review article}, chapter = {1312}, abstract = {

Memory and learning is negatively affected by many factors. Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease is a progressive and irreversible neurological disorder that occurs gradually, a sickness that is increasingly common, and multiple scientific articles suggest that essential oils improve memory and learning and are useful in the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease. This review aims to conduct a critical collection of current information on research into both memory and learning impairment, as well as essential oils that are able to avoid this neurodegenerative disease. Currently, different animal models have been useful for the study of neurodegenerative problems that alter memory and learning, experimental pharmacological, genetic and toxicological models that can simulate specific cognitive deficit syndromes. In addition, research in this review show several essential oil compounds that present positive results in animal studies, but still lack human clinical trials. Therefore, the assessment of the safety and efficacy of these phytochemical compounds in diseases that cause memory impairment and learning, remain a promising area for future research.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer disease, Animal model, Essential oil, Learning, Memory, Neurodegenerative diseases}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.166}, author = {Carmen R. Silva-Correa and Jorge L. Campos-Reyna and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Luz M. Guerrero-Espino and Anabel D Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Mar{\'\i}a V. Gonz{\'a}lez-Blas and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco and Julio Hilario-Vargas} } @article {1666, title = {Potential of Ethanolic Extract from Ripe Musa balbisiana Colla Fruit Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction as An Antioxidant and Anti-Gout}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1332-1340}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1332}, abstract = {

Plant extracts or their secondary metabolites have functioned as antioxidants in phytotherapy drugs which function as protection against various diseases related to oxidative stress and free radicals. Free radicals play an important role in the initiation and development of various diseases, one of which is uric acid. Hhis study aims to obtain ethanolic extract from the ripe fruit of Musa balbisiana Colla using the UAE method and obtain information about secondary metabolites and their bioactivity as antioxidants and anti-gout. The results showed that antioxidant activity test using the DPPH and FRAP methods gave IC50 values of 150.24 {\textpm} 0.0348 mg/L and 227.80 {\textpm} 0.0986 mg / L, respectively. The total phenolic content value of 625.64 {\textpm} 0.36 mg GAE/g ethanolic extract is thought to have a role in high antioxidant activity. In addition, ethanol extract with a concentration of 50 mg / L has activity in reducing uric acid levels by around 9\%. It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract produced by UAE has potential as a source of anti-oxidants and anti-gout.

}, keywords = {Anti-gout, Antioxidant, Musa balbisiana Colla, Phenolic content, UAE}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.168}, author = {Candra Irawan and Andita Utami and Erna Styani and Imalia Dwi Putri and Ratna Komala Putri and Avisani Dewanta and Annisa Ramadhanti} } @article {1326, title = {Potential of Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract to Upregulate the Expression of Caspase-3 in Mouse Distal Colon after Dextran Sodium Sulphate Induction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {23-29}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {23}, abstract = {

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a part of incurable chronic inflammatory disease that has gained importance over the past few decades. A lot of research has been done to find effective treatments for UC, one of which is herbal medicine. Phaleria macrocarpa (PM), an Indonesian native plant, is thought to be an alternative therapy for UC because of its anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, in this research, Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract (PMLEE) is used to assess its effect on UC by using Caspase-3 as apoptosis marker. PMLEE was made from dried material of PM that undergo maceration. Animals were separated into six groups: normal, negative control, positive control, and PMLEE groups (100, 200, 300 mg/kgBW). PMLEE was then injected to BALB/c mice that have been induced by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) for 7 consecutive days. DSS is used to model UC in mice colon tissue. All animals were sacrificed and their colons were collected then stained with anti-Caspase-3. The stained sections were subsequently examined with ImageJ based on color intensity which generated H-Score as the results. Based on H-Score of each group, PMLEE 300mg has significantly upregulate the expression of Caspase-3 compare to the negative control (p=0.015). PMLEE also has a tendency to be dose dependent based on the significant difference between PMLEE doses. Therefore, it concludes that PMLEE is able to upregulate the expression of Caspase-3 in colon cells as in this study it was directly proportional. Key words: Mahkota Dewa, Inflammation, Apoptosis, Ulcerative colitis.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Inflammation, Mahkota Dewa, Ulcerative colitis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.4}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Elvan Wiyarta and Ari Estuningtyas and Nurhuda Sahar and Yurnadi Hanafi Midoen and Aryo Tedjo} } @article {1335, title = {Preclinical Trial of Propolis Extract in Prevention of High Salt Diet- Induced Hypertension}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {89-96}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Background: Propolis has been widely reported as having various biological activities. However, Indonesian propolis seems to be less explored. Objective: The present study aimed to analyze the antihypertensive activity of Indonesian propolis in rats. Materials and Methods: Hypertension was induced by high-NaCl (8\%) diet for 3 weeks. A total of 36 rats were divided into 6 groups, including standard diet group (SD), high-NaCl diet group (NaD), high-NaCl diet group + captopril (25 mg/ kg) (PD), high-NaCl diet + propolis from Riau Archipelago (NaDP1), high-NaCl diet + propolis from Lampung (NaDP2) and high-NaCl diet + propolis from South Sulawesi (NaDP3). Propolis was daily administered at dose of 200 mg/ kg on hypertensive rats for 1 week. Blood pressure and body weight were weekly measured. Moreover, routine urine analysis, haematological parameters and lipid profiles at week 4 were determined. Results: The results showed that high-NaCl diet successfully induced hypertension in rats after 3 weeks of intervention. However, the diet did not cause weight gain (p\>0.05). All Indonesian propolis samples significantly reversed either systolic or diastolic blood pressure of hypertensive rats. From urine analysis, propolis from Riau Archipelago and Lampung showed diuretic effect. The haematological analysis mainly showed no significant difference compared standard diet group. Furthermore, LDL and HDL concentrations were significantly improved by propolis from Lampung and South Sulawesi, respectively (p\<0.05). In addition, we only found significant decrease in relative weight of liver in all groups administered with high-NaCl diet (p\<0.05). Conclusion: The present study suggests that all Indonesian propolis possessed antihypertensive activity.

}, keywords = {antihypertension, Blood pressure, High-NaCl diet, Stingless bee propolis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.13}, author = {Ade Heri Mulyati and Ahmad Sulaeman and Sri Anna Marliyati and Mohamad Rafi and Al Mukhlas Fikri} } @article {1366, title = {Production of Secondary Metabolites and its Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity During the Growth Period of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Gall Rust Sengon Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {325-331}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {325}, abstract = {

Introduction: In our previous study, secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi isolated from gall rust sengon showed their bioactive activity against antibacterial and antioxidant, but only gave little effect to antifungal activity. Endophytic fungal culture extracted from gall rust of sengon (Falcataria moluccana Miq. Barneby and J. W. Grimes) has the ability on inhibiting Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. To increase the production of bioactive compounds, this research was focused on isolates which produced the highest activity compounds, and sought the optimal fermentation conditions in the production of bioactive compounds. Methods: The fermentation process was carried out on PDB liquid media for 21 days, under shaker conditions, at room temperature, and sampling measurements were hold every 3 days. Bioassay were carried out against B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. Results: The early stages fungal growth was adaptation stage, continued by 1-6th days of exponential growth period. Day 6-12th was stationary growth and day 15-21th were cell death periode. The highest secondary metabolite production was achieved at stationary periodes, that was occured at days 9-15th\ and high antibacterial activity was produced on days 9-12th. Conclusion: The best production secondary metabolite that has high activity was at day 9-12th.

}, keywords = {Antibacteri, Antioxidant, Endophytic fungi, Gall rust, Secondary metabolite}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.42}, author = {Alfi Rumidatul and Noor Rahmawati and Sopandi Sunarya} } @article {1680, title = {Prognostic Factors in Predicting Primary Brainstem Hemorrhage Patients: An Experience in Indonesia{\textquoteright}s Rural Hospital}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1445-1449}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1445}, abstract = {

Background: Primary brainstem hemorrhage is a rare type of hemorrhagic stroke with a very high reported mortality rate in Indonesia. Aim: This study aims to demonstrate the mortality rate of cases in one of Indonesia{\textquoteright}s rural hospitals. To help reduce the mortality rate, the prognostic factors of several cases were studied. These steps are needed to be able to predict the prognosis of primary brainstem hemorrhage patients and to give a better explanation to the family of the patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken with collecting medical and radiological records from January 2018 to August 2020. A total sampling technique was done, and 340 patients were diagnosed with hemorrhagic stroke during that period. Only ten patients met the inclusion criteria and were included as the study samples. Statistical analysis using SPSS 22 and the Spearman correlation test adjusted for each variable. Results: Low prevalence of primary brainstem hemorrhage (7\%). There were correlation between GCS score, brainstem hemorrhage location, and length of stay with the patient{\textquoteright}s prognosis. Conclusion: Understanding these prognostic factors would reduce the prevalence of this primary brainstem hemorrhage and to ease the process of explaining the patients{\textquoteright} condition to the family.

}, keywords = {Brainstem, Factor, Intracerebral hemorrhage, Primary, Prognosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.183}, author = {Namira Khairunnisa and Feda Anisah Makkiyah and Tashya Anggraeni Sinaga and Rahmah Hida Nurrizka} } @article {1696, title = {Protective Potential of Canthium dicoccum Methanolic Extract Against Hepatic Injury in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1648-1655}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1648}, abstract = {

The methanolic extract of leaves of C.dicoccum was evaluated for its hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity since it is reported to cause oxidative stress in the animal thereby altering the enzymatic levels. Fresh leaves were collected, shade dried and extract was prepared by cold maceration followed by drying in a rota-vapour using methanol to obtain MECD as a sticky semi-solid mass. Thirty rats were taken and divided into 5 equal groups where, Group I, II, and III served as Normal Control, Negative control (PCM 3g/kg), and Positive control (Silymarin 200mg/kg) respectively; whereas, Group IV and V served as test groups where the rats were pre-treated orally with MECD 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively for six days before administering PCM. On the 8th day all groups except Group I was administered with PCM (3g/kg). 48 hours post PCM induction, the animals were anesthetized, blood samples were obtained via retro-orbital sinus plexus and then the rats were sacrificed. The serum was assessed for the evaluation parameters like AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin levels. Apart from these; SOD, CAT, and MDA levels were also evaluated and it was concluded that treatment with MECD restored the levels to normal thereby exhibiting hepatoprotective activity. Moreover, histopathological evaluation was carried out to assess the liver for inflammation, infiltration, or necrosis where the MECD treated rats showed promising results.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant enzymes, Canthium dicoccum, Hepatoprotective activity, Liver markers, Paracetamol.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.212}, author = {Ravi Kumar Vakkalagadda and Parameshwar Ravula and Kondapuram Parameshwar and Kaspa Saraswathi and P Sindhuri and Rajala Srikala and Kosika Sandeep} } @article {1378, title = {Proximate Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Vegetable Milk from Lotus Seeds (Nolumbo nucifera)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {427-433}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {427}, abstract = {

This study aims to proximate composition and antioxidant activities of vegetable milk from lotus seeds (Nolumbo nucifera). The research method in this study used a randomized block design with 3 levels of treatment with 3 repetitions, the treatments used were: A0 = 100\% soybean (Control), A1 = boiling temperature 80$^{0}$C, A2 = boiling temperature 90$^{0}$C, A3 = boiling temperature 100$^{0}$C, B1 = boiling time 10 min, B2 = boiling time 30 min and B3 = boiling time 50 min. The test parameters carried out were proximate composition (water, ash, protein, fat, carbohydrates, and antioxidants) and antioxidant activiy. The results showed the ash content of the lotus seed until the boiling time of 90 min increased, but when the temperature was increased to 100$^{0}$C, the ash content decreased. The fat content of lotus seed milk decreased with increasing boiling time. The protein of vegetable milk from lotus seeds tend to increase with the duration of boiling. The result showed the soy milk has the highest activity (control). For lotus seed milk, the highest activity was in lotus seed milk with boiling temperature treatment of 80$^{0}$C and boiling time for 10 min.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Lotus seeds, Nolumbo nucifera, Proximate, Vegetable Milk}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.54}, author = {Ace Baehaki and Rinto and Muhammad Hendri and Sabri Sudirman and Jeny Pusphyta Buana} } @article {1681, title = {Quantification of Andrographolide in Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Myricetin in Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, and Brazilin in Caesalpinia sappan L. by HPLC Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1437-1444}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1437}, abstract = {

Introduction: Andrographolide, myricetin, and brazilin are bioactive compounds from Andrographis paniculata, Syzygium cumini, and Caesalpinia sappan plants that have potential as medicinal ingredients. Objectives: To determine the levels of andrographolide in A. paniculata herb extract (APE), myricetin in S. cumini leaf extract (SCE), and brazilin in C. sappan wood extract (CSE) as marker compounds for extract quality control using the HPLC method. Methods: The separation was carried out on a reverse-phase C18 column (150 x 4.6 mm; 5 μm). The isocratic was prepared from methanol - water (50:50 v/v); 0.1\% orthophosphoric acid - methanol (60:40 v/v); and 0,3\% acetic acid - acetonitrile (85.5: 14.5 v/v) as mobile phase with flow rate 1 mL/min for andrographolide, myricetin, and brazilin determination, respectively and detection using UV detector at a wavelength of 254 nm, 369 nm, and 280 nm, respectively. Results: The linear regression for andrographolide was y = 14113x + 5948.8 (r2= 0.9994); myricetin was y = 87766x {\textendash} 138895 (r2=0.9996); and brazilin was y = 18520x {\textendash} 42668 (r2=0.9992). The andrographolide content in APE was found to be 14.4686 \%. The myricetin content in SCE was found to be 0.3190 \%. The brazilin content in CSE was found to be 2.1280 \%. Conclusion: The described HPLC method was successfully used for the analysis of the APE, SCE, and CSE. This method can be used for the identification and quantification of andrographolide, myricetin, and brazilin in herbal raw materials or herbal products containing these three extracts.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Caesalpinia sappan, HPLC, Marker compounds, Quality control, Syzygium cumini}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.182}, author = {Eem Masaenah and Berna Elya and Heri Setiawan and Zahra Fadhilah and Varda Arianti} } @article {1618, title = {Repairing of Renal Tubules in Diabetic Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Diabetes After Administration of Golden Sea Cucumber (Stichopus hermanii)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {958-964}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {958}, abstract = {

This study aims to analyze the improvement of the histopathological picture of renal tubules in diabetic rats after being given golden sea cucumber extract (Stichopus hermanii). This research uses experimental design laboratories with a post-test only control group design method. The sampling used simple random sampling with 25 white rats divided into five groups, namely groups that were given standard feed without STZ-induced, STZ-induced group, STZ-induced group and given golden sea cucumber extract at a dose of 4.25 mg/kg BW for 21 days, STZinduced group and given golden sea cucumber extract at a dose of 8.5 mg/kg BW for 21 days, and STZ-induced group and given gold sea cucumber extract at a dose of 12.75 mg/kg BW for 21 days. The data on the observation of each group{\textquoteright}s kidney histopathology was carried out at the end of the session. The results of the analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis Test showed significant results, the Mann-Whitney Test showed significant differences between the STZinduced group and the golden sea cucumber extract (Stichopus hermanii) dose of 12.75 mg/kg BW (x=7.4 mg/dl) decreased significantly (p=0.001) compared to the STZ-only-induced group (x=12.6 mg/dl). Administration of golden sea cucumber extract (Stichopus hermanii) at a dose of 12.75 mg/kg BW of rats for 21 days lowered the degree of tubular damage to the kidney rectus of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) male streptozotocin-induced strains.

}, keywords = {Diabetic rat, Stichopus hermanii, Tubular injury}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.123}, author = {Herin Setianingsih and Satria Erda Wisnumarta and Sareh Arjono Tjandra} } @article {1708, title = {Role of Capsaicin in the Repair of Cellular Activity in Mice Liver}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1573-1576}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1573}, abstract = {

This study aimed to determine the capsaicin efficacy on Kupffer cell, polymorphonuclear, stellate, and fibroblast cells in mice liver induced with aflatoxin B1. A total of 20 mice were used as sample, assigned into four group i.e. (T0) administered 0,5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T1) administered 0,5 ml of capsaicin + 0,5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T2) administered 0,1 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 0,5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T3) administered 0,1 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 0,5 ml of capsaicin, respectively. All treatment were done for a month then followed by liver dissection for hematoxylin eosin staining. The differential cells counted then analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison test (p\<0,05). The cell determination showed that Kupffer cell, polymorphonuclear, stellate, and fibroblast cells decreased significantly (p\<0,05) in T3 group compared to T2 group. Meanwhile, the T1 group showed similar (p\>0,05) with T0 group. It can be concluded that capsaicin has a potential effect to improve cellular activity in mice liver with aflatoxin B1 toxication.

}, keywords = {Aflatoxin B1, Animal, Capsaicin, Fibroblast., Kupffer cell, Stellate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.201}, author = {Mohammad Sukmanadi and Mustofa Helmi Effendi and Faisal Fikri and Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama} } @article {1652, title = {Separation and Quantification of Sinensetin, Imperatorin and Total Tannin Content as Active Phytoconstituents of Methanol Extract of Imperata cylindrica Root from Kendari}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1216-1224}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1216}, abstract = {

Introduction: Imperata cylindrica root methanol extract harvested from Kendari had anti-hypertensive activity stated in a study on hypertension rat models at the doses 60 and 90 mg/kg-bw. The extract also contained phenolic compound 1.53\% (GAE) and flavonoid 1.17\% (QE) and had antioxidant activity IC50 0.32 mg/mL. Aim of the study was to determine the active secondary metabolites in the extract. Materials and Method: Sinensetin and imperatorin in the extract were separated on silica gel 60 column, eluted with a gradient eluent system as follows (1) n-hexane- ethyl acetate (3:7); (2) n-hexane {\textendash} ethyl acetate (2:8); (3) ethyl acetate -MeOH (8:2), and (4) methanol. Imperatorin and sinensetin in fractions were identified and quantified by HPLC method with column LiChroCART 250-4,6 RP 18E, isocratic mobile phases with the composition of mixture as follows, 0.1\% formic acid, acetonitrile and methanol (40:50:10) respectively, and at temperature 400 C. The total tannin was determined by spectrophotometry method with Fe(III) chloride and 1.10-Phenanthroline at wave length 510 nm. Results: Imperatorin and sinensetin were identified in fractions 5 to 9. The concentrations of sinensetin and imperatorin in Imperata cylindrica root methanol extract were of 32.348 and 37.014 mg/kg extract, respectively. The total tannin content was 1.06 \% (w/w) (TAE). Conclusion: Imperata cylindrica root methanol extract from Kendari had active phytoconstituents, namely sinensetin, imperatorin, and tannin.

}, keywords = {Imperata cylindrica, Imperatorin, Sinensetin, Tannin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.155}, author = {Diah Dhianawaty and Mas Rizky Anggun Adipurna Syamsunarno and Resti Gradia Dwiwina and Raden Anita Indriyanti and Ruslin} } @article {1642, title = {Single-Dose and Combined-Dose of Nanoparticles from Soursop Leaves (Annona muricata L.) and Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Induced Apoptosis and Necrosis in HeLA Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1134-1142}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1134}, abstract = {

Introduction: Apart from the medical advancement of chemotherapy, various plants were known as beneficial for cancer therapy because they can kill cancer cells selectively without damaging the normal cells. Here, we showed that nanoparticles formulated from chloroform fraction of soursop (Annona muricata L.) leaves and ethyl acetate fraction of sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) have anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects on HeLa cervical cancer cells. Methods: The cytotoxic effect was evaluated using a single dose of each nanoparticle and a combined dose to obtain a synergistic effect. The mechanism of induced cell death via apoptosis or necrosis pathway was evaluated using flow cytometry by incorporating Annexin V and propidium iodide. Results: Synthesis of nanoparticles from the extract of soursop leaves (nano-SL) and extract of sappan wood (nano-SW) yielded particle sizes ranging from 248 to 317 nm. Nano-SL and nano-SW decreased the viability of HeLa cervical cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 63,32 μg/ml dan 40,88 μg/ml, respectively. The combined dose of 1/8 IC50 from both nanoparticles showed a strong synergistic effect, as shown by the combination index value of 0.13 based on the same mode of action and different modes of action. In HeLa cells treated with a combined dose of nanoparticles, the total apoptotic cells increased two times greater than that in control cells. Conclusion: Nano-SL and nano-SW induce apoptosis and necrosis in HeLa cells. Combined-dose of both nanoparticles produced a synergistic effect that could reduce the amount of the required individual dose while increasing the total effect.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata L., Apoptosis, Caesalpinia sappan L., HeLa cells, Nanoparticles, Necrosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.146}, author = {Okid Parama Astirin and Adi Prayitno and Anif Nur Artanti and Elisa Herawati and Afiyati Nur {\textquoteleft}Aini Saad and Ajeng Dara Firstlia} } @article {1710, title = {Specific and Non-Specific Parameters Standardization of Ethanolic 96\% Extract of Kersen Leaves (Muntingia calabura L.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1710-1714}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1710}, abstract = {

(Muntingia calabura L., commonly known as {\textquotedblleft}Kersen{\textquotedblright} in Indonesia, which is a plant that grow in anywhere. Kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) has been used empirically as a medicinal plant because it contains many potential compounds. This study aims is to standardize and Phytochemical screening the ethanolic 96\% extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.). Standardization of the ethanolic 96\% extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) consist of two parameters that is specific and non specific. The specific parameters include organoleptic test, water and ethanol extractable material, identification of compound content. Whereas non specific parameter include water content, density extract, acid insoluble ash content, mold \& yeast contamination, total ash content, microbial contamination, and metal contamination such as Pb and Cd. The result showed that the organoleptic properties of ethanolic 96\% extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) are dark green color, distinctive smell and has a slightly bitter taste. Content of water solvent and ethanol solvent of the ethanolic 96\% extract of kersen leaves is 60.67\% and 12.1\%. Phtyochemical screening results of the ethanolic 96\% extract of kersen leaves contains saponins, fenol, flavonoid, steroid. The non specific parameters of the ethanolic 96\% extract of kersen leaves are water content of 8.88\%; density extract of 0.815 gr/mL, total ash content of 2.27\% {\textpm} 0.15; acid insoluble ash content 0.05\% {\textpm} 0,04; mold and yeast contamination of \<1.0 x 100 CFU/gr; microbial contamination of \<1.0 x 100 CFU/gr; Pb level of 0.07 ppm {\textpm} 0.03 and Cd level of \<0.001 ppm. Based on these result that the ethanolic 96\% extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) has met the predetermined requirements.

}, keywords = {96\% Ethanolic extract, Muntingia calabura L. leaves, Non-specific parameters., Specific parameters, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.220}, author = {Aristha Novyra Putri and Revita Saputri and Karunita Ika Astuti and Ika Puspita Sari and Teuku Nanda Saifullah Sulaiman} } @article {1333, title = {Standardization of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb. Bulbs and Total Flavonoid Content from Three Locations in Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {73-80}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Background: Dayak Onion (Eleutherine bulbosa Urb.) is a typical plant of Kalimantan which is traditionally used by the Dayak community as a medicinal plant. Dayak onion bulbs have been proven had many pharmacology activities. Objective: This study aims to determine the nonspesific and specific parameters of 70\% ethanol extract of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb. Total flavonoids was also quantified Methods:. Eleutherine bulbosa Urb was extracted with maseration method used etanol 70 \% as solvent. Determination of non-spesific includes by determined specific gravity, water content, total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, residual sovents, heavy metanol contamination, microbial contamination, mold and yeast contamination. Determination of specific parameters included extract identity, organoleptic extract, water/ethanol soluble content, chromatography profile. Total flavonoid content were quantified with colorimetric method. Results: there were no significance difference between nonspesific and specific parameters Eleutherine bulbosa Urb from three different locations. Measurement of total phenol content and total flavonoid content respectively form South Borneo were ; 6,499 {\textpm} 0,5248 mg QE/g extract, from central borneo were 7,585 {\textpm} 0,0437 mgQE/g extract, and from east borneo were 5,035 mg {\textpm} 0,3887 mgQE/g extract. Conclusion: it can be concluded that bulbs of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb from three locations have characters to similar between each other and bulbs of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb form central borneo had the highest total flavonoid content.

}, keywords = {Eleutherine bulbosa Urb., Flavonoids, Non-specific parameters, Specific parameters, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.11}, author = {Rahmi Muthia and Helmina Wati and Wahyudin Bin Jamaludin and Kartini and Finna Setiawan and Muhammad Fikri and Abdul Wahhab} } @article {1617, title = {Subchronic Toxicity of Ethanol Extract of Bitter Melon PULP (Momordica Charantia L.) on Liver Function and Histopathological Changes in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {949-957}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {949}, abstract = {

Bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) is a plant that used as herbal medicine. It contains bioactive components which have hypoglycemic activity, immunomodulators, cancer chemoprevention, antiviral, antimicrobial, and inhibits oxidative stress and inflammation. The purpose of this study was to assess the degree of liver damage by macroscopic and microscopic examination. The sample consisted of 40 rats divided into 4 groups, Group 1, control group, was only given aquadest and pellets. Group 2-4 were treated with ethanol extract of bitter melon pulp 250 mg/kgbw, 500 mg/kgbw, and 1000 mg/kgbw during 28 days. On the 29th day, the termination was carried out, aspartate and alanin aminotransferase (AST/ALT) being measured, the liver being observed for the macroscopic and microscopic morphology. Kruskal-Wallis test showed there was no significant difference in relative organ weight (p = 0.177), liver macroscopy morphology (p = 0.207). Microscopic observation for liver fibrosis using Metavir scoring system showed highest mean liver fibrosis score in dose 1000 mg/kgbw. Kruskal-Wallis test for microscopic changes showed significantly difference in male rats (p = 0.001) and female rats (p = 0.002). Based on these study, we conclude that ethanol extract of bitter melon pulp at a dose of 250 mg/kgbw, 500 mg/kgbw, and 1000 mg/kgbw affect liver function significantly. But there{\textquoteright}s no subchronic toxicity effect on relative organ weight and macroscopic changes in liver morphology. Otherwise there was subchronic toxicity effect on changes in the microscopic structure of the liver characterized by the formation of fibrosis in the liver portal triad of experimental animals.

}, keywords = {Histopathological changes, Liver function, Momordica charantia L., Subchronic Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.122}, author = {Welly Ratwita and Maman Djamaludin and Hindun Sa{\textquoteright}adah and Salsabilla Maharani} } @article {1662, title = {Synergistic Efficacy of Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Bactericidal Properties of the Aerial Essential Oil of Laggera crispata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1304-1311}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1304}, abstract = {

This study was undertaken to provide more scientific information about the phytochemical composition of Laggera crispata known for its medicinal uses. Essential oil was isolated by hydro-distillation, analysed using GC-MS, UV-Visible Spectrophotometer and other established biochemical assays were used for the study. The GC-MS analysis of the aerial essential oil of L. crispata showed the presence of 35 medicinal organic compounds making up 84.4\% of the oil. The most abundant component was a phenolic compound called 2-tert-Butyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene (54.5\%). The other major terpenoids present in the oil were α-humulene (6.9\%) and (+)-sabinene (5.9\%). The TPC, TFC, TAA and TAC values of the aerial essential oil of L. crispata were 172.75{\textpm}0.00 μgmg-1 GAE, 48.69{\textpm}0.00 μgmg-1 QE, 61.85{\textpm}0.00 μgmg-1 AAE and 726.92{\textpm}0.00 μgmg-1 AAE respectively. DPPH IC50 and AAI values of the essential oil were 1.5 μgml-1 and 26.7. The essential oil displayed varying inhibitory activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with zones of inhibition ranging from 08-30 mm. The in vitro pharmacological activities added scientific support to the use of L. crispata in alternative and complementary medicine. The essential oil of L. crispata grown in Nigeria will play beneficial roles in human and animal health and therefore a research on this plant might be of great value in drug industries.

}, keywords = {Aerial essential oil, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Asteraceae, Laggera crispata, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.165}, author = {Ololade Zacchaeus S and Anuoluwa Iyadunni A and Adeyemi Adewale F and Uyaboerigha Daubotei I} } @article {1676, title = {Syzygium Cumini Leaves Extract from West Sumatra Indonesia Alleviate Oxidative Stress by Decreasing Malondialdehyde Level and Enhancing Catalase Activity in Rat Induced by Lead Acetate}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1408-1412}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1408}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lead is one of the most dangerous heavy metals in the environment. Contaminated drinking water, battery manufacturing, lead paints, and industrial pollutants are all sources of lead exposure. Lead exposure can cause oxidative stress and is related to many health problems. To prevent oxidative stress caused by lead, the body needs additional antioxidants from the outside body. Syzygium cumini leaf is abundant in antioxidants, which help to minimize oxidative stress caused by lead. Methods: The rats were divided into three groups: negative control, positive control (lead acetate 40 mg/kg BW, 30 days), and treatment (lead acetate 40 mg/kg BW and Syzygium cumini leaves extract 150 mg/kg BW, 30 days). At the end of the experiment, blood was collected and prepared to measure malondialdehyde and catalase activity. Results: The leaf extract of Syzygium cumini reduced serum malondialdehyde levels while increasing catalase activity. Conclusion: Lead exposure induces oxidative stress, which can be reduced by Syzygium cumini{\textquoteright}s leaves.

}, keywords = {Catalase activity, Lead acetate, Malondialdehyde, Rat, Syzygium cumini{\textquoteright}s leaves}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.178}, author = {Rauza Sukma Rita and Elmatris Sy} } @article {1702, title = {Syzygium polyanthum (Wight.) Walp Ethanol Extract Decreased Malondialdehyde Level in Type 2 Diabetic Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1557-1561}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1557}, abstract = {

Background: Beside conventional oral antidiabetic, many diabetic patients used plant as an alternative medicine. One of the plants is Syzygium polyanthum Wight. Walp. Previous study showed that ethanolic extract of Syzygium polyanthum (Wight.) Walp leaves (EESP) is safe to be consumed by healthy volunteer. Aim: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of EESP on malondialdehyde (MDA) level in type 2 diabetes mellitus volunteers. Materials and Methods: EESP was obtained by maceration then formulated in capsules (weight of 350 mg). A total of 12 volunteers were randomly given EESP or Placebo/ Pl (amylum) once daily for 14 days in conjunction with metformin 500 mg twice daily. Hemoglobin (Hb), liver and kidney function and MDA were measured at the beginning and at the end of the study. Results: After 14 days administration of EESP, Hb 12.52{\textpm} 1.23 (g/dL), SGOT 24.16{\textpm}13.57 (U/L), SGPT 27.50 {\textpm} 20.52 (U/L), ureum 23.12{\textpm}13.27 (mg/dL), creatinine 0.71 {\textpm} 0.23 (mg/dL) while MDA 1041.63 {\textpm} 615.66 ng/mL in EESP treated group. The reduction of MDA level in EESP-treated group (24\%) were higher than Pl-treated group (16\%). Conclusion: S. polyanthum leaf extract is potential as antioxidant in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus; Extract; Malondialdehyde; S. polyanthum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.198}, author = {Tri Widyawati and M. Aron Pase and Milahayati Daulay and Imam Bagus Sumantri} } @article {1635, title = {Total Phenol Content and Gastric Anti-Ulcer Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Persea caerulea (Ruiz \& Pav.) Mez. Bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1072-1078}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1072}, abstract = {

Objective: Determine the content of total phenols and evaluate the gastroprotective effect of the extract of Persea caerulea (Ruiz \& Pav.) Mez. in mice with induced gastric ulcer. Material and Methods: The bark of Persea caerulea was macerated in 70\% ethanol and the phenol content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The female Mus musculus Balb/c specimens were distributed in the following groups: White Control Group, without indomethacin dosing; Negative Control Group, dosing with indomethacin; Positive Control Group treated with ranitidine at a dose of 50 mg/kg; Groups P. caerulea treated with extract at doses of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg. Gastric ulcer was induced with indomethacin orally at a dose of 50 mg/kg, the procedure was repeated 12 hours later; Gastroprotective treatment was administered 60 minutes after each dose of indomethacin, 6 hours after the last dose, sodium pentobarbital was euthanized and the stomach was resected to determine ulceration using the Marhuenda Scale. Results: Higher percentages of gastric ulcer inhibition were obtained in the P. caerulea 100 mg/kg (80\%) and P. caerulea 200 mg/kg (85.71\%) groups. Conclusions: Extract of Persea caerulea (Ruiz \& Pav.) Mez., At doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight, has a gastric antiulcerative effect which is related to its content of total polyphenols.

}, keywords = {Gastric ulcer, Indomethacin, Mice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.139}, author = {Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Carmen R. Silva-Correa and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Mar{\'\i}a V Gonz{\'a}lez-Blas and Orlando E Pretel-Sevillano and Marco L Salazar-Castillo and Maricielo Vaella-Alarc{\'o}n and Franco Huaccha-C{\'a}ceres and Jonatam Le{\'o}n-Soto and Whendy Alaya-Davir{\'a}n and Anabel D. Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Luz M. Guerrero-Espino and Julio Hilario-Vargas} } @article {1688, title = {Verbascum Thapsus (Mullein) Versatile Polarity Extracts: GC-MS Analysis, Phytochemical Profiling, Anti-bacterial Potential and Anti-oxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1488-1497}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1488}, abstract = {

Verbascum thapsus is naturally grown in the Himalayas and widely used in herbal teas and traditional herbal medicine for its anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study was designed to majority of leaf extracts from Verbascum thapsus. All extracts were analysed for phytochemical properties, antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial potential against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Biochemical investigations and GC-MS analysis was used for identifying phytochemicals. DPPH assay, Kirby{\textquoteright}s Disc Diffusion method (KDM), 96 well test, and Resazurin test were performed for antioxidant and antimicrobial investigation. Results indicate that verbascum thapsus grown in Pakistan is rich in alkaloids and phenols. Noteworthy antibacterial activity was observed against S. sonnei, L. lactis, B. subtilis, C. freundii, K. oxytoca, L. monocytogenes, and S. enterica. GCMS analyses of V. thapsus extracts revealed the presence of medically important bio compounds including Hexadecanoic acid, methyl es and Stigmasterol (antibacterial activity), 2(5H)-Furanone (appetite suppressant), 3-Hydroxy-.beta.-damascone (anti-inflammatory properties), Squalene (antiaging, anti-inflammatory, anti-acne, eczema), Vitamin E and 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol (antioxidants). Antioxidant radical scavenging activity was determined from acetone extract of V. thapsus. This study concludes remarkable antibacterial and antioxidant potential in Verbascum Thapsus leaf extracts

}, keywords = {Microbiology, Verbascum Thapsus; GC/GC-MS; plant biotechnology}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.189}, author = {Ali Nadeem and Bashir Ahmed and Hira Shahzad and Lyle E. Craker and Tudor Muntean} } @article {1250, title = {The Ability Free Radical Binding of Dengen{\textquoteright}s Stem Bark Extract (Dillenia serrata) From Luwu District Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1340-1345}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1340}, abstract = {

Degenerative diseases such as cancer, heart disease is one of the diseases caused by free radicals. Dengen (Dillenia serrata) is one of Indonesia{\textquoteright}s endemic local plants that has the potential to bind free radicals. So far, only limited to the use of fruit and consumed directly. This study aims to determine the ability of dengen stem bark extract to bind to free radicals expressed in IC50. In the initial research, the total content of polyphenols in dengen stem bark extract was 444.8 mg GAE / g or 44.48\%. Dengen stem bark is extracted by maceration using 70\% ethanol solvent. Antioxidant activity was calculated based on IC50 (Inhibition Concentration) values using the DPPH method, and measured at a wavelength of 516 nm. Ethanol extract of dengen bark is made in 5 concentration series, namely 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, 40 ppm and 50 ppm. Ethanol extract of dengen bark has a very active antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 48.33 ppm. Whereas for comparison vitamin C has an IC50 value of 15.448 ppm. From the results, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of dengen bark has the ability to bind free radicals with IC50 48.33 ppm

}, keywords = {Dengen, Ethanol Bark Extract, Free Radicals, IC50}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.184}, author = {Santi Sinala and Ismail Ibrahim and Alfrida Monica Salasa} } @article {1160, title = {The Alkaloid Fraction from Melicope latifolia Leaves Inhibits Hepatitis C Virus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {535-540 }, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {535}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a major health problem, which infects approximately 170 million people among worldwide population. Moreover, there is no vaccine available to prevent HCV infection and the current anti-HCV drugs have not covered all the various genotypes and subtypes. Meanwhile, medicinal plants have been widely used to treat a variety of infectious disease. Our previous study reported that ethanol extract of Melicope latifolia has been shown to exert anti-HCV activity towards a number of different virus genotypes with mainly inhibition mechanism at the entry step. Further separation was needed to purify and identify the active anti-HCV constituent using bioactivity-guided isolation method. Materials and Methods: In vitro Anti-HCV assay was performed using hepatocyte cell line (Huh7it) and HCV genotype 2a (JFH1). The purification of M. latifolia ethanol extract (B1F) was done by liquid-liquid fractionation, vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The active fraction was further identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and the major constituent was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra data analysis. Results: The fractionation of M. latifolia leaves ethanol extract resulted an alkaloid fraction (B1F D2H.3) containing a major constituent N-methylflindersine. This alkaloid fraction was active to reduce HCV JFH1 with an inhibition concentration (IC50) value of 6.21 {\textmu}g/mL, a cytotoxicity concentration (CC50) value of 82.64 {\textmu}g/mL, and a selectivity index value of 13.31. Conclusion: An alkaloid fraction of M. latifolia (B1F D2H.3) was known to have major compound named N-methylflindersine. This alkaloid fraction exhibited strong anti-HCV against JFH1 in vitro. The results indicated that this alkaloid fraction may a good candidate for anti-HCV agent.

}, keywords = {Anti-HCV, Melicope latifolia, N-methylflindersine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.81 }, author = {Dwi Susiloningrum and Adita Ayu Permanasari and Myrna Adianti and Lidya Tumewu and Tutik Sri Wahyuni and Mulyadi Tanjung and Aty Widyawaruyanti and Achmad Fuad Hafid} } @article {1141, title = {An Analytical and in-vivo Study to Evaluate the Effect of Triphala Kaṣ{\={a}}ya V{\={a}}sita Godhuma (Triticum aestivum grains soaked in Triphala Kaṣ{\={a}}ya) on its Glycemic Index compared to Raw Godhuma (Raw Triticum aestivum grains)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {526-534}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {526}, abstract = {

Diabetes is generally referred to as a Metabolic Disorder or a Lifestyle Disorder, that is mainly characterized by the symptom of Hyperglycemia caused by the defective insulin secretion, congenital or acquired. Diabetes requires management of diet and lifestyle with or without medications to keep the blood sugar under control. Foods with medium Glycemic Index (GI) is best preferred for Diabetics, because high GI foods will rapidly increase the blood sugar level, and low GI will cause grave health issues. In practice, wheat is the highly recommended diet for diabetics as the GI is medium in comparison to rice that belongs to a high GI group. But wheat causes digestive problems, and flatulence in addition to the Gluten allergy that many people suffer from. However in Ayurveda, the Classical Text Aṣṭ{\={a}}ṅga Hṛdaya (AH) mentions in Prameha Cikitsa Adhy{\={a}}ya (Chapter on Treatment of Diabetes) that Godhuma (grains of Wheat - Triticum aestivum L) has to be kept soaked in Triphala Kaṣ{\={a}}ya (Decoction prepared with the fruits of Terminalia chebula, T. bellerica and Phyllanthus emblica) and then dried and powdered before being used as a diet for a diabetic. The grains of Godhuma were kept soaked in Triphala Kaṣ{\={a}}ya and then dried and powdered. A comparative analytical study was done for the two samples- treated wheat grains (Triphala Kaṣ{\={a}}ya V{\={a}}sita Godhuma) and untreated/raw wheat grains. An In vivo study was also done to assess the GI value of both the samples of wheat. The analytical and In vivo study results prove that while the GI is still maintained within medium range, the allergen gluten is completely eliminated, total fat and total protein have reduced while still maintaining the nutritive value, in the treated sample when compared to the raw sample. Based on the results obtained from the analytical and in-vivo study, it can be concluded that Triphala Kaṣ{\={a}}ya V{\={a}}sita Godhuma becomes even more compatible and healthy for a diabetic, in gluten allergy and discomforts caused by wheat consumption, in comparison to the untreated wheat grains.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Diabetes, Gluten, Glycemic index, Godhuma, Prameha, Triphala kaṣ{\={a}}ya}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.80 }, author = {Sujithra M and Vimala KS and Sabitha M and Priya S} } @article {1133, title = {Anti-arthritic Property of Sahacharadi Kashayam Against Freund{\textquoteright}s Complete}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May2020}, pages = {459-464}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {459}, abstract = {

Introduction: The available modern molecular drugs for the therapy of Rheumatoid arthritis are beset with several side effects and alternative drugs are urgently needed. The present investigation was performed to evaluate the anti-arthritic activity of Sahacharadi Kashayam (SK), an Ayurvedic formulation, against Freund{\textquoteright}s complete adjuvant (CFA) - induced arthritis in rats. Methods: In this experimental trial, SK was administered at doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 ml/kg body weight orally to adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritic rats. The anti-arthritic activity was evaluated by using paw volume, haematological parameters and arthritic biomarkers. The efficacy of the Kashayam was compared with the standard Leflunomide (10 mg/kg) drug. Results: Significant reduction in paw volume and thickness by SK (0.5 ml dose) has been found and there was considerably improvement in haematological parameters and arthritic markers in CFA rats till 14 days. After 14th day SK treatment with doses (1.0 and 1.5ml), however, reoccurrence of inflammation and pathological changes were observed in rats. Conclusion: The study clearly indicated the anti-arthritic role of SK. Future studies, however, are warranted to provide a new approach in relation to the therapeutic dose and treatment period of SK which may eventually lead to the development of a new category of the anti-arthritic agent.

}, keywords = {Anti-arthritic activity, Arthritis, Biomarkers, Sahacharadi Kashayam}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.71 }, author = {P Praveen Kumar and K Prabhu and Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao and Mallika Jain and K Kalaivani and Shruthi Dinakar and Sampad Shil and N Vijayalakshmi} } @article {1110, title = {Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Effect Combination Vasconcellea pubescens A.DC. and Momordica charantia L. Extract in Alloxan- Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {311-315}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {311}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mountain papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens A.DC.) and bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) fruit extract have total flavonoids and some metabolite from its contains. The use of a single dose in the treatment of diabetes is often considered to lack a strong effect. Giving a combination of the compound is a solution to provide a synergistic effect in treatment. Material and Methods: Rat were divided into eight groups (normal, negative control, glibenclamide as a positive control, and five dose extract group). The single dose mountain papaya extract (MPE) and bitter melon extract (BME) were given at 174 mg/kg b.w of MPE, and 380 mg/kg b.w of BME in oral administration. Combination of MPE:BME (25:75, 50:50, 75:25)\% or (87:190; 44:285 and 130:95) mg/kg b.w in oral administration. Induction of diabetes used alloxan dose of 150 mg/kg b.w intraperitoneally. The treatment was performed for 21 days with a frequency of once a day. Blood sugar level was measured at pretest, 7th, 14th, and 21st days. At the end of the test, measurements of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and pancreatic morphology were measured. Data were analyzed by ANOVA statistic. Results: The single and combination of MPE-BME showed an decrease in blood glucose levels significantly compared with the negative control (p <= 0.05). The same results from measurements of levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and pancreatic morphology. Conclusions: Based on the research, a combination of the MPE-BME had antidiabetic and antioxidant activity, but the activity was not significantly different from both single-dose extract (p\> 0.05).

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Flavonoids, Momordica, Synergistic, Vasconcellea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.49}, author = {Heru Sasongko and Ratih Guswinda Lestari and Adi Yugatama and Yeni Farida and Sugiyarto} } @article {1115, title = {Anti-Elastase, Anti-Tyrosinase and Anti-Oxidant of Rubus Fraxinifolius Stem Methanolic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {271-275}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {271}, abstract = {

Introduction: Some Rubus were reported had anti-skin aging activity. Rubus fraxinifolius was one of Rubus genus which lives in Indonesian highland. Objective: This study was to examine elastase, tyrosinase, and oxidant inhibitory activity of R. fraxinifolius stem (RFS) extract. Methods: Extraction was done by a Soxhlet apparatus using methanol as solvent. Elastase inhibition activity was determined, which based on the formation of p-nitroaniline. Tyrosinase inhibition activity evaluated based on inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase by the sample with L-DOPA as substrate. The activity of antioxidant was determined using the DPPH radical scavenger method. LC-MS was used for prediction of naturally occurring phytochemicals. Results: The RFS extract yield was 9.03 \%. The RFS extract revealed inhibition activity against elastase and tyrosinase with IC50 128.85 ppm, and 155.19 ppm, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity gave IC50 63.04 ppm. Total phenolic content of the extract was 387.99+3.21 mg GAE/g extract. The LC-MS analysis showed the presence of at least 13 different organic compounds in RFS extract, which might contribute to the bioactivity. Conclusion: Therefore, this experiment further proved that RFS extract might be useful as a natural product ingredient of anti-photoaging skincare products because of its ability to inhibit elastase, tyrosinase, and as an antioxidant.

}, keywords = {Anti-Elastase, Anti-tyrosinase, Antioxidant, Rubus fraxinifolius stem}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.42}, author = {Yesi Desmiaty and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Muhammad Hanafi and Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya} } @article {1226, title = {Antifungal Activity of Neolignan Derivatives from Eusideroxylon zwageri Against Pathogenic Fungus Microsporum gypseum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {993-999}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {993}, abstract = {

Introduction: Bulian wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) known as iron wood. It was known as wood source which fungi and insect resistant. These effects were interconnected with secondary metabolites contained within. Methods: Eusideroxylon zwageri wood powder was macerated with methanol and fractinated with n-Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate. Eusiderin I and Compound B were isolated from n-hexane fraction, while Compound C were isolated from dichloromethane fraction. Eusiderin I, compound A and Compound B were characterized using melting point, UV spectroscopy and compared with previous data. Antifungal activity test was conducted with Microsporum gypseum using paper disc method. Results: A research on antifungal activity of Neolignan derivatives from Eusideroxylon zwageri against pathogenic fungus Microsporum gypseum had been carried out. Eusiderin I, Compound B and Compound C were isolated from wood of Eusideroxylon zwageri. All three compounds are white crystals with melting point in such 99-100 oC, 110-112 oC, 98-99 oC, respectively and UV spectrum data is similar to reference. The antifungal activity test of Eusiderin I, Compound B and Compound C from Bulian wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) to phatogen fungus of Microsporum gypseum showed that with five different concentrations (5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 ppm), Eusiderin I was a potent antifungal because it had a strong activity in inhibiting the Microsporum gypseum growth. The 5 days incubation test result showed that 50 ppm Eusiderin I could inhibit the Microsporum gypseum colony growth. The 100 ppm Eusiderin I gave the most effective inhibition precentage because it could inhibit the Microsporum gypseum colony growth (= 93.9\%). Conclusion: Based on this data, Eusiderin I can be indicated an antifungal candidate.

}, keywords = {Antifungal, Eusiderin, Eusideroxylon zwageri, Microsporum gypseum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.140}, author = {Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa and Muhaimin Muhaimin and Syamsurizal Syamsurizal and Harizon Harizon and Tiana Milanda and Imam Adi Wicaksono} } @article {1220, title = {Anti-Hypertensive Activity of Punica granatum peels Ethyl Acetate Extract on Fludrocortisones Induced Hypertension in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1135-1142}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1135}, abstract = {

Pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn.) has several medicinal properties. Pomegranate juice has been reported to be an effective source of high amounts of phyto-constituents with many health and nutritional benefits. This work assessed the possible effect on blood pressure (B.P) and heart rate of P. granatum peel ethyl acetate extract (PGE) at a dosage of 400 mg / kg / day on hypertension-induced fludrocortisone Wistar rats. PGE therapy substantially lowered the B.P of hypertensive rats treated with salt fludrocortisones, but the mean blood pressure and heart rate in normotensive rats were not altered. In isolated aortic strip, the contractile reactions to noradrenalin of PGE-treated hypertensive rats have been substantially reduced. The active fraction was purified by successive chromatographic techniques resulted in isolation of quercetin and ursolic acid, this bioactive mixture induced a significant decrease in the blood pressure of hypertensive rats as compared to hypertensive control rats at a concentration of 10 mg/kg.

}, keywords = {Hypertension, Punica granatum, Quercetin, Ursolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.160}, author = {Rafik Monir and Asmaa S Abd Elkarim and Mohamed Fouad Shalaby and Alsayed Ahmed Zaki and Samah Shabana} } @article {1205, title = {Anti-inflammatory Activity of Nigella sativa oil Mediated Silver Nanoparticles}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1086-1092}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1086}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of the study was to employ Nigella sativa oil in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of the Nigella sativa oil mediated silver nanoparticles. Background: The introduction of Nanoparticles (NPs) has transFigured many fields like medicine, nutrition and electronics. The usage of nanotechnology in medicine particularly for drug delivery is revealed to have numerous benefits. Nanoparticles are being used to decrease toxicity and side effects that drugs may impose to the patient. Nigella sativa is considered as a miracle seed. It has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and antihypertensive activity. Plant mediated biological synthesis of nanoparticles is simple and eco-friendly method. This work therefore was aimed to synthesize Nigella sativa oil mediated silver nanoparticles and evaluate its anti-inflammatory activity. Materials and Methods: Nigella sativa oil mediated silver nanoparticles were synthesised by short term (1 day) interaction of Nigella sativa seed extract (1 ml) with 2mM AgNO3 solution and centrifuged to obtain silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterised by UV-Visible spectrophotometer, FTIR and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Further the oil mediated AgNPs were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by in vitro and in vivo methods. Results: Nigella sativa oil mediated AgNPs were biofabricated with ease and exhibited good anti-inflammatory activity compared to standard. Conclusion: This study concludes that Nigella sativa seed oil mediated silver nanoparticles have the potential to be used as an effective antioxidant. Hence, it may be used in many medicinal applications to treat inflammation.

}, keywords = {Anti- Inflammatory effect, Nigella sativa, Rananculaceae, SEM analysis, Silver nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.153}, author = {Sheik Shehensha and M Vijaya Jyothi} } @article {1184, title = {Antimalarial Activity of Flavonoid Compound Isolated from Leaves of Artocarpus altilis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {835-842}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {835}, abstract = {

Introduction: Artocarpus altilis leaves extract has previously been reported as a potential antimalarial drug. Inhibition concentration (IC50) against P. falciparum and effective dose values (ED50) against P. berghei have been reported at 1.32 μg/ml and 0.82 mg/kg, respectively. The aim of this study is to identify the active compound from the ethanol extract of A. Altilis leaves against P. falciparum. Materials and Methods: The isolation of the active compound from the ethanol extract of A. altilis were conducted using chromatography methods, and the chemical structure of the isolated compounds was determined based on NMR and MS spectra data. Antimalarial assay was determined using microscopic method against P. falciparum 3D7 and molecular docking studies was performed using Molegro Virtual Docker version 5.5 program. Results: A flavonoid compound, class of dihydrochalcone was finally isolated from A. altilis and identified as 1-(2,4-dihydroxy phenyl)-3-[8-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(4-methyl-3- pentenyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-5-yl]-1-propanone (Compound-1). Antimalarial activity test revealed that the compound strongly inhibited P. falciparum growth, with IC50 value of 1.05 μM. An in silico study to determine the mechanism of action of the compound revealed the existence a 3.BPF receptor that possesses a cysteine protease inhibitor of falcipain-2. Conclusion: Compound-1 were isolated from the leaves of A. Altilis is a good candidate of new source in the development of antimalarial drugs. An animal study using this compound is recommended before a clinical trial.

}, keywords = {Artocarpus altilis, Cysteine protease inhibitor, Dihydrochalcones, P. falciparum 3D7}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.120}, author = {Agriana Rosmalina Hidayati and Aty Widyawaruyanti and Hilkatul Ilmi and Mulyadi Tanjung and Tri Widiandani and Siswandono and Din Syafruddin and Achmad Fuad Hafid} } @article {1089, title = {Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Momordica Charantia: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {213-222}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {213}, abstract = {

Momordica charantia L. (bitter melon) is a plant belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family and is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas around the world, mainly in Asia, India, China and Brazil, where it is traditionally used as a medicinal plant, and the fruits of some varieties of M. charantia are consumed as food. Studies have determined that this plant contains a great diversity of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential like charantin, α-momorcharin and MAP30, and highlighting its properties as antidiabetic, antiulcer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antihyperglycemic and anticancer. Review shows the complete botanical description of the plant (fruits, leaves, stem, etc.), the bioactive chemical compounds reported in the plant species, the antimicrobial activity of the extracts or fractions of M. charantia, emphasizing the antibacterial and antifungal activities, with respective values of MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) reported according to the methodology used in each study. The review seeks to update the phytochemical and pharmacological knowledge of M. charantia, which would be useful for researchers in their search for new chemical compounds of the plant, studies of its safety and efficacy, as well as the evaluation of its possible synergistic action in combination with other antimicrobials, in order to find new therapeutic alternatives against bacterial resistance.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Charantin, Cucurbitaceae, Cucurbitane, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.32}, author = {V{\'\i}ctor Eduardo Villarreal-La Torre and William Sag{\'a}stegui Guarniz and Carmen Silva-Correa and Lizardo Cruzado- Razco and Ra{\'u}l Siche} } @article {1161, title = {Anti-microbial and Phytochemical Studies of Mussaenda frondosa Linn. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {630-635}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {630}, abstract = {

Mussaenda frondosa L (Rubiaceae) has been traditionally used in the treatment of White leprosy, eye troubles, skin infections, tuberculosis, jaundice, ulcers, wounds, cough and Bronchitis. The current study investigated antimicrobial effects of Mussaenda frondosa L against bacteria and fungus. In addition, Phytochemical profiling of the methanol extract of Mussaenda frondosa was done using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). The antimicrobial activity of Methanol (MEMF), Ethyl acetate (EEMF), Chloroform (CEMF) and Hexane (HEMF) extracts of Mussaenda frondosa leaves were tested against nine bacterial and four fungal strains. The Methanol extract showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activity than hexane, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate extracts which could be attributed to the presence of phenols, flavonoids and the other bioactive compounds identified through phytochemical screening. The findings in the present study offer a scientific support to the ethno medicinal use of the plant by the traditional healers.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Extract, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), Mussaenda}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.94}, author = {S. Shanthi and R. Radha} } @article {1101, title = {The Antioxidant Activity of Sterculia stipulata Korth Woods and Leaves by FRAP Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {236-239}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {236}, abstract = {

Background: Phenol compounds and flavonoids are known have antioxidant activity. Sterculia genus has secondary metabolite rich of phenols and flavonoids. Objective: The aim of this study of the activity antioxidants of Sterculia stipulata Korth. Woods and leaves by FRAP method. Materials and methods: Extraction done using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The methanol extract was determined antioxidant activity using the FRAP method and also determined the total phenols content, total flavonoids, and phytochemical screening. Results: The antioxidant activity of wood extract was 4.74 {\textpm} 1.03 FeEAC (mol/g) while leaves extract 41.17 {\textpm} 1.99 FeEAC (mol/g). Total phenols content for wood extract 16.46 {\textpm} 3.51 mg GAE/g, for leaves extract 141.62 {\textpm} 10.54 mg GAE/g. The total flavonoids content for woods extract was 27.99 {\textpm} 0.62 mg QE/g for leaf extract 41.45 {\textpm} 5.83 mg QE/g. The compounds of woods and leaves are the same; it is consist of terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and negatives for anthraquinone. Conclusion: The antioxidant activity of the leaves of Sterculia stipulata Korth. is greater than its wood activities.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoids, FRAP, Phenols, Sterculia stipulata Korth}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.36}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Yesi Desmiaty and Rani Sauriasari} } @article {1224, title = {Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activities of Strobilanthes kunthianus against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1143-1151}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1143}, abstract = {

Background: Strobilanthes kunthianus Nees T Anders (Neela kurinji) is a shrub in the grasslands of Nilgiris, Western Ghats in India. It is well known for many biological properties including antioxidant. However, there is no in-vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities has been carried out previously on S. kunthianus. Objectives: The present study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of methanolic flower extract of S. kunthianus (MFESK) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in experimental rats. Materials and Methods: The Wistar rats were divided into six groups comprising six animals to each. Group I was served as normal control and group II as CCl4 treated. Both these groups were received sodium CMC (0.3\%, 5 ml/kg). Groups III, IV and V animals were treated with MFESK at different dose levels (100, 150 and 200 mg/kg). Group VI was treated with standard silymarin (100 mg/kg). All these treatments were given orally for eight consecutive days. On the 8th day of treatment, except the normal group I, all the other group of animals from III to VI were received CCl4 in liquid paraffin (1:1, 1 ml/kg, i.p., single dose) after 1 h of the vehicle. On the 9th day, the animals were anesthetized and blood was collected from the abdominal artery, then the serum was separated and used for the biochemical estimations. Serum marker enzymes such as ASAT, ALAT, ALP, TGL, CR, TP, TC, TB and albumin were measured using Ecoline kits by using autoanalyzer. Further, blood serum and the supernatant solution of homogenized liver and kidney were used for the estimation of antioxidant parameters such as CAT, SOD and TBARS by spectrophotometrically. Results: The administration of CCl4 caused a significant increase (P\<0.001) in the levels of ASAT, ALAT, ALP, TGL, TC, TB and TBARS and decrease in the levels of CR, TP, Albumin, CAT and SOD in serum. A significant (P\<0.001 and P\<0.01) restoration of these values towards the normal level was observed in all the three tested doses of MFESK. Similar results were observed for CAT, SOD and TBARS in both liver and kidney tissues. These results designated the strong antioxidant and hepatoprotective nature of MFESK. The histopathological investigation of liver and kidney tissues also confirmed the observed activities. Conclusion: These findings afford incitement for the development of a novel hepatoprotective herbal drugs.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatoprotective, Hepatotoxicity, Liver disease, Strobilanthes kunthianus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.161}, author = {Geetha Balasubramaniam and Mahendran Sekar and Maithili Varadarajan and Shrishailappa Badami} } @article {1225, title = {Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activities of Strobilanthes kunthianus against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1143-1151}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1143}, abstract = {

Background: Strobilanthes kunthianus Nees T Anders (Neela kurinji) is a shrub in the grasslands of Nilgiris, Western Ghats in India. It is well known for many biological properties including antioxidant. However, there is no in-vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities has been carried out previously on S. kunthianus. Objectives: The present study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of methanolic flower extract of S. kunthianus (MFESK) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in experimental rats. Materials and Methods: The Wistar rats were divided into six groups comprising six animals to each. Group I was served as normal control and group II as CCl4 treated. Both these groups were received sodium CMC (0.3\%, 5 ml/kg). Groups III, IV and V animals were treated with MFESK at different dose levels (100, 150 and 200 mg/kg). Group VI was treated with standard silymarin (100 mg/kg). All these treatments were given orally for eight consecutive days. On the 8th day of treatment, except the normal group I, all the other group of animals from III to VI were received CCl4 in liquid paraffin (1:1, 1 ml/kg, i.p., single dose) after 1 h of the vehicle. On the 9th day, the animals were anesthetized and blood was collected from the abdominal artery, then the serum was separated and used for the biochemical estimations. Serum marker enzymes such as ASAT, ALAT, ALP, TGL, CR, TP, TC, TB and albumin were measured using Ecoline kits by using autoanalyzer. Further, blood serum and the supernatant solution of homogenized liver and kidney were used for the estimation of antioxidant parameters such as CAT, SOD and TBARS by spectrophotometrically. Results: The administration of CCl4 caused a significant increase (P\<0.001) in the levels of ASAT, ALAT, ALP, TGL, TC, TB and TBARS and decrease in the levels of CR, TP, Albumin, CAT and SOD in serum. A significant (P\<0.001 and P\<0.01) restoration of these values towards the normal level was observed in all the three tested doses of MFESK. Similar results were observed for CAT, SOD and TBARS in both liver and kidney tissues. These results designated the strong antioxidant and hepatoprotective nature of MFESK. The histopathological investigation of liver and kidney tissues also confirmed the observed activities. Conclusion: These findings afford incitement for the development of a novel hepatoprotective herbal drugs.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatoprotective, Hepatotoxicity, Liver disease, Strobilanthes kunthianus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.161}, author = {Geetha Balasubramaniam and Mahendran Sekar and Maithili Varadarajan and Shrishailappa Badami} } @article {1074, title = {The Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Properties and Phytochemical Profile of Clusia latipes Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {144-149}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {144}, abstract = {

Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes has increased more rapidly in low and middleincome countries than in high-income countries. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), which is the most common form of diabetes, is caused by the inefficient use of insulin in the body and is characterized by disrupted insulin action or secretion. Also, oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of disease. The goal of this study is to identify the antioxidant and hypoglycemic properties of Clusia latipes, an endemic species of Central and South America. Methods: The antioxidant and hypoglycemic capacity of the extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) of the leaves and stems of Clusia latipes were evaluated. From the most potent extract, the phytochemical study was carried out and fractionated. Antioxidant activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), while hypoglycemic capacity was measured by alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Results: The extracts with the highest antioxidant capacity are the extracts with the highest α-glucosidase inhibition activity. Inhibitory activity increased in samples extracted with medium polar (ethyl acetate) and polar (methanol) solvents. Phytochemical screening of these extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids/xanthones, quinones, saponins, and tannins. The highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was detected in the ethyl acetate fraction obtained from leaf methanol extract, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 0.90 μg/ml. The major constituent isolated from the same fraction was isoquercitrin.

}, keywords = {DPPH, Phytochemical screening, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.21}, author = {Ronald Silva-Rivas and Natalia Bailon-Moscoso and Luis Cartuche and Juan Carlos Romero-Benavides} } @article {1243, title = {Antioxidant and the Efficacy of Sophora secundiflora and Methoxyisoflavones in the Immune Function of Pigeons Vaccinated against Paramyxovirus Serotype-1}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1276-1288}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1276}, abstract = {

Objective: The present work investigated the effect of oral administration of hydroalcoholic (70\% aqueous ethanol) extract (TeE) of Sophora secundiflora leaves and its organic fractions n-hexane (HeE), ethyl acetate (EaE) and n-butanol (BuE) and major isolated methoxyisoflavones 1 and 2, on the cellular and humoral immune responses to live attenuated avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1) vaccines in pigeons. Methods: The structures of six isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of chromatographic, chemical, and spectroscopic methods. The samples antioxidative and radical scavenging capabilities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2{\textquoteright}-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical cation and ferric reducing power were determined. Total phenolic, tannin and flavonoid contents of EaE extract were evaluated. Results: Six compounds were isolated. Three were the methoxyisoflavones5- 7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone (1), 7-hydroxy-4'methoxyisoflavone (2), 5,4{\textquoteright}-dihydroxy-7- methoxy-isoflavone (3), along with isorhamnetin (4) and two quercetin derivatives quercetin 3-glucoside (5) and quercetin 3-rutinoside (6) were isolated. The hydroalcoholic extract, fractions and 4{\textquoteright}-methoxyisoflavones showed radical scavenging effect in the order of EaE \> TeE \> BuE \>compound 1\>compound 2\> HeE. Stimulation of both sero-responses was observed, especially this of EaE. The results showed an increase of macrophage cells, lymphocyte and antibody titers in blood. Conclusion: The presence of 5-hydroxyl group at A-ring may be important to show the immunostimulant and antioxidant activity of compound 1vs compound 2. The present results showed the potential abilities of EaE as antioxidant and immunomodulator agent and these would impart healthy economic benefits in vaccinated birds.

}, keywords = {Antiradical effect, Immune, Isoflavones, Paramyxovirus, Pigeons, Sophora secundiflora}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.176}, author = {Howaida Ibrahim Abd-Alla and Magda Tohamy Ibrahim and Hanan Anwar Aly Taie and Marwa Abas Hasan and Nagwa M M Shalaby} } @article {1085, title = {Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Properties of an Aqueous Extract of Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex. T. Anderson Fruit Pericarps}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {71-78}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {71}, abstract = {

Background: Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major cause for hyperpigmentation, and to prevent this natural products are increasingly being explored as potential skin whitening agents. The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content, free radical scavenging activity, anti-tyrosinase activity and the inhibition of melanin content in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone-induced B16F10 melanoma cells of an aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex. T. Anderson fruit pericarps. Methods: The aqueous extract was prepared by extraction with distilled water at 105oC for 60 min. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. Scavenging activity was assessed using 2,2-Diphennyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS). Tyrosinase activity and melanin content were determined spectrophotometrically. Results: The results showed that the aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis fruit pericarps had a phenolic (26.33 {\textpm} 0.77 mg GAE/g plant extract) and flavonoid content (9.31 {\textpm} 0.40 mg QE/g plant extract). The aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis significantly inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity (IC50 of 40.72 {\textpm} 1.83 μg/mL) and cellular tyrosinase activity (at a concentration of 125 μg/mL) in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone-induced B16F10 melanoma cells. The Garcinia atroviridis extract also suppressed melanin content at concentrations of 31.25-125 μg/mL. Correlations of mushroom tyrosinase inhibition with DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities were 0.8673 and 0.9468, respectively. Conclusion: Our findings show that an aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis fruit pericarps is a source of natural compounds and antioxidant capacity which can inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin content. Thus, aqueous extracts of Garcinia atroviridis may be a potential source of skin whitening agents for hyperpigmentation.

}, keywords = {B16F10 cells, Garcinia atroviridis, Melanin, Tyrosinase activity, α-MSH}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.12}, author = {Moragot Chatatikun and Pitaksit Supjaroen and Patcharaporn Promlat and Chantanapa Chantarangkul and Sutida Waranuntakul and Jiraphat Nawarat and Jitbanjong Tangpong and Jitbanjong Tangpong} } @article {1244, title = {Antiurolithiatic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Piper cubeba Dried Fruits: An in-vitro and in-vivo Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1289-1296}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1289}, abstract = {

Introduction: Piper cubeba is a well-known traditional plant used in unani medicine belonging to the Piperaceae family and has been examined for the treatment of urolithiasis produced by calcium oxalate. Methods: Ethanolic extract of Piper cubeba (EEPC) dried fruits was subjected to phytochemical analysis and HPTLC fingerprinting. An in vitro antiurolithiatic analysis took place through conductometric titrations of CaCl2 with Na2C2O4. Acute toxicity studies conducted as per OECD guidelines. Urolithiasis was established in rats by supplementing 28 days with 0.75\% ethylene glycol in the ingesting water. Beside ethylene glycol, EEPC (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) was given orally from 15 - 28 days, serum and urine were collected from individual animals and biochemical parameters like BUN, creatinine along with uric acid in serum as well as calcium, oxalate and phosphate in urine the kidney homogenate have been measured on 28th day. Kidney sections have been organized and histopathologically tested for calcium oxalate crystals. Results: Phytochemical analysis of EEPC disclose the presence of phenolics, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and flavonoids and HPTLC fingerprinting shows the presence of 7 terpenoids, 2 flavonoids when scanned at 540nm and 366nm. In vitro studies showed reduction in CaOx crystal aggregation and promoted nucleation after treatment with EEPC. In vivo studies also showed reduction in elevated levels of serum creatinine, BUN, uric acid, and levels of calcium, oxalate and phosphate in urine and kidney homogenate as compared to disease control rats. The results were supported by histopathological studies. Conclusion: The EEPC have shown significant antiurolithiatic activity by reducing calculi.

}, keywords = {calcium oxalate, Ethylene glycol, Flavonoids, HPTLC, Terpenoids, Urolithiasis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.177}, author = {S Suman and SV Suresh Kumar} } @article {1234, title = {Bioactivity and Extraction Method with Ultrasonication of Nelumbo nucifera Linn. Anti Aging Drinks}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1097-1103}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1097}, abstract = {

Introduction: Nelumbo nucifera Linn. Flowers health drinks currently are one of the popular demand globally in Thailand and all over the world. There are plenty of substandard or over claimed of antioxidant content labeled at health drink bottles. The consumers do not obtain enough health benefits anti-oxidant contents which are destroyed by heat during their production process. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the optimization of extraction including water, 40 \% and 50\% ethyl alcohol using maceration and ultra-sonication method to obtain the highest antioxidant activity compared with DPPH, FRAP and ABTS methods were investigated including total phenolic and flavonoid contents by HPLC in different period of time. The analysis of acute toxicity in white wistar rats by oral administrating of Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flowers extract was testing for after 24 h and 14 d. Results: It was found that Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flower extract drink consisted of high contents of gallic acid, catechin and rutin by HPLC method. Nelumbo nucifera Linn flowers Highest Total Phenolic compound in Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flower extracts with sonicating with 50\% ethanol was 0.954639 {\textpm} 0.109672. Highest Total flavonoids in Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flower extracts macerating in 50 \% ethanol at day 5th was 1.100275 {\textpm} 0.777271.and the sonication with 40\% ethanol was 0.394283+/- 0.51175. Conclusions: The result of acute toxicity analysis showed no toxicity. Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flower extract drinks which are safe as a health drink for consumers. The further market analysis with sensory test should be essential for further research.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Flavonoids, Flower extract drink, HPLC, Nelumbo nucifera Linn., Phenolic content, Ultra sonication Extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.155}, author = {Buavaroon Srichaikul} } @article {1256, title = {Black Horehound (Ballota nigra Linn) Induces Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells (PC-3) Through Intrinsic Signalling Cascade}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1377-1382}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1377}, abstract = {

Background: Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men. The disease varies widely in its clinical aggressiveness. Ballota nigra Linn (Black horehound) is a three-foot, perennial herb of the family Lamiaceae and it has been shown to have various pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, hypoglycemic, neuro-sedative, antibacterial, insecticidal and anticholinesterase activities. However, the elucidation of B.nigra for its anticancer activity in prostate cancer has not been studied so far. Methodology: Prostate cancer PC3 cells were treated with different concentrations of B.nigra (50, 100, 200 \& 400μg/ml) for the analysis of Bcl-2, Phosphorylation of Bcl2 (p-Bcl2) and tumor suppressor protein p53, Case pase-3 and caspase-9 in PC3 cells. Results: The B.nigra ethanolic leaf extract reduced the levels of anti apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, p-Bcl2) and increased the level of tumor suppressor protein p53, caspase-3 and 9 significantly (p\<0.05). Conclusion: Results of the study show that B.nigra has potential anticancer activity by modulating intrinsic activity of apoptotic signaling in PC-3 cells. Thus, B.nigra may have a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of prostate cancer.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Ballota nigra, Intrinsic pathway, PC3, Prostate cancer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.190}, author = {Selvaraj Jayaraman and Ponnulakshmi Rajagopal and Vishnupriya Veeraraghavan and Poonguzhali Sivagnanam and Divya Ravikumar and Sumetha Suga Deiva Suga and Kavin Mozhi James and Surapaneni Krishna Mohan} } @article {1251, title = {Blending of Chorella Patin And Microalga Fish Oil as an Associated Chorella as Potential Health Food}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1346-1350}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1346}, abstract = {

Objective: The use of health food supplements based on functional food components at this time has become a necessity for the community to maintain their health at optimum level. Functional food from fishery products is a food that is considered effective, because in addition to alternative food sources, the nutritional content is very good for health. This study aimed to produce high nutritional health food supplements from raw materials of Chorella enriched with catfish oil. The method used in making high nutritional health food supplements is a microencapsulation experimental method with different formulations. Methods: The experiment used organoleptic test, chemical component test with amino acids (HPLC) and Fatty acids (GC). Result: The results showed that the best formulations based on the profiles of amino acids, fatty acids and standard AAE per day, especially oleic and linoleic essential fatty acids were B formulations (2\% Chorella, and 1\% fish oil. Conclusion: The formulations B from the sample conducted in this research was the best formulations based on protein content, fat, essential amino acid profiles and essential fatty acids.

}, keywords = {Catfish oil, Chorella, Health food supplements}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.185}, author = {Dewita and Syahrul and Taufik Hidayat and Mery Sukmiwati} } @article {1308, title = {Botanical Pharmacognosy of Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Pennell}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1559-1572}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1559}, abstract = {

Backgound: B. monnieri (Linn.) Pennell is a slender, creeping and mat forming herb well adapted to grow in both terrestrial and submersed conditions. It is an important medicinal plant belongs to the family Plantaginaceae and espoused as a source for the Ayurvedic drug brahmi. Objectives: The present study aims to delineate the morphological and histomorpho diagnostic profile of the stem, root and leaves of brahmi and analyze their qualitative and quantitative anatomical peculiarities to support the pharmacobotanical characterizations using digital, stereo and polarized microscopic techniques. Results: Cross section of lamina had shown a homogeneous mesophyll fails to differentiate into palisade and spongy tissues. Lamina was amphistomatic which contained three different types of stomatal complexes vz., diacytic, anisocytic and anomoteracytic. The mean number of stoma per square millimeter of leaf area was found to be higher in adaxial surface (656.9/mm2) than abaxial (433.3/mm2) with a corresponding stomatal index of 15.2 and 9.4 respectively. Adventitious root in cross section gave {\textquoteleft}spokes in a wheel{\textquoteright} appearance and shoot cortex architecture had shown honey-comb pattern of aerenchyma chambers. Vascular bundles were many, conjoint and closed, where a centra solid core of xylem encircled by phloem. Crystal ideoblasts of calcium oxalate were observed in characteristic tissues of epidermis of the leaves, mesophyll, cortical tissues of stem, and intervening walls of the file of cells of diaphragms in stem and adventitious roots. Conclusion: The above delineated anatomical characteristics in conjunction with aerenchyma in root and shoot tissues as an effective water tolerance mechanism to thrive prolonged submergence in water logged conditions could provide valuable tags as useful markers for pharmacological identification of the taxon.

}, keywords = {Aerenchyma, Anisocytic stomata, Calcium oxalate crystals, Plantaginaceae, Stomatal index}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.214}, author = {Madathilparambil Vasu Sudhakaran} } @article {1236, title = {Caesalpinia sappan L. Wood is a Potential Source of Natural Phosphodiesterase-1 Inhibitors}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1206-1217}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1206}, abstract = {

Introduction: A decrease in cAMP and cGMP levels in the brain is linked to human cognitive problems. The degradation of cellular cAMP and cGMP is attributed to phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which constitute a superfamily of enzymes. The inhibition of PDE1 is a promising mechanism to increase cAMP and cGMP levels associated with cognitive disorders. Caesalpinia sappan L. (CS) wood is a natural coloring agent usually consumed as a traditional refreshment or drink by people in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. However, scientific evidence regarding the inhibitory activity of CS wood against PDE1 has yet to be obtained. This study aimed to investigate the potency of CS wood as a PDE1 inhibitor. Methods: The ethanol extract of CS wood and its fractions were evaluated in vitro by using a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase assay kit. The presence of brazilin in the extract and fractions was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. In silico assay was performed using MOE software to obtain insights into the interaction between compounds in the CS wood and the enzyme. Results: Ethanol extract and ethyl acetate soluble fraction effectively inhibited the PDE1 activity. Interestingly, brazilin, the major compound in CS wood, also exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on the enzyme. The in silico assay revealed that the interaction between tetraacetylbrazilin and brazilin with the PDE1B active site involved hydrogen bonding and π{\textendash}π interactions. Conclusion: Ethanol extract, ethyl acetate soluble fraction, and brazilin inhibited the PDE1 activity. CS wood and its chemical constituent could be developed as natural cognitive enhancers.

}, keywords = {Brazilin, Caesalpinia sappan L., Herbal cognitive enhancer, Phosphodiesterase inhibitor, Phytotheraphy, Tetraacetylbrazilin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.169}, author = {Helmi and Nanang Fakhrudin and Arief Nurrochmad and Ari Sudarmanto and Zullies Ikawati} } @article {1193, title = {Capsaicin Bioactive in Cabai (Capsicum Annum L.) as Anticancer Through Inhibition of over Ekspresi Protein Target RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1) and Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) on Hepatocyt Cell Mice (mus musculus)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {911-915}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {911}, abstract = {

Capsaicin is a secondary metabolite of the Chilean plant. In the pharmaceutical field in addition to relieving pain or pain, capsaicin is also known to have anticancer activity because it inhibits certain oncogenic proteins. Screening of components in Capsicum Annum L. against the target proteins AKT1 and MAPK1 is needed as an initial stage of drug discovery. Further screening of Capsaicin compounds for oncogenic proteins produced in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) pathogenesis signaling. In silico data that have been obtained, Capsaicin in chili (Capsicum Annum L.) has a high affinity for MAPK1 and AKT1 receptor/protein targets with energy and potential activity score (Pa) 0.690 for preneoplastic treatment, 0.590 for apoptotic agonists, and 0.366 for antineoplastic activity. Statistical data using Kruskal Wallis obtained information that Capsaicin can inhibit the expression of AKT 1 and MAPK 1 on mice hepatocyte cells induced by AFB1 in vivo administration, therefore it can be a candidate for anticancer drugs.

}, keywords = {AKT1, Anticancer, Capsaicin, Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), MAPK1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.129}, author = {Mohammad Sukmanadi and Sri Agus Sudjarwo and Mustofa Helmi Effendi and Pudji Srianto and Aulanni{\textquoteright}am and Rr Sri Pantja Madyawati and Mirni Lamid and Hani Plumeriastuti} } @article {1213, title = {Chemical Composition and Some Biological Activities of the Methanolic Encephalartos ferox Fruit Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1190-1197}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1190}, abstract = {

Background: Although literature reports the therapeutic properties of Encephalartos ferox, there are limited pharmacological studies of its fruit. Objective: This study sought to evaluate the antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-quorum sensing and in vitro cytotoxic activities of the methanolic E. ferox fruit extract. Methods: The chemical constituent of the methanolic fruit extract was analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antibacterial activity of the extract was investigated against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10102), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) using the broth dilution method. The standard 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2.2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods were used to evaluate the scavenging activities of the extract. Anti-quorum sensing activity was assessed against biosensor strain- Chromobacterium violaceum (ATCC 12472). Cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells was investigated using the tetrazolium-based colorimetric (MTT) assay. Results: The extract revealed eight volatile compounds with cis-Vaccenic acid (87.06\%) and 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester (5.21\%) as the major components. Antibacterial activity against all tested strains with minimum inhibitory concentration range of 1.56 - 12.5 mg/mL was observed. The DPPH and ABTS assays demonstrated scavenging activities with the median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.09 mg/mL and 0.003 mg/mL, respectively. The extract also displayed strong anti-quorum sensing activity with 93\% inhibition of violacein production at 25 mg/mL. A half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 5370 μg/mL was computed in HepG2 cells. Conclusion: The extract has potential to be used as a source of therapeutic compounds in pharmaceutical applications.

}, keywords = {Anti-quorum sensing, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.167}, author = {Phakamani Hopewell Tsilo and Sidney Tsolanku Maliehe and Jabulani Siyabonga Shandu and Rene Khan} } @article {1295, title = {Chemical Constituents from Diospyros discolor Willd. and their Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1547-1551}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1547}, abstract = {

Background: Diospyros discolor is commonly known as {\textquoteleft}buah mentega{\textquoteright} and traditionally used to treat various diseases. Many compounds especially triterpenes in Diospyros sp. were reported to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes in vitro and in vivo. D. discolor was reported to contain triterpenes, yet to be investigated for their AChE inhibitory activity. D. discolor leaves extract showed high (95.80 {\textpm} 1.57 \%) AChE inhibitory activity at the concentration of 100 μg/mL. Objective: The aim of the present study is to identify chemical constituents from D. discolor and their AChE inhibitory activity. Materials and Methods: The leaves and stem barks of D. discolor were air dried, powdered and successively extracted using n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol. The solvents were evaporated to obtain dried crude extracts. The compounds were purified using exhaustive chromatographic procedures and their structures were determined by analyses of spectral data. The AChE inhibitory activity was carried out using Ellman{\textquoteright}s method. Results: A new flavonol, 7,4{\textquoteright}-dihydroxy-5,3{\textquoteright},5{\textquoteright}-trimethoxyflavonol (1), along with five known flavonoids (2-6) and six known triterpenes (7-13) were isolated from the leaves and stem barks of D. discolor. Selected compounds were evaluated for AChE inhibitory activity, in which stigmast-4-ene- 3-one (7) showed the lowest inhibition concentration with an IC50 value of 11.77 {\textpm} 2.11 μM. Conclusion: A new flavonol (1) and twelve known compounds were identified and characterized. Even though D. discolor extracts showed high percent inhibition against AChE enzyme, the isolated compounds showed moderate inhibition.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Ebenaceae, Flavonoid, Triterpenes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.212}, author = {Norhafizoh Abdul Somat and Zaini Yusoff and Che Puteh Osman} } @article {1075, title = {Comparative Pharmacognostical and Pharmacological Evaluation of Costus speciosus (Koen) J.E. Sm. Germplasm Collected from Eastern Ghats of India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {150-156}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {150}, abstract = {

Background: Costus speciosus is an erect perennial herb belonging to family Costaceae, an important medicinal plant widely used in several indigenous medicinal formulations. Objective: A comparative evaluation of Pharmacognostical and Pharmacological potential of Costus speciosus for the validation of traditional claims and quality parameters for industry. Materials and Methods: Pharmacognostical studies were performed as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India and quantification of diosgenin was done through HPTLC. In vitro antidiabetic activity was evaluated by α-amylase inhibition assay based on starch iodine method and in vitro anti-inflammatory were done by using inhibition of protein denaturation assay. Results: The pharmacognostical standards were also laid down for each sample. Morpho-anatomical characters had no distinct variation in all the collected samples of Eastern Ghats. The quantification of diosgenin (without hydrolysis of samples) in the collected germplasm varies significantly from 0.002 to 0.076 \% on dry weight basis. The maximum content was recorded in NBCS-06 from Patiya, Bhubaneswar and was identified as distinct chemotype with high metabolite content. IC50 value of Costus speciosus extract in starch-iodine assay was found to be maximum in NBCS- 6 (87.54 μg/ml) and inhibition of protein denaturation assay was found to be maximum in NBCS- 11 (73.91 μg/ml), respectively. Conclusion: The study suggests that the Costus speciosus germplasm possess potential anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activity and comparative pharmacognostical parameters will be useful in collection of location specific potential samples for industrial usage along with quality control of raw materials.

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic, Anti-inflammatory, Costus speciosus, Diosgenin, HPTLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.22}, author = {Manish Kumar and Ankita Misra and Akanksha Srivastava and Pushpendra Kumar Shukla and L M Tewari and Sharad Srivastava} } @article {1190, title = {Comparative Study on Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical Investigations and Quantification of Vasicine Content in the Extracts of Adhatoda vasica Nees and Adhatoda beddomei CB Clarke}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {884-896}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {884}, abstract = {

Background: Adhatoda, a perennial shrub of family Acanthaceae are well-known medicinal plant for the treatment and management of respiratory disorders such as asthma and bronchitis. Adhatoda vasica and Adhatoda beddomei are the species of Adhatoda, has been widely used in Indian system of medicine. Although, phytochemical and pharmacological investigations were reported on A. vasica, there has been comparative investigations on different Adhatoda species are lacking. Objective: The study was undertaken to compare the pharmacognostical and phytochemical parameters of two species of Adhatoda for rapid identification and authentication of the plants. Materials and Methods: Pharmacognostical features were studied by macroscopic, microscopic studies and physicochemical analysis such as determination of foreign matter, ash value, extractive value and loss on drying. Phytochemical investigations were analysed using phytochemical screening, bioactive content determination, HPTLC fingerprint analysis and estimation of vasicine content by HPLC analysis. Results: Microscopic study differentiated the pharmacognostical features between two species by demonstrating the anatomical characteristics. Powder microscopy of A. vasica revealed the presence of diacytic stomata, glandular and non-glandular trichomes whereas rod shaped crystals were seen only in A. beddomei. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical investigations revealed the presence and estimation of various phytoconstituents in both the species. HPTLC fingerprint profiling evaluated the number of constituents present in the extracts and HPLC analysis revealed high content of vasicine in A. vasica extracts when compared to A. beddomei. Conclusion: The present study provides the useful information to differentiate the plant species and can serve as a diagnostic tool for the standardization and identification of adulterant in the crude drug market.

}, keywords = {Adhatoda beddomei, Adhatoda vasica, HPTLC fingerprint, Pharmacognosy, Vasicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.126}, author = {Nandhini S and Ilango K} } @article {1253, title = {Computational Evaluation of ADMET Properties and Bioactive Score of Compounds from Encephalartos ferox}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1357-1362}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1357}, abstract = {

Background: Plant based products are recognised as sources of drugs for treatment of diseases. Objective: The study aimed at predicting the physicochemical, pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and toxicity of the compounds identified from the methanolic Encephalartos ferox fruit extract. Methods: The physicochemical, pharmacokinetics properties and bioactive scores of the compounds were predicted using SwissADME and Molinspiration computational tools. Drug-likeness of the compounds was evaluated based on the Lipinski rule of five (Ro5). In silico mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and inhibition of human ether-a-go-go-related (hERG) gene were also investigated using PreADMET web tool. Results: The physicochemical properties showed the compounds, except 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1, 2, 3-propanetriyl ester to adhere to Ro5. The evaluation of their inhibitory effects profile in several cytochrome P450 isoforms indicate that all the compounds are not the inhibitors of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 whereas some inhibited CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP2D6. The drug-likeness evaluation employed Ro5 as a filter and all compounds complied with it except for 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1, 2, 3-propanetriyl ester. About 50\% of the tested compound were found to be safe as they did not exhibit antimutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Moreover, the risk of inhibition of hERG gene revealed to be low to medium risk depending on the compound. Conclusion: The calculated physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties suggest that most of the compounds are safe and have promising oral bioavailability.

}, keywords = {Bioactive score, Compounds, Pharmacokinetic; Drug-likeness, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.187}, author = {Tsolanku Sidney Maliehe and Phakamani Hopewell Tsilo and Jabulani Siyabonga Shandu} } @article {1107, title = {Condensed Tannins Content and their Influence on the Antioxidant Activity of Bark Hydroethanol Extract of Piliostigma reticulatum (Dc) Hochst and its Fractions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {361-368}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {361}, abstract = {

Background: Consumption of natural products from plants is implicated in the reduction of the occurrence of diseases related to oxidative stress. Piliostigma reticulatum is a plant well known to traditional practitioners in Senegal where leaves and bark are often used against many diseases, such as ulcers, boils, syphilitic cancer, toothache, gingivitis and diarrhea. Aim: This study compared hydroethanol extract from the plant bark and its fractions by assessing their total phenol contents, antioxidant activity and the influence of condensed tannins on their activity. Method: barks were extracted by a moderate decoction with ethanol-water followed by a silica column fractionation with successively ethyl acetate, methanol and water. For this study, assays were carried out before and after precipitation of tannins by BSA and PVPP tests. Total phenol and condensed tannins of hydroethanolic extract and its fractions were performed by Folin Ciocalteu and hydrolysis methods. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and CUPRAC tests. Results: Tannins precipitation leads a light decrease of total phenol and condensed tannins contents of samples. Total phenol content of hydroethanolic extract was 51.2 mg GAE/g vs 3.2 after BSA test and 1.7 after PVPP test whereas condensed tannins content obtained 72.2\% vs 4.2\% and 2.3\% after precipitation. Antiradical activity was lost following the elimination of tannins with IC50: 5.33 {\textpm} 0.04 mg/l vs 78.86 {\textpm} 0.92 after BSA and \> 500 after PVPP. Conclusion: This results showed the condensed tannins would be in charge of antiradical and reducing activities of plant barks and PVPP precipitated much better the tannins from those extracts than BSA.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Bark, Piliostigma reticulatum, Precipitation, Tannins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.57}, author = {Serigne Ibra Mback{\'e} DIENG and C{\'e}line Mathieu and Abdou SARR and Kady Diatta-Badji and Alioune Dior FALL} } @article {1079, title = {Correction of Toxic Liver Damage with a Multicomponent Herbal Extract in an Animal Experiment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {168-172}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {168}, abstract = {

Background: Digestive diseases constitute a significant part in the overall structure of human diseases. Herbal cholagogues are indicated for a treatment of chronic liver, gall bladder, and bile ducts diseases. The aim of the work is to determine the choleretic effect of a new multicomponent plant extract. Materials and Methods: Multicomponent plant extract was obtained from the following types of plant materials: 300 g of immortelle flowers (Helichrysum arenarium L.), 100 g of tansy flowers (Tanacetum vulgare L.), 100 g of rose fruits (Rosa sp.), 100 g of leaves of common nettle (Urtica dioica L.), 50 g of mint leaves (Mentha piperita L.), 50 g of licorice roots (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.). The extract was standardized by the total flavonoid content. It was calculated and expressed in terms of luteolin and isosalipurposide standards (total flavonoids content: not less than 4\% and 15\% respectively). The animal experiments being done in 80 nonlinear male rats with initial body weight 180-200 g. In order to study a choleretic effect of multicomponent herbal extract, naive rats recieved the single experimental dose of 250 mg/kg. Pharmacotherapeutic activity was studied in white rats with CCl4-induced hepatitis. Results: Studies indicate a pronounced choleretic effect of the studied plant extract, that is comparable with the effect of {\textquotedblleft}Allochol{\textquotedblright} in intact rats experiments. The course administration of a per os (peroral) multicomponent plant extract in a dose of 250 mg/kg to white non-linear rats with tetrachloromethane liver damage has a choleretic effect: it increases the rate of bile secretion, stimulates the synthesis and secretion of cholates with bile, and also the excretion of cholesterol and bilirubin. Conclusion: The obtained research results argue the feasibility of using a multicomponent plant extract containing biologically active substances of phenolic nature in the prevention and comprehensive treatment of liver diseases.

}, keywords = {Choleretic effect, Experimental hepatitis, Multicomponent extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.25}, author = {Ferubko EV and Nikolaev SM and Dargaeva TD and Rendyuk TD} } @article {1112, title = {Correlation between the in-vitro and in-vivo Antihyperglycemic Effect of Ocimum Sanctum, Trigonella Foenum Graecum and Curcuma Longa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {369-376}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {369}, abstract = {

This study is carried out to investigate the correlation between the in-vitro and in-vivo studies which demonstrates the antihyperglycemic effect of Trigonella foenum graecum, Ocimum sanctum and Curcuma longa extracts. Methanolic seed extract of Trigonella foenum graecum, methanolic leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum, ethyl acetate rhizomes extract of Curcumina longa are prepared and supplied by Sami labs, Bangalore, India on request. in-vitro studies such as alpha glucosidase inhibitory and DPP-IV inhibitory activity were done for all the three extracts as per previous studies. After Institutional animal ethical committee clearance male albino rats (155{\textendash}215 g) were divided into 5 groups. Each group consists of randomly assigned 6 albino rats. The placebo (Normal saline) control group, Standard (Vildagliptin) group and 3 above mentioned extract groups. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done. Blood samples were collected for blood sugar estimation at -30 (before extract),0, 15, 45 minutes and blood sugar levels were done by enzymatic assay. Results: The maximum alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity at 100 μg/ml by Trigonella foenum graecum extract was 68\% with IC50 value of 57.25, Ocimum sanctum leaf extract was 65\% with IC50 value of 59.55, Curcuma longa was 72\% with IC50 value of 56.79 when compared to the Acarbose (STD) of 94\% with IC50 values of 42.78. The maximum \% of DPP IV inhibition at 320 μg/ml of Trigonella foenum graecum extract was 77.84\% with IC50 value of 52.26, Ocimum sanctum extract was 86.98\% with IC50 value of 46.08 and Curcuma longa was 76.47\% with IC50 value of 55.06 when compared to the Vildagliptin (STD) was 80.15\% with IC50 value of 22.98. The OGTT results of Ocimum sanctum (200 mg/kg) shows reduction in blood glucose (p=\<0.05) at 15 minutes and significant reduction (p=\<0.001) at 45 minutes and Trigonella foenum graecum (2 gm/kg) showed significant reduction in blood glucose (p=\<0.001) at 15 minutes when compared to control. Further clinical studies are necessary to establish the therapeutic potential of these extracts in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: Ocimum sanctum leaf extract, Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract shows significant alpha-glucosidase and DPPIV inhibitory activity which correlates with the antihyperglycemic effects by in-vivo oral glucose tolerance test. Further clinical studies are necessary to establish the therapeutic potential of these extracts in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Curcuma longa, GLP-1, Glucagon, Insulin, Ocimum sanctum, Trigonella foenum graecum, Type 2 diabetes mellitus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.58}, author = {Inbaraj SD and Muniappan M} } @article {1265, title = {A Critical Review on Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Aspects of Euryale Ferox Salisb.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1444-1454}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1444}, abstract = {

Introduction: One of the relished dry fruits known by the names of Makhana, Phool Makhana, Gorgon Nut and Fox Nut in the Indian continent, Euryale ferox Salisb. (Nymphaeaceae) is the only plant that belongs to Euryale genus. It is found in abundance in Mithila, Darbhanga and Madhubani region of Bihar state. Since ages, in Ayurveda and Chinese practices, it has been used for the treatment of the renal disorder, chronic diarrhoea, excessive leucorrhea and hepatic dysfunctioning. Its bio-active compounds act as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiischaemic, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, anti-melanogenic, anti-cytotoxic. Methods: The information has been collected from various scientific journals, reviews, books, reports and patent databases. Results: This review summarizes the isolated bioactive compounds in different extracts, patented compounds/formulations with pharmacological activities, present in different parts of Euryale ferox Salisb. Hence, it has been used as a remedy for numerous ailments since long and also proves itself as a panacea for humanity.

}, keywords = {Anti-aging, Anti-cytotoxic, Anti-diabetic, Cerebrosides, Ethnobotanical, Euryale ferox}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.199}, author = {Roopal Mittal and Shailesh Sharma and Amit Mittal} } @article {1231, title = {Cytotoxicity of Lactobacillus plantarum KK518 Isolated from Pak-Sian Dong (Thai Fermented Gynandropsis pentaphylla DC.) Against HepG2, MCF-7 and HeLa Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1050-1057}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1050}, abstract = {

Background: Pak-Sian Dong is a fermented vegetable product of Thailand prepared from aerial parts of Pak-Sian (Gynandropsis pentaphylla DC.). Lactobacillus plantarum KK518 was isolated from Pak-Sian Dong and already assessed for its probiotic attributes. Objective: The aim of this work was to determine the untapped cytotoxic effects of L. plantarum KK518 extract against HepG2 (liver cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer) and HeLa (cervical cancer) cells. Materials and Methods: The bacterial extracts were prepared from whole cultures; containing cells and broths using ethyl acetate as extracting solvent and the dried extracts were redissolved in ethanol before use. Cytotoxic, antiproliferative and antimigratory effects of the bacterial extracts on three types of cancer cells were determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetra zolium bromide (MTT) assay, clonogenic formation and wound healing assays, respectively. Results: L. plantarum KK518 extract showed the highest cytotoxicity at 90.88\% at 1,000 μg/mL against HeLa cells (IC50 of 371.97 μg/mL) over 48 h of exposure. Anti-colony formation test showed that the bacterial extracts at 600, 800 and 1,000 μg/mL over 48 h led to a complete inhibition of colony formation of HeLa cells; however the highest IC50 of 418.52 μg/mL was found in HepG2 cells suggesting that HepG2 was least affected by bacterial extract. Likewise, HepG2 cells seemed to be most resistant to antimigratory effects as observed by highest relative area of the wound at most time intervals and most extract concentrations. Conclusion: L. plantarum KK518 offers a potential use as a bio-therapeutic with chemopreventive effects against cervical, breast and liver cancers.

}, keywords = {HeLa, HepG2, L. plantarum KK518, MCF-7, Pak-Sian-Dong}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.148}, author = {Vijitra Luang-In and Worachot Saengha and Benjaporn Buranrat and Sutisa Nudmamud-Thanoi and Arjan Narbad and Supaporn Pumriw and Wannee Samappito} } @article {1163, title = {Cytotoxicity of Selenium-Enriched Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra L.) Seedlings Against Caco-2, MCF-7 and HepG2 Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {674-681}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {674}, abstract = {

Background: The Selenium-enriched Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra L.) seedlings (Se-KS) have been known for its antioxidant activities, however its cytotoxic effects on various cancer cells are yet to be reported. Objective: The objective of this work was to study the cytotoxic effects of Se-KS on Caco-2, MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells. Materials and Methods: Freeze-dried seedlings were ground and incubated in 0.1 M citrate phosphate buffer pH 7.0 for 1 h at 37{\textdegree}C and extracted with dichloromethane to obtain total isothiocyanate (ITC) content which was quantified using the 1,2-benzenedithiole (BDT)-based cyclocondensation assay. The extracts from fresh seedlings were used to determine the cytotoxic effect on Caco- 2, MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells. Results: Se-KS was found to contain total ITC content at 1.02 mmol/100 g dry weight (DW) which was significantly lower than that of 7-day old broccoli microgreens (1.60 mmol/100 g DW) as reference Cruciferous vegetables. In addition, Se-KS extract exhibited cytotoxic effects in a dose- and time-dependent manners. The lowest IC50 value of 82.83 μg/mL at 72 h was derived from HepG2 cells and the highest IC50 value of 164.00 μg/mL at 72 h was from MCF-7 cells suggesting that the Se-KS extract was most effective against HepG2 cells. Cancer cells showed signs of apoptotic bodies over 72 h and DNA fragmentations at 24 h indicating that the Se-KS extract was able to induce apoptosis in cancer cells in addition to cytotoxic effect. Conclusion: Thus, Se-KS could be a novel source of organo selenium with chemopreventive benefits for functional food development.

}, keywords = {Caco-2, HepG2, Isothiocyanate, Kale, MCF-7, Selenium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.99}, author = {Vijitra Luang-In and Worachot Saengha and Benjaporn Buranrat and Anut Chantiratikul and Nyuk Ling Ma} } @article {1064, title = {Determination of Sugar Profile in Viburnum Fruits and its Dosage Forms by HPLC-RID}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {103-108}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {103}, abstract = {

Background: In the Russian Federation, the viburnum fruits are used to obtain infusions and syrups as medications. This medicinal herbal raw material contains a large number of biologically active substances: vitamins, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, iridoids, carbohydrates, organic acids, lipids etc. The research aimed to study one of the biologically active substances group responsible for the formation of the organoleptic properties of aqueous extracts{\textendash}monomeric carbohydrate composition and content. Materials and methods: Dried viburnum (guelder-rose) fruits, an aqueous infusion based on it, and viburnum syrup of industrial manufacture (Russia) were purchased from the pharmacy and prepared for research. For HPLC analysis of monomeric sugars Agilent 1260 Series HPLC system equipped with autosampler/injector, four-channel gradient pump, column thermostat, refractive index detector), software (ChemStation Version B.01), column (Waters Sugar-Pack I, 10 μm, 300 {\texttimes} 6.5 mm) were used. Isocratic elution was performed using purified water (with the addition of Ca-EDTA 0.05 mg/ml) as the mobile phase, at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The column was maintained at 80{\textdegree}C, the refractive index detector {\textendash} at 35{\textdegree}C. The injection volume was 10 μL, analysis time {\textendash} 20 min. Results: The main free carbohydrates of viburnum fruits and preparations based on them are glucose, fructose, and sucrose. The total content of simple sugars in the viburnum fruits is 28.393 {\textpm} 0.528\%, in the infusion {\textendash} 0.499 {\textpm} 0.015\%, in the syrup {\textendash} 69.736 {\textpm} 1.551\%. The characteristic ratio of glucose: fructose: sucrose in dried viburnum fruits is 8.1:5.4:1, in infusion {\textendash} 7.0:5.7:1, and in syrup {\textendash} 9.2:8.8:1. The sugars{\textquoteright} degree of passing into infusion is 74.34\%. Conclusion: The composition and content of carbohydrates determined by HPLC-RID are an important characteristic data. It can be used for viburnum fruits Russian pharmacopoeial standardization along with the quantifying total content of organic acids.

}, keywords = {Guelder-rose, HPLC-RID, Monomeric carbohydrates, Viburnum fruits}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.16}, author = {Bokov DO and Sergunova EV and Marakhova AI and Morokhina SL and Plakhotnaia ON and Krasnyuk II and Bessonov VV} } @article {1187, title = {Determination of the Chemical Composition of Lady{\textquoteright}s Bedstraw (Galium verum L.) Herb Extract by GC-MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {857-863}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {857}, abstract = {

Background: The research is devoted to the study of the Lady{\textquoteright}s bedstraw (Galium verum L.) herb ethanol extract composition using the method of gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Materials and Methods: Air-dried G. verum L. herb was used for ethanol extract preparation. Hewlett Packard 6890, 5973A GC/MSD System equipped with an HP-5MS quartz capillary column with geometric dimensions of 30 m{\texttimes}0.25 mm{\texttimes}0.25 μm was used for GC-MS analysis. Results: It was established that the Lady{\textquoteright}s bedstraw ethanol extract is rich in biologically active substances that determine its wide spectrum of pharmacological action. 15 compounds were identified by comparing with library mass spectra. Conclusions: G. verum L. is a promising source of crude herbal drugs. In the future, after additional pharmacognostic studies, G. verum L. herb can be recommended for implementation in the State Pharmacopeia of the Russian Federation.

}, keywords = {Ethanol Extract, Galium verum L., Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Lady{\textquoteright}s bedstraw}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.123}, author = {Zaichikova SG and Bokov DO and Kiselevskii MV and Antsyshkina AM and Bondar AA and Prostodusheva TV and Shchepochkina OYu and Gegechkori VI} } @article {1122, title = {Determination of Total Flavonoid Levels of Ethanol Extract Sesewanua Leaf (Clerodendrum Fragrans Wild) With Maceration Method Using UV-Vis Spectrofotometry}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {356-360}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {356}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sesewanuwa (Clerodendrum fragrans Wild) is one of the plants with abundant flavonoid content in the leaves. The characteristic flavonoids with the two benzene ring groups cause the process of finding an appropriate extraction technique. Objective: This study aims to determine the total flavonoid levels of ethanol extract of sesewanuwa leaves obtained from maceration extraction methods. Method: This research was carried out by extracting the simplicia of sesewanuwa leaves by maceration method using 96\% ethanol solvent. Comparison between the simplicia and the solvent used is 1:7, then the extract obtained was carried out with initial qualitative identification of flavonoids with simple reagents and the total flavonoid levels were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Results: The results showed that the ethanol extract of sesewanuwa leaves obtained by maceration extraction method in qualitative and quantitative tests contained flavonoids with quercetin standard with a total content of 13.47\%.This research was carried out by extracting the simplicia of sesewanuwa leaves by maceration method using 96\% ethanol solvent. Comparison between the simplicia and the solvent used is 1:7, then the extract obtained was carried out with initial qualitative identification of flavonoids with simple reagents and the total flavonoid levels were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Conclusion: The results showed that the ethanol extract of sesewanuwa leaves obtained by maceration extraction method in qualitative and quantitative tests contained flavonoids with quercetin standard with a total content of 13.47\%.

}, keywords = {Maceration, Quercetin, Sesewanuwa, total flavonoid, UV-Vis spectrophotometry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.56}, author = {Zulfiayu Sapiun and Paulus Pangalo and Arlan K Imran and Prisca Safriani Wicita and Rizka Puji Astuti Daud} } @article {1209, title = {Development and Evaluation of New Choleretic Agent}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {962-966}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {962}, abstract = {

Background: The aim of the research is the determination of pharmacological activity during the development of the optimal way of a new choleretic agent obtaining. The multicomponent herbal medicinal product under the code name Hexaphyte (herbal multicomponent dry extract) is developed. It contains the following species of medicine plant raw materials: Helichrysum arenarium L., Tanacetum vulgare L., Rosa sp., Urtica dioica L., Mentha piperita L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L. in the ratio of 6:2:2:2:1:1. Materials and Methods: Herbal tea was extracted three times with hot water at the temperature of 75-85{\textordmasculine}С; water extracts were combined, filtered and dried. Hexaphyte was standardized by the content of phenolic compounds {\textendash} sum of flavonoids in terms of luteolin standard and isosalipurposide standard. Phenolic compounds (flavonoids) are dominating substances (35-37\%) in the obtained extract. The obtained multicomponent medicine under the code name Hexaphyte was administered per os in the experimental and therapeutic dose of 250 mg/kg to the laboratory animals having experimental induced damages of gallbladder and liver. Results: In Hexaphyte the content of the flavonoid sum (CFS) referred to luteolin standard at a wavelength of 350 nm was not less than 4\%; CFS referred to isosalipurposide standard at a wavelength of 315 nm was not less than 15\%. It was revealed in the results of the realized experiments that it has a choleretic effect superior in a number of indicators to the activity of the Allochol reference drug. The pharmacotherapeutic effect of Hexaphyte at experimental damages of gallbladder and liver is due to the presence of biologically active substances, mainly of phenolic nature. Conclusion: The obtained results of the research argue the feasibility of using the developed multicomponent medicine Hexaphyte containing biologically active substances of phenolic nature in the prevention and complex treatment of hepatobiliary system diseases.

}, keywords = {Choleretic activity, Choleretic herbal medicine Hexaphyte, Experimental damage of liver and gallbladder, Preclinical studies}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.136}, author = {Ferubko EV and Rendyuk TD and Dargaeva TD and Nikolaev SM} } @article {1152, title = {Development and Validation of Stability Indicating HPLC Method for Determination of Caffeic Acid, Vitexin and Rosmarinic Acid in Thunbergia laurifolia Leaf Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {611-618}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {611}, abstract = {

Thunbergia laurifolia has been a popular herb used in Thai traditional medicine for detoxification and as antipyretic. It contains rosmarinic acid (RA), caffeic acid (CA) and vitexin as major compounds. In order to control the herbal quality, the stability indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed and validated. The stability study of compounds in T. laurifolia leaf extract was investigated. The chromatographic separation was performed using a reversed-phase C18 column and mobile phase consisted of 0.5\% acetic acid and methanol using a gradient elution with 1.0 mL/min flow rate. The detection wavelength was set at 330 nm. The method was validated for its linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. Forced degradation of three compounds in extract showed that they were stable in oxidative condition, but highly labile under alkaline hydrolytic conditions. All three compounds in T. laurifolia leaf extract were stable at room temperature at least 3 months while a remarkable decrease of RA, vitexin and CA in the extract were found in accelerated condition. This finding could be applied for predicting the storage recommendation and expiry of T. laurifolia extract and its related pharmaceutical products.

}, keywords = {Force degradation, Phenolic compound, Phytochemical screening, Stabilityindicating method}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.91 }, author = {Nanthakarn Woottisin and Sumet Kongkiatpaiboon and Sophida Sukprasert and Korbtham Sathirakul} } @article {1188, title = {Drug of Action Cassia Alata Leaves Extract as Antiviral to Dengue Virus Serotype-2 in vitro}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {864-871}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {864}, abstract = {

Background and Objectives: Dengue viruses (DENV) is a mosquito-borne members of the Flaviridae family.To date, more than 2.5 billion people in over 100 countries are at risk of infection, and approximately 20 million infections were reported annually. Currently, There is no specific antiviral treatment available for DENV infection. Natural products possess a wide range of biological and biochemical potential. Among them, plants are one of the most important sources for discovering new drugs for therapy. Our previous study, showed that Cassia alata has potency as antiviral to DENV, however drug of action still unclear. Materials and Methods: We explore the drug of action of C. alata leaves exract and its fraction through time of addition studies and effect of solvents wtih the dose based on the previous study. Results: The most effective inhibition druf of action was determined by focus assay. Meanwhile the toxicity was measured by MTT assay. These studies demosntrated that ethanol extract of Cassia alata 1 mg/ml showed strong inhibition in both early step (receptor and attachment to host cells) and post infection with inhibition 96.04 \% and 99.16 \%.Compared with those fractions, Cassia alata ethanol extract has strongest inhibition DENV in every step of virus replication. Conclussion: Cassia alata ethanol extract has strongest inhibition DENV in every step of virus replication with the average of inhibition more than 95 \%. Ethyl acetate and hexane has strongest inihibition with the average of inhibition 100 \%.

}, keywords = {Antiviral, Cassia alata, Dengue virus, Early step, Post infection}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.124}, author = {Marissa Angelina and Muhammad Hanafi and Franciscus D Suyatna and Beti Ernawati Dewi} } @article {1287, title = {Effect of Afghan Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Aqueous Extract on Withdrawal Signs in Morphine-Dependent Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1727-1731}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1727}, abstract = {

Introduction: Opioid dependency, as a global problem is accompanied with serious personal, economic, social and hygienic disorders. Synthetic drugs beside their efficacies, have numerous adverse effects. As the medicinal plants have low costs and adverse effects, and they are also affective on different stages of dependency treatment, they attracted the attention of the researchers in the field of medicine. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of the aqueous extract of Afghan saffron on the withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent rats. Methods: Rats divided into 5 groups (1 Normal Saline, 1 Morphine, and 3 Extract groups). The rats that received morphine and extract became morphine-dependent by subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of morphine hydrochloride for 7 days (2.5, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg doses twice daily on 1st to 6th days respectively, and a single dose of 50 mg/kg on 7th day). The extract groups received 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg doses of the saffron aqueous extract by intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration simultaneously with morphine. Two hours after the administration of the last dose of morphine, Naloxone (3 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected and withdrawal signs were noted for 30 minutes. Results: The results showed that the administration of the saffron aqueous extract (100, 150 and 200 mg/kg) significantly decreased most of the withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent rats (P\<0.05). Conclusion: Afghan saffron aqueous extract can alleviate the withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent rats.

}, keywords = {Aqueous extract, Crocus, Morphine dependence, Withdrawal signs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.234}, author = {Elham Akbari and Kawsar Alami and Dawood Hossaini and Mohammad Latif Nazari and Mohammad Hossein Salehi and Meysam Sajjadi and Sayed Yousof Mousavi} } @article {1237, title = {Effect of Afghan Senjed (Elaeagnus Angustifolia L.) Leaves Aqueous alcoholic Extract on Blood Glucose Level of Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1218-1222}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1218}, abstract = {

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder, which affects many people throughout the world. The inefficacy and multiple side effects of most synthetic anti-diabetic drugs are reported by various studies. Thus, many researchers are focused on the use of medicinal plants as safe and potent anti-hyperglycemic drugs. The aim of this study is the evaluation of the effect of Afghan senjed (Elaeagnus Angustifolia L.) leaves aqueous alcoholic extract on blood glucose level of diabetic rats. Methods: Rats were divided into 6 groups: normal, diabetic, metformin and Elaeagnus Angustifolia leaves extract (EALE) groups, which received 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg doses of extract for 15 days. Diabetes was induced by single dose intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (STZ). During treatment, the effect of single and repeated oral administration of EALE on blood glucose level of diabetic rats was evaluated. On last day, the effect of EALE on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was also assessed. Results: All doses of EALE showed significant reduction in blood glucose level, an improvement of glucose tolerance and enhancement in body weight. Conclusion: EALE possessed an antihyperglycemic property in diabetic rats.

}, keywords = {Blood glucose level, Diabetic rats, Elaeagnus Angustifolia leaves, Glucose tolerance, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.170}, author = {Hamida Sadat and Kawsar Alami and Sayed Yousof Mousavi} } @article {1249, title = {The Effect of Carthamus tenuis Extracts on the Cell Proliferation of Different Tumor Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1332-1339}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1332}, abstract = {

Background: Carthamus tenuis is one of the medicinal plants that was used traditionally to treat skin diseases, hemorrhoids, abortion, infertility. It also showed an immunosuppressive role as well as antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory activity. Although this plant is widespread, there are few studies about its medical applications. Objectives: This study was done to explore the anticancer activity of this plant. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of the plant were dried, grinded and extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The extracts were applied in different concentrations to cell cultures of breast (MCF-7), colon (HT-29), prostate (PC-3) and colorectal (CaCo-2) cell lines and fibroblast (MRC- 5) was used as a control. The anticancer activity was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2- yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) reduction assay that was measured by spectrophotometer. Results: The results showed that methanol extract significantly (p\<0.05) have the highest inhibitory activity on MCF-7, HT-29, PC-3, and CaCo-2 with IC50; (25.52 μg/ml), (17.37 μg/ml), (25.77 μg/ml), (24.49 μg/ml), respectively. Followed by ethyl acetate extract that moderately inhibit cell growth of PC-3 and CaCo-2 with IC50; (28.99 μg/ml) and (21.45 μg/ml), respectively. n-hexane extract showed no significant inhibitory effect on all cell lines; IC50 (125.52 -152.34 μg/ml) when compared to Tamoxifen drug activity as a positive control. Conclusion: Results of this study showed the anticancer activity of the plant extracts in four different kinds of cancers that need further study.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Carthamus tenuis, IC50, Methanolic extract, MTT}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.183}, author = {Maissa{\textquoteright} Taleb Shawagfeh} } @article {1212, title = {The Effect of Lentinus squarrosulus, (Mont.) Consumption on the Treatment of Gastritis in Male Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1093-1096}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1093}, abstract = {

Introduction: Gastritis or /and gastric ulcers are one of the most common symptoms which occur in a large amount of the population. It results in a very high amount of medication expense. This study investigated the prevention and treatment of gastritis or /and gastric ulcer actions using white log mushroom (Lentinus squarrosulus, (Mont.). Methods: White wistar rats were induced with 100 \% absolute alcohol to be effective for gastritis and /or ulceration within rats. The gastric lesions of white wistar rats were investigated and calculated the lesions of stomach areas under microscopic method. The results were calculated and a comparative study among white wistar rats. Ulcer prevention and ulcer healing properties were administrated though a dose of 250 mg/kg of L. squarrosulus extract and L. squarrosulus compared with 50 mg/kg of Ranetidine. Results: It was found that Lentinus squarrosulus, (Mont.) consisted of Beta-glucan was the active ingredient creating a healing effect. It showed a result of 100\% healing effect in gastritis and/or ulcers in which it had similar healing effects between extracted solutions of white log mushroom (250 mg/kg body wt.) The healing activity also showed the equivalent effect compared to Ranetidine 150mg. Conclusions: Extracted solution of white log mushroom showed prevention and treatment efficacy in gastritis and/ or ulcer are equivalent to Ranetidine 150 mg. A similar dose of 250 mg/kg of L. squarrosulus extract and L. squarrosulus snack can prevent and heal ulcers and is more effective than Ranetidine.

}, keywords = {Beta glucan, L. squarrosulus, Ranetidine 150 mg, Ulcer healing, Ulcer prevention}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.154}, author = {Buavaroon Srichaikul} } @article {1151, title = {Effect of Phaleria macrocapa on Atrophy and Apoptosis of Intestinal Mucous Cell and Phalerin Concentration at Portal Vein and Systemic Circulation in Adenocarcinoma Mice following Adriamycine and Cyclophosphamide Treatment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {603-610 }, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {603}, abstract = {

Introduction: Chemotherapy has been proven capable of reducing breast cancer cell progression; however the adverse effect also emerging. Thus, diminish those adverse effects with botanical product Phaleria macrocarpa (PM) as adjuvant therapy is necessary. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of PM treatment in combination with adriamycine and cyclophosphamide (AC) on intestinal apoptosis and their correlation with phalerin concentration in systemic circulation. Methods: In the experimental study, 30 female mice with adenocarcinoma were assign into 5 groups: Neg-G, only given aquadest; Portal vein group (PMV-G) and systemic circulation groups (PMC-G), were administered PM 0.146mg/day; Portal vein group (PMACV-G) and systemic circulation group (PMACC-G), were administered Phaleria macrocarpa 0,146 mg orally, Adriamycine 0,013 mg and Cyclophosphamide 0,0156 mg singgle dose intravenously. Phalerin concentration was measured by HPLC methods at minute 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 after treatment. At the end of study, intestinal mucous cell apoptosis was identified by TUNEL methods. Results: independent t test analyses showed that index of apoptosis of intestinal mucous cell were significant higher in PMAC-G compared to that of Neg-G and PM-G, p \< 0.05. In contrary, phalerin concentration in PMAC-G was significant lower compared to that of PM-G, p \< 0.05. The Pearson analysis indicated the inverse correlation (r= -736, p\>0.05) between apoptosis index with phalerin concentration. Conclusion: Treatment of PM in combination with AC has been proven able to increase intestinal mucous cell apoptosis and decrease phalerin concentration. However, the inverse correlation didnot exist.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Atrophy, Concentration, Phalerin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.90 }, author = {Titik Sumarawati and Ignatius Riwanto and Soeharyo Hadisaputro and Edi Dharmana and Taufiqurachman Nasihun} } @article {1171, title = {Effect of Solvent on the Phytochemical Extraction and GC-MS Analysis of Gymnema sylvestre}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {749-761}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {749}, abstract = {

The medicinal plant Gymnema sylvestre found in the Indian subcontinent and Srilanka is known for its anti-diabetic, diuretic, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory properties. The current study is focused on the phyto compound extraction efficiency of different solvents like ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, hexane, benzene and chloroform by gas chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry analysis of Gymenma sylvestre. From the results, it is concluded that G. sylvestre leaves extracts contains more than 38 phyto compounds with natural antioxidants potential. Further analysis of the extract will help in identifying the effective compounds which can be of potent use in the pharmacological field.

}, keywords = {Chromatography, Cold maceration, Gymnema sylvestre, Medicinal plants, plant constituents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.108}, author = {Sundarapandian Subramanian and Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath and Sathish Kumar Karuppannan and Saravanan M and Kantha Devi Arunachalam} } @article {1240, title = {Effect of Solvents on Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Cardiospermum halicacabum (L.) Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1241-1251}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1241}, abstract = {

Background: Cardiospermum halicacabum (C. halicacabum) is a common medicinal herb found in India and other Asian countries. It has various medicinal properties such as antimicrobial, pain relief, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, anticancer etc. It is commonly used for treating diabetes, arthritis, limbs stiffness, rheumatism, lumbago, earache, fever. Type of solvent and polarity intensively affects the antioxidant activity of the extracts due to the solubility of the phytocompounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids in various solvents. Materials and Methods: In this study, different solvents like, ethanol, methanol, chloroform and petroleum ether were used for the extraction of C. halicacabum. Cold maceration method was followed for extraction. The crude extracts were screened preliminary and then confirmed using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy analysis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the chemical composition of each extract. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl) method was used for the evaluation of the antioxidant activity of different crude extracts of C. halicacabum. Results: The results showed that there is significant influence of solvent type in preserving various phytocompounds of the C. halicacabum leaves extract. The evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of different crude extracts was in the order of ethanol \> methanol \> petroleum ether \> chloroform extract.

}, keywords = {Cardiospermum halicacabum, Cold maceration, DPPH, GC-MS, Medicinal plants, Phytochemicals, Radical scavenging activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.173}, author = {Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath and Sathish Kumar Karuppannan and Darul Raiyaan GI and Mohamed Khalith SB and Sundarapandian Subramanian and Kantha Deivi Arunachalam} } @article {1090, title = {Effect of Uncaria gambir and Uncaria sclerophylla on Pulmonary- Thromboembolism Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {192-196}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {192}, abstract = {

Background: Previous studies on virtual screening on P2Y12 receptor of Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) have showed that Roxburghine B, the compound which is found in Uncaria species, can inhibit the receptor function. Objective: In this study, we investigated the effect of Uncaria gambir and Uncaria sclerophylla extract on survival rate and bleeding time as antithrombotic in vivo. Methods: Animal subjects (ddY strain mice) were divided to two different experimental group (survival rate and bleeding time). U. gambir and U. sclerophylla were given to the mice orally in three different dose (5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg/20 g BW and 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg/20 g BW, respectively) for seven days. Results: U. gambir and U. sclerophylla able to prolong bleeding time from test subjects equivalent to ASA as standard. The results show the increasing number of survived animals in the treated group compared to the negative control group. Conclussion: Both of U. gambir and U. sclerophylla prevent pulmonary thromboembolism on mice subjects represent by the increased of survival rate. Antithrombotic effects that were observed suggested was provide by their antiplatelet activity.

}, keywords = {Antithrombotic, Bleeding time, Pulmonary thromboembolism, Survival rate, Uncaria gambir, Uncaria sclerophylla}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.29}, author = {Aditya Sindu Sakti and Astari Rachma Nityasa and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1097, title = {Effects of Beta-Carboline Alkaloids of Peganum Harmala on Induced Rat Ileum Contractions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {260-265}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {260}, abstract = {

Peganum harmala L., Zygophyllaceae popularly known as Wild Syrian rue, a well-known plant in folk medicine for many pharmacological uses including antispasmodic activity. Chemical composition of the plant showed that the most important constituents of this plant are betacarboline alkaloids such as harmalol, harmaline, and harmine. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the effects of these three major harmala alkaloids on induced rat ileum contractions, induced by acetylcholine, BaCl2 and KCl. Of these three harmala alkaloids, harmalol and harmaline produced a concentration-dependent spasmolytic activity, which was found to be reversible (i.e. disappeared after tissue wash-up. Both alkaloids inhibited acetylcholine and KCl-induced ileum contractions but BaCl2 -induced contractions were only inhibited by harmalol but not harmaline. Harmine did not show any inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {Harmaline, Harmalol, Harmine, Ileum, Peganum Hermala L, Rat, Spasmolytic, β-Carbolines alkaloids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.40}, author = {Amjad T Shatarat and Sawsan Abuhamdah and Eman Alefishat and Mohamed K Al-Essa and Rima Altaweel R and Faisal Mohammed and Darwish Badran and Hanan Jafar} } @article {1092, title = {Efficacy of Allium sativum, Curcuma mangga and Acorus calamus Extract Combination on Rat Fertility}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {197-203}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {197}, abstract = {

Objective: to evaluate the efficacy of Allium sativum, Curcuma mangga, and Acorus calamus extract combination on female rat fertility. Methods: Thirty-six female rats were randomized divided into 9 groups (n=4): C- (no treatment); C+ (clomiphene citrate); composition 1 (A. sativum 36\%: C. mangga 36\%: A. calamus 28\%) with 3 doses i.e T1, T2 \& T3 of 50, 75 \& 100 mg/kg BW; composition 2 (A. sativum 35\%: C. mangga 40\%: A. calamus 25\%) with 3 doses i.e T4, T5 \& T6 of 50, 75 \& 100 mg/kg BW and T7 (Subur Kandungan herb{\texttrademark}). Treatment was given every day for 15 days. Results: The results revealed that all treatments affected reproductive hormone and uterine histology profile. However, T1 produced the highest estrogen and progesterone levels, and T2 produced the highest endometrial and myometrium thickness, as well as the number of endometrial glands. Furthermore, the hormonal profile in T1 and histological profile of uterus in T2 were not significantly different from those of T7 group. Conclusions: Combined A. sativum, C. mangga, and A. calamus extracts could be used to increase fertility in female rat. The most effective treatment in this study was dose of 50-75 mg/BW in both compositions.

}, keywords = {Acorus calamus, Allium sativum, Curcuma mangga, Fertility, Rat}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.30}, author = {Bayyinatul Muchtaromah and Roihatul Muti{\textquoteright}ah and Desy Rahma Yusmalasari and Putri Mardyana and Tanjina Sharmin} } @article {1267, title = {Encouraging Leads from Marine Sources for Cancer Therapy A Review Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1475-1481}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1475}, abstract = {

Cancer is one of the dreadful illnesses that cause mortality in many individuals around the world. Present cancer treatments generally include surgery, radiation therapy with chemotherapy. One of the primary sources of anticancer drugs are natural products that exhibit impressive potential in medicines. Plant and microbial secondary metabolites are an important source for cancer drug development. The ocean has an immense collection of flora and fauna overflowing with natural compounds having potent pharmaceutical significance. Marine bioprospecting has just started recently hence, marine ecosystem has not yet been explored properly. Nearly 68 percent of the drugs derived from marine sources are utilized for cancer and the remaining are utilized for inflammation, pain relief etc. Ongoing advancement in synthetic processes has helped in solving the limitations caused due to the complicated structure of natural products. Unlimited potent sources of compounds that can be isolated having diverse structures are found in the marine biodiversity. Only 1\% of the marine microorganisms have been distinguished till now. Coral reefs and mangrove ecosystem have been focused for bioprospecting on the grounds that they have an elevated level of biodiversity. This review focuses on pharmacologically active anti-cancer lead discovery from marine ecosystem. The review has also tried to describe the structure

}, keywords = {Algae, Anti-cancer activity, Marine sponges, Natural sources}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.202}, author = {N Srinivasan and S Dhanalakshmi and P Pandian} } @article {1099, title = {Estrogenic Effect of the Leaves from Katuk (Sauropus androgynus L. Merr) on Vaginal and Endometrial Atrophy in Perimenopausal Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {240-245}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {240}, abstract = {

Objective: To examine the potency of estrogenic effect of Katuk (or star gooseberry or sweet leaf) Sauropus androgynus L. Merr (Phyllanthaceae) leaf extract on the vaginal and endometrial atrophy in perimenopausal mice model. Methods: Completely random experiments divided into 4 groups with 5 female mice in each group: control group (N), perimenopause group which induced by 4-vynil cyclohexene dioxide (VCD) (P0), perimenopause group followed by S. androgynus leaves extract administration with 15 and 30 mg/kg BW (P15 and P30). The mice were induced to artificial perimenopause with 160 mg/kg body weight (BW) of VCD 5 times/week for 2 weeks and continuously treated with S. androgynus leaf extract for 30 days. Vaginal smear examination, maturation index (MI), vaginal epithelium and endometrial thickness were observed. Data were analyzed using a standard one-way ANOVA with LSD Test by SPSS 16.0 for Windows. Results: Administration of S. androgynus leaf extract for 30 days to perimenopausal mice model significantly decreased the duration of mice diestrus phase (p\<0.01) compared to perimenopause mice. S. androgynus leaf extract treatment at dose 30 mg/kg BW led to higher vaginal epithelium thickness and maturation index compared to another group (p\<0.01). The effective dose to enhance the vaginal epithelial and endometrial cells proliferation was 30 mg/ kg BW. Conclusions: S. androgynus leaf extract had a good estrogenic action that it might be useful for therapy of vaginal and endometrial atrophy caused by perimenopause effect.

}, keywords = {Endometrial atrophy, Estrogenic effect, Laboratory mice, Perimenopause, S. androgynus leaf extract, Vaginal atrophy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.37}, author = {Retno Susilowati and Lailatul Khoiriyah and Exma Mutatal Hikmah} } @article {1203, title = {Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potential of Cycas revoluta Thunb A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1165-1171}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1165}, abstract = {

Cycas revoluta Thunb. or sago palm is an important species of cycads, endemically found in Japan, especially in southern Japan throughout the Ryukyu Island. The species is of massive ethnobotanical significance and used at large by the poor people and population of hilly areas in famine condition. It is mainly valued for its starch contains and used as fiber to construct cloth and ropes. It shows several pharmacological activities since different parts of this plant contain several chemicals like glycosides, amino acids, flavonoids, fatty acids and lectins. The aim of the present review is to compile all the informations available related to taxonomy, ethnobotany, chemical constituents and their pharmacological activities to explore the importance of C. revoluta.

}, keywords = {Cycas revoluta, Endemic species, Ethnobotany, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.164}, author = {GS Deora and Monika K Shekhawat and Sarswati} } @article {1269, title = {Ethnobotany and Traditional Knowledge of Acanthaceae in Peninsular Malaysia A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1482-1488}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1482}, abstract = {

Plants are considered as a great source of various herbal medicines which are been useful in the treatment of various ailments and diseases. A great contribution of plant-based materials in the pharmaceutical field results in the growing interest on the exploitation of indigenous medicinal plants to make a potential medicine. Several potent plant families are broadly investigated throughout the world including the family of Acanthaceae. Acanthaceae is a large pantropical family of flowering plants comprised of approximately 240 genera and 3250 species in the world. In Peninsular Malaysia, Acanthaceae is one of the families with the largest number of genera and species by which 29 genera and 158 species are respectively recorded. This study thereby deals with the review of information on the ethnobotanical significance of medicinal plants belong to Acanthaceae. This review covers informative data on medicinal plants, its uses and part used based on three tribal groups of indigenous people, Malay villagers and local market traders in Peninsular Malaysia. From the review, Acanthaceae possesses a huge contribution to the ethnobotanical part especially to treat certain diseases. The ethnobotanical data has also served a great contribution to the conservation and sustainability of natural resources. By keeping this point, this present review on ethnobotany and traditional knowledge of Acanthaceae is expected to give benefits and considered a good starting point for future works on the pharmaceutical field, especially for Peninsular Malaysia.

}, keywords = {Acanthaceae, Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, Traditional Knowledge}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.203}, author = {Siti Maisarah Zakaria and Che Nurul Aini Che Amri and Rozilawati Shahari} } @article {1278, title = {Evaluation of Antidiarrhoeal Activity of the Leaves and Stem of Bauhinia vahlii}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1389-1394}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1389}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the antidiarrhoeal activity of the traditional claim of Bauhinia vahlii Wight and Arn. Method: Dried ethanolic extracts of leaves and stem of the plant were used at two dose level (200 mg/ kg and 400 mg/kg p.o) screened separately for their antidiarrhoeal activity by Castor oil induced diarrhea and enteropooling in rats model. Result: The leaves extracts showed significant (p\<0.001) antidiarrhoeal activity at 400 mg/kg in both the tested models. Conclusion: The findings of the present study provide clear idea and prove the traditional claim that ethanolic extracts of the leaves and stem of Bauhinia vahlii (EEBVL and EEBVS).

}, keywords = {Antidiarrhoeal activity, Bauhinia vahlii, Castor oil induced diarrhea, Castor oil induced enteropooling}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.192}, author = {Divaker Shukla and Kavita Gahlot} } @article {1303, title = {Evaluation of Myrmecodia pendans Water Extracts on Hematology Profiles, Liver, Kidney Function and Malondialdehyde Level in Healthy Volunteer}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1489-1493}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1489}, abstract = {

Background: Ant Nest (Myrmecodia pendans) is one of plants that have been used by locals in Indonesia to empirically treat various diseases. Ant Nest in vitro and in vivo studies on animals have been widely reported its pharmacological activities as an antioxidant. Unfortunately, scientific proofs reported on this plant as human medicine are still lacking. Aim: This study aimed to ensure effectiveness, and safety due to administration of Ant Nest Water Extract (ANWE) formulated in capsule. Materials and Methods: Twelve volunteers were divided into 2 groups, 6 volunteers in each group. Group I: Ant Nest Water Extract Capsule (ANWEC) in dose of 350 mg ANWE, and group II: Placebo Capsule (PC) which contained 350 mg amylum. Each groups given the capsule once daily for 28 days. The comparison was made between group I and group II. Hematology tests include hemoglobin, leucocyte and thrombocyte. Blood chemistry tests include SGOT, SGPT, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, glucose, ureum (Ur) and creatinine (Cr). Malondialdehyde (MDA) level was measured at day-28 which was the last day of the intervention. Results: After 28 days administration of ANWE, the SGOT, SGPT, Ur, and Cr showed in normal level as follows SGOT (U/L): 19.2 {\textpm} 3.99; SGPT (U/L): 17.2 {\textpm} 6.80; Ur (mg/dL): 19.75 {\textpm} 3.66; Cr (mg/dL): 1.06 {\textpm} 0.13. MDA (ng/mL) level in ANWEC-treated group was significantly lower (117.2{\textpm}23.8) than PC (147.25{\textpm}18.7). There was no intolerable complaints during the observation. Conclusion: The study concluded that Water Extract of Ant Nest 350 mg has no damage to liver, kidney and hematology, so it was proven that this plant is safed to be consumed by human for its potency as antioxidant.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Malondialdehyde, Myrmecodia pendans, Safety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.204}, author = {Tri Widyawati and M Aron Pase and Milahayati Daulay and Imam Bagus Sumantri and Nor Adlin Yusoff} } @article {1195, title = {Formulation of Creams Containing Active Fraction of Cassia fistula L. Barks and its Antibacterial Activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {920-928}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {920}, abstract = {

Background: Cassia fistula L. has been traditionally used to cure skin diseases. That disease can be caused by various bacteria, such as Propionibacterium acnes and Pseudomonas aerugniosa. Objective: the objective of this research was to formulate cream containing active fraction of Cassia fistula bark and to study the antibacterial activity as well as physical stability of the active substance after formulation. Materials and Methods: The cream base were oilin- water (O/W) and water in oil (W/O) type. Antibacterial activity test had been performed by using agar diffusion method. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were conducted by microdilution method. The active fraction was formulated into creams with concentration of 4 -6x MIC. Physical evaluation of creams including organoleptic, pH, viscosity, TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) profiling and antibacterial activity against both tested bacteria were evaluated during 28 days of storage. Results: The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction was the most active, having MIC and MBC values of 175 and 350 ppm respectively against P. acnes, while those against P. aeruginosa were 400 and 800 ppm. Optimation on creams using different type of cream bases showed that either O/W or W/O creams remained stable during 28 days of storage in terms of organoleptic and pH. The viscosity increased in O/W and decreased in W/O type. Qualitative analysis by TLC profiling showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of Cassia fistula as chemical compounds in creams was relatively stable as the profile remained the same after 28th day of storage. Result of antibacterial activity test on cream with O/W base was unchange after 28 day, while that with W/O revealed no activity which may due to poor diffusion within the cream base as media. Conclusion: active fraction of Cassia fistula can be formulated into cream with O/W cream base system.

}, keywords = {Antibacteria, Cassia fistula, Cream, Propionibacterium Acnes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.131}, author = {Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa and Muhaimin Muhaimin and Yasmiwar Susilawati and Tiana Milanda} } @article {1227, title = {Green Algae Halimeda macroloba in Spermonde Archipelago: Phytochemical and in vitro Antibacterial Studies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1000-1004}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1000}, abstract = {

Background: Green algae Halimeda macroloba compounds active against human, fish, and shrimp pathogenic bacteria. It is one of the marine natural organisms (MNO) which is a diverse source of secondary metabolites. Objective: We have set our goal towards determining the antimicrobial potential of crude extracts of green algae H. macroloba. Materials and Methods: Three crude mixtures of Marine Natural Product (MNP) were obtained from macroalgae Halimeda macroloba (Lae-Lae island, Spermonde Archipelago) by extraction (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol were used as solvents). Results: Theses mixtures (phytochemical tests showed they contained steroids, terpenoids, and alkaloids) were screened for their activity against shrimp pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio harveyi (M-120), Aeromonas hydrophilla\ and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (T-170)). The obtained results confirmed weak antibacterial activity of studied extracts of H. macroloba. The ethyl acetate extract was the most potent antimicrobial agent at a concentration of 4 μg/25 μl. The inhibition zones for the growth of A. hydrophilla (the most susceptible microorganism) and V. harveyi were at 8.27 mm and 8.23 mm, respectively (inhibition zone was 15.2 mm for ciprofloxacin which was used as a positive control). Conclusion: They might be even used in the future as alternatives to conventional drugs in aquaculture.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Halimeda macroloba, Phytochemical screening, Shrimp Pathogenic Bacteria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.141}, author = {Lulu Adilla Latifah and Nunuk Hariani Soekamto and Akbar Tahir} } @article {1178, title = {Human Umbilical Cord Blood-derived Secretome Enhance Endothelial Progenitor Cells Migration on Hyperglycemic Conditions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {793-797}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {793}, abstract = {

Hyperglycemia state is harmful to body{\textquoteright}s homeostasis. Uncontrolled hyperglycemic patients, especially patients with diabetes mellitus have a higher mortality risk of heart disease 2 to 4 times compared to non-hyperglycemic patients. Vascular endothelial impairment always been observed and found as a key feature of hyperglycemia state, which is correlated with reduced numbers and dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Objective: This paper aims to investigate the effect of hUCB-MSCs derived secretome treatment on the EPCs migration under hyperglycemia state. Materials and Methods: EPCs were isolated and cultured from peripheral blood samples and cultured for three days. Cultured EPCs were cultivated in 6-well plates until confluence and incubated with high glucose for 5 days, then placed in the modified Boyden chamber at the upper chamber with basal media. The lower chamber was supplemented with basal media and secretome at 2\%, 10\%, and 20\% concentration and VEGF treated group as a control. EPCS migration was evaluated using a Boyden chamber assay. Statistical analysis was performed using SPS 25.0. Results: EPCs migration were significantly higher when hUCB-MSCs-derived secretome was given in high glucose concentrations compared to the and control group (79.80 {\textpm} 5.07 vs 51.00 {\textpm} 5.15, p\<0.000). This study also showed that hUCB-MSCs-derived secretome increase EPCs migration under high glucose concentrations in a dose-dependent manner (p\<0.05). Conclusion: hUCB-MSCsderived secretome enhances EPCs migration under hyperglycemic state. This result may be of relevance for cell-free and regenerative therapeutic modality for a diabetic patient with coronary artery disease (CAD).

}, keywords = {Endothelial progenitor cells, Hyperglycemia state, Mesenchymal stem cells, Migration, Secretome}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.113}, author = {Yudi Her Oktaviono and Melly Susanti and Achmad Lefi and Ferry Sandra} } @article {1128, title = {Hypoxic Preconditioning Decrease ROS and Increase SOD Expression in Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Cell}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {430-435}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {430}, abstract = {

Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (AMSCs) have promising ability to differentiate into a cardiomyocyte. However, post-transplantation survival of AMSCs is relatively low due to lethal cellular hypoxia. Hypoxic preconditioning is a sublethal hypoxia condition which may improve AMSCs survival. This research evaluates the effect of hypoxic preconditioning on the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of AMSCs. Isolated human AMSCs was cultured to the 4th passage and confirmed with CD45, CD90 and CD105 expression. Cells were divided into control group (normoxia with 21\% O2) and hypoxic preconditioning group (with 1\% O2). ROS and SOD were evaluated using immunofluorescence and analyzed using SPSS 25. AMSCs was characterized by the CD105 and CD90 without expression of CD44 and CD45. ROS expression is significantly lower in hypoxia group than in controlled group (253,13 {\textpm} 67,795 vs 342,13 {\textpm} 116,447; p \< 0.05) and SOD expression is significantly higher in hypoxia group than in controlled group (340,25 {\textpm} 96,476 vs 234,56 {\textpm} 38,238; p \<0.05). In conclusion, hypoxic preconditioning in human AMSCs induce lower expression of intracellular ROS and higher expression of intracellular SOD.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Hypoxia, Oxidative stress, Stem Cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.66}, author = {I Gde Rurus Suryawan and Andrianto and Ratna Dewi Cahyaningtias and Makhyan Jibril Al-Farabi} } @article {1138, title = {Identification of Antibacterial Activity with Bioactive Compounds from Selected Marine Sponges}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {493-502 }, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {493}, abstract = {

Background: Marine sponges (phylum Porifera) are sessile filter-feeders from the ocean that are becoming the wealthiest sources of pharmacologically active compounds. Objectives: Our objectives are to identify bioactive compounds from marine sponges (Xestospongia exigua, Xestospongia muta, and Iotrochota baculifera) and to determine their antibacterial activity. Materials and Methods: Methanolic crude extracts were subjected to two-steps fractionation: first, solvent partitioning was conducted using diethyl ether and butanol, followed by column chromatography. The resulting fractions were tested for antibacterial activity against four bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698, Escherichia coli ATCC 11775, and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14128). The fractions were subsequently profiled using High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), and the component of active sub-fractions (SF) was identified using Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: Although no antibacterial activity was recorded of the methanolic extracts in all marine sponges samples, the response towards diethyl ether extracts of X. exigua was strong. Out of 17 sub-fractions of diethyl ether profiled, three sub-fractions, i.e. 5, 13, and 14 were active. GC-MS identified five compounds in SF 5, four compounds in SF 13, and three compounds in SF 14. Furthermore, SF 13 and SF 14 could inhibit the growth of all bacteria tested, indicating a broad-spectrum activity. On the contrary, SF 5 showed selective inhibition only to E. coli and S. typhimurium, indicating narrow-spectrum activity. Conclusion: Bioactive SF 13 of X. exigua has a high potential as an antibacterial agent but in vitro assessment such as cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines is needed to determine the toxicity and drug response.

}, keywords = {Diethyl ether, HPTLC, Iotrochota baculifera, Minimum inhibitory concentration, X. muta, Xetospongia exigua}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.76}, author = {Noor Azlina Kamaruding and Noraznawati Ismail and Noormaizura Sokry} } @article {1222, title = {Identification of the Chemical Compound of Essential Oil from Ketumbar (Coriandrum sativum L.) Leaves with Gc-Ms}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1019-1023}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1019}, abstract = {

Introduction: Coriandrum sativum L. leaves are plants used as a cooking spice that has a distinctive aroma. Various components of bioactive compounds are known from various parts of this plant, but the components of the bioactive compounds of essential oils from the leaves have never been reported. Objective: This research was designed to analyze the components of bioactive compounds contained in the essential oil of C. sativum leaves using a modified simple distillation tool. Method: C. sativum leaves essential oil component analysis with GC-MS (Shimadzu QP-2010 Plus). Results: Analysis GC-MS of the content of the bioactive compounds of essential oils contained various bioactive compounds. The dominant bioactive compounds are 2-Decen-1-ol (17.01\%), 9-Octadecenal (9.59\%), 1-Decanol (8.20\%), Dotriacontane (4.40\%), and Tetrapentacosan (3.68\%). Conclusion: The results of the research showed that there were various bioactive compound contents from the essential oil of C. sativum leaves and it was important to test the activity of each component of the bioactive compound as an important recommendation for pharmaceutical natural ingredients.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Coriandrum sativum, Distillation, Essential oil and GC-MS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.144}, author = {Kasta Gurning and Iksen and Helen Anjelina Simanjuntak and Hermawan Purba} } @article {1105, title = {Impact of Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos on Protein and Amino Acid Contents in Liver, Kidney and Brain of Exotic Teleost Fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1973)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {351-355}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {351}, abstract = {

Pesticides are one of the most potentially harmful toxic chemicals introduced into the environment and human ambient. These pesticides are utilized widely to ensure agricultural harvests against the harm brought about by different sorts of irritations. Anyway, these chemicals may reach non focused on biological systems like lakes and waterways through rain and wind, influencing numerous different organisms. Biochemical factors show explicit reactions to specific types of ecological pressure. The methodology of present work was to assess toxic effects of an insecticide, chlorpyrifos on biochemical constituents like protein, and Amino acid in liver, kidney and Brain of freshwater fish, Channa punctatus. The fish exposed to chlorpyrifos showed a decrease the protein and increase the amino acid levels for 15 and 45 days in liver, kidney and brain compared to control. The objectives of the present work was to observe the effect of chlorpyrifos on protein and amino acid levels in the liver, kidney and brain of teleost fish Channa punctatus.

}, keywords = {Biochemical constituents, Brain, Channa punctatus, Chlorpyrifos, Kidney, Liver}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.55}, author = {Revathi B and Lakshmanan S and Veerakumar D} } @article {1296, title = {In silico Anticancer Activity and in vitro Antioxidant of Flavonoids in Plectranthus amboinicus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1573-1577}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1573}, abstract = {

Background: Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng is a plant that has a high flavonoid content. The leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng contain many flavonoids Chrysoeriol, Cirsimaritin, Eriodictyol, Luteolin, Rutin, Salvigenin, Thymoquinone, Quercetin, Apigenin, and 5-O-Methyl-Luteolin. Objectives: To determine the antioxidant activity and anticancer activity of flavonoid compounds contained in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. Methods: Anticancer activity testing was carried out by in silico against several cancer receptors and antioxidant activity testing was carried out by in vitro using the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryhydrazil method. The results showed that the flavonoid compounds contained in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng have similar anticancer activity to the reference molecule at the P-Glycoprotein-1, Cyclin Dependent Kinase-2, and Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase receptors, as well as better anticancer activity than the reference molecule for the Cyclooxygenase-2 and Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase receptors. Results: The antioxidant activity of the extract gave an Inhibitory Concentration 50\% value of 9.77 μg/mL, the flavonoid compounds contained in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng gave an Inhibitory Concentration 50\% value that lower than the extract, which ranged from 6.92 μg/mL to 8.50 μg/mL. Flavonoids in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng anticancer activity by in silico molecular docking and antioxidant activity by in vitro 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryhydrazil method. Conclusions: All the flavonoid compounds contained in the ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves exhibit very strong anti-cancer and antioxidant activity, which results in ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves have very strong antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Antioxidant, Flavonoid, in silico, in vitro}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.215}, author = {Kesaktian Manurung and Delmi Sulastri and Nasrul Zubir and Syafruddin Ilyas} } @article {1132, title = {In vitro Anti-Amebic Activity of Cage Xanthones from Cratoxylum sumatranum Stem Bark Against Entamoeba histolytica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {452-458}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {452}, abstract = {

Background: Amoebiasis is caused by Entamoeba histolytica, which is a pathogenic species living on human colon tissues. The development of new drugs for anti-amebic are still very needed for clinical treatment. Objective: This aims to identify the compounds in Cratoxylum sumatranum for their anti-amoeba activity. Materials and Methods: In this study we used bioactivity-guided isolation and structural analysis to identified anti-amebic compounds from dichloromethane extract of Cratoxylum sumatranum stem bark. Their anti-amebic activity was determined by an in vitro cell-based assay against Entamoeba histolytica and an enzymatic assay on NAD kinase. Results: Two known compounds from the cage xanthone groups, namely cochinchinoxanthone (1) and cochinchinone D (2), were isolated. The structures of the cage xanthone compounds were established by extensive spectroscopic data analysis. Compound (1) showed the greatest level of anti-amebic activity both in cell-based and enzymatic assay, yielding IC50 values of 4.57 and 12.17 μg/mL, respectively. In contrast, compound (2) yielded IC50 values of 5.19 and 12.60 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: When considering the demonstrated anti-amebic activities, it becomes apparent that these compounds, isolated from Cratoxylum sumatranum stem bark, have the potential to be further developed into effective anti-amebic medicine against Entamoeba histolytica.

}, keywords = {Amoebiasis, Bioactivity-guided isolation, Cratoxylum sumatranum, Entamoeba histolytica, NAD kinase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.70}, author = {Fendi Yoga Wardana and Defi Kartika Sari and Myrna Adianti and Adita Ayu Permanasari and Lidya Tumewu and Tomoyoshi Nozaki and Aty Widyawaruyanti and Achmad Fuad Hafid} } @article {1215, title = {In vitro Antibacterial and In silico Toxicity Properties of Phytocompounds from Ricinus communis Leaf Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {977-983}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {977}, abstract = {

Background: The rapid occurrence of multiple drug resistance and adverse side effects of aliphatic medicine threatens human health. Medicinal plants are known to possess phytocompounds with antibacterial activity and less toxic effects. Objective: This study aimed at determining the chemical composition of the methanolic Ricinus communis{\textquoteleft} leaf extract and evaluate their antibacterial and toxic effects. Methods: R. communis leaves were extracted by acetone, chloroform, ethanol and methanol. The extracts were assessed for antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10102), Escherichia coli (25922), Staphylococcus aureus (25923) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) using agar-well diffusion and microwell dilution methods. The extracts were screened for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids. The chemical constituents of the methanolic extract were analysed by gas chromatography {\textendash} mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). In silico toxicity of the phytocompounds were investigated using PreADMET tool. Results: The methanol extract showed the antibacterial activity against the bacterial strains, with the MIC values of 1.56 mg/mL against B. cereus, 3.13 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL against P. aeruginosa and E. coli. The extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, tannins, terpenoids and saponins. The GC-MS showed phytocompounds namely hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (0.62\%), tridecanoic acid (0.76\%), pentafluoropropionic acid, nonyl ester (0.85\%), 10-octadecanoic acid, methyl ester (2.93\%) and cis-vaccenic acid (94.84\%). Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester was predicted not to have mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Moreover, all compounds exhibited low inhibitory risks against hERG gene. Conclusion: R. communis leaf extract has potential to be used as a safe source of therapeutic compounds.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Chemical compounds, Ricinus communis, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.138}, author = {Sandile Nduduzo Mboyazi and Mduduzi Innocent Nqotheni and Tsolanku Sidney Maliehe and Jabulani Siyabonga Shandu} } @article {1239, title = {In vitro Assay and Study Interaction of Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb. as Anti-fibrotic Activity Against A549 Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1232-1240}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1232}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of this study is to finding inhibitor potential from several compounds in gambir plant by using in vitro MTT assay and study interaction with molecular docking. The interaction of amino acids on the binding site with substances in the gambir plant was analyzed to determine its potential as a herbal-based therapy candidate for pulmonary fibrosis. Material and Methods: Protein target using TGFβ1 and NF-κB and compounds from gambir plant ((+)-Catechin. Epigallocatechin gallate, (+)-Epicatechin, Gambiriin A1, Gambiriin A2, Gambiriin B1, Gambiriin B2, Gambiriin C, Procyanidin B1, Procyanidin B3). Result: The results from docking analysis observed that compounds from gambir fruit contain anti-fibrotic activity which act by inhibiting DNA transcription of NF-κB and TGF-β1receptors. The compound Procyanidin B3, an essential amino acid, contains a hydrogen bond with the greatest NF-κB inhibitory activity on Gly214 and Lys337. Compounds from Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb. can be an inhibitor to TGFβ1, all the compounds are on the active site of TGFβ1, and use native ligand which is an inhibitor of TGFβ1 (Naphtyridine). The positive compound catechin has the highest inhibitory activity. Gambiriin B1 and Gambiriin A2 are the most identical compounds with similar affinity binding value. Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb. is already a proven antifibrotic which is further confirmed by (IC50: 19,255 {\textpm} 1.08 μg/ml, p \< 0.05) in A549 cell line. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that Gambiriin have cytotoxic effects and was found potentially as anti-fibrotic by MTT assay and in silico evaluation.

}, keywords = {Gambiriin compounds, Inhibitor of p50 NF-κB, Molecular docking, Pulmonary fibrosis, TGF-β1 receptors}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.172}, author = {Desdiani Desdiani and Iris Rengganis and Samsuridjal Djauzi and Agus Setiyono and Mohamad Sadikin and Sri Widia A Jusman and Nuryati Chairani Siregar and Suradi and Putri C Eyanoer and Fadilah Fadilah} } @article {1289, title = {In vitro Propagation and Determination of Total Phenolic Compounds, Flavonoid Contents and Antioxidative Activity of Globba globulifera Gagnep}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1740-1747}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1740}, abstract = {

Introduction: Currently, there is a reduction in the number of Globba globulifera, which is due to its slow multiplication rate, high susceptibility to pathogenic diseases and overexploitation of the plant from natural sources. In vitro culture to study suitable concentrations of plant growth regulators for shoot and root induction of G. globulifera. Bioactive compounds were measured by TPC, TFC and FRSA methods for comparison of those from in vitro and natural conditions. Methods: Microshoots were cultured on solid and liquid MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of cytokinins (BA, Kinetin and TDZ) and auxins (NAA and IBA) for eight weeks. Methanol was used as the extraction solvent via the ultrasonic method, TPC and TFC were both measured. DPPH for free radical scavenging activity was investigated. Results: The best result for shoot formation was achieved when culturing on MS medium with 3 mg/l and 5 mg/l of BAP or 5 mg/l of BAP plus 1 mg/l of IBA. The plantlets were transplanted to pots in a greenhouse. All the planting material showed a 100\% survival rate. The rhizomes of in vitro derived plantlets showed the highest value of TPC (52.28 mg GAE/g crude extract) and FRSA (93.55\%) and lowest of IC50 (0.46 mg/ml). Conclusion: The in vitro culture and antioxidant activity analysis could be the foundation for plant propagation in large quantities and the use of medicine.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compound, DPPH, Micropropagation, TFC, TPC, Zingiberaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.236}, author = {Wipa Yaowachai and Surapon Saensouk and Piyaporn Saensouk} } @article {1181, title = {Investigation on Photodecomposition of Standardised Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Katha}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {815-820}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {815}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study delves into photodecomposition of a standardised ethyl acetate fraction of Katha and manifest how the antioxidant potential degrades exponentially with time. Methods: Coarsely dried heart wood of Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. was treated with 10 \% hydro-alcoholic solution to obtain Katha as final product. The powdered Katha was standardised via pharmacognostic parameters and further subjected to soxhlet extraction using ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol to obtain different extracts/fractions. Phytochemical investigations were carried out to screen polyphenols (tannins) of interest which later were confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Photodecomposition of ethyl acetate fraction with respect to its in-vitro antioxidant potential using DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging assay was determined at 0 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 16 h, 20 h and 24 h of 250, 500, 750 and 1000 μg/ml concentrations respectively. Ethyl acetate fraction conceded the highest amount of polyphenols. Results: The extract was found to be unstable at room temperature and displayed a quick change in colour from light orange to deep dark orange within few hours, which also abide by its decreasing antioxidant activity exponentially with time. Antioxidant potential was observed in the following order in dose dependant manner: 0 h \> 4 h \> 8 h \> 12 h \> 16 h \> 20 h \> 24 h. Conclusion: Moreover, published literature should have not mentioned the age of extract they have used for their study, which may explain the wide differences in the observations reported with this plant.

}, keywords = {Acacia catechu, Antioxidant, DPPH, Free radical, Katha, Nitric oxide scavenging}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.117}, author = {Pankaj Sharma} } @article {1087, title = {Iron-Folate Supplementation during Pregnancy for Prevent Oxidative Stress in Pregnant Rats: Level of MDA, Creatinine, Glucose, Erythrocite, Blood Pressure, Body Weight and Number of Offspring}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {186-191}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {186}, abstract = {

Background: Iron and folic acid deficiency during pregnancy can increase oxidative stress and result in impaired intra-uterine growth, abortion and preeclampsia. Folate is trace nutrient that influent for essential role for epigenetic mechanism cues into changes in gene expression and had impact health development. This study aimed to determine the effect of several doses of iron and folate supplementation on level of: MDA, glucose, creatinine, maternal body weight and number and birth weight of offspring. Methods: This research was conducted in the laboratory of the Center for Food and Nutrition Studies, Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta. Experimental research with posttest only control group design with a number of samples: 20 pregnant rats, divided randomly into 4 groups. The control group (C) was given standard feed (AIN-93G), KI: added iron 1,8 mg/200gBW and folic acid 0,0023mg/200gBW, KII: added iron 3,6 mg/200gBB and folic acid 0,0045 mg/200gBW, KIII : added iron 5,4mg/200gBW and folic acid 0,0068 mg/200gBW. Duration of treatment 20 days. Measurement of body weight, blood pressure and then taken blood samples at the 21st day for examination of MDA, glucose, creatinine, erythrocyte level. Sectio caesarean to performed the number and body weight of offspring. Data obtained were analyzed using one way Anova followed by Post hoc LSD. Results: there are significant different (p \<0.001). on level of : MDA, glucose, creatinine, maternal body weight, average number and fetal weight of offspring between treatment group compare to control group. Conclusion: Iron and folate suplementation during pregnancy can decreased level of oxidative stress and better pregnant outcome.

}, keywords = {Folic acid, Iron, MDA, Oxidative stress, Pregnancy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.28}, author = {Joko Wahyuwibowo and Abdul Aziz and Eka Safitri and Minidian Fasitasari and Siti Thomas Zulaikhah} } @article {1310, title = {Isolation and Structural Characterization of Phytoconstituents from Strobilanthes kunthianus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1605-1611}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1605}, abstract = {

Background: Strobilanthes kunthianus T Anders (Neela kurinji) is well known for its medicinal properties and reported to possess many biological activities. However, so far there is no phytoconstituents are isolated and reported in S. kunthianus. Objective: The present study aimed to isolate and characterize the chemical constituents present in various parts of S. kunthianus. Methods: The successive petroleum ether root and stem extracts, chloroform stem extract, macerated and crude methanol flower extracts were subjected to column chromatography for the isolation of constituents. All the isolated compounds were characterized based on their physical and spectral data analysis. Results: Ten compounds were isolated and being reported for the first time from S. kunthianus. Except lupeol (1 and 2), betulin (3), α-amyrin (5) and β-sitosterol (7), other five compounds including of 3,5-bis-(dimethylcarbamoyl)methyl)-4-(11- cyclohexylundecyl)-4-heptyl-N1,N1,N7,N7 tetramethylheptanediamide (4), 4-amino-tetrahydro- 2H-pyran-3,5-diol (6), 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl-4-((E)-3,6-dimethylundec-4-enyl)cyclohexyl propionate (8), flavone glycoside (9) and decahydro-1,1,4a,8-tetramethylphenanthren- 2(1H,3H,4bH)-one (10), isolated from S. kunthianus were novel. Conclusion: The novel compounds need to be further investigated for ascertain pharmacological activities which will be useful for further drug development.

}, keywords = {Column chromatography, Flavone glycoside, Neela kurinji, Phytoconstituents, Strobilanthes kunthianus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.220}, author = {Geetha Balasubramaniam and Mahendran Sekar and Subban Ravi and Shrishailappa Badami} } @article {1167, title = {Isolation, Identification Similarity and Qualitative Expression of Metallothionein Gene in IR-Bagendit Rice (Oryza sativa)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {709-715}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {709}, abstract = {

Metallothionein (MTs) is an enzyme that plays a role in the binding of metals in plants. Various types of rice have been known to contain MTs and IR-Bagendit rice leaves have the highest MTs protein content compared to other rice varieties. However, MTs coding gene in IRBagendit rice variety is still unknown. OsRAC1 gene is reported as the down-regulator of MTs and there is an analogous gene for MTs-like gene using RAP1 and RAP2 primers in various plants. This study aimed to isolate, identification of similarity, and analysis of qualitative expression of MTs gene in IR-Bagendit rice as compared to Inpari, IR-36, and IR-34. The steps of this research were DNA isolation, PCR in OsRAC1 gene, RNA isolation and cDNA reverse transcription using primer RP1 and RP2, and agarose gel electrophoresis. Amplification quality of OsRAC1 gene in IR-Bagendit, Inpari, IR-36, and IR-34 showed the same result. Qualitative expression of MTs by reverse transcription showed that IR-Bagendit has the highest MTs-like gene compared to other samples.

}, keywords = {IR-Bagendit, Metal Exposure, Metallothionein, MTs-like gene, Rice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.103}, author = {Budi Santosa and Budi Santosa and Aprilia Indah Kartika and Fitri Nuroini and Aditya Rahman Ernanto and Annisa Ayuningtyas and Mohd Nazil Salleh and Siti Thomas Zulaikhah} } @article {1158, title = {Lathraea squamaria L. (Orobanchaceae): A Review of its Botany, Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Pharmacology}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {667-673 }, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {667}, abstract = {

This paper presents the results of the review pharmacognostic study of common toothwort, a perennial plant, parasitizing on the roots of trees. Currently, in Russian traditional medicine, there is considerable experience in the use of сommon toothwort (Lathraea squamaria L.) herb and roots as antitumoral, biligenic, infertility-treatment and diuretic drugs. The chemical composition of L. squamaria has not been quite well determined. Phenylethanoid glycosides (acteoside, isoacteoside), iridoid glycosides (aucubin, and aucuboside ester, 6{\textquoteright}-O-glucopyranosyl-aucubin, melampyroside, 6{\textquoteright}-O-glucopyranosyl melampyroside), simple sugars, fatty acids, organic acids, β-sitosterol were identified. Further study of L. squamaria raw materials is a very promising field including implementation in official medicine.

}, keywords = {Aucubin, Chemical compounds, Common toothwort, Iridoids, Lathraea squamaria, Orobanchaceae, Parasitic plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.98}, author = {Bokov DO and Barkalova VE and Suslikova MA and Sokhin DM and Kakhramanova SD and Rendyuk TD and Strelyaeva AV and Antsyshkina AM and Balobanova NP and Prostodusheva TV and Grikh VV and Krasnyuk II1 (junior) and Marakhova AI and Moiseev DV} } @article {1098, title = {Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Seeds: A New Potential Source of Sulfhydryl Compounds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {298-302}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {298}, abstract = {

Background: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds are considered the most widely consumed legumes by ruminants. The seeds contain around 1.5 mmol of thiol/sulfhydryl compounds per 100 g of dried seeds. The contents of the sulfhydryl compounds can act like glutathione. On the other hand, the intake of a high amount of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds is limited by mimosine because it can induce toxicity and death in ruminants. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine sulfhydryl compound levels in Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds after the mimosine removal process. Materials and methods: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds were soaked in aquadest for 24 hours and then dried at 40{\textdegree}C for 86 hours. The dried seeds were macerated at room temperature using 30\%, 50\%, 70\%, and 96\% (v/v) of ethanol as the solvent with a 1:10 solvent-to-solid ratio. Levels of dried extract yield were determined for sulfhydryl compounds and mimosine using a spectrophotometer. Results: The 30\% ethanol extract without soaking produced the highest levels of extract yield, but 70\% ethanol was the most effective solvent for extracting the maximum sulfhydryl and minimum mimosine levels. Conclusion: Ethanol solvent (70\%) can be used to extract maximum levels of sulfhydryl compound and minimum levels of mimosine from Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit soaked seeds.

}, keywords = {Ethanol, Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, Mimosine, Sulfhydryl compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.47}, author = {Sri Wardatun and Yahdiana Harahap and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Noorwati Sutandyo} } @article {1319, title = {Lithium Nitrate Induced Biochemical Modifications in catla catla upon Short Term Exposure}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1705-1709}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1705}, abstract = {

Background: Alkali metals such as lithium nitrate due to its properties have found their application in industries. However, reports of acute toxicological impact of lithium nitrate on aquatic animals are largely not available in the literature. Objective: With this interest, we have assessed the impact of LiNO3 on Catla catla, a freshwater fish widely consumed. Materials and Methods: In this study, LC50 of LiNO3 was determined to be 5ppm, for 24 h. Following this, 1/10th of the LC50 levels of LiNO3 (0.5ppm) was chosen for acute investigation of 96 h. Results: The results demonstrated increase in serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in treated fish. Further examinations disclosed changes in antioxidant enzyme systems with remarkable changes in the serum catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) contents, with elevation in malondialdehyde (MDA). The investigation found increased glutamate levels in the brain tissue of treated groups, demonstrating tissue damage. Conclusion: The study underlines the toxicological impact of LiNO3 and role of certain potential biomarkers which determine the impact of these toxicants in aquatic environment.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.230}, author = {S Jagadeep Chandra and Naganagouda V Kote and S Sandya and Sharath Chandra SP} } @article {1291, title = {Lutein: A Comprehensive Review on its Chemical, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1769-1778}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1769}, abstract = {

Background: Lutein is a naturally occurring carotenoid found in high amounts in flowers, grains, fruits and green vegetables with green leaves include spinach, kale and carrots. The market for lutein encompasses pharmaceutical, dietary supplement, food, animal and fish feed industries. Objective: The present review aimed to provide an updated and comprehensive analysis of lutein, including its chemistry, biological properties and therapeutic potentials. Methods: Relevant literatures were collected from several scientific databases, include Google Scholar, Pubmed and ScienceDirect between 2000 to till date. Following a detailed inclusion and exclusion screening process, the information obtained was summarized. Results: Information on the sources, chemistry and biological properties including antioxidant, anti-arthrisits, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-cataract, antidiabetic, anticancer and bone remodelling activities, as well as food industry processing for lutein were tabled. Lutein can be considered powerful antioxidants along with multifaceted molecular targets, such as NF-ҡB, PI3K/Akt, Nrf-2, HO-1 and SIRT-1 signaling pathways in various pathological conditions. Conclusion: The present review observe the chemical, pharmacological properties, in addition to the therapeutic potentials of lutein. It is hoped that the information can provide a good reference to aid in the development and utilization of lutein in phytopharmaceuticals and food industries.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Inflammatory cytokines, Lutein, Molecular targets, Pharmacology, Transcription factors}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.239}, author = {Nurul Iman Nurul Fuad and Mahendran Sekar and Siew Hua Gan and Pei Teng Lum and Jaishree Vaijanathappa and Subban Ravi} } @article {1149, title = {Memory Enhancing Efficacy of an Ayurvedic Polyherbal Formulation on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Deficit Experimental Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {589-597 }, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {589 }, abstract = {

The present study was performed to determine the efficacy of an ayurvedic polyherbal formulation (PHF) in the learning and memory process of animal models. The prepared PHF was a suspension of three plant extracts i.e. Alpinia galanga (AG), Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG) and Convolvulus pluricaulis (CP) along with other excipients. Learning and memory assessment of PHF was performed using different behavioral models in scopolamine-induced memory impairment animals. Biochemical estimation was performed to determine the enzymatic level of MDA, GSH and AChE level in rats. Results indicated that the time of social investigation trial 2 (SIT2) was reduced significantly compared to SIT1 due to the treatment of PHF. In the water maze test, plant extracts significantly decreased the latency time in the 4th and 5th sessions comparing to session 1. Administration of AG, CP, GG, and PHF caused amelioration of scopolamine-induced memory impairment in the MWM test. The extracts and PHF were also effective in reducing latency time in the pole climbing test. Biochemical parameters exhibited a reduction in MDA and AChE levels with an increase in GSH level after treatment with extracts and PHF. It can be concluded from the study that PHF is an effective formulation for learning and memory processes against scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Further, the isolation of active constituents is desired from different plant extracts.

}, keywords = {Alpinia galanga, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Latency time, Pole climbing test, Social recognition test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.88}, author = {Deepa Shukla and Sajal Srivastava and Talha Jawaid} } @article {1168, title = {Microencapsulation of Macaranga gigantea Leaf Extracts: Production and Characterization}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {716-724}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {716}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this research was to formulate the microcapsules of Macaranga gigantea leaves extract with solvent evaporation method using Ethocel 10 cP and Eudragit E100 as matrix. Methods: M. gigantea leaves were extracted using ethanol 96\%. This extract was dried by rotary evaporator. The microencapsulation process of M. gigantea leaves extract was conducted by solvent evaporation method (O/W: oil in water). The formula of M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsules were designed into six formulas (Eudragit E100: FA1, FA2, FA3 and Ethocel 10 cP: FB1, FB2, FB3). Microcapsules of M. gigantea leaves extract were characterized for particle size, in terms of surface morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and encapsulation efficiency. Antioxidant activity of the formulation have been evaluated by DPPH method. Physical characterization on microparticles were performed by conducting entrapment efficiency and SEM picture. Results: In this research, the micoparticles containing M. gigantea extract has been developed by using ethyl cellulose (Ethocel 10 cP ) and eudragit (Eudragit E100) as polymer matrix. The results showed that high concentration of polymer (Ethocel 10 cP and Eudragit E100) used in microencapsulation resulted in better M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsules in terms of physical characteristics. Particle size of microcapsules containing M. gigantea leaves extract were in the range of 3.564 to 5.887 μm. Encapsulation efficiency (\% EE) was categorized as good because the value were >= 80\% to which 85.978\% (FA3) and 88.992\% (FB3). SEM picture of FA3 (Eudragit E100) revealed that the surface of microcapsule were rough and porous. When Ethocel 10 cP used as polymer, a smoother surface and less visible pores of microcapsule were obtained. The antioxidant ability of M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsule showed that IC50 values was 64.51 ppm. Conclusion: It can be concluded that microcapsules of M. gigantea leaves extract can be prepared by solvent evaporation method by using Eudragit E100 and Ethocel 10 cP as polymer matrix. M. gigantea leaves has potent antioxidant activity either as extract or after formulated into microcapsules.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ethocel 10 cP, Eudragit E100, Macaranga gigantea, Microencapsulation, Solvent evaporation method}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.104}, author = {Muhaimin Muhaimin and Yusnaidar Yusnaidar and Wilda Syahri and Madyawati Latief and Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa} } @article {1196, title = {Modern Approaches to the Analysis of Kelp (Laminaria sp.) as Pharmacopoeial Herbal Drugs and Food Products}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {929-937}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {929}, abstract = {

Background: Currently, the chemical composition of Laminaria J.V. Lamour. species is well studied; they have found applications in the food, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical industries. The main groups of biologically active compounds are polysaccharides (alginic acid, laminarin, mannitol, fucoidan, and others) and minerals (iodine compounds, magnesium, potassium, calcium, iron) that are determined according to pharmacopoeial and All-Union State Standards requirements. Materials and Methods: For data obtaining various types of search tools and engines such as Google, Google scholar, scientific literature (including Russian sources), normative documentation of Russian Federation (State Pharmacopoeia of Russian Federation IV edition, All-Union State Standards, and others) electronic databases such as e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed were used. Results: In the course of this review study, a modern characteristic of the kelp thallus as a pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, food substance of plant origin is presented. The data on the chemical composition, harvesting, and processing of raw materials are summarized. The standardization and safety issues of kelp thallus are considered taking into account modern pharmacopoeial and food international requirements. The approaches to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of biologically active compounds (polysaccharides, iodine) and the determination of safety indicators are studied. Conclusions: The regulatory documentation that is used in the quality control of kelp needs to be finalized and updated. For pharmacopoeial analysis, all possible physicochemical methods (gravimetric, titrimetric, spectrophotometric) should be presented in the newly approved monograph. In this case, modern procedures should be developed, including HPLC with various types of detection (determination of the carbohydrates profile and polysaccharides, including methods with acid and enzyme hydrolysis). This will ensure the required level of quality, the safety of kelp (Laminaria) raw materials.

}, keywords = {alginic acid, Fucoidan, Iodine, Kelp, Laminaria japonica, Laminaria saccharina, Laminarin, Mannitol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.132}, author = {Bokov DO and Potanina OG and Nikulin AV and Shchukin VM and Orlova VA and Bagirova GB and Kakhramanova SD and Al- Khafaji H and Balobanova NP and Evgrafov AA and Samylina IA and Krasnyuk II and Golubeva OA and Kuleshova ES and Moiseev DV and Bessonov VV} } @article {1194, title = {Molecular Mechanism of Capsaicin from (Capsicum Annuum L.) on Expression of MAPK1 and AKT1 Protein as Candidate of Anticancer Drugs: In silico Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {916-919}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {916}, abstract = {

One of the most important compounds in Capsicum annuum L. is capsaicin, capsaicin is a secondary metabolite of the Capsicum Annuum L. plant. In the pharmaceutical field in addition to relieving pain or pain, capsaicin is also known to have anticancer activity because it inhibits certain oncogenic proteins. Further screening of the capsaicin compound against the oncogenic protein produced in the HCC pathogenesis signaling is needed. Screening components in Capsicum annuum L. against MAPK1 and AKT1 target proteins is the initial stage of drug discovery. MAPK1 and AKT1 protein bundles and capsaicin ligand bundles that were prepared previously in Autodock 4.0 were molecular dockings (molecular docking). After molecular docking, it was found that capsaicin binds to MAPK1 / ERK with the free energy of Gibbs of -5.5 Kcal/mol and AKT1 of -6.7 Kcal/mol. The free energy of Gibbs is so negative that it is ensured that the reaction will take place spontaneously and lead to high affinity. The data that has been obtained, capsaicin in Capsicum annuum L. has a high affinity for MAPK1 and AKT1 receptor/protein targets with the binding energy of -5.5 Kcal/mol and -6.7 Kcal/ mol and Potential Activity Score (Pa ) equal to 0,690 for preneoplastic treatment, 0.590 for apoptosis agonist, and 0.366 for antineoplastic activity and accordingly become candidates for anticancer drugs.

}, keywords = {AKT1, Anticancer, Capsaicin, Capsicum annuum L., MAPK1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.130}, author = {Mohammad Sukmanadi and Sri Agus Sudjarwo and Mustofa Helmi Effendi} } @article {1197, title = {Molecules of Interest {\textendash} Karanjin {\textendash} A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {938-945}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {938}, abstract = {

Background: At the present time, several plants are largely contributing to the medical field due to its valuable use. Scientific evidence generated with their special inherent compounds gave more confidence to the scientific community. Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) is an Indian native plant and well exploited in Ayurvedic medicinal system. Concurrently, a few pieces of scientific research have been done to prove the therapeutic activity of this medicinal plant. The medicinal properties of this plant are most likely due to its principal active compound, karanjin. As a molecule of interest, karanjin is an antioxidant and also exerts other biological benefits. Karanjin has also been recognized to be used in agricultural and environmental management other than medicinal purposes. Objectives: This review aimed to provide a brief information on the chemical and biological properties of karanjin along with its traditional uses. It is also discusses the scientific evidences available for its various biological properties. Materials and Methods: Various databases such as Google, Google Scholar Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed had been searched and the data was obtained. Results: The chemistry and reported biological properties of karanjin were highlighted. Karanjin revealed antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s activities, and thus has several possible applications in clinical research. Conclusion: Therefore, further research may help in exploiting its properties and emergent phytopharmaceuticals based on it.

}, keywords = {Chemistry, Flavonoid, Karanja, Karanjin, Pharmacology, Pongam oil tree, Pongamia pinnata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.133}, author = {Aina Akmal Mohd Noor and Siti Nurul Najiha Othman and Pei Teng Lum and Shankar Mani and Mohd Farooq Shaikh and Mahendran Sekar} } @article {1082, title = {Morpho-anatomical, Phytochemical and TLC/HPTLC Studies on Whole Plant of Plectranthus vettiveroides (Jacob) N.P. Singh and B.D. Sharma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {58-65}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {58}, abstract = {

Background: Plectranthus vettiveroides is an aromatic perennial herb, which belongs to family Lamiaceae. The whole plant of P. vettiveroides is aromatic, bitter, cooling, febrifuge, diaphoretic, stimulant, diuretic, useful in vitiated conditions of pitta, burning sensation, leprosy, skin diseases, leucoderma, fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, ulcers, stomachic and emmenagogue. In the present investigation morpho-anatomical, preliminary phyto-chemical, physico-chemical parameters and TLC/HPTLC fingerprint of the whole plant of P. vettiveroids were carried out and reported. Objective: To carry out morpho-anatomical, phytochemical and TLC/HPTLC studies on dried whole plant of P. vettiveroides for authentication/identification. Methods: The morphology, microscopy and phyto-chemical investigation were carried out by following standard methods. Results: Microscopically spiral, reticulated, scalariform and pitted vessels, libriform and septate fibres, multicellular branched covering trichomes, glandular trichomes and silica crystals are the unique diagnostic characteristics in whole plant of P. vettiveroides. The preliminary phyto-chemical, physico-chemical parameters and number of spots and Rf values of TLC/HPTLC are found to be unique diagnostic characteristics of the plant for identification. Conclusion: The finding of present study is helpful in standardization of formulation consists of whole plant of P. vettiveroides as ingredient in their powdered form and also for authentication/ identification of dried whole plant of P. vettiveroides.

}, keywords = {Morpho-anatomy, P. vettiveroides, Phytochemistry, standardization, TLC/HPTLC finger print}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.10}, author = {Velvizhi D and Nartunai G and Susikumar S and Ilavarasan R} } @article {1185, title = {The Nephroprotective And Antioxidant Activity of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {843-849}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {843}, abstract = {

Background: Sterculia has an antioxidant activity. The Sterculia genus has phenols and flavonoids content, and this chemical content may be have an nephroprotective activity. Objective: The study was to investigate the in vitro study of antioxidant activity with DPPH and FRAP study and nephroprotective activity of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq. Leaves extract. Materials and Methods: The leaves was extracted using ethanol. This extract was determined for antioxidant activity by in vitro study with DPPH and FRAP methods, determined the content of total phenols, total flavonoids, and also identification of chemical content. Nephrotoxicity study done by induced gentamycin. The groups divided 6 group, consist: negative control, positive control, normal control, and the extract with dose 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/ kg. The parameter for nephroprotective activity was tubular necrosis, the presence of tubules casts and glomerular damage, creatinine serum, and urea. Results: The ethanol extract has IC50 162.34 μg/ml for DPPH scavenging activity and 18.65 {\textpm} 3.53 FeEAC (Mol/g) for FRAP. The secondary metabolite presence flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, alkaloids, and glycosides. The total phenols 462.36 {\textpm} 9.23 mg GAE/gr, total flavonoids content 59.44 {\textpm} 0.11 mg QE/gr extract. All the dose have an nephroprotective activity, but the best dose was 50 mg/kg. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Sterculia rubiginosa showed antioxidant activity and nephroprotective activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Gentamicin, Nephroprotective, Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll Ex. Miq.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.121}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Ema Dewanti and Inka Nurul Fadliani and Nessa Aqilla and Salwaa Salsabila and Vera Ladeska} } @article {1134, title = {Neuro-protective Effect of Ayurveda Formulation, Saraswatharishtam, on Scopolamine Induced Memory Impairment in Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {465-472}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {465}, abstract = {

Introduction: In the management of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, memory loss remains very challenging. Saraswatharishtam (SWRT) is an ayurvedic formulation prescribed for several neurological ailments like acute anxiety, partial memory loss, slurred speech, neuro-degenerative diseases like Parkinson{\textquoteright}s, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s etc. Methods: Present study explores the possibilities of curative effects of SWRT on Scopolamine induced memory impairment and to compare the effects of commonly used drug Piracetam. Adult Wistar Swiss albino mice were used for this experiment and divided into five different groups for the treatments of the drugs in various combinations. The first group was vehicle treated control while the second group was treated with scopolamine to induce memory impairment. The third groups of animals were treated with Scopolamine where the mice were pretreated with standard neuro-protective drug Piracetam, while the fourth and fifth groups of animals were treated with scopolamine and the animals were pretreated with SWRT at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively to compare with the effect of Piracetam. Scopolamine was administered on day eight, only for 45 minutes in all the cases (Group I- Group V). Several neurobehavioral parameters were examined to confirm the neuro-protective effects of SWRT. Results: Saraswatharishtam significantly reversed the memory loss in mice model as revealed from elevated plus maze, radial maze and rectangular maze experiments justifying its neuroprotective potential as observed in usually used synthetic Piracetam. SWRT was found to be nontoxic and very promising antioxidant recorded from acute and chronic toxicological studies. Conclusions: It is suggested that SWRT, could be used as safe and easily available Ayurveda medicine to treat neurological dysfunctions without any side effects. Further translational research is needed to explore its neuro-protective potential.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ayurvedic, Elevated Plus Maze, Neuro-protection, Piracetam, Saraswatharishtam, Scopolamine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.72 }, author = {Jai Prabhu and K Prabhu and Anathbandhu Chaudhuri and Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao and V S Kalai Selvi and T K Balaji and Shruthi Dinakar} } @article {1063, title = {Neuro-protective Effect of Ayurveda Formulation, Saraswatharishtam, on Scopolamine Induced Memory Impairment in Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {6-13}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {6}, abstract = {

Introduction: In the management of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, memory loss remains very challenging. Saraswatharishtam (SWRT) is an ayurvedic formulation prescribed for several neurological illnesses like acute anxiety, partial memory loss, slurred speech, neuro degenerative diseases like Parkinson{\textquoteright}s, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s etc. Methods: Present study explores the possibilities of curative effects of SWRT on Scopolamine induced memory impairment and to compare the effects of commonly used drug piracetam. Adult Wistar Swiss albino mice were used for this experiment and divided into five different groups for the treatments of the drugs in various combinations. The first group was vehicle treated control while the second group was treated with scopolamine to induce memory impairment. The third group of animals were treated with Scopolamine where the mice were pretreated with standard neuroprotective drug Piracetam, while the fourth and fifth group of animals were treated with scopolamine and the animals were pretreated with SWRT at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively to compare with the effect of Piracetam. Scopolamine was administered on day eight, only for 45 minutes in all the cases (Group I- Group V). Several neurobehavioral parameters were examined to confirm the neuroprotective effects of SWRT. Results: Saraswatharishtam significantly reversed the memory loss in mice model revealed from elevated plus maze, radial maze and rectangular maze experiments justifying its neuroprotective potential as observed in usually used synthetic Piracetam. SWRT was found to be nontoxic and very promising antioxidant recorded from acute and chronic toxicological studies. Conclusions: It is suggested that SWRT, could be used as safe and easily available Ayurveda medicine to treat neurological dysfunctions without any side effects. Further translational research is needed to explore its neuro-protective potential.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ayurvedic medicine, Elevated Plus Maze, Neuroprotection, Piracetam, Saraswatharishtam, Scopolamine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.2}, author = {Jai Prabhu and K Prabhu and Anathbandhu Chaudhuri and Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao and VS Kalai Selvi and TK Balaji and Sruthi Dinakar} } @article {1206, title = {Noni Juice (Morinda citrifolia) to Prevent Cancer Progression in Mice Induced DMBA and Cigarette Smoke Exposure}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {946-951}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {946}, abstract = {

Introduction: Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the body commonly lead to degenerative disease such as cancer. This study aims to investigate the potential of Morinda citrifolia to maintain the immune system against toxic exposure. Materials and Methods: This study used Five weeks old male Balb/C mice as animal model. The 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) was administrated for six weeks following with 3 days cigarette smoke (CS) exposure then treated with noni juice (M. citrifolia) for two weeks. Experimental animals were divided into six groups. Normal control (N); DMBA+CS; Cisplatin; D1; D2; and D3. Profil of CD4+TNFα+, CD11b+IL6+, CD11b+IFNγ+, CD4+CD25+ IL10+, NK+IL6+ cells was analyzed by flow cytometry and data was analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey HSD test with a significance of p-values \< 0.05. Results: This study show that DMBA+CS induction increasing level of CD11b+IL6+, CD4+CD25+ IL-10+ and NK+ IL-6+ meanwhile decreasing CD4+TNFα+significantly (P\<0.5) than Normal group. Noni juice in dose 90 mg/Kg BW decrease cytokine pro-inflammation (IL-6 and IFNγ) both in macrophage and NK cell profile significantly (P\<0.05). Noni juice in 30 mg/Kg BW could improve the activation CD4+TNFα+ significantly (P\<0.05). Noni juice also has efficacy to control T regulator activation to prevent tumor escape. Conclusion: These results suggest that noni juice has anti-cancer potencies by maintain homeostasis of immune system and could be immune herbal supplement.

}, keywords = {Homeostatic, Immunotoxin, Inflammation, Noni juice, Tumor progression}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.134}, author = {Didin Wahyu Agustina and Mulya Dwi Wahyuningsih and Sri Widyarti and Aris Soewondo and Hideo Tsuboi and Muhaimin Rifa{\textquoteright}i} } @article {1174, title = {Nutrient Content, Active Compound and Antibacterial Activity of Padina australis against Aeromonas hydropilla}, journal = {Active compound, Antibacterial activity, Padina australis, Nutrient content,}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {771-776}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {771}, abstract = {

Background: Padina australis is one of the brown macroalgae that possess several compounds that can be used for various medicinal properties. Objective: This study aims to analyze the nutrient content, active compounds, and antibacterial activity of Padina australis against Aeromonas hydropilla. Methods: The nutrient content and phytochemical composition of P. australis were examined in this study. The antibacterial effect was evaluated using the disc method against A. hydropilla. Results: The nutrient content of P. australis include 38.5\% carbohydrate, 2.07\% fat, 13.89\% protein, 16.12\% water, 33.34\% ash, 8.54\% total amino acid, and minerals (11.36\% calcium, 0.22\% iron, and 1.81\% potassium). Phytochemical analysis showed that P. australis contained phenols, tannin, flavonoid, and steroid. These compound may be responsible for inhibiting A. hydropilla, with an inhibition zone of 10.5 mm for water extract of P. australis and 10 mm for methanol extract P. australis. Conclusion: This study revealed that P. australis produced antibacterial effect against A. hydropilla which could be potential for further antimicrobial agent development.

}, keywords = {Active compound, Antibacterial activity, Nutrient content, Padina australis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.110}, author = {Yuliana Salosso and Siti Aisiah and Lumban Nauli Lumban Toruan and Wesly Pasaribu} } @article {1299, title = {A Perspective Overview on Hygrophila auriculata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1748-1752}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1748}, abstract = {

Hygrophila auriculata, belonging to the family Acanthaceae, is a promising medicinal plant with great economic potential. The medicinal value of H. auriculata has been appreciated in the ancient medical literature. The plant contains terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and is traditionally known as an aphrodisiac, renal tonic, and for its health-promoting properties. The plant is cultivated throughout India. However, systematic information on the different aspects of this species is not available. In this review, an attempt has been made to present this information.

}, keywords = {Hygrophila auriculata, Pharmacological activity, Phytochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.237}, author = {S Dhanalakshmi and N Harikrishnan and N Srinivasan and P Pandian and BA Tanisha and M Tharun Kumar and V Lokesh and N Yuvashri and S Supriya} } @article {1080, title = {Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and Ethnopharmacological Potential of Cyclamen coum Mill}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {204-212}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {204}, abstract = {

Background: This review focuses on characterization of Cyclamen coum Mill. (Myrsinaceae), composition and content of biologically active substances presented in the above-ground and underground parts, reporting use of this plant in traditional medicine, predicting possible pharmacotherapeutic effects. Materials and Methods: Various electronic search engines such as Google, Google scholar, scientific literature, electronic databases such as e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed had been searched and data obtained. Results: Cyclamen L. is classified in the Myrsinaceae family now. It is a typical element of the Mediterranean flora. C. coum. is a species characteristic of the Caucasus and Crimea with rounded leaves and rounded corolla lobes, bright and pink-purple flowers. Chemical composition of biologically active substances of C. coum was described in sufficient detail. C. coum contains saponins (coumoside A, coumoside B, cyclaminorin, deglucocyclamin, cyclacoumin, and mirabilin lactone), sterols (stigmasterol and other related compounds), piperidine alkaloid (2-β-D-glycopyranosyl-2-undecil-3,5-dihydroxy-6-carboxypiperidine), flavonoids, phenols, tannins, cardiac glycosides. Antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor activities are established for different C. coum extracts. Conclusion: C. coum can be used for the production of potential anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal drugs. It should be noted that more pharmacognostic, pharmacological studies are needed for providing further information to use this medicinal plant in the official medicine. Also, standardization procedures for a crude herbal drug should be developed.

}, keywords = {Coumoside A, Coumoside B, Cyclacumin, Cyclamen coum, Cyclaminorin, Deglucocyclamine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.31}, author = {Bokov DO and Krasikova MK and Sergunova EV and Bobkova NV and Kovaleva TYu and Bondar AA and Marakhova AI and Morokhina SL and Krasnyuk II and Moiseev DV} } @article {1144, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies on Methanolic Extract of Leaves of Vitex negundo Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {551-556}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {551}, abstract = {

Vitex negundo Linn (verbenaceae), known as Nirgundi is important medicinal plant with variety of phytoconstituents having significant pharmacological activities. It has antiinflammatory, analgesic, anti-histaminic, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, hepatoprotective, antiimplantation, laxative, larvicidal, anti-arthritic, anticonvulsant and effective against snake venom activity. Two compounds namely vitexin and negundoside are reported to have anticancer and hepatoprotective activity respectively. For safe and effective use of herbal drugs in a formulation, proper standardization of herbal drugs is necessary. So, in this research paper basic pharmacognostic studies on Vitex negundo leaf extract like physicochemical parameters- ash values and extractive values, Fluorescence analysis, phytochemical screening, TLC profile with different solvent systems, behavior with different reagents and metal analysis was done. The findings throw light on preliminary standardization of this important medicinal plant. Key

}, keywords = {Ash values, Extractive values, Fluorescence analysis, TLC, Vitex negundo (VN)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.83 }, author = {Kiran Sharma and Manish Yadav and Kavita Attri} } @article {1170, title = {Pharmacognostical, Physicochemical and Phytochemical Evaluation of Strobilanthes kunthianus (Acanthaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {731-741}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {731}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation of various parts of Strobilanthes kunthianus. Methods: Macroscopical, microscopical, physico-chemical and phytochemical evaluations of leaves, stem, root and flowers of S. kunthianus were investigated. The paraffin embedded specimens were sectioned with the help of Rotary Microtome. The thickness of the sections was 10-12 μm and dewaxing was done by customary procedure. The sections were stained with toluidine blue for microscopical analysis. The preliminary phytochemical study was carried out for various extracts of S. kunthianus using standard procedure. Results: In the pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical studies, in an attempt to standardize the leaves, stem and root of S. kunthianus have been shown that will be definitely useful to the future researchers for the identification of the plant. Conclusion: These studies offer referential evidence for accurate identification and standardization of S. kunthianus.

}, keywords = {Pharmacognostic standardization, Physico-chemical evaluation, Phytochemical analysis, Strobilanthes kunthianus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.106}, author = {Geetha Balasubramaniam and Mahendran Sekar and Shrishailappa Badami} } @article {1317, title = {Pharmacological Screening of Anti Lice and Antidandruff Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Leaves of Datura metel}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1653-1657}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1653}, abstract = {

It should be noticed that there is no drugs is available to treat lice and dandruff both are very great public health concern. So it is necessary to screen a drug especially of herbal origin to treat the both head lice and dandruff without affecting eyes. In the present study, Datura metel leaf extracts was evaluated for their insecticidal properties using head lice as an insect model. The study was conducted from November 2019 to March 2020. Plant sample (leaf) of Datura metel was collected from anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India in November 2019. The various concentration of ethanolic extract of leaves of Datura metel was prepared by using distilled water. 20\%, 40\%, 60\% were used. A colony of P.humanus capitis was collected by combing the hair of 20-25 infected children at the age group of 10-15. Head lice were reared in the glass vessels covered with nylon mesh containing tufts of hairs. The hair tufts was impregnated with appropriate doses for the screening. Pure culture of M.furfur (MTCC: 1374) was obtained from institute of Microbial type of culture collection, Chandigarh, India. The culture was maintained in SDA medium. The current study afford scientific basis for the ethnomedical use of this plant as antilice application. It is concluded that it can be optimistic that the present work proved Datura metel of dual therapeutic advantage to be a potential phytochemical target in the design of a drug for the treatment of both lice and dandruff.

}, keywords = {Anti dandruff, Anti lice, Datura metel, Ethnomedical use, Pharmacological screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.225}, author = {Sreedhar V and J Mastanaiah and B Chakrapani and D Venkata Narayana and B Nagendra Babu and M Sushma and C Usha Sree and N Krishna Sree} } @article {1214, title = {Phenolic Compounds and Immunomodulating Activity of Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1104-1107}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1104}, abstract = {

Introduction: This research aims to determine the immunomodulating activity of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) herb extract and to evaluate the prospects of development of the medicine based on it. Methods: Object of the research was dry chicory extract obtained from herb (aerial part) of a wild plant. The chemical composition of the extract was determined by HPLC-MS method. Its immunomodulating action has been explored in vivo experiments involving intact animals, as well as immunosuppressed animals, treated with azathioprine cytostatic agent. Chicory extract was administered at a dose of 30 mg/kg per os 1 time per day for 14 days. As a reference drug, Immunal (Lec Pharma, Slovenia) was used. Chicory extract action on the state of cell immune component was evaluated in delayed hypersensitivity reaction. The humoral immunity condition was evaluated by the count of antibody-forming cells determined by the local hemolysis method. The state of the macrophage component of the immune response was evaluated in the phagocytosis reaction of peritoneal macrophages in relation to colloid liquid ink particles. Results: Dry chicory extract is capable to reduce the suppressive azathioprine effect on the cell-mediated immune response, antibody response, and phagocytosis with macrophages; it does not change the immunity indicators in intact animals. Conclusion: Dry chicory extract contains phenolic complex of biologically active substances, namely oxycoumarins, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonoids. Dry chicory extract is an effective immunocorrecting agent; it should be recommended for further study and application aiming for the prevention and treatment of immunodeficiency states.

}, keywords = {Chicory herb, Dry extract, Immunomodulating activity, Phenolic compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.156}, author = {Saybel OL and Rendyuk TD and Dargaeva TD and Nikolaev SM and Khobrakova VB} } @article {1246, title = {Phytochemical and Antibacterial Activity of Cardiospermum halicacabum Against Wound Pathogens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1303-1310}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1303}, abstract = {

Background: Plants serve as an important source for curing various medical ailments for a wide variety of human and animal diseases. It is therefore necessary to prove the biological activities of the selected plants scientifically using modern technology. The current study focuses on the use of Cardiospermum halicacabum in their wound healing applications. Cardiospermum halicacabum is a well-known plant that has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic properties and it is also used to treat joint pains, muscle tears, back pain, etc. Materials and Methods: In this study methanolic extracts of the active compounds from Cardiospermum halicacabum were tested for its phytochemical attributes by qualitative method, GC-MS, and the antioxidant properties were also assessed. The bactericidal activity and Minimal Inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the plant extract has been evaluated in both Gram +ve and Gram -ve microorganisms using the disc diffusion method. Results: The results obtained showed the presence of significant antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The plant extract was found to be more active against Gram positive microbes compared to Gram negative microbes. The extract has the radical scavenging activity of about 77\%. And the GCMS results showed the presence of different phytocompounds which are greatly known for their pharmacognistic activities.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, Cardiospermum halicacabum, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.179}, author = {Sathish Kumar Karuppannan and Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath and Mohamed Khalith SB and Darul Raiyaan GI and Sundarapandian Subramanian and Kantha Deivi Arunachalam} } @article {1117, title = {Phytochemical Compounds in Arundo donax L. Rhizome and Antimicrobial Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {287-292}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {287}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aerial part of Arundo donax L., giant reed, is a well-known fuel source used in many countries. Methods: Phytochemical compounds in A. donax L. rhizome, sequentially extracted with hexane (HEX), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA), and methanol (MeOH), were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial activities of the rhizome extracts were evaluated using disc diffusion assay against yeast (Candida albicans), and bacteria Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus cereus ATCC11778, and Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC25922). Results: The detected phytochemicals were screened against WILEY07 library; 84 compounds matched with a similarity >= 90\%. All the characterized compounds were grouped based on their functional group. The major phytochemicals in the HEX, DCM, and EA extracts belonged to sterol groups, while lipids, fatty acids, and related conjugates were the main components of the methanolic extract. The other characterized compounds were hydrocarbons, phenolics, terpenoids, xanthones, and xanthene. Growth of B. subtilis was inhibited by the HEX, DCM, EA, and MeOH extracts, whereas B. cereus growth was inhibited only by the DCM and EA extracts. However, growth of E. coli and C. albicans could be not inhibited by A. donax L. rhizome extracts. Analysis of the compounds as well as their antibacterial activities via hierarchical clustering showed that hexadecanoic acid is the major compound influencing B. subtilis growth, while, B. cereus growth was affected by xanthone. Conclusions: Rhizomes of A. donax L. is one potential source of antimicrobial agents and further applied in medicinal uses.

}, keywords = {Bacteria, GC-MS, Giant reed, HCA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.45}, author = {Kanoktip Pansuksan and Sophida Sukprasert and Netiya Karaket} } @article {1230, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of the Fruits of Boscia senegalensis (Pers.) Lam. e.g. Pear. (Capparaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1042-1049}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1042}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aims to assess the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of the fruits (pulp and seeds) of Boscia senegalensis from the Ferlo zone in Northern Senegal. Material and Methods: Fruit collection of Boscia senegalensis was carried out in three Ferlo{\textquoteright}s localities: Tess{\'e}k{\'e}r{\'e}, Labgar and Ran{\'e}rou. The sample consists of 36 individuals selected randomly from each locality. The major chemical groups were determined by conventional methods using specific general reagents. The determination of total polyphenols and total flavonoids, the 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing of antioxidant power (FRAP) were evaluated by spectrophotometry. Results and Discussion: The results of the photochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, sterols and triterpenes, flavonoids and polyphenols in both parts of the fruit (pulp and seeds). Assays carried out on extracts of pulp and seed powders reveals higher levels of total polyphenols and flavonoids in the pulp. The study of antioxidant activity has shown that hydro-ethanol extracts of pulp and seeds have a very interesting reducing activity, particularly in the pulp. However, we can see a weak antiradical activity of these extracts. The origin effect has a weak influence on the antiradical and reducing activity of the pulp and seed extracts. Conclusions: The biological activity of the harvested Boscia senegalensis extracts highlighted in this study could justify the traditional uses of this plant in the treatment of several pathologies. This fruit should be consumed in order to prevent few dietary imbalances or valorized in order to develop new bioactive compounds.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Boscia senegalensis, Fruits, Phytochemical screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.147}, author = {Awa KA and Kady Diatta Badji and Moustapha Bassimb{\'e} Sagna and Aliou Guiss{\'e} and Emmanuel Bass{\`e}ne} } @article {1261, title = {Phytochemical Screening and in vivo Immunosuppressive, Antioxidant and Anti-hemolytic Activities of Zea mays Silk Aqueous Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1412-1420}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1412}, abstract = {

Introduction: The use of plants in traditional medicine goes back to antiquity and still represents an essential part of the Moroccan health care system due to their effectiveness. Although Zea mays (ZM) silks are considered as waste products, they are consumed for their medicinal properties. They are rich in bioactive components, giving them a wide range of uses as remedies. The aim of this study was to evaluate after a phytochemical screening, the effect of ZM silk aqueous extract on humoral immune response, on Neutrophil bactericidal, antioxidants and hemolytic activities. Methods: The antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH. Hemagglutination titer assay was used to evaluate the effect on humoral immunity. Hemolytic effect of ZM was evaluated by quantifying hemoglobin rates. The effect on Neutrophil bactericidal activity was assessed using MTT colorimetric assay. Results: The extract exhibited high quantity of saponins and flavones; a high antioxidant activity (IC50: 247,15 vs. control 0,152 mg/ml), a significant (p\<0, 05) immunosuppressive effect in vivo on titer values of antibodies (80 times) as well as an antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis. A significant suppression of Neutrophil bactericidal activity of cells treated with 0, 5 and 1g/ml of ZM extract was observed. It also exhibited a significant dose-dependent anti-hemolytic activity with the lowest hemolytic activity was found with the lowest concentrations of the extract. Conclusion: Our results indicate that aqueous extract of ZM silk possess antioxidant, anti-hemolytic activity as well as an immunosuppressive activity by decreasing humoral immune and Neutrophil bactericidal responses.

}, keywords = {Anti-hemolytic, Antioxidant, Inhibition of antibody production, Neutrophil bactericidal activity, Zea mays silk}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.195}, author = {Bendiar Salma and El Faqer Othman and Chennaoui Sanaa and Benjelloun Naima and Mtairag El Mostafa and Oudghiri Mounia} } @article {1189, title = {Phytochemicals, Antioxidants and Anti-tyrosinase Analyses of Selected Ginger Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {872-883}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {872}, abstract = {

Background: Some of Zingeberaceae are not widely used for medicine of food, although in Thailand have been used them for many reasons about health or the diet. This study evalued the phytochemicals and anti-tyrosinase activities of 16 plant species of Alpinia, Amomum, Curcuma, Etlingera and Kaemferia (Zingiberaceae). Methods: The extractions of dried powdered rhizomes were performed using n-hexane, ethylacetate and ethanol. Percentage extract yield of the samples varied among species and solvent extracts. Chemical groups (alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, steroids and terpenoids) were identified using phytochemical screening. The total phenolic contents (TPC) were analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu{\textquoteright}s reagent, while antioxidant activities were detected using 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothizoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS.+). The anti-tyrosinase was expressed to the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value (mg/mL). Results: The ethyl acetate extract of Amomum showed the highest value of TPC. The strongest antioxidant activity were found in Amomum and Kaemferia extracts, while ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of all samples have a better antioxidant properties than the n-hexane extracts. On the other hand, the n-hexane extracts have the highest anti-tyrosinase potential in all samples and of these, Curcuma extracts were the best group. Conclusion: Our research indicated that plants of the Zingiberaceae would be new sources of antioxidants and anti-tyrosinase for further natural product developments in cosmetics, food or nutraceuticals.

}, keywords = {ABTS assay, Anti-tyrosinase, DPPH assay, Phenolic content, Phytochemicals, Zingiberaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.125}, author = {Apinya Rachkeeree and Kuttiga Kantadoung and Ratchadawan Puangpradub and Ratchuporn Suksathan} } @article {1241, title = {Phytotherapeutic Evidence Against Coronaviruses and Prospects for COVID-19}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1252-1267}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1252}, abstract = {

The emergence of the novel β-coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and subsequent outbreak of COVID-19, is a global health challenge with no known treatment to date and has culminated in significant morbidity and mortality. This article highlights current understanding on SARSCoV- 2 based on the available scientific evidence on human coronavirus (HCoV) infections, which could offer novel insights and therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. Specifically, the paper presents available phytotherapeutic evidence against pathogenic HCoVs with a view to identifying potent plant-derived antiviral agents that could be developed to aid the fight against coronaviruses and the current COVID-19. Evidently, elucidation of CoV integral proteins such as the spike protein, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, 3C-like cysteine protease and papain-like protease, as good targets for drug developments has lent credence to the use of medicinal plants or their metabolites as prophylaxis or treatment interventions in CoV infections and holds promising ground for SARS-CoV-2. While some promising phytocompounds are currently under clinical trials for COVID-19, increased research into plants and in-depth characterization of their metabolites could reveal more interesting results that would benefit humanity in its fight against emerging and re-emerging viral infections including the current COVID-19. Overall, given the current body of evidence on the potential development of phytotherapeutics for COVID-19, fears need to be allayed while clinical trials continue. Conclusively, the lockdown and other preventive measures which have been implemented in most parts of the world should be humanely exercised and supported to ensure compliance and safety of lives.

}, keywords = {Antivirals, Coronavirus, COVID-19, Drug target, Natural products, Plant metabolites, Plants, SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.174}, author = {Abdullahi Temitope Jamiu and Christiana Eleojo Aruwa and Ismail Abiodun Abdulakeem and Abdulwakeel Ayokunnun Ajao and Saheed SABIU} } @article {1071, title = {Potential of Hard Candy Containing Spray-Dried Vernonia cinerea Extract with Total Phenolic Compounds, Total Flavonoids and Nicotine Replacement as an Anti-Smoking Aid}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {35-43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {35}, abstract = {

Backgound: Vernonia cinerea (VC) is a natural plant claimed to reduce cigarette smoking. Some pilot anti-smoking products with nicotine replacement, such as lozenges or gum, have been presented, but with some adverse effects. Thus, application of VC as a new-anti-smoking product is very challenging. Objectives: The aims of this study were to compare the active compounds; total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and nicotine, and study antioxidant activity on scavenging 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrzayl (DPPH) radicals of extracts prepared by spray drying (SD) and freeze drying (FD) techniques for pilot hard candy. Methods: Raw VC materials of mixed parts, i.e., the stem, flowers and leaves, were made to form extracts by FD and SD techniques. Then, extract from the SD technique was manufactured industrially into hard candy containing glucose syrup and refined glucose. Total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, nicotine, scavenging activity of extracts, VC hard candy and placebo candy were evaluated by folin-ciocalteau reagent, aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, high-performance liquid chromatography, ABTS cation decolorization and DPPH protocols. Results: Total phenolic compounds were significantly different between extracts, but total flavonoids and nicotine were slightly higher in SD extract. Antioxidant activity of both extracts on ABTS radicals was not significantly different, but the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) on DPPH radicals was significantly higher in SD extract when compared to the FD extract. Finally, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and nicotine, as well as scavenging activity could be detected in hard candy. Conclusion: VC can be used as an anti-smoking aid with nicotine replacement and anti-oxidant compounds in pilot hard candy.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Hard candy, Nicotine, Total flavonoids, Total phenolic compounds, Vernonia cinerea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.7}, author = {Rungtiwa Kanthain and Supawatchara Singhatong and Surapol Natakankitkul and Nathupakorn Dechsupa and Jirakrit Leelarungrayub} } @article {1218, title = {Potential Test of Nephropathy Sonchus arvensis L. Leaves on Male Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1115-1120}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1115}, abstract = {

This study aims to determine the type of secondary metabolites compounds of the ethanol Sonchus arvensis\ L leaves extract, the effect of ethanol Sonchus arvensis L leaves extracts the levels of blood glucose and a histopathology picture male white rat induced by streptozotocin. This study used 30 males white rats which were divided into 6 groups, namely the control of normal, negative control, positive control, doses of 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg BW. Results of the study showed that the ethanol Sonchus arvensis L. leaves extracts contained compounds of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins and tannins. Sonchus arvensis L ethanol extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg BW is an effective dose in reducing blood glucose levels with an average value of decreasing blood glucose levels 101.6 mg / dL and has an effect on the regeneration of renal tubular cells with an effective dose is 300 mg / kg body weight with an average damage value of 0.28.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Leaf Sonchus arvensis L, Renal, Tubular}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.158}, author = {Joni Tandi and I Nyoman Edi Sutrisna and Mentari Pratiwi and Tien Wahyu Handayani} } @article {1260, title = {Prebiotic Activity of Polysaccharides Extracted from Jerusalem Artichoke Tuber and Development of Prebiotic Granules}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {Research Article}, pages = {1402-1411}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1402}, abstract = {

Introduction: Jerusalem artichoke tubers (JA) contain non-digestible carbohydrates, especially inulin-type fructans, which have been found to possess various benefits on human health, including the prebiotic effect. Although many studies established the prebiotic property of inulin or fructo-oligosaccharides, there are less information of the prebiotic potential of JA crude extract. This study aimed to investigate prebiotic effect of the JA extract and develop prebiotic granules from JA extract. Material and Methods: Crude polysaccharide extract of JA was obtained using hot water and freeze-dried method. The selected probiotics, including L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, B. longum and B. breve were used in this study. The prebiotic effect of the JA extract was indicated by bacterial growth and acid production. Parallelly, JA extract granule formulation was developed to be a prebiotic food product. Results: The JA extract at the highest concentration tested (2\%) caused a significant increase in the growth and acid production of every probiotics tested, including L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, B. longum and B. breve. The growth promoting effects of the 2\% JA extract were detected as early as 12 hour-incubation, and this action was maintained throughout the observed incubation period. Conclusions: The developed JA extract granules possessed desirable properties with the moisture content of 4.00{\textpm}0.20\%. The formulated granule was soluble in water and produced a brown and clear solution with slightly sweet taste. Nonetheless, in vivo experiments on the prebiotic effect of the developed preparation should be performed further.

}, keywords = {Granule, Helianthus tuberosus, Jerusalem artichoke, Prebiotic effect, Probiotics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.194}, author = {Sakulrat Rattanakiat and Pawitra Pulbutr and Wanwisa Khunawattanakul and Bunleu Sungthong and Kritsanee Saramunee} } @article {1103, title = {Properties of A Thiamine Binding Protein Purified from Mung Bean}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {266-270}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {266}, abstract = {

Thiamine (vitamin B1) was the first B vitamin which has been identified. It serves as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in energy metabolism. The laboratory test against thiamine deficiency can be done by measuring thiamine levels in the blood. The aim of this study was to identify the stability and the binding activity characters of TBP. The equilibrium dialysis technique was used to see the factors affecting the bond between TBP and thiamine. The MBTBP concentration of post-chromatographic affinity resulted from dilution of lyophilisate was stable for 30 days at -20{\textdegree}C and 3 days at 4{\textdegree}C. The optimal pH for binding MBTBP to thiamine was 7.5. Alkylation with iodoacetic acid decreased the binding capacity of TBP which suggested the presence of a{\textendash}SH or imidazol group in its active site. The importance of disulfide bridge was proven by decreasing of Thiamine binding capacity of TBP after β-mercaptoethanol treatment. This binding activity was also affected by oxidizing agents, but it was less affected by calcium ions and heavy metals.

}, keywords = {Binding capacity, Mung bean thiamine binding protein (MBTBP), Thiamine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.41}, author = {Dwirini Retno Gunarti and Megawati Kartika and Mohamad Sadikin} } @article {1211, title = {Protective Effect of Natural Products against Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1180-1189}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1180}, abstract = {

Background: Cancer is one of the diseases with high mortality rate recorded each year across the world. Its mainstay treatment is chemotherapy although they are largely toxic, causing severe adverse reactions including cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity. Cardiotoxicity is unique to certain chemotherapeutic agents and occur via several mechanisms. It has been hypothesized that co-administration of natural products which may be cardioprotectant, together with chemotherapy can alleviate cardiotoxicity-induced by chemotherapy. Objectives: This review aimed to provide a brief information about the protective effect of natural products against chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity Methods: To complete this review, relevant literatures were searched from several scientific databases including Google, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science and Pubmed. Results: In this paper, we have reviewed ten natural products (curcumin, mangiferin, naringenin, quercetin, 6-gingerol, lycopene, resveratrol, apigenin, proanthocyanidins and indole-3-carbinol), which have major influences in attenuating chemotherapy-drug induced cardiotoxicity. Apart from the cardioprotective effects, they tend to confer some synergistic effects with chemotherapeutic agents and therefore have the potential to be used as an adjunct. Conclusion: Though a panel of natural products demonstrate protective effects against cardiotoxicity in cells and animal models, their therapeutic potentials for clinical needs further investigation.

}, keywords = {Anticancer drugs, Cardioprotective, Cardiotoxicity, Chemotherapy, Natural products}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.166}, author = {Siti Nurul Najiha Othman and Pei Teng Lum and Siew Hua Gan and Shankar Mani and Mahendran Sekar} } @article {1228, title = {Prototype Star Fruit-Honey Product and Effectiveness on Antixidants, Inflammation and Walking Distance in Participants with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1121-1134}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1121}, abstract = {

Background: Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) is a seasonal fruit, which has proven antioxidant and inflammation activities in vitro. However, sweet-type is more available than sour-type. Therefore, developing a new product from sweet-type star fruit, and evaluating its effectiveness on antioxidants and inflammation have been very challenging. Objectives: The aims were to develop a prototype product from sweet-type star fruit and evaluate its effectiveness with or without walking exercise on participants with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: The prototype product of sweet-type star fruit was prepared industrially by mixing with honey before nutrients such as L-ascorbic acid (Vit C) and total phenolic compound, and contaminants like chemicals, microbials and oxalic acid were evaluated. Effectiveness of this product on antioxidents, inflammation and physical function was evaluated in participants with stable COPD with and without walking exercise, and compared to walking exercise and control participants. Two spoons of the product (20 g) in sterile warm water (150 mL) were guided and consumed twice daily for 4 weeks, whereas the walking exercise was prescribed with moderate intensity at home for 30 min 3 days per week. Plasma Vit C, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrotic factoralpha (TNF-∝) and 6-minutes walking distance (6MWD) were evaluated before and after the 4-week study period. Results: The prototype product composed of star fruit juice with honey (1:1, v:v). Main nutrients were composed of ash (0.4 g), carbohydrate (74.59 g), lipid (2.88 g), protein (0.57 g) and 326.56 kcal of total energy, whereas Vit C and total phenolic compound were equivalent to 0.25 {\textpm} 0.11 mg and 144.89 {\textpm} 2.51 μg gallic acid equivalent in a 100 gram of product. The results of chemicals and microbials showed safety under food conditions. The results of study compared the ages of stable COPD participants between those of the controls (n=10, 69.20{\textpm}1.40 years), and those with star fruit juice and honey supplement (n=20, 71.25 {\textpm} 6.01 years), walking exercise (n=15, 60.60{\textpm}3.38 years), and supplement with walking exercise (n=15, 64.40{\textpm}1.63 years) and no statistical difference was shown in any parameters in the control group. Whereas, the plasma Vit C and TAC levels increased, and MDA and TNF-∝ levels reduced significantly, in the supplement consumption group, which was in contrast to the Vit C, MDA and TNF-∝ levels in the walking exercise group. However, the TAC level increased significantly when the walking exercise was completed. When the prototype product was applied to the walking exercise, the levels of Vit C and TAC increased, and MDA and TNF-∝ levels reduced significantly. Whereas, the supplement levels increased significantly in all of the groups, especially in the 6MWD. Conclusion: This study proposed that sweet-type star fruit can be prepared industrially by mixing with honey, and be developed as a new commercial product with antioxidant and inflammation activities for participants suffering with chronic lung disease.

}, keywords = {6MWD, Antioxidant, COPD, Oxidative stress, Star fruit product, TNF-∝}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.159}, author = {Yothin Pothasak and Jirakrit Leelarungrayub and Surapol Natakankitkul and Supawatchara Singhatong} } @article {1281, title = {Recent Scenario of Impact of Xenobiotics on Marine Fish: An Overview}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1797-1800}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1797}, abstract = {

Xenobiotics from chemicals to plastics have seriously interfered with the biological process of living system. Their impact on aquatic ecosystem, fish in precise is studied with significant interest. However, studies on impact of xenobiotics on marine fish are limited. This literature review integrates and summarizes the impact of xenobiotics on marine fish. The review tries to understand the impact of macro and micro litters, microplastic, metals like mercury and nanoparticles. Finally, we conclude with the ways to regulate the presence and distribution of these xenobiotics in marine environment.

}, keywords = {Fish, Litters, Marine, Xenobiotics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.242}, author = {Jagadeep Chandra S and Chandana GL and Naganagouda V Kote and Sharath Chandra SP} } @article {1292, title = {Resveratrol: Latest Scientific Evidences of its Chemical, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1779-1791}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1779}, abstract = {

Background: Resveratrol is a non-flavonoid polyphenol possesses many biological properties with great potential to develop into various products. In order to cure a wide variety of diseases, resveratrol has attracted a great deal of attention for medicinal purposes. Objective: The present review aimed to provide a comprehensive literature summary of latest scientific evidences on the chemistry, biological properties and therapeutic potentials of resveratrol. Methods: To complete this review, relevant literatures were collected from several scientific databases, including Google Scholar, Pubmed and ScienceDirect, using keywords {\textquotedblleft}source{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}chemistry{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}bioavailability{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}pharmacokinetics{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}isolation{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}anticancer{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}analgesic{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}antiinflammatory{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}antidiabetic{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}nephroprotective activity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}neuroprotective activity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}antiobesity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}cardioprotective effects{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}antioxidant{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}anti-aging{\textquotedblright} with resveratrol. After a detailed screening process for inclusion and exclusion, the information obtained was summarised. Results: The information on the source, chemistry, bioavailability, biological and therapeutic potentials of resveratrol were tabled. In various pathological conditions, resveratrol can be considered as powerful antioxidants along with multidimensional molecular targets such as NF-ҡB, MAPK, AMPK, SIRT-1, Nrf-2, m-TOR, PI3K/Akt and PPAR-γ signaling pathways. Conclusion: Based on the existing knowledge, we may believe that resveratrol has a significant therapeutic potential for the treatment of various diseases. To accelerate the development and utilization of resveratrol as promising products, in-depth studies should be focused on exploiting its properties and developing phytopharmaceuticals.

}, keywords = {Bioavailability, Inflammatory cytokines, Molecular targets, Pharmacology, Resveratrol, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.240}, author = {Nur Mursyida Saad and Mahendran Sekar and Siew Hua Gan and Pei Teng Lum and Jaishree Vaijanathappa and Subban Ravi} } @article {1157, title = {A Review on Genus Saurauia: Chemical Compounds and their Biological Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {657-666}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {657}, abstract = {

Introduction: Saurauia plant has been widely used to treat a variety of diseases suffered by villagers at various places in the world. These species are widely used traditionally by the community as antidiabetic and digestive problems{\textquoteright} remedy. This paper will present various uses and researches ever carried out by researchers in the world on various types of the genus Saurauia. Methods: The Information was collected from scientific journals, books, and reports. Results: This review summarizes the existing information on several species of Saurauia in relation to their chemical compounds and biological activity. There are some of chemical compounds present and identified in Saurauia, i.e. 3β-hydroxy-Olean-12-en- 28oic acid; 3,19-Dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid; 3-hidroksi, 12(13)-en, 28-oleanolat acid; actinidin; several monoterpene lactones; seven triterpenoids, namely, cis-3-O-p-hydroxycinnamoyl ursolic acid; trans-3-O-p-hydroxycinnamoyl ursolic acid; ursolic acid; oleanolic acid; corosolic acid; maslinic acid; and β-amyrin; and two steroids, stigmasterol; and β-sitosterol. There are several biological activities afforded by Saurauia i.e. antioxidant activity, anti-cholesterol, antidiabetic activity, antihyperlipidemic, analgetic activity, antimicrobial activity, wound-healing activity and immunostimulatory activity.

}, keywords = {Biological activity, Chemical compounds, Human disease remedy, Saurauia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.97 }, author = {Gunawan Pasaribu and Emil Budianto and Herry Cahyana and Endang Saepudin} } @article {1202, title = {A Review on Phaseolus vulgaris Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1160-1164}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1160}, abstract = {

Medicinal herbs have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since antiquated times. Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. (Family-Fabaceae) commonly known as French bean, is a most consuming carbohydrate and protein rich food crop having medicinal values. This plant having diverse compounds like carbohydrate, proteins, flavonoids, Saponins, tannins and phenolic acid. The seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. Possess having anti-urolithiatic activity and anti- obesity activity. This review provides a summary of phytochemistry and pharmacological effect of Phaseolus vulgaris Linn., The plant can be further investigated for other pharmacological activities as it contains variety of chemical constituents and it is a commonly using food crop and medical remedies of this plant are sync with nature.

}, keywords = {Food crop, Obesity, Phaseolus vulgaris Linn, Urolithiasis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.163}, author = {M Devi and S Dhanalakshmi and GE Thillai Govindarajan and BA Tanisha and Talluri Sonalika and JE Ruth and T Avinash and C Jethendra Sri and K Logeswaran and M Nithish Ramasamy} } @article {1186, title = {Simultaneous Quantification of Lupeol, Stigmasterol and β- Sitosterol in Extracts of Adhatoda vasica Nees Leaves and its Marketed Formulations by a Validated RP-HPLC Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {850-856}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {850}, abstract = {

Background: Adhatoda vasica Nees (Acanthaceae) is a well-known medicinal plant used for the treatment of respiratory disorders such as asthma and bronchitis. Objective: To develop a simple and precise RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous assessment of lupeol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol of various extracts of Adhatoda vasica Nees. Materials and Methods: The compounds were separated on RP-Phenomenex C18 (250mm{\texttimes}4.6mm; 5μ) column with a mobile phase comprising of 0.1\%v/v formic acid in water and methanol (28:82\%v/v) splashed at a flow of 0.8mL/min with PDA detector at 208nm. Results: The retention time of lupeol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol was found to be 16.89, 18.26 and 20.72 minutes respectively. The amount of lupeol was abundant in hexane extract (0.952\%w/w) and formulation III (23.72ng/g) whereas, stigmasterol (0.285\%w/w) and β-sitosterol (8.649\%w/w) was highly abundant in chloroform extract and formulation I stigmasterol (2.57ng/g) and β-sitosterol (0.98ng/g). The optimized method was validated for different parameters and all the validated constraints were within the limits as per ICH guidelines. The proposed method was linear over the concentration range of 12.5-200μg/mL with correlation coefficients greater than 0.997. The LOD and LOQ values of lupeol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol were found to be 0.66, 5.64 and 12.8μg/mL and 2.01, 17.10 and 36.62μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: To conclude, the developed method for the simultaneous estimation of lupeol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol was simple, precise, accurate and thus reliable for the quality control investigations of crude drugs and its herbal formulations.

}, keywords = {Adhatoda vasica Nees, HPLC, Lupeol, Simultaneous quantification, Stigmasterol, β-sitosterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.122}, author = {Nandhini S and Ilango K} } @article {1119, title = {The Study of External Signs, Microscopy and Chemical Composition of Medicinal Plant Materials of Verоnica beccabunga L. Herb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {391-403}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {391}, abstract = {

Introduction: Veronica beccabunga L. belongs to the class dicotyledons, order Lami{\'a}les, family Scrophulariaceae. Representatives of the genus Veronica have long been used in folk medicine as antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antiseptic, wound healing, hemostatic, choleretic and antispasmodic drugs. Widely studied species are Veronica officinalis and Veronica chamaedrys. Veronica beccabunga L., which is the object of our study, remains a poorly studied plant. Aim: The study of external signs, microscopy and chemical composition of medicinal plant materials of Verоnica beccabunga L. herb. Materials and Methods: Chromato-mass spectrometry was used in the work. Results and Discussion: When describing external signs and microscopy, diagnostic signs of Verоnica beccabunga were revealed. 27 compounds were identified by chromatography-mass spectrometry. The maximum content falls on: Citronellol epoxide (R or S) (30.5 \%), Linolenic acid, ethyl ester (15.18), Diethyl succinate (12.17\%), Ethyl palmitate (6.43\%), Phytol (4.89\%), Acetaldehyde ethyl amyl acetal (3.94\%), Dibenzylamine (3.01\%), Oleamide (2.77\%), 2-(1-Methylbutyl)oxirane (2.7\%), Butyl octyl phthalate(1.7\%), Ethyl 10-bromodecanoate (1.68), Valeric acid, 4-methyl-, ethyl ester (1.58). Glycoside detected : 1-Benzyl-1Hbenzimidazole 3-oxide (0.76\%). Conclusion: The revealed morphological and anatomical signs of Verоnica beccabunga herb can be used to diagnose this species and develop authenticity indicators for promising medicinal herbs. 27 compounds were identified by chromatographymass spectrometry. Using the method of simple normalization, the relative percentage of identified compounds was determined.

}, keywords = {1-Benzyl-1H-benzimidazole 3-oxide, Verоnica beccabunga L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.61}, author = {Angelina V Strelyaeva and Olga A Larina and Alla M Antsyshkina and Roman M Kuznetsov and Alina A Bondar and Vladimir A Sorokin} } @article {1123, title = {Study of the Effect of Lampeni (Ardisia humilis Vahl.) Planting Condition toward the Alpha-glucosidase Inhibition Activity in vitro}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {377-385}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {377}, abstract = {

Background: The quality of a medicinal plant is influenced by agronomic conditions and harvesting time. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of planting method (openair (OA) and shedding house (SH)) and harvesting time (2, 4, 6 months) of Lampeni (Ardisia humilis Vahl.) toward the inhibitory activity of alpha-glucosidase. Methods: The Lampeni seedling were placed under controlled light conditions (SH) and on direct sun exposure (OA). Harvesting of the leaves was carried out at the age of 2, 4, and 6 months after plantation (2m, 4m, and 6m). Each leaves dry powder was refluxed with methanol 70\% and followed by liquid-liquid partition using n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and water. All samples were evaluated toward inhibition of the alpha-glucosidase enzyme in vitro. Total phenol levels were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Results: The results showed that EtOAc fractions of both plantation techniques exhibited the highest inhibition of alpha-glucosidase. The highest activity was demonstrated by the 4m-OA-EtOAc fraction (IC50, 93.50 ppm) and followed by the 6m-OA-EtOAc fraction (IC50, 98.13 ppm). Based on the kinetic study, the inhibition type of the two most active samples were categorized as a non-competitive type. Total phenolic contents were decreased in the following order: 6m-SH-EtOAc \> 4m-OA-EtOAc \> 6m-OAEtOAc \> 4m-SH-EtOAc fraction. It was shown that there was no positive correlation between the strength of inhibition with total phenolic content. Conclusions: This study concluded that Lampeni at open-air plantation harvested on fourth months demonstrated the highest alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity, although there was no positive correlation between the inhibition activity and phenolic content.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase, Ardisia humilis Vahl., Lampeni, Open-air, Shedding house, total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.59}, author = {Sri Ningsih and Fifit Juniarti and Idah Rosidah and Adam Arditya Fajriawan and Kurnia Agustini and Syofi Rosmalawati and Agung Eru Wibowo and Erliana Sasikirana and Wahono Sumaryono} } @article {1297, title = {Supplementation of Lactobacillus Probiotic Strains Supports Gut- Brain-Axis and Defends Autistic Deficits Occurred by Valproic Acid-Induced Prenatal Model of Autism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1658-1669}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1658}, abstract = {

Background: Gut microbiota can interact with the brain by bidirectional communication through Gut-Brain-Axis. Gut microbiota colonization is essential for the establishment of symbiotic relation between gut and brain. A healthy gut can properly directs the brain for its functions. Autistic people are deficient in gut microbiota, a condition known as Dysbiosis. Gastro-Intestinal symptoms are comorbid conditions in autism. Re-colonization with daily supplementation of microbiota is needed in autism. Methods: Autism induced by Valproic acid (VPA) at a dose of 400 mg/kg, i.p. on an embryonic day (ED) 12 to the pregnant rats. Born rats exhibited many autistic features, for the treatment we selected specific Lactobacilli strains such as L. Plantarum, L. Casei, L. Acidophilus, L. Bulgaricus, with a dosage of not less than (NLT) 1 Billion Colony-forming units (CFU) /ml given orally every day for 42 days. Results: The results showed that Lactobacillus strains significant ameliorated the behavioral anomalies such as T-Maze, Memory, Social interaction studies as compared to the autistic group. Furthermore, Lactobacillus supplementation helped to shift the hypersertonomia (27.33{\textpm}2.33 vs 8.167{\textpm}0.72), increasesd BDNF (59.00{\textpm}2.08 vs 48.17{\textpm}0.60) increased IL-6 (46.00{\textpm}1.52 vs 32.00{\textpm}1.73) and TNF- α levels (145.0{\textpm}3.21 vs 98.67 {\textpm} 2.028) to baseline. Histopathology examination of the cerebellum revealed that apoptosis and degeneration were reversed with lactobacillus treatment. Conclusion: This study proved, daily supplementation of Lactobacillus strains has reversed autistic deficits and improved immune functions might because of gut and brain symbiotic relationship.

}, keywords = {Autism, Dysbiosis, Gut-Brain-Axis, Lactobacillus strains, VPA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.226}, author = {K Sunand and G Krishna Mohan and Vasudha Bakshi} } @article {1247, title = {Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Extracts of Cordia sebestena L. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1311-1316}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1311}, abstract = {

Background: Cordia sebestena L. (Boraginaceae) wildly planted in Jakarta, Indonesia. The secondary metabolites of plants have biological and pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant. The antioxidant activity of plants might be due to their phenolic compounds. Objective: To determine the total phenolic content and evaluate the antioxidant activity of C. sebestena leaves extracts (n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and 70\% ethanol). Materials and Methods: The total phenolic content was determined using spectrophotometric methods with a Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by its ability to inhibit DPPH radicals through IC50 values (ppm). Results: The highest total phenolic content (167.61 {\textpm} 0.56 mg GAE/g) and best antioxidant activity (31.41 ppm) were found in 70\% ethanol extract of C. sebestena compared to other extracts (ethyl acetate \> dichloromethane \> n-hexane). Conclusion: The C. sebestena leaves have a good potential as a source of natural antioxidant, and further research, is recommended to evaluate the antioxidant activity using another method.

}, keywords = {Boraginaceae, Cordia sebestena, DPPH, Folin-Ciocalteu}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.180}, author = {Ni Putu Ermi Hikmawanti and Endang Hanani and Yuni Sapitri and Wulan Ningrum} } @article {1259, title = {Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid and Phytochemical Screening by FTIR Spectroscopic of Standardized Extract of Mikania micrantha Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1395-1401}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1395}, abstract = {

Background: Mikania micrantha is a great plant that has been used as raw material for traditional medicines. Objective: This paper aims to evaluate total phenols, total flavonoids, and phytochemical screening by FTIR spectroscopy of standardized extract of Mikania micrantha leaf to confirm its medicinal values. Materials and Methods: The leaves were extracted by maceration method using ethanol 96\% and evaporated by rotary evaporator. The determination of total phenolic and total flavonoid were performed by spectroscopic method. The phytochemical constituent was screened through the bioactive group of the chemical by FTIR analysis. Results: The total phenolic of extract of Mikania micrantha leaf ranged from 13.19{\textpm}0.74 to 34.24{\textpm}1.24 mg gallic acid equivalent/g and total flavonoid ranged from 1.11{\textpm}0.11 to 20.63{\textpm}0.16 mg quercetin/g. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of O-H, aliphatic CH, and C=O functional group. Conclusion: the result of this study confirm that Mikania micrantha possesses the potential of bioactive compounds which are responsible for the biological activities that are useful for raw material of traditional medicines.

}, keywords = {FT-IR, Mikania micrantha, total flavonoid, total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.193}, author = {Imam Bagus Sumantri and Henny Sri Wahyuni and Lolyta Fiti Mustanti} } @article {1219, title = {Toxicity Assessment, Evaluation of Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity on Cordia obliqua Fruit Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1005-1011}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1005}, abstract = {

Background: Cordia obliqua Willd plant is a genus of flowering plants in the borage family, Boraginaceae. It is also known as clammy cherry. Very little research was carried out for identification of its medicinal importance when compared to other Cordia species Objective: To determine the safe dose and to explore the in vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of Cordia obliqua fruits Methods: As per our previous study the ethanolic and aqueous extracts were rich in phytoconstituents and exhibited good in vitro antioxidant effect. So the ethanolic and aqueous extracts were used for evaluation of activity. Acute toxicity study (LD50) was conducted according to OECD guidelines. For hepatoprotective activity paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity was studied using standard drug like Silymarin. The antioxidant potential] of the plant extracts were tested using three tests viz, Reduced GSH, Catalase and SOD activity Results: Acute toxicity studies showed the non-toxic nature of Cordia obliqua fruit extract upto dose of 3000mg/kg body weight. Administration of Paracetamol to rats increased the levels of marker enzymes like ALT, AST and ALP. Increase in the levels of these enzymes in serum indicates damage to the liver cells. Pretreatment with aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Cordia obliqua decreased the levels of ALT, AST, ALP and increased levels of total protein, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and comparisons histology of cells of extract which are an indication for the hepatoprotective activity. Conclusion: The fruits of Cordia obliqua are safe and effective in treatment of hepatic disorders and prevent oxidation of cells.

}, keywords = {Cordia obliqua, Hepatotoxicity, Paracetamol, Silymarin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.142}, author = {G Tharun and S Sivakrishnan and JVC Sharma} } @article {1306, title = {UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS Profiling of Clerodendrum inerme and Clerodendrum splendens and Significant Activity Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1518-1524}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1518}, abstract = {

Introduction: Antibiotic resistance is a major problem that is spreading and increasing while the development of new antibiotics is ceasing. As a result, some bacterial infections that were easily treated previously became untreatable. The antibacterial activity of Clerodendrum inerme and Clerodendrum splendens leaves were investigated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the widely known multi-drug resistant bacterium. UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS is characterized by high sensitivity, resolution and speed for identification of plant metabolites even the minor ones. The chemical constituents of the leaves of C. inerme and C. splendens were investigated by UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS metabolic analysis. Methods: The antibacterial activity of the ethanol extracts of the leaves of the two species under investigation was evaluated against the multi-ethanol drug resistant bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis using MABA assay. The methanol extracts of the leaves of C. inerme and C. splendens were subjected to comparative UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS analysis. Results: The ethanol extract of C .inerme leaves showed significant antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, while that of C. splendens showed moderate activity. The UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS analysis revealed a total of 36 metabolites detected and tentatively identified in the two species under investigation, among them 28 chromatographic peaks were assigned in C. inerme while only 14 were assigned in these C. splendens. The main classes of secondary metabolites detected were Phenylpropanoid and, iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, diterpenoids, phenolic acid and fatty acid derivatives. Conclusion: The results of the antibacterial activity and UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/ MS analysis showed stronger activity and higher number of metabolites for C. inerme as compared to C. splendens.

}, keywords = {Clerodendrum, Diterpenoids, Iridoids, Mycobacterium, Phenyl-propanoids, UPLC profiling}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.208}, author = {Hesham I Elaskary and Omar M Sabry and Asmaa M Khalil and Soheir M El Zalabani} } @article {1242, title = {Wound Healing Activity of an Ointment from Solanum tuberosum L. "Tumbay Yellow Potato" on Mus musculus Balb/c}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1268-1275}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1268}, abstract = {

Background: Solanum tuberosum L. is an Andean tuber that is mainly characterized by its antioxidant properties. Objective: To evaluate the healing activity of an S. tuberosum-based ointment on wounds induced in mice. Material and methods: Ethanolic extracts of peel and pulp of tubers of S. tuberosum "Tumbay yellow potato" were prepared, which were incorporated into 1\% and 2\% ointment formulations. Mus musculus Balb/c with induced wound were distributed in the following working groups: Group I (Negative Control), Group II (Positive Control: Neomycin, Polymyxin B and Bacitracin Ointment) and Groups III and IV (Ointment at 1 \% and 2\% of S. tuberosum extract, respectively), daily administration of topical treatments were carried out for 07 days. Wound closure was determined during the experimentation time, then euthanized with sodium pentobarbital 60 mg/kg b.w. (i.p.) to obtain skin samples for histopathological analysis. Results: Groups III and IV showed that better evidence of wound closure and scarring in the histopathological analysis, the greatest effect being in Group IV. Conclusions: S. tuberosum ointments show healing activity in induced wounds in mice, the most effective treatment being the 2\% ointment formulation.

}, keywords = {Histology, Skin, Solanum tuberosum, Wound Healing, Yellow potato}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.175}, author = {Galy P Rosas-Cruz and Carmen R Silva-Correa and Abhel A Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and V{\'\i}ctor E Villarreal-La Torre and Cinthya L Aspajo-Villalaz and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco and Jorge Del Rosario-Ch{\'a}varri and Juan C Rodr{\'\i}guez-Soto and Orlando E Pretel-Sevillano and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Anabel D Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha} } @article {1094, title = {Wound Healing Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Selaginella Bryopteris on Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {335-341}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {335}, abstract = {

The objective of the present study was to determine wound healing activity of ethanolic extract of Selaginella bryopteris on rats. The whole plant of S. bryopteris Linn. was collected from Andhra Pradesh, India and extraction was done using ethanol. GC-MS analysis was performed to determine active metabolites present in the extract followed by determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents. In vivo wound healing activity of ethanolic extract was evaluated using excision wound model. The extract was applied topically on animals by preparing ointment in two concentrations (5\% and 10\%) where soframycin (10\%) was taken as positive control. Antioxidant activity of S. bryopteris extract was observed by measuring oxidative enzymatic levels i.e. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), reduced Glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in animal tissues. Histopathological studies of excised skin were carried out after the experimental period. The contraction rate of the wound was higher and dose-dependent in rats treated with 5\% and 10 \% ointment of extract in comparison to untreated control group. The drug treated groups showed recovery phase and the percentage of healing was more in 10\% at the end of experimental period. Results exhibited sufficient insights on the healing process with normal recovery stages and restored oxidative enzymatic levels. Histopathological findings provided additional positive results; the dermis with proliferating capillaries and skeletal muscle were replaced by cellular fibrous tissue and collagen fibers. Overall, the results showed that ethanolic extract of S.bryopteris was an interesting traditional agent that possess significant wound healing activity.

}, keywords = {Flavonoid content, Oxidative stress, Selaginellabryopteris, total phenolic content, Wound Excision Model}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.53}, author = {Shravan Kumar Paswan and Sajal Srivastava and Chandana Venkateswara Rao} } @article {961, title = {Aloe Vera Peel Extract Administration Increased Antioxidant Enzyme Levels of Serum and Seminal Plasma in Type 2 Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {962-967}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {962}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered as a complex metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Aloe vera peel extract on the antioxidant levels of serum and seminal plasma of type 2 diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rat was injected by 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) combined with 230 mg/kg of Nicotinamide acid (NA) intraperitoneally. The rats were declared to have diabetic with fasting blood glucose level \> 200 mg/dl 72 hours after induction. Diabetic rat samples were divided into four groups, control group (diabetes without treatment) and three groups were treated by Aloe vera peel extracts orally: 100 mg (P.1), 200 mg (P.2), and 400 mg/kg body weight (P.3), respectively. Antioxidant levels of serum and seminal plasma, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) were examined after 28 days of treatment. Results: The levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH in the group receiving Aloe vera peel extract were statistically significant (p \<0.05) higher than the control. There were also significant differences between the dose variations group. Conclusion: Aloe vera peel extract can significantly increase antioxidant levels in serum and seminal plasma of type 2 diabetic mice.

}, keywords = {Aloe vera peel extract, Antioxidants, Diabetes, Seminal Plasma, Serum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.152}, author = {Wulan Christijanti and Achmad Zulfa Juniarto and Lisyani B. Suromo} } @article {758, title = {Alpha Mangostin and Xanthone Activity on Fasting Blood Glucose, Insulin and Langerhans Islet of Langerhans in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {64-68}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {64}, abstract = {

Objective: This research elaborated role of alpha mangostin and xanthone on fasting blood glucose, insulin and langerhans islet in alloxan induced diabetic mice. Methods: Fasting blood glucose, insulin and langerhans islet test were conducted using male Mus musculus mice, divided into 10 groups randomly, which were normal, control (alloxan induced only), glibenclamide, various doses of α-mangostin and xanthone (5, 10, 20 mg/kgbw). Mice were treated for 21 days. Overnight-fasted mice (12 h) were sacrificed by cervical decapitation on day 21st, following the ethical norms granted by the ethics committee. Fasting blood glucose and insulin plasma were checked. Pancreatic tissues were excised from sacrificed animals, and then fixed in 10 \% (v/v) neutral buffered formalin. Histologic observations for Langerhans area were performed after staining using Gomori staining method. Results: The effects of alpha mangostin and xanthone on fasting blood glucose different significantly to control, and were not significantly different from glibenclamide and metformin. Increasing alpha mangostin/xanthone dose from 5 mg/kgbw to 20 mg/bw also did not cause significant differences, although the best results were obtained at a dose of 20 mg/kgbw. Insulin plasma analize showed that there were no significant difference between alpha mangostin/xanthone to normal group, except xanthone 10 mg/kgbw. Langerhans area showed significant difference between alpha mangostin/xanthone to control group. But there{\textquoteright}s still had significant difference if we compare to glibenclamid/metformin group. Conclusion: Alpha mangostin and xanthone are two substances that showed antidiabetic effect on fasting blood glucose level, insulin plasma and Langerhans islet.

}, keywords = {Fasting blood glucose, Insulin plasma, Langerhans, Xanthone, α-mangostin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.12}, author = {Welly Ratwita and Elin Yulinah Sukandar and I Ketut Adnyana and Neng Fisheri Kurniati} } @article {881, title = {Altitude and Seed Phenotypic Effect on Amygdalin Content in Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Kernel}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, year = {2019}, pages = {xx-xx}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {xx}, abstract = {

Objective: Genetic component influencing amygdalin content in apricot kernel is well documented. This study aims to evaluate influence of altitude and seed phenotypic characters on amygdalin content in apricot kernel. Methods: Fruits from 126 genotypes differing in kernel taste and seed coat colour were collected from seven locations from 3008-3346 m asl in trans-Himalaya. Amygdalin content in kernel was determined. Results: Amygdalin content in bitter kernel was significan tly higher (44.6{\textpm}9.0 mg.g-1) than that of sweet kernel (3.1{\textpm}1.8 mg.g-1) with brown seed coat. The geographical elevation had no influence on kernel amygdalin content. Similarly, seed and kernel physical characters, except seed coat color, had no significant effect on kernel amygdalin content. High variability within genotypes was observed suggesting that genotype played significant role on amygdalin content in apricot kernel. Low amygdalin content (2.4{\textpm}1.2 mg.g-1) in apricot kernel with white seed coat phenotype confirmed our earlier finding that the white phenotypic marker is associated with sweet kernel. Conclusion: The geographical elevation had no influence on kernel amygdalin content. White seed coat phenotype can be taken as a marker for low amygdalin content in future studies.

}, keywords = {Bitterness, Cyanide, Elevation, Ladakh, Seed Coat, Sweetness}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.xx}, author = {Avilekh Naryal and Pushpender Bhardwaj and Anil Kant and OP Chaurasia and Tsering Stobdan} } @article {883, title = {Anatomical and Histochemical Characterization of Leaves of Luffa cylindrica (L.) M. Roem}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {511-514}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {511}, abstract = {

Background: Luffa cylindrica (L.) M. Roem. (Cucurbitaceae) is an herbaceous plant used for food as compose salads and do sweets and also used in traditional medicine as treat parasitic infections and intestinal diseases. Although this information, there are not many relates about anatomic characters for use in your quality control. Objective: The aim was investigating the anatomical characters of petiole and leaf blade and characterizing the metabolites in the leaf blade of L. cylindrica. Materials and Methods: Semipermanent histological slides were prepared for analysis of petiole and leaf blade in optical microscopy. Histochemical tests were also performed in the leaf blade. Results: The anatomical study revealed information about the type of trichomes, cuticle, vascular bundles and arrangement of the tissues that determine the botanical identity of this species. It was also identifying, for the first time, the presence of two types of trichomes in both of leaf blades faces. The histochemistry allowed determining which metabolites are in the leaf blade and also their location. Conclusion: The study described new characters for L. cylindrica and the results provide support to quality control of the species.

}, keywords = {Anatomy, Cucurbitaceae, Histochemistry, Luffa cylindrica, microscopy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.81}, author = {La{\'\i}s Emanuelle Bernardo Vieira and Rafaela Damasceno S{\'a} and Karina Perrelli Randau} } @article {814, title = {Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Jojoba Wax Liquid (Simmondsia chinensis)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {191-194}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {191}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plants are a rich source of bioactive compounds. Simmondsia chinensis, also known as Jojoba, is the sole member the Simmondsiaceae{\textquoteright}s family and has been known traditionally for many medical uses. Objectives: Herein we evaluate the value of crude jojoba oil (J.O) as an antimicrobial agent in vitro. Methods: J.O was tested for potential antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, P. mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Asperigillus flavus. Results: Our results did not show any effect on fungi or yeast. However, a significant antibacterial activity was observed against B. subtilis, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis. A high activity was observed for J.O at Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) level of 12.5 mg/ml. Interestingly, S. typhimurium, E. coli and Ps. aeruginosa were found to be highly resistant. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that J.O may have a medicinal potential as natural antibacterial agent.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antimicrobial activity, Jojoba oil, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Simmondsia chinesisis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.31}, author = {Ahmed Al-Ghamdi and Thanaa Elkholy and Shahd Abuhelal and Hatim Al-Abbadi and Dina Qahwaji and Nahlaa Khalefah and Hanaan Sobhy and Mohammad Abu-Hilal} } @article {972, title = {Antidepressant-Like Effects of Dracocephalum moldavica L. in Mouse Models of Immobility Tests}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {976-983}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {976}, abstract = {

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the antidepressant activity of the ethanolic extracts of {\textquotedblleft}toronjil azul{\textquotedblright}(Dracocephalum moldavica L.). Methodology: The forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) were performed on CD-1 mice to evaluate the antidepressant activity of the ethanolic extracts. The ethanolic extracts were administered orally at an 80 and 100 mg/kg. The animals were dosed 1, 6 and 24 h before initiating the FST assay and 40 minutes before for the TST assay. Imipramine and fluoxetine were dosed at 15 mg/kg, while the flavonoid quercetin was given an a lower concentration of 10 mg/kg as a positive controls. Results: The extracts of Dracocephalum moldavica L. and significantly decreased the immobility time in the FST and TST assays when compared with the negative control and reported similar values than those obtained with the positive controls. Conclusion: The results obtained indicate that extract of Dracocephalum moldavica L. have antidepressant effect similar to those obtained by.

}, keywords = {Depression, Dracochepalum moldavica L., Forced swim test, Tail suspension test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.154}, author = {Marcos Ignacio Jimenez Zuniga and Alejandro Jonathan Hurtado Mariles and Jose Luis Castrejon Flores and Jose Antonio Mondragon Herrera and Maria Guadalupe Ramirez Sotelo and Genaro Ivan Ceron Montes and Yolanda de las Mercedes Gomez y Gomez} } @article {867, title = {Antidiabetic, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Different Extracts from Brucea javanica (L.) Merr Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {479-485}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {479}, abstract = {

Introduction: The seeds of B. javanica are known as herbal material for anticancer, antimalaria and antiamoeba. Limited report is available on their antidiabetic and antibacterial properties. Methods: Methanol (ME) and Ethyl acetate extracts (EAE) were studied for their inhibition activities on α-glucosidase in vitro, including combination of ME with acarbose and inhibition mechanism. Antibacterial activity was tested by well diffusion and microdilution methods. The extracts were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant property by DPPH assay, as well as their phenolic and flavonoid contents. Results: ME exhibited a strong α-glucosidase inhibition activity (IC50 271.97 μg/ml) compared to EAE and acarbose (IC50 of 1745.05 and 823.99 μg/ml, respectively). A low dose of ME gave an additive inhibition on α-glucosidase when combined with acarbose. By a kinetic analysis, ME was found to inhibit α-glucosidase in a mixed-type inhibition. Both ME and EAE showed strong antibacterial activities against gram negative and positive bacteria. The strongest inhibition was observed against C. violaceum and S. mutans for ME (MIC of both 0.387 mg/ml) and P. aeruginosa for EAE (MIC 2.938 mg/ml). Both extracts showed weaker antioxidant activities than standards; IC50 664.73 and 4225.40 μg/ml, respectively. ME was rich in phenolics (277.54 mg GAE/100 g DW), unlike EAE (1.86 mg GAE/100 g DW). Conclusion: This study can recommend B. javanica seeds as a source for antidiabetic and antibacterial agents. Combination with acarbose may have important role for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Additive inhibition, Antibacterial, Brucea javanica, Mixed type inhibition, α-glucosidase inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.76}, author = {Adelina Simamora and Kris Herawan Timotius and Adit Widodo Santoso} } @article {862, title = {Antidiabetic Aptitude of Cordia sebestena and its Outcome on Biochemical Parameters, Serum Electrolytes, and Hematological Markers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {418-423}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {418}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study investigated the antidiabetic outcome of ethanolic extract of Cordia sebestena fruit (EECSF) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetogenic rodents and evaluated its consequence to improve the level of biochemical parameters, serum electrolytes level, and hematological indices along with its impact on body weight. Materials and Methods: The albino rodents were selected to observe oral glucose tolerance test by oral intake of aqueous glucose solution (4 g/kg, body weight) in normal rodents and assessment of blood glucose level after administration of EECSF at 100 and 200 mg/kg and standard drug glibenclamide at 0.6 mg/kg, body weight. Antidiabetic activity was estimated in the chronic biological model by STZ (65 mg/kg/i.p.)-induced diabetes in rodents escorted by the determination of blood glucose. Further pharmacological research was carried out to explore the effect of EECSF on body weight, variations in biochemical parameters including aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and total protein, transformations in serum electrolytes such as Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca2+ along with estimation of hematological indices such as red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes. Results: It was discovered that EECSF significantly lowered the blood glucose level of diabetic rodents along with enhancement in body weight. Correspondingly, EECSF significantly ameliorated the biochemical parameters, serum electrolytes, and hematological indices. Conclusion: The results demonstrated the antidiabetic potential of EECSF in STZ-induced diabetes in rodents, and it could be selected to benefit from diabetes and its affiliated complexities inclusive of anemia, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and hepatitis.

}, keywords = {Anemia, Antidiabetic, Cordia sebestena, Glucose, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.65}, author = {Sachin Chaudhary and Harish Chandra Verma and Mandeep Kumar Gupta and Hitesh Kumar and Sudhansu Ranjan Swain and Ramesh Kumar Gupta and Abdel-Nasser El-Shorbagi} } @article {876, title = {Antidiabetic Potential and HPTLC Fingerprinting of Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {469-474}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {469}, abstract = {

Introduction: Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken., also known as Lac tree, is a traditional plant used to treat different ailments since ancient time. The folkloric use of this plant as hypoglycemics is still un-revealed scientifically. So, the present study includes the in-vivo evaluation of hypoglycemic activity with HPTLC fingerprinting, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of the extracts of the plant. Methods: Ethanolic extract of the plant (SOE) was subjected for phytochemical screening and HPTLC finger printing (using CAMAG LINOMAT 5 instrument). For the evaluation of hypoglycemic activity Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats were treated with glibenclamide (0.5mg/kg body weight) and ethanolic extract (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight) of the plant. Acute and chronic studies were performed for the evaluation of blood glucose levels. Results: The presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenolics and flavonoids were confirmed in the preliminary phytochemical screening. Quantitative screening of total tannins (6.15{\textpm}4.20), total flavonoids (25.13{\textpm}3.21) and total phenolic compounds (48.09{\textpm}2.58) were reported. HPTLC fingerprinting analysis of SOE affirmed the presence of quercetin. Conclusion: The positive outcome was observed in the results of hypoglycemic activity, as all the treatments significantly decreased blood glucose level. During the study, SOE and glibenclamide maintained the body weight of the rats while diabetic control reduced the body weight by 11.33\%. In support of its traditional use Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken. was proved to be a potent antidiabetic herbal plant.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Hypoglycemic, Quercetin, Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.74}, author = {Shambaditya Goswami and Ravindra Pal Singh} } @article {1016, title = {Anti-inflammatory Effect of Phyllanthus niruri L. from Indonesia (Pre-clinical Study)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1347-1350}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1347}, abstract = {

Indonesian people often use Phyllanthus niruri L. (P. niruri L.) to treat pain. Pain is the one of symptoms of inflammation. Some people take traditional medicine to treat this pain, because some analgesic drugs have several adverse effects. The aim of this research is to explore the anti-inflammatory effect of ethyl asetat fraction of ethanolic extract of P. niruri L. (EAPN) from Indonesia in rats induced by carrageenan. A total of 25 rats were divided into 5 groups. Group 1 (diclofenac sodium 50 mg/kgbb), group 2 (aqueous extract), groups 3,4and 5 were ethyl asetat fraction at dosage of 250; 500 and 1000 mg/kgbw respectively. Group 1 was treated by diclofenac sodium at dose of 50 mg/kgbw, group II was treated by aqueous 2mL/rats, groups III, IV and V were treated by EAPN at dosage of 250; 500 and 1000mg/kgbw respectively. Thirty minutes later, all rats were injected by carrageenan 0,1 mL 1\% w/v sub cutaneous into back rat{\textquoteright}s left paw. Paw volumes were measured by Plethysmometer on minutes 0, 60, 90, 150, 210, 330. Area under the curve (AUC) were calculated from these results (AUC 0-30; AUC 0-90; 0-150; AUC 0-210 and AUC 0-330). The AUC of EAPN at dosage of 250; 500 and 1000mg/ kgbw smaller than negative control significantly (P\<0.05). EAPN contains alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and triterpens. EAPN has anti-inflammatory effect in rats induced by carrageenan.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Carrageenan, Phyllanthus niruri L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.208}, author = {Em Sutrisna and Maryati and Sri Wahyuni and Tanti Azizah S} } @article {1053, title = {Antimalarial Activity of Microalgae Extracts Based on Inhibition of PfMQO, a Mitochondrial Plasmodium falciparum Enzyme}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1477-1482}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1477}, abstract = {

Malaria is an important global disease that threatened human life. The resistance Plasmodium sp. to the available medicines encourages the search for new antimalarial substances based on new mechanisms on the inhibition of PfMQO (the mitochondrial Plasmodium falciparum enzyme). Objective: The purposes of this study was to screen antimalarial substances from microalgae based on the inhibition of PfMQO. Materials and Methods: Five microalgae were extracted by maceration using chloroform pa and ethanol pa. These ten crude extracts obtained were tested for the inhibitory activity against the PfMQO enzyme. Results: The highest inhibitory activity against PfMQO enzyme was chloroform extract of S. costatum with 91.050\% of inhibition and 0.043 μg/mL of IC50. The ethanol extract of S. platensis showed 91.999\% and 5.25 μg/mL of inhibition and IC50, respectively. These results indicated that the two extracts provide high antimalarial activity exceeded a theoretical standard of antimalarial bioactive compounds. Conclusion: Chloroform extract of S. costatum and ethanol extract of S. platensis are promising sources of antimalarial compounds based on the inhibition of PfMQO.

}, keywords = {Antimalarial, Inhibitory activity, Microalgae, P falciparum, Screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.228}, author = {Endang Ariyani Setyowati and Alim Isnansetyo and Tjut Sugandawaty Djohan and Raden Wisnu Nurcahyo} } @article {1040, title = {Antimicrobial, Cyto and Genotoxic Activities of Equisetum hyemale}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1563-1571}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1563}, abstract = {

The popular use of natural products has great benefits for the health of the human population. In this study we highlight Equisetum hyemale, belonging to the phylum Sphenophyta and the family Equisetaceae. Popularly, the stems of this plant are used for their diuretic, digestive, anti-anemic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Given this context, and the fact that the growth of antimicrobial resistance is a serious problem for global public health, this plant could be used as an alternative, to increase our therapeutic arsenal. Therefore, it is important to more clearly elucidate the complex structures present in plants, because these substances are mainly responsible for their beneficial and/or toxic effects. Thus, the objective of this study was evaluate the antimicrobial activity, cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the phenolic compounds separately. The substances luteolin, ferulic acid and coumarin were identified at high concentrations by ultra-high performance chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS). Antimicrobial activity was elucidated through microdilution in broth; the phenolic compounds were able to inhibit the visible growth of the standard bacterial strains at low concentrations. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT and genotoxicity was analysed through cellular damage using a Comet assay; the results showed that it did not present cytoxicity or genotoxicity at the corresponding concentrations. With this, we suggest that E. hyemale may be an alternative for the treatment of infections by microorganisms that are resistant to synthetic drugs.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Cytotoxicity, Equisetum hyemale, Phenolic compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.239}, author = {Camilla Filippi dos Santos Alves and Pauline Cordenonsi Bonez and Marcia de Souza Ebling and Camila Casagrande and Litiane Freitas and Carolina Dolwitsch and Fernanda Pires and Michele Rorato Sagrillo and Gerson Fernandes de Brum and Marli Matiko Anraku de Campos and Roberto Christ Vianna Santos} } @article {921, title = {Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic Extract and Various Fractions from Green Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {771-776}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {771}, abstract = {

Background: Free radicals are one of the causes that can cause premature aging and degenerative disease. To overcome this problem, the body needs antioxidant intake. Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) leaves are one of the plants known as antioxidant agent due to its flavonoids and phenolic compounds or better known as catechin compounds. Catechin is polar flavonoid compounds so it is necessary to separate it from non-polar compounds so their antioxidant activity becomes effective. Objective: This study aims to determine antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of green tea leaves and its fractions namely ethyl acetate and water fraction, and measure the total flavonoid content, total phenolic content and catechin content. Materials and Methods: Green tea leaves extracted using maceration method with 96\% ethanol. Fractionation was conducted using liquid-liquid extraction using a solvent of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water. Screening of flavonoid and phenolic and antioxidant activity was performed against the ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction. Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method using ultravioletvisible spectrophotometry with ascorbic acid as standard. Results: The ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction contains flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The IC50 value of ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction were 9.017; 3.926 and 7.408 μg/mL consecutively. The ethyl acetate fraction also showed better antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid (4.855 μg/mL). Conclusion: The ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction showed very powerful antioxidant activity but ethyl acetate fraction has the best antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, DPPH method, Ethanolic extract, Ethyl acetate fraction, Green tea leaves}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.122}, author = {Karmika Indarti and Elsa Fitria Apriani and Agung Eru Wibowo and Partomuan Simanjuntak} } @article {787, title = {Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Bauhinia ungulata L. (Fabaceae) on LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {37-42}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial activities of Bauhinia ungulata L. Method: A flavonoid-rich fraction was obtained from the Bauhinia ungulata L stem, called the ethyl acetate fraction of Bauhinia ungulata (FABU). The total antioxidant capacity of the FABU was determined through the phosphomolibdenium reduction method. For the evaluation of its antioxidant activity on a cell culture model, LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were treated with different concentrations of FABU and the reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) production levels were measured. For the analysis of its immunomodulatory capacity, TNF-α, TGF-β and IL-10 levels were determined in the culture supernatant. In order to determinate the antimicrobial activity of FABU, antifungal and antibacterial susceptibility testing was performed against Candida albicans, methicillinsensitive Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Result: The FABU demonstrated neither significant antimicrobial activity nor immunodulatory capacity; on the other hand, its potential antioxidant activity was demonstrated by the phosphomolibdenium reduction assay. Also, FABU treatment inhibited the ROS, NO, H2O2 and TBARS levels in the supernatant of LPS-stimulated cells. Conclusion: A significant reduction in the amount of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) was observed, in addition to lipid peroxidation inhibition. Our data suggest that the FABU is a natural antioxidant complex that may interfere in the cascade of cell damage caused by free radicals and a promising potential drug in chronic disease models in which immunopathogenicity involves high levels of RONS.

}, keywords = {Bauhinia ungulata; RAW 264.7 cells; Lipopolysaccharide; Free radicals; Antioxidant activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.7}, author = {Raphael de Oliveira Rodrigues and Juliana Navarro Ueda Yaochite and Milena Aguiar Braga and Amanda Ribeiro de and Sousa and Greyce Luri Sasahara and Said Gon{\c c}alves da Cruz Fonseca and Thiago Dias de Vasconcelos Ara{\'u}jo and Gilvandete and Maria Pinheiro Santiago and Le{\^o}ncio Mesquita de Sousa and Jarbas Lima de Carvalho and Francisca Bruna Stefany Aires and do Nascimento and H{\'e}lio Vitoriano Nobre J{\'u}nior and Aparecida Tiemi Nagao-Dias} } @article {847, title = {Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitor Activities of Ethanol Extracts of Brown Seaweed (Turbinaria conoides) as Lightening Ingredient}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {379-382}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {379}, abstract = {

Background: Turbinaria conoides is one of abundant brown macroalgae in Indonesian oceans contains phenolic derivatives. Phloroglucinol is a multifunctional phenolic derivative in brown algae. Phloroglucinol has been known to have activity inhibitor tyrosinase, because phloroglucinol is copper chelating agent. The antioxidant and the tyrosinase inhibitor activities are parameters of the skin lightening active ingredient. The mechanism of tyrosinase inhibitors is to decrease skin pigmentation by inhibit the catalytic steps of the enzyme to the pigmentation associated with melanin production in the pathway of melanogenesis. Antioxidant activity protects skin against oxidative stress mediated by UVR. Numerous report have determine phenolic compound of T. conoides as antioxidant but none is reported as tyrosinase inhibitor. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the activities of T. conoides as antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor. Methods: Turbinaria conoides were extracted with ethanol with different concentration (30\%, 50\% and 70\%) by maceration method. Crude ethanolic extracts of T. conoides were determined its total phenolic content, antioxidant activity (DPPH) and tyrosinase inhibitor. Results: E50 showed the highest total phenolic content (27.63{\textpm}1.05 mg PGE/g extract). Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor activities of E50 showed IC50 value of 215.96 μg/mL and 188.85 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of Turbinaria conoides is potential as antioxidant agent and tyrosinase inhibitor.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Lightening agent, Phloroglucinol, total phenolic content, Turbinaria conoides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.58}, author = {Diani Mega Sari and Effionora Anwar and Nurjanah and Ayun Erwina Arifianti} } @article {1004, title = {Antiplasmodial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Macaranga Gigantea Leaf and Its Major Constituent}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1181-1188}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1181}, abstract = {

Introduction: This research main goal is to study the antiplasmodial activity of Macaranga gigantea leaf ethanolic extract and its major components on malaria parasites using ex vivo model. Methods: This study was conducted by extraction of M. gigantea leaves using ethanol and isolation of its major constituent. The extract and isolate were tested ex vivo on Balb-C mice{\textquoteright}s blood after i.p. administration of Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA. Antiplasmodial activity was observed from mice blood treated by various concentration of either extract or isolate and the parasitaemia percentage were determined by calculating infected blood cell after 24 h of the treatment. It is expressed as decreased of parasitaemia levels and percent of inhibition. Qualitative analysis of active fraction were tested by HPLC method. Chemical structure of isolate were characterized by using UV, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS spectrophotometry. Results: Ex vivo antiplasmodial study gave the percent inhibition as much as 92.1; 85.7; 64.1; 41.5 and 21.7\% at extract concentrations of 300, 100, 30, 10 and 3 μg/ mL respectively. The IC50 values of the extract was 27.1 μg/ml. With respect to the percent of inhibition, at the same concentration, the isolate showed activity as much as 70.2; 62.5; 39.1; 21.7 and 10.8\%. The IC50 value of the isolate was 60.2 μg/ml. At the same concentration with extract and Isolate, Pyrimethamine as positive control gave percent inhibition of 94; 87.5; 44.8; 15.; and 12\%, with IC50 of 31.4 μg/ml. The results showed that major constituent of M. gigantea leaves is flavonoid. HPLC analysis using a photo diode-array detector showed that the active fraction have same retention time with that of apigenin as standard. Based on instrumental analysis data and compared with literature, a flavonoid derivate known as apigenin can be said has been isolated. Conclusion: It can be concluded that either M. gigantea leaves extract or isolated active constituent known as apigenin have potent antiplasmodial property.

}, keywords = {Antiplasmodial, Ex vivo, Flavonoid, Macaranga gigantea, Plasmodium berghei}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.183}, author = {Muhaimin Muhaimin and Yusnaidar Yusnaidar and Wilda Syahri and Madyawati Latief and Riski Dwimalida Putri and Andita Utami and Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa and Andreas Yoga Aditama and Josephine Elizabeth Siregar} } @article {956, title = {Antiplasmodial Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Mangrove Plants against Plasmodium berghei}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {929-935}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {929}, abstract = {

Introduction: A mosquito-borne disease infected by Plasmodium is named as Malaria. Some drugs subjected to be active againts protozoans has developed resistance. It is very urgent to find alternative sources of new antimalarial agent. The main aim of this research was to study the activity of methanolic extracts of the leaf from mangrove plants on Plasmodium berghei by using ex vivo model. Method: Screening of antiplasmodial activity from methanolic leaf extracts of Sonneratia alba, Acanthus ilicifolius and Sonneratia caseolaris against Plasmodium berghei was carried out in this study. Antiplasmodial study was subjected ex vivo against P. berghei strain ANKA infected into Balb-C mice. Calculation of the percentage of parasitemia after 24 h observed in the model and a decrease in parasitemia level and inhibitory propagation were defined as the results. Results: Potential antiplasmodial activity shown by a decrease in parasitemia level and high inhibitory percentage was revealed by S. alba leaf methanolic extract at concentrations of 300, 100, 30, 10 and 3 μg/mL which provide the inhibition percentage of 95.5; 92,9; 78.7; 42.7 and 18.8\%, respectively. Antiplasmodial activity can also be identified by the life cycle inhibition of plasmodium. Methanolic leaf extract of S. alba showed inhibition activity in the development of ring stage at minimum extract concentration of 300 μg/mL. At lower concentrations, trophozoites and schizones persisted with defects in morphological conditions. Moreover, Antiplasmodial activity of methanolic extracts of S. alba leaf was better than methanol extracts of A. Ilicifolius and S. caseolaris leaf. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that among the mangrove plants have been studied, S. alba mangrove exhibited the highest antisplasmodial activity which moreover assumed as a potential source for natural antimalarial drug candidate.

}, keywords = {Antimalaria, Ex vivo, Mangrove, Plasmodium berghei, Sonneratia alba}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.148}, author = {Muhaimin Muhaimin and Madyawati Latief and Riski Dwimalida Putri and Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa and Andreas Yoga Aditama and Normalita Eka Pravitasari and Josephine Elizabeth Siregar} } @article {801, title = {The Anti-proliferative and Anti-bacterial Activity of Argan oil and Crude Saponin Extract from Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {26-31}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {26}, abstract = {

Introduction: Argan oil is a well-known cosmeceutical that is commercially available. It is traditionally used for the treatment of acne and skin inflammation among others. The objective of this study was to assess the anti-proliferative and antibacterial activities of argan oil and a crude saponin extract from the argan tree (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) that is endemic to Morocco. Materials and Methods: The anti-proliferative activity of argan oil and the crude saponin extract was assessed by the 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium- 5-carboxanilide (XTT) assay on A431; HaCat; HeLa; MCF-7 and UCT-Mel 1 cells. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by the broth microdilution method against two species of bacteria: Cutibacterium acnes and Prevotella intermedia. Results: The results of this study indicated that the argan oil sample did not inhibit the cell growth of the specified cell lines up to 1000μg/ml, while the crude saponin extract had low anti-proliferative activity. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for both the argan oil and the crude saponin extract were found to be 500μg/ml against Cutibacterium acnes. No antibacterial activity from the argan oil or the crude saponin extract was evident against Prevotella intermedia up to a concentration of 12.5mg/ml. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that argan oil and the crude saponin extract might have direct inhibitory effects on the growth and proliferation of Cutibacterium acnes. This finding supports the use argan oil as a treatment for acne vulgaris.

}, keywords = {Acne, Broth microdilution method, Cutibacterium acnes, Prevotella intermedia, XTT assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.5}, author = {Namrita Lall and Marco Nuno De Canha and Karina Szuman and Zoubida Charrouf and Lester M. Davids and Sunelle Rademan} } @article {861, title = {Antithrombotic Effect of Mucuna pruriens L. and Coriandrum sativum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {413-417}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {213}, abstract = {

Background: Mucuna pruriens (MP) L. and Coriandrum sativum (CS) have been found for in vitro antithrombotic activity. However, the in vivo studies for both plants have not been discovered yet. Objective: The objective of the study is to prove the efficacy of MP L. and CS by conducting in vivo antithrombotic activity test with bleeding time and survival rate as the parameters. Materials and Methods: MP and CS extracts with three different doses were given orally to the experimental animals for 7 days. Aspirin was used as a positive control. The bleeding time was observed on mice tail that had been cut, and the survival rate was determined by inducing thrombosis with collagen{\textendash}epinephrine injection. Results: Seven-day treatment of plant extracts significantly prolonged the bleeding time of the treated group compared to the normal control group. The result demonstrated the increasing number of survived animals in the treated group compared to the negative control group. Conclusion: Both extracts had shown antithrombotic activity by significantly prolonged the bleeding time and increased the survival rate.

}, keywords = {Antithrombotic, Bleeding time, collagen, Coriandrum sativum, Mucuna pruriens L, Survival rate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.64}, author = {Nuriza Ulul Azmi and Astari Rachma Nityasa and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {799, title = {Antitumor and Antioxidant Effects of Flavonoid Fraction of Citrus sinensis peel Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {57-63}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {57}, abstract = {

Background: Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and globally the numbers of cases of cancer are increasing gradually. However, surgeries, chemotherapies have become safer, but these treatments have debilitating side effects. Flavonoids present in the human diet comprise many polyphenolic secondary metabolites with broad-spectrum pharmacological activities including their potential role as anti-cancer agents. Objective: The objective of the present study was to extract, orange peel flavonoids (Orange Peel Extract) and to screen anticancer potential of OPF. Methods: In the present study tryphan blue dye exclusion, clonogenic assay and nuclear damage studies by ethidium bromide staining were performed to estimate in vitro antitumor properties of Orange Peel Extract and subsequently in vivo studies also performed using the Dalton lymphoma ascites (DLA) tumor model in Swiss albino mice. Results: In vitro studies revealed the moderate toxicity, high regenerative capacity of Orange Peel Extract and also showed changes in nuclear morphology similar to that of apoptotic cells which is one of the important aspect of an anticancer drug. In vivo studies confirmed the anticancer activity of Orange Peel Extract and has increased the average life span of treated animals and restored the antioxidant enzyme levels and hematological parameters to normal which was comparable to that of standard methotrexate. Conclusion: Overall, these findings have proved that out of the two doses (50mg/kg bw and 200mg/kg bw) employed for the study lower dose (50mg/kg) was found to be more effective than higher dose (200mg/ kg). Hence flavonoid fraction of orange peels can be the better alternative to treat cancer.

}, keywords = {Dalton lymphoma ascites, Ethidium bromide, Methotrexate, Orange peel flavonoids, Tryphan blue}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.11}, author = {Godishala Shirisha and Kiranmai Mandava and Uma Rajeswari Batchu and Kesava Rao Thammana and Vijaya Laxmi Turpu} } @article {1046, title = {Azadirachta indica: Antibacterial Activity of Neem Against Different Strains of Bacteria and their Active Constituents as Preventive in Various Diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1597-1604}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {1597}, abstract = {

Neem has become valuable plant in the world which shows the solutions for hundreds to thousands problems. Azadirachta indica (Neem) is a rapidly growing evergreen well known tree found Pada generally in various regions of world like America, Africa and India. It has been widely used in Chinese, Ayurveda and Unani medicines across the world especially in Asians countries for the prevention and treatment of diseases. The different parts of neem plant contain biological compounds responsible for antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activities. It is considered as safe medicinal plants and modulates the numerous biological processes without any adverse effect. Neem tree produces some active compounds which contain biological activities, parts of neem tree such as Root, bark, leaf, flower, seed and fruit together possesses biological activities. Various compounds have been obtained from various parts of neem. Biological activities of few of them have been studied. Hence, the article is aims to utilize the medicinal properties of whole neem plant in various disorders of mankind.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Azadirachta indica, Natural antibiotics, Natural products}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.244}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Kainat Ejaz and Mahnoor Wajid and Muzzamil Shehzad and Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo and Edwin Enciso-Roca and C{\'e}sar Franco-Quino and Ricardo {\'A}ngel Yuli-Posadas and Victor Chumpitaz-Cerrate} } @article {1048, title = {Betel Leaf Extract Amends Dehydroepiandrosterone Induced PCOS Related Hormonal Abnormality and Histopathological Alterations in Rat Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1442-1448}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1442}, abstract = {

Introduction: PCOS is a hormonal disorder with missed or irregular periods at the reproductive ages of women, which was mainly due to increased androgen levels. Objective: To evaluate the antiandrogen activity of EEBL (ethanolic extract of betel leaf) in DHEA induced PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) and improving ovulation rate, consequently its effects on hormonal and biochemical profile of the blood serum and Histopathology of the ovary. Methods: Divide the 30 immature (4-week-old) female Sprague Dawley rats into 5 groups. Four groups except the control group were injected each morning with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (6 mg/100 g body weight/0.2 ml sesame oil) for 20days. The control group was injected with 0.2ml sesame oil for 20days. Pretreatment completed after 21st day then animals are subjected to posttreatment with EEBL (LD-100, HD-200mg/kg, p.o) and CC (100 μg/kg, p.o) from 21 to 41 days. After the treatment animals are subjected to biochemical, hormonal and histopathological examinations. Results: In negative control group SOD, Catalase were decreased. Total protein, SGOT, SGPT, TG, LDL and cholesterol levels were increased than the control group. Hormones LH and Testosterone levels increased. FSH, estradiol, and progesterone levels were decreased when compared with the control group. Histopathology has revealed that the presence of cysts in the negative control group and recovery of cysts seen in treatment groups. Conclusion: Treatment with EEBL is effectively attenuated to the DHEA induced PCOS and it is significant in comparison results with clomiphene citrate attributing its therapeutic potential towards the treatment of PCOS.

}, keywords = {Anti-androgenic activity, Betel Leaf, Clomiphene citrate, DHEA, PCOS, Rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.223}, author = {K Sunand and Mahipal Yellow and P Naveen and Yasho Deepika and G Krishna Mohan and Vasudha Bakshi} } @article {824, title = {Cakile maritima Scop. Extracts Inhibit Caco2 and HeLa Human Carcinoma Cell Growth: GC-MS Analysis of an Anti-Proliferative Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {258-266}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {258}, abstract = {

Introduction: Exposure to high levels of antioxidants has been linked to the treatment and prevention of some cancers. Although Cakile maritima has a high antioxidant capacity, it is yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. Methods: Solvent extracts prepared from C. maritima plant material were analysed for antioxidant capacity by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Anti-proliferative activities against Caco2 and HeLa cancer cells were determined by an MTS based cell proliferation assay. Toxicity was determined by the Artemia franciscana bioassay. The most potent anti-proliferative extract (hexane) was further investigated using non-targeted GC-MS headspace analysis. Results: Good DPPH radical scavenging activity was calculated for all C. maritima extracts. The methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts had particularly strong antioxidant activity (IC50 of 4.7 and 3.4 μg/mL respectively). Interestingly, the hexane extract which had the lowest DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 13.6 μg/mL), was the most potent inhibitor or Caco2 and HeLa carcinoma cell growth, with IC50{\textquoteright}s of 12 and 126 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract was also a potent inhibitor of proliferation (IC50 values of 185 and 468 μg/mL against Caco2 and HeLa, respectively). The methanolic extract (IC50 values of 2261 and 2046 μg/mL against CaCo2 and HeLa respectively) displayed only moderate anti-proliferative activity, demonstrating that antioxidant activity did not correspond with anti-proliferative activity. All of the extracts were determined to be nontoxic in the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with LC50 values substantially \>1000 μg/mL. Non-biased GC-MS headspace analysis of the C. maritima hexane extract highlighted several interesting compounds that may contribute to the therapeutic bioactivities of the extract. Conclusion: The lack of toxicity and the anti-proliferative activity of the hexane and ethyl acetate C. maritima extracts against HeLa and Caco2 cancer cell lines indicates their potential in the treatment and prevention of some cancers.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Antioxidant, Brassicaceae, CaCo2, European searocket, HeLa, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.40}, author = {Elsayed Omer and Abdelsamed Elshamy and Rihab Taher and Walaa El-Kashak and Joseph Shalom and Alan White and Ian Cock} } @article {950, title = {Characterization Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Alpha Cellulose Betung Bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {894-900}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {894}, abstract = {

Objective: Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) is one of pharmaceutical excipients that can be used to increase viscosity in topical, oral and parenteral pharmaceutical formulation, beside that it can also be used as binder and disintegrant in tablet formulation. Betung bamboo is one of natural material that contains high concentration of holocellulose for about 83.80\%. The purpose of this study was to characterize Na-CMC obtained through alkalization and carboxymethylation reaction. Methods: Alkalization was carried out using 25\% sodium hydroxide and 1.7\% sodium tetraborate. Carboxymethylation was done with sodium monochloroacetate to alpha cellulose ratio 1.3 : 1. Product was identified by FTIR and further characterized by XRD, SEM, DS value and pH. Result: The product was white colour powder which has similarities of its infrared spectrum to reference. Other characteristics that showed similarities to reference was degree of substitution 0.7073, pH 7.61, average of particle size distribution 71.54 μm, moisture content 5.88\%, sulfated ash content 32.64\% and loss on drying 9.85\%. Conclusion: Based on the comparison of X-ray diffraction, there is similarity between reference and product (Na-CMC) from betung bamboo. However, there were differences in melting temperature, viscosity and morphological analysis with SEM to reference.

}, keywords = {Alkalization, Betung bamboo, Carboxymethylation, Cellulose, Characterization, Sodium carboxymethylcellulose}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.143}, author = {Herman Suryadi and Sutriyo and Ghina Fauziah} } @article {888, title = {Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Effect of Mentha rotundifolia Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {521-526}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {521}, abstract = {

Aim: This report was aimed to investigate both the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of two extracts from Mentha rotundifolia aerial parts. Methods: Aqueous and acetonic extracts were obtained by decoction and Soxhlet apparatus, respectively. Total polyphenols contents were determined using Folin- Ciocalteu reagent whereas flavonoids were evaluated by AlCl3 method. LC-MS/MS method was carried out to reveal the phytochemical composition of extracts. Some tests were used to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts such as DPPH free radical scavenging assay, ABTS+ radical cation decolorization assay, OH{\textbullet} radical scavenging assay, ferrous ion chelating, reducing power and β-caroten/linoleic acid bleaching assay. Results: The results showed that the aqueous extract was richer on polyphenols and flavonoids comparing to the acetonic extract. The analysis by LC-MS/MS allowed to identify many phenolic compounds in extracts, predominated by rosmarinic acid. In addition, the extracts were found to possess a significant antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Accordingly, it can be concluded that M. rotundifolia is quite rich in phenolic compounds and has a good antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Extraction, LC-MS/MS, Mentha rotundifolia, Phenolic compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.83}, author = {Ferdjioui Siham and Belhattab Rachid and Raed M Al-Zoubi} } @article {946, title = {Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of the Essential Oil Isolated from the Leaves of Achillea fragrantissima Growing Wild in Yemen}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1077-1081}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1077}, abstract = {

Background: Yemen is diverse in its geography and rich in its natural flora. Achillea fragrantissima grown wild in Yemen is widely used in folkloric medicine. Objectives: To investigate the chemical composition, cytotoxicity, xanthine oxidase inhibitory and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the essential oil isolated form the leaves of Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk.) Sch. Bip. growing wild in Yemen. Materials and Methods: The oil was collected after hydrodistillation for 3 h, the oil composition was analyzed by GC-MS and assayed for biological activities. Results: Artemisia ketone (49.53\%), camphor (14.73\%), α-bisabolol (11.20\%), α-bisabolol oxide B (2.62\%) were the main components of the oil. The MTT assay of the oil on two human colorectal cancer cell lines (SW480 and HCT-116) showed IC50 values of 110.1 and 134.6 μg ml$^{-}${\textonesuperior}, respectively. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory and tyrosinase inhibitory activity assays were performed but exhibited only marginal activities. Conclusion: the components of the essential oil could be excellent anticancer drugs for treatment of colon cancer.

}, keywords = {Achillea fragrantissima, Artemisia ketone, Cytotoxicity, Essential oil, GC-MS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.168}, author = {Iman Mansi and Nasser A. Awadh Ali and Nizar M. Mhaidat and Khaled Hussain and Ali G. Al-kaf and Sirajudheen Anwar and William N. Setzer} } @article {973, title = {Chemical Standardization of Thetran Vithai Kutinir Chooranam-An Antidiabetic Siddha Polyherbal Formulation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1106-1113}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1106}, abstract = {

Introduction: Belief of general public on herbal drugs led to the stable growth of herbal drug industry thereby necessitated the standardization of herbal drugs and pharmacopoeial standards for their quality control. Aims: Thetran Vithai Kutinir Chooranam (TVKC) is a Siddha polyherbal formulation used for type II diabetes. Aim of the present study is to standardize the drug chemically. Methods and Material: Drug was prepared as per the literature, stored in air tight container and subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis, physico-chemical, thin layer chromatographic photo documentation, high performance thin layer chromatographic finger printing along with chemical markers such as emodin, chrysophanol and gallic acid, quantitative assay of marker compounds, heavy metal analysis, pesticide residue, aflatoxin and microbial load analysis. Results: The results revealed that the drug contains emodin in minor quantity and gallic acid in considerable quantity. The drug is free from microbial, heavy metal contaminations, aflatoxin and pesticide residues. Conclusion: The derived results could serve as a ready reference for quality control assessment of the drug.

}, keywords = {Anthraquinone, Katukkai, Thetranvithai, Vilam Pisin Alkaloid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.173}, author = {Elankani P and Murugammal S and Shakila R and Pitchiahkumar M and N.Kabilan} } @article {863, title = {Clinical Uses and Toxicity of Aloe vera: An Evidence-Based Comprehensive Retrospective Review (2007-2017)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {424-428}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {424}, abstract = {

Background: Aloe vera (AV), mostly known as succulents, or the healing plant of the genus Aloe of Liliaceae family. It contains large range of vitamins, amino acids, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, and sulfur compounds to control and eliminate mold, bacteria, viruses; however, AV toxicity is most of the times described poorly among AV consumers. Aim of the Study: To report and highlight AV clinical uses and toxicity cases to compare and highlight its therapeutic as well toxic profile. Materials and Methods: AV cases were gathered from databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and E-Resource Portal of Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University using the keywords, i.e., AV case report, AV toxicity, hepatitis, clinical trials about AV, interactions, the current uses of AV, etc. Results: Ten cases met the eligibility criteria where the toxicities were mostly associated with the usage of AV except the intended use, i.e., to be administered topically or AV capsules ingestion or as a drinkable solutions. Major symptoms observed in these cases were related to hepatocytes inflammation (hepatitis), fatigue, nausea, vomiting, thyroid dysfunction, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea along with severe weight loss. These results were not associated with a specific age; however they were more predominant in female gender. Conclusion: AV should be taken within normal/specified dose range which can only be achieved through asking an herbal specialist, and in approved suitable dosage form which is topical.

}, keywords = {Acemannan, Aloe vera, Cosmetics, Hepatitis, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.66}, author = {Ahmed Muhammad Ibrahim and Hussain Al Sadah and Rizwan Ahmad and Niyaz Ahmad and Atta Abbas Naqvi} } @article {866, title = {Clinical uses and Toxicity of Ephedra sinica: An Evidence-Based Comprehensive Retrospective Review (2004-2017)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {439-444}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {439}, abstract = {

Background: Ephedra sinica (ES) (Ma-huang) is a well-known plant due to its widespread therapeutic uses. However, many adverse effects such as hepatitis, nephritises, and cardiovascular toxicity have been reported for this plant. Few of these side effects are reversible whereas others are irreversible and may even lead to death. Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical uses and toxicity cases/consequences associated with the use of ES. The review will compare and evaluate the cases reported for ES and identify the causes which make the plant a poisonous one. Materials and Methods: An extensive literature review was conducted from 2004 to 2017, and research literature regarding the clinical cases were collected using databases and books such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, Research gate, PubMed, and Web of Science/Thomson Reuters whereas the keywords searched were {\textquotedblleft}Ephedra sinica,{\textquotedblright} clinical cases of Ephedra sinica, {\textquotedblleft}Ma-hung poisonous,{\textquotedblright} {\textquotedblleft}Ma-hung toxicity reported cases and treatment,{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}Ephedra Sinica toxicity reported cases and treatment.{\textquotedblright} Results: eleven different cases were identified which met the eligibility criteria and were studied in detail to extract out the findings. It turned out that most of the patients and participants developed adverse side effects following the use of ES, and after a proper course of treatment or trail, some of the side effects were reversible, whereas others were found irreversible. The most common adverse effects and toxicity observed in patients were liver problems, renal failures, and cardiac toxicity which resulted in two mortalities whereas the other two got recovered. On an in-depth study, it was revealed that most of the toxicities in such cases were associated with the use of ES in combination with other conventional drugs, long-term use, or use in patients with cardiac and renal problems without a medical supervision. Conclusion: Hence, it is concluded that ES may have reversible as well as irreversible adverse effects and may even result in death; however, the use of a plant with the proper knowledge and under sound medical supervision may reduce such exaggerations

}, keywords = {Cardiac problems, Clinical cases, Ephedra sinica, Liver problems, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.68}, author = {Walaa Al saeed and Marwa Al Dhamen and Rizwan Ahmad and Niyaz Ahmad and Atta Abbas Naqvi} } @article {783, title = {A Comparative Antibacterial Activity of Three Common Spices Extract and their Anti-Proliferative and Apoptotic Effectiveness against Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {88-93}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {88}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study was performed to analyse the antibacterial potential as well as the anti-proliferative and apoptotic efficacy of three common spices viz. Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) and Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare). Methods: Antibacterial activity was determined by well diffusion assay against selected bacterial strains. Anti-proliferative activity was evaluated by cell viability assay and the apoptotic effect was observed by nuclear fragmentation analysis in MCF-7 cells. Results: The antibacterial activity result revealed that Cinnamon extract (CIE) showed maximum antibacterial activity against selected test organism followed by Cardamom (CAE) and Fennel (FEE). The cell viability results revealed that FEE induces the highest cytotoxicity (IC50 73.9 μg/ml) against MCF-7 cells, while CIE showed the lowest efficacy (IC50 98.2 μg/ml) as compared to control. Conclusion: The findings revealed that CIE has the most potent antibacterial efficacy, whereas FEE was found to be a more potent anti-proliferative and apoptotic agent against human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells.\ 

}, keywords = {Anti-proliferative, Antibacterial, Apoptotic, Cell viability, Nuclear fragmentation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.16}, author = {Shabana Bano and Asif Jafri and Nashrah Ahmad and AK Sharma and Md Arshad} } @article {1018, title = {Comparative Antioxidant Activities of Selected Apiaceous Plants Using EPR Technique}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1359-1364}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1359}, abstract = {

Introduction: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a unique technique able to identify and quantify free radicals in the complex biological matrices. In this study, free radical scavenging activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of fruits, shoots and roots of dill and parsley was examined using EPR technique, in addition to the determination of their contents of total polyphenols (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC). Method: The hydroxyl anion scavenging activity (HASA) of the tested extracts was determined using EPR spin trapping technique and hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system generating (O{\textbullet}-2). The TPC and TFC were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric assays. Results: Both aqueous shoot of dill (ADSh) and methanol root of parsley (MPR) demonstrated the strongest inhibition of HASA. On the contrary, the aqueous extract of dill fruit at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml was found to be pro-oxidant (49.43 \%), but at 10 mg/ml demonstrated potent inhibition of HASA (98.12 \%). TPC was found to be the highest in the methanol extract of parsley fruit (MPF, 88.62 {\textpm} 0.6 mg GAE/g) and the lowest in MPR (4.34 {\textpm} 0.050 mg GAE/g). On the other hand, TFC was the highest in MPF (584.29 {\textpm} 2.10 mg GAE/g) and the lowest in the methanol extract of dill fruit (MDF, 1.28 {\textpm} 0.02 mg rutin/g). Conclusion: In this study, EPR provided a direct insight that all tested apiaceous plants extracts showed effective HASA except two extracts that proved to be pro-oxidant at 0.5 mg/mL This study confirmed that there is no correlation between antioxidant potential and TPC and TFC.

}, keywords = {Anethum graveolans, Free Radicals, Petroselinum crispum, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.210}, author = {Ayat M Emad and Sherifa F Ali and Meselhy R Meselhy and Essam A Sattar} } @article {841, title = {Comparative DNA Fingerprinting and Botanical Study of Certain Haworthia and Gasteria Species Growing in Egypt}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {388-394}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {388}, abstract = {

Introduction: Haworthia Duval and Gasteria Duval are succulent plants, native to South Africa. They have been used worldwide in folk medicine. They are members of the Alooideae subfamily, which has been always viewed as a taxonomically confusing sub-family. The present study aims to differentiate between Haworthia limifolia Marloth, Gasteria carinata (Mill.) Duval and Gasteria minima Poelln. growing in Egypt. Methods: A comparative botanical and genetic investigation is presented. Macromorphological and micromorphological botanical features of the leaves and stems of the species under investigation using the entire specimens, transverse sections and isolated elements. Moreover, their DNA was extracted from the leaf samples and RAPD-PCR analysis was made using 10 primers. Results: The comparative botanical criteria of the examined leaves and stems were identified. Furthermore, the total number of amplified products produced by the ten primers was 98 fragments. Primers OPB-07, OPB-01 and OPB-02, recording high percentage of polymorphism (78.6, 70.6 and 57.1\%, respectively), can be used to differentiate between the examined species. While primers OPB-01, OPB-04, OPB-07 and OPB-08, generating fragments with wide molecular size (17, 14, 14 and 11fragments, respectively), can be used for the identification of Haworthia limifolia, Gasteria carinata and Gasteria minima. Conclusion: The macromorphological, micromorphological and genetic identifying parameters presented in the current study revealed good crieteria to authenticate and differentiate between Haworthia limifolia Marloth, Gasteria carinata (Mill.) Duval and Gasteria minima Poelln.

}, keywords = {Gasteria, Haworthia, Macromorphology, Micromorphology, RAPD-PCR}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.60}, author = {Ali Mohamed El Shamy and Seham Salah El Din El Hawary and Heba Ahmed Fahmy and Shahira Mohammed Ezzat} } @article {974, title = {Comparative Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Ethanolic Extract of Leaf, Bark and Flower of Tecoma stans with Ibuprofen- An In vitro Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1088-1092}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1088}, abstract = {

Background: Endodontics has always been indebted to pharmaceutical sciences to provide it with necessary analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents. More specifically, there has always been a need for anti-inflammatory phytotherapeutic agents as the commercially available synthetic anti inflammatory drugs have their own limitations due to undesirable side effects. Hence, novel potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs without considerable side effects from the natural sources are under evaluation. Tecoma stans (Bignoniaceae) is an ornamental plant found throughout India. It has been shown to have variety of medicinal properties. In the present study, we have shown that potential anti inflammatory activity of different parts of Tecoma stans (T.stants) and compared with standard drug. Aim: To evaluate the in vitro anti inflammatory potential of different parts of T.stans ethanolic extract and to compare the anti inflammatory activity with standard drug ibuprofen. Methodology: The ethanolic extraction of T.stans{\textquoteright}s bark, leaves and floweres was done as per the standard method. Different concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 μg/ml) of the extracts were used for anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of albumin denaturation. All samples were analyzed in triplicate. The results were statistically analyzed. Results: All the three parts of the plant extract have shown to have anti inflammatory activity in a dose-dependent manner. However, the leaf and flower extracts of T.stans were found to have 100 percent anti-inflammatory pontential than standard drug ibuprofen. Conclusion: It is concluded from the present findings that T.stants possess anti-inflammatory properties which could be due to presence of active constitutents presen in the plant extracts. Hence, T.stans may serve as one of the anti inflammatory herbal durgs for Endontic infection-induced inflammation and related to dental diseases. Further studies on the identification of the active principles present in the leaf and flower extract are warranted to assertatin its potentials.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory Effect, Bark, Flower, Leaf, Tecoma stans}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.170}, author = {Swarna SK and Nivedhitha MS and Vishnu Priya V and Gayathri R and Selvaraj J and Madhan K and Shyamala Devi B} } @article {793, title = {Comparative Studies Between Mauritia flexuosa and Mauritiella armata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {32-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Mauritia flexuosa and Mauritiella armata belong to the family Arecaceae and are widely found in Brazil. Aim: In this work were evaluated: the phytochemical profile of the secretion popularly known as M. flexuosa wine, antioxidant activity of leaf, root and petiole hydroethanolic extracts of the two species, as well as the quantification of flavonoids and the chromatographic profile by means of high performance liquid chromatography. Material and Methods: The chromatographic profile was determined by high performance liquid chromatography, quantification of flavonoids and antioxidant activity, were performed by spectrophotometric method. Results: Antioxidant activity and presence of flavonoids were observed in the extracts of all the analyzed structures of the two species. The phytochemical profile of the wine evidenced the presence of secondary metabolites reported in other structures of M. flexuosa. In the chromatographic analysis, it was observed that the extracts evaluated have between three and nine compounds. Conclusion: Further studies should be performed to identify the active compounds in the two species.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Arecaceae, Flavonoids, Phytochemical, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.6}, author = {Vanessa de Andrade Royo and Juliana Almeida Rocha and Kamylla Teixeira Santos and Jeane Ferreira Leal Freitas and Clarice Avelar Almeida and Bianca Ribeiro and Elytania Veiga Menezes and Dario Alves de Oliveira and Murilo Malveira Brand{\~a}o and Afranio Farias de Melo J{\'u}nior} } @article {1029, title = {Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activities of Selected South African Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1532-1539}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1532}, abstract = {

Introduction: Indigenous plants are known to play a pivotal role in the well-being of Africa{\textquoteright}s native societies. These plants are believed to be endowed with healing effects against various ailments rooting from oxidative stress. However, most of these plants including Ziziphus mucronata, Warburgia salutaris and Eucomis autumnalis lack scientific reports validating their medicinal properties. Thus, the current study, aimed to investigate the cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of selected South African medicinal plants. Methods: Scavenging activity of the extracts were evaluated on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion (O2 -) nitric oxide (NO-), hydroxyl anion (-OH) radicals and lipid peroxide (LP) values at varying concentration (20 - 100 μg/mL). Cytotoxic evaluation using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) was conducted on HEK293 cells. Reducing power and metal chelating ability of the extracts were assessed. In the same vein, protective index of DNA plasmid (pET151/D TOPO plasmid) induced free radical by incubating with Fenton{\textquoteright}s reagents were tested, in vitro. Reducing and metal chelating ability of the extracts were evaluated in this study. Results: The crude extracts displayed radical scavenging activity and limit peroxidation process. The extracts showed potent ferric reducing power and chelating effects. Cytotoxic effects of the extracts analyzed using the MTT assay displayed low toxicity levels. Furthermore, the extracts were able to protect pET151/D-TOPO plasmid DNA nicking induced by hydroxyl radicals in a Fenton{\textquoteright}s reaction mixture. Conclusion: It is evident in this study that the plant extracts are potential antioxidant therapeutics and justify inclusion of indigenous herbs as a complementary agents in the treatment regimen.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, DNA, Eucomis autumnalis, Warburgia salutaris}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.234}, author = {G Ayeni and OJ Pooe and M Singh and N Nundkumar and MBC Simelane} } @article {1027, title = {Detailed Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Screening of Stem and Stem Bark of Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. Ex sm. - An Extra Pharmacopoeial Drug of Ayurveda}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1303-1311}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1303}, abstract = {

Introduction: Stem bark of Bhumi udumbara (Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.) is used traditionally in the treatment of leprosy, ulcer, dysentery, wound, pregnancy, complaints of gastric, liver, bladder and various disorders. In present study, stem and stem bark of F. semicordata are explored for their microscopic including powder microscopy, physiochemical and preliminary phytochemical aspects. Materials and Methods: Stem and stem bark of the plant, after proper authentication by BSI Kolkata, were evaluated following standard procedures. Results: Stem is hard, cylindrical, cut pieces measures about 10 - 25cm in length and 0.4 {\textendash} 0.8 cm in diameter. Diagrammatic transverse section of stem shows outer cork followed by wide parenchymatous cortex with prismatic and rhomboidal crystals, starch grains and tannin content. Powder light brown in colour; odour woody; taste tasteless to astringent; texture fibrous. Stem bark is hard, single quilled after drying, outer dark reddish brown in colour with presence of lenticels, longitudinal cut fibres, rough in surface. Diagrammatic section, of the bark, shows outer several layered cork followed by cortical region along with medullary rays. Powder tortilla(brown) in colour; odour slightly aromatic; taste astringent; texture fibrous. Loss on drying at 110{\textdegree}C was found to be 7.41\% and 8.60\% of stem and stem bark respectively. HPTLC results shows 3 peaks and 0 peak at 254 and 366 nm of stem and 3 peaks at 254 and 366 nm of stem bark respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: Woody stem and presence of brown content, tannin, rhomboidal and prismatic crystals in stem and stem bark are the diagnostic characters.

}, keywords = {Anukta Dravya, Bhu-udumbara, Bhuindumer, Extra-pharmacopoeial, Ficus semicordata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.202}, author = {Gupta Shashi and Acharya Rabinarayan and Harisha CR and Shukla Vinay} } @article {928, title = {Determination of Specific and Non-Specific Parameters of Simplicia and Ethanolic 70\% Extract of Gadung Tubers (Dioscorea hispida)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {759-763}, type = {Original Research Study}, chapter = {759}, abstract = {

Background: D. hispida can be used as a painkiller, rheumatic drugs and antioxidant. Based on its medicinal properties, D. hispida can be used as a traditional medicine that must be guaranteed on quality, safety and benefit. Therefore, standardization is needed. This aim of this study was to obtain some specific and non-specific parameter of simplicia and ethanolic 70\% extract of D. hispida tubers from three different regions. Materials and Methods: The samples were macerated by using ethanol 70\%. Results: The results showed that the specific parameters of D. hispida simplicia; the total water soluble extract was 11.25-16.20\%; the total ethanol soluble extract was 6.42-9.39\%; the chromatogram profile was obtained by using thin layer chromatography in toluene-ethyl acetate-chloroform (5:1:4) mobile phase with β{\textendash}sitosterol as standard, the total phenolic content was 2.15{\textendash}2.50 expressed in mgGAE/g simplicia. The non-specific parameters of D. hispida simplicia; the total loss on drying was 10.53-12.40\%; the total ash content was 5.81-5.94\%; the total acid insoluble ash content was 0.20-0.22\%. The specific parameters of D. hispida extract; the total phenolic content was 10.30-11.72 expressed in mgGAE/g extract. The non-specific parameters of D. hispida extract; the total water content was 10.27-10.47\%; the total ash content was 2.84-2.93\%; the total acid insoluble ash content was 0.14-0.19. Conclusion: conform the parameters.

}, keywords = {D. hispida, Gadung, Non-specific parameter, Specific parameter, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.120}, author = {Sasmita Retno Sari and Berna Elya and Katrin} } @article {980, title = {Development and Validation of a Spectrophotometric Procedure for Determining Silicon in Common Horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) Herb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1124-1131}, chapter = {1124}, abstract = {

Background: An accurate, simple and selective UV-spectrophotometric method was developed for the estimation of silicon in medicinal plant raw material {\textendash} horsetail herb (Equisetum arvense L.) of Russian origin. Methods: The determination of total silicon content in terms of silicon dioxide (SiO2) by the direct ultraviolet{\textendash}visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry method (at a wavelength of 815 {\textpm} 5 nm) in the horsetail herb is based on the formation of yellow-colored silicomolybdic acid, and its further reduction to molybdenum blue. Results: Recoveries were found to be in the range of 100.2 to 105.1\% and \%RSD was less than 2\%. Conclusion: The developed method is accurate, specific, precise within an interval 2-12\% and suitable for the analysis of horsetail herb commercial samples.

}, keywords = {Equisetum arvense, Horsetail herb, Medicinal plant raw material, Silicon}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.175}, author = {Aleksandr Vladimirovich Nikulin and Olga Georgievna Potanina and Evgeniy Alexandrovich Platonov and Dmitry Olegovich Bokov and Olga Aleksandrovna Smyslova and Rimma Aleksandrovna Abramovich} } @article {1025, title = {Development of Ethosome Containing Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia Linn.) Fruit Fraction and In Vitro Skin Penetration}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1242-1251}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1242}, abstract = {

Objective: Bitter melon fruit, which is containing charantin, has poor penetration through the skin. This problem can be solved with the lipid vesicle called ethosomes that offers better skin penetration. This study was aimed to develop ethosomes for improving skin penetration ability of charantin. Methods: Bitter melon was extracted with ethanol 80\% and fractionated with dichloromethane. Ethosomes were formulated with a various concentration equal to 2\% (F1), 3\% (F2) and 4\% (F3) of bitter melon fruits fraction (BMFF) and prepared using thin layer hydration method. The obtained ethosomes were characterized, then the penetration study was conducted using Franz diffusion cells. Results: The results showed that the BMFF was a dry, brown-greenish fraction and gave a positive test for a steroid. The entrapment efficiency of ethosomes F1, F2 and F3 was 91.50 {\textpm} 0.40\%, 92.62 {\textpm} 0.26\% and 83.85 {\textpm} 1.10\%, respectively. Moreover, the particle size (Dv90) of ethosomes F1, F2 and F3 was 1083.33 {\textpm} 15.27 nm, 1736.67 {\textpm} 11.55 nm and 1976.67 {\textpm} 5.77 nm, respectively. Ethosomes F1, F2 and F3 resulted polydispersity index of 0.42 {\textpm} 0.02, 0.35 {\textpm} 0.05 and 0.50 {\textpm} 0.11, as well as zeta potential of -54.33 {\textpm} 0.75, -57.50 {\textpm} 0.44 and -50.60 {\textpm} 0.98, respectively. Besides, all ethosomes had a spherical shape. The research revealed that ethosome F2 was the optimal ethosome among another formulas. Cumulative percentage of penetrated stigmasterol glycoside for ethosome F2 was 18.25 {\textpm} 0.08\%, while the control solution did not penetrate within 20 h. Conclusion: This research demonstrated that the ethosome could increase the skin penetration of stigmasterol glycoside, which is charantin content, from the fraction of bitter melon fruit.

}, keywords = {Bitter melon fruits, Charantin, Ethosomes, Skin penetration}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.193}, author = {Silvia Surini and Antik R Arnedy and Raditya Iswandana} } @article {934, title = {Difference of Acidic Adding Effect in Ethanol Extraction of White Mulberry Stem Bark (Morus alba) and DPP-4 Inhibiting Activity Screening for Identifying its Antidiabetic Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {790-795}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {790}, abstract = {

Objective: Murberry (Morus alba) is one of the plants that can be used to treat diabetes and bioactive compounds that play a role are apigenin. Apigenin compounds have been reported to have an antidiabetic effect and are found in the form of glycosides. To separate apigenin from its glycosides, it takes the process of hydrolysis using acid. This study aims to look at the differences between ethanol extracts without hydrolysis with acids and ethanol extracts which are hydrolyzed by acid and determine their activity as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors in vitro. Methods: Morus alba stem bark dry powder was extracted MAE using 96\% ethanol with acid hydrolysis using HCl 2 N and extracted without acid hydrolysis then apigenin levels can be measured by each extraction process using HPLC. DPP-4 activity was evaluated using glycyl-prolyl-7-amino-4-methyl coumarin (Gly-Pro-AMC) substrate then the inhibitory effect of extracts was determined based on the number of free AMCs by measuring fluorescence at excitation wavelengths of 350-360 nm and emission wavelengths of 450-465 nm using micro-plate readers. Sitagliptin is used as a positive control of DPP-4 inhibition in this test. Results: The ethanol extraction method with acid hydrolysis can attract more apigenin compounds than the ethanol extraction method without acid hydrolysis. The level of apigenin in the sample of ethanol extract with acid hydrolysis was 0.16\%, and in the ethanol extract without acid hydrolysis was 0.04\%. The amount of inhibitory activity of DPP-4 Morus alba stem bark extract was 23\%, which is 0.33 times the inhibition of sitagliptin activity. Conclusion: Extraction methods with acid hydrolysis are more effective in attracting apigenin compounds than without acid hydrolysis. Morus alba stem bark extract has an anti-diabetic effect through the mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors can be used as a reference for therapy of diabetes mellitus from natural ingredients.

}, keywords = {Apigenin, DPP IV, Morus alba}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.126}, author = {Muhajri Agusfina and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Aditya Sindu Sakti and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {983, title = {The Diversity of Biologically Active Compounds in the Rhizomes of Recently Discovered Zingiberaceae Plants Native to North Eastern Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1014-1022}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1014}, abstract = {

Objective: To identify and quantify the bioactive compounds, along with biological activities, of native Thai edible Zingiberaceae. Methods: The bioactive compounds evaluated were phenolic acids, flavonoid, vitamin C, curcumin, 6-gingerol, eugenol and essential amino acids; analyses involved HPLC and LCMS/MS. Antioxidant activities were assessed by DPPH and FRAP assays. Results: Zingiber officinale was the richest source of bioactive compounds, followed by Z. officinale, Alpinia zerumbet and Alpinia conchigera. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid contents ranged widely across these species (17 to 200 mg GAE/100 g DW and 17 to 66 mg RE/100 g DW). All the species studied possessed strong antiglycation properties, ranging from 82 to 98\%, with strong positive correlations of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The contents of curcumin, 6-gingerol, eugenol and vitamin C were in the range of 1 to 26, 1 to 140 μg/ g DW, 5 to 1600 and 4 to 21 mg/100 g DW, respectively. Seven essential amino acids identified by using LCMS/MS were found in most samples studied ranging from 2 to 6752 μg/100 g DW. Conclusion: Z. officinale is an abundant source of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in all these samples. These plants are fresh sources for developing novel functional ingredients in either food or cosmetics.

}, keywords = {Antiglycation, Antioxidants, Bioactive compounds, Essential amino acids, Ginger family}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.160}, author = {Theeraphan Chumroenphat and Issaraporn Somboonwatthanakul and Surapon Saensouk and Sirithon Siriamornpun} } @article {997, title = {Effect of Beta Glucosidase Inhibitor from Lichen Extract in Microcrystalline Cellulose Preparation from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1199-1203}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1199}, abstract = {

Objective: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is an excipient commonly used in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical preparations, especially tablet. MCC has been successfully made from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) through enzymatic hydrolysis process. This study aimed to find the effect of β-glucosidase inhibitor from lichen extract to the yield of MCC, the optimum conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis including pH and reaction time and characteristics of MCC obtained compared to reference, Avicel PH-101. Method: The study was began with extraction of cellulose enzyme and followed by determination of optimum beta-glucosidase inhibitor concentration. Then, this conditions were used for enzymatic hydrolysis of α-cellulose to MCC, followed by identification and characterization of MCC obtained and compared with Avicel PH- 101. Results: The optimum concentration of inhibitor was 120 ppm. A little higher yield of MCC was obtained when inhibitor extract is used in hydrolysis alfa-cellulose to MCC. The identity of MCC obtained was similar to infrared spectrum of reference. Other characteristics of MCC obtained were powder in the form of a slightly coarse, odorless and tasteless and slightly yellowish than reference. Conclusion: Addition of extract of Beta glucosidase inhibitor did not improve the MCC yield significantly, but identity and characteristics of MCC obtained showed similarities to the microcrystalline cellulose reference (Avicel PH = 101).

}, keywords = {Enzymatic hydrolysis, Lichen extract, Microcrystalline cellulose, Water hyacinthm, β-glucosidase inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.186}, author = {Citra Bonnita Putri and Sutriyo and Herman Suryadi} } @article {932, title = {Effect of Diallyl Disulphide (DADS) on Gluconeogenesis: A Study in Isolated Alloxan Induced Diabetic Liver}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {777-781}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {777}, abstract = {

Background: Coordinated regulation between cellular glucose uptake and endogenous glucose production is indispensable for maintenance of constant blood glucose concentrations. Liver contributes significantly by altering levels of hepatic glucose release, through controlling gluconeogenesis. Objective: To assess effect of Diallyldisulphide on hepatic gluconeogenesis by assessing gluconeogenic substrates and activity of regulatory enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase and to compare the Diallyldisulphide effect on gluconeogenesis with Metformin. Methodology: Wistar albino rats were categorized into four groups; group Inormal control. Group II, III and IV rats were administered single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate 150 mg/kg body weight. Rats were maintained on rat diet and water adlibitum for 30 days. On 31st day rats were sacrificed and procured liver tissues. Each liver tissue cut into small slices and group-III and group-IV liver tissues were separately incubated with Diallyldisulphide 4 mg/g liver tissues and Metformin 4 mg/g liver tissues for 60 minutes at 37oC. The total amino acids and total keto acids levels were estimated after exposure. And post exposure effect on activity of glucose -6-phoshatase and transaminases were also estimated. Results: Alloxan induced diabetes resulted significant raise in total amino acids, total ketoacids, glucose -6-phosphatase and transaminases activities. Whereas incubation of liver tissues with diallyldisulphide significantly reduced total amino acids, total ketoacids, glucose-6-phosphatase, transaminases activities and ratio of total amino acids and ketoacids as compared to diabetic control rat liver tissues. Conclusion: Study suggested that diallyldisulphide suppressed gluconeogenesis as liver glucose-6-phosphatase activity is significantly decreased and precursors for gluconeogenesis were significantly reduced. Suggesting Diallyldisulphide has role in gluconeogenesis and can hold potentials for glucose homeostasis.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Diabetes mellitus, Diallyldisulphide, Gluconeogenesis, Glucose-6-phosphatase, Total amino acid, Total keto acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.123}, author = {Prashanth kumar Goudappala and Ethirajan Sukumar and C V Yogaraje-Gowda and Kashinath RT} } @article {1038, title = {Effect of Fibroblast Growth Factor Combination with Ethanol Extract of Morinda citrifolia L. on Blood Glucose Levels}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1558-1562}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1558}, abstract = {

A research has been conducted on the effect of giving Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) with Morinda citrifolia L. ethanol extract. This study aims to determine whether the administration of a combination of FGF with ethanol extract of noni fruit can reduce blood glucose levels in diabetes mice induced by alloxan. FGF requires amino acids in regenerating pancreatic β cells, where the amino acids expected from noni fruit can provide a signal response in regenerating pancreatic β cells. In addition, the active substances contained in noni fruit namely xeronine and flavonoid alkaloids can function to reduce blood glucose levels. Test animals were divided into 6 groups, each group consisted of 10 male white mice. Group 1 is a normal control group is a group without any given. Group 2 was a negative control group given 150 mg/kg alloxan. Group 3, 4, and 5 are the treatment groups that are given alloxan and the combination of noni fruit ethanol extract with 3 variations of dose (125; 350; and 1000) mg / KgBW plus FGF dose of 800 mg / kgBW, group 6 is the comparison which is only given FGF alone at a dose of 800 mg / kgBW. The study was conducted for 21 days, observed every 7th, 14th, 21st day using the Easy Touch{\textregistered}\ GCU digital device. The results of this study showed that administration of noni fruit ethanol extract with FGF was able to reduce blood glucose levels by significance (p \<0.05) and based on the percentage calculation of blood glucose levels as much as 44.9\% at a dose of 1000 mg / kgBW on the day observations 21st.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, FGF, Morinda citrifolia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.238}, author = {Dharma S and Rahmawati Y and Nessa and Dillasamolla S} } @article {810, title = {Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Some Pharmacological Properties and Microbial Activities of Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon Linn.) Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {177-182}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {177}, abstract = {

Background: Ionizing radiation, such as gamma irradiation, serves as a useful approach to inhibit spore germination and to control pathogens in postharvest seeds. Recently, its application on phytochemical sources and its influence on antioxidant activity of various phytochemical compounds has become an interesting topic to be explored. Objective: The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of gamma irradiation as sterilization method on the resveratrol content and its antioxidant, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitory activities of Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) seeds. Methods: In this research, melinjo seeds were irradiated by 0.0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5; and 10.0 kGy with gamma irradiation and then extracted with ethanol. The extracts were tested for resveratrol content with HPLC, antioxidant activities by DPPH assay, HMG-CoA inhibitory activity using HMG-CoA reductase assay kit and DPP-4 inhibitory activity using DPP-4 Inhibitor Screening Assay Kit. Gamma irradiation has effect on resveratrol content, antioxidant activity, HMG-CoA reductase inhibition and DPP-4 inhibitory activity. Results: From the research, the highest value of resveratrol content is 0.18{\textpm}0.004 mg/g seeds powder found in 5.0 kGy gamma irradiation treatment with IC50 94.64{\textpm}0.236 μg/mL, while the highest HMG-CoA reductase inhibition is shown in 2.5 kGy irradiation dose. Melinjo seeds irradiated by 2.5 kGy gamma irradiation also shown a significant increase of DPP-4 inhibition activity. Conclusion: This study suggests that 2.5-5 kGy radiation is the effective gamma irradiation dose to improve the quality of melinjo seeds.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Dipeptidyl peptidase-4, Gamma irradiation, Gnetum gnemon, HMG-CoA reductase, Resveratrol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.29}, author = {Rezi Riadhi Syahdi and Aditya Sindu Sakti and Agung Kristiyanto and Riky Redmawati and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {982, title = {Effect of Maturation on Phenolics and Flavonoids Content of Greenhouse-Grown Beet Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1010-1013}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1010}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aims to determine how maturation stages of greenhouse-grown beet leaf influence the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Methods: Beet leaf was grown under two different passive solar greenhouses in trans-Himalayan Ladakh. Leaves harvested at three maturity stages were evaluated for TPC and TFC. Results: Significant difference in TPC and TFC was observed between the three maturity stages. Midmature leaves had the highest TPC and TFC followed by mature and immature leaves. When TPC and TFC for all maturity stages were averaged, a marked difference in TPC and TFC was observed in beet leaf grown under the two passive solar greenhouses. Higher TPC and TFC were observed in the greenhouse with higher photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and UV-transmittance. Conclusion: Beet leaf should be harvested at the midmaturity stage for consumer to benefit from elevated levels of phenolics and flavonoids.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Greenhouse, Ladakh, Maturity, Vegetable}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.159}, author = {Phunchok Angmo and Sonam Chorol and Desyong Namgail and OP Chaurasia and Tsering Stobdan} } @article {986, title = {Effect of Ocimum sanctum Leaf Extract on Entero-Insular Axis by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1138-1142}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1138}, abstract = {

This research study evaluates the effect of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract on the entero-insular axis and the hyperglycemia due to oral glucose tolerance test in albino rats. Methanolic leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum was prepared by Sami labs, Bangalore and used for the study. After obtaining Institutional Animal ethical committee clearance male albino rats (155{\textendash}215 g) were divided into 4 groups. 6 albino rats were randomly assigned to Control (Normal saline) group, Standard (Vildagliptin 50 mg/kg) group, Ocimum sanctum leaf extract (100 mg/kg) and (200 mg/kg) groups. After overnight fasting the baseline biochemical evaluation in the fasting state blood glucose, Insulin level, Glucagon level, GLP-1 (Glucagon like peptide-1), GIP (Glucose dependent Insulinotropic peptide) level were measured for all the above groups. Control, Vildagliptin (STD) and the extracts were orally administered by using rat oral feeding tube. 30 minutes later oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done. Blood samples were evaluated for blood sugar, Insulin, Glucagon, GLP-1 and GIP at 0, 15 and 45 minutes after oral glucose load. Ocimum sanctum (200 mg/kg) showed significant (p <= 0.05) reduction in blood glucose at 45 minutes when compared to control. Ocimum sanctum (100 mg/kg \& 200 mg/kg) showed significant (p <= 0.001) increase in GIP levels at 45 minutes of OGTT. Ocimum sanctum leaf extract showed significant antihyperglycemic and incretin enhancing effects. Further indepth animal and clinical studies are necessary to demonstrate the therapeutic potential of this extract for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Antihyperglycemic, Entero-Insular axis, Glucagon, Insulin, Ocimum sanctum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.177}, author = {Inbaraj SD and Muniappan M} } @article {1031, title = {The Effect of Ultraviolet-B Radiation Exposure on Hibiscus cannabinus Linn with its Phytochemical and Pharmacological Responses}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1540-1543}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1540}, abstract = {

Aim: Exposure of UV-B Radiation on\ Hibiscus cannabinus Linn and to evaluate both Phytochemical and Pharmacological responses. Objective: UV-B can increase the nutrients contents from plants, plants become tastier and increases the yield and UV-will make plants resistant to fungal infections and stimulate the production of phytomarkers. Material and Methods: Hibiscus cannabinus Linn seeds were soaked with 50\% H2O2 for 12 hours and then inoculated with the Azospirillum. UV-B radiation cabinet was provided by UV lamps which are above 15 cm from control maintained. Normal daylight exposed control group Seedlings irradiated for 2 hour per day (12.30 pm to 2.30 pm) for 20 days. Results and Discussion: 20 days treatment increases total phenolic contents and sugars content were decreased in uncovered leaf tissue. Protein content was at first diminished but expanded on the 20 day of UV-B treatment. Also, perform pharmacological studies no toxic elements are observed 20 days treatment and pharmacological activity by using anticancer activity by using human colon HT-29 cancer cell line. UV light exposed plants shows good anticancer activity when compared with non UV exposed Plant.

}, keywords = {Cancer cells line HT-29, Hibiscus cannabinus Linn, Total Phenolic Contents, UV-B radiation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.235}, author = {T Sundarrajan and V Velmurugan and MK Kathiravan and K Manikandan and KS Lakshmi and MR Ganesh} } @article {872, title = {Effectiveness of Methanol Solvent Extraction for Red Macroalgae Acanthophora spicifera Antitumoric Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {450-454}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {450}, abstract = {

Introduction: Red macroalgae Acanthophora spicifera is commonly found in most parts of Indonesia coastal areas. However, information regarding their potential pharmaceutical uses remains largely unexplored. This study evaluates the antiproliferative activity of Acanthophora spicifera collected from Indonesian extracted with different solvents of ethanol and methanol. Methods: Cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activity of A. spicifera crude ethanol extract (AS-EtOH) and A. spicifera crude methanol extract (AM-MetOH) were evaluated with Lactate dehidrogenase (LDH) and Trypan blue exclusion assay in Human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells for 72h. Concentration of extracts treated in HeLa cells were 6.25 to 200 μg/mL. Viability staining with fluorescence stain Hoechst33342/PI was conducted to investigate apoptotic activity. Potential apoptotic activity of treatments was confirmed by DNA fragmentation assay. Results: AS-MetOH demonstrated high cytotoxicity in HeLa cells with IC50 of 127.3 {\textpm} 33.13 μg/mL. However, AS-EtOH IC50 values could not be determined in this study. Antiproliferative activity was highly significant in AS-MetOH treated cells as cell density was suppressed to 20 x 104 cells/mL compared to AS-EtOH (73 x 104 cells/mL) and untreated cells (83 x 104 cells/mL). Finally, apoptotic activity could be determined in AS-MetOH treated cells with increase PI fluorescence emitting cells and DNA fragmentation. On the other hand, apoptotic activity was not observable in AS-EtOH treated cells based on fluorescence viability staining and DNA fragmentation assay. Conclusion: Current results show methanol solvent as an effective solvent to promote potential pharmaceutical properties of macroalgae A. spicifera. Further advanced studies in a compound level from A. spicifera methanol fraction would be reasonable for development of macroalgae based anticancer agent.

}, keywords = {Acanthophora, Antiproliferative, Cytotoxicity, Indonesia, Macroalgae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.70}, author = {Eka Sunarwidhi Prasedya and Ni Wayan Riyani Martyasari and Candra Dwipayana Hamdin and Masao Miyake and Daisuke Kobayashi and Sri Widyastuti and Akihiro Hazama and Haji Sunarpi} } @article {1022, title = {Effects of Beta Glucosidase Inhibitor on Cellulase Enzyme Activity for Preparation of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1225-1230}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1225}, abstract = {

Objective: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was a highly desirable excipient which being used for making tablets with direct compression method in Pharmaceutical manufacture. The purpose of this study was to compare microcrystalline cellulose preparation from water hyacinth powder with and without addition of β-glucosidase inhibitor followed by identification and characterization of the resulting powders. Methods: The study was began with isolation of potential organisms from soils in mangrove followed by extraction of {\textbullet} -glucosidase inhibitor. MCC was prepared through enzymatic hydrolysis of alpha-cellulase with and without addition of beta-glucosidase inhibitor. Identification was done using FTIR, then characterized by organoleptic examination, qualitative analysis, starch test, pH test, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of particle size and distribution, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), moisture content, loss on drying test, particle density test, flow rate test and angle of repose test compared to microcrystalline cellulose which had been available on the market. Results: The hydrolysis conditions were carried out at 30{\textdegree}C, for 2 h and the powder was dissolved in acetate buffer pH 7 by addition of enzyme and 2.5 ml inhibitor. MCC yield with addition of beta-glucosidase inhibitor (80\%) was higher than without addition of beta-glucosidase (68\%). Conclusion: Addition of beta glucosidase inhibitor showed positive impact to increase MCC yield from alpha cellulose sample.

}, keywords = {Charaterization, Enzyme hydrolyisis, Microcrystalline cellulose, Water hyacinth, β-glucosidase inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.190}, author = {Annisa Shabrina and Herman Suryadi and Sutriyo} } @article {985, title = {Effects of the Ethanolic Extracts of Guava Leaves, Licorice Roots and Cloves on the Cariogenic Properties of Streptococcus mutans}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1029-1036}, type = {Original Research Article}, chapter = {1029}, abstract = {

Introduction: Streptococcus mutans is a major causative pathogen of dental caries. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the ethanolic extracts of Psidium guajava, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Syzygium aromaticum against cariogenic properties of Streptococcus mutans. These medicinal plants have been used traditionally as the ingredients in the herbal mouthwash for the management of dental caries. Methods: The 95\% ethanolic extracts of these medicinal plants were prepared and their phytochemical contents were analyzed by using thin layer chromatography-densitometry. Antibacterial activities of the extracts against S. mutans were evaluated according to broth dilution method. The effects of the extracts against cariogenic properties of S. mutans, which are surface adherence, biofilm formation and acid production, were also investigated. Results: The biological active constituents, quercetin, glycyrrhizic acid and eugenol, were found in P. guajava, G. glabra and S. aromaticum, respectively. The three extracts possessed anti-bacterial activity against S. mutans with the MICs of 1.562, 0.195 and 1.562 mg/mL, respectively. The extracts at every concentration tested (at lower than their MICs) significantly inhibited cariogenic properties of S. mutans, which included inhibitions against surface adherence, biofilm formation and acid production. Conclusion: The ethanolic extracts of guava leaves, licorice roots and cloves produced anti-bacterial and anti-cariogenic activities against S. mutans. These plant extracts thus can potentially be developed as a product for the prevention of dental caries in the near future.

}, keywords = {Cariogenic properties, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Psidium guajava, Streptococcus mutans, Syzygium aromaticum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.162}, author = {Nalita Phaiboon and Pawitra Pulbutr and Bunleu Sungthong and Sakulrat Rattanakiat} } @article {1002, title = {Establishment of a 3D-structure Database for Chemical Compounds in Indonesian Sponges}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1211-1218}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1211}, abstract = {

Objective: Nowadays, There hasn{\textquoteright}t any three-dimensional (3D) chemical structure database yet for biologically active compound in sponges from Indonesian origin. Therefore, this study aimed to create in silico a 3D-structure database of such compound and to evaluate the preferred software for this purpose. Methods: 2D- structure of selected compounds was established using MarvinSketch software. Conversion from 2D- into 3D-structures was evaluated by comparing MarvinSketch, OpenBabel and VegaZZ software packages. Visualization of the respective 3D-structures was perfomed by using PyMOL software. From 68 scientific articles, 212 chemical compounds were selected from 53 Indonesian sponge species. Results: The conversion of 2D-structures of the selected 212 chemical compound into 3D-structures lead to 7118 files, respectively consisting of 2508 files from the MarvinSketch, 1672 files from the OpenBabel and 1051 files from the VegaZZ software. The results based on the extention files were 1043 SDF, 1258 MOL and 2930 PDB format files of the three-dimensional structure. The valid and correct three-dimensional structure of chemical compound were 914 .sdf format files, 916 format .mol files and 72 .pdb format files. From the three-dimensional structures visualization, the database prefers established by using MarvinSketch with SDF or MOL format files since the results is consistent to literature and contain less number of errors.

}, keywords = {2D-and 3D-chemical structures, 3D-database of chemical structures, Evaluation of software packages, Indonesian sponges}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.188}, author = {Retno Prihatiningtyas and Rezi Riadhi Syahdi and Masteria Yunovilsa Putra and Arry Yanuar} } @article {1049, title = {Ethanol Extract of Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr. Flowers Produces Sleep Improvement in Rat Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1449-1454}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1449}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sleep disorder may have detrimental consequences on health and one of the treatments is the use of hypnotics. Unfortunately, hypnotics treatment may also be accompanied by side effects and lead to dependence. The present study aimed to investigate the sleep improving effects of ethanol extract of Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr. flowers in rat model. Methods: Rats were assigned into group receiving the extract (at 0.9 or 1.8 g/kg), the reference drug crocetin (at 0.9 mg/kg) or vehicle, once a day orally for 15 days. Results: Tested on day 1 and 14 of treatment, the rats receiving 1.8 g/kg of the extract showed improvements in sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, wake episodes, and sleep cycle, which were significantly different from crocetin. Furthermore, tested on day 2 and 15 of treatment, the rats treated with 1.8 g/kg extract demonstrated superior sedative rating scale compared to crocetin. Conclusions: Results of the present study indicates the potential of Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr. flower extract to be used as an adjunct treatment for sleep disorder.

}, keywords = {Flowers, Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr., Improvement, Rats, Sleep}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.224}, author = {Kusnandar Anggadiredja and I Ketut Adnyana and Dewi Safitri and Siti Farah Rahmawati and Tomi Hendrayana} } @article {900, title = {Ethnobotanical Survey of the Medicinal Plants used in the Southern Mediterranean. Case Study: The Region of Bissa (Northeastern Dahra Mountains, Algeria)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {647-659}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {647}, abstract = {

Introduction: The present study falls within the framework of valorization of medical plants and traditional knowledge{\textquoteright}s in the Northeastern part of Dahra Mountain, Algeria. Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted between 2016 and 2018 in order to study the traditional and therapeutic use of medical plants amongst the local population. Data collected was analyzed using quantitative indices such as the Fidelity Level (FL) and Informant Consensus Factor (FIC). Results: The results revealed 70 medicinal species belonging to 38 botanical families, among which, five families were the most commonly used by the local population, especially the families Lamiaceae and Asteraceae. In term of species, the highest frequencies of medicinal use were shown respectively by Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. (6.49\%), Pistacia lentiscus L. (6.11\%), Myrtus communis L. (5.34\%) and Thymus vulgaris L. (4.96\%). Among the various parts of the plant, leaves were the most used part and decoction was the most frequent form of use. Finally, the gastro-intestinal system disorders were the most treated diseases with a percentage of 28.24\%. Conclusion: This first ethnobotanical study conducted in the region of Bissa revealed a very rich local knowledge in term of traditional herbal medicine; this fact was reflected by the high diversity of species used in the treatment of several diseases. In light of this, it is therefore very important to subject some of the major species to further phytochemical and pharmacological studies in order to validate their traditional use and to probably discover new bioactive molecules.

}, keywords = {Algeria, Ethnobotany, Indigenous population, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.103}, author = {Fatima Senouci and Adda Ababou and Mohammed Chouieb} } @article {984, title = {Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Lemongrass Oil Against Oral Clinical Isolates {\textendash} An In vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1023-1028}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1023}, abstract = {

Background: There are 1,200 oral species out of which 400 are potentially important and 20 organisms are periopathic. Periodontal flora plays the important role in initiation and progression of periodontal diseases. There are various conservative and surgical procedures to treat and prevent periodontal diseases. Local drug delivery agents reduce microbial burden, blocks collagenase activity and inhibits bone loss; out of which tetracycline is common in use. Unwanted side effects and resistance of microorganisms towards antibiotics due to their widespread use have modified the general prescription about their efficacy. Various researches elucidate that herbal extracts exhibit wide range of antibacterial activity. In recent years, Lemongrass essential oil gains scientific interest as it targets even the periodontal pathogens. The purpose of this study is to comparatively evaluate the antibacterial activity of lemongrass essential oil with that of tetracycline. Aim and objective: To comparatively evaluate the antibacterial activity of lemongrass essential oil with tetracycline against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Lactobacillus and to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of lemongrass essential oil. Study design: In vitro. Materials and Methods: It is an in vitro study done to demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of lemongrass against the oral microbes. Based on their involvement in various clinical conditions Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Lactobacillus were selected for the study. These organisms were inoculated to a solid media and incubated overnight aerobically at 37{\textdegree}C to obtain a pure culture. The culture was made as a suspension in sterile saline with the turbidity matching 0.5 Macfarland standard. This is used to make a lawn culture on the Mueller Hinton Agar. Antimicrobial effect of tetracycline was tested using standard disc of doxycycline 30 mcg (Himedia, SD012) and sterile disc was used to prepare lemongrass essential oil which contained 10 μl, 15 μl and 20μl. In each category 5 discs were tested to get a mean zone of inhibition. After 24 hours of incubation the zone of inhibition was measure in mm using a scale. The measured zone size was tabulated and compared among the groups. Results: The minimal inhibitory concentration of lemon grass essential oil was estimated to be 10μl. Statistically significant zone of inhibition and antibacterial zone was greater in lemongrass essential oil than tetracycline for Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus epidermis. Conclusion: Lemongrass essential oil showed higher antibacterial activity than tetracycline. Hence, it can be used as a good alternative to tetracycline or adjunctive in the treatment of periodontitis.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Lemongrass essential oil, Minimal inhibitory Concentration, Tetracycline}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.161}, author = {Paavai Ilango and Vasugi Suresh and Ayswarya V Vummidi1 and Vanessa Ravel and Veejai Chandran and Arulpari Mahalingam and Vineela Katam Reddy} } @article {941, title = {Evaluation of Anti-diarrheal and Anti-nociceptive Activity of Methanolic Unripe Fruit Peels Extract of Masua ferrea Linn. on Mice Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {828-835}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {828}, abstract = {

Background: Though traditionally the plant Masua ferrea has been used by south east Asian people in inflammation and septic conditions, the present study was designed to investigate the anti-diarrheal and anti-nociceptive activities of unripe fruit peel of Mesua ferrea on animal models. Methods: Various methods were employed for investigating these activities such as castor-oil induced diarrhea, castor-oil induced enteropooling and gastrointestinal motility test, acetic acid induced writhing test, tail immersion and hot plate methods. Results: From the experimental data it was found that the diarrheal episode was inhibited by 39.68\% and 49.21\% for methanol extract at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg respectively. The extract significantly lessened the intestinal volume for methanolic extract at 200 mg/Kg dose 0.54 {\textpm} 0.01 ml (p \< 0.05) and at 200 mg/Kg dose 0.47 {\textpm} 0.02 ml (p \< 0.01) compared to control 0.65 {\textpm} 0.03 ml in castor-oil induced enteropooling and also decreased intestinal transit 29.07 {\textendash} 48.54\% for methanolic extract comparable with standard (loperamide 5 mg/kg). Mesua ferrea peels significantly (P \< 0.05, P \< 0.01 and P \< 0.001) reduced the number of writhing, increased latency to flick tail in tail immersion method and elevated the mean basal reaction time in hot plate method respectively. Besides, no delayed toxicity was observed in given doses. Conclusion: The methanolic extract exhibited highly significant anti-diarrheal and antinociceptive activity in a dose-dependent manner, which supports its use in traditional herbal medicine.

}, keywords = {Anti-diarrheal, Anti-nociceptive, Castor oil, Intestinal transit, Mesua ferrea, Tail immersion method}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.133}, author = {Kishor Mazumder and Ziku Chandra Dey and Suparna Dey and Md. Fazlul Kabir and Minhazur Rahman and Sadiur Rahman Sajon} } @article {960, title = {Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Leaves, Barks, Stems and Fruits of Alphitonia philippinensis (Rhamnaceae) From Brunei Darussalam}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {951-961}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {951}, abstract = {

Phytochemical screening of Alphitonia philippinensis extracts revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins and steroids in different plant parts. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total flavonol content (TFlC) were measured using spectrophotometric methods where gallic acid and quercetin were the standards. Antioxidant activity of extracts was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2̉-azino-bis(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays using ascorbic acid and trolox were used as standards. Among the four different crude methanol extracts studies, leaves showed highest antioxidant capacity. EC50 values of the leaves extract from DPPH and ABTS method found 32 and 45 μg/mL respectively. The higher antioxidant activity of the leaves extract could be correlated with the presence of higher total phenolic content, total flavonoid, and total flavonol contents. According to antioxidant contents and assay results leaves extract possesses highest antioxidant property following fruits, barks and stems.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant property, philippinensis, Phytochemical investigation, Total Phenolic Contents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.151}, author = {Jamiuddin Ahmed and Kamariah Abu Salim and Linda B.L. Lim and Abdalla Mohamed Jama} } @article {857, title = {Evaluation of Anti-psoriatic Potential of the Fruit Rind of Punica granatum L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {466-468}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {466}, abstract = {

Background: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is universally known for its therapeutic properties due to its potential bioactive compounds. However, there is no established scientific study on antipsoriatic activity of pomegranate fruit rind. The aim of the study is to evaluate the anti-psoriatic activity of the isolated compounds and the extract from the fruit rind of P. granatum. In our previous study, the isolated compounds were evaluated for antioxidant potential. In continuation to the previous investigation, the present study is taken up to evaluate the extract and compounds for in vitro anti-psoriatic activity. Methods: Chromatographic techniques were employed to isolate the compounds from the aqueous acetone extract and in vitro anti-psoriatic activity was determined by thymidine phosphorylase inhibition assay. Results: From previous phytochemical investigation, three compounds were identified as Punicalagin, 2,3(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-D-glucose and Punicalin. In the present study, the extract and the compounds were evaluated for anti-psoriatic activity. The results reveal that the isolated three compounds showed inhibitory activity of 89\% to 95\% against thymidine phosphorylase. Aqueous acetone extract also exhibited 87\% inhibition. Conclusion: Punica granatum is an ideal plant for further investigation to prove its anti-psoriatic activity.

}, keywords = {Anti-psoriatic activity, Punica granatum, Thymidine phosphorylase inhibition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.73}, author = {Janani Jacob and Gopalan R and Lakshmanaperumalsamy P and Ramanaiah Illuri and Damaji Bhosle and Gopala Krishna Sangli and Deepak Mundkinajeddu} } @article {899, title = {The Evaluation of Dietary Black Soybean and Purple Sweet Potato on Insulin Sensitivity in Streptozotocin - Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {639-646}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {639}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hyperglycemia mediates the production of excess free radicals and reduces endogenous antioxidant in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Black soybean (BSB) is rich in antioxidant mainly from isoflavones, whereas the antioxidant of purple sweet potato (PSP) comes from high anthocyanin. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of BSB, PSP, and its combination on malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations, insulin and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) expression in T2DM rats. Methods: T2DM induced by high-calorie diet for five weeks and then injected with a low dose of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg BW) intraperitoneally. The DM rats then treated with black soybean (DM + BSB), purple sweet potato (DM + PSP) and the combination of BSB and PSP 1:3, 2:2, 3:1 respectively (DM + C1- 3). Treatments were given for thirty days. The effect of BSB, PSP and its combination evaluated by measuring SOD and MDA, necrosis in pancreas evaluated through hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and insulin and IRS-1 expression in pancreas through immunohistochemistry-fluorescence (IHC-F). Results: Our result indicated that there were no significant differences of BSB and the combination in decreasing MDA concentrations. The ratio of BSB and PSP combination of 2:2 increase SOD towards near normal, decrease necrosis, and improve insulin and IRS-1. Conclusion: The combination of BSB and PSP had the potential to improve insulin sensitivity through the increase of SOD, reduce necrosis, and improve insulin and IRS-1 expression.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Malondialdehyde, Necrosis, Superoxide dismutase, T2DM}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.102}, author = {Abdul Gofur and Agung Witjoro and Erni Widya Ningtiyas and Evi Setyowati and Siti Aminatul Mukharromah and Mochammad Fitri Atho{\textquoteright}illah and Sri Rahayu Lestari} } @article {1055, title = {Evaluation of Immune Boosting Properties and Combating of Multiple Respiratory Viral Infections by fifteen Euphorbiaceae Plant Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1490-1503}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1490}, abstract = {

Objective: Fifteen Euphorbiaceae plant extracts were evaluated for their antiviral and immune boosting properties. Methods: The maximum non-toxic concentration of each extract in specific pathogen{\textendash}free embryonated chicken eggs was estimated and their antiviral efficacy was determined in terms of reduction in viral titers, measured by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. The antiviral efficacy was compared with ribavirin. The active extract was further subjected to estimation of total polyphenolic and flavonoid contents. Also, GC/ MS analysis was used to analyze its unsaponifiable and saponifiable matters. Results: The cytotoxic concentration fifty (CC50) of Breynia distacha recorded the value of \>200 and \>300 for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1, respectively. This extract showed antiviral inhibition concentration (IC50) values of <= 2 and <= 3, respectively and antiviral therapeutic index of 100\% compared with ribavirin as standard. The serum of the vaccinated chicks treated with B. distacha has recorded the highest HI titers (7.1 and 8.3 log2) at the day of 28 post vaccination with high protection percentage (100 and 90\%) post NDV and AIV H5N1 challenge, respectively. Also, a high HI titer (6.9 log2) was recorded in serum of the vaccinated chicks treated with Aleurites moluccana, Jatropha curcas, Ricinus communis, Putranjiva roxburghii with protection percentage of 95-100\% post-NDV challenge. GC/MS analysis allowed identification of 91.10\% of the total unsaponifiable matter, (1-heptatriacotanol represented the major component, 24.61\%) and 82.51\% of the fatty acid methyl esters content (methyl palmitate represented the major component, 26.13 \%). Conclusion: This study highlighted the potential of many Euphorbiaceae plants especially B. distacha, to be new candidate of plant-based prototypes that carry antiviral and immunogenic features against respiratory viral infections.

}, keywords = {Euphorbiaceae, GC/MS, Hemagglutination, Immune, Respiratory viral infections, SPF-ECEs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.230}, author = {Howaida I Abd-Alla and Heba-tollah M Sweelam and Walaa A El-Kashak and Mounir M El-Safty} } @article {794, title = {Evaluation of Pharmacological Properties of Caesalpinia bonducella Seed and Shell Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January-2019}, pages = {150-154}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {150}, abstract = {

Background: Caesalpinia bonducella L. is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Caesalpiniaceae. It is a prickly shrub widely distributed all over the world especially in Indian tropical regions such as Kerala, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Sri Lanka. There are claims that its leaves or seeds/ seed kernel possess antipyretic, antidiuretic, antibacterial, antiviral, antiestrogenic and antidiabetic activities Due to the above properties several preparations of the plant were used in folk medicine. Materials and Methods: The aqueous extract of Caesalpinia bonducella nut containing the seed and the shell, has been evaluated for qualitative analysis of secondary metabolites (tannis, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, coumarins, quinone and phenols), in-vitro anti -inflammatory, anti-diabetic assay, antioxidant, antimitotic and antimicrobial activity. The studies were carried out using HRBC membrane stabilization, inhibition of alpha amalyse enzyme, DPPH method, green gram growth inhibition, agar diffusion method respectively. Results: Our results indicate the presence of Alkaloids, Flavanoids and Saponins. We report in our study the antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial and antimitotic activity of Caesalpinia bonducella.

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-mitotic, Anti-oxidant, Caesalpinia bonducella}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.25}, author = {Vigasini Subbiah and Pannaga Nagaraja and Priya Narayan and Holenarasipur GunduRao Nagendra} } @article {823, title = {An Eye-Catching Review of Aegle marmelos L. (Golden Apple)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {207-224}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {207}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plants and their products are a major source for food and medicine that are highly beneficial for various animals and humans. This article focuses on complete profile of Aegle marmelos L. which belongs to the family Rutaceae, is commonly known as bael, widely available in several places in India. Ethnobotany: Traditional use of A. marmelos for various diseases includes abdominal disorders, ulcer, cholera, diarrhea, nerve disorders, gonorrhea, heart disorders, dog bite, jaundice, snake bite and many more. A number of biologically active compounds isolated from various parts of A. marmelos which belongs to various chemical groups. Phytochemistry: The isolated components belong to Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Vitamins, Coumarins, Tannins, Carbohydrates, Flavonoids, Fatty Acids, Essential Oils and some other miscellaneous compounds. Pharmacological Activities: The plant also possess various pharmacological activities such as Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antidiarrheal, Antidiabetic, Antiproliferative, Cytoprotective, Hepatoprotective, Antifertility, Analgesic, Antiarthritis, Contractile, Antihyperlipidemic, Cardioprotective, Radioprotective, Anticancer, Antiviral, Antiulcer, Immunomodulatory and Wound Healing properties. Conclusion: Hence this review can be a good reference for researchers who are willing to undertake further investigation about A. marmelos.

}, keywords = {Aegle marmelos, Ethnobotany, Pharmacological activities, Phytochemistry, Traditional use}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.34}, author = {Kausik Bhar and Sumanta Mondal and Padilam Suresh} } @article {884, title = {Flavonoids of East Asian Species Serratula manshurica Kitag}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, year = {2019}, month = {March 2019}, pages = {xx-xx}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {xx}, abstract = {

Aim/ Background: The flavonoid composition of the East Asian species Serratula manshurica Kitag. (Family Asteraceae) growing in the Primorsky Territory, the Amur region and in the South of the Khabarovsk Territory of Russia was studied. Materials and Methods: Flavonoids quercetin-4{\textquoteright}-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (1) and apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (2) were isolated from Serratula manshurica by methods of liquid extraction and recrystallization. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by UV, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. Separation and quantitative content of flavonoids in the extracts of the aerial part (Leaves, stems, inflorescences) of Serratula manshurica was observed by RP HPLC. Results and Conclusion: The change in the amount of some flavonoids in various phenological phases in the overhead part of Serratula manshurica Kitag was studied. It was revealed that the maximum concentration of flavonoid aglycones in the plant was observed during the before budding in the budding period and their glycosides prevaily in the flowering phase. Widespread across the Far East, Serratula manshurica is promising and renewable source of bioactive compounds.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Leaves, NMR spectroscopy, Serratula manshurica, Steams}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.xx}, author = {Myagchilov Aleksey V and Sokolova Larisa I and Gorovoy Peter G and Dmitrenok Pavel S} } @article {1024, title = {Formulation and Characterization of Bitter Melon Extract (Momordica charantia) Loaded Phytosomes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1235-1241}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1235}, abstract = {

Objective: Phytosomes are a novel drug delivery system that offers better absorption and bioavailability for extract or phytoconstituents. The aim of this study was developing bitter melon extract load phytosomes with appropriate characteristics for transdermal delivery. Methods: Three formulas were developed, F1, F2 and F3 with weight ratios of extract and phosphatidylcholine were 1: 1, 1: 2 and 1: 3, respectively. Bitter melon fruit was extracted using a maceration method and the marker compounds were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Phytosomes were prepared using thin layer method and then characterized, in terms of morphology, particle size distribution, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency. Results: The results of pytosomes characterization reveals that the F3 was the optimal formula. It has a spherical shape, particle size (DV-mean) was 282.3 {\textpm} 16.4 nm, zeta potential value at -39.2 {\textpm} 0.14 mV and entrapment efficiency of 90.06 {\textpm} 1.07 \%. Conclusion: Bitter melon extract loaded phytosomes with a weight ratio of extract and phosphatidylcholine 1:3 (F3) was selected as an optimal formula with appropriate characteristics for transdermal delivery.

}, keywords = {Bitter melon, Momordica charantia, Phytosomes, Thin layer method, Transdermal delivery}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.192}, author = {Rhatih Eka Sasongko and Silvia Surini and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {831, title = {Gas Chromatography{\textendash}Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) Analysis, Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Emblica officinalis Fruit Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {315-323}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {315}, abstract = {

Introduction: Emblica officinalis is one of the common plants being used traditionally in different ways to search for cures and relief from various diseases. Among these diseases, Emblica officinalis had many of medicinal uses in treating a wide variety of bacterial and fungal infections. In this study, Ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) was efficiently used for the preparation of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Embelica officinalis fruits (EOFE). The phytoconstituents was detected through GC-MS/MS analysis to confirm antimicrobial effect of EOFE. Materials and methods: The extraction was carried out at 20{\textordmasculine}C, for 20 min using a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1: 60 w/v. The extracts were subjected to GC-MS/MS analysis. The in-vitro effect of extracts against twenty one microbial strains was investigated by an agar well diffusion method in different concentrations (25 μg/mL-1000 μg/mL). Results: The percentage yield was found to be 41.33\% w/v and 23.0 \% w/v with water and methanol, respectively. Phenol,3,5-bis1,1 dimethylethyl, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and heptasiloxa ne1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13-tetradecamethyl were confirmed by GC-MS/MS analysis. Effectiveness of extracts against Gram negative bacteria; Providencia alcalifaciens and Gram positive bacteria; Bacillus pumilis, Bacillus polymyxa and fungal strains; Neurospora crassa, Aspergillus brasileinsis and Cladosporium oxysporum are reported for the first time. Aqueous extract revealed excellent antibacterial activity at 50 μg/mL and antifungal activity at 100 μg/mL whereas methanolic extract showed antifungal activity at 250 μg/mL. Conclusion: Results highlight the considerable inhibitory effect of EOFE against various microbial species was mainly due to the presence of phenolic compounds and other phytocompounds.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Emblica officinalis, GC-MS/MS, Ultrasonic assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.47}, author = {Ali Mohammed Mohammed Ali Al-Samman and Kahkashan and Nadeem Ahmad Siddique} } @article {1001, title = {HerbalDB 2.0: Optimization of Construction of Three-Dimensional Chemical Compound Structures to Update Indonesian Medicinal Plant Database}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1189-1194}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1189}, abstract = {

Objective: Development of novel drugs is an important challenge in the pharmaceutical world and industry. In-silico methods are often considered in refinement / correction processes of drug design because they may lower the costs. The in-silico drug discovery process requires a three- Dimensional Structure (3DS) of the chemical compounds as input. Computational 3DSs often exhibit structural mismatches thus affecting the validity of the in-silico drug design process. In a previous study, a 3DS database with 1405 of Indonesian herbal compounds was developed, named HerbalDB. In this database, various structural mismatches were identified in some of the 3DSs. Our study aimed to identify and correct the structural mismatches in the herbalDB and to determine the best method in creating correct 3DS of chemical compounds. Methods: Structural mismatches in the herbal database were identified by molecular visualization. Results: The identification process yielded 170 compounds with structural mismatches that were corrected with 10 different parameters using the MarvinSketch and VegaZZ software, evaluated by molecular visualization. Conclusions: based on 3DS of chemical compound visualization, *.mol and *.sdf file format created using Dreiding force fields of MarvinSketch are the best method to construct the proper structure of Indonesian medicinal plant{\textquoteright}s chemical compound database compared with MMFF94, AMBER and CHARMM forcefields.

}, keywords = {Herbal database, MarvinSketch, Three-dimensional structure, VegaZZ}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.184}, author = {Rezi Riadhi Syahdi and Jasmine Tiara Iqbal and Abdul Munim and Arry Yanuar} } @article {975, title = {Honokiol and Magnolol Induce Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1114-1123}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1114}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ovarian cancer is a major cause of cancer-related death among women. The growth, persistence, and cancer metastasis are causes of poor prognosis and high mortality rate. Honokiol and magnolol are derivative compounds extracted from the root and stem bark of Magnolia officinalis. Many studies have reported that honokiol and magnolol have anti-tumour effects on various types of cancer. The present study investigates the anti-tumour effect of these compounds on human ovarian cancer. Methods: Ovarian cancer cell lines, SKOV3 and ES-2 cells were tested with honokiol and magnolol to determine their responses including the cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, induction of cell apoptosis and metastasis ability. Result: The results indicate that low concentrations of honokiol and magnolol suppressed the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells through induction of cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 and down-regulation of the cyclin D1 protein. These compounds also exhibited an anti-metastatic ability mediated by inhibiting migration, adhesion, and MMP activities. Additionally, high concentrations of honokiol and magnolol could activate cell death associated with the apoptosis signalling pathway, either along an intrinsic or extrinsic pathway. Conclusion: The data provides evidence that honokiol and magnolol have potential anti-tumour properties and minimal toxicity on normal cells, and could therefore be applied in the treatment of ovarian cancer.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Honokiol, Magnolol, Metastasis, Ovarian Cancer, Proliferation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.174}, author = {Worawat Songjang and Arunya Jiraviriyakul} } @article {829, title = {HPLC Quantification of Hydroxycinnamic and Organic Acids of Canadian Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {400-404}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {400}, abstract = {

Background: Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine across the world for several hundred years. According to literature data, S. canadensis contains various groups of biologically active substances, including tannins, flavonoids, etc. The aim of the study was to identify and quantify hydroxycinnamic and organic acids in aerial parts of Canadian goldenrod, as these groups of substances demonstrate a broad spectrum of therapeutic activities. Materials and Methods: Ethanolic extracts of S. canadensis, gathered in Central Russia, were analyzed using highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCA) determination was carried out by HPLC method with UV detection at 330 nm using HCA reference standards (RS). Organic acids (OA) determination was performed in the same manner, utilizing UV detection at 210 nm and corresponding OA RS. Results: It was established that S. canadensis HCA composition is represented by cichoric, caffeic, chlorogenic, quinic and ferulic acids. The total HCA content in was 1.16 g {\textpm} 10.7 mg / 100 g. Main OA, found in S. canadensis, are ascorbic, citric, tartaric, succinic, gallic, malic, oxalic and fumaric acids, with the total OA content of 426.5 mg {\textpm} 6.4 mg / 100 g. Conclusion: The described HPLC method was successfully used for analysis of S. canadensis aerial parts ethanolic extracts. The method can be utilized for HCA and OA identification and quantification in both herbal raw material and herbal medicinal products containing Canadian goldenrod.

}, keywords = {Canadian goldenrod, HPLC, Hydroxycinnamic acids, Organic acids, Solidago canadensis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.62}, author = {Fidan Suleymanova and Olga Nesterova and Alexey Matyushin} } @article {947, title = {The Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agaradh and Computational Studies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {873-883}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {873}, abstract = {

Aim/Background: The present work was carried out to identify some of the bioactive components present in the Brown seaweed Turbinaria ornata by GC-MS technique, and to ascertain its medicinal properties. Materials and Methods: GC-MS analysis of some of the potent volatile constituents present in the pet ether of Turbinaria ornata was performed. MD simulations were performed for complex structures of human secretory PLA2 and P38 kinase. GC-MS chromatogram showed peaks indicating the presence of various compounds of interest. The interpretation of the mass spectrum of GC-MS was done using the Database of Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology (IICPT). Twenty compounds were identified in pet ether extract of Turbinaria ornata. All 20 compounds were screened using PASS online activity prediction server, for the possession of anti-inflammatory potency and the selected target proteins were subjected to molecular docking studies. MD simulations were also performed for the top listed compound 16 which was identified from D3P extract (2,3-Diphenylcyclopropyl)methyl phenyl sulfoxide, trans-). Similarly, the complex structure of PLA2 (phospho-ethanolamine, PE) and P38 kinase (3-(2-pyridine-4-ylethyl)-1H-indole) were simulated for comparative study. Results and Conclusion: Based on the in silico results, the binding affinities for compounds of T. ornata were judged against known standards for its capability to restrain inflammation and to promote possibility for scheming potential antiinflammatory lead from natural compounds were discussed.

}, keywords = {Bioactive components, Brown algae, GC-MS, Molecular docking and simulation studies, T. ornata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.140}, author = {S. Deepa and K. Sujatha and D Velmurugan} } @article {996, title = {In silico Analysis of Flavonoid Glycosides and its Aglycones as Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1252-1255}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1252}, abstract = {

Background: HIV continues to be a major global public health issue, having claimed more than 35 million lives so far. In 2016, 1 million people died from HIV-related causes globally. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is one of HIV{\textquoteright}s vital enzymes for virus reproduction. If the enzyme is inhibited, the virus multiplication could be significantly decreased. There are currently many treatments for HIV, but more effective treatment is always needed because of the possibility of drug resistance and side effects for long-term use. Based on the previous study, there are some natural compounds with high affinity to the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase enzyme. Some of these compounds are flavonoid glycosides. Aims and Method: This study was aimed to learn more about in silico HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities of flavonoid glycosides using docking method. Results: The results showed that the most recommended flavonoid glycosides are those with the lowest binding energy, which were kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside and quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside. This was due to the interactions of all three flavonoid rings and sugar moiety with key amino acid residues, which were Leu100, Lys101, Glu138, Tyr181, His235 and Tyr318. Conclusion: Flavonoid glycosides with rhamnose as glycone showed lower binding energy on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.

}, keywords = {Flavonoid, Glycosides, HIV, Molecular docking, Reverse transcriptase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.194}, author = {Stefandi J Wijaya and Arry Yanuar and Rosita Handayani and Rezi Riadhi Syahdi} } @article {940, title = {In vitro Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Senecio asperulus and Gunnera perpensa from Mohale{\textquoteright}s Hoek, Lesotho}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {730-739}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {730}, abstract = {

Background: Traditional medicinal plants have been widely used to treat or manage various ailments for centuries in Lesotho. With an increase in multi drug resistance and undesired adverse events to current drugs challenges, there is a need for alternative drugs. Aim: In this study we aimed at the investigation of antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Senecio asperulus and Gunnera perpensa roots extracted in three solvents of different polarities. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial activity was determined using the disc diffusion method, while antioxidant activity was determined using free radical scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. The Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage in vitro model was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of both plants. Resveratrol was used as a positive control. Results: Methanol extracts of Senecio asperulus inhibited microbial growth even at the lowest concentration of 50 μg/ml. Senecio asperulus dichloromethane extract was active on most bacteria with MIC{\textquoteright}s between 50 μg/ml and 500 μg/ml. However, the water and methanol extracts of Gunnera perpensa had no activity against all organisms tested. Aqueous extracts of Senecio asperulus and Gunnera perpensa showed free radical scavenging activity yielding EC50 values of 100 μg/ml and 25 μg/ml, respectively. The aqueous extracts of Senecio asperulus showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity from 50 to 200 μg/ml. while the methanol extract was at 200 μg/ml and with no cytotoxicity. No anti-inflammatory activity was observed from all Gunnera perpensa extracts using LPS-induced macrophages, this suggests that this species may be using other mechanisms for anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusion: The antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities observed from water extracts of Senecio asperulus support its ethnomedicinal use for the management of inflammation related diseases.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory activity, Antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, Gunnera perpensa, Medicinal plants, Senecio asperulus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.116}, author = {Mfengwana Polo-Ma-Abiele H and Mashele Samson S and Manduna Idah T} } @article {878, title = {In vivo Toxicopathological Evaluation of a Purified Bioflocculant Produced by Arthrobacter humicola}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {486-492}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {486}, abstract = {

Introduction: In spite of the commendable flocculating activities of microbial flocculants, a good number of them potentiate significant toxicity. This study evaluated the in vivo toxicological implications of treatment with the Purified bioflocculant (PB) from Arthrobacter humicola using OECD guidelines. Materials and Methods: In the acute toxicity assessment, a single oral administration of 2000 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) of PB was given to the Wistar rats and the animals were observed for 2 weeks. The daily dose toxicity testing was performed through daily oral treatment with graded doses (50, 200 and 500 mg/kg b.w.) of PB for 4 weeks. Clinical signs of toxicity, behavioral changes, hematological and biochemical parameters were thereafter evaluated. Results: PB at 2000 mg/kg b.w. produced no treatment-mediated signs of toxicity, behavioral changes or mortality in the animals. Thus, its no-observed-adverse-effect level was estimated to be above 2000 mg/kg b.w. In the repeated dose toxicity testing, treatments with PB also revealed no significant differences in the feeding patterns, lipid profiles, hematological and clinical biochemistry parameters when compared with the control group. Although, at 500 mg/kg b.w. PB, a significant increase was observed in the serum activities of alkaline phosphatase, nonetheless, cage side observations recorded no treatment-induced signs of toxicity and macro-histopathological examinations of all the investigated organs also revealed no obvious morphological changes. Conclusion: The overall results suggested that PB was well tolerated by the animals and is endowed with monosaccharides bearing functional groups of flocculation importance, thus, suggesting its potential application as a safe actinomycetes bioflocculant for water treatment.\ 

}, keywords = {Actinomycetes, Arthrobacter humicola, Bioflocculant, Hematological, Polysaccharides, Wastewater treatment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.77}, author = {Mayowa Oladele Agunbiade and Sabiu Saheed and Esta Van Heerden and Carolina Henritta Pohl} } @article {1019, title = {Influence of Milk on Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Power of Black Tea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1262-1268}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1262}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tea leaves are rich in several polyphenolics and flavonoidal compounds that could potentially have health-promoting properties. The objective of the present study was to analyze the antioxidant capacity of black tea and to study the effect of addition of fresh milk and packed milk on the phenolics concentrations and antioxidant efficacy. Methods: The black tea infusion (BT), black tea infusion with fresh milk (BTFM) \& black tea infusion with packed milk (BTPM) samples were comparatively analyzed for total phenolics, flavonoids and HPLC profiling of major phenolic content. All samples were investigated for their total antioxidant capacity and glutathione level in different organs (brain, liver, kidney and heart). Results: The results shown that BT(black tea infusion) had higher total phenolics and flavonoids followed by BTPM (black tea infusion with packed milk) and then the BTFM (black tea infusion with fresh milk). The analytical HPLC results obtained also indicated that BT contained higher amount of catechins and garlic acid derivatives than BTFM, and BTPM may be due to chelation of free phenolics with some fats and protein in the tested milk samples, which reduces the levels of free phenolics significantly. Concerning antioxidants capacity both tested milk samples reduced antioxidant capacity to more than 50\% in different tested tissues. Conclusion: We conclude that black tea is a valuable source of antioxidants and that the inhibitory effect of milk on the total antioxidant capacity may be related to complex formation of the fat \& protein content of the milk with major phenolics in the black tea.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Black tea, Glutathione, HPLC. Flavonoids, Milk, Phenolics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.196}, author = {KM Meselhy and Ghada A Abdel-latif and Amany A sleem and Walaa Ayman and Maram K Imam and Kholoud A Kassab and Sherouk Eissa} } @article {819, title = {Inhibition of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP IV) Activity by Some Indonesia Edible Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {231-236}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {231}, abstract = {

Background: Some edible plants are promising to control blood sugar level. These plants contained phenolic substances that suggested to be able to inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP IV). Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of several selected Indonesia plants on inhibiting of DPP IV activity and to determine the total phenolic content of the most active extract. Methods: Twelve Indonesia edible plants were macerated using 80\% ethanol at room temperature. DPP IV activity was evaluated by using glycyl-prolyl-7-amino-4-methyl coumarin (Gly-Pro-AMC) substrate and the inhibitory effect of extracts were determined based on the level of free AMC group by measuring its fluorescence on excitation wavelength 350-360 nm and an emission wavelength 450-465 nm using a microplate reader. Total phenolic contents of the active extracts were determined with Folin-Ciocalteu 1:4 on 765 nm using microplate reader. Total anthocyanins from extract were determined using the pH differential method. Results: Among the tested samples, the extract of Ipomoea batatas roots at a concentration of 10 μg/mL showed the highest inhibition, followed by Cajanus cajan leaves and Gnetum gnemon rind, with percentage inhibition of 28.8, 24.9 and 24.1, respectively. I. batatas extract have an IC50 value of 65.53 μg/mL, while the IC50 value of the positive control Sitagliptin 9.37 μg/mL. Total phenolic content from the extracts of I. batatas, C. cajan and G. gnemon rind extract were 279.3; 152.8; and 141.3 mg GAE/gram, respectively. Total anthocyanin from I. batatas extract was 462.14 mg cyanidin- 3-glucoside/L. Conclusion: The extract of I. batatas showed the highest inhibition on DPP IV among other plants investigated and showed high content of phenolic compound and anthocyanin that correlated with activity as inhibitor DPP IV.

}, keywords = {Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4, Indonesian edible plant, Ipomoea batatas}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.36}, author = {Muhammad Saiful Amin and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {1032, title = {Isolation and Structural Elucidation of Allantoin a Bioactive Compound from Cleome viscosa L.: A Combined Experimental and Computational Investigation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1391-1400}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1391}, abstract = {

Allantoin, a crystalline compound was isolated from the methanolic extract of Cleome viscosa and it was reported for first time from this plant. The structure of Allantoin was elucidated by single crystal XRD and it was further confirmed through FTIR and ESI-MS spectroscopy techniques. It was crystallized in monoclinic crystal system with the space group P2i/c. Electronic structure characterization of the isolated Allantoin was done through density functional theory calculation. The atomic charges, dipole moment, frontier molecular orbital and the electrostatic potential map of the molecule in the gaseous phase and in the active site have also been analyzed. The optimized geometry was used for molecular docking to identify the possible binding mode. Furthermore, the in vitro antibacterial activity of the isolated Allantoin against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was evaluated. Maximum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of isolated Allantoin results showed 4 μg/mL for B. subtilis and 8 μg/mL for S. aureus, E. coli and K. pneumoniae.

}, keywords = {Allantoin, Antibacterial activity, Cleome viscosa, Molecular docking, XRD}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.215}, author = {Lakshmanan G and Sivaraj C and Ammar A and Anantha Krishnan D and Gopinath S and Saravanan K and Gunasekaran K and Murugesan K} } @article {931, title = {Isolation of Oxoaphorpine Alkaloid from Bark of Cryptocarya Ferrea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {782-786}, type = {Original Research Study}, chapter = {782}, abstract = {

Extraction, isolation, identification and characterization of the compounds isolated from the bark of Cryptocarya ferrea yielded three known oxoaphorpine alkaloids. They are o-metilmoschatoline 1, ateroline 2 and subsesiline 3. Structural elucidation was established through spectroscopic methods 1D-NMR and 2D-NMR, UV, IR, and Mass Spectrometry and comparison with the published data.

}, keywords = {Atheroline, Cryptocarya ferrea, O-moschatoline, Subsessiline}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.124}, author = {Nurdin Saidi and Khalijah Awang and Mustanir Yahya} } @article {885, title = {Macro-Microscopic Identification of Dried Flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. and its Differentiation from Adulterant Rhododendron arboreum Sm.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {613-616}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {613}, abstract = {

Background: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. (Fam.Malvaceae) is a small evergreen shrub cultivated in gardens throughout India. The decoction of flowers is used in Indian system of Medicine for bronchial inflammation, urinary astringent and cardio tonic, to promote growth and to prevent graying of hair. The dried flowers of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. (Fam.Ericaceae) are morphologically looking similar to Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and used as adulterant in the market. Hence, the morphological, Micro-morphological and powder microscopical studies on dried flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Rhododendron arboreum was carried out and reported. Objective: To identify the dried flowers of Hisbiscus rosa-sinensis macro-microscopically and to differentiate it from adulterant Rhododendron arboreum. Methods: The morphology and powder microscopy were observed following standard methods and photographed. Results: The colour, taste, arrangement and appearance of calyx, corolla and stamen, trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, sclereids, oil globules and pollen grains are found to be differentiating diagnostic characters in raw drug/powdered form of dried flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Rhododendron arboreum. Conclusion: The finding of present study is helpful in standardization of formulation consists of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis as ingredient in their powdered form and also for authentication/identification of dried flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.

}, keywords = {Adulteration, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Macro-microscopy, Rhododendron arboreum, Semparathai}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.98}, author = {Nartunai Govindarajan and Susikumar Sundharamoorthy and Narayanan Kannan and Ilavarasan Raju} } @article {935, title = {Medicinal Plants in Basic Care: A Study of Clinical Practice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {796-802}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {796}, abstract = {

According to World Health Organization, 80\% of world population uses traditional practices for primary health care, and 85\% of this shares the use of medicinal plants or plants-based preparations. Thus, the present work had as objective to investigate the profile of herbal medicine use as well as the conditions to the alive pharmacy implementation in four basic health units in the city of Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil. For such, 84 family health professionals were interviewed about the use of medicinal plants. Concerning the indication of medicinal plants, 41.67\% of the health staff prescribes medicinal plants, 55.95\% reported never having prescribed medicinal plants and 2.4\% abstained from responding. Despite the intention to use phytotherapy as a therapeutic practice, this practice is not yet fully inserted in the analyzed units due to factors such as lack of training and specific protocols to assist professionals in the use of medicinal plants and phytotherapics.

}, keywords = {Brazilian Unified Health System, Healthcare Unit, Phytotherapy, Traditional and Complementary Medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.127}, author = {Carlos A.S. Souza and Wesley M.G. Andrade and Tha{\'\i}s S. Ramos and Alex J. S. Filho and Anderson L. Freitas and Tamires C. Lima and {\^A}ngelo R. Antoniolli and Wellington B. Silva and Francilene A. Silva} } @article {917, title = {A Methanolic Extract of Ocimum basilicum Exhibits Antioxidant Effects and Prevents Selenite-induced Cataract Formation in Cultured Lenses of Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {496-504}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {496}, abstract = {

Objective: An extract (Methanolic) of the Ocimum basilicum leaf was analysed for potential to abrogate experimental formation of cataract in-vitro. Methods: Phytoconstituents were first detected in O. basilicum extracts (Aqueous or methanolic) by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis. The putative antioxidant activity of these extracts was then assessed by measuring in-vitro radical-scavenging activity, ion-chelating potential and reducing potency. Potential cytotoxicity of the extract on Human lenticular epithelial B3 (HLE-B3) cells was also sought. Finally, possible prevention of cataract formation by the methanolic extract was gauged in selenite-exposed lenses obtained from Wistar rats. There were 3 groups (8 Lenses in each): Group I (Lenses incubated in Dulbecco{\textquoteright}s modified Eagle{\textquoteright}s medium [DMEM] alone); Group II (Lenses incubated in DMEM with sodium selenite [100 μM/ml]); Group III (Lenses incubated in DMEM with selenite [100 μM/ml] and the O. basilicum methanolic extract (200 μg/ml DMEM). Gross lenticular morphology was assessed. Levels of lenticular malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also measured. Results: A higher intensity of antioxidative activity was noted in the methanolic extract than in the aqueous extract. The methanolic extract exhibited negligible cytotoxicity. On morphological examination, marked opacification was seen in all 8 Group II lenses whereas there was no opacification in 7 of 8 Group III lenses. Near normal mean levels of reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde, were noted within Group III lenses. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of the O. basilicum leaf appears to prevent selenite-induced cataract formation in-vitro.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Cataract, Crystallins, Ocimum basilicum, Oxidative stress, Phytoconstituents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.79}, author = {Thiraviyam Anand and Mahalingam Sundararajan and Muniyandi Anbukkarasi and Philip Aloysius Thomas and Pitchairaj Geraldine} } @article {805, title = {Micromorphology of Salt glands and content of marker compound Plumbagin in the leaves of Plumbago zeylanica Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {161-170}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {161}, abstract = {

Background: Salt glands are highly specialized epidermal structures developed in recretohalophytic plants, intended for salt storage (reservoir) and as a means to alleviate the salt stress of the saline habitat by exo-recreto releases excess salts from the mesophyll tissues to the surrounding environment. Plumbago zeylanica Linn belongs to the family Plumbaginaceae is an important medicinal plant and espoused as a source for the drug Chitraka. Aim: The present study concerns the delineation of micromorphological characteristics of the paradermal and cross sections of the leaf epidermis, lamina, salt glands, petiole and mucilage secreting glands of the calyx of the flowers of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Materials and Methods: Delimiting the morpho-histological profile of the leaves and to develop the chromatogram of the methanol extract of the leaves and quantification of the marker compound plumbagin in the leaves using High Performance Thin- Layer Chromatographic (HPTLC) method. Results: Distribution of uniseriate, cruciate type clothing trichomes, characteristic contour of midrib, presence of amphistomatic epidermis with anisocytic stomata, crystals in idioblast of ground tissues of petiole and mesophyll, large palisade ratio, small stomatal index, multicellular salt gland structure with 8 cells, cuticular secretory cells, crescent shaped petiole, densely distributed mucilage secreting glands on the calyx of flowers were features characteristic of the taxon. The HPTLC finger printing profile of the leaves revealed six phyto-constituents. Densitometric scanning of plumbagin had shown the absorption spectra λ max at 270 nm. Spectral matching by overlaying the absorption spectra of standard marker compound with the phto-constituents present in the methanol extract of sample could fail to obtain any spectral matching at λ max 270 nm, suggestive that dried leaves of P. zeylanica did not contain any appreciable amount of Plumbagin. Calibration data obtained by polynomial regression had revealed that dried leaves of P. zeylanica Linn contained below 105 ng/μl of plumbagin in methanol extract of leaves.

}, keywords = {Absorption spectra, Chromatogram, Halophytes, Plumbagin, Salt glands, Stomatal index}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.27}, author = {Madathilparambil Vasu Sudhakaran} } @article {807, title = {Microscopic Characters, Phytochemical Screening Focus on Alkaloid and Total Phenolic Content of Uncaria gambir Roxb. and Uncaria sclerophylla Roxb. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {119-123}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {119}, abstract = {

Objective: Uncaria gambir Roxb. and Uncaria sclerophylla Roxb. are medicinal plants widely grown in Indonesia. Genus Uncaria is well known for catechin content that has potent antioxidant activity. Uncaria also was reported containing alkaloid that has antihypertensive action. This study aims to provide microscopic characters and phytochemical profiles associated with the phenolic and alkaloid compounds contained in these two species of Uncaria. Methods: Microscopic characteristics were performed on fresh leaf samples using a microscope. Presence of alkaloids from ethanol and chloroform extract of U. gambir and U. sclerophylla leaf were performed using Dragendorff reagents. Thin Layer Chromatography profile was developed in the mobile phase that consisted of acetone: chloroform (8:2). Total Phenolic Content was determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method using microplate reader spectroscopically at λ = 765 nm. Results: Microscopy of U. gambir leaf revealed the presence of vascular bundle fragment, oil fragments, parenchyma cells, midrib transverse-section and lower epidermis with paracytic stomata. Whereas in U. sclerophylla can be observed midrib transverse-section and lower epidermis unicellular with trichomes. Both U. gambir and U. sclerophylla positively contain alkaloids. Chloroform extract showed the presence of alkaloids while ethanolic extracts showed negative results. The TLC profile shows the presence of catechin compound in the ethanolic extract, whereas in the chloroform extract does not show the presence of catechin. The total phenolic content of U. gambir and U. sclerophylla leaf ethanolic extract and chloroform extract was 7.309; 5.734 and 0.437; 0.161 mg of gallic acid equivalents each gram sample, respectively. Conclusion: Microscopic characteristics, TLC and phytochemicals obtained can be used for the authentication of Uncaria gambir Roxb. and Uncaria sclerophylla Roxb leaf.

}, keywords = {Microscopic Characters, Phytocemical Screening, Thin Layer Chromatoghraphy, total phenolic content, Uncaria gambir, Uncaria sclerophylla}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.20}, author = {Aditya Sindu Sakti and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {800, title = {Mineral Content Analysis of Polyherbal Energy Bar Using X-Ray Fluorescence Technique}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {53-56}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {53}, abstract = {

Aim: The objective of the present study was to develop a novel energy bar which is nutritious and cost effective. Materials and Methods: The components used for the novel energy bar were banana, orange, peanuts, raisins, cocoa butter, stevia leaves and oats. Mineral contents of energy bar were analysed by XRF technique. Results: The mineral contents were present in comparable amount. Major elements viz. K 17.15\%, P 4.57\%, Mg 1.43\%, Ca 0.93\%, Na 0.66\%, S 0.54\%, Fe 0.15\%, Zn 0.05\% and Cu 0.02\% were present in energy bar. Conclusion: Minerals are good for overall growth of body. The energy bar also contains no preservatives, binding agents and sugar free. So, the energy bar is major source of energy and minerals for all age group individuals.

}, keywords = {Calcium, Energy bar, Iron, Mineral content, Polyherbal, Potassium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.10}, author = {Mansi Chitkara and Rajneet Kohli and Inderjeet Singh Sandhu and Didar Singh and Gagandeep Kaur and Rakesh Kumar Sindhu} } @article {827, title = {Molecular Docking Studies of Phytochemicals from Leucas aspera Targeting Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis Subcellular Proteins}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {March 2019}, pages = {278-285}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {278}, abstract = {

Objective: Bacterial subcellular proteins play a vital role in cell division, pilus assembly and virulence. In addition, such proteins were perceived as potential antimicrobial targets. Therefore, in this article we attempt to screen for potential phytochemicals that can target those subcellular proteins. Methods: A computational screening for phytochemicals from Leucas aspera with better bioavailability followed by molecular docking studies for better understanding of interaction between phytochemical and target proteins. Results: erythro-2-(4-allyl-2,6- dimethoxyphenoxy)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) propan-1-ol and Leucasperone B from Leucas aspera possess great binding affinity (\> -100 kcal/mol) towards one or more bacterial subcellular protein targets and possess bioavailability. Conclusion: Based on the docking result we claim that erythro-2-(4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) propan-1-ol and Leucasperone B could serve as an effective antimicrobial compounds to treat bacterial infections.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobials, Computational screening, Docking, Phytochemicals, Subcellular proteins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.43}, author = {Vivek Jagadeesan Sharavanan and Muthusaravanan Sivaramakrishnan and Ram Kothandan and Shanmugaprakash Muthusamy and Kumaravel Kandaswamy} } @article {1010, title = {Momordica Charantia L. Variety from Northeastern Brazil: Analysis of Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Components}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1312-1324}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1312}, abstract = {

Introduction: Momordica charanthia L., Curcubitaceae, is a pantropical food and medicinal plant. The plant is included in the Official List of Brazilian Medicinal Plants of interest to the Brazilian Unified Health System. The study aimed to perfom microbiological studies with extracts of Momordica charanthia L. including chemical characterization of the active extracts. Methods: The antimicrobial activity was evaluated with the hydroalcoholic and acetone extracts of M. charantia leaves, fruits and seeds from northeastern Brazil using microdilution broth technique on the selected clinical bacterial and fungal strains. Extracts that presented antimicrobial were subjected to ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-ESI-MS). Results: The in vitro antimicrobial assays demonstrated that the leaves extracts presented good antibacterial effect against four Staphylococcus aureus strains, and a weak antifungal activity agaist Candida albicans. Fourteen compounds were identified in the hydroalcoholic extract, while 12 were found in the acetone extract. The most important compounds were kaempferol, quercertin and triterpenoids like cucurbitacins. Conclussion: The present study demonstrated the potential antibacterial activity of M. charantia L. from northeastern part of Brazil, in addition to important phytochemical metabolites known to possess antibacterial activities, particularly against microrganisms of clinical importance. The UPLC phytochemical profile of the Brazilian variety is reported here for the first time. The phytochemical profile of the LHE and FAE demonstrated the presence of biologically and pharmacologically active compounds. There is lack of biological and pharmacological studies to support the medicinal uses of this important plant. The Brazilian variety of M. Charantia could be a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of infections.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Ethnopharmacology, in vitro activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.203}, author = {William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui Guarniz and Kirley Marques Canuto and Paulo Riceli Vasconcelos Ribeiro and Hilania Valeria Dodou and Karla Nascimento Magalhaes and KellenMiranda S{\'a} and Patr{\'\i}cia Georgina Garcia do Nascimento and Karine Lima Silva and Gleilton Weyne Passos Sales and Mirian Parente Monteiro and Nadia Accioly Pinto Nogueira and Sikiru Olaitan Balogun and Mary Anne Medeiros Bandeira} } @article {846, title = {Morpho-anatomical Observations on Homoeopathic Plant Drug Hygrophila spinosa T. Anderson}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {286-291}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {286}, abstract = {

Background: Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine synonym Hygrophila spinosa T. Anderson is used in the homoeopathic system of medicine belongs to the family Acanthaceae. Plant contains terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids and is traditionally known as an aphrodisiac, renal tonic and for its health-promoting properties, this drug is most popularly used by homoeopathic practitioners for the treatment of urticaria, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, nausea etc. Complete morphological characterization of whole plant has not been reported so for. This study may provide complete information on the basis of morphological, anatomical and powdered studies. That will assist to differentiate between adulterants and authentic raw drug to maintain the quality of drugs. Objective: The aim of the present study is to examine the morpho-anatomical, powder and fluorescence analysis of whole plant i.e. root, stem, and leaf of the plant used in homoeopathy. Material and methods: The macroscopical, microscopical and powdered analysis of drug was performed. For morphological study simple observational methods applied while for anatomical and bio-statistical parameters microscopy including powder microscopy was performed by using different methods. Results: The drug was in form of dried pieces of leaves, small quadrangular pieces of stem with spines and roots. Microscopy showed few features like aerenchymatous cortex in the middle region of root; semi-quadrangular outline, four vascular bundles at each corner in young stem and developing fascicular vascular bundles between them, in mature stem 6 vascular bundles viz. 4 vascular bundles at corner and 2 vascular bundles present in between opposite to each other; broad cortical aerenchyma in mature stem, leaf amphistomatous, anomocytic stomata, crescent-shaped meristele in leaf. Conclusion: Present study can assist the diagnostic characters of Hygrophila spinosa may be taken as pharmacognostical standards for the identification of plant drug.

}, keywords = {Drug, Homoeopathy, Macroscopy, microscopy, Organoleptic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.44}, author = {Digvijay Verma and Shilpi Singh and Renu Arya and Soundararajan Rajan and Bhopal Singh Arya and Anil Khurana and Raj Kumar Manchanda} } @article {795, title = {Niacin Regulates Glucose Reactive Protein (GRP78), Protein Carbonyl Content (PCC) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in the Hyperglycemic Human Lens Epithelial Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {8-11}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {8}, abstract = {

Introduction: Niacin is part of the chemical structure of coenzymes nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). Previous studies suggested that a high niacin intake could decrease the prevalence of cataracts, which may delay the onset of diabetic cataract. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of niacin on the hyperglycemia-induced osmotic stress and oxidative stress in human lens epithelial cells. Materials and Methods: Human lens epithelial cells were cultured in a high glucose condition. Oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl content (PCC) and glucose reactive protein (GRP), were measured using TBARS analysis (MDA) and ELISA (PCC and GRP) after 72 h incubation. Results: The MDA levels increased after high glucose administration relative to that in the control group (p \<0.05). Further, the groups that were co-treated with niacin showed decrease in the MDA levels for all doses of niacin and the lowest mean MDA level was obtained with 100 μM niacin. There was a decrease in the PCC levels for all doses, whereas the lowest mean PCC level was observed at a 100 μM niacin dose. The GRP levels increased after high glucose administration as compared with the control group. Also, the groups that were co-treated with niacin exhibited statistically significant reduction. Conclusion: These results suggest that niacin can inhibit the osmotic stress and oxidative stress which may lead to the progression of a diabetic cataract. Also, it may maintain lens transparency by acting as a precursor for glutathione biosynthesis and an antioxidant.

}, keywords = {Diabetic cataract, Glucose, GRP78, MDA, Niacin, Oxidative stress, PCC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.2}, author = {Nina Handayani and Hidayat Sujuti and Nur Permatasari and Achmad Rudijanto} } @article {1011, title = {Pharmacognostic study of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1376-1385}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {1376}, abstract = {

Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. has the vernacular name of, {\textquotedblleft}Mundi{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}East Indian globethistle, family Asteraceae. It is a spreading aromatic herb. It is indigenous at Rater of Chhindwara District, M.P and even found in most of the moist damp places of tropical zones of Garhwal Himalaya. The herbs contain a deep cherry coloured essential oil and a bitter alkaloid Sphaeranthine. It also contains many other active ingredients, namely, eudesmenolide-7α- hydroxy eudesm-4-en-6, 12-olide, 2-hydroxycostic acid, β-eudesmol, ilicic acid, methychavicol, α-ionone, d-cadinene, α-terpinene, citral, geraniol, geranyl acetate, sphaerene, indicusene and sphaeranthol. The herb has been investigated for many diseases and used in ethnomedicne. The review of this medicinal plant can revealed some important and valuable information with respect to pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects. The main objective of this paper is to gather some valuable information with respect to its standardization, which has been done along with active ingredients by some researchers.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Ethnomedicine, Flavonoids, Gorakhmundi, Mundi, Pharmacological uses, S. indicus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.213}, author = {Sonia Singh and Bhupesh C Semwal and Dr Prabhat Kr Upadhaya} } @article {963, title = {Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Evaluation of Cordia sebestena L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1100-1105}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1100}, abstract = {

Background: Cordia sebestena L. belongs to family Boraginaceae is commonly known as {\textquotedblleft}Geiger Tree{\textquotedblright} in Indonesia, it is generally found in Indonesia included Jakarta, and many other countries. Some researchers have revealed the presence of several pharmacology activities. Thus this study is an attempt to present an overview of pharmacognostic and phytochemical evaluation reported on this plant. Objective: In the present investigation, various pharmacognostic standards have been investigated to prove the authenticity of the plant for the claimed traditional uses. This will help in the identification of powder drug prior to using in medicine. Methods: Macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical evaluation, of the drug was performed using standardized procedures as mentioned in the WHO and Indonesian Herb Pharmacopoeia guidelines.Thin layer chromatography profile was done using some different mobile phase system to the identification of the drug. Results: The physicochemical parameters such as moisture content, ethanol- and water-soluble extractive, total ash, acidinsoluble ash value, were determined. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, steroids, terpenoids in the ethanolic extracts of leaf of this plant. The TLC profile of n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extract were carried out 5, 7 and 2 spots respectively. Conclusion: The present study on pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical standards could be useful information for authentication and preparation monograph for C.sebestena.

}, keywords = {Boraginaceae, Chromatography Profile, Fluorescence, Microscopic, Physicochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.172}, author = {Endang Hanani and Sri Harsodjo Wijono Soewandi and Hayati and Nellysa Revita} } @article {826, title = {Pharmacognostical, Physicochemical Standardization and In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Punica granatum Linn fruit}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {272-277}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {272}, abstract = {

Introduction: Punica granatum Linn. fruit (Family: Punicacea), known as Pomegranate is ethno-medicinally prescribed in various part of world for treatment of different diseases it is used as antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anticancer and antiparasitic agent. Method: The present study was thus undertaken to find out the necessary pharmacognostical standards for evaluating the fruit of P. granatum. Different assessment such as macroscopical characters, microscopical studies, physicochemical evaluations (loss on drying, moisture content by Karl Fischer titration, ash values, extractive values) and TLC/HPTLC finger print profiling were performed and the relevant quantitative and qualitative parameters were reported. Invitro antioxidant activity is also performed by HPLC-DPPH method. Results: Fruit of P. granatum are Reddish brown in color, Globular and Oval, smooth, 5.0 o 12.0 cm in diameter. Powdered fruit confirmed the presence of Stone cell, Endospermic cell, Group of stone cells, Nonlignified fiber, Starch grain and Lignified fibers and vessels. TLC of the extracts was also carried out in the current study. Physicochemical standards quantified include loss on drying (36.62 {\textpm} 4.17 \%), moisture content (32.15 {\textpm} 3.64 \%) total ash (8.58\% {\textpm} 1.06 \%), water soluble ash (7.15 {\textpm} 0.97 \%), acid insoluble ash (0.45 {\textpm} 0.03 \%). Safety profile of plant part was recognized by quantify microbial limit test, pesticide residue and heavy metals (Cd, As, Hg and Pb) evaluation. Here is no visible microbial growths were seen in sample. Pesticide residue and heavy metals were observed to be present within the acceptable limits. Conclusion: Scientific investigations do not yet exist to identify the exact plant part and to determine its quality and purity. These studies provided referential information for accurate identification and standardization of this herbal material. These analyses will also be useful to distinguish P. granatum from the closely associated to other species of Punica.

}, keywords = {DPPH, HPLC, Pharmacognostical, Punica granatum, Quality control}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.42}, author = {Mohd Amir and Niyaz Ahmad and Md Sarfaroz and Wasim Ahmad and Sayeed Ahmad and Mohd Mujeeb} } @article {1026, title = {Pharmacognostical Studies and Determination of Total Flavonoids of Paitan (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1256-1261}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1256}, abstract = {

Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray is one of the plants used in traditional medicine and belongs to Compositae family. In different parts of Indonesia, it is commonly known as {\textquotedblleft}paitan and kembang bulan{\textquotedblright}. The study provides an early description of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray) and complete the monographs data extract. This plant prospects to the main source of the raw material for the herb-drug product and some parameters identified were needed to ensure the safety, quality and efficacy of the product. The present study is to evaluate macrosand microscopic characteristic of the Indonesian plant and its quality parameter including fluorescence, physicochemical characteristics and phytochemical screening. Moisture content, ethanol and water-soluble extract was determined, and were discovered to be 11,27\%, 4,73\% and 18,01\%. Total ash value and acid insoluble ash value were determined which was 10.29 and 0.72 \% respectively. Phytochemical screening of aqueous ethanol extract of Tithonia diversifolia showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and triterpenoids. The result showed that average content of flavonoid total is 69.1653 mg QE/g extract.

}, keywords = {Pharmacognostical, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.195}, author = {Vera Ladeska and Ema Dewanti and Deviana Indah Sari} } @article {806, title = {A Pharmacognosy Approach to the Botanical Source of a Cinnamon Fruit Traded as N{\={a}}gake{\'s}ara and Sirunagappu in Raw Drug Markets}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {81-87}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {81}, abstract = {

Background: Adulteration and substitution of Nagakesara is a well-established fact in the medicinal plant literature though it is referred by the authors of important Ayurvedic texts to cure piles, dysentery, hiccup etc. The botanical identities of controversial sources of Nagakesara are flowers of Mesua ferrea L. and Ochrocarpus longifolius Benth. and Hook. f., Calophyllum inophyllum L., Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. and perchance their allied species. Though immature fruits of some Cinnamomum species are also reported to be sold as Nagakesara/Sirunagappu in the crude drug markets there are no pharmacognostic studies available for the identification and analysis of this crude drug. Materials and Methods: In this study, marketed Nagakesara/ Sirunagappu samples were procured from Chennai raw drug market and analyzed as per the standard methodologies for pharmacognostic studies. Results: Macro-microscopical characters and chemical identity of the samples of immature fruits were established to derive set of characters for the identification of this marketed material. The proposed results would help in identification of this crude drug while used as substitute drug for the official source. Conclusion: The botanical Nagakesara or Sirunagappu is neither stamen nor flower, but it is fruit of Cinnamomum species. As Western Ghats is habitat for several similar looking species of Cinnamomum, there is necessity to study the pharmacognostical characters of all species of Cinnamomum before concluding the botanical source of this ambiguous raw drug of Ayurveda and Siddha.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Lauraceae, Market substitute, Quality standards, Siddha, ulteration}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.15}, author = {Chinnapillai Arunachalam and Balasundaram Maheshwari and Govindarajan Nartunai and Raju Ilavarasan and Koppala Narayana Sunil Kumar and Parameswaran Sathiyarajeswaran} } @article {943, title = {Phenolic Profile and In Vivo Cytotoxic Activity of Rice Straw Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {849-857}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {849}, abstract = {

Background: Previous work of our team exhibited that rice straw (RS) has antitumor activity in vitro and inhibit proliferation of liver, lung, prostate, and breast cancer human cell lines. In this work, we extended our research to screen the antitumor activity of RS ethanol extract as a single treatment and in the presence of combined radiotherapy with a low dose of gamma radiation against murine Ehrlich solid carcinoma (EAC) model. Objective: To evaluate the most common waste in Egypt RS to screen out its in vivo cytotoxic activity and as combined therapy with radiotherapy. Method: Tested sample RS was investigated for its content of phenolics by LC/MS/MS, in addition, ethanolic extracts of the tested sample were investigated as antitumor on female mice inoculated with EAC cells as a single treatment and in the presence of combined radiotherapy with a low dose of gamma radiation (LDR). Results: LC/MS/MS revealed that rice straw was rich in phenolic acids (vanillic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acid) along with catechin and flavonoids aglycones (quercetin, apigenin, and kaempferol). Rice straw and/or exposure to a low dose of γ-radiation caused a marked suppression of tumor growth and induced significant reduction in VEGF level \& in IL-6 level with significant elevation in IL-10 serum level. Rice straw caused a significant down regulation in the gene transcription level of MCL1 and b-catenin, and a significant up-regulation of Caspase-3 and Bax gene expression. RS extract and LDR (EC + RS + R group) revealed that there was a mild form of necrosis with severe apoptosis in the tumor cells. Conclusion: From the aforementioned results, it can be concluded that RS/LDR effectively and synergistically work towards inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. These findings were well supported with histopathological studies suggesting that RS/low dose gamma radiation can serve as a good therapeutic agent against cancer but still need further clinical studies.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxic, Histopathology, LC/MS/MS, Phenolics, Rice straw}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.137}, author = {Meselhy KM and Shams MM and Sherif NH and El-Sonbaty SM} } @article {920, title = {Phytochemical Characterization of Rhizome, Fruit, Leaf and Callus of Rheum emodi Wall. using GC-MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {617-623}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {617}, abstract = {

Background: Rheum emodi is an immensely useful medicinal herb of Himalaya having remarkable antidiabetic and anticancerous activities reported mainly from rhizomatous portion of the plant. The present study reports Gas Chromatographic- Mass spectroscopic characterization of both the conventionally used part i.e., the rhizome as well as other parts of R. emodi including callus to exploit the nonconventional parts for future use. Objective: To explore the bioactive constituents in the methanol extract of rhizome, fruit, leaf and callus of R. emodi. Methods: Phytochemical characterization of the plant extracts was performed by using GC-MS QP 2010 Plus. Various constituents were identified after matching their mass fragmentation pattern with data available in GC-MS library of National Institute of Standards Technology (NIST) and Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data{\textquoteright}s, New York (Wiley). Results: Total of 95 bioactive compounds were obtained in methanol extract of R. emodi out of which rhizome, fruit, leaf and callus revealed 31, 38, 27 and 47 compounds respectively. Two anthraquinones, chrysophanol (43.97\%) and physcion (3.23\%) were obtained from rhizome whereas fruit possessed only physcion (4.66\%). Conclusion: The present findings characterizes and helps to supplement the chemical profile of the plant for its futuristic role in nutritional, pharmaceutical and therapeutic industries.

}, keywords = {Callus, Fruit, GC-MS analysis, Leaf, Rheum emodi, Rhizome}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.99}, author = {Ruchi Singh and Preeti Chaturvedi} } @article {850, title = {Phytochemical Composition, Proximate Analysis and Antimicrobial Screening of the Methanolic Extract of Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst ex a. Dc (ebenaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {362-368}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {362}, abstract = {

Aim: Diospyros mespiliformis is one plant used by the natives for the treatment of certain diseases including wounds. In this present study, preliminary screening of the methanolic leaf extract of D. mespiliformis was carried out for its phytochemical and proximate constituents in addition to investigating its antimicrobial activity against four bacteria species. Methodology: Preliminary phytochemical and proximate analysis were carried out using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity was conducted using the whole in-plate and broth serial micro dilution assays on two Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhymurium) and two Gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). Results: The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, anthraquinones, flavonoids and volatile oil. Similarly, preliminary proximate analysis of the root, bark and leaf extracts of D. mespiliformis exerts revealed the presence of carbohydrate, crude protein, moisture, lipid and nitrogen, ash and fibre. The extract demonstrated greater inhibitory activity on P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and E. coli (MIC=156.25 μg/ml) than on S. typhymurium (MIC=312.5 μg/ml). Conclusion: These findings revealed that the crude methanolic extract of D. mespiliformis and its fractions demonstrated broad spectrum antimicrobial activity in a dose dependent manner.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Diospyros mespiliformis, Extract, Phytochemical, Proximate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.55}, author = {Abdullahi Aliyu Ebbo and Dahiru Sani and Mohammed Musa Suleiman and Abubakar Ahmed and Adamu Zoaka Hassan} } @article {891, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity Study of Methanol Extract of Stems and Roots of Codonopsis clematidea from Trans-himalayan Region}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {536-546}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {536}, abstract = {

Aim: The present report aimed to study the therapeutic and phytochemical properties of stems and roots of trans-himalayan plant Codonopsis clematidea. Material and Methods: The crude samples of stems and roots were explored for their chlorophyll, carotenoid and carbohydrate content in order to understand the matrix of these two plant parts. The extraction of phytochemicals was carried out by three different methods viz. sonication, maceration and soxhlet in methanol to identify the best extraction method. Further, analysis of Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) and Total Polyphenolic Content (TPC) were carried out using rutin trihydrate and gallic acid as a reference standard. Antioxidant capacity was estimated using three methods viz. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. In addition to this, GC-MS analysis was also performed for the identification of volatile constituents of Methanol Extract of Stems (MES) and Methanol Extract of Roots (MER). Results: The MES and Dimethylsulfoxide Extract of Stems (DES) were found to have higher Chlorophyll a (Cha) content in comparison to Chlorophyll b (Chb) and Carotenoids (Cca). Carbohydrate profile showed that stems and roots have the highest content of fructose in comparison to other sugar moieties. The soxhlet method showed the highest percentage extractive yield in the stems as well as roots. Results revealed that the MES showed higher antioxidant potential as compared to the MER. A correlation has also found to exist between the results of TPC, TFC and antioxidant assays, since TPC and TFC are key constituents responsible for the antioxidant potential. Conclusion: These results have been found to suggest the richness of MES in natural phenols, flavonoids and antioxidants. Further, study should be conducted over identification and characterization of compounds present in the extract.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Codonopsis clematidea, Fructose, GC-MS, MER, MES}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.86}, author = {Pushpender Bhardwaj and Mohan Singh Thakur and Sahil Kapoor and Ashwani Kumar Bhardwaj and Ajay Sharma and Shweta Saxena and Om Prakash Chaurasia and Raj kumar} } @article {1039, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Effect of Ethanol Leaf and Trunk Bark Extracts of Cordyla pinnata (Lepr. Ex A. Rich.) Milne-Redh. (Caesalpiniaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1415-1418}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1415}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant effect of ethanol leaf and trunk bark extracts of an African wild plant, Cordyla pinnata (Lepr. Ex A. Rich.) Milne-Redh. C. pinnata is used in Senegalese folk medicine to treat asthenia, spasm and various infections. Methods: The phytochemical investigation of the extracts was done using physico-chemical reactions while antioxidant effect was assessed by DPPH and FRAP assays. Results: Tannins, flavonoids, cardiotonic heterosides and triterpenoids were present in leaf and trunk bark extracts of C. pinnata. Meanwhile, anthracenic derivatives were detected in the leaf extract of C. pinnata. In DPPH assay, IC50 values of the leaf, trunk bark extracts and ascorbic acid were respectively 21.07 {\textpm} 0.11 μg/ml, 19.53 {\textpm} 0.42 μg/ml and 0.33 {\textpm} 0.11 μg/ml. In FRAP assay, the leaf and trunk bark extracts and ascorbic acid reduced significantly ferric ion. Ascorbic acid was seen to be more active in FRAP assay than the leaf and trunk bark extracts of C. pinnata. Conclusion: Ethanol leaf and trunk bark extracts of C. pinnata had revealed antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cordyla pinnata, Leaf, Phytochemical screening, Trunk bark}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.219}, author = {Alioune Dior FALL and Serigne Ibra Mback{\'e} DIENG and Abdou SARR and Mbaye DIENG} } @article {922, title = {Phytochemical Screening, HPTLC Fingerprinting and Invitro Antioxidant Activity of Root Extract of Asparagus racemosus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {818-823}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {818}, abstract = {

Background: Asparagus racemosus is a climber shrub used in Indian medicine for centuries. It has been used as galactogogue and nerve tonic in folk medicine. The recent research on A. racemosus has revealed its disease fighting properties such as anti-bacterial, immunomodulatory, cardio protective, anti-stress, etc. Phytochemicals present in the plants are associated with their therapeutic capabilities. Hence, phytochemical screening of a therapeutic plant is essential. Materials and Methods: A preliminary qualitative screening of phytoconstituents present in the ethanol and aqueous extract of the plant was done. high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) was used to create a phytochemical fingerprint of the plant extract. Further, a series of antioxidant assays, i.e., 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DDPH) radical, Nitric oxide (NO) radical, Superoxide (SO) radical and 2,2{\textquoteright}-azinobis( 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays were done. Results: The phytochemical screening and the HPTLC fingerprint showed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenoids, saponins etc. They also showed free radical scavenging property and hence can be used as potential primary antioxidant. Conclusion: A preliminary screening created a phytochemical profile of A. racemosus extracts. These phytoconstituents may be linked to the various known therapeutic applications of the plant. This may aid in further extensive studies for identifying and isolating compounds with potential therapeutic value in A. racemosus.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Asparagus racemosus, Chromatography, Phytochemistry, Phytoconstituents, Therapeutics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.131}, author = {Kalaivani Selvaraj and Girija Sivakumar and Aruthra Arumugam Pillai and Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan and Srinivasa Rao Bolla and Geetha Royapuram Veeraraghavan and Gayathri Rengasamy and Joel P Joseph and Janardhana PB} } @article {791, title = {Phytochemical Study and Biological Activities of Hydro-Alcoholic Extract of the Leaves of Bridelia ferruginea Benth and its Fractions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {141-145}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {141}, abstract = {

Context and purpose: The roots of B. ferruginea are used in traditional Togo medicine in the treatment of diabetes. Studies have shown that leaves have a low antihyperglycemic effect. This study aims to improve the effect of leaves. Methods: The hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves underwent a fractionation (separation in cold alcohol) and an OGTT (Oral Glucose tolerance test) on healthy mice, a phytochemical screening and antioxidant tests (in vitro: DPPH and ex vivo: AAPH) were performed on the extract and its fractions. Results: Phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins as well as the absence of condensed tannins, alkaloids, saponosides and anthracene derivatives. The extract also showed antioxidant activity. The supernatant fraction showed antihyperglycemic activity at 100 mg / kg in the 30th and 60th after glucose administration. Phytochemical screening of the supernatant revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins. The supernatant also showed more pronounced antioxidant activity than the total extract. Conclusion: In view of these results, the most active fraction obtained by the separation technique in cold alcohol is the supernatant.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Bridelia ferruginea, Diabetes, Fractionation, OGTT}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.23}, author = {Batomayena Bakoma and Sabrina Sanvee and Kossi Metowogo and Yao Potchoo and Kwashie Eklu gadegbeku and Kodjo Aklikokou and Menssanvi Gbeassor} } @article {889, title = {Phytochemical Study of Odorous Celery Root (Apium graveolens L.) Grown in the North Caucasus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {527-530}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {527}, abstract = {

Context: Flavoring celery (Apium graveolens L.) from the umbrella family (Apiaceae) is a common food plant, its use as a spice has been known since Ancient Greece. Stems, leaves and root are widely used in cooking in various dishes: soups, salads and side dishes. Celery fragrant has mild laxative, diuretic, antiseptic, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, enveloping and wound healing properties. Aims: The aim of our research was the phytochemical study of celery root odorous, quantitative definition of flavonoid, carotenoid, polysaccharides, tannin, free organic acids, essential oils and lipid. Methods and Material: The research material was dried and chopped celery fragrant root passing through a 3 mm sieve. We carried out quantitative determination of biologically active substances in the celery root odorous by the following methods: flavonoids (In terms of rutin) by the spectrophotometric method; carotenoids by the photocolorimetric method; essential oil, polysaccharides, lipophilic substances by the gravimetric method; free organic acids and tannins by the titrimetric method. Statistical analysis used: The results of the studies are given in the table. Statistical data processing was performed according to the method {\textquotedblleft}Statistical processing of the results of a chemical experiment and biological tests{\textquotedblright} presented in State Pharmacopoeia XI [1]. The sample size (n) is 6, the confidence level (P) is 95\%, the student criterion (t (P, f) is 2.57). Results: For the first time, we carried out a quantitative assessment of the content of seven groups of biologically active compounds of celery root odorous, grown in the North Caucasus: essential oil - 2.04 {\textpm} 0.01\%, flavonoids - 1.44 {\textpm} 0.01,\% lipophilic substances - 4, 05 {\textpm} 0.01\%, carotenoids - 3.03 {\textpm} 0.02\%, free organic acids - 2.38 {\textpm} 0.02\%, tannins - 8.06 {\textpm} 0.01\%, water-soluble polysaccharides - 8, 33 {\textpm} 0.01\%, pectin substances - 3.45 {\textpm} 0.01\%, hemicellulose A - 1.54 {\textpm} 0.01\%, hemicellulose B - 1.47 {\textpm} 0.01\%. Conclusion: Celery root odorous grown in the North Caucasus is a source of biologically active compounds.

}, keywords = {Carotenoids, Essential oil, Flavonoids, Free organic acids, Polysaccharides, Tannins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.84}, author = {Tsakhkhaeva Zuhra Sarmanovna} } @article {844, title = {Preparation and Evaluation of Nutraceutical Product Mixture of Seeds of Cucumis melo, Punica granatum, Linum usitatissimum, for Antioxidant, Prebiotic and Nutraceutical Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {383-387}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {383}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pharmaceutical formulation scientists are currently developing new materials and formulations which vividly include Nutraceuticals. {\textquotedblleft}Nutraceutical{\textquotedblright} is a substance that is considered a food or part of a food processed as pharmaceutical, which provides medical or health benefits, encompassing prevention and treatment of diseases. Materials and Methods: Under this research Nutraceutical Product Mixture was prepared using seeds of Cucumis melo, Punica granatum and Linum usitatissimum. Individually these three seeds are reported to contain rich nutrients along with antioxidants, probiotic soluble fibres and thus the mixture of three increased this potential. Individual seed and the mixture was evaluated by In- vitro and In-vivo methods for Nutraceutical Potential. Results: Proximate analysis of the mixture showed rich nutrient content and provided good combination of nutrients. Individual seed powder as well as mixture was tested for prebiotic potential using lactobacilli culture, which showed positive results. Each seed powder as well as mixture was tested for antioxidant potential using DPPH free radical scavenging assay, with promising results. It{\textquoteright}s in- vivo effect was studied using Wistar albino rat as animal model. This study involved haemogram and lipid profile determination which showed certain promising results. The powder mixture was developed into two products namely capsule and health drink powder formula. Conclusion: The nutraceutical powder mixture of seeds of Cucumis melo, Punica granatum and Linum usitatissimum could be a promising product with antioxidant, prebiotic and nutraceutical potential for diabetic and cardiac patients where oxidative stress is a major underlying cause.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant potential, Cucumis melo, Linum usitatissimum, Nutraceutical potential, Nutraceuticals, Prebiotic potential, Proximate Analysis, Punica granatum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.59}, author = {Meera Chandradatt Singh and Kishore N. Gujar} } @article {804, title = {Preparation of Triphala Churna using the Ingredients Obtained from Local Market and Comparative Standardization}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {102-111}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {102}, abstract = {

Introduction: In the recent years there has been rapid growth in the field of herbal medicine most of the tradition systems of medicine are accepted universally after standardization only. it very important to develop an essential techniques to standardization of herbal related drugs. The present study standardization of Triphala Churna majorly focused on that area under WHO guidelines. Method: This polyherbal Churna used treat the constipation and other gastric disorders. In this study a prepared Thriphala Churna was comparatively standardized with the reference obtained from market. For the standardization of the above formulations were done by evaluating the macroscopical, microscopical, powder flow properties, extractive values, Physicochemical characters, heavy metal content detection, qualitavte and quantitive determination of tannins and alkaloids, TLC finger print, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and cytotoxic activity to assess the quality and safety and therapeutic activity of formulation. Results: The above parameters for the both formulation complies with the strands. The flow properties are poor. From the preliminary phytochemical test revealed the presence of various bioactive constituents. Majorly the concentration of tannins and flavonoids are high in water extract and also the water extract having the good anti-oxidant and in vitro cytotoxic activity. Hence the Triphala extracts may be used for various Ayurvedic preparations to chronic diseases like cancer.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxic activity, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity, standardization, Thriphala Churna, TLC finger print}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.18}, author = {Gunji Venkateswarlu and Seru Ganapaty and Akula Murali Sri Sudhakar} } @article {813, title = {Pteleopsis suberosa Engl. and Diels (Combretaceae) aqueous stem bark extract extenuates oxidative damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {183-190}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {183}, abstract = {

Context: Pteleopsis suberosa Engl. and Diels (Combretaceae) is an ethnomedicinally valued deciduous shrub with significant therapeutic application against diabetes in West Africa. Aims: This study evaluated the hypoglycaemic and antioxidant activity of its aqueous stem bark extract (PSAE) over a 15-day experimental period in streptozotocin (STZ)-challenged diabetic rats. Methods and Material: STZ-induced diabetic rats were administered 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of the extract once daily and the blood glucose levels were monitored for 15 days. The bioactive constituents of PSAE were analyzed using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Results: Treatment with PSAE markedly (p\< 0.05) ameliorated the concentrations of blood glucose and improved the lipid metabolism imbalance in the diabetic animals. Also, while PSAE significantly (p\<0.05) improved glycogen and glutathione (reduced) levels as well as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, the concentrations of glucose and malondialdehyde coupled with the activity of α-amylase were significantly reduced in the liver of PSAE-administered diabetic animals when compared with those of the normal control and untreated diabetic groups. The observed improvements could be associated with the phytoconstituents of PSAE as evident from the results of the GC-MS analysis. Put together, the elicited effects compared favorably well with metformin (a standard hypoglycemic drug) and are suggestive of antidiabetic and antioxidant capabilities of the extract. Conclusion: The scope of the data presented in this study indicates that the extract ameliorated streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats and it is suggested to be mediated via antioxidant and concerted blood glucose lowering actions.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Arjunglycoside, Diabetes, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Hyperglycaemia, Pteleopsis suberosa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.30}, author = {Aladodo Abimbola Raliat and Sabiu Saheed and Sulyman Olarewaju Abdulhakeem} } @article {981, title = {Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Organic Acids in Crude Herbal Drugs and Medicinal Herbal Preparations for Quality Control in Russian Federation by Modern Physicochemical Methods}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1132-1137}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1132}, abstract = {

Background: Organic acids (malic, citric, tartaric, oxalic, acetic, formic, isovaleric, ascorbic acids) make up a large group of biologically active substances and play an important role in plant and human metabolism. They are found in large quantities in the fruits of Rosaceae family medicinal plants that included in State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation. Standardization of crude herbal drugs containing organic acids by modern physicochemical methods is a high-priority task. Materials and Methods: The determination of total organic acids amount was carried out in aqueous extracts from different fruits of Rosaceae family plants by galvanostatic coulometry and potentiometry methods. Galvanostatic coulometry was performed with the help of the {\textquotedblleft}Expert-006{\textquotedblright} coulometer with a current of 5 mA (integrated pH meter). Iodine as an electrogenerated titrant was used for ascorbic acid determination; electro generation of hydroxide ions was carried out for determination of total organic acids amount. A potentiometer {\textquotedblleft}Aquilon pH-410{\textquotedblright} with attached glass and silver chloride electrodes was used for potentiometric determination of total organic acids amount. Individual organic acids have been determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultra-violet detection (RP-HPLCUV) method. The following conditions were established: Gilson HPLC system, Alltech OA- 1000 Organic Acids (6.5{\texttimes}300 mm, 9 μm) chromatography column, a gradient elution mode, component A of the mobile phase is 98\% (0.1\% phosphoric acid, 10 mM KH2PO4, solution in water) with 2\% acetonitrile, component B is acetonitrile, the eluent feed rate is 1 ml/min. Results: Modern physicochemical methods for the analysis of biologically active substances, organic acids, for quality control of crude herbal drugs and medicinal herbal preparations, are developed and discussed. The optimal conditions for the qualitative and quantitative organic acid analysis are selected and described taking into account modern pharmacopoeial requirements. Conclusion: Galvanostatic coulometry and potentiometry methods, as well as RP-HPLC-UV, can be successfully used in the quality control of crude herbal drugs and medicinal herbal preparations, specifically fruits of Rosaceae family plants. Development and validation of analytical methods for monitoring the content of this BAS group is an important research area in the pharmacopoeial standardization of crude herbal drugs.

}, keywords = {Coulometry, Crude herbal drugs, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Organic acids, Potentiometry, Redox titration, Titrimetric Methods}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.176}, author = {Ekaterina Vyacheslavovna Sergunova and Alla Anatolyevna Sorokina and Dmitry Olegovich Bokov and Anna Igorevna Marakhova} } @article {903, title = {A Review on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {624-631}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {624}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks. or the blue pine is one of the important conifer that grows all along the Himalayan range from Afghanistan in the west to Myanmar and China in the east covering the Himalayan regions of Pakistan, Nepal and India. It is found in the upper region of the mountains and often remains associated with other gymnosperms. The plant is of immense ethnobotanical relevance and finds extensive use among the people inhabiting the mountainous region. They are primarily valued for its timber and used for construction and infrastructural purposes. Medicinally the plant is very much important. Throughout the Himalayan region the plant is used for the cure of a number of diseases including treatment of fever, cough and cold, bone fracture, healing of injury and wounds, rheumatic pain, arthritis, inflammations etc. The plant is rich in terpenoids and flavonoids all of which possess strong antioxidant properties. Methods: Extensive literature survey was made in the internet with pubmed, google scholar forming the search platform to illustrate the traditional usage of the plant among inhabitants of various regions of Himalayas. Informations of traditional usage, chemical constituents and selected pharmacological activities of the plant were pooled from available research papers to frame the review. Results and Outcome: In this review, an attempt has been made to compile the ethnobotanical usage of Pinus wallichiana, its phytochemistry and pharmacological activity highlighting its potentiality as a cheap and affordable source of drugs for the benefit of population of Indian subcontinent and adjoining areas.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Arthritis, Conifer, Flavonoids, Himalaya, Terpenoids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.100}, author = {Dwaipayan Sinha} } @article {896, title = {Screening and Evaluation of Lectin and Anti-Cancer Activity from the Phloem Exudate/Sap of the Indian Dietary Ethnomedicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {570-578}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {570}, abstract = {

Objective: Lectins are extremely significant biomolecules to study several biological progressions. In this present investigation, we are screening the crude phloem exudate/ sap sample from different ethnomedicinal plants were evaluated for lectin and anticancer activity. Methods: The lectin activity of crude phloem exudate/sap samples were confirmed by haemgglutination assay and anticancer activity by using trypan blue, MTT and in-ovo CAM angiogenic assay. The tumor cell nuclei resulting in Giemsa stain, AO/EtBr stain, DNA Fragmentation and Caspase- 3 inhibitor assay. Results: Our experimental data show that the phloem exudate/sap sample S2 (Musa Acuminata), sample S4 (Euphorbia Geniculate) exerting the potent lectin activity, sample S5 exerting very low lectin activity against the trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes and decreases the cell viability in EAC cells in-vitro. Sample S2, S4 and S5 exerts significant cytotoxic effect against the various human cancer cell lines and regressed the neovasculature (development of new blood vessels) in the developing CAM embryos when compared to the other crude samples. The apoptotic inducing activity of crude phloem exudate/sap samples was revealed by DNA fragmentation assay, caspase-3 inhibitor assay and cellular morphology were studied by fluorescence staining methods. Conclusion: This study reports that some of the isolated crude phloem exudate/sap samples show potent lectin activity and anti-cancer activity in different human cancer cell lines. The further additional experiment needs to purify and characterize the bioactive lectin components from the potent sample which is responsible for pro-apoptotic, anti-angiogenic activity and mechanism involved.

}, keywords = {Angiogenesis, Apoptosis, EAC, Haemagglutination, Lectin, VEGF}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.91}, author = {Balaji Kyathegowdanadoddi Srinivas and Madhu Chakkere Shivamadhu and Preethi Saligrama Devegowda and Gurukar Mathew and Theethagounder Tamizhmani and Senthilkumar Gnanavadevel Prabhakaran and Shankar Jayarama} } @article {784, title = {Sequential Fractionation by Organic Solvents Enhances the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Fruits and Leaves of Terminalia bellerica from North Western Himalayas, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {94-101}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {94}, abstract = {

Background: Terminalia bellerica belonging to family combretaceae is one of the major components of {\textquotedblleft}Triphala{\textquotedblright}, an Ayurvedic formulation. Objective: To evaluate antioxidant potential in the ethanolic extract and its active fraction (chloroform, ethyl acetate, n- butanol and aqueous fraction) from fruits and leaves of Terminalia bellerica. Materials and Methods: Folin-Ciocalteau method and aluminium chloride method was used to quantify total phenolic and flavonoid content respectively in ethanolic extract and their fractions from fruits and leaves of T. bellerica. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using total antioxidant activity, DPPH, FRAP and total antioxidant activity methods. Results: Total phenolics (254.72{\textpm}3.03 mg/g GAE and 227.52{\textpm}1.38 mg/g GAE) and flavonoids (64.77{\textpm}1.24 mg/gm RE and 75.57{\textpm}1.38 mg/gm RE) content was higher in ethyl acetate fraction of both fruits and leaves sample of T. bellerica, respectively. The order of free radical scavenging activities was ethyl acetate fraction \> crude ethanolic extract \> n-butanol fraction \> chloroform fraction \> aqueous fraction. Similarly, ethyl acetate fraction of both fruits and leaves exhibited more antimicrobial activity as compared to that of ethanolic extract as revealed from agar well diffusion method with diameter of zone of inhibi{\textlnot}tion of 14.0{\textpm}1.41 mm, 21.0{\textpm}1.41 mm, 14.0{\textpm}1.41 mm, 14.5{\textpm}0.71 mm in fruits and 18.0{\textpm}1.41 mm, 22.5{\textpm}2.12 mm, 15.5{\textpm}2.12 mm, 14.5{\textpm}3.53 mm in leaves against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, respectively. MIC values for fruits were 3.125 mg/ml, 0.375 mg/ml, 3.125 mg/ml, 3.125 mg/ml and for leaves were 1.5625 mg/ml, 0.19 mg/ml, 0.78 mg/ ml, 0.78 mg/ml against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, respectively. Conclusion: The present study provides the evidence for comparative antioxidant and antibacterial potential of ethanolic extracts of fruits and leaves of T. bellerica. . Moreover, leaves can be promoted to be used for therapeutics and natural antioxidants.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Ethanolic extract, Fruits, Leaves, Terminalia bellerica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.17}, author = {Shikha Rangra Chandel and Vikas Kumar and Shikha Guleria and Nitin Sharma and Anuradha Sourirajan and Prem Kumar Khosla and David J. Baumler and Kamal Dev} } @article {825, title = {Simultaneously Extraction of Caffeine and Chlorogenic Acid from Coffea canephora Bean using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {267-271}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {267}, abstract = {

Background: NADES is an alternative solvent in the extraction of metabolites from plants which has many environmental benefits, such as low toxicity, biodegradability, can dissolve polar and non-polar compounds, low costs and simple preparation. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of natural deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (NADES-UAE) on enrichment of caffeine and chlorogenic acid in extract from green coffee beans (Coffea canephora). Methods: The powders were extracted using NADES-UAE method in several types of extraction condition, including the composition of NADES, water addition in NADES and extraction time. Caffeine and chlorogenic acid content were analyzed using HPLC, reverse phase system and C18 ODS-3 column. Results: The highest of caffeine and chlorogenic acid content was respectively, 7.89 mg/g and 28.62 mg/g (composition of NADES betaine: sorbitol [1:1.2] ratio and NADES-water addition [1:2] ratio for 30 min). Conclusion: This research showed that the composition of NADES, extraction time and water addition are important parameter in extracting caffeine and chlorogenic acid content in green coffee beans.

}, keywords = {Caffeine, Chlorogenic acid, Coffea canephora, Natural deep eutectic solvent, Ultrasonic assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.41}, author = {Adisya Miftah Syakfanaya and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {978, title = {Some Pharmacognostic Studies of the Bird Cherry (Padus avium Mill.) and Mountain Ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) Fruits Collected from Moscow (Russia)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {996-1002}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {996}, abstract = {

Background: Light microscopic analysis is appropriate pharmacopoeial method for quality control of fresh and fast-frozen Rosaceae family plants fruits. It is widely used for crude herbal drugs analysis and helps to identify significant anatomical and diagnostic signs. The aim of the research was to establish the identity characteristics of the dried and frozen fruits of mountain ash and bird cherry and to perform phytochemical analysis of studied objects harvested in Moscow. Materials and Methods: Light microscopic analysis was used for Rosaceae fruits identity estimation. The fruits of mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) and bird cherry (Padus avium Mill.) were collected in the fruiting phase on the territory of the Botanical Garden of Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University. Fruits samples were dried at the temperature of 60-80{\textdegree}C and frozen at the temperature of -18-20{\textdegree}C. The epidermis surface preparation and the fruit pulp squash preparation were prepared for microscopic examination. The photographs were obtained from an AXIO IMAGER D1 biological laboratory microscope (Carl Zeiss Microscopy) with the help of a Canon Power shot A 650 IS camera. The elemental composition of the P. avium and S. aucuparia fruits was determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XFA) using an S4 Pioneer X-ray spectrometer. Simple sugar analysis was performed by using reverse phase HPLC with refractometric detection, analysis of organic acids {\textendash} by using ion-pair HPLC with UV-detection (210 nm) in the isocratic elution mode (Agilent 1260 Infinity LC). Results: Characteristic signs of the anatomical structure of dried and frozen S. aucuparia, P. avium fruits were determined. Diagnostic anatomical signs of S. aucuparia, P. avium fruits are: the form of epidermal cells, stone cells, inclusions of calcium oxalate (prismatic crystals and druses), vessels, parenchyma with biologically active substances (anthocyanins, carotenoids). The presence and content of Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr were evaluated. Organic acids profile of S. aucuparia, P. avium fruits is presented by citric, malic, oxalic, succinic, tartaric, fumaric, quinic, ascorbic, sorbic acids. Total content of simple sugars, presented by glucose, fructose, sucrose, is in the interval of 8-9\%. Conclusion: The results of a comparative microscopic analysis of bird cherry and mountain ash dried and frozen fruits were obtained. They allowed to identify diagnostically significant elements of the anatomical structure that can be used to establish the fruits identity. The obtained data is of great value for S. aucuparia, P. avium fruits pharmacopoeial analysis in the Russian Federation.

}, keywords = {Anatomical Signs, Fruits, Mineral Composition, Organic acids, Padus avium Mill., Rosaceae, Simple Sugars, Sorbus aucuparia L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.157}, author = {Ekaterina Vyacheslavovna Sergunova and Dmitry Olegovich Bokov} } @article {790, title = {Total Phenolic Contents, Quercetin Determination and Anti Elastase Activity of Melastoma malabathricum L. Leaves Extract from Different Method of Extractions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {124-128}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Objective: Leaves of M. malabathricum has been detected to contain quercetin and other phenolic contents. Quercetin has been proven to have elastase inhibitory activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of extraction method on total phenolic and quercetin contents as well as elastase inhibitory activity of M. malabathricum leaves extracts. Methods: Leaves powder was extracted by two conventional methods, maceration and reflux. Two different concentrations of ethanol were used as a solvent, 70 and 96\% ethanol. Leaves were also defatted with chloroform before further extraction. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and quercetin content was determined by using the high-performance liquid chromatography method. Elastase inhibitor activity of leaves extract was determined on human neutrophil elastase in vitro. Results: Generally, 96\% ethanol obtained higher total phenolic and quercetin content than 70\% ethanol. However, defatted extract of 70\% ethanol contained higher total phenolic content than defatted 96\% ethanol. The highest elastase inhibitory activity of the sample was obtained from 70\% ethanol extract with the value of 89.50\% at 200 ppm, which is no significant difference compared to quercetin with the value of 93.86\%. Conclusion: Extraction methods and different concentration of solvents affect the total phenolic and quercetin contents of the extracts. M. malabathricum leaves have potential effect as anti-elastase as well as quercetin, where the anti-elastase activity of M. malabathricum leaves is not only due to quercetin.

}, keywords = {Anti-Elastase, Extraction methods, Melastoma malabathricum L., Quercetin, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.21}, author = {Thia Amalia and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Silvia Surini} } @article {951, title = {Validation of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Determination of Bromelain in Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L) Merr) Water}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {901-906}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {901}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the present study was to validate HPLC method for analysis bromelain levels in pineapple water and application that method to determine the storage time of pineapple water. Methods: The reversed phase of HPLC method was tested and optimized before it is validated. The composition and the flow rate of the mobile phase is the optimized parameter. The analytical parameters validated were detection limits, linearity, accuracy and precision. Pineapple water was stored for 8 h at 10{\textordmasculine}C and bromelain was determined using the validated HPLC method. Result: The optimum mobile phase composition was methanolwater (70:30) with a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The detector concentration-response was linear with coefficient of determination of 0.993. The accuracy of HPLC method at a recovery of 1 and 2\% bromelain was 106.37 {\textpm} 1.94\% and 98.12 {\textpm} 1.29\% (n = 5), respectively. The precision, expressed as the coefficients of variation (CV), at 1 and 2\% bromelain were 1.83 and 1.32\% (n = 5), respectively. Bromelain level at zero time was 81.53\%. After storage for 8 h at 10{\textordmasculine}C, bromelain levels in pineapple juice appeared to decrease not statistically significant (p \> 0.05), with to mean value of 78.46 {\textpm} 2.88\%. Conclusion: The HPLC method developed was valid to analyze accurately concentrations of bromelain in pineapple water and it can be used to study the shelf life of pineapple water based on bromelain content. The bromelain content in pineapple juice was not statistically significantly different after 8 h storage at 10{\textdegree}C.

}, keywords = {Bromelain, HPLC, Pineapple water, Storage}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.144}, author = {Novi Yantih and Alfadella Methananda and Yahdiana Harahap and Wahono Sumaryono and Lestari Rahayu} } @article {999, title = {Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database as Adenosine A2A Antagonist using AutoDock and AutoDock Vina}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1219-1224}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1219}, abstract = {

Objective: Previous research found that Adenosine A2A antagonist allows to reduce motor fluctuations, dyskinesia, protect from neurodegenerative disorder in Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease in the human brain which is chronic progressive of losing dopaminergic neurons. The aim of this study is to explore Indonesian herbal compounds as Adenosine A2A inhibitor using virtual screening method. Methods: In this study, virtual screening of Indonesian herbal database as Adenosine A2A inhibitor was done by AutoDock and AutoDock Vina and was validated by database from A Directory of Useful Decoys: Enhanced (DUD-E). The method was validated by Enrichment Factor (EF) and Area Under Curve (AUC) of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve Results: Based on the validation results, grid box that was used in virtual screening using AutoDock is 60 {\texttimes} 60 {\texttimes} 60 with EF1\% 16.5869 and AUC 0.8406. The two compounds Chitranone and 3-O-Methylcalopocarpin with binding energy -10.19 and -9.55 kcal/mol, respectively showing interaction with Adenosine A2A active site at residues ALA63, ILE66, ALA81, LEU85, PHE168, GLU169, MET177, TRP246, LEU249, ASN253 and ILE274. Conclusions:\ This study concludes that Chitranone and 3-O-Methylcalopocarpin could be proposed to be developed as Adenosine A2A antagonists.

}, keywords = {Adenosine A2A antagonist, AutoDock, Autodock vina, Indonesian herbal database, Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease, Virtual Screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.189}, author = {Nabilah Nurtika Salamah and Widya Dwi Aryati and Arry Yanuar} } @article {998, title = {Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database as alpha-Amino-3- Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4 Isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) Antagonist}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1204-1210}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1204}, abstract = {

Objective: Ischemic stroke is one type of circulatory disturbance caused by blood clots that block blood flow to the brain. One of the impact of ischemia is nerve cell damage due to excitotoxicity. Inhibition of the ionotropic glutamate receptor such as the AMPA receptor, becomes an essential approach to the treatment of ischemia. This study aims to explore the possibility of an Indonesian herbal compound as an AMPA receptor antagonist. Methods: In this study, virtual screening of 2233 herbal compounds was performed by docking method using AutoDock to find the antagonist candidate of AMPA receptor from Indonesian herbal database. The virtual screening method was validated by an area under curve (AUC) of the ROC curve and enrichment factor (EF). Lipinski{\textquoteright}s Rule of Five was used to filter the screening result. Results: The validation of virtual screening result showed that AUC was 0.9385 and EF 1\% was 23.5550. The screening result of Indonesian herbal database showed top five compound sanggenol O, blazeispirol X, progesterone, nimolicinol and boeravinone F (-8.51; -8.39; -8.19; -8.17; -8.08 kcal/mol, respectively) and have interaction with TYR61 and THR91 residues of AMPA receptor. Conclusion: Five compounds of the Indonesia herbal database were shown as hits of AMPA receptor antagonist based on the docking method.

}, keywords = {AMPA receptor, AutoDock, Herbal plants, Neuroprotective, Virtual Screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.187}, author = {Rezi Riadhi Syahdi and Chindy Dwi Martinah and Arry Yanuar} } @article {871, title = {Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database for Discovery of Procaspase-3 Activators Using Autodock and Autodock Vina}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {xx}, year = {2019}, pages = {xx-xx}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {xx}, abstract = {

Objective: Cancer is a disease where body cell grows abnormal, spread to every part of human body. Previous studies have found excessive expression of Procaspase-3 on cancer that must be activated to Caspase-3 to induce apoptotic in cells. Methods: Virtual screening of Indonesian Herbal Database was carried out to discover Procaspase-3 activators. This study was validated using enrichment factor (EF), receiver operating characteristics (ROC) area under curve (AUC) parameters. Among 1412 compounds were screened using Autodock and Autodock Vina software. Results: The virtual screening results using Autodock obtained the best ten compounds with binding energy -8.28 ~ -9.31 kcal/mol and Autodock Vina obtained the best ten compounds with binding energy -8.1 ~ -8.8 kcal/mol. Both virtual screening software showed two compounds in common, i.e., betulinic acid and maslinic acid. Conclusion: Betulinic acid interacts with Leu136A, Lys137A, Tyr195A and Pro201 residues in Autodock and Autodock Vina. While maslinic acid interacts with Leu136A, Lys137A and Pro201 residues in Autodock and Autodock Vina.

}, keywords = {Apoptotic, Cancer, Herbal, Procaspase-3 activator, Virtual Screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11xx}, author = {Rezi Riadhi Syahdi and Ayu Annissa and Arry Yanuar} } @article {976, title = {Wound Healing Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Selaginella Bryopteris on Rats (Retracted)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {984-990}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {984}, abstract = {

This Article has been retracted due to Authors{\textquoteright} request.\ 

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.155}, author = {Shravan Kumar Paswan and Sajal Srivastava and Chandana Venkateswara Rao} } @article {842, title = {Xanthones Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Analysis (Applying ESR) of Six Different Maturity Levels of Mangosteen Rind Extract (Garcinia mangostana Linn.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {March 2019}, pages = {369-373}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {369}, abstract = {

Background: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) is tropical fruit that known to contain bioactive compounds which has particular function as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. Mangosteen rind extract is known to have high contents of xanthone compounds which have antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. This study was aiming to determine the contents of xanthone derivatives using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and antioxidant activity of six different maturity levels of mangosteen rind extract using electron spin resonance (ESR). Method: Mangosteen was classified based on the maturity level by its visual characteristic and divided into six criteria of maturity. The mangosteen rinds were extracted through maceration and freeze drying method. Qualitative analysis of xanthone was obtained using LC-MS/MS. Antioxidant activity was determined using ESR spectrometer. To evaluate antioxidant activity, using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used as free radical scavenger method. Results: The LC-MS/MS analysis showed that the highest concentrations are filled by mangosteen rind with maturity level 6. Moreover, each maturity levels of mangosteen rind extract has different g value compared to DPPH free radical. Different g value indicated the different type of free radical and decreasing g value indicated the declining intensity of free radical. The higher decreasing of g value was mangosteen rind with maturity level 4, 5 and 6. Conclusion: Mangosteen rind extract contains xanthone and its derivatives and ESR analysis showed that different maturity levels on mangosteen rind has different antioxidant activity as indicated by declining free radical intensity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Electron spin resonance (ESR), Free radical, Mangosteen rind extract, Xanthone Garcinia mangostana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.56}, author = {Marisca Evalina Gondokesumo and Bambang Pardjianto and Sutiman Bambang Sumitro and Wahyu Widowati} } @article {702, title = {Anatomical Study and Characterization of Metabolites in Leaves of Momordica charantia L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {823-826}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {823}, abstract = {

Background: Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae), is an herbaceous plant used for food and traditional medicine. It presents a proven antidiabetic activity in the literature, being a promising species for the development of phytotherapics. Objective: The objective was performing an anatomical study and characterizing the metabolites in leaves of M. charantia. Materials and Methods: Semipermanent histological slides were prepared for analysis of petiole and leaf blade in optical, polarization and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Maceration and histochemical tests were also performed in the leaf blade. Results: The anatomical characterization revealed information about the type of trichomes, cuticle, vascular bundles and arrangement of the idioblasts and tissues that determine the botanical identity of this species. The histochemistry allowed determining the location of the metabolites and, along with the chemical microanalyses, to identify the type of crystal in the leaf blade. Conclusion: The study described new characters for M. charantia and the results provide support to quality control of the species.

}, keywords = {Anatomy, Bitter melon, Crystals, Histochemistry, Mel{\~a}o-de-S{\~a}o-Caetano}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.140}, author = {Rafaela Damasceno S{\'a} and Mar{\'\i}lia Barbosa Cadena and Rafael Jos{\'e} Ribeiro Padilha and Luiz Carlos Alves and Karina Perrelli Randau} } @article {531, title = {Andrographolide Induced Apoptosis in NALM-6 Cells Mediated Through the Cell Cycle Arrest and Nuclear Fragmentation}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January-2018}, pages = {210-214}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {210 }, abstract = {

Introduction: Andrographis paniculata is an herb widely cultivated in South and Southeastern Asia. It has been traditionally used to treat infections and other Physiological disorders for several hundreds. We investigated the anti-leukemic potential of Andrographolide (AGP) isolated from the leaves of this plant against an array of cancer cells to investigate its most efficacies in a particular cancer type. Methods: AGP was isolated from Andrographis paniculata leaves by using column chromatography. The structure was further determined by LC-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. AGP was initially tested against four different cancer cell lines, namely NALM-6 (pre B-ALL), K562 (CML), A549 (lung carcinoma) and MCF-7 (breast carcinoma) using MTT assay at different time points and different concentrations. The effect of the isolated biomolecule was also investigated in inducing apoptosis through the study of cell cycle progression using flow cytometry by PI staining and nuclear fragmentation pattern by DAPI staining and fluorescence microscopy. Results: the spectral analysis of the isolated bio-molecule assured that the compound was AGP. MTT assay data indicated that AGP was most potent to induce cytotoxicity in NALM-6 cells. Further investigation revealed that it effectively induced apoptosis by arresting cell cycle progression and increased the nuclear break down in NALM- 6 leukemic cells. Conclusion: Our study efficiently demonstrated that the AGP isolated from Andrographis paniculata induced apoptosis in NALM-6 cells, which could be used in the therapeutic intervention of leukemia in the future.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Andrographolide, Apoptosis, Cell cycle, Cytotoxicity, Leukemia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.36}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/466}, author = {Swadesh Sarkar and Priya K Gopal and Santanu Paul} } @article {507, title = {Anthelmintic Activity of Fruit Extract and Fractions of Piper longum L. In vitro}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {333-340}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {333}, abstract = {

The present study was aimed to assess the in vitro ovicidal, larvicidal and adulticidal activity of methanolic extract and its fractions from fruits of Piper longum against strongyle ova, larvae and adult amphistomes respectively. The fruits of P. longum was identified and the accession number 006 was obtained. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, diterpenes and triterpenes in extract and fractions of P. longum. The extract and fractions were diluted serially in 6.25 per cent tween 80 to obtain concentrations of 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.63, 7.81, 3.91 and 1.95 mg/mL. Ivermectin and thiabendazole at 10 \μg/mL acted as positive controls and 6.25 per cent tween 80 as negative control. The methanolic extract was highly active against ova with IC50 of 0.026 mg/mL. The n-hexane fraction was potent in inducing larval mortality with IC50 of 1.383 mg/mL while chloroform fraction inhibited larval migration with IC50 of 1.796 mg/mL. Amphistomes were highly sensitive for methanolic extract of P. longum which possessed IC50 of 5.493 mg/mL Based on IC50 values, the methanolic extract was found to be most potent while chloroform fraction was effective against ova, larvae and also adults. GCMS analysis of potent methanolic extract revealed the presence of piperidinone, hydrocinnamic acid, ethylhexahydro azepine, methyleugenol, hexadecanoic acid and caryophyllene oxide which may have contributed for the anthelmintic activity. The acute oral toxicity study revealed mild vascular changes in liver. From the present study, it can be concluded that chloroform fraction of P. longum possessed maximum broad spectrum anthelmintic activity comparable to controls.

}, keywords = {Adulticidal, GCMS, IC50, Larvicidal, Ovicidal, Piper longum.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.57}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/487}, author = {Krishnaprasad Ganapati Koorse and Sujith Samraj and Preethy John and Priya Manakkulaparambil Narayanan and Devi SS and Usha PTA and Surya Sunilkumar and Gleeja VL} } @article {745, title = {Antibacterial Property and Molecular Docking Studies of Leaf Calli Phytochemicals of Bridelia scandens Wild.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1221-1229}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1221}, abstract = {

Background: Bridelia scandens Wild. (Euphorbiaceae) leaves are widely used to cure asthma, bronchitis pleurisy, exudation, sores in mouth and genital cancers. Objective: To evaluate antibacterial activity of the leaf calli methanol extract (LCME). Materials and Methods: Mass production of leaf calli was established on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BAP and 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D. Methanol extract of the dried calli was subjected to HR-LCMS analysis, antibacterial screening of the extract was carried out against human pathogenic clinical isolates. Molecular docking study of HR-LCMS identified compounds was performed by docking with bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase. Results: HR-LCMS analysis of LCME shows that the compounds azaperone bifonazole, fusidic acid, lasalocid and quinine as the major constituents. The antibacterial screening of LCME against clinical pathogens showed significant bactericidal activity against the strains Staphylococcus aureus (17.67\±0.88 mm.d.), Streptococcus pneumonia (13.67\±0.33), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.33\±0.67), Salmonella typhi (17.67\±0.33), and Vibrio cholera (15.33\±0.33) as compared to the standard drug ciprofloxacin. The molecular docking of lasalocid against the bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase exhibited good binding affinity of -4.9 kcal/mol, good drug likeness (2.5589), 2 hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interaction with 7 amino acid residues, so that lasalocid processes good inhibitor as compared to other 4 compounds. Conclusion: LCME of Bridelia scandens showed significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi. Lasalocid is the major phytocomponent of LCME which exhibited good inhibitory activity against bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase. This investigation supported traditional claim of LCME as potential antibacterial drug.\ 

}, keywords = {ADMET, Antibacterial, Bridelia scandens, DNA Gyrase, Molecular docking}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.209}, author = {Ravikumar Shivakumar and Krishna Venkatarangaiah and Sudhesh Shastri and Ravishankara Burladinni Nagaraja and Ajith Sheshagiri} } @article {492, title = {Antidiabetic Activity Studies of White Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Ethanolic Extracts in Streptozotocin-nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {186-189}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {186}, abstract = {

Background: The high polyphenol content of white tea exhibits antiseptic and antioxidant properties that can prevent free radicals, inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation associated with various diseases such as obesity, diabetes and other degenerative diseases. Oral administration of white tea ethanolic extract (WTE) is expected to use as an alternative in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effect of WTE on reducing fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. Methods: Antidiabetic activity study of white tea extract performed on diabetic Sprague-Dawley male rats induced streptozotocin-nicotinamide for 14 days of oral administration. The antidiabetic effect compared to normal control, diabetic control, and standard control groups. Results: The administration of WTE for 14 days showed decreased fasting blood glucose level in diabetic rats. The dose of 100 mg/kg BW of WTE has the highest effect on reducing fasting glucose level significantly compared to negative control group (p\<0.05). The content of flavonoids, especially catechin compounds are suspected to play a role in lowering fasting blood glucose levels. Conclusion: The administration of WTE for 14 days has potentially antidiabetic activity in diabetic rats induced streptozotocin-nicotinamide.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Camellia sinensis, Catechin, Hypoglycemic, Streptozotocin, White tea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.31}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/417}, author = {Lia Ardiana and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya} } @article {581, title = {Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Adipogenic Potential of Quercetin Rich Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Prunus persica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {463-469}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {463}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus is enfeebling threatening diseases with continuously increasing rates of incidence and mortality and it may rise tremendously by 2025. Objective: Quercetin rich ethyl acetate fraction (PP-EtOA) of leaves of Prunus persica was evaluated for antidiabetic, anti-oxidant and anti-adipogenic activities. Material and Methods: Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and normalglycemic rat models were investigated at the doseof 100 and 200 mg/kg,p.o. of PP-EtOA. Results: At 200 mg/kg, significant anti-hyperglycaemic activity(p\<0.05) was observed in all the rat models. In STZ induced diabetic rat model, improvement in body weight and lipid profile was also observed.DPPH (2,2\’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging method showed dose dependent scavenging. Preadipocyte differentiation assay (3T3-L1) showed significant inhibition of differentiation. HPLC fingerprinting analysis of fraction was also performed. Conclusion: PP-EtOA possesses potent free radical scavenging property. Its antihyperglycemic and antiadipogenic activities may be due to quercetin (flavonoid) and may prove to be effective in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and diabetes driven dyslipidemic conditions.

}, keywords = {Anti-adipogenic, Anti-diabetic, Anti-oxidant, Prunus persica, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.76}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/509}, author = {Gaurav Sharma and Sunil Kumar and Megha Sharma and Navneet Upadhyay and Sunil Kumar and Zabeer Ahmed and Neeraj Mahindroo} } @article {481, title = {Antiemetic Activity of Trigona spp. Propolis from Three Provinces of Indonesia with Two Methods of Extraction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {120-122}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {120}, abstract = {

Introduction: Propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees to protect their hives. One of the least explored function of propolis is its antiemetic activity. The present study aimed to investigate the antiemetic activity of Trigona spp. propolis from three provinces of Indonesia. Methods: Ultrasound-assisted extraction using two kinds of solvent, water and ethanol was conducted to extract propolis from South Sulawesi, South Kalimantan and Banten. Antiemetic activity was observed on copper sulfate\–induced emesis in young chicks. Result: All propolis indicated antiemetic activity, in which water extract had higher activity than ethanol extract. Regardless the type of solvents, propolis from South Sulawesi showed higher antiemetic activity than others. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that propolis has antiemetic activity, in which propolis from South Sulawesi showed the highest activity and water extraction is recommended.

}, keywords = {Antiemetic, Propolis, Retching, Stingless bee, Trigona spp}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.21}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/407}, author = {Al Mukhlas Fikri and Ahmad Sulaeman and Sri Anna Marliyati and Mokhamad Fahrudin} } @article {512, title = {Antiepileptic Effect of Nux vomica, Homeopathic Remedy, Against Strychnine-Induced Seizers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {245-248}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {245}, abstract = {

Objective: To investigate the antiepileptic effect of homeopathic remedy Nux vomica on mice and its comparison with standard therapeutic diazepam. Methods: BALB-c mice were taken and divided into three groups comprising ten mice in each group. The first group was treated as control; the second group received standard therapeutics (diazepam, i.p.) and the third group received Nux vomica CH7. All groups were treated with strychnine intra peritoneally. Following parameters were observed; start time of convulsions, the number of animals had convulsions, and survival time until death. Results: Nux vomica CH7 homeopathic preparation was found effective in suspending onset of convulsions (P˂ 0.01), and extending survival time until death (P˂ 0.01) in comparison to control mice. It also increased percentage survival in comparison to control as well as diazepam treated animals. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated efficacy of Nux vomica in epilepsy management.

}, keywords = {Anticonvulsant, Epilepsy, Nux vomica, Strychnine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.43}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/473}, author = {Anjana Goel and Aditya Saxena and Ashok Kumar Bhatia} } @article {639, title = {Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-pyretic and Acute Toxicity Effects of n-Butanol Extract of Atractylis flava Desf in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {763-767}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {763}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study was aimed to explore the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of n-butanol etract of Atractylis flava Desf (A. Flava) using experimentally induced inflammation and pyrexia models in rats. Methods: In the acute toxicity study, a single oral dose of 2000 mg/kg of n-butanol extract was given to rats. The antipyretic activity was evaluated using brewer\’s yeast induced pyrexia in rats. In addition, albumin induced rat paw edema was performed by the injection of 100 \μL undiluted fresh egg albumin to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of the plant. Results: The results of the present study revealed that n-butanol extract of A. Flava significantly (P\<0.001) reduced fresh egg albumin-induced rat paw edema and also inhibited fever significantly in brewer\’s yeast induced pyrexia. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that A. flava possesses antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity in the models studied.

}, keywords = {Atractylis flava desf, Brewer{\textquoteright}s yeast, Egg albumin, Inflammation, Pyrexia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.128}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/666}, author = {Melakhessou Mohamed Akram and Benkiki Naima and Marref Salah Eddine and Bouzidi Soumia} } @article {696, title = {Antioxidant Activities, Acute Toxicity and Chemical Profiling of Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior Jack.) Inflorescent Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {979-982}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {979}, abstract = {

Aim/Background: The objectives of the study were to determine total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities and assess acute toxicity of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior Jack.) inflorescent hydroethanolic extract. Methods: The analysis of total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities were analyzed spectrophotometrically using micro-titer plate reader. With regard to acute toxicity assessment, Wistar rats were fed with a single dose of torch-ginger either 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 g extract/kg body weight in comparison with control group. Results: Total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents of the extract were 0.17\±0.02 mM gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 0.30\±0.01 mM quercetin equivalent/g extract, respectively. The antioxidant evaluation using DPPH radical scavenging assay, FRAP assay and ABTS radical scavenging assay were 0.14\±0.08 mg/ml (EC50), 0.13\±0.01 mmol Fe2+ equivalent/g extract and 0.30\±0.12 mM trolox equivalent/g extract, respectively. According to acute toxicity, no mortality or bizarre behavior had been observed throughout 14 days. Clinical chemistry including blood glucose, AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, total serum protein, albumin, globulin and total bilirubin were in normal ranges and comparable to the control (p\<0.05). In conclusion, phenolic compounds and flavonoids of torch-ginger could be measured and indicated the quality of the extract as well as antioxidant activities. Regarding acute toxicity assessment, the extract was safe for experimental animals up to 2.0 g extract/kg body weight. Conclusion: Torch-ginger extract exhibited high amounts of phenolic contents, flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities and was safe in animal model.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Antioxidant Activities, Torch ginger, Total flavonoid contents, Total Phenolic Contents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.166}, author = {Bunleu Sungthong and Buavaroon Srichaikul} } @article {630, title = {Antioxidant Activity of Fractions from Garcinia hombroniana Pierre Leaves Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {682-685}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {682}, abstract = {

Introduction: Radicals were compounds that generated in normal metabolism and create cell damage. A significant increase of free radical and decreased radical elimination can lead to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of many diseases. Enhanced supply of antioxidants will help prevent the morbidity of many diseases. Garcinia hombroniana Pierre has potency as an antioxidant, but study to evaluate the active fractions as an antioxidant has not been done. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate antioxidant activity of fractions separated from ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH) extract of Garcinia hombroniana leaves and to obtain active fractions to facilitate finding a pure antioxidant compound. Methods: The extract was fractionated using column chromatography, while antioxidant activity assay was conducted in vitro using spectrophotometric methods with DPPH and FRAP method. Results: EtOAc extract of G. hombroniana leaves yielded EA-8 with radical scavenging percentage 32.67\% (10 ppm, with DPPH method) and EA-11 with antioxidant activity percentage 25.73\% (10 ppm, with FRAP method) as the most active fraction from EtOAc extract, while MeOH extract yielded M-3 with radical scavenging percentage 37.42\% (10 ppm, with DPPH method) and 26.70\% (10 ppm, with FRAP method) as the most active fraction from MeOH extract Conclusion: Most active fractions has good antioxidant activity, worthy for further study to isolate antioxidant compound which is responsible for antioxidant activity. However, the percentage of radical scavenging or antioxidant activity of all active fractions were smaller than quercetin as a positive control.

}, keywords = {Column chromatography, Free Radicals, Spectrophotometric thin layer chromatography}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.112}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/650}, author = {Nita Triadisti and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya} } @article {631, title = {Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potential of Galing Stem Extract (Cayratia trifolia Domin)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {686-690}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {686}, abstract = {

Galing (Cayratia trifolia Domin.) have been used empirically to treat various diseases, one of them is antidiabetic. Objective: To determine the phytochemical content and the activity of the ethanol extract of the galing stem as antioxidant and antidiabetic. Method: The galing stem extract was investigated for phytochemical by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and its antioxidant activity using DPPH scavenging activity assay. In vivo, antidiabetic test was conducted by animal diabetes modeling that has given streptozotocin 150 g/kg BW and 10\% of sucrose solution intraperitoneally. The average level of fasting blood glucose at 307 mg/dL. Mice were divided into 6 groups, normal control group, diabetes induction group, positive group (treated by glibenclamide) and treatment group consisted of three groups were treated by ethanol extract of galing stem in dose 400, 500, and 600 mg/kg BW, respectively. Mice treated with appropriate doses of each treatment once a day for 7 days. The measuring blood glucose level was using a photometer 5010V5+. Results: The ethanol extract of galing stem contained the alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, and triterpene. It is potential as an antioxidant with the IC50 61,52 mg/L which indicated that the extract had strong antioxidant. The antidiabetic activity showed that the effect of extract 400 and 500 mg/kg BW are not different significantly with glibenclamide in reducing blood glucose levels subset of the statistics ANOVA (p\> 0.05). Conclusion: The ethanol extract of galing steam is potent as an antioxidant due to the phytochemical content inside particularly the flavonoid compound.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Galing stem, Mice, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.113}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/651}, author = {Muhammad Ilyas Yusuf and Wahyuni and Sri Susanty and Ruslan and Muammar Fawwaz} } @article {763, title = {Antioxidant Capacity and Cytotoxicity of the Aqueous Extract of Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s135-s140}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s135}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ethnobotanical studies report that Myrcia guianensis (Myrtaceae), belonging to a group of plants known as pedr\á-ume-ca\á or insulin plant, is used as a tea to treat various diseases, including diabetes, a metabolic disorder that leads to the constant production of free radicals. The objective of this work was to determine the antioxidant capacity and the cytotoxicity of the AEMg. Methods: The content of phenolic compounds in AEMg was determined by colorimetric assays. In vitro tests of the antioxidant capacity of AEMg, in the sequestration of DPPH radicals, in \β-carotene bleaching, in the FRAP, as well as in human fibroblast cells of the MRC-5 lineage, were performed. The cytotoxic activity of AEMg was evaluated in assays with eukaryotic cells from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in PBMC. Results: The results showed that the AEMg is rich in phenolic compounds, presenting high antioxidant potential in all the tests carried out, including in human fibroblast cells of the MRC-5 lineage, besides not being toxic to eukaryotic cells. Conclusion: The AEMg, rich in antioxidant compounds and no toxicity, can be used as source of natural antioxidant in the treatment of metabolic diseases to combat free radicals.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Myrtaceae, Oxidative stress, Pedra-ume-ca{\'a}, Phenolic compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.25}, author = {Regiane Sablina Almeida Bernardes and Sandra Layse Ferreira Sarrazin and Flaviana Alves dos Santos and Moacyr Jesus Barreto de Melo R{\^e}go and Maira Galdino da Rocha Pitta and Marina Ferraz Cordeiro and Patr{\'\i}cia Danielle Oliveira de Almeida and Ricardo Bezerra de Oliveira and Leoneide {\'E}rica Maduro Bouillet and Jos{\'e} Guilherme Soares Maia and Rosa Helena Veras Mour{\~a}o} } @article {569, title = {Anti-Proliferative Properties of Terminalia sericea Burch. Ex Dc Leaf Extracts Against Caco2 and HeLa Cancer Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {408-415}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {408}, abstract = {

Introduction: Terminalia spp. are characterised by their high levels of antioxidant phytochemicals and several species have anticancer activity. This study examines the anti-proliferative activity of T. sericea leaf extracts against Caco2 and HeLa carcinoma cell proliferation. Methods: Solvent extracts were prepared from T. sericea leaves and their antioxidant capacities were determined by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Anti-proliferative activities against Caco2 and HeLa cancer cells were determined by an MTS based cell proliferation assay. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Results: The methanolic and aqueous T. sericea leaf extracts displayed high antioxidant capacities (equivalent to 150 and 340 mg of ascorbic acid per gram of plant material extracted respectively). In contrast, the ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane extracts had relatively low antioxidant contents (\≤5 mg of ascorbic acid equivalents per gram of plant material extracted). The antioxidant contents of the T. sericea leaf extracts correlated with the ability of the extracts to inhibit proliferation of Caco2 and HeLa cancer cell lines. The high antioxidant methanolic and aqueous extracts were potent inhibitors of cell proliferation, with IC50 values 120-1400 \μg/mL. The aqueous T. sericea leaf extract was particularly effective, with IC50 values of 528 and 120 \μg/mL against Caco2 and HeLa cells respectively. The methanolic extract also displayed good, albeit substantially less potent, antiproliferative activity against HeLa cells, with an IC50 of 1358 \μg/mL. In contrast, the lower antioxidant content extracts generally did not inhibit cancer cell proliferation. Cell imaging studies detected morphological features consistent with apoptosis in Caco2 cells exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the methanolic and aqueous T. sericea leaf extracts, indicating that these extracts are functioning by cytotoxic mechanisms. The aqueous T. sericea leaf extract displayed low to moderate toxicity in the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with an LC50 value of 737 \μg/mL. All other extracts were nontoxic. Conclusion: The antiproliferative activity and low toxicity of the T. sericea methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts extracts against HeLa and Caco2 cancer cell lines indicates their potential in the treatment and prevention of some cancers.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Antioxidant Capacity, Antiproliferative Activity, Apoptosis, Combretaceae, DPPH, Silver Cluster Leaf}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.67}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/499}, author = {BiYun Gu and Joseph Shalom and Ian E. Cock} } @article {734, title = {Antithrombotic Effect of Kaempferia galanga L. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. on Collagen-epinephrine Induced Thromboembolism In Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1149-1153}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1149}, abstract = {

Objective: Kaempferia galanga L. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. have been proven to possess antiplatelet activity in vitro. The aim of this study is to investigate the antithrombotic effect of the rhizome extracts of Kaempferia galanga L. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb in a mouse thrombotic model. Methods: The ethanol extracts of K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza were orally administered with three different doses (7, 14 and 28 mg/20 g BW) in two experimental mouse models. Bleeding time prolongation was observed on mice tail that had been cut and the survival rate of mice was observed after thromboembolism induction by collagenepinephrine. These two experiments were observed after 7 days extracts pre-treatment and compared to the positive control, aspirin. Results: A potent effect of K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza extracts were demonstrated through significant bleeding time prolongation compared to control group. C. xanthorrhiza extract exhibited better activity than K. galanga extract. Moreover, both K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza extracts significantly protected mice from thromboembolic death, where the protective effect of C. xanthorrhiza extract was stronger than K. galanga extract in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza extracts have a potential to be developed as antithrombotic agents against platelet thromboembolism.

}, keywords = {Antithrombotic, Bleeding time, Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., Kaempferia galanga L., Survival rate}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.196}, author = {Fadlina Chany Saputri and Chavella Avatara} } @article {701, title = {Antiurolithiatic Activity of Daucus carota: An In vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {880-884}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {880}, abstract = {

Context: Urolithiasis is a polygenic disorder with complex etiology and even complicated treatment outcomes. Daucus carota is a widely cultivated crop with traditional claims for its antiurolithiatic potential. Aim: Present study was an attempt to investigate the antilithic potential of D. carota root extract (DCRE) against calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis by employing in vitro methods. Methods: Nucleation, growth and aggregation assay of CaOx crystallization were used. FT-IR analysis was used for characterizing CaOx crystals. Results: DCRE exhibited significant inhibition of nucleation, growth and aggregation of CaOx crystals. It produced a favorable morphological transformation of CaOx crystals from calcium oxalate monohydrate to calcium oxalate dihydrate. FT-IR analysis confirmed formation of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals to be utilized for growth and aggregation assays. Conclusion: DCRE possesses significant antiurolithiatic activity against CaOx urolithiasis in vitro which could be attributed to its saponins, tannins, flavonoids and polyphenolic content.

}, keywords = {Aggregation, Flavonoids, FT-IR, Nucleation, Urolithiasis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.148}, author = {Sweta Bawari and Archana Negi Sah and Devesh Tewari} } @article {715, title = {Arginase Inhibitory, Antioxidant Activity and Pharmacognosy Study of Sterculia macrophylla Vent. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1109-1113}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1109}, abstract = {

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the arginase inhibitory activity, antioxidant activity, and also pharmacognostical study of Sterculia macrophylla leaves. The main component of genus Sterculia was flavonoid that was well known to demonstrate arginase inhibitory activity. Methods: Sample was extracted gradually using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvents, subsequently. The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract were determined for their arginase inhibitory activity. The most active extract was methanol extract. This extract was determined for its antioxidant activity, arginase inhibitory activity, identification of chemical compound, chromatogram profile and determined the content of total flavonoid. The leaves and powder of Sterculia macrophylla were identified with microscopic and macroscopic evaluation. Results: The most active extract was methanol extract with IC50 114,659 \μg/mL for arginase inhibitory activity and IC50 78.47 \μg/mL for DPPH scavenging activity. The secondary metabolite of methanol extract presence compound of alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, terpene, and glycoside. The total flavonoid content was 141.10 mg/gram extract. The star-shape trichoma was identified as a specific fragment. Conclusion: The methanol extract of Sterculia macrophylla showed activity as arginase inhibitor and antioxidant.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Arginase, Flavonoid, Pharmacognostical, Sterculia macrophylla}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.188}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya and Rani Sauriasari and Muhammad Hanafi and Yesi Desmiaty} } @article {501, title = {Bioassay Guided Fractionation and in vitro Anti-plasmodial Activity of Ficus deltoidea and Ficus benjamina}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {235-240}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {235}, abstract = {

Background: Malaria is infectious vector born disease affecting 212 million people belonging to 97 countries globally in the year 2016. Although this number has reduced progressively from last one decade but recent failure of currently available antimalarial drug therapy has accentuated the urgent need to explore different novel approaches in Anti-plasmodial drug discovery. Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the Anti-plasmodial activity of traditional medicinal plants Ficus deltoidea and Ficus benjamina. Materials and Methods: Crude petroleum ether and hydro alcoholic extract of both the plant species were evaluated for Anti-plasmodial activity by schizont maturation inhibition assay using 3D7 plasmodium strains. Results: It was observed that petroleum ether extract of F. benjamina leaves showed most promising inhibitory effect on the growth of schizonts with IC50 14.5 \μg/ml. Bio-assay guided fractionation of petroleum ether extract of F. benjamina led to the hexane and chloroform fraction with high Anti-plasmodial activity (IC50 4.0 \μg/ml and IC50 7.8 \μg/ml respectively). Further, phytochemical investigation of F. benjamina indicated the presence of various valuable phytochemicals belonging to class of steroids, terpenoids and phytosterols. Conclusion: This study has revealed the Anti-plasmodial activity of F. deltoidea and F. benjamina for the first time. Significant Anti-plasmodial activity and preliminary phytochemical studies of F. benjamina indicates its rich chemical diversity which make this plant a good candidate for isolating new molecule that could serve as new lead in Anti-plasmodial drug discovery.\ 

}, keywords = {Antiplasmodial, Bioassay guided fractionation, Ficus deltoidea Ficus benjamina, Malaria, Schizont maturation inhibition assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.41}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/471}, author = {Hayat Mohammad Mukhtar and Amandeep Singh and Hardeep Kaur} } @article {611, title = {Bombax ceiba: A Potential Anti-Anxiety Drug}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {712-714}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {712}, abstract = {

Background: Bombax ceiba is a famous plant used extensively in traditional medicine for various diseases. However, data pertaining to its effects at CNS level is limited. Objective: To analyze the anti-anxiety potential of ethanolic extracts of Bombax ceiba leaves on rats using the elevated plus maze protocol. Materials and Methods: Five groups containing six rats each were treated with respective drugs.Control rats were treated with 0.5ml of 10\% ethanol i.p. (negative control). Single treatments of diazepam (2mg/kg i.p) were used as a positive control and varied levels of ethanolic extracts of Bombax ceiba leaves (150 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, i.p.) were applied to other groups. The index of anxiety was measured by observing the entry and time duration in the open arm of the EPM. Results: Extract at 400 mg/kg significantly increased the time duration and number of entries into the open arm which was statistically significant (p value \<0.05) when compared to the control group (ethanol). Diazepam showed the most significant results when compared to other groups (p\<0.0005). Extracts at 150 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg demonstrated negligible results that were statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The results indicate the anti-anxiety potential of Bombax ceiba leaves at higher concentration. Further studies are required to analyze the implicated phytochemicals and the mechanism at cellular level.

}, keywords = {Anti-anxiety, Bombax ceiba leaves, Diazepam, Elevated Plus Maze, Ethanol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.118}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/656}, author = {Abdulrahman Alsayari and Mohammed Ghazwani and Dalia Almaghaslah and Yahya Alhamhoom and Maha Saad and Rawan Ahmed and Wafa Saeed and Wijden Ali and Sadia Batool} } @article {750, title = {A Brief Review of Synonyms and Properties of Gudūcī (Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers) from Selected Nighantus (Ayurvedic Drug Lexicons)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s9-s13}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {s9}, abstract = {

The use of Herbal medicines are continuously on the rise as they are known to be very efficient without causing much undesired effects. Herbs are the main source for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Persian and extensive literature and scientific research is being done in this aspect. Ethnobotanical studies are being conducted in specific areas to understand and analyse the relative priority, agreement percentage and the use value. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Tests are also carried out to substantiate the use.1 Plant toxins and plant poisoning have been reported in children.2 Unfortunately, though herbs are generally considered to be safe, it does contain chemical constituents that can be helpful or harmful when consumed individually or in combination with other herbs or drugs. For more and more scientific studies to come up, the basic literature review has to be done. Ayurveda is an Ancient System of Medicine practiced in India since centuries. The practice is based on Classical Ayurvedic Texts and the Nighantus that came in the later period. In this article, Guduci- Tinospora cordifolia (Tco) - a commonly used plant in Ayurveda that holds a great medicinal value.3 has been chosen and the review of the Synonyms and Properties of this plant mentioned in selected Nighantus has been done. The different properties of the plant like anti hyperglycemic action, antioxidant, hepato-protective activity, etc have already been researched and proven.4 Retrospectively, here a comparative analysis of synonyms and properties of Tco as mentioned in the Nighantu\’s from the Ayurvedic Point of view has been done.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Guduci, Nighantus, Properties, Synonyms, Tinopsora cordifolia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.2}, author = {Sujithra Ram Manohar and Vimala and Priyalatha and Raiby Paul and Priya S} } @article {768, title = {Characterization of the Anthelmintic Activity of Murraya koenigii (Linn.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s100-s103}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s100}, abstract = {

Objective: To identify the most potent sub fractions(s) of the different extracts of the leaves of Murraya koenigii for the anthelmintic property. Methods: The dried leaves were subjected to soxhlet extraction using methanol, fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol and water. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done using standard techniques. The potent fractions were subjected to TLC and the appropriate solvent was selected for flash chromatographic separation of the extract. The sub fractions were tested for their anthelmintic activity in vitro using egg hatch assay and larval motility assay on Haemonchus contortus eggs and the most potent fraction was found out. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic, tannins and saponins in all extracts and the effect of the extracts could be due to these components. On TLC, toluene: ethyl acetate in 9:1 ratio was found to be the best mobile phase for hexane and chloroform fractions whereas cyclohexane: ethyl acetate at 6:4 was found suitable for butanol fraction. Of the sub fractions (SF), SF 3 and 11 of chloroform fraction showed better ovicidal activity whereas SF 2,6,7,32 and 37 showed best larvicidal activity. The larvae that were used for testing the larvicidal activity, were found to be sluggishly motile after half an hour incubation with the extract and were progressively dead on a dose dependent manner. Conclusion: The chloroform extract of Murraya koenigii and its sub fractions 2, 3,6, 7, 11, 32 and 37 possessed good anthelmintic activity and the isolation of active molecules is necessary for development of a novel anthelmintic.

}, keywords = {Anthelmintic, Egg hatch assay, Haemonchus contortus, Larval motility assay, Murraya Koenigii}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.19}, author = {Sujith S and Priya MN and Deepa CK and Usha PTA} } @article {651, title = {Characterizationof the Anthelmintic Activity of Murraya koenigii (Linn.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July/2018}, pages = {73-76}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Objective:To identify the most potent sub fractions(s) of the different extracts of the leaves of Murraya koeniggi for theanthelmintic property.Methods: The dried leaves were subjected to soxhlet extraction using methanol, fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol and water. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done using standard techniques. The potent fractions were subjected to TLC and the appropriate solvent was selected for flash chromatographic separation of the extract. The sub fractions were tested for their anthelmintic activity invitro using egg hatch assay and larval motility assay on Haemonchus contortus eggs and the most potent fraction was found out. Results:Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic, tannins and saponins in all extracts and the effect of the extracts could be due to these components. On TLC, toluene: ethyl acetate in 9:1 ratio was found to be the best mobile phase for hexane and chloroform fractions whereascyclohexane: ethyl acetate at 6:4 was found suitable for butanol fraction. Of the sub fractions (SF), SF 3 and 11 of chloroform fraction showed better ovicidal activity whereas SF 2,6,7,32 and 37 showed best larvicidal activity. The larvae that were used for testing the larvicidal activity, were found to be sluggishly motile after half an hour incubation with the extract and were progressively dead on a dose dependent manner.Conclusions:The chloroform extract of Murraya koenigii and its sub fractions 2, 3,6, 7, 11, 32 and 37 possessed good anthelmintic activity and the isolation of active molecules is necessary for development of a novel anthelmintic.

Key words: Anthelmintic, Murraya koenigii, Haemonchus contortus, Egg hatch assay, Larval motility assay.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.14}, author = {Sujith S and Priya MN and Deepa CK and Usha PTA} } @article {723, title = {Chemical Characteristics and In vitro Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activities of Premna serratifolia L. Leaf Infusion and Decoction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1114-1118}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1114}, abstract = {

Introduction: Leaves of Premna serratifolia L. (local name: arogo) is well known as food ingredient for fish/meat-based soup in Tentena, Indonesia. Evaluation of its bioactivities is needed. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the \α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of infusion and decoction of P. serratifolia leaves. Methods: The leaf samples were prepared by infusion and decoction and analysed for their \α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities, as well as total phenolic contents and LC-MS profiles. Results: The total phenolic content of the decoction was higher than the infusion. The UV spectra of both infusion and decoction showed peak at 325 nm and shoulder at 285 nm. Their LC-MS yielded one dominant component at 132 (100) m/z fragment, which was tentatively identified as caffeic acid. Both infusion and decoction extracts exhibited strong \α-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 of 4.27 and 0.046 \μg GAE/ml, respectively. The IC50 for DPPH scavenging activity of the infusion and decoction were similar; 6.82 and 7.28 \μg GAE/ml, respectively. But the IC50 of the infusion and decoction for ferrous ion chelating activities were different; 161.66 and 28.34 \μg GAE/ ml, respectively. The \α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities were related to the phenolic content. Conclusion: The study concludes that both infusion and decoction of arogo leaves have antidiabetic effect and potential antioxidant activity. The decoction of the leaves may increase its antidiabetic capacity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Aqueous extract, Inhibition mechanism, P. serratifolia, α-glucosidase inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.189}, author = {Kris Herawan Timotius and Adelina Simamora and Adit Widodo Santoso} } @article {603, title = {Chemical Constituents of Cymodocea rotundata Asch. and Schweinf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {620-621}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {620}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cymodocea rotundata Asch. and Schweinf, a widespread seagrass with reported antimicrobial activity, was investigated for its chemical constituents. Methods: The compounds were isolated by silica gel chromatography and identified by NMR spectroscopy. Results: This study has led to the isolation of \β-sitosteryl-3\β-glucopyranoside-6\′-O-fatty acid esters (1), chlorophyll a (2) and a mixture of \β-sitosterol (3a) and stigmasterol (3b) in about 1:1 ratio from the dichloromethane extract of C. rotundata. Conclusion: This is the first report on the isolation of 1-3b from C. rotundata. Compounds 2-3b were reported to exhibit antibacterial activity and may be partly responsible for the reported antimicrobial activity of the C. rotundata extract.

}, keywords = {Chlorophyll, Cymodocea rotundata, Cymodoceaceae, Stigmasterol., β-sitosterol, β-sitosteryl-3β-glucopyranoside-6'-Ofatty acid esters}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.101}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/639}, author = {Judy D. V. Perez and Chien Chang Shen and Consolacion Y. Ragasa} } @article {727, title = {Cholesterol-lowering Effects of Extract from Garcinia daedalanthera in Hyperlipidemic rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1125-1128}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1125}, abstract = {

Background: A native plant from Indonesia, Garcinia daedalanthera has been scientifically proven have antidiabetic effects and antioxidant activity. We hypothesized that Garcinia daedalanthera can modulate the lipid profiles of hyperlipidemic rats. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic potential of Garcinia daedalanthera extract. Materials and Methods: Garcinia daedalanthera leaves extract (GDE) were orally administrated to high fat diet-induced rats for 15 days. After the end of experimental period (43 days) the lipid profiles were estimated along with histopathological liver examination of animals. Results: The results showed that Garcinia daedalanthera extract significantly reduced the level of serum total cholesterol, total triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein as compared to control group with an increasing level of serum high-density lipoprotein. Furthermore, the extract has a favorable effect on histopathological study. Conclusion: This study proved antilipidemic property by lowering altered levels of lipid profile in male wistar rats and suggest lipid lowering effects of Garcinia daedalanthera extract which serves as a new potential natural product for preventing hyperlipidemia.

}, keywords = {Anti-cholesterol, Garcinia, Herbal, In vivo, Pre-clinical study, Rat}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.191}, author = {Sarah Zielda Najib and Wilzar Fachri and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya and Raymond Tjandrawinata} } @article {503, title = {Comparative Analysis of Biochemical Compounds of Leaf, Flower and Fruit of Couroupita guianensis and Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {315-323}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {315}, abstract = {

Couroupita guianensis is commonly known as cannonball tree, belonging to the family Lecythidaceae. This tree has enormous medicinal values since most of its parts are used as medicines traditionally. In this work, two major aspects were studied. Firstly, the phytochemical screening and biological activities of various extracts of leaf, flower and fruit are prepared and studied. Secondly, silver nanoparticles were synthesized from these parts, characterized instrumentally and checked for its antibacterial activity. This study reveals that except the aqueous extracts, all other extracts have good antioxidant and antibacterial activity hence stating the presence of bioactive compounds. Flower mediated nanoparticles showed better results than others which may be due to the presence of certain phytochemical compounds responsible for the reduction and capping of silver nanoparticles. These results showed the potential of Couroupita guianensis and further investigation to isolate such pharmacologically active compounds that can be used in the production of novel drugs for various diseases would be promising.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Couroupita guianensis, Nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.55}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/485}, author = {Prakash Pandurangan and Madhumitha Sahadeven and Swetha Sunkar and Sai Krishna Nerella Mohana Dhana} } @article {538, title = {Comparative Pharmacognostical and Pharmacological Evaluation of two Achyranthes species}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January-2018}, pages = {309-314}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {309}, abstract = {

Introduction: Achyranthes is a well-known herb used in folk lore and traditional systems of medicine for its therapeutic value. The two species Achyranthes aspera and Achyranthes bidentata are used interchangeably by people and by herbal industries due to their resemblance in appearance. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the comparative pharmacognostic and pharmacological properties of both species. Methods: Pharmacognostic characters were evaluated as per the guidelines of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. A quantitative HPTLC method was developed for quantification of linoleic acid and oleanolic acid using toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (6: 4: 0.5 v/v/v) as a mobile phase. Quantification was performed using linear regression analysis by plotting the peak area vs concentration curve with 2000-5000 ng/band (R2 = 0.998) for oleanolic acid and 2000-5000 ng/band (R2 = 0.994) for linoleic acid. The developed method was validated in terms of accuracy, recovery and inter and intraday study as per ICH guidelines. Antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts was estimated by five different models viz. DPPH free radical scavenging assay, total anti-oxidant capacity, reducing power assay, total flavonoid and phenol content. Anti-diabetic activity was analyzed by \α-amylase inhibition assay using 3, 5 di nitro salicylic acid and iodine starch model. Results: The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of oleanolic acid and linoleic acid were determined, respectively, as 0.426, 1.29 and 0.427, 1.29 \μg mL\−1. Inhibition of free radicals increases with concentration and IC50 of A. aspera and A. bidendata was obtained at 1.35 \± 0.173 mg/ml and 1.28 \± 0.169 mg/ml respectively. In in vitro antidiabetic activity, IC50 value shows that A. bidentata exhibit better activity than A. aspera. Conclusion: The present study generates data for the proper establishment of quality control standards of the crude drug.

}, keywords = {Achyranthes, Antioxidant, HPTLC, Linoleic acid, Oleanolic acid, α- amylase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.54}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/484}, author = {Pushpendra Kumar Shukla and Ankita Misra and Sharad Srivastava} } @article {524, title = {A Comparative study on Internet Of Things (IoT) and its applications in Smart Agriculture}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {260-264}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {260}, abstract = {

Agriculture plays a vital role in country\’s economy and it has an extensive contribution towards human civilization. Due to the growing expansions in sensor devices, RFID and Internet protocols the architecture of Internet of Things (IoT) has been made to support agriculture by making a Smart agriculture. This paper describes the implementation of various IoT techniques and intelligent decision support systems used in agriculture. It provides a wide review on methods and technologies like ANFIS and PLSR Model predictions, experiences in various challenges as well as further work are discussed through the review article.

}, keywords = {ANFIS and PLSR, Internet of things, RFID-radio frequency Identification}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.46}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/476}, author = {A. Srilakshmi and Jeyasheela Rakkini and K. R. Sekar and R. Manikandan} } @article {755, title = {Comparison between High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography and High Performance Liquid Chromatography Methods for Determination of Rubraxanthone in the Stem Bark Extract of Garcinia cowa Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s42-s47}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s42}, abstract = {

Objectives: To develop simple, rapid, accurate methods for determination of rubraxanthone in the stem bark extract of Garcinia cowa using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Methods: The HPTLC method was performed on aluminum plate precoated with silica gel 60 F254 using Chloroform: Ethyl acetate: Methanol: Formic acid (88:2:2:8) as a developing system. Quantification was achieved using densitometric measurements at 243 nm. The HPLC method involved a 5 \μm C18 column and an isocratic solvent using 0.4\% formic acid: methanol (12:88) with a flow rate 1 mL minute-1. Quantitation was also achieved with ultraviolet detection at 243 nm based on peak area. All necessary validation tests for both methods were done for their comparison. The results obtained by these two different quantification methods were compared by Tukey\’s-test. Results: Both assays provided good linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity and limits of detection and quantitation for determination of rubraxanthone in The Stem Bark extract of G. cowa. Conclusion: Both methods revealed reasonable validation parameters concerning linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity and limits of detection and quantitation. A statistical comparison of the quantitative analysis of rubraxanthone in extract did not show any statistically significant difference between two analysis methods. As both methods were found to be equal, they therefore can be used for the analysis of rubraxanthone in the Stem Bark extract of G. cowa.

}, keywords = {Garcinia cowa Roxb, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, High performance Thin layer Chromatography, rubraxanthone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.8}, author = {Meri Susanti and Sanusi Ibrahim and Yahdiana Harahap and Dachriyanus} } @article {578, title = {Correlation of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid and Carotenoid Content of Phyllanthus emblica Extract from Bandung with DPPH Scavenging Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {447-452}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {447}, abstract = {

Introduction: Many potential compounds have antioxidant activity, such as the flavonoid group, phenolics and carotenoids. Phyllanthus emblica is widespread in Bandung-Indonesia and is a very potent as an antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity and correlation with total flavonoids, phenolics and carotenoids from Phyllantus extract from Bandung-Indonesia have not been reported. The aim of this research were to determine the antioxidant activity from extract of various parts of P. emblica and its correlation of antioxidant activity with the total flavonoid, phenolics and carotenoid. Method: Successive extractions of various part of P.emblica were performed by maceration using differrent polarity solvent n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. The antioxidant activity of each extracts was performed using DPPH (2.2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazil) method. The determination of total flavonoids, phenolics and carotenoids were performed by UV-Spectrophotometry. Antioxidant activity was demonstrated by IC50 and its correlation to total flavonoids, phenolics and carotenoids using the Pearson\’s method. Result: The highest antioxidant activity was given by fruit ethyl acetate (BE) extract with IC50 3.032 \μg/mL. Etyl acetate extract of stem bark P.emblica (KE) had the highest of total phenol content (12.818 g GAE/100 g), ethanol extract of leaves P.emblica (DO) had the highest of total flavonoid content (3.594 g QE/100 g), and n-hexane extract of leave (DN) had the highest of total carotenoid content (0.759 g BE/100 g). Conclusion: According to coeficient correlation Pearson\’s between P. emblica extract with IC50 of DPPH scavengging activities, suggested that flavonoid and phenolic compound in stem bark extract and leaves extract of P. emblica were contributor major in its antioxidant activity with DPPH methode, and its same with carotenoid content in leaves extract of P. emblica.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Crotenoids, Flavonoids, Phenols, Phyllantus emblica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.73}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/506}, author = {Sani Nurlaela Fitriansyah and Diah Lia Aulifa and Yessi Febriani and Emi Sapitri} } @article {730, title = {Cytotoxic Activity of Ethanol Extract of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Induced Ginger Rhizome on T47D Breast Cancer Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1133-1136}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1133}, abstract = {

Objective: A study of investigate the cytotoxicity activity of ethanolic extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) induced with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) against T47D cells line breast cancer have been conducted. Methods: Cytotoxicity were determined using the \“microtetrazolium (MTT) Assay\”, by measuring the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenase in living cells that have ability to convert pale yellow of dissolved MTT to purple formazan product. The extract used at various concentration (0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 \μg / mL. The level of cytotoxic actifity was determined by calculating the inhibitory concentration (IC50) value that was based on the precentage of cell death after 24 h treatment with the extract. The change of cell morphology were observed by using inverted microscope. Results: The statistic results proved that ethanol extract of AMF induced ginger rhizome could barriers T47D breast cancers significantly at concentrations of 10 \μg / mL and 100 ug / mL, with IC50 value was 12.5 \± 3.73 \μg / mL. centration of 0.1 \μg / mL, 1.0 \μg / mL, 10 \μg / mL and 100 mg / mL. Results of statistical analysis showed that the ethanol extract of ginger rhizome induced AMF at a concentration of 10 \μg / mL and 100 \μg / mL was able to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells T47D significantly. Conclusion: The results showed the ethanol extract of AMF induced ginger rhizome was potential as herbal medicine for cancer-related ailments with IC50 value was 12.5 \± 3.73 \μg / mL.

}, keywords = {AMF, Breast cancer, Cytotoxicity, Ginger, MTT Assay, T47D}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.193}, author = {Netty Suharty and Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Dachriyanus} } @article {525, title = {Development of Standard Operating Protocol for Slide Preparation of Powdered Bark Samples with Varying Grinding Techniques.}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January-2018}, pages = {265-271}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {265}, abstract = {

Background: Powder microscopy is the most common method to authenticate herbal drugs. The botanical origin and quality can be determined based on cellular features. Objective: To develop a standard operating protocol to prepare slides of powdered bark samples obtained by using different grinding techniques. Materials and methods: Alstonia scholaris, Saraca asoca, Syzygium cumini, Terminalia arjuna and Pongamia pinnata were selected for study. Three samples of each bark were studied: Sample A was collected from NISCAIR Pusa, New Delhi. Sample B and C were procured from industries and were coded as: AP I, AP II, AP III, AP IV and AP V and MP I, MP II, MP III, MP IV and MP V respectively. The slides were prepared by soaking and chemical treatment and photographed by Motic microscope. The samples were observed for general and specific features of the bark and the impact of grinding (industrial grinding and blade grinding in laboratory) on probability of change in various microscopical features. Results: The microscopical features were found to be stable and specific, which can be used to determine the botanical identity of the drug. There was no significant difference in microscopical characters of powdered barks which emphasized that grinding technique does not have any impact on powder microscopy of different bark samples. The method of preparation of slide was also optimized. Conclusion: Powder microscopy, irrespective of grinding technique can be used as a cheap, fast, efficient and accurate method to authenticate herbs or distinguishing species with similar morphological characters without cutting and examining sections.

}, keywords = {Grinding technique, Powder microscopy, Slide optimization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.47}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/477}, author = {Dharya Singh and Vidhu Aeri and DB Ananthanarayana} } @article {493, title = {Dipeptidyl peptidase IV Inhibitory Activity of Fraction from White Tea Ethanolic Extract (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) ex vivo}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {190-193}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {190}, abstract = {

Background: Treatment for type-2 diabetes mellitus focuses on the incretin hormone, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1). However, it has a short half-life. Inhibition of the enzyme Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) required maintaining the active form of GLP-1. Based on the previous studies on the highest activity of DPP IV enzyme inhibition of white tea extract, this study conducted on the fraction of white tea extract using rat blood serum (ex vivo). Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the inhibitory activity of fraction from white tea extract. Methods: White tea leaves extracted with ethanol. The inhibitory activity determined by using rat blood serum as DPP IV enzyme source (ex vivo), AMC (7-amino 4-methyl coumarin) as fluorescence substrate of DPP IV and sitagliptin as the standard reference. The the cleavage of fluorescence reaction product observed by a microplate reader with \λex = 360 nm and \λem = 460 nm at 37oC. Data expressed as mean \± SD and the IC50 value determined by nonlinear regression curve and fit using Prism Graph 7. Result: Methanol fraction (250 \μg/mL) has the greater inhibition percentage (50.487\%), and the fraction of n-hexane and ethyl acetate are 32.417\% and 36.541\%. The methanol fraction IC50 value is 227 \μg /mL. Conclusion: The methanol fraction is the most active to inhibit DPP IV enzyme.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Camellia sinensis, Dipeptidyl peptidase IV, DPP IV, Fraction, White tea.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.32}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/418}, author = {Meiliza Ekayanti and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya} } @article {676, title = {The Effect of Coconut Water and Boiling on Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Contents in Schizophyllum commune Fr.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {925-931}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {925}, abstract = {

Context: Schizophyllum commune Fr., a split gill mushroom has been acknowledged for its medicinal properties.\  Aims: The present study was to evaluate the effect of coconut water and boiling on antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents in Schizophyllum commune Fr. Settings and Design: The experiment was completely randomized design (CRD) using tender and mature coconut water compared to synthetic hormone at concentration of 50\% and 100\% in volume of 5 and 10 ml. The first group is fresh mushrooms and the second group is boiled mushroom then was dried in hot air oven at 45\°C for 48 hr. Materials and Methods: The S. commune was extracted with ethanol and then was evaluated the scavenging activity by DPPH and FRAP assay and Folin-Ciocalteau method was used to determine total phenolic contents. Statistical analysis used: The data were recorded as means \± standard deviations and analyzed by using SPSS version 21. The mean values of data were subjected to a oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the significance of the difference between means was determined by the Tukey\’s multiple comparison tests at 95\% least significance difference (p \< 0.05). Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents in sample extracts. Results: In fresh mushroom group showed higher antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents than boiled mushroom group. When compared to a loss of antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents after boiling only the experiments with coconut water found that tender coconut water 50\% of 5 ml has the lowest of loss in TEAC and total phenolic contents as 9.28\% and 9.85\% respectively. Mature coconut water 100\% of 10 ml has the lowest of loss in FRAP as 2.77\% and followed by tender coconut water 50\% of 5 ml as 4.82\% which were lower than control treatment but similar with synthetic hormone of 5 ml. The relationship between antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of mushrooms was low in both groups. Conclusions: It concluded that tender coconut water 50\% of 5 ml could maintain the antioxidant properties and total phenolic compounds in S. commune.\ 

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Coconut water, Free Radicals, Schizophyllum commune Fr, Total Phenolic Contents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.156}, author = {Chanate Wanna and Montarop Sudhadham} } @article {655, title = {The Effect of Coconut Water and Boiling on Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Contents in Schizophyllum commune Fr.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July/2018}, pages = {73-77}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Context: Schizophyllum commune Fr., a split gill mushroom has been acknowledged for its medicinal properties. Aims: The present study was to evaluate the effect of coconut water and boiling on antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents in Schizophyllum commune Fr. Settings and Design: The experiment was completely randomized design (CRD) using tender and mature coconut water compared to synthetic hormone at concentration of 50\% and 100\% in volume of 5 and 10 ml. The first group is fresh mushrooms and the second group is boiled mushroom then was dried in hot air oven at 45\°C for 48 hr. Materials and Methods: The S. commune was extracted with ethanol and then was evaluated the scavenging activity by DPPH and FRAP assay and Folin-Ciocalteau method was used to determine total phenolic contents. Statistical analysis used: The data were recorded as means \± standard deviations and analyzed by using SPSS version 21. The mean values of data were subjected to a oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the significance of the difference between means was determined by the Tukey\’s multiple comparison tests at 95\% least significance difference (p \< 0.05). Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents in sample extracts. Results: In fresh mushroom group showed higher antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents than boiled mushroom group. When compared to a loss of antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents after boiling only the experiments with coconut water found that tender coconut water 50\% of 5 ml has the lowest of loss in TEAC and total phenolic contents as 9.28\% and 9.85\% respectively. Mature coconut water 100\% of 10 ml has the lowest of loss in FRAP as 2.77\% and followed by tender coconut water 50\% of 5 ml as 4.82\% which were lower than control treatment but similar with synthetic hormone of 5 ml. The relationship between antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of mushrooms was low in both groups. Conclusions: It concluded that tender coconut water 50\% of 5 ml could maintain the antioxidant properties and total phenolic compounds in S. commune.

Key-words: Antioxidant, Free radicals, Total phenolic contents, Coconut water, Schizophyllum commune Fr.

Key Messages: The tender coconut water 50\% of 5 ml was suitable for holding the antioxidant properties and total phenolic contents and also boiling affect to loss of antioxidant compounds in S. commune. The findings from this study provide information for alternative selection of coconut water as natural hormone.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.14}, author = {Chanate Wanna and Montarop Sudhadham} } @article {467, title = {Effect of Dalechampia indica Wight Extract Fractions on Behavioral and Biochemical Abnormalities following Ischemia-Reperfusion Insult in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {39-44}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the cerebro protective effect of Dalechampia indica (DI) ethanolic (EDI) and chloroform (CDI) extract fractions against cerebral ischemia- reperfusion insult in rats. Method: The rats were treated with different doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) of EDI and CDI orally once daily for 30 days. After completion of pre-treatment, ischemia was induced by blocking bilateral common carotid arteries (BCCAO) for 30 mins followed by reperfusion and ferric chloride induced thrombosis. The post treatment was continued for another week after surgery. The behavioral parameters were assessed and finally, rats were sacrificed to isolate the brains to estimate biochemical parameters.\ Results: Combination of global (BCCAO) and focal (Thrombosis) ischemic model along with reperfusion has induced prominent ischemic insult indicated by antioxidant enzymes depletion and elevation of lipid peroxidation. Pre-treatment with different doses of EDI and CDI significantly improved the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione enzymes (GPx, GSH, GST, GR), catalase (CAT) and decreased the lipid peroxidation. Conclusion: Results established Cerebro protective role of Ethanolic extract fraction of DI in cerebrovascular insufficiency states and cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury produced by bilateral common carotid artery ligation along with reperfusion and thrombosis which may attribute to presence of alkaloids,flavonoids, and phenolic compounds.

}, keywords = {BCCAO, Dalechampia indica, Ferric chloride, Reperfusion, Thrombosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.8}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/363}, author = {Sindhura Srinivasula and Chinna Eswaraiah Maram} } @article {735, title = {Effect of Trigonella foenum gracecum (fenugreek) Seed Extract in Experimentally Induced Gastric Ulcer in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1169-1173}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1169}, abstract = {

Background: Trigonella foenum graceum (Fenugreek) seeds are commonly used in India as traditional medicine for Diabetes, Dysmenorrhea, lactation and arthritis. The gastro-protective role of Fenugreek seeds are yet to be explored. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of Fenugreek seed extract in Indomethacin induced gastric ulcer models. Materials and Methods: Albino wistar rats were divided into five groups with eight animals in each. Gastric ulcer was induced using Indomethacin 20 mg/Kg. Fenugreek at dose of 200mg/Kg and 400mg/Kg was administered to group III, IV and group V received Rantidine 30mg/Kg. Ulcer index, volume of gastric juice and acidity was estimated. To study the anti-oxidant property the level of catalase, SOD, GST and T. Bars were done. Results: Fenugreek treated group III showed a significant decrease in ulcer index, volume of gastric juice and acidity when compared to control positive group II. Oxidative enzyme study indicated a significant increase in Catalase, SOD and GSH value in treated group when compared with control positive group II and significant decrease in T. Bars value in treated group. Conclusion: Fenugreek seed extract has both gastro-protective and Anti-oxidant property.

}, keywords = {Fenugreek, Gastro-protection, Indomethacin, seed-extract, Ulcer inhibition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.200}, author = {shreelakshmidevi singaravelu and Jaikumar Sankarapillai and Abilash Sasidaran Chandrakumari and Pammy Sinha} } @article {721, title = {Effects of Food Processing on Resveratrol and Total Phenolic Content in Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1096-1100}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1096}, abstract = {

Objective: Trans-resveratrol is a phenolic compound in the stilbene group present in Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seeds. In Indonesia, these seeds are consumed by roasting, frying (i.e., emping), and boiling. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of food processing on trans-resveratrol and total phenolic compound levels in melinjo seeds. Methods: Melinjo seed was roasted at 145oC for 10 and 20 min, boiled at 100oC for 5, 15, and 30 min, and fried at 160-170oC for 2 and 4 min. Samples were refluxed with 96\% ethanol. The determination of trans-resveratrol levels was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method. Results: Based on the results, it was found that trans-resveratrol and total phenolic content levels in Melinjo powder decreased from 36\% to 10\% (trans-resveratrol) and 15\% to 4\% (total phenolic) after 20 min of roasting, and in fried empings, it decreased 60\%, 68\%, and 92\% (trans-resveratrol) and 41\%, 45\%, 97\% (total phenolic) after 5, 15, and 30 min of boiling, respectively. Conclusion: There were significant changes in trans-resveratrol levels and total phenolic content in Melinjo seeds before and after various cooking processes (i.e., roasting, boiling, and frying).

}, keywords = {Food processing, Gnetum gnemon L., Melinjo seeds, Resveratrol levels, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.186}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Desta Andriyani and Christoper Gunawan and Nisrina Dhiah Fauziah and Sutriyo Sutriyo and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {486, title = {Effects of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Leaves Extracts in Culture of Human Umbilical Vein Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {148-153}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {148}, abstract = {

Oxidative stress can induce vascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetic and hyperlipidemia patients. Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit has been reported of possessing antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticholiesterase activity; as well as the toxic substance called mimosine. Aims: To determine antioxidant effects of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Leave extracts in oxidative stress induced vascular endothelial function. Methods and Material: Leave extracts were determined for antioxidant activity. Either or both of oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and glucose were applied to induce oxidative stress condition in human umbilical vein cultured (HUVCs) to observe superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, nitric oxide (NO) level and morphological changes. Results: Total polyphenol and flavonoid were 51.04 \± 0.91 mg GAE/g and 0.13 \± 0.01 mg catechin/g of dried weight (DW), respectively. Free radical reduction efficiency of crude extract observed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay showed IC50 value of 329.6 \μg of vitamin C equivalent/mg of extracts. Frap value was showed 428.54 \± 15.32 mM FeII equivalent/g of DW. The result observing in HUVCs showed that comparing to the control, SOD activity, NO and MDA level were maintained in 0.05 mg/mL of L. leucocephala treated group, but NO and MDA level were lowered when comparing with oxLDL and glucose-induced oxidative stress. No change was observed in 0.05 mg/mL of L. leucocephala treated group, comparing with control group. Conclusion: This study has been performed to exhibit the antioxidant activity of L. leucocephala in endothelium functions and has been found to have an appropriate concentration at 0.05 mg/mL in reducing oxidative stress condition in impaired fasting blood glucose patients. Nevertheless, the optimal level for toxic activity in inhibition of cancer angiogenesis should be further investigated.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, De Wit, Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.), Nitric oxide, Superoxide dismutase, Vascular endothelial.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.25}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/411}, author = {Ratikorn Chatchanayuenyong and Patcharawan Sujayanont and Auranut Vuttivirojana} } @article {462, title = {Effects of Miana (Coleus scutellariodes (L) Benth) to Expression of mRNA IL-37 in Balb/c Mice Infected Candida albicans}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {16-19}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {16}, abstract = {

Background: Miana (Coleus scutellariodes (L) Benth) are a herbal medicine with potential anti-inflammatory properties in patients infected with vulvovaginal candidiasis. The objective of this work was to the analyze IL-37 expression following administration of miana leaf extract (MLE) in an animal model of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Material and Methods: Adult Balb/c mice, aged 8\–12 weeks and weighing 30\–40 g, were divided into five groups. Four groups were administered Candida albicans via intravaginal inoculation with a diluted dose of 10-2/ ml and were treated with either MLE, a placebo, or ketoconazole; one group constituted the healthy control and was only treated with MLE. Real-time PCR was used to measure the expression of IL-37. Results: These findings indicated that a component within MLE may mediate its anti-inflammatory characteristics, as indicated by the increase in mRNA IL-37 expression in mice inoculated with C. albicans. The highest increase in fungal load to 101.6 CFU was observed in the placebo group at day 14. Whereas for the mice treated with MLE at 750 mg/kg b.w, the fungal load only increased to 30.0 CFU, similar to that of mice treated with ketoconazole (29.6 CFU). In the mice treated with MLE at 500 mg/kg b.w, the fungal load increased to 68.2 CFU. Conclusion:\ Fungiostatic effect of MLE 750 mg/kg BB is not less than ketoconazole and MLE may act as anti-inflammatory throught its role as an antioxidant so it could potentially be used as an alternative treatment in humans especially patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis.

}, keywords = {CFU, Interleukin-37 mRNA, Miana, Realtime PCR, Vulvovaginal Candidiasis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.3}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/358}, author = {Marni Karo and Mochammad Hatta and WaOde Salma and Ilhamjaya Patellongi and Rosdiana Natzir} } @article {732, title = {Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) as a Source of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1143-1148}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1143}, abstract = {

Introduction: Endophytic fungi are becoming an important source of new natural bioactive products. Many interesting endophytic fungi have been isolated from traditional medicinal plants. Crocus sativus L. (saffron) is one of the most expensive and rarest spices in the world, used as a dye, aroma and for medicinal purposes. This study reports on the molecular characterization of endophytic fungi isolated from roots of saffron plants growing in Taliouine- Morocco, and the examination of the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of secondary metabolites extracted from these endophytes. Methods and Material: The fungi were isolated from sterilized saffron root fragments and identified using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA gene sequence analysis. Three endophytes were fermented and extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and chloroform (CHCl3). The antibacterial activity of fungi extracts was evaluated using the Agar Diffusion Method against six strains, Bacillus sp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Pseudomonas putida, Pantoea sp., Luteibacter sp. and Escherichia coli. The antioxidant activity was tested by using the \α,\α-diphenyl-\β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) analysis and \β-Carotene bleaching test (BCBT) methods. Results: Sixty fungal isolates were recovered and purified from saffron roots. ITS rDNA sequences were 99-100\% identical to three different species: Rhizopus oryzae, Aspergillus fumigatiaffinis and Aspergillus niger. Both Rhizopus oryzae extracts had high antibacterial activity against most of the bacteria tested, while Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae extracts showed an antioxidant capacity using DPPH and BCBT methods, respectively. Conclusion: The fungal endophytes inhabiting saffron roots could be a potential source of natural plant bioactive secondary metabolites especially for antibacterial and antioxidant purposes.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, Crocus sativus L., Endophytic fungi, ITS rDNA, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.195}, author = {Imane Chamkhi and Laila Sbabou and Jamal Aurag} } @article {749, title = {Ethnobotanical Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Pterocarpus marsupium: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s1-s8}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {s1}, abstract = {

Pterocarpus marsupium is an important therapeutic and medicinal plant belonging to family Fabaceae and commonly named as Indian Kino tree, Bijasal, Venga or Vijayasara. It is a huge deciduous plant and widely distributed in the Central, Western and Southern regions of India. Role of P. marsupium is found in Ayurveda, Homeopathic and Unani systems of medicine. It is a decent source of tannins and flavonoids hence, used as influential astringent, anodyne, cooling, regenerating agent and also used for the treatments of leprosy, leucoderma, toothache, fractures, diarrhea, passive hemorrhage, and dysentery, bruises and diabetes. It is also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, gout, diabetic anemia, indigestion, asthma, cough, discoloration of hair, bronchitis, ophthalmic complications, elephantiasis and erysipelas. Researchers have been stated the presence of several phytoconstituents in P. marsupium and also their pharmacological activities. The current review aimed to define the phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of P. marsupium which will have been help in the researchers for further qualitative research.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Epicatechin, Indian Kino, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pterocarpus marsupium, Tannin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.1}, author = {Mohd Saidur Rahman and Md. Mujahid and Mohd Aftab Siddiqui and Md. Azizur Rahman, and Muhammad Arif and Shimaila Eram and Anayatullah Khan and Md Azeemuddin} } @article {516, title = {Evaluation of Chemoprotective Effect of Quercetin from Argyreia speciosa against N-methyl-N-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine and NaCl-Induced Gastric Carcinomas in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {215-220}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {215}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the chemo protective potential of Quercetin, an isolated compound from Argyreia speciosa, on N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and NaCl-induced gastric carcinomas in Wistar rats. Methods: The rats were fed with a diet supplemented with 8\% NaCl and simultaneously given N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. After administration of the carcinogen, quercetin was administered. The whole stomach and a part of duodenum were sampled, cut open and tumors were recorded. The specimens were histopathologically investigated and the expression of surviving was examined with immunohistochemical analysis. Results and Conclusions: The treatment with quercetin significantly increases body weight in the rats after N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine administration. Survivin expression in glandular stomachs of normal rats, of rats in adenocarcinomas and quercetin at dose dependent manner treated rats were 0\%, 90\%, 75\%, 33.3-25\%, respectively. Compared with the survivin expression in negative rats, the differences were significant. Compared with the survivin expression in normal rats, the differences were significant. Histological observations of stomach tissues too correlated with the biochemical observations. These findings indicated that the Quercetin treatment could stimulate immunity activity in rats with N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine induced gastric carcinoma and have pronounced effect on survivin which is an attractive target for gastric cancer therapy.

}, keywords = {Argyreia speciosa, Gastric carcinoma, Immunochemistry, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.37}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/467}, author = {Lubna Azmi and Ila Shukla and Shyam Sundar Gupta and Aniruddh Chaudhary and Padam Kant and Narayan Prasad Yadav and Chandana Venkateswara Rao} } @article {470, title = {Evaluation of in vitro Antiviral Activity of Essential Oil Compounds Against Dengue Virus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {55-59}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {55}, abstract = {

Introduction: There are not effective drugs available for treatment of dengue fever despite intensive research on synthetic inhibitors. The search for active phytochemicals could serve for the discovery of new drugs. This study aims to evaluate the antiviral activity in vitro of compounds found in essential oils from medicinal plants. Materials and Methods: Nine synthetic-derived essential oil compounds were evaluated. Antiviral effect was screened measuring the reduction of viral NS1 and E proteins in HepG-2 and Vero cells. Results: \β-Caryophyllene was identified as the most active compound, it reduced the virus serotype-2 replication in HepG-2 cells at IC50 of 22 \± 5.6 \μM, and blocked replication of all four serotypes in Vero cells at IC50 between 8.0 \μM and 15.0 \μM. The selectivity indexes were between 5.3 and 10. According to results from time-in-addition assays, the antiviral effect of \β-caryophyllene appears to be associated with interruption of early steps of the virus life cycle. Citral revealed modest antiviral effect, it reduced the virus serotype-2 (IC50 of 31 \± 4.5 \μM) replication but not the other three serotypes. Seven terpenes did not reveal antiviral activity at maximum concentration of 30 \μM. Conclusion: Research on compounds found in essential oils can contribute to the drug discovery effort for dengue. \β-Caryophyllene could serve as a starting point.

}, keywords = {Antiviral, Dengue, Essential oil, Flavivirus, Terpene}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.11}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/366}, author = {Mar{\'\i}a C. Flechas and Raquel E. Ocazionez and Elena E. Stashenko} } @article {626, title = {Evaluation of Modulatory Effect of Combination of Spondias Pinnata and Whey Preparation on Intestinal Antioxidants and Inflammatory Markers in Etoposide Induced Rat Model for Mucositis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {640-644}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {640}, abstract = {

Background: Etoposide is an important chemotherapeutic agent that is used to treat a wide spectrum of human cancers. The efficacy of this drug is often limited due to severe sideeffects such as mucositis, anorexia, myelosupperssion, alopecia. At present there are no anti-mucositic agents without side effects. To combat these side effects of cancer treatment, innovative and specific nutritional interventions are needed. The experimental procedure included an oral treatment with combination of Spondias pinnata and whey preparation (100 mg/kg b.w).on etoposide induced mucositis. Methods: Study was conducted at Central Research Laboratory, Kasturba Medical College. Rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and duodenum collected for estimation of biochemical parameters. Estimation was carried out for assessing the levels of TAO, GSH, LPO, NO and activity of MPO. Correlation analysis was performed by one-way Anova using graph pad prism to find the relation between control and test. Result: The antioxidant (TAO and GSH) were found to be significantly high in the rats which received the combination compared to the individual Spondias pinnata and whey treated groups. Administration Spondias pinnata and whey in combination shows significant decrease in the TBARS, NO and MPO levels. Conclusion: Spondias pinnata and whey preparation supplementation in combination have shown mucoprotective effects in rat model. Hence it can be considered as anti-mucositis therapeutic agents which can be safely administered during chemotherapy and can reverse mucositis.

}, keywords = {Etoposide, Lipid peroxidation (LPO), Mucositis, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Nitric Oxide (NO), Spondias pinnata, Whey preparation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.105}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/643}, author = {Vyshnavi, Gayathri Rao and Shyamala Nayak and Beena Shetty} } @article {600, title = {Ficus religiosa Tree Leaves as Bioindicators of Heavy Metals in Gorakhpur City, Uttar Pradesh, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {416-420}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {416}, abstract = {

Objective: The present work investigates the metal uptake of the plant Ficus religiosa leaves collected from nine experimental sites in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh. Materials and Methods: The concentration of lead in leaves was determined with help of atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: The level of the lead in leaves of Ficus religiosa was much higher than the limits recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). The bioaccumulation of lead was highest in site 2 (Gayatri nagar) i.e. 14.1 mg kg-1 dry weight of F. religiosa. To determine the relationship between the lead concentration in leaves and traffic density the Pearson\’s correlation analysis has been performed. Conclusion: The value of Pearson\’s correlation coefficient was positive indicating that the traffic density plays an important role in the lead pollution in plants.

}, keywords = {Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Lead, Metal}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.68}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/501}, author = {Pooja Agrahari and Richa R and Kumari Swati and Supriya Rai and Vinay Kumar Singh and Dinesh Kumar Singh} } @article {606, title = {Functional and Morphological Studies of Organic and Inorganic Tomatoes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {715-719}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {715}, abstract = {

Aim: To study the functional and morphological characteristics of organic and inorganic tomatoes. Methodology: UV treated, and untreated organic and inorganic tomato powdered samples were assessed using an analytical technique FT-IR and SEM. Results: FT-IR spectra of organic control samples showed peaks at (3290.12, 2924.72 and 1611.61 cm-1) while, organic treated samples revealed some peaks at (3287.11, 2925.66 and 1612.91 cm-1), inorganic control tomatoes confirmed the peaks at (3289.47, 2925.76 and 1619.26 cm-1) and in inorganic treated tomatoes peaks was at (3289.42, 2925.34 and 1619.31 cm-1) respectively, on confirming the presence of O-H, C-H, C=C, C=O and C-OH functional groups. However, results confirmed slight changes in functional groups of organic and inorganic samples and UV treatment helps in decreasing the effect of fluoride, chloride and other synthetic chemicals level by disinfecting the samples. SEM micrographs showed non-significant changes with minimal effect of UV in all samples. Conclusion: The outcome of the study helps in effective understanding of functional and microstructural differences between organic and inorganic tomatoes.

}, keywords = {FT-IR, Inorganic, Organic, SEM, Tomatoes, UV treatment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.119}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/657}, author = {Shwetha M S and Sinija V R and M Durgadevi and B K Yadav and S Shanmugasundaram} } @article {632, title = {Functional and Morphological Studies of Organic and Inorganic Tomatoes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {715-719}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {715}, abstract = {

Aim: To study the functional and morphological characteristics of organic and inorganic tomatoes. Methodology: UV treated, and untreated organic and inorganic tomato powdered samples were assessed using an analytical technique FT-IR and SEM. Results: FT-IR spectra of organic control samples showed peaks at (3290.12, 2924.72 and 1611.61 cm-1) while, organic treated samples revealed some peaks at (3287.11, 2925.66 and 1612.91 cm-1), inorganic control tomatoes confirmed the peaks at (3289.47, 2925.76 and 1619.26 cm-1) and in inorganic treated tomatoes peaks was at (3289.42, 2925.34 and 1619.31 cm-1) respectively, on confirming the presence of O-H, C-H, C=C, C=O and C-OH functional groups. However, results confirmed slight changes in functional groups of organic and inorganic samples and UV treatment helps in decreasing the effect of fluoride, chloride and other synthetic chemicals level by disinfecting the samples. SEM micrographs showed non-significant changes with minimal effect of UV in all samples. Conclusion: The outcome of the study helps in effective understanding of functional and microstructural differences between organic and inorganic tomatoes.

}, keywords = {FT-IR, Inorganic, Organic, SEM, Tomatoes, UV treatment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.119}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/657}, author = {Shwetha Manchanabele Shankar and Sinija Vadakkepulppara Ramachandran Nair and Manoharan Duragdevi and Binod Kumar Yadav and Shanmugasundaram Saravanan} } @article {513, title = {GC-MS Analysis and Anti-Microbial Activities of Volatile Oil of Nardostachys Jatamansi D.C. Rhizomes Obtained from Haridwar Region, Uttrakhand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {230-234}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {230}, abstract = {

The Rhizomes of Nardostachys jatamansi D.C (Family Valerianceae) were collected from Haridwar, Uttarakhand. Aim: To identify the various volatile constituents of Nardostachys jatamansi D. C. Rhizomes and evaluation of antimicrobial activity. Method: The essential oil was collected by hydro distillation and analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC- MS). Volatile oil constituents, antimicrobial potential of Nardostachys jatamansi D. C. Rhizomes have been studied using different concentrations of the volatile oil against some micro-organisms. Results: A total of 10 compounds were identified from their fragmentation pattern. The Identified compounds were Calarene (20.4\%), Vardiflorene (12.3\%), \α- Panasinsen (9.7\%), \α- Santalene (4.6\%), \γ-Himachelene (17.1\%), Jatamansone (7\%), Ionol 4 (9.9\%), 2,2,7,7- Tetramethyl tricyclo[6,2,1,0 (1,6)] undec-4-ene 3-one (1.7\%), Epiglobulol (1.9\%) and Resibufogenin (8.4\%). Among them major constituents characterized was Calarene (20.4 \%) and followed by \γ-Himachelene (17.1\%) and Vardiflorene (12.3 \%). The volatile oil showed significant activity against all tested microorganisms. The maximum antibacterial activity was shown with 1\%v/v of volatile oil on Staphylococcus aureus (12.8 mm) followed by Escherichia coli (12.4 mm), whereas maximum anti-fungal activity was shown by 1\% v/v of volatile oil on Candida albicans (12.3 mm) followed by Aspergillus niger (11.9 mm). Conclusion: All identified constituents showed antibacterial activity and antifungal activity. Thus, the constituents should be further identified and analyzed by other spectrosopical techniques.

}, keywords = {Anti-microbial activity, GC GC-MS analysis, Hydro distillation, Nardostachys jatamansi DC, Volatile oil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.40}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/470}, author = {Vijender Singh and Neha Rana and Mohd Ali} } @article {607, title = {Hepatoprotective Potential of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb in Hepatotoxicity Induced by Simvastatin and its consequences on Biochemical and Haematological Indices}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {720-724}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {720}, abstract = {

Objective:To evaluate hepatoprotective activity along with hematological and defensive recital of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb against simvastatin induced hepatotoxicity in experimental rodents. Methods: In the present study, in- vivo hepatoprotective effect of 50\% methanolic fruit extract of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb (TME 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) was evaluated using experimental model, simvastatin (20 mg/kg, p.o.), induced hepatotoxicity in experimental animals. The hepatoprotective activity was estimatedby interpreting using various biochemical parameters like SGOT, SGPT, ALP, total bilirubin, total protein and albumin along with the haematological and histopathological studies. Results: The treatment with TME significantly (P\<0.05-P\<0.001) and dose-dependently reversed simvastatin induced elevation in serum level ofSGOT, SGPT, ALP, total bilirubin and restored the total protein and albumin level. Furthermore, TME also signify the blood parameters at dose of 1000 and 2000 mg/kg and restored the body defense mechanism. The histological examination revealed that TME at dose of 200 mg/kg showed regeneration of hepatocytes around central vein with near normal liver architecture. Conclusion: The results of this study exhibited liver protective effect of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb against simvastatin induced liver injury and there by scientifically support its traditional use.

}, keywords = {Hepatocytes, Hepatotoxicity, Liver, Simvastatin, Trichosanthes dioica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.120}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/658}, author = {Ramesh Kumar Gupta and Sudhansu Ranjan Swain and Jagannath Sahoo and Amresh Gupta and Sachin Chaudhary} } @article {582, title = {High Efficiency in vitro Plant Regeneration and Secondary Metabolite Quantification from Leaf Explants of Rhodiola imbricata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {470-475}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {470}, abstract = {

Aim: Rhodiola imbricata is an endangered medicinal plant of the trans-Himalayan Leh-Ladakh region belonging to the family Crassulaceae. An efficient propagation and regeneration system via direct shoot organogenesis from leaf explant and evaluation of cinnamyl alcohol (Secondary metabolite) was established in this study. Material and Methods: In vitro grown leaves were inoculated using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with (alpha)- naphtalene acetic acid (NAA) in combination with 6- benzyladenine (BAP) for callus proliferation and regeneration. Results: The highest percentage of rhizogenous callus was induced in medium containing NAA (10.0-15.0 M). The highest percentage of shoot formation from leaf derived callus was obtained in the medium containing of NAA (5.0 M) and BAP (2.5 M) as well as in NAA (1.0 \μM), BAP (5.0 M) (38.88\% and 37.49\%) respectively. Rooting of regenerated shoots were effective when a lower concentration of NAA (0.5 M) was used alone. A maximum number of roots (22.0) and higher length (0.6 cm) was observed. The in-vitro plantlets with well-developed shoots and roots were acclimatized successfully to natural field conditions with a survival rate of over 80\%. Cinnamyl alcohol (Secondary metabolite) evaluation was also done for the very first time and an upregulation of 49.6\% and 30.6\% were observed in in-vitro roots and shoots when compared with mother root and shoot respectively. Hence, it was proved that the content of secondary metabolites obtained from in-vitro raised plants is higher than mother plant. Conclusion: These results may lay a foundation for genetic improvement and can be used to determine sequential level of targeted secondary metabolites through cell culture in Rhodiola imbricata.

}, keywords = {Acclimatization, Cinnamyl alcohol, Endangered, Plant growth regulator, Regeneration system}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.77}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/510}, author = {Ashwani Kumar Bhardwaj and Avilekh Naryal and Pushpender Bhardwaj and Ashish Rambhau Warghat and Balpreet Arora and Shikha Dhiman and Shweta Saxena and Pratap Kumar Pati and Om Prakash Chaurasia} } @article {549, title = {High Efficiency in vitro Plant Regeneration and Secondary Metabolite Quantification from Leaf Explants of Rhodiola imbricata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {x}, pages = {x}, type = {x}, chapter = {XX}, abstract = {

Aim: Rhodiola imbricata is an endangered medicinal plant of the trans-Himalayan Leh-Ladakh region belonging to the family Crassulaceae. An efficient propagation and regeneration system via direct shoot organogenesis from leaf explant and evaluation of cinnamyl alcohol (Secondary metabolite) was established in this study. Material and Methods: In vitro grown leaves were inoculated using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with (alpha)- naphtalene acetic acid (NAA) in combination with 6- benzyladenine (BAP) for callus proliferation and regeneration. Results: The highest percentage of rhizogenous callus was induced in medium containing NAA (10.0-15.0 M). The highest percentage of shoot formation from leaf derived callus was obtained in the medium containing of NAA (5.0 M) and BAP (2.5 M) as well as in NAA (1.0 M), BAP (5.0 M) (38.88\% and 37.49\%) respectively. Rooting of regenerated shoots were effective when a lower concentration of NAA (0.5 M) was used alone. A maximum number of roots (22.0) and higher length (0.6 cm) was observed. The in-vitro plantlets with well-developed shoots and roots were acclimatized successfully to natural field conditions with a survival rate of over 80\%. Cinnamyl alcohol (Secondary metabolite) evaluation was also done for the very first time and an upregulation of 49.6\% and 30.6\% were observed in in-vitro roots and shoots when compared with mother root and shoot respectively. Hence, it was proved that the content of secondary metabolites obtained from in-vitro raised plants is higher than mother plant. Conclusion: These results may lay a foundation for genetic improvement and can be used to determine sequential level of targeted secondary metabolites through cell culture in Rhodiola imbricata.

Key words: Regeneration system, Acclimatization, Endangered, Plant growth regulator, Cinnamyl alcohol.

}, keywords = {Acclimatization, Cinnamyl alcohol., Endangered, Plant growth regulator, Regeneration system}, doi = {10.5530/jppcm.2018.2s.xx}, author = {Ashwani Kumar Bhardwaj and Avilekh Naryal and Pushpender Bhardwaj and Ashish Rambhau Warghat and Balpreet Arora and Shikha Dhiman and Shweta Saxena and Pratap Kumar Pati and Om Prakash Chaurasia} } @article {722, title = {Identification of Phytoconstituents in Lawsonia inermis Linn. Leaves Extract by GC-MS and their Antibacterial Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1101-1108}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {xx1101}, abstract = {

Background: Plant extracts contains multiple active constituents which leads to the production of new drugs from plants and chemicals derived from various parts of plants. The objective of present study was to investigate the GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activity of L. inermis leaves extracts. Material and Methods: Crude methanol extract and its fractions were tested for the presence of active phytochemicals and GC-MS analysis of hexane; ethyl acetate and aqueous methanol fractions was performed. Antimicrobial activity against six bacterial strain\’s Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtelis, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was also tested. Results: Phytochemical screening of extract confirmed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, quinones, steroids and phenol. In GC-MS chromatograms, 56, 108 and 19 peaks were obtained and out of these, 13, 17 and 7 compounds were identified in hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous methanol fractions, respectively. Conclusion: For best of our knowledge in L.\ inermis leaves extract, Celidoniol and Vitamin E has not been reported earlier in hexane fractions. While 2, 3 dihydrobenzo furan, 1-H indole -1, 3 (2H)-dione, 1 (3H)-Isobenzofuranone, 1H Isoindole-1, 3 (2H) Dione, Napthelene, 2 ethoxy, 2 (4H) Benzofuranone, Vitamin E, Benzene, 1 isocyano 4 methyl are also identified for the first time in ethyl acetate fraction. Also, in aq. Methanol fraction 1(3H)-isobenzofuranone, Squalene and Vit E were not previously identified. Highest antibacterial activity was confirmed in crude methanol extract which might be due to all the antibacterial compounds present in its fractions. The present study helped in identifying phytoconstituents present in the extract and its fractions which are responsible for various biological and antibacterial activities.

}, keywords = {1, 4 Napthelenedione, Antimicrobial activity, Lawsone, Lawsonia inermis Linn, Medicinal plants, Methanol extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.187}, author = {Ritesh Kumar Sharma and Anjana Goel} } @article {615, title = {Immunoinformatics Study of Procyanidins as Mast Cell Stabilizers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {814-817}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {814}, abstract = {

Background: Allergens are foreign proteins that stimulate the production of immunoglobulin E (IgE), when they come in contact with human body. These allergens after binding with IgE through Fc\εRI receptor, triggers the signal transduction reaction in mast cell and basophil cells, leading to allergic reactions by releasing some mediators. Four correctly written as surface-exposed tryptpphans Trp 87, Trp 110, Trp 113 and Trp 156 of Fc\εRI receptor protein,play significant role in IgE and Fc\εRI receptor binding interaction. Polyphenols in apple are proven effective for allergic rhinitis treatment by preventing degranulation of granulocytes. Objective:To prevent release of mediators like histamine etc., a therapeutic strategy can be designed by inhibiting IgE and Fc\εRI receptor interactions.This strategy may provide a symptomatic treatment for allergic reactions due to exposure to pollen allergens. Materials and methods: Molecular docking studies are used to analyse the IgE with Fc\εRI receptor binding in presence and absence of procyanidin molecules, present in apple. Results: For procyanidin molecules, binding affinity of IgE molecule with its high affinity receptor (Fc\εRI receptor)decreases markedly. Thepositions of Trp 87, Trp 110, Trp 113 and Trp 156 are changed for the presence of procyanidin C1 molecule. Since IgE and Fc\εRI receptor binding is highly affected in presence of procyanidin C1, so this compound can inhibit mast cell degranulation by altering the binding affinity of IgE with its its high affinity receptor (Fc\εRI receptor). Conclusion: Procyanidin C1 can be used as natural anti-allergic drug by stabilizing mast cells during pollen allergic reaction after experimental verification.

}, keywords = {Allergy, IgE, IgE receptor FcεRI, Mast cell stabilizer, Molecular docking, Procyanidins, Tryptophan residues}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.138}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/676}, author = {Anamika Basu and Anasua Sarkar and Piyali Basak} } @article {713, title = {Immunostimulatory Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles on Wistar Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {892-898}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {892}, abstract = {

Background: The active components of natural products provide a potential alternative to conventional immunotherapy for a variety of diseases conditions and become subject to scientific investigations currently worldwide. Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the immunostimulatory activity of the chitosan nanoparticle on Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: The present investigation was carried out on various groups of healthy adult rats. The assessment of immunomodulatory potential was carried out by neutrophil adhesion test, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, haemagglutinating antibody (HA) titre, cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression and phagocytic activity were determined in various groups of animals. Results: The administration of chitosan nanoparticle at doses 300 mg/kg BW and 600 mg/kg BW but not at doses 150 mg/kg BW significantly increased in neutrophil adhesion fibers, haemagglutinating antibody titre values and potentiated the inhibited type hypersensitivity reaction induced by sheep red blood cells. Also, it had good response towards phagocytosis in carbon clearance assay and prevented myelosuppression of cyclophosphamide on rats. Conclusion: From these findings, it can be concluded that chitosan nanoparticle responsible for immunostimulatory activity and has therapeutic potential for the prevention of immune depressed conditions.

}, keywords = {Chitosan nanoparticle, Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity, Haemagglutinating antibody, Myelosuppression, Neutrophil adhesion, Phagocytosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.150}, author = {Giftania Wardani and Mahmiah and Sri Agus Sudjarwo} } @article {518, title = {Impact of Regularly Supervised Training of Pranayama and Omkar Meditation on the Cardio-Respiratory Parameters and Short-Term Memory of Persons with Special Needs}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {366-370}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {366}, abstract = {

Background: Yogic practices are known to affect the cardiac, respiratory and mental status of people. Objective: To investigate if the regularly supervised training of pranayama and meditation affects the basic cardio-respiratory parameters and short-term-memory (STM) of mentally challenged young adults. Material and methods: 80 mentally challenged young adults attending a special school were randomly divided into the control group and Yoga group. Yoga group performed Naadishodhan, Kapalbhati pranayama and Aum Chanting under total supervision for 30 min daily for 3 weeks, except on Sundays. Control group was involved with the regular school curriculum. The parameters were measured twice, before (baseline) and after (follow-up) the study period. STM was evaluated under two subcategories, first by the ability to repeat the numbers in reverse order and second, repeating the words in the same order. Respiratory rate, pulse, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured as cardio-respiratory parameters. Results: Both groups had similar baseline scores. At follow-up, highly significant improvements were observed in Yoga-group as compared to control. In the Yoga-group scores of both the sub-categories of STM were higher, respiratory-rate and heart-rate were lower but was within normal range. However, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures of Yoga group showed no changes as compared to control. Conclusion: The pranayama and meditation has beneficial influences on heart rate, breathing rate and STM of mentally-challenged people.

}, keywords = {Meditation, Mental retardation, Pranayama, Short term memory, Yoga}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.61}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/491}, author = {Kunal and Subbalakshmi Narasajjana Krishnadasa and Pai Sheila R and Rashmi Kaup Shiva and Nayanatara Arunkumar and Vinodini Nithyananda Anantharaya and Pratik Kumar Chatterjee} } @article {537, title = {Impact of Tridax procumbens on Hematological Parameters in aflatoxin Induced Liver Toxicity in Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January-2018}, pages = {304-308}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {304}, abstract = {

Objective: Tridax procumbens comes under the family Asteraceae Tridax which is found to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic properties. Materials and Methods: The morphological parameters such as the body weight, liver and kidney weight of experimental animals which were fed by alfatoxin and thereby treating with extracts of T. procumbens were studied along with the Hematological parameters such as Haemoglobin (Hb), Red Blood Corpus Cells (RBC), White Blood Corpus Cells (WBC) , Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Prothrombin time (PT). Results: The results of this study shows that there is an significant changes in the body weight liver and kidney weight in T. procumbens treated animals and also significant raise in blood level was seen in the T. procumbens treated animals. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, we concluded that T. procumbens have an antiaflatoxicosis potency.

}, keywords = {alfatoxin, etc, Haemoglobin, Packed cell volume, Prothrombin time, Red blood corpus cells, Tridax procumbens, White blood corpus cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.53}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/483}, author = {Palanisamy Sampathkumar and Subramanian Kalavathy and Arumugam Vijaya Anand and Thangavelu Sangeetha and Purusothaman Sujeetha} } @article {502, title = {Improvement of Immune System Analyzed through Various Cluster Techniques {\textendash} A Survey}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January-2018}, pages = {256-259}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {256}, abstract = {

The world health organization report says the immunity deficiency is the biggest problem in the all over the world. Immune system can be improved through many fruits, especially grape is inevitable fruit that provides high neutrinos. The grape contains phytonutrients, Phenols and Poly phenols in rich amount. It is used for constipation, indigestion, fatigueless, kidney disorder, Macular degeneration and cataracts. The grape seed reduces swelling, Eye disease caused by diabetics and acting as antioxidants. In the research article, plenty number of classifiers were used to identify good type of grapes that provides the above said. The methodology applied in the work were Ada Boost and Machine learning Meta algorithm. The above areas were reviewed to the core.

}, keywords = {Ada boost classifier, Color components, Grape detection, Immune systems, Phytonutrients, Segmentation techniques}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.45}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/475}, author = {M Veronica Arokia Mary and K R Sekar and R Manikandan and K S Ravichandran} } @article {601, title = {In silico and in vitro Studies on Lyngbya majuscula using against Lung Cancer Cell Line (A549)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {421-428}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {421}, abstract = {

Objective: To predict an anticancer drug from the members of cyanobacteria, in silico molecular docking was carried out between the cyanobacterial bioactive compounds and lung cancer causing receptor. The highest docking score was produced by Lyngbyastatin (Lyngbya majuscula). In the present study anticancer potential of L. majuscula was evaluated on human lung cancer cell line (A549) using its methanolic extract. Methods: Molecular docking was carried out between the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor tyrosine kinase and cyanobacterial compounds. Based on the docking results, Lyngbyastatin was found to be the most effective compound. As this compound is present in the L. majuscula, the cytotoxicity of this organism was assessed by standard cell viability assays like MTT method. Algal methanolic extract treated with A 549 cell line morphology was studied by DAPI staining. DNA fragmentation assay was also conducted to study the presence of DNA laddering. Results: Totally 75 bioactive compounds were docked with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor tyrosine kinase . Of them, 12 compounds were selected based on the docking score. Among the 12 bioactive compounds, Lyngbyastatin found to be most effective compound. L. majuscula showed potential anticancer activity against A549 cell line with IC50 value of 14.82\± 0.62 \μg/ml in MTT method. Most of the treated cells lost their characteristic stretched appearance with shrinkage of nucleus. DNA profile revealed the presence of sheared DNA in treated ones but no fragmentation was observed. Conclusion: The results indicated potent anticancer of algal methanolic extract on A549 cell line, which may be good candidates for further investigation to isolate bioactive anticancer compounds.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxic, Lyngbya majuscula, Lyngbyastatin, Molecular docking, MTT assay DAPI staining}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.69}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/502}, author = {Sangeetha Muniaraj and Vijayakumar Subramanian and Prabhu Srinivasan and Manogar Palani} } @article {488, title = {In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles against Mycobacterium tuberculosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {162-166}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {162}, abstract = {

Background: Chitosan nanoparticles have gained growing interest for nanomedicine, biomedical engineering and development of new therapeutic with improved bioavailability, increased sensitivity and specificity, and reduced toxicity. Objective: The aim of the present study is to synthesis of the chitosan nanoparticles for antimycobacterial applications. Methods: Chitosan were isolated from the shrimp shell. Tripolyphosphate (TPP) will be used to prepare chitosan nanoparticles by ionotropic gelation method. The size and morphology of the chitosan nanoparticle was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The broth microdilution method is used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of nanoparticle chitosan on strain M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Results: The SEM micrographs of the nano-magnetic chitosan showed that they were approximately uniform spheres and the rough surface morphology, have a solid dense cubical or rectangular structure. Using the broth microdilution susceptibility method, chitosan nanoparticle was found to have the antimycobacterial effects with a MIC value of 1200 \μg/mL whilst MBCs value of 2400 \μg/mL for M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Conclusion: The conclusion from the study was chitosan nanoparticle have potential as a source of lead compounds that may be developed further into antimycobacterial drugs.

}, keywords = {Chitosan nanoparticle, M. tuberculosis H37Rv, Minimal bactericidal concentration., Minimal inhibitory Concentration}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.27}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/413}, author = {Giftania Wardani and Mahmiah and Sri Agus Sudjarwo} } @article {642, title = {In vitro Antifungal Effects of Hesperetin and Silibinin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {789-792}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {789}, abstract = {

Background: Increasing resistance of microorganisms against available antimicrobial agents is of major concern among scientists and clinicians worldwide. To overcome the resistance and other drawbacks of the current antimicrobial drugs and to obtain more efficacious drugs, an antimicrobial drug having a novel mode of action should be developed. The flavonoid compounds have demonstrated for their therapeutic potential as antimicrobial agents previously. Aim: To evaluate the antifungal efficacy of plant derived compounds such as hesperetin (HSP) and silibinin (SBN) compounds in vitro. Materials and Methods: In this study, we evaluated the antifungal effect of two plant derived flavonoid compounds i.e., SBN and HSP against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Malassezia furfur, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium oxalicum. The disk diffusion test was performed to test the antifungal effect of HSP and SBN with three different concentrations i.e., 15, 20, 25 mg/ml of HSP and SBN. The antifungal efficacy was studied for 72 h. Results: Our results indicate that SBN has significant antifungal effect than that of HSP. The high sensitivity of these compounds was found against C. albicans, C. tropicalis. Conclusion: These drugs could be good candidate to combine with regular antimicrobial agents.

}, keywords = {Candida albicans, Flavonoids, Fungal infection, Hesperetin, Silibinin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.133}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/671}, author = {Ramar Gowtham and Fysal Yousuf MA and Devaraj Ezhilarasan and Shanmugam Sambantham and Balakrishnan Anandan} } @article {640, title = {Indonesian Herbal SGLT2 Inhibitor Discovery through Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {803-807}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {803}, abstract = {

Objective: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor had been evaluated in clinical trials as the basic strategy of hyperglycemia handling in diabetes. However, because of SGLT2 inhibitors is the new class of oral antidiabetic, it is rare to be found in Indonesia, and it is costly. This study was intended to find compounds from Indonesian herbal database that show capability to be used as SGLT2 inhibitors through a pharmacophore-based virtual screening approach. Methods: The SGLT2 inhibitor pharmacophore models were made from 10 training sets of SGLT2 ligand inhibitors using the Ligand Scout 4.1.5. Ten pharmacophore models which had been made were validated using test set and decoy set methods to know how the performance of pharmacophore model worked. Virtual screening were then applied to the best pharmacophore model. Results: The model-1 pharmacophore was the best model, with values of 0.9080, EF1\% = 56.5, EF5\% = 56.5 and AUC100\% = 0.87 which served as model for virtual screening. Model-1 consisted of one hydrophobic interaction, one aromatic ring, four hydrogen bond donors and five hydrogen bond acceptors. Virtual screening showed three compounds (Hits) with best pharmacophore fit scores according to model-1 among 1377 compounds, they were vitexin = 113.62; cucumerin A = 112.62; and cucumerin B = 113.51. Conclusion: These results showed that vitexin, cucumerin A, and cucumerin B potentially have activity as an SGLT2 inhibitor.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Pharmacophore, SGLT2 Inhibitor, Virtual Screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.136}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/674}, author = {Rezwendy R and Rezi Riadhi Syahdi and Arry Yanuar} } @article {567, title = {Inhibitory Effect of Lantana camara L., Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. and Cosmos caudatus Kunth. Leaf Extracts on ADP-Induced Platelet Aggregation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {581-585}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {581}, abstract = {

Objective: The leaves of Lantana camara L., Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. and Cosmos caudatus Kunth. are rich in flavonoids, saponins and essential oils. This study was carried out to determine the antiplatelet effect of the three plant extracts on ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Methods: The samples consisted of clopidogrel as positive control, aquadest as negative control and test extracts with concentrations of 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/ml. Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) was added for each extract concentration. The absorbance test of the samples was measured at 600 nm, before and after the addition of 20 \μL adenosine diphosphate (ADP) 5 mM. After ADP added, then measured again the plasma absorbance was measured of the same wavelength. Antiplatelet aggregation activity was determined by calculating plasma absorbance before and after addition of ADP. Results: The results showed that the inhibitory percentage of platelet aggregation with extract concentrations of 100, 80, 60 and 40 mg/ml were Lantana camara L. leaf extract (91.17\%; 73.27\%; 72.86\% and 37.15\%), Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. leaf extract (74.55\%; 65.60\%; 48.00\% dan 39.08\%) and Cosmos caudatus Kunth. Leaf extract (59.17\%; 52.56\%; 14.25\% dan 13.82\%), respectively. The test extracts inhibited in vitro ADP-induced platelet aggregation with IC50 value were as follows: 47.09 mg/ml (Lantana camara L), 59.02 mg/ml (Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.) and 87.26 mg/ml (Cosmos caudatus Kunth.) Conclusion: The present work demonstrated that the three extracts could inhibit in-vitro ADP-induced platelet aggregation and the best potency was shown by Lantana camara L leaf extract. }, keywords = {Anti-platelet aggregation, Cosmos caudatus kunth, Eclipta prostrata (L.) L., Lantana camara L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.95}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/528}, author = {Ni Made Dwi Sandhiutami and Yesi Desmiaty and Noviyanti} } @article {514, title = {Isolation, Characterization and in vitro Pharmacological Activities of Tagetes Erectus Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {384-393}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {384}, abstract = {

Tagetes erectus (family: Asteraceae), commonly known as \‘African marigold\’, is an ornamental plant widely distributed in India. The plant has been used in traditional medicines in India and elsewhere in the treatment of cold, bronchitis, rheumatism and inflammation. The flavonoid quercetin has been isolated from the methanol extract of the plant by column chromatography and identified by co-TLC, comparison of its melting point, UV, IR and NMR spectra. Quercetin content has been estimated as 1.22 (\±0.26) \% in the methanol extract of Tageteserectus whole plant based on HPTLC method using the solvent systemchloroform: methanol (8.5:1.5). The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation (oil yield 0.04\% v/w) and 25 compounds comprising 93.9\% of the constituents were identified by GC-MS analysis. Monoterpenoids Predominated the oil (78.5\%), with piperitone as the major compound (40.1\%) followed by terpinolene (12.7\%) and limonene (12.0\%). The in vitro antioxidant assays of the methanol extract showed moderate activity with IC50 values 109.45 (\±1.22) g/ml for DPPH radical scavenging assay and 201.53 (\±4.48) g/ml for superoxide scavenging assay and the marker compound quercetin showed IC50 values 26.40(\±1.75) and 13.87 (\±0.54) g/ml respectively. Reducing power assay also showed moderate activity. Antibacterial activity of the methanol extract and the essential oil against gram positive and gram-negative bacteria were done using disc diffusion method. The essential oil showed remarkable activity against the tested organisms, while the extract showed only moderate activity.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Disc diffusion method, DPPH radical scavenging assay, Flavonoids, Quercetin, Terpinolene}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.64}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/495}, author = {Resmi S and Divya V Nair and Athulya Subhash and Rose Jose and Vishnu V and Subin Mary Zachariah} } @article {716, title = {Isolation of Cellulolytic Fungi and Utilization of Its Cellulolytic Activity for Microcrystalline Cellulose Preparation from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1082-1088}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1082}, abstract = {

Introduction: Microcrystalline cellulose is a cellulase derivative which usually used as a pharmaceutical excipient in the manufacturing of direct compression tablet. High concentration of cellulose is found in water hyacinth (about 60\%) therefore it might be used in the manufacturing of microcrystalline cellulose. This study was aimed to obtain the best cellulolytic fungi, the best optimal conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis and comparing microcrystalline cellulose characteristics obtained from water hyacinth with microcrystalline cellulose standard, Avicel pH 101. Method: This study began with isolation of cellulolytic fungi, and then enzymatic hydrolysis of \α-cellulose was done with cellulase enzymes extracted from cellulolytic fungi with various pH, temperature, duration and enzyme concentration. Microcrystalline obtained was characterized by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and then the result was compared with Avicel pH 101. Results: The results showed the best cellulolytic isolate was isolate 2 and its optimal hydrolysis conditions at pH 5, 30$^{0}$C, for 1 h with 5 mL (5\% v/v) enzyme. Based on the pattern of diffraction there was a similarity between microcrystalline cellulose of enzymatic hydrolysis result compared with Avicel pH 101.

}, keywords = {Cellulase, Cellulolytic fungi, Cellulose, Enzymatic hydrolysis, Microcrystalline cellulose, Water hyacinth}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.183}, author = {Mitayani Wahyu Murti and Monica Angeline Sudarsono and Herman Suryadi} } @article {718, title = {Isolation of Kojic Acid Producing Mold using Complex Carbon Sources}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1089-1092}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1089}, abstract = {

Introduction: An independent effort in term of pharmaceutical raw materials procurement in Indonesia, especially skin brightening agent, is required due to the high demand of brightening skin care product. One of the skin brightening agent widely used in cosmetic skin care formulations is kojic acid. This study aimed to obtain the isolate of kojic acid producing mold from nature and its optimum fermentation condition by using various complex carbon substrates. Methods: Aspergillus oryzae was used as reference. The isolates of fungi were screened with different substrates variation, namely sucrose, corn starch, cassava starch, and cellulose hydrolysate. Then, each of culture was dripped with FeCl3 1\% and the most brownish-red color formed was selected as mold and media for further process. The preculture of selected isolate and A. oryzae, were inoculated into 100 ml of fermentation media respectively and incubated at room temperature, 180 RPM for 10 days. The concentration of substrate was varied to 5, 7.5, and 10\%. The levels of kojic acid were determined by TLC densitometry with UV detector at 318 nm. Results: IHJ2K isolate in corn starch-yeast extract was selected as the best mold and media. However, the highest level of kojic acid was produced by Aspergillus oryzae with 10\% of substrate, with kojic acid concentration of 5.22 g/L. The most efficient fermentation was obtained from A. oryzae with 7.5\% of substrate, with the obtained yield of 0.53 g/g. Conclusion: Potential kojic acid producing mold namely IHJ2K was successfully isolated. The selected carbon source for optimum kojic acid fermentation condition with IHJ2K isolate was corn starch combined with yeast extract, KH2PO4, and Mg2SO4.7H2O.

}, keywords = {Aspergillus oryzae, Complex carbon, Fermentation, Kojic Acid, Mold, TLC Densitometry}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.184}, author = {Ines Dawiyah Suwarjo and Adnina Fithra Azzahra and Herman Suryadi} } @article {731, title = {Larvicidal and Pupicidal activity of Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer Leaf Extracts against Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1137-1142}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1137}, abstract = {

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the larvicidal and pupicidal activity of Clerodendrum philippinum leaf extracts against disease causing vectors Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. Methods: Five different concentrations (200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 ppm) of leaves were prepared by using aqueous (distilled water), ethanol, methanol, n-hexane, chloroform and tested for both the activity. The LC50 and LC90 values of leaf extracts were determined with the help of probit analysis. Results: Among the different extracts of leaf screened, the ethanol extract of C. philippinum was recorded the highest larvicidal and pupicidal activity of 100 \± 1.9 \% (1st instar) and 58 \± 0.8 \% at 600 ppm concentration for controlling An. stephensi, respectively. Similarly for Ae. aegypti, 97 \± 1.2 (1st instar) and 51 \± 0.5 (pupa) percentage of inhibition were achieved for the same solvent extracts of the leaf which were maximum than others. Moreover, the values of LC50 and LC90 clearly indicate that the activity of both larvicidal and pupicidal are not only solvent extracts dependant but also depend on their concentration. Conclusion: The obtained data highlight the potential role of ethanolic extracts of C. philippinum for controlling An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes at their larval and/ pupal stages of development.

}, keywords = {Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, Clerodendrum philippinum, Larvicidal activity, Pupicidal activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.194}, author = {Pranati Dhal and Jyoti Ranjan Rout and Preeti Krishna Dash and Sagorika Panda and Pallabi Pati and Chandi Charan Rath and Chinmay Pradhan and Santi Lata Sahoo} } @article {548, title = {Larviciding Activity of Acroptilon repens Extract against Anopheles stephensi, Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefaciatus under Laboratory Conditions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {453-456}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {453}, abstract = {

Introduction: Due to the emergence of insecticide resistance among the vectors of human diseases, there is a need to explore the use of plant extracts which are safe alternatives to conventional chemical larvicides used in control of vector-borne diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of Acroptilon repens against third instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefaciatus. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of A. repens plants was dried in the shaded places for 3 days at 26-28\°C. The leaves, flowers and stems were blended to crashed form using an electric blender. The larvicidal activity of total extract of A. repens were evaluated against third instar larvae stage of mosquito vectors, An. stephensi, Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefaciatus under laboratory conditions with 24h exposure period. Data were subjected to probit regression analysis in order to estimate the lethal concentrations for 50\% and 90\% mortality values. Result: The extract of A. repens exhibited significant larvicidal activity against third instar larvae of An. stephensi, with 24h LC50 of 0.2970 and LC90 of 2.2097 mg/l. The LC50 and LC90 values were 2.5047 and 24.7374 mg/l for Cx. pipiens and 2.9047 and 16.1459 mg/l for Cx. quinquefaciatus. Conclusion: The extract of A. repens can serve as a natural larvicide against An. stephensi, Cx. pipiens and Cx.quinquefaciatus. According to the larvicidal properties of this plant, formulating an extract of A. repens which is known as an abundant agricultural weed in Iran creates an alternative to chemical larvicides and providing a job opportunities.

}, keywords = {Acroptilon repens, Anopheles stephensi, Culex pipiens, Cx. quinquefaciatus, Larvicidal activity, Total extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.74}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/507}, author = {Ramesh Toolabi and Mohammad Reza Abai and Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat and Hassan Vatandoost and Mansooreh Shayeghi and Saeed Tavakoli and Mohammad Sistanizadeh Aghdam} } @article {612, title = {Macro-Microscopic Atlas on Heartwood of Santalum album L. (Sandalwood)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {730-733}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {730}, abstract = {

Background: Santalum album L. (Fam. Santalaceae) is a small evergreen tree distributed in South India mainly on the Deccan plateau, especially in Mysore and Tamil Nadu. The heartwood is highly prized and medicinally useful; Santalum album is one of the ingredients in many Ayurvedic and Siddha formulations. Objective: The present study brings out macro-microscopic atlas on heartwood of medicinal plant Santalum album L. Materials and Methods: Sections and powder were observed and photographed under different magnifications with the help of Olympus BX51 Microscopic unit fitted with Olympus Camera. Results: Macroscopically odour and taste, microscopically tyloses, fibres, tailed pitted vessels, uni and biseriate medullary rays, brownish content and oil globules are the unique diagnostic characters reported. Conclusion: The finding of the present study is believed to be helpful in identifying the correct botanical source of the plant in crude form and also standardization of herbal formulation containing sandalwood as ingredient.

}, keywords = {Chandana, Macro-microscopic atlas, Pharmacognosy, Sandalwood, Santalum album}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.122}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/660}, author = {Susikumar Sundharamoorthy and Nartunai Govindarajan and Arunachalam Chinnapillai and Ilavarasan Raju} } @article {729, title = {Network Analysis of Indigenous Indonesia Medical Plants for Treating Tuberculosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1159-1164}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1159}, abstract = {

Background: Indonesia is the biggest archipelago country with the second biggest biodiversity in the world. A lot of medical plants for treating various diseases can be found in Indonesia, including medical plants for tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Objective: The goal of this research is to document the information of Indonesia indigenous medical plants that used various local societies to treat tuberculosis and also analyze active compounds of medical plants with proteins that related to tuberculosis. Methods and Material: The annotation of medical plants for treating tuberculosis was collected from a various source comprising local research papers, theses, and other resources. The information of active compound was taken from Dr. Duke\’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. A network of active compounds-proteins was analyzed by using Cytoscape 3.6.0. Results: The result described that there were twenty-seven species from nineteen families of medical plants used by local societies of Indonesia for tuberculosis therapy, and there were sundry of active compounds from fourteen medical plants had direct interaction with proteins related tuberculosis. Conclusions: Most of the active compounds targeted proteins that had a prominent role in immune system. It indicated that medical plants treating tuberculosis through regulating immunity of human body.

}, keywords = {Cytoscape, Immune system, Indonesia medical plants, Network, Tuberculosis}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.198}, author = {Sherry Aristyani and Sri Widyarti and Sutiman Bambang Sumitro} } @article {619, title = {Neuroprotective Activity of Sesbania grandifolara Seeds Extract Against Celecoxib Induced Amnesia in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {747-752}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {747}, abstract = {

Background: Sesbania grandiflora are characterized by their high anti-oxidant properties. The degeneration of neurons in Alzheimer disease mainly occurs because of high production of free radicals. However, the impact of Sesbania grandiflora on cholinergic system and oxidative stress parameter has not been investigated. Aim: The present study was designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora seeds in mice. Material and method: The seeds of Sesbania grandiflora were powdered and subjected to successive extraction in Soxhlet apparatus. The different doses of ethanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora seeds were evaluated for its neuroprotective activity against celecoxib induced amnesia in mice. Result and Conclusion: Phytochemical analysis of various extracts of Sesbania grandiflora revealed the presence of steroid, saponin, flavonoid, tannins and phenolic compounds. The ethanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora significantly improves the memory of mice and reestablishes the amnesia induced by celecoxib. In addition to improvement in memory the extract treatment also decreases the activity of AchE and MDA and restore the antioxidant anzyme SOD, GSH and catalase in experimental animals. The results of our study showed that ethanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora improve the cognition dysfunction in celecoxib treated mice through the modification in cholinergic system or by the blockage of oxidative stress and inhibition of AchE enzyme.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, Celecoxib, Free radical, Morris water maze, Sesbania grandiflora}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.125}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/663}, author = {Bhupesh Chander Semwal and Madhuri Verma and Yogesh Murti and Harlokesh Narayan Yadav} } @article {469, title = {Oral Glucose Tolerance Activity of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr.) Bulbs Extract Based on the Use of different Extraction Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {49-54}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {49}, abstract = {

Background: Bulbs of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr; Synonym: Eleutherine americana L. Merr) from family Iridaceae is widely found and grown in Kalimantan island. The local tribe \“Dayak\” commonly consume this plant and become a traded commodity in traditional markets. This plant is trusted to treat various diseases. Objective: The present study aims to determine the effect of blood glucose reduction from bulbs of Bawang Dayak based on the use of different extraction methods using oral glucose tolerance test. Method: Dried sample was extracted with methanol using maceration, reflux, and Soxhlet method, respectively. The measurement of blood glucose reduction was performed using oral glucose tolerance test in vivo method and was analyzed using statistical comparison (Two-Way-ANOVA). Results: Based on the each extraction results was obtained yields of as 8.636\% (reflux method), 11.87\% (maceration method), and 14.023\% (soxhlet method). While the results of blood glucose lowering effect on each extract were used, there were significant differences in statistical tests and organ index. Conclusion: This result is a preliminary stage and the information is invaluable for further research.

}, keywords = {Bawang Dayak, Bulbs of plant, Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr, Extraction method, Oral glucose tolerance test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.10}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/365}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Niken Indriyanti and Yurika Sastyarina and Laode Rijai and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {605, title = {Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological Evaluation of Hyssopus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) Collected from Kashmir Himalayas, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {690-693}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {690}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hyssopus officinalis L. is a well-known herb for its culinary and medicinal significance. The purpose of this study was to perform the pharmacognostic evaluation. Methods: Physicochemical and phytochemical analysis, HPTLC quantification and in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity were done. Results: Preliminary screening revealed the presence of phytomolecules such as alkaloid (0.99\%), tannin (1.75\%), sugar (1.96\%) and starch (0.68\%). Total phenolic and flavonoid content were found to be 2.32\% and 1.16\% respectively. HPTLC quantification data showed that the content of ferulic acid (0.034\%) was higher than caffeic acid (0.0064\%) on dry weight basis The IC50 value for the in vitro DPPH radical scavenging assay was 0.50 \μg/ml and in vitro anti diabetic assay displayed IC50 value of 0.8366 mg/ml. Conclusion: The study suggests presence of considerable amount of phenolic acids and antioxidant activity in the plant which supports its use in the traditional systems of medicine.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, DPPH, HPTLC, Hyssopus officinalis, Phenolic acids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.114}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/652}, author = {Akanksha Srivastava and Kuldeep Awasthi and Bhanu Kumar and Ankita Misra and Sharad Srivastava} } @article {692, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation and HPTLC Finger Printing of Rhizome of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. from Nepal}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {963-968}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {963}, abstract = {

Introduction: Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F.; commonly known as Shveta Musali from the family Liliaceae is a perennial herb. It is used in Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Unani and in folklore practice as an aphrodisiac herb. Present study depicts pharmacognostic features of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. collected from Nepal. Methods: Macromicroscopic analyses, physico-chemical studies and HPTLC finger printing of rhizomes of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. were carried out according to pharmacopoeial procedures. Results: Microscopic analysis has shown presence of epidermis, cork, cortex, collenchymatous cells, starch grains, cluster crystals of calcium oxalate, idioblast, phloem, vascular bundles, pitted xylem parenchyma, sclereids, stone cells, fragment of epiblema, and acicular needles. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed presence of alkaloid, carbohydrate, carboxylic acid, resins and saponins. TLC photo-documentation revealed presence of many phyto-constituents with different Rf values and HPTLC densitometric scan of the plates showed numerous bands under short UV, long UV and 620 nm (after derivatisation). Conclusion: Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. was evaluated for its pharmacognostic features and HPTLC. These specific identities will be useful in identification and authentication of the raw drug.

}, keywords = {Chlorophytum borivilianum, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Quality control, Shveta Musali}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.163}, author = {Kopila Adhikari and KN Anuradha and N. Prabhu Suchitra} } @article {521, title = {Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Analysis on Leaves of Homalium ceylanicum (Gardn.) Benth.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {272-277}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {272}, abstract = {

Objective: Kakhara, Dhanimari or Kakhda is one of the folklore plant of Odisha, which has been identified as Homalium ceylanicum (Gardn.) Benth. (Syn. H. zeylanicum) belonging to family Salicaceae (Flacourtiaceae). The leaves and bark of the plant is used in rheumatism, diabetes and wound healing. Review of literature revealed that the scientific evaluation on various parts of the plants has not been carried out, hence the present study has been designed to study leaves of Homalium ceylanicum Benth. For its morphology, anatomy, physiochemical and phytochemical aspects. Methods: The leaves samples were collected from Gandhamardana hills, Odisha, in month of September 2016, herbarium was provided with herbarium reference no. phm/6216/2016-17 and also certified by BSI Kolkata. Macroscopic observations were made with naked eyes and centimeter scale was used to measure the leaf size. Microscopy of leaf, Stomatal index and powder microscopy was done as per standard protocol. Physicochemical and qualitative analysis were done following standard API protocols. Results: Leaves are simple, alternate, with crenate margin and petiole is pubescent. T.S. of petiole shows boat shaped with two protruding arms supported by 2 meristele. The schematic diagram of T.S. of petiole shows somewhat orbicular to boat shaped with two arms protruding supporting two meristele in each arm. Stomatal index is 15.94-16.91, powder is bitter with leafy aroma, microscopic shows paracyctic stomata key character of genus. LOD is 8.66 \± 0.72 and carbohydrates are present in both extracts. Conclusion: the anatomical characters and values obtained from analytical study can help in standardization.

}, keywords = {Anukta Dravya, Flacourtiaceae, Homalium ceylanicum, Leaf, Salicaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.48}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/478}, author = {Acharya Rabinarayan and Jani Switu and Chinappa Rudrappa and Shukla Vinay} } @article {592, title = {Pharmacognostical Evaluation of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. from Uttarakhand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {527-532}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {527}, abstract = {

Objective: Rhododendron arboreum Sm. commonly known as Burans is an important plant of the Himalayan region. It is the national flower of Nepal and state tree of Uttarakhand. The present study pertains to the pharmacognostical evaluation of R. arboreum from Uttarakhand. Methods: Macroscopy, microscopy by free hand section cutting and with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were done along with the physicochemical analysis. Preliminary phytochemical studies and fluorescence analysis was also carried out. Results: Results revealed that the leaves contain paracytic or amphiparacytic stomata in cluster form. The epidermal cells were long and spongy. The cells also contain some grooves and papillae throughout the surface. Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of different secondary metabolites like alkaloids carbohydrates, phenols, proteins, saponins, and tannins. Conclusion: R. arboreum from Uttarakhand region was investigated for its morphological and cytological characteristics with the help of scanning electron microscopy for the first time. The results provide details on the presence of several specific characters which are important for the identification of the genuine crude drug.

}, keywords = {Burans, Himalaya, microscopy, Phytochemical, SEM}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.86}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/519}, author = {Devesh Tewari and Archana Negi Sah and Sweta Bawari} } @article {608, title = {Pharmacognostical-physico-chemical Evaluation and Development of HPTLC Finger print for Cichorium intybus L. fruits}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {694-699}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {694}, abstract = {

Introduction: Many herbal medicines are lacking pharmacognostical, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological data even though used widely for medicinal purposes. Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae) \– chicory is an ancient folklore medicine. Various parts of these plants are in use for a wide range of ailments including those affecting liver and kidney. The aim of the current study is to standardize the fruit of C. intybus for macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical parameters, TLC photo documentation along with development of HPTLC fingerprint profiles. Methods: Following standard pharmacopoeial procedures, detailed macro-microscopic characterization along with preliminary phytochemical features of the drug has been recorded from the current study. Results: Macro-microscopic study has revealed the authenticity of this medicinal achene type fruit. Physico-chemical and HPTLC studies revealed constants for identification and authentication of fruits of C. intybus. Conclusion: The current study will serve as a reference tool for quality maintenance, authentication as well as scientific validation of chicory fruits.

}, keywords = {Chicory fruits, Monograph, Quality control, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.115 }, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/653}, author = {Achintya Kumar Mandal and Shakila Ramachandran and Kallingilkalathil Gopi Divya and Mattumal Rubeena and Koppala Narayana Sunil Kumar and Parameswaran Sathiyarajeswaran} } @article {637, title = {Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Screening of some Plant Derived Medicine to Treat Dysmenorrheal Pain by the Rajbanshi Community}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {738-746}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {738}, abstract = {

Introduction: Dysmenorrhea is a sort of painful menstrual disorder. Several plants like Allium sativum L., Areca catechu L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Crinum amoenum Ker Gawl. Ex Roxb, Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Nymphaea rubra Roxb. Ex Andrews, Piper nigrum L., Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck were used in appropriate ratio to make herbal formulation to cure dysmenorrheal pain by the traditional healers of Rajbanshi community. Objective: By semi-structured questionnaires in the course of scheduled interviews with the local herbal practitioners, four herbal formulations (coded as DYS1, DYS2, DYS3 and DYS4) were recorded. Pharmacognostic characterization was carried out for the authentication of the powder drugs which includes powder microscopy, fluorescence analysis and physicochemical evaluation. The presence of any therapeutic potential in DYS1, DYS2, DYS3 and DYS4 was determined by qualitative evaluation of phytochemicals of various successive solvent extracts based on their polarity. Thin layer chromatography was performed for screening various phyto-active compounds like arbutin, alkaloids, coumarins, cardiac glycoside, etc. Results: Powder microscopy revealed the presence of calcium oxalate crystal, stone cells etc. Various fluorescence colors were exhibited by these herbal drugs under UV after reacting with chemical reagents. Physical analyses values were also obtained in a satisfactory way. TLC and qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of active phytoconstituents like arbutin, alkaloids, coumarins, cardiac glycoside etc. Conclusion: The results support the use of plants as a traditional medicine for the prevention disorders like Dysmenorrhea. Further evaluation is required for determining the efficacy of those herbal drugs and the active phytoconstituents involved in Dysmenorrheal therapy.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Dysmenorrhea, Pharmacognostic evaluation, Successive solvent extraction, Thin layer Chromatography., Traditional healer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.124}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/662}, author = {Priyankar Roy and Palash Mandal and Subhasis Panda and Sonia Mitra Roy and Arunika Subba} } @article {565, title = {Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical Study and Antioxidant Activity of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {571-575}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {571}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll ex.Miq leaves have been used as traditional medicine in Indonesia. There is no report about pharmacognosy and phytochemical study with this plant.Objective: The main aim of this research is to establish pharmacognosy, phytochemical study and antioxidant activity of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll.ex. Miq. Leaves. The plant used to cure many diseases of Indonesia. Methods: In the present study, pharmacognosy and phytochemical study of plant material were performed as per the Indonesian Herb Pharmacopoeia. Results: Microscopy powder of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll.ex. Miq. Leaves shows star shape trichoma as a specific fragment. Physicochemical parameters including total ash (17,152 \%), acid-insoluble ash (0,922 \%), water-soluble extractive (1,610 \% w/w), alcohol-soluble extractive (4,524 \% w/w), hexane-soluble extractive (4,005 \% w/w), and ethyl acetate-soluble extractive (3,160 \% w/w) were evaluated. Phytochemical screening of ethanol extracts showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids-terpenoids, glycosides, and phenols. And absent of saponins and Anthraquinones. Antioxidant activity with IC50 157, 4665 ppm and flavonoid total was 59,436 mg/g quercetin equivalent. Conclusion: The pharmacognosy, physiochemical, and phytochemical evaluation provides information for the safety, identification, and class of chemical constituent\’s presents in this crude extract.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical, Sterculia rubiginosa zoll. ex Miq}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.93}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/526}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya and Rani Sauriasari and Muhammad Hanafi and Ema Dewanti} } @article {765, title = {Pharmacological Evaluation of Bacopa monnieri Extract against Depressive like Behavior Induced by Ethanol Withdrawal in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s48-s53}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s48}, abstract = {

Background: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome lead to relapse to alcohol use and depression is the most common symptom of withdrawal. Bacopa monnieri is a traditional memory enhancer and has reported antidepressant properties as well. Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of Bacopa monnieri extract in alcohol withdrawal depressive-like behavior in alcohol-dependent rats. Methods: Plant drug was extracted with ethanol (70\% v/v) using soxhlet extraction. Ethanol 7.2\%, v/v was given to the rats in a liquid diet for 21 days and then was withdrawn from the diet and animals were observed at 6th and 24th h for withdrawal signs like depressive behavior and locomotor hyperactivity. Results: The phytochemical testing of extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and tannins. Bacopa monnieri extract (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, oral) and fluoxetine (10 mg/kg i.p) treatment at the 6th and 24th h of ethanol withdrawal produced the significant (p\<0.001) decrease in the immobility time as compared to the disease control rats when tested on forced swim test and tail suspension test. Bacopa monnieri extract and fluoxetine treatment produced significant (p\<0.001) inhibitory effects on locomotor hyperactivity as well. Histopathological examination did not show any remarkable pathological and microscopic changes. Conclusion: Findings from the present study showed that Bacopa monnieri extract treatment has beneficial effects on ethanol withdrawal depressive-like behavior in rats.

}, keywords = {Bacopa monnieri, Depression, Ethanol withdrawal syndrome, Histopathology, Locomotor hyperactivity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.9}, author = {Lalit Sharma and Aditi Sharma and Girdhari Lal Gupta and Gopal Singh Bisht} } @article {620, title = {Pharmacophore Modelling of Brassicaceae Members as Potent HIF (Hypoxia Inducible Factor) Inhibitors Involved in Cancer Angiogenesis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {798-802}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {798}, abstract = {

Angiogenesis is considered as an essential pathological feature of cancer due to its interplay between cancer and other diseases. Natural products found to act as antiangiogenic agents that mediate the angiogenic switch between pro and anti angiogenic factors. Among the different targets, HIF is an important and critical factor that stands as a key mediator between angiogenesis, inflammation and cancer. In our study different phytochemicals of Brassicaceae were analysed for their drug like properties and mapped for pharmacophore development. The developed pharmacophore was virtually screened and further subjected to Lipinski and ADMET filters. The molecular interaction studies of the 10 retrieved compounds were studied by binding with HIF. Among the compounds 1stdrug like molecule HTS 0115 (C15H21BrN2O3) was found to have best docked score and its interaction was further validated using dynamics simulation. The compound found to share the pharmacophoric features with progoitrin a biochemical form of glucosinolate with reported anticancer and anti thyroid activities. Thus the drug like compound HTS 0115 can be further optimised as a putative HIF inhibitor in tumor angiogenesis.

}, keywords = {Angiogenesis, Brassicaceae, HIF, Molecular docking, Pharmacophore, Simulation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.135}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/673}, author = {Jeyavel Renukadevi and Ganesan Nandhinidevi and Muthiah Bavanilatha and Hemanath Tharani and Rajarajan Sathiyabama and Subramani Vasumathi} } @article {621, title = {Photoactivated chlorophyllin and acetylcholinesterase/ cytochrome oxidase activity in Fasciola gigantica cercaria larvae}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {768-772}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {768}, abstract = {

Objective: The effect of chlorophyllin (CHL), CHL + freeze dried cow urine (FCU) and FCU on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cytochrome oxidase activity in the nervous tissue of the host snail Lymnaea acuminata, and parasitic cercaria larvae of Fasciola gigantica were studied. Methods: Whole cercaria larvae and snail nervous tissue was homogenized and supernatant was used as an enzyme source. Enzyme activity was measured in 10-mm path length cuvette using incubation mixtures and change in optical density was recorded. Results: Sublethal 4 h LC50 40\% and 80\% of these formulations in sunlight and laboratory conditions caused no significant change in AChE activity in the nervous tissue of host snail. It was noted that sublethal in vivo 8 h exposure to 40\% and 80\% of 4 h LC50 of single and binary combination of CHL+FCU, CHL and FCU significantly altered the AChE and cytochrome oxidase activity in the cercaria larvae. Binary combinations of CHL+FCU in sunlight were more effective in inhibiting both the enzymes. Conclusion: The present study reported that enzymes AChE and cytochrome oxidase were inhibited by chlorophyllin formulations and thus causing the larval death inside the snail body without affecting the snail itself which is an important bioindicator of aquatic ecosytem.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Cercaria larva, Cytochrome oxidase, Fasciola Gigantica, Lymnaea acuminata, Nervous tissue}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.129}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/667}, author = {Dinesh Kumar Singh and Divya jyoti Singh} } @article {583, title = {The Phythochemical Research of Armenian Apricot Gums (Gummi armeniacae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {476-479}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {476}, abstract = {

Aim: The plant derivative, the gum\’s exudates are of great interest among polysaccharides. Nowadays, it is of crucial importance to study the structural peculiarities and the conditioned biological activity of the Gummi Armenicae of native origin as an alternative version of the Gummi Arabicae. Materials and methods: As a material for research served the gum procured from Apricot trees (Armenian Vulgaris Lam.), cultivated in different regions of Armenia annually in spring during juice motion period in 2010-2014 years. The quantity of polysaccharides in gum was determined by the method of gravimetric balance after drying. The quantitative ratio of monosaccharide in the examined polysaccharide complex was detected by the method of MRI. Results: By the methods of spectral analysis (PMR 1H and NMR 13C) the structure of Apricot gums polysaccharide fraction was detected. From the analysis of PMR 1H and NMR 13C spectra it is obvious that polysaccharide complex fraction is composed from the rest of \α- L-arabionopyranose, \β -L-arabionopyranose, \α- D-galactopyranose, \β -D-galactopyranose, \α -D-glucopyranose, \β -D-glucopyranose. Low molecular compounds in nonpolar fraction of apricot gum were determined by GC-MS method. The results show that in Rt1=22.5, Rt2=26.3, Rt3=31.4. Simple phenols were registered \– peaks of catechols{\textquoteleft} hydroquinones, pyrogallols, amounts of which are respectively 7.58\%, 4.27\%, 5.69\%.

}, keywords = {13C NMR, Apricot gum, Chemical structure, GC-MS, Simple phenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.78}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/511}, author = {Chichoyan Naira Babken and Mamyan Suren and Shaboyan Naira and Melikyan Yelena} } @article {523, title = {Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Assay and Antimicrobial Activity in Leaf Extracts of Cerbera odollam Gaertn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {285-292}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {285}, abstract = {

Introduction: In the current study, methanol and aqueous extracts of leaf of Cerbera odollam Gaertn were screened for its antibacterial, antifungal, phytochemicals and antioxidant activities. Phytochemical constituents were investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively. Methods: The leaf extracts of Cerbera odollam Gaertn were prepared by drying and extracted using Soxhlet apparatus into methanol and aqueous media, which were subjected to phytochemical screening. Total phenols, tannins, flavanols, alkaloids and its antioxidant activity were determined using spectroscopic techniques. Antimicrobial activity were determined using well diffusion method. Results: Aqueous extract exhibits higher content of phenols, tannins, flavanols and alkaloids, whereas methanol extract exhibits higher content of anthocyanin and cardiac glycoside respectively. Aqueous extract exhibits higher inhibitory concentration (IC \%) value for DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and H2O2 radical scavenging assay and reducing power (RP) assay. The methanol extracts exhibited higher inhibitory concentration (IC \%) value in SO and NO radical scavenging assay, exhibiting antioxidant properties in five antioxidant models that were investigated. The methanol extract showed some antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli with inhibitory zone ranging from 2 mm to 3 mm, whereas the aqueous extract showed no activity. High antifungal activity was found against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans for methanol extract and moderate for aqueous extract with inhibitory zone ranging from 9mm to 26 mm. Conclusion: The finding of our study have suggested that the extracts of Cerbera odollam Gaertn, possesses a significant amount of phytochemicals and exhibits antioxidant and antifungal activities.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antioxidants, Cerbera odollam. G, Phytochemicals, Radical scavenging}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.50}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/480}, author = {Abinash Sahoo and Thankamani Marar} } @article {477, title = {Phytochemical Analysis of Nigella sativa L. Utilizing GC-MS Exploring its Antimicrobial Effects against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {99-105}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {99}, abstract = {

Introduction: The alarming increase in bacterial strains resistant to existing antimicrobial agents has demanded alternative strategies. Medicinal plants are now considered as an alternative treatment because of their secure choice in several diseases. Among them, Nigella sativa is a promising traditional herb having rich medical background. The aim of the study is to perform phytochemical analysis of Nigella sativa L. Utilizing Gas chromatographic\–mass spectrometric (GC/MS) exploring its antioxidant and antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant (MDR) gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Methods: Total phenolic, tannin, and flavonoid content of N. sativa seed extracts and its commercially available oil were determined. Their radical scavenging activity using DPPH was also tested. The antibacterial activity of N. sativa seed extracts and its oil against MDR gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains was studied using disc diffusion test and the biofilm formation assay. GC-MS studies were also performed. Results: Among the different preparations used, N. sativa oil showed the highest antioxidant and antibacterial activity against highly resistant gram-positive bacteria with the greatest suppression of biofilm formation, which was attributed to its high bioactive contents. Conclusion: This study indicates that N. sativa extracts and its oils can be used as natural antibacterial agents to treat infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antioxidant, GC-MS analysis, Multidrug resistant bacteria, Nigella sativa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.18}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/404}, author = {Fatima A. Saleh and Nada El-Darra and Karim Raafat and Iman El Ghazzawi} } @article {484, title = {Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Propolis Ethanolic Extract from Tetragonula Bee}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {128-135}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {128}, abstract = {

Objective: This research aimed to determine the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant properties in vitro of three types propolis collected from the region of South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. Methods: Samples from three types of propolis: smooth, rough and mix were extracted with 96\% ethanol. The propolis ethanolic extracts (PEE) was dried and studied their antioxidant properties by using FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) and DPPH radical scavenging assays. Total phenolic compounds were quantified by Folin-Ciocalteu, and total flavonoid contents were also quantitatively determined by the AlCl3 colorimetric method with a microplate reader. The chemical compounds were identified by an ultraperformance liquid chromatography TOF mass spectrometer (UPLC-TOF-MS) using the MS mode. Results: The sequence of potential antioxidant activity of PEE is smooth propolis \> mix propolis \> rough propolis. Which showed by EC50 value with DPPH assays are 25.54; 31.66; and 69.96 \μg/mL, respectively and also showed by EC50 value with FRAP assays consecutively were 26.41; 32.10; and 34.62 \μg/mL.Smooth propolis has the lowest EC50 value of all the types of propolis examined, contains total flavonoid content 791.06+13.06 mg QE/g extract and total phenolics content 426.91+61.08 mg GAE.g-1 extract. Chemical component identified by UPLC-TOF-MS using the MSE mode were (-)-Sesamin C20H18O6; Curcumin C21H20O6; 8-epi- Helenalin C15H18O4; and Kushenol F C25H28O6. Conclusion: Smooth propolis which taken from inside the nest was the most potent antioxidant among of all the types of examined propolis. The antioxidant activity was influenced by the phenolic content of Propolis.

}, keywords = {DPPH, FRAP, Microplate method, TFC, TPC, UPLC-TOF-MS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.23}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/409}, author = {Diah Kartika Pratami and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Andini Sundowo and Muhamad Sahlan} } @article {719, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Studies in Leaf Extracts of Indigofera aspalathoides (Vahl.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1208-1215}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1208}, abstract = {

Introduction: In traditional Indian herbal medicine, the plant Indigofera aspalathoides (Vahl.) has been used to treat various human ailments. Methods and Results: Various phytochemical compounds (Rf value) such as Tannin (1.14), Flavonoid (1.14), Saponin (0.87), Sterol (0.88) and Phenol (0.86) were found in the leaf extract. The antimicrobial effects of the phytoconstituents were examined for three bacterial and fungal species. The highest anti-bacterial and antifungal activities were found in flavonoid compound, where the maximum zone of inhibition was recorded in Staphylococcus aureus 18mm compared to positive control chloramphenicol (24mm). 13mm observed in A. flavus and A. ochraceous where positive control streptomycin exhibits 18mm. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of three major compounds in 8\α (2H)-Phenanthrenol, 7-ethenyldodecahydro-1,1,4\α, 7-tetramethyl-, acetate, [4\αs(4\α\α, 4b\α, 7\α, 8\α\α, 10\α\α)], Benzoic acid, 4-methyl- , 2-oxo-2- phenylethyl ester and Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-, [1S-(1\α,2\α,5\α)] in the crude extracts. The preparative HPLC analysis proved the presence of single peak from the crude flavonoid compounds, where the absorption maximum was between 207-290nm exhibited by the UV spectrum analysis. FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of amide group, phenol group, carboxylic acid, alkynyl, alkene and aromatic ring. NMR studies proved the presence of phenyl group, methyl group and H2C-CH group and their molecular weight recorded as 353 through the mass spectrum analysis. Conclusion: The identified compound considered as the vital compound to design the \“green antimicrobial drugs\”.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activities, GC-MS, HPLC, Indigofera aspalathoides, MS, NMR}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.207}, author = {Tamilarasan Tamil Kumar and Seeni Mohamed Salique and Mohamed Hussain Muhammad Ilyas and Nooruddin Thajuddin and Annamalai Panneerselvam and Mohamed Khan Syed Ali Padusha and Hussain Syed Jahangir} } @article {760, title = {Phytochemical Screening, LC-MS Studies and Antidiabetic Potential of Methanol Extracts of Seed Shells of Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C. Nielson (Julang Jaling) from Lampung, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s77-s82}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s77}, abstract = {

Background: Some Malaysia and Indonesia people believed that root and seed shell of Archidendron bubalinum can treat diabetes. However, seed shell of Archidendron bubalinum has not yet to be scientifically proven and confirmed their ability to treat diabetes. The study of the potential of this seed shell was also scarcely available. Objective: The recent work was aimed to investigate the phytochemical screening of methanol extracts of seed shells of Archidendron bubalinum and to evaluate their chemical compositions and antidiabetic activities. Material and Methods: The methods of phytochemical screening were including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, saponins, and terpenoids. Their chemical compositions were determined by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and antidiabetic activities were performed by \α-glucosidase inhibitory method. Results: The phytochemical screening showed that methanol extracts of seed shells of Archidendron bubalinum contain flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, and terpenoids. This extracts exhibited antidiabetic activity with IC50 7.77 \μg/mL. This result was supported by LC-MS analysis which showed the presence of phlorizin and astilbin, in which these compounds had high inhibitory activity against \α-glucosidase or diabetes. Conclusion: LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of polyphenol compounds namely phlorizin and astilbin in which had high \α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, might largely contribute in the antidiabetic activity. Key words: Phytochemical screening, Mass spectrometry

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic, Archidendron bubalinum, Mass spectrometry, Phytochemical screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.15}, author = {Hanafi and Candra Irawan and Henny Rochaeni and Lilis Sulistiawaty and Achmad Nandang Roziafanto and Supriyono} } @article {483, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Total Flavonoid and Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Parts of Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {123-127}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {123}, abstract = {

Background: Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb are traditionally used in Indonesia to treat various diseases, but still limited study about different part of this plant. Objective: The aim of this study was to screen the phytochemicals, to evaluate the total flavonoid and total phenolic contents as well as antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of root, stem, leaves, and seed kernel of C. bonduc. Methods: Each part of plant were extracted by reflux using 70\% ethanol as the solvent for 2 h and repeated 3 times. Total flavonoid content was determined by aluminium chloride colorimetric assay on 415 nm. Total phenolic content was determined with Folin-Ciocalteu 1:4 on 765 nm using microplate reader. Antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenger methods. Results: Phytochemical screening showed that all of samples positively contain flavonoid and saponin. Total flavonoid content was the highest in leaf and the lowest in root whereas total phenols content was highest in leaf and the lowest in seed kernel. The crude extracts displayed DPPH free radical scavenging activity with highest value in leaf extract followed by root, stem, and seed kernel. Conclusion: The 70\% ethanol leaf extract of C. bonduc showed the highest yield, total flavonoid content and total phenolic content among other parts investigated. Moreover, leaf extract has highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (79.802 g/ml) which could be related to its higher phenolic content.

}, keywords = {Caesalpinia bonduc, DPPH, Phytochemical screening, total flavonoid, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.22}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/408}, author = {Elin Novia Sembiring and Berna Elya and Rani Sauriasari} } @article {596, title = {Profile of HMGB1 mRNA Expression and TLR4 Protein in BALB/c Mice Model Sterile Injury after Systemic Lidocaine Administration}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {586-589}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {586}, abstract = {

Background: High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a cytokine proinflamation which contributes to inflammation. HMGB1 physically interacts with toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) to release macrophage cytokines. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of systemic lidocaine administration to inhibit the expression of HMGB1 mRNA and TLR4 protein in mice BALB/c mice with sterile injury. Material and Methods: Twenty adult male BALB/c mice were divided into lidocaine and control groups. A sterile injury is done by closed fracturing the left thigh bone of the mice. The lidocaine group was treated with 2 mg/kgBW lidocaine through tail vein injection after 4 h of sterile injury. The control group was given distilled water therapy as a substitute for lidocaine. Mice blood is extracted from the tail vein before trauma, 4 h after trauma, and 2 h after the administration of lidocaine and distilled water is complete. The HMGB1 mRNA expression was examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) while the TLR4 protein level was determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the manufacturer\’s instructions. Result: The HMGB1 mRNA expression and TLR4 protein levels in BALB/c that sustained inflammation due to a sterile injury was significantly decreased in the lidocaine group (p \< 0.00). Conclusion: Administration systemic 2 mg/kgBW of lidocaine is effectively inhibits HMGB1 mRNA and TLR4 protein in mice that sustain inflammation due to a sterile injury.\ 

}, keywords = {HMGB1 mRNA, lidocaine, Sterile injury, TLR4}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.96}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/529}, author = {Robert Hotman Sirait and Mochammad Hatta and Syafri K.Arief and Tigor P. Simanjuntak and Bambang Suprayogi} } @article {595, title = {Repairing Effects of Aqueous Extract of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lmk) Pers. on Lupus Nephritis Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {548-552}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {548}, abstract = {

Kalanchoe pinnata (Lmk) Pers (KP) has an immunosuppressive effect on delayed-type hypersensitivity test. Based on it, this research aimed to determine the repairing effects of aqueous extract of KP on lupus nephritis mice and identified its active compound. The KP extract profile was determined using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS instrument. We examined six mice groups consisting of three curative treatment groups, one standard group receiving prednisone, one preventive group receiving KP extract, and one healthy (healthy and untreated) group. At the end of the experiment, we measured the proteinuria and renal histology parameters. To recognize the active compound in the KP profile, we performed in silico assays for the flavonoid compounds to bind to the glucocorticoid receptor. We played in silico tests for the flavonoid compounds to identify the active compound in the KP profile. We found the repairing effect of KP was detected in the kidney, demonstrated by its low proteinuria level and its better tissue structure. In the curative group, the urine protein level and its glomerular inflammation decreased. In the preventive group, the aqueous extract of KP could prevent lupus nephritis manifestations in the kidney. Bryophyllin A is the most active compound of the KP. However, further research is needed to understand the mechanism involved. We conclude, the aqueous extract, especially its bryophyllin A, have beneficial effects in repairing the function and tissue structure of lupus manifestations in mice kidney.

}, keywords = {Docking, Glomerulonephritis, Inflammation, Lupus, Proteinuria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.89}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/522}, author = {Niken Indriyanti and Afrillia Nuryanti Garmana and Finna Setiawan} } @article {636, title = {A Review on Himalayan Pine Species: Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Aspects}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {611-619}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {611}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ever since ancient times, medicinal plants recognized as major source of therapeutics, as rescue for human diseases and maintain health. There is an exponential increase in usage of green medicines due to less cost and fewer side effects. The family Pinaceae, is largest conifer in species diversity. Pinus is the largest genus of monoecious, resiniferous, evergreen trees commonly known as Pines. Three species of pines occur wild in Indian Himalayas Pinus roxburghii, Pinus wallichiana , Pinus gerardiana. In addition, the constituents present in these plants are beneficial for the purpose of treatment of various ailments. Methods: Information was collected from scientific journals, books, and reports via electronic search tools( Medline, Pubmed etc.) Results: This review summarizes the existing information on three species of Pinus in relation to their pharmacognostic properties, phytochemistry, ethanopharmacology and pharmacological activities.

}, keywords = {Ethanopharmacology, Himalayas, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pinus, Pinus gerardiana, Pinus roxburghii, Pinus wallichina}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.100}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/678}, author = {Aditi Sharma and Lalit Sharma and Rohit Goyal} } @article {610, title = {Role of Catecholamine Pathways in Action of Orexin B Induced Open Field Activity by Nucleus Accumbens in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {628-632}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {628}, abstract = {

Aims: To elucidate whether exploratory behaviour changes following Orexin B infusion in NAc is mediated through catecholamines in male Wistar rats. Methods: Inbred male Wistar rats (n= 24) were divided into three groups. Control, Treated 1 (Orexin B) and Treated 2 (Orexin B antagonist) groups. Using stereotaxic method, guide cannula was set in place bilaterally to reach Nucleus Accumbens. Orexin B and its antagonist, TCS-OX2-29 were infused in separate groups of overnight fasted rats. Following open field activity, catecholamines (Dopamine, Adrenaline, and Noradrenaline) were estimated in brain tissue homogenate by ELISA. Data were expressed as mean\±SEM (ANOVA; Student-Newman Keuls test,).p\<0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Results: Orexin B infusion significantly increased noradrenaline levels in Nucleus accumbens when compared to controls. TCS-OX2-29 significantly decreased noradrenaline in Nucleus accumbens during open field exploration activity. Adrenaline was not altered significantly during open field activity. Conclusion: These results suggest that Orexin B, which plays a role in the regulation of motor and exploratory behaviour when infused in NAc mediates these actions through noradrenergic neurotransmission in Nucleus Accumbens.

}, keywords = {Dopamine, Noradrenaline, Nucleus Accumbens, Orexin B, TCSOX2- 29}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.103}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/641}, author = {Rashmi Kaup Shiva and Ganaraja Bolumbu and Santosh Mayannavar} } @article {491, title = {Simultaneous Quantification of Bioactive Triterpene acids (Ursolic acid and Oleanolic acid) in Different Extracts of Eucalyptus globulus (L) by HPTLC Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {179-185}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {179}, abstract = {

Objective: To develop a novel analytical method for simultaneous determination of two triterpenic acids by high-performance thin layer chromatography in methanol and dichloromethane extracts of Eucalyptus globulus leaf. Ursolic acid was also isolated from Eucalyptus globulus leaf. Materials and Methods: Two triterpenic acids (ursolic and oleanolic acid) were extracted using methanol and dichloromethane as the extraction solvents. Study for total triterpenoids present in Eucalyptus globulus leaves was carried out which shows considerable amount of terpenoids present. Because of the similarity of chemical structure, the prechromatographic derivatization was necessary to separate these triterpenic acids. The samples were treated by 1\% iodine solution in chloroform directly on the chromatographic plate and developed with the mobile phase consisting of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and acetone (7.8:2.2:0.1, v/v/v). After drying, the plates were sprayed with 10\% (v/v) ethanol solution of sulfuric acid and heated to 120 \°C for 3 min. Quantification was performed in absorbance/transmittance mode at a wavelength of 345 nm. The developed HPTLC method was validated for linearity, precision and accuracy. Results: Correlation coefficient (r2 \> 0.99), R.S.D. values, detection limits as well as recovery values were found to be satisfactory. Ursolic acid was isolated from E. globulus leaves. The identification of isolated ursolic acid was done on the basis of Rf value (0.26) for HPTLC and peak interpretation for FT-IR. Conclusion: The method has been successfully applied in the analysis of both triterpenic acids in medicinal herbs.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Iodine derivatization, Oleanolic acid, Triterpenes, Ursolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.30}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/416}, author = {Arti Gupta and Pooja Maheta and Renu Chauhan and Sonia Pandey and Jitendra Singh Yadav and Shailesh Shah} } @article {726, title = {Sterols from Lentinus tigrinus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1079-1081}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1079}, abstract = {

Aim: To investigate the chemical constituents of the dichloromethane extract of the fruiting bodies of the mushroom Lentinus tigrinus. Materials and Methods: The chemical constituents of L. tigrinus were isolated by silica gel chromatography, while the chemical structures of the isolated compounds were identified by NMR spectroscopy. Results: The dichloromethane extract of the fruiting bodies of L. tigrinus afforded cerevisterol (1), and a mixture of stellasterol (2) and ergosterol (3) in about 4:5 ratio. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation of 1-3 from the fruiting bodies of L. tigrinus.

}, keywords = {Cerevisterol, Ergosterol, Lentinus tigrinus, Polyporaceae, Stellasterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.182}, author = {Consolacion Y. Ragasa and Maria Carmen S. Tan and Ma. Ellenita De Castro and Mariquit M. De Los Reyes and Glenn G. Oyong and Chien-Chang Shen} } @article {769, title = {Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid, Quercetin Content and Antioxidant Activity of Standardized Extract of Moringa oleifera Leaf from Regions with Different Elevation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s104-s108}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s104}, abstract = {

Context: Moringa oleifera is the famous plant that has been used as medicinal plant for diverse pharmacological activity. Aims: To evaluate the total phenolic, total flavonoid, quercetin content as well as the antioxidant activity of standardized extract of Moringa oleifera (Lamk) leaf, collected from three regions with different elevation. Materials and Methods: The leaves were extracted by maceration method using ethanol 96\% and evaporated by rotary evaporator to obtain the viscous extract. The determination of total phenolic and total flavonoid were performed by spectroscopic method, while the quercetin concentration were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Results: Ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera leaf from region with medium altitude (Sigi regency) showed higher total phenolic, total flavonoid, quercetin concentration and antioxidant activity than regions with low and high altitude (Parigi and Palu cities). Conclusion: This study reveals the potency of standardized extracts of Moringa oleifera growing in medium altitude (Sigi regency) to be developed as antioxidant herbal medicine.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Kelor, Moringa oleifera, total flavonoid, total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.20}, author = {Evi Sulastri and Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair and Nurafni Israyanti Anas and Syakila Abidin and Ririen Hardani and Risfah Yulianti and Aliyah} } @article {751, title = {A Triterpene and a Depside from Parmotrema austrocetratum Elix and J. Johnst.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s27-s29}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s27}, abstract = {

Introduction: Parmotrema austrocetratum Elix and J. Johnst. (syn. Rimelia austrocetrata Elix and J. Johnst.) which belongs to a large genus of lichenized fungi, Parmotrema Massalongo under family Parmeliaceae was investigated for its chemical constituents. Methods: The compounds were isolated by silica gel chromatography and their chemical structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. Results: Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of Parmotrema austrocetratum Elix and J. Johnst. has led to the isolation of zeorin (1) and atranorin (2). Conclusion: P. austrocetratum shares similar chemical characteristic with other Parmotrema species which afforded atranorin. This work highlights the first reported isolation of 1 from P. austrocetratum and the genus Parmotrema.

}, keywords = {Atranorin, Parmeliaceae, Parmotrema austrocetratum, Rimelia austrocetrata, Zeorin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.4}, author = {Consolacion Y. Ragasa and Maria Carmen S. Tan and Virgilio C. Linis and Chien-Chang Shen} } @article {738, title = {Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database as Murine Double Minute-2 (MDM2) Inhibitor}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1184-1189}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1184}, abstract = {

Background: Murine Double Minute-2 (MDM2) overexpression causes the p53 deficiency, so the role p53 as a cell regulator does not work in the case of cancer. Methods: In this study, virtual screening of Indonesian herbal database to discover MDM2 inhibitors was carried out. Autodock and Autodock Vina validated with Directory of Useful Decoy-Enhanced (DUD-E). Validation parameters were performed with Enrichment Factor, Receiver Operating Characteristics, and Area Under Curve. Results: The validation with the grid box 70x70x70 on Autodock resulting AUC value 0.72, while in Autodock Vina 0.43. Autodock Vina did not fulfilll the standard value but still used for comparison. Based on the virtual screening result, top ten compounds from Autodock are Nimolicinol, Jacoumaric acid, Isoarborinol, Lantic acid, Diosgenin, Theasaponin E1, Taraxasterol, Leucadenone C, Simiarenol, and Alpha-Amyrin were found to have strong interaction with MDM2, with binding energy (\ΔG) ranging from -8.83 to -9.65 kcal/mol. The Autodock Vina screening resulted in the identification of Yuehchukene, Morusin, Cyanidin, Leucadenone C, Roxburghine-B, Ocidentoside, Beta-sitosterol, Curine, Withangulatin, and Jacoumaric acid as potential inhibitors with binding energy (\ΔG) ranging from -8.7 to -9.4 kcal/mol. Conclusion: Jacoumaric acid and Leucadenone C were shown to interact with the active site in MDM2 at residues Leu54, Ile61, Met62, and Ile99.

}, keywords = {Cancer, Docking, Indonesian Herbal, Inhibitor, MDM2, Virtual Screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.203}, author = {Alexander Victory and Rezi Riadhi Syahdi and Arry Yanuar} } @article {476, title = {Volatile Compound Analysis using GC-MS, Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activities of the Husk of {\textquotedblleft}Julang-Jaling{\textquotedblright} (Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C Nielsen) from Lampung, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {92-98}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Background: \“Julang-jaling\” (Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C Nielsen) fruits are commonly used as traditional food and in the treatment of blood sugar and heart disease. However, the research about the phytochemicals of the parts of this plants and their bioactivity was rare. Objective: The recent study was aimed to analyze volatile compounds in the extract of \“julang-jaling\” husks and evaluate their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Material and methods: The extraction was conducted using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as extracting agent. The phytochemical assay was performed for all extracts, and followed by volatile compound analysis using GC-MS. The antioxidant assay was performed using DPPH method, and the antimicrobial activity was conducted using agar disc diffusion method. Results: The phytochemical assay showed that all extracts of \“julang-jaling\” husks contain various phytoconstituents having potential bioactivity. All extracts exhibit antioxidant activity with different level of activity depend on the type of extract. The IC50 value were 273.57 ppm, 324.913 ppm, 735 ppm, for ethyl acetate, methanol and n-hexane, respectively. All extracts were able to inhibit the growth of Bacillus cereus, with the highest antimicrobial activity was gained for ethyl acetate extract. Both ethyl acetate and methanolic extract have antimicrobial activity toward E. coli, but no extracts yield positive results for Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. Conclusion: GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of hexadecanoic acids and their ester form in all extract, which might largely contribute in the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant, Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C Nielsen, GC-MS, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.17}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/403}, author = {Candra Irawan and Foliatini and Hanafi and Lilis Sulistiawaty and Maman Sukiman} } @article {356, title = {Acute and Sub-acute Toxicities of Thai Silkworm Powder (Bombyx mori Linn.) From Three Races in Male Wistar Rats and In vitro Antioxidant Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {541-545}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {541}, abstract = {

Background: The silkworm powder from Japanese and Korean races has a high biological activity. However, there was less scientific evidence regarding bioactivities in Thai silkworm races. Objective: This research was interested in toxicity and antioxidant activities of Thai silkworm races. Material and methods: The 5th instar, 3rd day of growth stage of Thai traditional silkworm (Nanglai, Nangnoi and Samrong races) were lyophilized by freeze dryer and ground as silkworm powder. The acute and sub-acute toxicities studies were carried out in male Wistar rats. The antioxidant capacities of silkworm powder were investigated with DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods. Results: The acute toxicity in rats by single dose oral administration show that the high dose at a concentration of 2,000 mg/kg b.w. did not have toxicity in rats. The sub-acute toxicity in rats by oral administration showed that the high dose concentration at 2,000 mg/kg body weight for 6 weeks had no toxicity in all group either. In addition, the hematological parameters and lipid profiles of treated group and control groups were not significantly different. The antioxidant study showed that silkworm powders were not significant difference in all groups of samples in three assays (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP). However, significant difference had been found in comparison to ascorbic acid (p \< 0.05). Conclusion: Silkworm powder from three races of Thai silkworm did not produce any toxicity in male rats. In addition, the silkworm powder also exhibited antioxidant activities.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activities., hematological parameters, lipid profile, Silkworm, toxicities}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.87}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.87}, author = {Surapong Rattana and Teeraporn Katisart and Bunleu Sungthong and Chirapha Butiman} } @article {396, title = {Alkaloid from Phoebe declinata Nees Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {713-720}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {713}, abstract = {

Introduction: Genus Phoebe have been reported to produce isoquinoline alkaloids as aporphines, noraporphines, and benzylisoquinolines. Many of these isolates exhibit diversified biological activities, including cytotoxic activity. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine cytotoxic activity of compound isolated from Phoebe declinata againts MCF-7 (breast cancer cell line). Methods: Extraction was done by reflux using n-hexane, antioxidant activity measured by DPPH method and reducing power method, cytotoxic activity measured by MTT assay using MCF-7 cell line, struture eucidation was confirmed by NMR. Results: The antioxidant activity measured using DPPH method for 1 and 2 showed IC50 value of 6.42 and 11.80 \μg/mL respectively and using reducing power method for 1 and 2 showed IC50 value of 7.02 and 13.74 \μg/mL respectively. Compound (1) and (2) exhibited cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 82.978 and 93.179 \μg/mL. Conclusion: Compound (1) and (2) exhibited antioxidant activity and cytotoxic activity against MCF-7.

}, keywords = {Alkaloid, antioxidant activity, Cytotoxic activity, DPPH, MCF-7 cell line., Phoebe declinata nees}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.112}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/165}, author = {Berna Elya and Basah Katrin and Roshamur Cahyan Forestrania and Rosmalena Sofyan and Ryan Adi Chandra} } @article {368, title = {Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Black Mulberry (Morus nigra L.) Extract for Acne Treatment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {611-614}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {611}, abstract = {

Introduction: Black mulberry is rich in phenols and is hence usable in the treatment of acne. It also contains anthocyanin, a well-known antioxidant. This study aimed to examine the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) extract as a potential raw material for use in beauty care products. Method: Fruit extract was obtained using maceration method with 96\% ethanol. The antibacterial activity of the extract was determined by disc diffusion method, while the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by microdilution method. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the extract was tested by DPPH method. Result: The results showed a 2.5\% MIC against S. epidermidis and P. acnes, confirming the antibacterial activity of black mulberry extract. The MBC values for the respective bacterium were 2.5\% and 5\%. Regarding antioxidant activity, the IC50 value of black mulberry extract was 146.731 mg/mL, suggesting its medium potential. Conclusion: Morus nigra extract has antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis and P. acnes, and has medium potential as antioxidant.

}, keywords = {Anti acne, Antioxidant, Morus Nigra Extract, Propionibacterium Acnes, Staphylococcus Epidermidis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.97}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.97/index.html}, author = {Arif Budiman and Diah Lia Aulifa and Arif Satria Wira Kusuma and Astri Sulastri} } @article {358, title = {Antihyperglycemic Effect of Silkworm Powder, Fibroin and Sericin from Three Thai Silkworm (Bombyx mori Linn.) in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {559-564}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {559}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate the antihyperglycemic activities of Thai silkworm (Bombyx mori Linn.) powder, fibroin and sericin from three races of Thai silkworm including Nangnoi, Nanglai, and Samrong in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: All rats were daily and orally administered with silkworm powder (5th-instar, 3rd-day), fibroin, and sericin at a dose of 250 mg/kg for 6 weeks. After that, various parameters including body weight, blood glucose, hematological and biochemical parameters were determined. Results: The results revealed that fasting plasma glucose level in 6th week of Nanglai fibroin, Nangnoi fibroin and Nangnoi sericin expressed a better reduction of FPG in diabetic rats compared with diabetic control groups (p\<0.05). All hematological parameters of each group were not different within those values (p\>0.05). In case of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and alkaline phosphatase value showed that some of treated groups was different from diabetic control (p\<0.05), while all of treated groups showed different in cholesterol and high density lipoprotein value (p\<0.05). Conclusion: Silkworm powders, fibroin and sericin of three races exhibited a therapeutic potential for the reduction plasma glucose level. Treatments of silkworm powder, fibroin and sericin did not have any effect on hematological parameters. Improvement of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase values and lipid profiles also were also observed in the treatment groups.

}, keywords = {Antihyperglycemic effect, Diabetic rats, Fibroin., Sericin, Silkworm}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.89}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.89}, author = {Surapong Rattana and Teeraporn Katisart and Chirapha Butiman and Bunleu Sungthong} } @article {338, title = {Antimicrobial, Analgesic and Anti - Inflammatory Activity Reported on Tamarindus indica Linn Root Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {410-416}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {410}, abstract = {

Objective: Tamarindus indica (Family- Fabaceae) show various folkloric uses in treatment of various ailments such as rheumatisum, dysentery, jaundice etc. Aim: The research was conducted to investigate its phytoconstituients and various activity such as antimicrobial, analgesic \& anti-inflammatary of AETIRE. Method: The antimicrobial activity was performed on 4 bacterial stains containing (B.subtilis, S.aureus, P. aeruginosa \& E.coli) on AETIRE using Disc diffusion method. The Analgesic activity was tested by thermal and chemical induced pain through Hot plate and AAIWT. And carrageenan induced rat paw oedema model is used to evaluate antiinflammatory activity. Result: Phytoconstituients such as tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and carbohydrates present in both the extract. The maximum zone of inhibition of about 21mm \& 22mm was shown on B.subtilis strain by both the extract when compared with standard drug (Tetracycline \& Gentamycin). In AAIWT and hot plate test the AETIRE of concentration (100, 200 mg/kg) produce significant dose-dependent inhibition of pain response with maximum 54.33\% protection against acetic acid induced pain and about 74.83\% inhibition against thermally induced pain by the aqueous extract 200mg. \& the anti- inflammatory activity shown by AETIRE (100 \& 200mg/kg) caused significant dose dependent inhibition of oedema with maximum 45.94\% inhibition in the Carrageenan induced rat paw oedema by the AE. Conclusion: Therefore the AE of Tamarindus indica root was more effective in showing analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity when compared to the standard drug in each model while ethanol extract show effective antimicrobial activity.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Anti- inflammatory activity, Antimicrobial, Fabaceae, Tamarindus indica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.70}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.70}, author = {Sangeeta Gupta and Amit Singh} } @article {262, title = {Antioxidant Activity and Lipoxygenase Enzyme Inhibition Assay with Total Flavonoid Assay of Garcinia porrecta Laness. Stem Bark Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {257-266}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {257}, abstract = {

Introduction: The genus Garcinia which is rich of secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids, have known to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of lipoxygenase. There isn\’t found literature indicating research on inhibition of lipoxygenase activity been done in this plant. The purpose of this study is to obtain the data and determine the potential antioxidant activity, and inhibition of lipoxygenase activity of Garcinia porrecta Laness. stem bark extracts. Methods: This research is included FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) method antioxidant assay, in vitro lipoxygenase inhibition assay, flavonoids qualitative analysis by thin layer chromatography, and total flavonoids assay in the most active extract. Results: The results showed the methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts of G. porrecta Laness. stem bark using FRAP method, has antioxidant activity with EC50 values respectively 1.33; 4.97; and 19.96 g/mL and lipoxygenase inhibition activity with IC50 values 0.23; 0.52; and 4.87 g/mL. The most active extract in the both assay is methanol extract which has total flavonoids of 5.66 mg QE/g (quercetin equivalent). Conclusion: The results from the study show extracts of the stem bark of G. porrecta Laness. has antioxidant activity and potential for lipoxygenase inhibition.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoid, FRAP, Garcinia porrecta Laness, Lipoxygenase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.44}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/311}, author = {Amalia Cipta Sari and Berna Elya and Katrin} } @article {411, title = {Antioxidant and Anti-hypercholesterolemic potential of Vitis vinifera leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {807-814}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {807}, abstract = {

Background: Grapes (Vitis vinifera) are universally appreciated fruit for their delicacy, nutrition and accepted as functional food. The objective of the present study is to evaluate antioxidant and anti-hypercholesterolemic potential of Vitis vinifera leaves extract. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of methanolic (VVME) and aqueous (VVAE) extract was carried out to identify the phytoconstituents. Antioxidant potential was evaluated by employing in-vitro and in vivo assays. The anti-hypercholesterolemic activity was evaluated by inducing hypercholesterolemia with high cholesterol diet for 21 days in experimental animals. Results: In VVME, total tannins, total flavonoids and total phenolic contents were found to be present in major amount. Both extract has significant in-vitro and in-vivo antioxidant efficacy. Different doses i.e. 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of VVME and VVAE significantly attenuated the lipid levels. Moreover, VVME was found to be more effective as compared to VVAE and also, effectiveness was confirmed with histological results. Conclusion: It can be concluded that antioxidant and anti-hypercholesterolemic efficacy of Vitis vinifera might be due to presence of antioxidant property and active phytoconstituents.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cholesterol Diet, Hypercholesterolemia, Total Phenolic Content Etc., Vitis vinifera}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.126}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/179}, author = {Sushma Devi and Randhir Singh} } @article {460, title = {Aristolochia bracteolata Enhances Wound Healing in vitro through Anti-inflammatory and Proliferative Effect on Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Keratinocytes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s129-s136}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s129}, abstract = {

Objective: In the present study, we examined the effect of Aristolochia bracteolata extract on Human dermal fibroblast (HDF) and Human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) proliferation and migration during in vitro wound healing and its underlying mechanism. Method: A. bracteolata was collected and extracted using methanol. Cytotoxiciy effect of plant extract was determined by MTT assay in HDF and HaCaT. In vitro Scratch assay determined the effect of plant extracts on migration of cells and its underlying mechanism was determined by RT-PCR analysis. Result: The plant extract of A. bracteolata selectively inhibited proliferation of both the cells at higher concentration (\>100 \μg/mL) and at lower concentrations (\<25 \μg/mL), it exhibited linear and dose-dependent cell proliferation. IC50 value was 87.60\±1.67 \μg/mL for HDF and 85.50\±1.65 \μg/mL after 24 h treatment. In vitro scratch wound healing studies showed wound closure of 50.38\%\±1.39 and 69.81\%\±1.89 at a concentration of 25 \μg/mL after 24 h and 48 h, respectively. The extract was tested for anti-inflammatory activity by determination of inhibitory activity on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cell lines. We found that A. bracteolata has a strong inhibitory effect on the production of NO and tumor necrosis factor-\α (TNF-\α). The plant extract of A. bracteolata inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To explore the mechanism responsible for the inhibition of iNOS, gene expression was analyzed by Real- Time PCR. A. bracteolata showed a decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment with the plant extract resulted in enhanced expression of Collagen 1 a (I) and Collagen IV in HDFs by regulating the mRNA levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and Matrix metalloproteinase-2. Conclusion: Thus, the present investigation scientifically validates the use of A. bracteolata in wound healing.

}, keywords = {A. bracteolata, Fibroblast, Keratinocytes, RAW 264.7, Scratch assay, Wound Healing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.169}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/394}, author = {Dinesh Murugan Girija and Mangathayaru Kalachaveedu and Rajasekaran Subbarayan and Preethi Jenifer and Suresh Ranga Rao} } @article {320, title = {Ashwagandha Root Extract Inhibits Acetylcholine Esterase, Protein Modification and Ameliorates H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Lymphocytes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {302-309}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {302}, abstract = {

Background: Herbs have long been the basis of medical treatment but the practice of herbalism is not strictly based on evidences gathered using scientific methods. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) is a traditional medicinal herb used in the treatment of various ailments. Objective: In current study we have evaluated the acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibitory and antioxidant potential of Ashwagandha root extract (ARE) in in-vitro and ex-vivo models to give a scientific base to its use in herbal medicine. Methodology: Simplest extraction e.g. maceration method was performed for preparation of extracts using methanol as solvent. Both in vitro and in vivo experimental trial were executed to evaluate the efficacy of root extract. Result and Discussion: ARE substantially scavenged free radicals and effectively prevented protein degradation as well as modification as studied by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Pre-treatment with ARE protected rat lymphocytes against H2O2-induced oxidative damage. H2O2 treatment resulted in DNA fragmentation and significantly decreased the activities of key antioxidant enzymes namely superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase while decreased and increased the content of glutathione and malondialdehyde, respectively. ARE pre-treatment almost reversed these changes indicating its efficiency to suppress hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Conclusion: The study provides the scientific basis of pleiotropic functions of Ashwagandha.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholine esterase, Antioxidants, Ashwagandha, DNA damage, Protein carbonylation, Rat lymphocytes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.52}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.52}, author = {Ajay Pal and Kandikattu Hemanth Kumar and Bharat Bhushan and Vinod Saharan} } @article {335, title = {Botanical Features for Taxonomic Evidence of Erythroxylum monogynum Dried Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {395-399}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {395}, abstract = {

Introduction: Erythroxylum monogynum belonging to family Erythroxylaceae is commonly found in southern parts of India. Traditionally, leaves of the plant possess high medicinal value and known for the treatment of diabetes, jaundice and to kill intestinal worms, which are scientifically reported. However, no elaborative pharmacognostic study of leaves has been performed yet. Objective: To pharmacognostically standardize the leaves by studying anatomical characters of transversal section and powdered leaves. Material and methods: Leaf samples were studied by macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical and preliminary phytochemical analysis as recommended by WHO. Results: Externally the leaves are elliptic - lanceolate, alternate, base attenuate, apex obtuse and entire margin. Internally it shows the presence of paracytic stomata confined to lower epidermis, conjoint, collateral arc shaped vascular bundles encircled by sclerenchyma, lignified fibers and xylem vessels with spiral thickening. Powder microscopy revealed the presence of epidermis with papillae, phytochemical and physicochemical of powdered drug proved useful to differentiate the powdered drug material. Conclusion: The establishment of botanical features of leaf material will be useful in identification and standardization of Erythroxylum monogyum in obtaining quality formulations.

}, keywords = {microscopy, Paracytic stomata, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, standardization, Vascular}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.67}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.67}, author = {Sabeena Hussain Syed and Ajay Gajanan Namdeo} } @article {357, title = {Botanical Pharmacognosy of Centella asiatica (Linn.)Urban}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {546-558}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {546}, abstract = {

Introduction: Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban is an important medicinal plant with rejuvenate properties, used in Ayurveda for promoting vitality and life. The plant is often considered as a \‘panacea\’ for several human ailments and the biological actions often has been ascribed to its pentacyclic triterpene compounds, mainly asiatic acid, madecassic acid and triterpene saponin-asiaticoside, madecassoside. The plant is also highly specialized for the richness of several micronutrients, iron, phosphorus, sodium, vitamin C, vitamin A, carotene and dietary fibers. Objectives: The present study was performed with the objectives of elaborating the macroscopic and histo-morpho diagnostic profile of Centella asiatica and to analyze the quantitative, and powder microscopic peculiarities to support its pharmacognostic characterization. Materials and Methods: Microscopic evaluation, quantitative standards and powder microscopy were carried out using the root, stolon, petiole and leaves. Results: Distribution of slightly lobed leaf margin with actinodromous major venation pattern, amphistomatic epidermis with animocytic stomata, distinctive contour of the midrib and petiole, occurrence of crystals in the idioblasts of the cortical parenchyma of root, stem, stolon, palisade and mesophyll. Vascular system with several free collateral bundles in the stem were features characteristic of the species. These findings in conjunction with reduction in lignified elements, arenchyma lacunae, sclerenchymatous netting in root, periphloematic sclereids in petiole, and stolon could be remarkable features diagnostic of the taxon. Conclusion: The present macroscopic and histo-anatomical observations of stem, root, stolon, petiole and leaves of Centella asiatica and powder microscopic, quantitative standards put forth could provide useful information for the regulatory aspects of the quality control measures of the crude drugs.

}, keywords = {Animocytic stomata, arenchyma, calcium oxalate, crystal idioblasts., periphloematic sclereids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.88}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.88}, author = {Madathilparambil Vasu Sudhakaran} } @article {374, title = {Chemical Constituents of Dracontomelon Dao (Blanco) Merr. et Rolfe}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {654-656}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {654}, abstract = {

Introduction: The leaves, twigs and flowers of Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. et Rolfe, an indigenous Philippine tree were investigated for their chemical constituents. Methods: The compounds were isolated by silica gel chromatography and their structures were identified by NMR spectroscopy. Results: Chemical investigation of D. dao led to the isolation of cardol (1), \β-sitosteryl-3\β-glucopyranoside-6, O-fatty acid esters (2), \β-sitosteryl fatty acid esters (3), and a mixture of \β-sitosterol (4a) and stigmasterol (4b) from the petiole; 1, a mixture of 4a and 4b, anacardic acid (5), triacylglycerols (6), monoacylglycerol (7), long-chain fatty acid esters (8), and linoleic acid (9) from the twigs; and a mixture of 4a and 4b, 5, 6, 8, long-chain fatty alcohols (10), and long- chain hydrocatbons (11) from the flowers of D. dao.The structures of 1 and 5 were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, while those of 2-4 and 6-11 were identified by NMR spectroscopy. Conclusion: This is the first report on the isolation of 1, 4b and 6-9 from D. dao.

}, keywords = {3-Alkylphenols, Anacardaceae, Anacardic Acid, B-Sitosteryl Fatty Acid Esters, B-Sitosteryl-3β-Glucopyranoside-6{\textquoteright}-O-Fatty Acid Esters, Cardol, Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) merr. Et Rolfe}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.103}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.103/index.html}, author = {Consolacion Y. Ragasa and Tyson C. Batarra and Julius Leonard A. Vivar and Mariquit M. De Los Reyes and Chien-Chang Shen} } @article {361, title = {Chemical Profile and Biological Activities of Essential oil of Aerial parts of Artemisia monosperma Del. Growing in Libya}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {578-586}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {578}, abstract = {

Background: From the bioactivity stand point Artemisia monosperma Del. is reputed to have antispasmodic and anthelmintic properties. Various types of secondary metabolites were reported in A. monosperma plants from different localities. Objective: The current study was planned aiming to investigate the influence of stage of development on the composition, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities of the essential oil derived from the aerial parts of the Libyan plants. Material and Methods: A. monosperma volatiles were hydro-distilled from aerial parts of Libyan plants, collected at different stages of growth: before flowering (A1), and at beginning (A2) and by the end (A3) of flowering stage. Yields ranged from 0.16-0.26 ml/100g fresh material (A3, highest). GC/FID and GC/MS analyses were performed. Results: Among 16-20 identified components (97.63-99.00\% of total composition), 11 were common in all samples. A1 and A2 showed close amounts of hydrocarbons (63.56 and 66.55\%), but lesser than A3 (88.36\%); monoterpenoids were mainly represented by sabinene (13.15-22.85\%), \β-pinene (9.00-24.03\%) and \β-cis-ocimene (3.73-12.92\%); while sesquiterpenoids appeared absent. Among oxygenated components (11.29, 31.08 and 35.44 \% in A3, A2 and A1), bornyl acetate was the major monoterpenoid (8.00-31.00\%, highest in A1); and the sesquiterpenoid, \β-eudesmol (8.01\%) was detected in A2 only. Moreover, A2 demonstrated significant antifungal effect against Aspergillus fumigatus and Geotricum candidum (MIC 0.98 and 0.24 \μg/ml). Conclusion: A3 exerted the highest anti-inflammatory activity as compared to the other volatiles. A1 restored the reduced blood GHS level in diabetic animals almost as efficiently as Vitamin E. The antioxidant activity of the volatiles is decreased during the flowering stage, being the highest before flowering (A1); this could be associated to the decreasing bornyl acetate content of the samples.

}, keywords = {Anti-oxidant, Antiinflammatory, Antimicrobial, Artemisia monosperma, Essential oil composition, GC-MS, Libya.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.92}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.92}, author = {Soheir Mohamed El Zalabani and Soad Hanna Tadros and Abeer Mohamed El Sayed and Areej Almaktouf Daboub and Amany Amen Sleem} } @article {364, title = {Chlorophyllin Treatment Against the Snail Lymnaea acuminata: A new tool in Fasciolosis Control}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {594-598}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {594}, abstract = {

Objective: To observe the toxicity of chlorophyllin against Lymnaea acuminata to control fasciolosis caused by liver fluke fasciola gigantica, very prominent in eastern region of Uttar Pradesh. Materials and Methods: Ten snails Lymnaea acuminata were placed in a glass aquarium containing 3 L of dechlorinated tap water. These snails were treated with different concentrations of chlorophyllin. Chlorophyll was extracted from spinach with the help of macerated leaves and kept for 2 h in 100\% ethanol at 55\ºC. Results: The results of the experiment showed that the photodynamically active chlorophyllin, at low concentration was able to kill the snails under exposure of solar radiation in summer season instead of winter season. In winter, extracted chlorophyllin toxicity against L. acuminata in sunlight (96 h LC50 91.82 mg L-1) /laboratory condition (96 h LC50 921.93 mg L-1) was less than pure chlorophyllin in sunlight (96 h LC50 12.05 mg L-1) /laboratory condition (96 h LC5019.22 mg L-1), respectively. In summer, pure chlorophyllin was more toxic in sunlight (96 h LC50 3.90 mg L-1) than laboratory condition (96 h LC50 7.18 mg L-1). Pure chlorophyllin is more than five times toxic than synthetic molluscicides. Treatment of chlorophyllin caused no toxic effect against the fish (Colisa fasciatus). The result presented in this paper is found very beneficial and ecologically safe, as a photodynamic substance chlorophyllin, which found in every green plant. Conclusion: Phytotherapy of snails by photodynamic water soluble chlorophyllin to control fasciolosis can be used as potent molluscicides with low cost and easily biodegradable.

}, keywords = {Chlorophyllin, Fasciola Gigantica, Fasciolosis, Lymnaea acuminata, Photodynamic Reaction., Plant Molluscicide}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.94}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.94/index.html}, author = {Kavita Singh and D.K. Singh and Vinay Kumar Singh} } @article {323, title = {Chronic Toxicity of Leaf Extract from Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {323-328}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {323}, abstract = {

Context: Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski. is a member of the family Asteraceae and has used traditionally in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Aim: The research was aimed to determine chronic toxicity of 80\% ethanolic leaf extract from S.trilobata (STLE). Materials and Methods: STLE at the doses of 200 or 400 mg/kg b. w. was oral given to the healthy Wistar rats daily for 90 days. Statistical analysis used: Statistical analysis was carried out using F-test (One-Way ANOVA) followed by Duncan\’s New Multiple Range Test. Results: STLE did not produce any signs or symptoms of chronic toxicity. And also, the mortal rat was not observed during a period of an observation. Furthermore, STLE did not alter the body weight, relative organ (liver, pancreas, kidney and heart) weight, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, platelet, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, blood cell characteristics, ultrastructure of RBC, and histological features of hepatic, pancreatic and renal tissues in the STLE treated rats comparing to control rats. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the leaf extract from S. trilobata exerts non chronic toxicity in rats and can be used safely as a traditional medicine or diet complement without any effect on hepatic and renal functions.

}, keywords = {Blood biochemistry, Chronic toxicity, Hematological values, Histological feature, S. trilobata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.55}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.55}, author = {Areeya Suchantabud and Teeraporn Katisart and Chusri Talubmook} } @article {253, title = {Comparative Antimicrobial Study of Ethanolic Extract of Leaf and Rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {208-212}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {208}, abstract = {

Introduction: Curcuma longa L., botanically related to ginger belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. It is extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha medicine as a home remedy for various diseases. Aim: The present study is to compare the antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extracts from rhizome and leaf of Curcuma longa Linn. Method: In vitro disc diffusion method and serial dilution method has been used to determine the antimicrobial potency against various bacterial pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis by comparing the zone of inhibition shown by both the test extracts at different concentration (25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml, 300 mg/ml) and there MIC value has been evaluated. Ethanol and Ampicillin were used as negative and positive control for the study. Result: The leaf and rhizome extract showed maximum zone of inhibition at 300 mg/ml concentration, which was about 7.6 mm and 8 mm on the bacterial strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa and least effectiveness for other bacterial strain such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. The recorded MIC value was at 6.25 mg/ml which showed 3.991\% inhibition for rhizome extract and 3.129\% inhibition for leaf extract. Conclusion: The rhizome extract was found to be more potent antimicrobial agent than the leaf extract and can be used in future studies.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, antimicrobial agent, Bacterial stain, Curcuma longa L, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Turmeric}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.35}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/302}, author = {Nikhil Singh and Sangeeta Gupta and Vaibhav Rathore} } @article {325, title = {Comparative in vitro Antidiabetic and Immunomodulatory Evaluation of Standardized Five Select Medicinal Herbs and Spectral Analysis of Boerhavia erecta L. (Nyctaginaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {336-344}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {336}, abstract = {

Aim: The present work compares standardized hydro-alcoholic extracts of root and stem parts of Boerhavia erecta L. (Nyctaginaceae), leaves of Plumeria acuminate R. Br. (Apocyanaceae), rhizomes of Alpinia galanga Sw. (Zingiberaceae), whole plant of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. (Plantaginaceae), fruits of Trapa natans L. (Trapaceae) for their in vitro antidiabetic and immunomodulatory activities, commonly used by the Trichigadi tribes (Kotas) of south India for various inflammatory disorders. Materials and Methods: Antidiabetic activity of these herbal extracts was assessed through inhibition of glycosylation of hemoglobin and glucose uptake in yeast cells methods at 50, 100 and 200 \μg/mL for 72 h. Their respective immunomodulatory activities were evaluated through preservation of heat and hypotonic induced hemolysis, nitroblue terazolium assay and by inhibition of TNF-\α and nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW cell lines. Results: B. erecta has shown least cytotoxicity (CTC50 15.7\%) and highest \% inhibition of TNF-\α (58.1) and NO (45.6), statistically significant (p\<0.01) to that of normal control. Also, B. erecta (BE), and P. acuminate (PA) exhibited relatively better IC50 values for TNF-\α and NO at a concentration less than their respective CTC50 values. Conclusions: Spectral analysis of chloroform fraction of BE hydro-alcoholic extract established the presence of biologically active molecule in it. Root and stem parts of BE extract not only proved to be safe but also demonstrated relatively better efficacy than other established medicinal herbs in selected immune models, may be due to flavonoids or phenolic groups. Further in vivo studies on active molecule of BE towards antidiabetic and immunomodulatory activity are warranted.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, NBT assay, Nitric oxide, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Quality control, TNF -α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.57}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.57}, author = {Suresh Kumar Karri and Angappan Sheela} } @article {238, title = {A Complete Pharmacognostical Profile of Rungia repens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {123-127}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {123}, abstract = {

Background: Rungia repens is one of the plants cited as \‘Parpata\’ in Ayurvedic literature and indicated as febrifuge, antitussive and vermifuge. Aim: To generate and ensemble data of physical parameters for ascertaining the identification and develop validated HPTLC method for quantification of kaempferol in R. repens. Materials and Methods: R. repens was studied for establishing pharmacognostic standards including macro and microscopical characters, physico-chemical analysis and quantification of kaempferol by HPTLC method. Results: It is a small, much branched, prostrate or sub-erect herb with lanceolate leaf and violet flowers. Microscopically root can be characterized by collenchymatous phloem associated with wide lignified xylem; stem by epidermis with simple and glandular trichomes and collenchymatous hypodermis; and leaf by epidermis embedded with cystoliths and bearing covering and glandular trichomes. Powdered drug can be typified by cystoliths, trichomes of aforementioned type, pollen grains and fragments of cork. Further studies revealed that brunt of heavy metal and microbial load in plant material was within permissible limits. Flavonoids and phenolics were found be major components. HPTLC method was developed for quantification of kaempferol using precoated silica gel plates as a stationary phase, and toluene: ethyl acetate: dichloromethane: formic acid: methyl ethyl ketone (5: 1: 1.5: 0.5: 0.8) as a mobile phase and scanning the plate at 254 nm. Conclusion: The distinctive quality profile data and validated HPTLC method tailored for Rungia repens using kaempferol as a marker, would aid as expedient measures for its evaluation.

}, keywords = {Ghati pitpapada, HPTLC, Kaempferol, Pharmacognostic study, Rungia repens}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.21}, url = {/fulltext/288}, author = {Karuna Modi and Mamta Shah} } @article {382, title = {Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Effects in Various Tissue Extracts of Plumbago zeylanica: Implications for Anticancer Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {706-712}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {706}, abstract = {

Introduction: Complex natural products are emerging as a potent alternate and complement in anticancer therapies due to its multiple mechanisms of action and minimal effects on nontarget cells/tissues. Some of the traditional herbal formulations contain Plumbago zeylanica L, (commonly known as Chitraka or Chitramoolam) to treat various disorders for centuries in Africa and Asia. Methods: The quantity of Plumbagin was detected in different tissues of P. zeylanica through HPTLC analysis. We evaluated and compared the alcoholic tissue extracts of leaf, stem and root of P. zeylanica with standard pure Plumbagin for its in vitro cytotoxic effects (metabolic viability; MTT assay) in A549 Lung cancer cells and antioxidant potential (DPPH free radical scavenging and total phenol content). RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis was performed in the most potent tissues of P. zeylanica demonstrating efficient pharmacological activity. Results: The root extract containing 1.3\% of plumbagin exhibited strongest scavenging potential with 50\% radical scavenging (IC50\ value of 3.99 g) in comparison with 35.85 g in stem (0.2\% Plumbagin) and 18.06 g in leaf with 0.00007\% Plumbagin. The in vitro cytotoxicity in A549 cells also showed that the root extract was most potent with an IC50\ value of 164.5\ g as compared to extracts from stem (IC50= 379.5\μg) and leaf (IC50= 274.9 g). Conclusion: The strong antioxidant potential shown by the P. zeylanica extract demonstrates its ability to protect the non-target (normal) cells against oxidative stress, while the cytotoxic effects suggest that it could inhibit the growth of cancerous cells. Further, transcriptome analysis predicted the expression of potent gene transcripts coding for quinone biosynthesis in the root tissues of P. zeylanica.

}, keywords = {A549 Cell Line, Alcoholic Root Extract, DPPH assay, HPTLC Quantification, Plumbagin, Transcriptome Analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.111}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.111/index.html}, author = {Balachandran Karpaga Raja Sundari and Srivani Telapolu and Bilikere S and Dwarakanath and Sadras. P. Thyagarajan} } @article {218, title = {Cytotoxic Compounds from Kibatalia gitingensis (Elm.) Woodson}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {8-13}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {8}, abstract = {

Ursolic acid (1), squalene (2), a mixture of \α-amyrin acetate (3a) and lupeol acetate (3b), and isoscopoletin (4), isolated from the dichloromethane extracts of the leaves and twigs of Kibatalia gitingensis, were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against three human cancer cell lines, breast (MCF-7) and colon (HT-29 and HCT-116), and a normal cell line, human dermal fibroblast-neonatal (HDFn), using the in vitro PrestoBlue cell viability assay. Compounds 1-4 exhibited strong cytotoxic activities against HT-29 cells with IC50 values ranging from 0.6931 to 1.083 \μg/mL. Furthermore, 1-4 were moderately cytotoxic against HCT-116 cells with IC50 values ranging from 4.065 to 11.09 \μg/mL. These compounds were least cytotoxic against MCF-7 cells with IC50 values ranging from 8.642 to 25.87 \μg/mL. The most cytotoxic against HT-29 cells, HCT-116 cells and MCF-7 cells are 2, 4 and 1, respectively.

}, keywords = {Apocynaceae, Cytotoxicity, HCT-116, HDFn, HT-29, Isoscopoletin, Kibatalia gitingensis, Lupeol acetate, MCF-7, PrestoBlue{\textregistered} cell viability assay., Squalene, Ursolic acid, α-amyrin acetate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.2}, author = {Mariquit M. De Los Reyes and Glenn G. Oyong and Vincent Antonio S. Ng and Chien-Chang Shen and Consolacion Y. Ragasa} } @article {423, title = {Cytotoxicity and Oral Acute Toxicity Studies of Litsea glutinosa C. B (ROB) Stem Bark Ethanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {880-886}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {880}, abstract = {

Background: Litsea glutinosa (Lauraceae) stem bark is widely used in folk medicine as a hepatoprotective, anti-diarrheal and anti-dysenteric drug but there is a lack of information about its toxicity. Objective: To evaluate cytotoxicity and acute toxicity of the stem bark ethanol extract (BEE). Materials and Methods: In vitro cytotoxicity of BEE was measured against breast adenocarcinoma, prostate, and colon carcinoma cell lines. In the acute toxicity tests, rats received oral doses of BEE as 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg/kg body weight. Mortality, signs of toxicity, body weight, food consumption, and gross findings were observed for 14 days. Blood samples were collected from anesthetized animals and used for hematological and biochemical parameters. Histopathological study was performed using liver and kidney samples. Results: The BEE does not show significant cytotoxic effect against the tested cell lines up to the range from 5 to 320 \μg/ml. In acute toxicity study, also lethality was not observed up to 3000 mg/kg b.w. No significant differences were noticed in body and organ weights and histopathology examinations between the control and treated groups. Conclusion: This study authenticates stem BEE may contain bioactive compounds of potential therapeutic significance which are relatively safe from toxic effects, and evidences the medicinal use of this plant in folk medicine.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Breast adenocarcinoma cell line, Haematology., Litsea glutinosa, MTT Assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.138}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/191}, author = {Arunodaya Hosahalli Sumithregowda and Krishna Venkatarangaiah and Kumaraswamy Malleshappa Honnenahally and Vinaykumar Nagenahalli Manjunath} } @article {219, title = {Cytotoxicity of Fucoidan from Three Tropical Brown Algae Against Breast and Colon Cancer Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {14-20}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {14}, abstract = {

Introduction: Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide that has a wide range of bioactivities including anti-cancer. This polysaccharide commonly is extracted from marine brown seaweed. There is lack of information on the fucoidan extracted from tropical brown algae and its anti-cancer activity. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to purify fucoidan from Sargassum sp., Turbinaria sp. and Padina sp., and to evaluate their cytotoxicity against breast cancer (MCF-7) and colon cancer cells (WiDr). Materials and Methods: Fucoidan extraction was conducted by using acid extraction method. Purified fucoidans were obtained by DEAE cellulose column chromatography and confirmed by HPLC and FT-IR spectrometry. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by using the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] -2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Results: Fucoidan from Sargassum sp. and Turbinaria sp. showed low cytotoxicity with IC50 ranging between 461-663 \μg/mL. Higher cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and WiDr was showed by fucoidan from Padina sp. with IC50 of 144 and 118 \μg/mL, respectively. While its IC50 against Vero cells was 501 \μg/mL.Standard fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus exhibited IC50 of 60, 63 and 211 \μg/mL against MCF-7, WiDr and Vero Cells, respectively. Although the IC50 was higher than that of standard fucoidan, Padina sp. fucoidan showed cytotoxicity comparable with standard fucoidan at concentrations below 100 \μg/mL. Conclusion: These results indicated that Padina sp.fucoidan showed potential selective cytotoxicity, and promising for the development of an anti-cancer compound.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, Colon cancer, Cytotoxicity., Fucoidan, Phaeophyta}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.3}, author = {Alim Isnansetyo and Fadilah Nor Laili Lutfia and Muhammad Nursid and Trijoko and Ratna Asmah Susidarti} } @article {428, title = {Determination of Antipyretic and Antioxidant Activity of Cassia occidentalis Linn Methanolic Seed Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {913-916}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {913}, abstract = {

Objective: To perform the pharmacognostical screening and determination of antipyretic and antioxidant activity of Cassia occidentalis L. Methanolic seed extract by different in-vitro models. Methods: The different pharmacognostical parameters were evaluated as per standard procedure. Finally, antipyretic (Brewer\’s Yeast Pyrexia model) and antioxidant activity (DPPH and Hydrogen Pyrode Method) was evaluated by adopting different methods. Results: The extracts showed a marked antipyretic effect (Figure 1) by causing a reduction in yeast-induced fever. Methanolic extract (400 mg/kg) showed the effect to the same degree as paracetamol (20 mg/kg, i.p.). The experimentally induced laboratory model was employed in evaluating the antipyretic activities of methanolic extracts of Cassia occidentalis L. The extract caused a better hypothermal activity against yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. Free radical scavenging activity of Cassia occidentalis L. was found because polyphenolic compounds present in plant contribute significantly to the total antioxidant capacity of the seed. Flavonoids play some important pharmacological roles against diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, inflammation and allergy. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that the methanolic seed extract of Cassia occidentalis L. possesses strong antipyretic and antioxidant activity. This study described many pharmacognostical features and antioxidant activity of seeds of Cassia occidentalis L. which will give a new direction for the future scientific research.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant., Antipyretic, Cassia occidentalis L., Pharmacological, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.143}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/196}, author = {Vijay Vikram Singh and Jainendra Jain and Arun Kumar Mishra} } @article {268, title = {Determination of Rubraxanthone in the Latex of Asam Kandis (Garcinia cowa Roxb) by Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {288-291}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {288}, abstract = {

Context: Rubraxanthone is a major compound found in Garcinia cowa Roxb which has various biological activities. This compound is likely to be responsible for the pharmacological activities of this plant. The latex of this plant was one of the source of this compound. To prevent counterfeiting, it is essential to develop a method of analysis to determine the levels of these compounds in the latex of G. cowa. Aims: To develop and validated a reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) technique for determination of rubraxanthone in the latex of G. cowa. Settings and Design: RP-HPLC analysis. Methods and Material: The sample was powdered and dissolve in methanol and then subjected to Reverse Phase High Performace Liquid Chromatoraphy (RP-HPLC). Separation was carried out in a reversed-phase column Shimadzu Shimp-pack VP\–ODS (4.6 x 250 mm). The elution was performed with isocratic solvent using formic acid 0.4 \% v/v in methanol (15:85) with a flow rate 1 ml/minute. The solvents used for the mobile phase were filtered through membrane filter (0.45 mm pore size) and degassed before use. Total running time was 20 minutes and the sample injection volume of injection was 20 ml. While the wavelength of the UV-VIS detector was set at 243.2 nm. Results: The detection and the quantitation limits of rubraxanthone were 1.119 mg/mL and 3.731 \μg/mL, respectively. A regression analysis was performed, with the observation of good linearity (r = 0.998). The values obtained for precision and accuracy determination are in agreement with ICH guidelines. It was found that rubraxanthone in dichloromethane extract of latex G. cowa was 56.56\%. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that the developed method is a reliable HPLC technique for determination of rubraxanthone in the latex of G. cowa.

}, keywords = {Counterfeiting, Isocratic method, Latex of Garcinia cowa Roxb, RP-HPLC, rubraxanthone, Standarization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.50}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/317}, author = {Dachriyanus and Nova Susanti Asjar and Meri Susanti} } @article {237, title = {Differentiation of Five Commercially Available Triphala churnas of an Ayurvedic Formulation by Elemental Fingerprint}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2016}, pages = {117-122.}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {117}, abstract = {

Introduction:Triphala churna (TPC) is one of the well known Ayurvedic powdered preparations of Indian System of Medicine and is used in the treatment of various diseases. Elemental pattern of TPC was developed in order to investigate the identity and quality of commercial TPC drugs. Method: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for the quantitative determination of ten essential and trace elements in five marketed samples of Triphala churna. The concentration patterns of these elements were deciphered by multivariate statistical analysis such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), fuzzy c-means (FCM) and k-means (KM) cluster analysis. Results: The elemental concentrations ranged from 1.3 mg/kg (Cr, TPC3) to 14220 mg/kg (K, TPC4). The elemental fingerprint of Triphala churna was established based on three churnas viz. TPC1, TPC3 and TPC5, which were found in one cluster with a very high degree of similarity by KM, FCM and HCA techniques. Conclusion: Based on the results, the graphical pattern of elements detected in these samples can be considered as elemental fingerprint of Triphala churna and can be used for authentication and/or to determine the quality of commercial TPC drugs.\ 

}, keywords = {Ayurvedic Drugs, Elemental Fingerprint, Fuzzy c-Means, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, k-Means, Triphala churna}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.20}, author = {Venkata Siva Satyanarayana Kantamreddi and V. Thirumala Veni and Murali Krishna Malasani and Boddana Simhachalam} } @article {406, title = {DNA Fingerprinting Profile and Quality Control Standardization of Folklore Medicinal Plant Exacum lawii}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {775-785}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {775}, abstract = {

Context and Aim: Exacum lawii (Gentianaceae) is bitter folk medicinal herb. The study deals with molecular investigation by DNA fingerprinting profile of Exacum lawii, quality control and phytochemical standardization of Exacum lawii. Methods: The DNA fingerprinting profile was performed by RAPD technique using 3 pairs of primers. The quality control standardization was done as per the WHO guidelines and official methods of AOAC. Phytochemical standardization employed quantitative estimations of phytoconstituents by spectrophotometric and identification using GCMS technique. The quantification of Swertiamerin and Ursolic acid in Exacum lawii was carried by HPLC. Results: Macroscopical and microscopical examination confirmed the diagnostic morphological and histological features. The content of vitamins, minerals and fatty acids were estimated. Physicochemical parameters obtained within the provided limits as per WHO. The phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract and its fraction revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides and steroids Total phenolics (57.4mg/g tannic acid equivalent), total tannins (15.3 mg/gm), total flavonoids (51.4 mg/gm rutin equivalent), total flavonols (5.4 mg/gm) and carbohydrates (12.6 mg/gm D-fructose equivalent) content were estimated using spectroscopic techniques. The GC-MS data revealed 20 compounds. Swertiamerin and Ursolic acid content was 119.59 mg/gm and 5.34 mg/gm respectively. Conclusion: Present study provides the referential information to develop a monograph for quality control standardization of Exacum lawii.

Key words: Exacum lawii, DNA fingerprinting, Swertiamerin, Ursolic acid, GC-MS.

}, keywords = {DNA fingerprinting, Exacum lawii, GC-MS., Swertiamerin, Ursolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.122}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/175}, author = {Sonam Sharma and Siva Hemalatha} } @article {341, title = {Effects of Rainfall on the Antimicrobial Activity and Secondary Metabolites Contents of Leaves and Fruits of Anadenanthera colubrina from Caatinga Area.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {435-440}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {435}, abstract = {

Background: Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan var. cebil (Griseb) is a plant widely used for medicinal proposes in Brazilian Northeast. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the influence of rainfall indexes (RI) in antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of extracts from leaves and fruits of A. colubrina. Material and Methods: Samples were collected in Catimbau National Park (Bu\íque, Pernambuco, Brazil) at September 2010 (RI: 75 mm) and January (RI: 65 mm), April (RI: 162 mm) and June 2011 (RI: 73 mm). The extracts were prepared by Soxhlet extraction using cyclohexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. The antimicrobial activity was determined by MIC and MBC values. Results: All extracts showed antimicrobial activity, but ethyl acetate extracts (from all periods) were more active. Strong correlations were found between the RI and the average MIC of MLE (\ρ: -0.99), EALE (\ρ: -0.81), CHFE (\ρ: -0.81), EAFE (\ρ: -0.80); while moderate and weak correlations were found for other extracts. Through a HPLC analysis was possible to reveal that the samples collected from dry periods had more chemical diversity (as they presented more peaks). Gallic acid and quercetin (and derivative compounds) were identified. The levels of quercetin were enhanced in extracts from dry months. Conclusion: Our results showed that the rainfall has a positive effect on the antimicrobial activity of leaves and fruits of A. colubrina, however these extracts showed more chemical diversity during dry months.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial agents, Medicinal plants, Natural products, Semi arid area}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.73}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.73}, author = {Daniel Rodrigo Cavalcante de Ara{\'u}jo and Lu{\'\i}s Cl{\'a}udio Nascimento da Silva and Wolfgang Harand and J{\'u}lia Morais Fernandes and Thaciane da Cunha Soares and Silvana Maria Zucolotto Langassner and Raquel Brandt Giordani and Rafael Matos Ximenes and Alexandre Gomes da Silva and M{\'a}rcia Vanusa da Silva and Maria Tereza dos Santos Correia} } @article {450, title = {Evaluation of Anti Arthritic Potential of Gloriosa superba (L.) Elite Germplasm Collected from Eastern Himalayas, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s87-s92}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s87}, abstract = {

Introduction: Gloriosa superba (L.) is a traditionally known medicinal plant for its potential antigout property. The species is rich source of colchicine alkaloid and is commercially exploit in the international market for the same. Method: In the present study, elite chemotype of G. superba was identified from natural population in Eastern Himalayas based on their colchicine content through HPTLC calibrated method. The selected elite chemotypes were further evaluated for in vitro anti-arthritic potential via inhibition of protein denaturation along with hydroxyl radical scavenging potential. Result: The HPTLC quantification data reveals that the content of colchicine varies from 0.044 to 0.184\% having maximum content in NBG-128 from Jorhat, Assam. The results of bioassay reflect a potentiating anti-arthritic and hydroxyl radical scavenging with statistically insignificant difference within the elite germplasms. Conclusion: The presence of bioactive polyphenolics with significant hydroxyl radical scavenging will further suggest that inhibition of inflammatory mediator cells by extract is superimposed action of colchicine and other chemical inhibitors like polyphenolics. The study will aid in site specific exploration of high metabolite yielding chemotype(s) with validated pharmacological action for commercial cultivation to meet out the industrial demand of colchicine and herbal product development.

}, keywords = {Anti arthritic, Colchicine, Elite chemotype, G. superba, HPTLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.162}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/387}, author = {Ankita Misra and Akanksha Srivastava and Mohammad Khalid and Poonam Kushwaha and Sharad Srivastava} } @article {372, title = {Evaluation of Anti-Anxiety Effect of Brassica oleracea L. Extracts in Experimental Animals}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {638-643}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {638}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oxidative stress in the brain causes nervous system impairment. Hence the use of antioxidants could be an effective approach to prevent disorders such as anxiety. Plants containing phenolic constituents are reported to be potent antioxidants. Brassica oleracea L. commonly known as broccoli, is rich in phenolics mainly flavonoids and possesses excellent antioxidant property, however its anxiolytic potential has not been investigated. Thus in the present study antianxiety activity of extracts of broccoli was evaluated in experimental animals. Materials and Methods: Various pharmacognostic parameters of the plant material were studied following standard procedures. Groups of six mice each were taken as different treatment groups. Control group received vehicle (1\% Carboxy Methyl Cellulose), positive control received Diazepam (2mg/kg) as standard drug while test groups received petroleum ether and hydroalcoholic extracts (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight, p.o.). The effects were evaluated on Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), hole board and mirror chamber tests. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA, followed by Turkey\’s post-hoc test. Results: Hydroalcoholic extract shows dose dependent increase in the average time spent and frequency of entries in the open arms of the EPM; decreased latency, increased time spent and frequency of entries in the mirror chamber; increased number of head dips in hole board test as compared to control was observed. These effects were comparable to the effect produced by diazepam. Phytochemical screening of the bioactive extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids and tannins. Conclusion: From our study, it can be concluded that hydroalcoholic extract of Brassica oleracea at the dose of 200 mg/kg possesses marked anxiolytic activity.

}, keywords = {Antianxiety, Brassica oleracea, Elevated Plus Maze, Hole Board, Mirror Chamber Test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.101}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.101/index.html}, author = {Divneet Kaur and Richa Shri and Anjoo Kamboj} } @article {330, title = {Evaluation of in-vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Ximenia americana, Hopea ponga and Vitex leucoxylon}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {367-371}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {367}, abstract = {

Objective: Evaluating Anthelmintic activity of Ximenia americana, Hopea ponga and Vitex leucoxylon extracts by using in vitro assay. Methods: The serial exhaustive extraction was carried out with a series of solvents: chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol and water with increasing polarity using Soxhlet apparatus. The concentrated and dried extracts were evaluated for anthelmintic activity by employing standard in vitro method (Pheretima Posthuma model). Results: In vitro anthelmintic study shows that in case of Ximenia americana chloroform extract showed higher anthelmintic activity where as incase of Hopea ponga and Vitex leucoxylon methanol extract exhibited significant activity when compared to other solvent extracts. Conclusion: Results confirm that methanol extract of Hopea ponga exhibited highest anthelmintic activity among all tested extracts. This study provides scientific evidence that the leaves of Ximenia americana, Hopea ponga and Vitex leucoxylon have anthelmintic efficacy. However further comprehensive chemical and pharmacological investigation should be carried out to isolate the active compounds and appropriate elucidation of its mechanism of action and it helps in the development of new pharmaceuticals to treat Helminthiasis.

}, keywords = {Hopea ponga, in vitro anthelmintic activity, Pheretima Posthuma model, Vitex leucoxylon, Ximenia americana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.62}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.62}, author = {Arun Kashivishwanath Shettar and Ankala Basappa Vedamurthy} } @article {228, title = {Evaluation of Lens Aldose Reductase Inhibitory and Free Radical Scavenging Potential of Fractions of Lonchocarpus cyanescens: Potential for Cataract Remediation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {62-69}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {62}, abstract = {

Introduction: Current research effort at discovering effective anticataract agent is focus on evaluating Aldose reductase inhibition (ARI) capacities of medicinal plants and plant extracts. The present study was aimed at investigating the in vitro ARI activity of fractions of Lonchocarpus cyanescens leaves on partially purified AR from goat lens. Methods: Phytochemical constituents of the leaves were screened for using aqueous and methanolic extract while in vitro free radical scavenging and ARI activities of the fractions were evaluated using partially purified aldose reductase. Kinetics of the enzyme in the presence of fractions of the leaves was then compared using Lineweaver-Burk plot. Results: Phenol, flavonoid, tannins and phlobatannins were detected in both extracts. All the fractions inhibited AR significantly but this was strongest with aqueous (IC50, 0.06 \± 0.02 mM-1 and chloroform fractions (IC50, 0.09 \± 0.01 mM-1). Ethyl acetate, hexane and methanol fraction showed competitive inhibition whereas the aqueous and chloroform fractions showed mixed inhibition with a different Vmax and Km when compared with DL-glyceraldehyde. All the fractions also showed antioxidant capacities but this was also strongest with aqueous fraction. Conclusion: The study confirms the ARI and antioxidant capacity of Lonchocarpus cyanescens which may be attributed to its phenolic constituents and whose extraction is solvent dependent. The plant may therefore serve as a base for the development of anticataract agent.

}, keywords = {Aldose reductase, Cataract, Free radical, Medicinal plant, Phytochemical constituents.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.12}, author = {Emmanuel Oladipo AJANI and Saheed SABIU and Kuburat Temitope ODUFUWA and Taiwo Bashir Ibrahim and Bamidele Adewale Salau} } @article {351, title = {An examination of the Antimicrobial and Anticancer Properties of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. Bark Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {504-518}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {504}, abstract = {

Background: Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. is a common component of the pharmacopeia\’s of multiple African groupings which inhabit the areas in which it grows. Amongst these groups there is a myriad of medicinal uses in the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial, fungal and protozoal infections, as well as in the treatment of cancers. This study was undertaken to test K. senegalensis bark extracts for the ability to inhibit microbial and cancer cell growth, and thus to validate traditional African medicinal usage of this plant in treating a variety of diseases. Materials and Methods: K. senegalensis bark powder was extracted by both solvent maceration and subcritical fluid extraction (SFE). The extracts were tested for the ability to inhibit bacterial and G. duodenalis growth. Inhibition of Caco-2 and HeLa cancer cells was evaluated using MTS-based colorimetric cell proliferation assays. Toxicity was evaluated using an Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay and GC-MS headspace analysis was used to identify phytochemical components. Results: K. senegalensis bark extracts displayed strong inhibitory activity against bacterial triggers of several autoimmune inflammatory diseases. The growth inhibitory activity of the methanolic and subcritical extracts was particularly noteworthy against P. mirabilis (MIC values of 185 and 211\μg/mL, respectively against the reference strains). These extracts were similarly potent growth inhibitors of K. pneumoniae and A. baylyi\ and were moderate inhibitors (MIC \>1000\μg/mL) of P. aeruginosa and S. pyogenes growth. The methanolic and subcritical K. senegalensis extracts were also potent inhibitors of G. duodenalis (187 and 328\μg/mL, respectively), as well as Caco-2 (268 and 470\μg/mL, respectively) and HeLa carcinomas (155 and 174\μg/mL, respectively). GC-MS analysis of the SFE extract revealed relative abundances of a variety of mono- and sesquiterpenoids. Furthermore, all K. senegalensis bark extracts were non-toxic in the Artemia franciscana toxicity assay, indicating their safety for therapeutic use. Conclusion: These studies validate traditional African therapeutic usage of K. senegalensis in the treatment of microbial infections, autoimmune inflammatory diseases and some cancers.

}, keywords = {African mahogany, Anti bacterial activity, Anti-cancer activity, Anti-proliferative activity, Giardia duodenalis, Meliaceae, Sub-critical fluid extraction, Terpenoid.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.82}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.82}, author = {Camille Rabadeaux and Lou Vallette and Joseph Sirdaarta and Craig Davis and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {1130, title = {Extracellular-Signal Regulated Kinase Signalling Pathway Mediates the Increased Proliferation of EPCs Treated with Garlic (Allium sativum) Extract, Purple Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) Extract and Vitamin C}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {442-447}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {442}, abstract = {

The endothelial progenitor cell (EPCs) proliferation capability is reduced in the patient with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD). Garlic (Allium sativum), purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), and vitamin C are proven antioxidant which potentially improve EPCs proliferation ability. Objective: To investigate the effect of garlic (Allium sativum), purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), and vitamin C in EPCs proliferation from CAD patients and identify the involvement of Extracellular-Signal Regulated Kinase (ERK) Signalling Pathway. Material and Method: Mononuclear cells were isolated from SCAD patients and cultivated with colony-forming unit (CFU)-Hill medium and divided into untreated (control), garlic extract (10 mcg/ml and 100 mcg/ml), purple sweet potato extract (1 mcg/ml and 25 μg/ml), and vitamin C (10 μg/ml and 250 μg/ml). EPCs proliferation was measured using the MTT Assay. Results: This research shows that EPCs proliferation was increased in the treatment with garlic extract at 10 mcg/ml and 100 mcg/ml dose (0.267 {\textpm} 0,003 and 0.391 {\textpm} 0.008 ; p \< 0.05), purple sweet potato extract at 1 mcg/ml and 25 μg/ml dose (0.250 {\textpm} 0.005 and 0.3562 {\textpm} 0.023 ; p \< 0.001), and vitamin C at 10 μg/ml and 250 μg/ml dose (0.259 {\textpm} 0.016 and 0.306 {\textpm} 0.022 ; p \< 0.001). Increased ERK expression was found in the treatment with garlic extract, purple sweet potato extract and vitamin C. Conclusion: Garlic extract, purple sweet potato extract, and vitamin C can increase EPC proliferation through the ERK signaling pathway.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Endothelial Progenitor, ERK, Proliferation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.68}, author = {Yudi Her Oktaviono and Alisia Yuana Putri and Makhyan Jibril Al-Farabi and Yesita Rizky Firmansyah and Ferry Sandra} } @article {348, title = {Fractionation and α-glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Fractions from Garcinia hombroniana Pierre Leaves Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {488-492}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {488}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus become one of the biggest global health problems of the 21st century. Type 2 diabetes play role for the majority of cases of diabetes worldwide which is characterized by the increase of postprandial blood glucose level. Maintaining postprandial glucose level through inhibition of \α-glucosidase is one of the essential strategies in the treatment of diabetes. Inhibitory effect of \α-glucosidase was commonly used to identify active compounds potentially to treat diabetes. Natural resources have potency as antidiabetic that can be used in diabetes treatment. Objective: The objective of the study is to separate active fraction in the crude extract of Garcinia hombroniana leaves to facilitate obtaining a pure biologically active compound as the \α-glucosidase inhibitor. Methods: Fractionation to separate active fraction was performed using column and thin layer chromatography methods while \α-glucosidase inhibitory activity assay was performed in vitro using spectrophotometric methods at \λ 400 nm. Results: Ethyl acetate and methanol extract of G. hombroniana yielded 14 and 12 fractions, respectively. Two fractions with the higher percent inhibition compared to other factions are fraction 8 from ethyl acetate extract (FEA8) and fraction 3 from methanol extract (FM3). The IC50 values of FEA8, FM3 and acarbose are 16.370 \μg/mL, 59.042 \μg/mL, and 39.534 \μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: Fraction 8 from ethyl acetate extract of G. hombroniana leaves (FEA8) was separated and known in this study as the most bioactive \α-glucosidase inhibitor agent compared with another extract, fractions, and acarbose.

}, keywords = {Column chromatography, Diabetes mellitus, Fractionation, Thin layer Chromatography, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.79}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.79}, author = {Nita Triadisti and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya} } @article {371, title = {GC-MS analysis of Tasmannia lanceolata Extracts which Inhibit the Growth of the Pathogenic Bacterium Clostridium perfringens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {626-637}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {626}, abstract = {

Introduction: Clostridium perfringens is the etiological agent of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. Infections result in exotoxin production, tissue necrosis and unless promptly treated, often result in death. Methods: Tasmannia lanceolata extracts were investigated for C. perfringens growth inhibitory activity by disc diffusion analysis and MIC determination. Toxicity was evaluated by Artemia nauplii bioassay and the most potent extracts were phytochemically evaluated by GC-MS headspace analysis. Results: All T. lanceolata berry and leaf extracts displayed potent C. perfringens growth inhibition. The berry extracts were more potent growth inhibitors than the corresponding leaf extracts, although the leaf extracts were also potent growth inhibitors. The berry aqueous, methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 654, 65 and 329 \μg/mL respectively. T. lanceolata leaf also displayed good efficacy, with an MIC of 839, 1255 and 625 \μg/mL for the aqueous, methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts respectively. All extracts were nontoxic in the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with LC50 values substantially \> 1000 \μg/mL. Non-biased GC-MS analysis of the aqueous, methanolic and ethyl acetate berry extracts revealed the presence of high relative levels of a diversity of terpenoids. Conclusions: The lack of toxicity of the T. lanceolata extracts and their potent growth inhibitory bioactivity against C. perfringens indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. GC-MS metabolomic profiling studies indicate that these extracts contained a diversity of terpenoids, with monoterpenoids being particularly abundant.

}, keywords = {Enteritis necroticans, Gas gangrene, Myonecrosis, Tasmannia Lanceolata, Winteraceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.100}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.100/index.html}, author = {Mitchell Henry Wright and Cameron Jay Lee and Megan Sarah Jean Arnold and Joseph Shalom and Alan White and Anthony Carlson Greene and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {230, title = {GC-MS headspace analysis of Terminalia ferdinandiana fruit and leaf extracts which inhibit Bacillus anthracis growth}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {73-82}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Background: Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) is an endemic Australian plant with an extremely high antioxidant capacity. The fruit has long been used by the first Australians as a nutritional food and as a medicine and recent studies have reported its potent growth inhibitory activity against a broad panel of bacteria. Despite this, T. ferdinandiana extracts are yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. Materials and Methods: Solvent extracts were prepared using both the fruit and leaf of Kakadu plum. The ability to inhibit the growth of B. anthracis was investigated using a disc diffusion assay. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. The most potent extracts were investigated using non-targeted GC-MS head space analysis (with screening against a compound database) for the identification and characterisation of individual components in the crude plant extracts. Results: Solvent extractions of T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf displayed good growth inhibitory activity in the disc diffusion assay against B. anthracis. Fruit ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 451 and 377\μg/mL respectively. The fruit methanolic and chloroform extracts, as well as the aqueous leaf extracts also were good inhibitors of B. anthracis growth, albeit with lower efficacy (MIC values of 1800 and 1414 \μg/mL respectively).The aqueous fruit extract and leaf chloroform extracts had only low inhibitory activity. All other extracts were completely devoid of growth inhibitory activity. Furthermore, all of the extracts with growth inhibitory activity were nontoxic in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay, with LC50 values \>1000 \μg/mL. Non-biased GC-MS phytochemical analysis of the most active extracts (fruit ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf) putatively identified and highlighted several compounds that may contribute to the ability of these extracts to inhibit the growth of B. anthracis. Conclusions: The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana fruit ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf extracts, as well as their potent growth inhibitory bioactivity against B. anthracis, indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of anthrax.

}, keywords = {Anthrax, Bacillus anthracis, Combretastatin, Kakadu plum, Metabolomics., stilbene, Tannin, Zoonotic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.14}, author = {Mitchell Henry Wright and Joseph Sirdaarta and Alan White and Anthony Carlson Greene and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {339, title = {Genetic variability and relationship studies of Ber Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. F.) using morphological and molecular markers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {417-424}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {417}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ber (Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. F.) is the most commonly occurring branched thorny shrub species in the Indian desert. A total of 10 Zadber accessions collected from different agroclimatic regions of India, were evaluated for phenotypic and genotypic variations using morphological and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. Materials And Methods: Morphological characterization was done using descriptors and Molecular characterization studies was done with fifty primers of University of British Columbia (UBC) procured from Geno Biosciences Pvt. Ltd., were used for ISSR-PCR optimisation trials. Eleven primers, which gave the best amplification results with the sample DNA, were selected for final ISSR-PCR analysis. Results: Significant variability was observed in the selected Zadber accessions by the analysis of five quantitative and 25 qualitative morphological characters of leaves, fruits and seeds. ISSR markers also showed polymorphism (86.58\%). Jaccard\’s genetic similarity value of ISSR was found in the range of 0.45-0.77 (average 0.61) suggesting moderate level of genetic diversity within the Zadber group. Two of the eleven ISSR primers were also able to generate cultivar specific amplicons, which may be used for identification of accessions Zadber-5 and Zadber-8. Conclusion: The present study revealed that morphological and molecular markers can be successfully utilized for determining genetic diversity and genetic relationship of Zadber cultivars and used in breeding programmes.

}, keywords = {Genetic variability, ISSR, Morphology, UPGMA, Zadber}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.71}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.71}, author = {Yashmin Akhtar and Ravish Choudhary and Kailash Chandra Sharma and Manju Sharma} } @article {369, title = {Hindering Effect of Resveratrol on Oxidative Changes and Na+K+-ATPase activity in Rat Hepatocytes Exposed to Prenatal stress}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {615-620}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {615}, abstract = {

Introduction: The fetal programming hypothesis states that conditions during pregnancy, including stress, will have long-term effects on adult health, probably via epigenetic mechanisms. Methodology: Pregnant rats were subjected to restrain stress either during early or late pregnancy with and without resveratrol. Blood and liver tissues were collected from 40 days old offsprings of the above rats to study the prenatal effect on corticosterone, and stress development. Results: It was found that levels of corticosterone advanced protein and lipid oxidation products, GSHRx, increase significantly in offsprings of stressed rats and decreased on intervention with resveratrol, whereas total antioxidants, vitamin C, GSH, SOD and Na+K+- ATPase decreased with stress and increase on resveratrol intervention as compared to controls. Conclusion: The alterations may be due to the effect of stress on HPA axis. Results also support the prevention/protective effect of resveratrol on oxidative stress and may be used as a measure to prevent the metabolic changes in adult life due to prenatal stress.

}, keywords = {Cortisol, Na+K+-ATPa, Oxidative Changes, Prenatal Stress, Resveratrol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.98}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.98/index.html}, author = {Gayathri Megashyam Rao and Sudhanshu Sekhar Sahu and Beena Vichithra Shetty} } @article {449, title = {Histo-Chromatographic Finger Printing Profiles of the Root of Plumbago zeylanica Linn and Quantification of Marker Compound, Plumbagin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s77-s86}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s77}, abstract = {

Background: Plumbagin, a plant-derived naphthoquinone is known to be biosynthesized by polyacetate-malonate pathway. The ayurvedic drug Chitraka is obtained from the medicinal plant Plumbago zeylanica Linn, which belongs to the family Plumbaginaceae. The Chitraka is found used in the traditional forms of medicine for the treatment of various illnesses, since ancient times. Aim: The present study concerns the microscopic, powder and quantitative microscopic characteristics of the root of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Materials and Methods: Delimiting the morpho-histological profile of the root using digital, stereo and polarized microscopic techniques and to develop the chromatogram of the extract of the root of Plumbago zeylanica Linn using High performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method. Results: The presence of cortical deposition of plumbagin pigment as yellowish tints in the surface view of the sections of root, arrangement of starch grains as bunches of grapes in cortical tissues and ray parenchyma, crystal idioblasts containing calcium oxalate embedded in the intervening walls of the cortical cells, distinct band or patch of sclreids at the pericyclic region of the phloem, wood with non-storied cambium, distinct growth ring boundaries, paratracheal axial parenchyma, chains of vessels in radial multiplies of three to four, uniseriate to biseriate medullary rays with homogeneous cells, crowding of vessels at the central portion of secondary xylem, wood plugged with tylosis and low mesomorphy ratio for wood were the anatomical features characteristics of the taxon. The HPTLC profile of the methanol extract of root developed using the mobile phase, n-hexane:ethyl acetate (8:2 v/v) had revealed four phytoconstituents. The Rf value for plumbagin (C11H8O3) was found to be 0.86. Densitometric scanning had shown \λmax of plumbagin at 270 nm. Spectral matching by overlaying the spectra of both standards and extract of root sample were confirmed the specificity of \λmax at 270 nm for the marker compound. The calibration curve was found to be linear in the concentration range of 2.00 to 10.00 \μg/ band with the polynomial calibration equation Y=178.8+91.61*X+-4.825*X2 and estimated that 5 \μL of methanol extract of roots contained 1.326 \μg of plumbagin. Thus the content of marker constituent (plumbagin) present in shade-dried roots of Plumbago zeylanica Linn (a Kerala habitant) was estimated as 0.179\%. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the delineated characteristics of the roots of Plumbago zeylanica Linn could tag as the identifying parameters to substantiate and authenticate the raw drugs from the spurious/adulterants materials and developed HPTLC method could be effectively used for the regulatory perspectives and quality assessment of plumbagin in the polyherbal formulation/finished products of traditional medicine.

}, keywords = {Axial Parenchyma, Calibration Curve, Mesomorphy Ratio, Plumbagin, Tylosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.161}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/386}, author = {Madathilparambil Vasu Sudhakaran} } @article {318, title = {Cuminum cyminum {\textendash} A Popular Spice: An Updated Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {292-301}, type = {Review article}, chapter = {292}, abstract = {

Spices are bio-nutrient supplements that enhance the taste, flavor and aroma of food and also treat several diseases. Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) is one such most popular spice that is used as a culinary spice for their special aromatic effect. Cumin is a traditional and much used spice from Middle Ages because it was an icon of love and fidelity. Cumin is available in different appearances such as anise, fennel and black cumin and the difference between them is their characteristics. The proximate analysis of the cumin seeds reveals that they contain fixed oil, volatile oils, acids, essential oils, protein and other elements. In cumin, contains an important component such as pinene, cymene, terpinene, cuminaldehyde, oleoresin, thymol and others that have shown their uses according to the disease. Cumin has proved several benefits with the help of availability of nutrients. It is an important element of iron for energy, immunity systems, lactation and skin diseases. Cumin also shown various pharmacological effects but has some side effects. So, volatile plants generally come out as a complex mixture of less molecular weight lipophilic compounds that derived from different biosynthetic pathways and also contribute to a variety of physiological functions.

}, keywords = {Cumin, Cuminaldehyde, Cymene, Spice, Thymol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.51}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.51}, author = {Rudra Pratap Singh and Gangadharappa H.V. and Mruthunjaya K} } @article {408, title = {Immunomodulatory Activity of Bioactive Fraction (PBC) from Phyllostachys bambusoides}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {786-791}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {786}, abstract = {

Background: The lack of vaccines and limitations of currently available strategies demand a need to develop safe and efficacious immunomodulators. Phyllostachys bambusoides is traditionally used for various autoimmune and infectious disorders, a property possibly attributable to presence of flavonoids like orientin and iso-orientin. Objective: the objective of this study was, to search a potent immunomodulator which elicit both Th1 and Th2 immune response. Methods: The animals were (Balb/c) treated with the bioactive fraction (PBC) from P. bambusoides (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) for 14 days with SRBC (Sheep Red Blood Cells) as an antigen. Haemagglutination antibody (HA) titre, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, phagocytic index, NO production, analysis of cytokines in serum and CD80/ CD86 population in spleen. Results: PBC significantly enhanced the expression of IgM and IgG titre and DTH response in a dose dependant manner after 24 and 48 h in BALB/c mice with a maximum response at 200 mg/Kg. Besides humoral and cell mediated immunity, it also enhanced phagocytic index, nitric oxide production, which further leads to protection against Candida albicans infection. It also, enhanced the expression of CD80 and CD86 in splenic cells. Conclusion: Taken together these in vitro and in vivo data, our results suggest that PBC acts as an effective immunostimulator which specially enhances macrophage function during infection. This further supports the role of PBC in immunopharmacologic applications.

}, keywords = {Cytokine., Ha Titre, Immunostimulation, Macrophages, Phyllostachys Bambusoides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.123}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/176}, author = {Sunil Kumar and Gaurav Sharma and Amit Kumar} } @article {457, title = {In vitro Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity of Bridelia scandens (Roxb.)Willd}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s117-s121}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s117}, abstract = {

Natural products are emerging out as potent and alternative therapies for many diseases. Today herbs have become the part of mankind, because of its manifold ways in targeting diseased cells with minimal effects on normal cells and tissues. The present research investigated the in vitro antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective of B.scandens leaf. Preliminary phytochemical analysis exhibited the presence of most of the constituent in ethanol extract (BSE). Antioxidant capacity of various extracts of B.scandens was examined. DPPH assay revealed that ethanol extract has a good antioxidant with IC50 value of 31.68\μg/ml, whereas standard ascorbic acid with 8.78 \μg/ml. BSE revealed dose dependent response with increase in concentration for reducing power assay. ORAC assay directly measured the scavenging capacity and BSE (2485 trolox eq/gm) was found to be potent than other extracts. In vitro hepatoprotective activity was performed for BSE using MTT assay in BRL 3A cell line, which revealed nontoxic dose with CTC50 value more than 1000 \μg/ml. At the dose 200 \μg/ml, BSE and standard silymarin offered cell protection of 57\% and 76 \% respectively. Present study concludes that B.scandens leaf extract possess antioxidant potential and protect the liver cells against CCl4 damage. However in vivo studies are being carried out to validate the traditional usage of Bridelia scandens.

}, keywords = {Bridelia scandens, BRL3A, Hepatoprotective, MTT, ORAC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.167}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/392}, author = {Preetham Jinadatta and Kiran Sundera Raja Rao and Sharath Rajshekarappa and Sujan Ganapathy Pasura Subbaiah and Mruthunjaya Kenganora} } @article {426, title = {In vitro \& ex vivo Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity of Morinda citrifolia Linn (Noni) Fruit Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {900-905}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {900}, abstract = {

Background: Psychological problem is a key medical issue for numerous neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, for example, schizophrenia, Alzheimer\’s, dementia, seizure and Parkinsonism. Morinda citrifolia (Noni) has been utilized for a considerable length of time to cure or counteract assortment of diseases by conventional therapeutic professionals in Hawaii and Polynesia. Objective: The present study is focused to identify the neuroprotective activity of Morinda citrifolia fruit extract (MCFE) on in vitro and ex vivo animal model by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme target used for the treatment of Alzheimer\’s disease. Methods: Acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay was performed by in vitro \& ex vivo methods as described by Ellman et al. In vitro antioxidant assay of the extract was performed by DPPH free radical scavenging activity \& nitric oxide scavenging activity. Statistical analysis used: Statistical analysis was carried out using non linear regression analysis for plotting the line of best fit for the observed values using Graph- Pad Prism software. Results: By performing in vitro antioxidant assay the IC50 value of the standard quercetin was found to be 46.22 \μg/ml as compared to the MCFE which has an IC50 value of 43.14 \μg/ml for DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Similarly the IC50 value of the standard ascorbic acid was found to be 81.85 \μg/ml as compared to the MCFE which has an IC50 value of 148.0 \μg/ml for nitric oxide scavenging activity. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay was performed by in vitro method and the IC50 value of MCFE and neostigmine was found to be 31.84 \μg/ml \& 19.71 \μg/ml respectively. Conclusions: The present study investigated the neuroprotective activity of MCFE and it was identified by both in vitro and ex vivo techniques that the phytoconstituents has the ability to improve the learning and memory function by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, ex vivo., in vitro, Morinda citrifolia, Neuroprotective activity, Noni}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.141}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/194}, author = {Srikanth Jeyabalan and Kavimani Subramanian and Uma Maheswara Reddy Cheekala and Chitra Krishnan} } @article {234, title = {In vitro Studies on Basella rubra Different Extracts as Inhibitors of Key Enzymes Linked to Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2016}, pages = {107-111}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {107}, abstract = {

Enzyme, inhibiting carbohydrate metabolism and thereby decreasing glucose level is a class of drugs helpful in the management of type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Naturally existing \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase inhibitors from medicinally significant plants are shown to be effective in the management of postprandial hyperglycemia. In this investigation, leaf extract (BRLE), stem extract (BRSE), fruit extract (BRFRE) and flower extract (BRFLE) of Basella rubra were subjected to evaluate their antioxidant potential and their possible inhibitory effects on \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase. BRLE, BRSE, BRFRE, BRFLE (at concentration 100\μg/ml) exhibited 65.78, 56.84, 63.1, 61.03\% of \α-amylase inhibitory activity respectively with IC50 values of 71.66, 89.69, 73.68, 80.37 \μg/ml respectively. In the same way BRLE, BRSE, BRFRE, BRFLE (at concentration 100 \μg/ml) exhibited 97.63, 92.79, 82.17, 92.71 \% of \α-glucosidase inhibition with an IC50 value of 26.97, 28.53, 41.30, 38.80 \μg/ml respectively. Among the samples, the leaf extract of B. rubra registered higher content of total phenolics and flavonoids and also higher antioxidant activity in DPPH, nitric oxide and NBT radical scavenging assays. Though all the parts had shown potent inhibitory effects on \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase, the highest inhibitory potency was observed in the leaf extract of Basella rubra\ (p\<0.001).

}, keywords = {Basella rubra, Diabetes mellitus, Postprandial hyperglycemia, α-Amylase inhibitory activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.18}, author = {B. Samuel Thavamani and Vanitha Subburaj} } @article {243, title = {Inhibition Kinetics of Acetylcholinesterase and Phosphatases by the Active Constituents of Terminalia arjuna and Tamarindus indica in the Cerebral Ganglion of Lymnaea acuminata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {148-156}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {148}, abstract = {

Introduction: Paper demonstrates effect of the active molluscicidal components arjunolic acid (Terminalia arjuna bark) and procynadine (Tamarindus indica seed) on the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and phosphatases (ACP/ALP) in the cerebral ganglion of snail Lymnaea acuminata. Materials and Methods: Kinetics of AChE/ACP/ ALP inhibition in the cerebral ganglion of snail Lymnaea acuminata was studied via in vivo (40\% and 80\% of 96 h LC50) and in vitro treatments (0.3 g to 7.0 g) of the column purified fractions, arjunolic acid and procynadine. Results: In vivo exposure of procynadine and arjunolic acid significantly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in the cerebral ganglion of L. acuminata exposed to 80\% of 96h LC50. In in vitro treatment maximum inhibition in AChE/ACP/ALP activities in the cerebral ganglion of snail were noted when exposed to 7.0 g of arjunolic acid and 0.9 g of procynadine. Column purified fraction of T. arjuna bark and T. indica seed caused non-competitive and uncompetitive inhibition of AChE activity, respectively. Column purified fraction and arjunolic acid of T. arjuna bark caused uncompetitive inhibition of ACP while column purified fraction and procynadine of T. indica seed caused competitive inhibition. Competitivenon- competitive inhibition of ALP activity in the cerebral ganglion of L. acuminata was observed after treatment of column purified active components of both plants. Conclusions: The molluscicidal activity of T. arjuna bark (arjunolic acid) and T. indica seed (procynadine) against snail L. acuminata is due to the inhibition of AChE/ACP/ ALP. Their inhibition kinetics against AChE/ACP/ALP, were different in cerebral ganglion of snail.

}, keywords = {Arjunolic acid, Enzymes, Lymnaea acuminata, Procynadine, Tamarindus indica, Terminalia arjuna}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.25}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/292}, author = {Neelam Soni and Dinesh Kumar Singh and Vinay Kumar Singh} } @article {343, title = {Inhibition of Caco-2 and HeLa proliferation by Terminalia carpentariae C. T. White and Terminalia grandiflora Benth. extracts: Identification of triterpenoid components}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {441-451}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {441}, abstract = {

Background: Terminalia spp. are characterised by their high antioxidant capacities and many have anticancer activity. This study examines the anti-proliferative activity of T. carpentariae leaf and T. grandiflora leaf, fruit and nut extracts against Caco-2 and HeLa carcinoma proliferation. Materials and Methods: Powdered T. carpentariae leaf and T. grandiflora leaf, fruit and nut were extracted and tested for anti-proliferative activity against Caco-2 and HeLa cancer cell lines using colorimetric cell proliferation assays. Toxicity was evaluated using an Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. The extract with the most potent anti-proliferative activity was examined using GCMS analysis and triterpenoid compounds were identified by comparison with a compound database. Results: T. carpentariae leaf and T. grandiflora leaf, fruit and nut extracts displayed potent anti-proliferative activity against Caco-2 and HeLa carcinoma cells. The methanolic T. grandiflora leaf extract was particularly effective at blocking the proliferation of the colorectal carcinoma Caco-2 (IC50 = 372 \μg/mL). The methanol T. carpentariae and T. grandiflora leaf extracts were similarly potent inhibitors of HeLa cervical cancer cell proliferation with IC50 values of 864 and 833 \μg/mL respectively. The methanolic T. grandiflora fruit and nut extracts, as well as all aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts, were moderate to good inhibitors of carcinoma proliferation. In contrast, chloroform and hexane extracts were generally devoid of anti-proliferative activity. The methanolic T. grandiflora extracts displayed low toxicity in the Artemia nauplii bioassay. All other extracts were non-toxic. GC-MS analysis of the methanolic T. grandiflora leaf extract identified 3 lanostane and 2 pentacyclic triterpenoids. Conclusion: The low toxicity and anti-proliferative activity observed with the T. carpentariae and T. grandiflora extracts against Caco-2 and HeLa indicate their potential for the prevention and treatment of some cancers.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Australian plants, Caco-2, Chemotherapy, Combretaceae, HeLa, Native almond, Wild peach}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.74}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.74}, author = {Reece Courtney and J. Sirdaarta and A. White and I. E. Cock} } @article {249, title = {Investigation of cytotoxicity induced by Nigella sativa and Azadirachta indica using MDA-MB-231, HCT 116 and SHSY5Y cell lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {192-195}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {192}, abstract = {

Background: Indian herbal plants are widely used as medicine in the ancient ayurvedic and culinary purposes. Nigella sativa that also called as in black cumin is a flowering plant in the family ranunculiceae that is native to Southeast Asia. More recently Nigella sativa is also been used as anti cancer drug and protective agent against gamma radiation induced adverse effects in cell lines. Azadirachta indica commonly called as neem, is a tree belonging to mahogany family meliaceae. Azadirachta indica is also a traditional medicinal plant that used from a very long time in Indian ayurvedic and it is also been reported to have many beneficial effects including but not limited to anti-cancer and anti-diabetic effects. Objective: Find the IC50 values of Nigella sativa and Azadirachta indica ethanolic extracts in MDA-MB-231, HCT 116 and SHSY5Y cell lines. Methods: In this study we selected two cancerous cell lines (MDA-MB-231, HCT 116) and one neuronal cell line (SHSY5Y) and studied the effect of the two plant extracts namely Nigella sativa and Azadirachta indica on the cell metabolic activity. Results: This study revealed that cancerous cell lines are more prone to the plant extracts than the neuronal cell lines. These results suggest positive clues on how such medicinal plant extracts act against cancerous cells alone while affecting the normal cells to a limited extent. However, further studies are required to find if this effect is due to cytotoxicity, cytostaticity, or anti-adhesive property.

}, keywords = {Ayurvedic medicine, Cancer cells, Herbal plants, Neuronal cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.31}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/298}, author = {Sayani Banerjee and Shefali Pandey and Purbasha Mukherjee and Afia Sayeed and Apoorva Vasant Pandurangi and Shinomol George and Sahabudeen Sheik Mohideen} } @article {233, title = {In-vivo Hepatoprotective Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Sphaeranthus amaranthoides and Oldenlandia umbellate}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2016}, pages = {98-101}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {98}, abstract = {
Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro hepatoprotective activity of unexploited plants, Sphaeranthus amaranthoides and Oldenlandia umbellate\ on CCl4 induced liver injury, which are indigenous to South India. Methods: in the present study the methanolic extracts from Sphaeranthus amaranthoides and Oldenlandia umbellata were studied against the carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. Results: significant hepatoprotective effect was obtained against carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage as judged from serum marker enzyme activities (SGOT, SGPT, ALT, and TB) and a normal architecture of liver compare to toxic control. Conclusion: the result revealed that methanolic extracts of Sphaeranthus amaranthoides and Oldenlandia umbellata could be useful in preventing CCl4 induced liver injury.
}, keywords = {ALP, CCl4, Hepatoprotective activity, Oldenlandia umbellata, SGOT, SGPT, Sphaeranthus amaranthoides, TB.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.16}, author = {Somnath De and Ramalingam Suresh and Akula Murali Sri Sudhakar Babu and Siddabathuni Aneela} } @article {445, title = {Isolation and Identification of Compounds from the Leaf Extract of Melaleuca alternifolia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s52-s55}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s52}, abstract = {

Introduction: Melaleuca alternifolia also known as Tea tree oil belonging to family Myrtaceae. This plant has diverse and therapeutic uses in traditional herbal medicine for treating Skin care, First Aid, Household Cleaning, Hair care, Aromatherapy, Feminine care, Chronic illness, and Dental care in Australia.\ Method: The methanolic extract of Melaleuca alternifolia family Myrtaceae was subjected for Soxhlet extraction in round bottomed flask with petroleum ether. The petroleum ether extracted leaf powder was dried and once again subjected to Soxhlet extraction successively with different solvents viz, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. Result: The IR spectra showed characteristic absorption bands at 3421 cm-1 indicating the presence of a OH group, at 1691cm-1 for C=O group, 2848 cm-1. The 1HNMR spectra showed a triplet signal at \δ 10.44, 9.48, 13.21 showing the presence of OH group and Carboxylic acid. The 13C NMR spectra showed signals at \δ 16.28 for a methyl carbon, \δ 29.89 for a methylene carbon, The ESI-negative mode mass spectrum showed pseudo molecular ions at m/z 515 for [M+] ion. Conclusion: Based on spectral analysis and comparison of the spectral data with literature values, the compounds were identified as 3,3\’dimethylellagic acid and its aglycone portion with some little impurity.

}, keywords = {3, 3{\textquoteright}dimethylellagic acid, Aromatherapy, Chloroform, Melaleuca alternifolia, Methalonic, Myrtaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.157}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/381}, author = {Gagan Shah and Dhandeep Singh and Uttam Singh Baghel} } @article {220, title = {Microscopic and Physicochemical Evaluation of Leaves of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {21-26}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {21}, abstract = {

Objective: To study the pharmacognostic characters of a medicinally important crude drug, Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. Methods: Various pharmacognostic parameters involved in organoleptic, microscopic, physicochemical, phytochemical and fluorescence evaluation were carried out. Results: The macroscopy study showed that the leaves was observed as sessile, obovate-oblong apex, tapered base, dentate margin, simple, serrate lamina, surface glabrous. The leaf microscopy showed the presence of diacytic stomata, unicellular covering trichomes, arc shaped vascular bundle which contain lignified xylem and non lignified phloem, cortical parenchyma and a thin strip of collenchyma, micro rosette calcium oxalate crystals. The powder characteristics of leaf showed the presence of lignified fibers, medullary rays, bordered pitted xylem vessels, calcium oxalate crystals, stomata, epidermal cells and covering trichomes. Physicochemical parameters like total ash value was 9.21\%, water soluble ash 1.56\%, acid insoluble ash 1.35\%, swelling index 4 mL, loss on drying 1.09\% and foreign matter was 0.20\%w/w respectively where as stomatal indexes of upper and lower surfaces were 33.2 and 23, respectively. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids, volatile oil, fats and oils, tannins and phenolic compounds. Conclusion: The present study provides the scientific data for the proper authentification and establishment of quality control standards for the therapeutic use of Sphaeranthus indicus.

}, keywords = {Histochemical evaluation, Organoleptic evaluation, Phytochemcial screening, Sphaeranthus indiucs.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.4}, author = {Sonia Singh and Bhupesh Chander Semwal and Gurulingappa S Neeli} } @article {329, title = {Microscopic Characterization of Croton cordiifolius Baill. (Euphorbiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {361-366}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {361}, abstract = {

Background: Croton cordiifolius Baill. is popularly known as \“quebra-faca\” in the Brazilian Northeast and is used to treat general inflammation, pain, and gastrointestinal disturbances. Objective: This paper aims to study the anatomical characteristics of C. cordiifolius. Materials and Methods: Cross-sections and paradermic sections of root, stem, petiole and leaf blade were obtained by hand and submitted to double staining with astra blue and safranin process for the anatomical study. Maceration was performed according to the method of Jeffrey. Results: The secondary root has peridermis, parenchymatic cortex, collateral vascular system surrounded by sclerenchyma. The secondary stem has peridermis, cortical region with lignified cells, isolated groups of fibers, laticifers, prismatic crystals, druses and starch. The vascular system of the stem is bicollateral. The petiole and the leaf blade have stellate, simple and glandular trichomes. The leaf blade is hypostomatic, with paracytic stomata. The mesophyll is isobilateral and the midrib shows a concave-convex contour. Laticifers occur in stem, petiole and leaf blade. Prismatic crystals and druses are found in all organs analysed. Through the maceration it was possible to identify the type of vessel elements. Conclusion: The anatomical features are useful for differentiation of other species of Croton and provide support to their quality control.

}, keywords = {Croton cordiifolius, Euphorbiaceae, Pharmacobotany, Plant anatomy, Quebra-faca}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.61}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.61}, author = {Iasmine Andreza Basilio dos Santos Alves and Rafaela Damasceno S{\'a} and Mar{\'\i}lia Barbosa Cadena and Rafael Matos Ximenes and Karina Perrelli Randau} } @article {375, title = {Microscopical Evaluation, Phytochemical Analysis and HPTLC Fingerprinting of Tuber of Actinoscirpus grossus (L.f.) Goetgh. \& D.A.Simpson}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {657-662}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {657}, abstract = {

Actinoscirpus grossus (L.f.) Goetgh. \& D.A.Simpson (Cyperaceae), is a Perennial with long stolons and rhizomes ending in small tubers. It is popularly known as Kasheruk in Sanskrit. The plant is traditionally used as anti-diarrheal, anti-emetic, and tonic to the liver. In order to do the detail standardization of plant macro-microscopical observation, phytochemical analysis and HPTLC Finger printing of tuber was performed according to pharmacopoeia procedure. Microscopic analysis has showed thick-walled polygonal epidermal cells of young root stalk in surface view, elongated phloem parenchyma filled with starch grains, spiral to annular vessel fragments and simple starch grains scattered all over the powder. Phytochemical analysis showed presence of carbohydrate, coumarins, flavanoids, steroid, tannin, and terpenoid. Ethanol extract of plant were fingerprinted in toluene: ethyl acetate (7:3). The developed plates were visualized in UV 254, 366, and then derivatised with vanillin sulphuric acid and scanned under UV 254 and 366 nm. These specific identities will be useful in identification and authentication of the raw drug.

}, keywords = {Ethanol Extract, HPTLC, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical analysis, Quality control, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.104}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.104/index.html}, author = {Savin Chanthala Ganapathi and Rajendra Holla and Shivaraja Shankara and Sunil Kumar Koppala Narayana and Ravi Mundugaru} } @article {442, title = {Molecular Docking, ADMET Analysis and Dynamics Approach to Potent Natural Inhibitors against Sex Hormone Binding Globulin in Male Infertility}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s35-s43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s35}, abstract = {

Objectives: The Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) plays an important role in male infertility. Methods: The present research computationally emphases to SHBG protein with 47 natural phytocompounds using docking studies. Results: From the results showed the interactions between 1KDM protein with 47 phytocompounds, a natural compound chlorogenic acid showed the best glide docking XP score -7.255 kcal/mol and the binding energy value of -47.869 kcal/ mol. Based on the result, the chlorogenic acid and target were run on MD simulations stable at 10 ns. Conclusion: Finally, this study concludes the chlorogenic acid is a suitable drug candidate for infertility.

}, keywords = {ADMET property, Male infertility, MD simulations, Molecular docking, Phytocompounds, SHBG}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.155}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/379}, author = {Morvin Yabesh Jobu Esther and Vijayakumar Subramaniyan and Arulmozhi Praveen Kumar and Mahadevan Subramanian and Manogar Palani} } @article {352, title = {Morphological and Anatomical Study of the leaves of Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae), growing in the Introduction of the Northern Caucasus region (Russia)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {519-522}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {519}, abstract = {

In this article results of morphological and anatomical research Laurus nobilis L. are resulted. These plants are growing in the conditions of culture in the Botanical garden of Pyatigorsk medical and pharmaceutical institute (Northern Caucasus region). Introduction: Laurus nobilis L. is grown up as a decorative species in Europe, RUSSIA, the USA and other countries. Chemical composition of the leaves is characterized by essential oil components, sesquiterpene lactones, phenolic and other compounds. Material And Methods: Micro morphological research of vegetative bodies was carried out with the help of a well-known technique. We carry out morphological and anatomical research of a leaf blade and a petiole of a leaf of a plant, which is grown up in a Botanical garden in the Pyatigorsk medical and pharmaceutical institute. Results: The diagnostic characteristics of a leaf blade necessary for an establishment of authenticity of raw materials are revealed. The leaf is hypostomal, dorsoventral, stomatal apparatus of paracytic type. The idioblasts with the essential oil are obtained between mesophyll cells. Idioblasts thin-walled, large enough. In the field of the main vein under an epidermis the collenchyma of lamellar type in 4-7 layers settles down. The leaf petiole on cross-section section has the saddle-like form, without a ledge on the abaxial side of leaf. Under an epidermis the parenchyma settles down, is presented by live cells of the roundish or oval form. Between parenchyma cells it is possible to observe numerous cells-idioblasts with contents of yellow colour. Conclusions: As diagnostic signs of leaf (a leaf blade and a petiole) it is possible to consider numerous cells - idioblasts with an essential oil, the leaf is hypostomatical, dorsoventral, stomatal apparatus of paracytic type. The idioblasts with the essential oil are obtained between mesophyll cells.

}, keywords = {Anatomical Structure of Leaf, Essential Oil., Laurus Nobilis, Morphological and Anatomical Study}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.83}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.83}, author = {Fatima Kazbekovna Serebrynaya and Naida Mahmudovna Nasuhova and Dmitryi Alexeevich Konovalov} } @article {400, title = {Mosquito Larvicidal and Pupicidal Activity of Tephrosia purpurea Linn. (Family: Fabaceae) and Bacillus sphaericus against, Dengue Vector, Aedes aegypti}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {737-742}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {737}, abstract = {

Objective: The bio-efficacy of Tephrosia purpurea leaf extract and bacterial insecticide, Bacillus sphaericus larvicidal activity was assessed against the first to fourth instars larvae of Aedes aegypti, under the laboratory conditions. Methods: The plant material was shade dried at room temperature and powdered coarsely. T. purpurea and B. sphaericus show the various concentrations of larvicidal and pupicidal activity against various instars larvae of A. aegypti. Results: The LC50 of T. purpurea against the first to fourth instars larvae were 139.24, 176.24, 219.28, 256.27, and 326.29 ppm and the 480.72, 541.21, 580.34, 672.20, and 762.80 ppm, respectively. B. sphaericus against the first to fourth instars larvae the LC50 values were 46.16, 56.23, 69.82, 80.81 and 96.12 ppm and the LC90 values 141.68, 172.46, 184.21, 193.31 and 218.16 ppm, respectively. However, the combined treatment of T. purpurea + B. sphaericus (1:2) material shows highest larvicidal activity of the LC50 values 80.08, 82.21, 88.00, 92.21 and 98.16 ppm; The LC90 values of 108.39, 118.71, 136.75, 149.02 and 153.24 ppm, against A. aegypti in all the tested concentrations than the individuals and clearly established that there is a substantial amount of synergist act. Conclusion: The present study reported that both T. purpurea and B. sphaericus materials could serve as a potential larvicidal agent. Since, A. aegypti is a container breeder vector mosquito this user and eco-friendly and low-cost vector control strategy could be a viable solution to the existing dengue disease burden. Therefore, this study provides first report on the mosquito larvicidal activity the combined effect of T. purpurea leaf extract and B. sphaericus against as target species of A. aegypti.

}, keywords = {Aedes aegypti, Bacillus sphaericus, Dengue vector, Larvicidal activity., Tephrosia purpurea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.116}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/169}, author = {Ramesh Venkadachalam and Vijayakumar Subramaniyan and Manogar Palani and Mahadevan Subramaniyan and Prabhu Srinivasan and Murugan Raji} } @article {340, title = {Neuropathic Pain: Literature Review and Recommendations of Potential Phytotherapies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {425-434}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {425}, abstract = {

Introduction: One of the common syndromes that affect humanity is neuropathic pain (NP), yet poorly understood with no efficient treatment till now. Consequently, it is extremely crucial to seek further evidence for accurate diagnosis and optimum treatment. The aim of this work is to summarize the findings related to neuropathic pain in terms of etiology, types, diagnosis, current and future management prospective, and identify the gaps in neuropathic pain therapy. Methods: A literature investigation was carried out by analyzing classical peer reviewed papers and textbooks, taking into consideration worldwide well established scientific databases mainly PUBMED and SCOPUS to retrieve accessible published literature. The selection of phytotherapies was based upon their potentials in relieving NP in pre-clinical or clinical models. Results: One of the most critical points in this research is that recommendations of the future plans should be focused on the engagement of phytotherapy in the treatment regimen aiming at improving patients\’ quality of life and reaching optimum efficacy and minimum toxicity. Phytotherapies offer relatively low-risk options to NP patients and have an increasing evidence to be the future of neuropathic pain management. Patients suffering from neuropathy are depending increasingly on phytotherapies; however, they need more clinical trials in order to fully understand their mechanism of actions. Conclusion: Health-care specialists should be regularly informed about neuropathic pain current therapies and promising future phytotherapies, bearing in mind the risk/benefit profile of the utilization of these therapies in the amelioration of NP.

}, keywords = {Current therapies, Diagnosis, Mechanisms, Neuropathy Pain, Phytotherapies, Recommendations}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.72}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.72}, author = {Karim Raafat and Rawan El-Haj and Dania Shoumar and Rana Alaaeddine and Yousra Fakhro and Natalie Tawil and Farah Shaer and Amani Daher and Natalie Awada and Ali Sabra and Khouloud Atwi and Malak Khaled and Raneem Messi and Nour Abouzaher and Mohamed Houri and Samer Al Jallad} } @article {435, title = {Neuroprotective Effect of Pedalium murex Linn. Leaf against Lipopolysaccharide Induced Behavioural Disorders in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {957-962}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {957}, abstract = {

Introduction: Effective treatment is necessary to minimize the neuronal damage and oxidative stress. Traditional medicines offer potent pharmacological activity with minimal side effects compared to synthetic drugs to treat such chronic disorders. There is no renowned remedy for arrest or rescuing infection or inflammation-induced brain damage. The present study was aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of ethanol extract of Pedalium murex Linn. (EEPM) leaves against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia. Methods: Neurodegeneration was induced in rats with a single intraperitoneal injection of LPS (1 mg/kg). The induced endotoxemia constantly linked with battery of behavioural tests viz., choice reaction time task (CRT), 8-arm radial maze (RAM) and water maze test (WMT). At the end of the study, rats were sacrificed, brain hippocampal region was removed and biochemical parameters were measured. Results: In WMT swimming length (cm) was increased in LPS-treated rats when compared to control animals, the swimming length (EEPM; 400 mg/kg) was found to be significant; in RAM, different doses of EEPM at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg decreased the number of errors in entry 4.00\±0.36, 4.16\±0.16and 3.33\±2.79 respectively when compared with control animals (2.66\± 0.21). EEPM at 400 mg/kg showed significant activity, in CRT apparatus increased incorrect lever pressing was observed in LPS-treated rats when compared to control animals. Incorrect lever pressing was minimized by EEPM at 400 mg/kg (43.5\±2.40). Conclusions: Our results showed that EEPM is a hopeful aspirant for hindrance of infection and inflammation induced brain damage by LPS.

}, keywords = {Behavioural studies, Learning, Memory, Neuroprotective, Oxidative stress, Pedalium murex.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.150}, author = {Swaminathan Gomathi and Rajagopal Shanmuga Sundaram and Vellaichamy Muthupandi Annapandian and Manickam Vijayabaskaran} } @article {421, title = {A Novel Approach towards Green Extraction for Glycyrrhitinic Acid by Ionic Liquid Based Microwave Assisted Extraction and Optimization through Response Surface Methodology}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {866-872}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {866}, abstract = {

Background: Extraction process plays an important role in extraction of herbal bioactive components. Ionic liquid based microwave assisted extraction (IL-MAE) has the potential to yield maximum analytes from the crude drugs in shorter time period with less solvent consumption and greater efficiency. Objective: The present study aimed to develop new protocol of Ionic Liquids based Microwave-assisted Extraction (ILs-MAE) of glycyrrhetinic acid from licorice; optimization of the protocol through RSM and comparison of IL-MAE with conventional extraction techniques like maceration and soxhlation by HPTLC. Materials and Methods: A novel ionic liquid-based microwave assisted extraction (IL-MAE) method was carried out for glycyrrhitinic acid from Glycyrrhiza glabra using ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride ([bmim]Cl) and optimized by response surface methodology. The variable microwaveassisted extraction parameters selected were concentration of [bmim]Cl, extraction time and microwave power while solid-liquid ratio and extraction temperature were kept constant. Response surface methodology was applied for developing, improving and optimizing the whole process and comparison of IL-MAE with maceration and soxhlation by HPTLC. Results: The yield of glycyrrhitinic acid was found to be 0.48 \% w/w in maceration in 7 days, 0.76 \% in soxhlation in 3 h and 2.54 \% w/w in IL-MAE in 4 min. Conclusion: IL- MAE of glycyrrhitinic acid from Glycyrrhiza glabra was proved to be better in respect of extraction efficiency, time and quantity of solvent used. Meanwhile, there was great reduction in the environmental pollution by using the green solvents/ ionic liquids (ILs), which is a great benefit to all.

}, keywords = {Glycyrrhitinic acid, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Microwave assisted extraction, Novel, Response surface methodology., [bmim]Cl}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.136}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/189}, author = {Meenu Bhan and Saurabh Satija and Chanchal Garg and Harish Dureja and Munish Garg} } @article {255, title = {Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Standardization of White Tea Leaf (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) Ethanolic Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {221-226}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {221}, abstract = {

Background: Tea or also known as Camellia sinensis (Theaceae family) is the most popular plant and beverage in the world because of the sensory properties, prices are relatively cheap, stimulant effects, and their potential health benefits but white tea is not widely known. White tea is made from unfermented tea leaves young shoots protected from sunlight to avoid polyphenols degradation which inhibits of the chlorophyll formation and causing the white color on the leaf buds. Objective: The objective of research and development of herbal medicine is to improve the quality and safety of natural products. Materials and Methods: Macroscopical and microscopical features of the leaf have been analysis using an optical microscope and fragment analysis under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Phytochemical and physico-chemical analysis were evaluated. The observation of the FTIR spectrum profiles is done by interpreting the typical peak that appears. Results: The leaf has actinocytic stomata, unicellular trichomes, heterogenous mesophyll which is characterized by the presence of calcium oxalate crystals and sclereid cells. Phytochemical analysis indicated resources the presence of tannins, flavonoids, glycosides and saponins.The content of polyphenol from white tea leaves ethanolic extract is 35.73\% with the largest concentration of catechins is 18.84\% and 17.43\% tannins. The derivative content of catechins is EGCG with 7.37\%. FTIR analysis showed functional groups of O-H, C-H, N-H, C=O, C=C, and C-O. Conclusion: Pharmacognostic and phytochemicals features established in this study may be used as part of the pharmacopoeial standard which can play an important role in its standardization.

}, keywords = {Characteristic, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Physico-chemicals, Phytochemicals, Theaceae.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.37}, author = {Meiliza Ekayanti and Lia Ardiana and Sarah Zielda Najib and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya} } @article {453, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Determination of Secondary Plant Metabolites by HPTLC and its Antioxidant Activity in Myrica esculenta}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s103-s106}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s103}, abstract = {

Introduction: Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. (Myricaceae) is commonly known as Box Berry, Kaiphal, and Katphala in Ayurveda. As per the Ayurvedic literature the palnt is used for variety of diseases and disorders. Method: The present study deals with the pharmacognostical standardization, HPTLC analysis and antioxidant activity of methanolict extracts of the leaves of M. esculenta. The plant showed high phenolic and flavonoid content. In-vitro antioxidant study of dried leaves of Myrica esculanta was performed using methanolic extract. Results: Antioxidant activity of M. esculenta methanolic extract showed the least IC50 value of 60 \± 1.15 \μg/ml. Standard ascorbic acid showed an IC50 value of 2.03 \± 0.06 \μg/ml. The calibration curve of Gallic acid showed r2 of 0.949 and Rf of gallic acid was found to be 0.44 \± 0.006. Quantification of gallic acid in the samples of leaves of M. esculenta has been performed and the gallic acid was found to be 0.056\%. Conclusion: The presence of gallic acid has not yet been reported and quantified in this species which may be utilized for the proper standardization of the drug. The present study showed new natural antioxidant that can replace the synthetic ones to be used in foods and cosmetics.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, DPPH, Gallic acid, HPTLC, Myrica Esculenta}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.165}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/390}, author = {Prashant Kumar and Abhishek Gupta and Anita Singh} } @article {446, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation \& Antimicrobial Activity of Endangered Ethnomedicinal Plant Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s56-s63}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s56}, abstract = {

Background: Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach (family Orchidaceae) is an ethnomedicinal plant. It is used in breathing disorders, burning sensation, Cough, decrease in bone tissue, blood disorders, tuberculosis, as refrigerant, aphrodisiac, in insect bites, rheumatism, as tonic and in general debility. It is vital component of Ayurvedic formulation \“Astavarga\” with trade name \“Jeevak means vitality of life. Despite the common utilization of this plant, no conclusive study has been reported so far regarding the pharmacognostic evaluation and antimicrobial activity. Aim: The present study was carried to evaluate pharmacognostic evaluation and the potential of C. acuminatum as antimicrobial. Materials and Methods: Organoleptic, histochemical, microscopic, physicochemical, extractive yield were studied to standardise pharmacognostic characters and well diffusion method were carried out for antimicrobial activity. Five extracts viz. Hexane, Chloroform, Ethanol, Ethyl acetate and aqueous were evaluated against 4 bacterial strains viz. E. coli (MTCC 40), S. aureus (MTCC 87), P. aeruginosa (MTCC 424), B. subtilis (MTCC 121). Results: The diagnostic characters were evaluated and documented. All the extracts showed good antimicrobial activity. Conclusion:\ Obtained standards will provide referential information for correct identification, purity, standardization and preparation of monograph. The work confirms that the studied plant has potent antimicrobial activity and has potential for antimicrobial drug. These results may constitute a basis for promising future applied research that could investigate the use of this plant as antimicrobial drug.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach, Histochemical, Pharmacognostic evaluation, Physicochemical, Zone of Inhibition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.158}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/382}, author = {Mamta Arora and Gurjinder Kaur and Parvinderdeep S Kahlon and Anupama Mahajan and Jaspreet K Sembi} } @article {402, title = {Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and Physicochemical Investigations of Hypericum hookerianum Wight \& Arn. (Hypericaceae) of Palni Hills, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {750-756}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {750}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hypericum hookerianum Wight and Arn. (Hooker\’s wort) is a lesser known unfamiliar yet critically endangered native therapeutically active native medicinal plant. It is being characterized by the presence of various secretory glands. Methodology: In this present study, characterization of the plant in terms of morphology, anatomy and histochemistry of tissues and phytochemicals and antimicrobial potentials were made. Results: The epidermal layer contains oil cells while histochemistry showed the presence of the secondary metabolites. Qualitative analysis indicated presence of maximum phytocompounds in the high polar ethanolic extract; flavonoids, anthocyanin and phenol are prominently present and quantified. Conclusion: The results suggest that the less studied herb, H. hookerianum is a multifaceted high value species having a wide range of phytochemicals with abundant medicinal properties.

}, keywords = {Hypericum hookerianum, Palni Hills., Pharmacognosy, Physiochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.118}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/171}, author = {Mahendrakumar M and Nirmalraj S and Ravikumar M and Bharath B and Seeni S and Perinbam K} } @article {241, title = {Pharmacognostic Standardization and Chromatographic Fingerprint Analysis on Triterpenoids Constituents of the Medicinally Important Plant Plumeria rubra f. rubra by HPTLC technique}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {135-141}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {135}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plumeria rubra f. rubra commonly known as Lal Gulachin has wide horizon of medicinal possessions. Plant is found in India and in its tropical regions. Though the plant and its extracts have been indigenously valued as folklore medicine diversely in India, yet literature lacks somewhere in reverse pharmacognostical approach of this plant which reflects that plant have not been evidently explored therapeutically. There are several forms of Plumeria rubra among which P. rubra f. rubra is much appraised in India than its other forms. Method: In Present study the anticipated potential of this plant has been validated by laying down its pharmacognostical standards along with measurement of its active therapeutic constituent Ursolic acid and Lupeol via. HPTLC, information from organized search of published literature remarks that Ursolic acid and lupeol is ubiquitous to this plant. Results: Microscopic features revealed the presence of paracytic type of stomata, crescent bicollateral vascular bundle, calcium oxalate crystal and clothing trichomes in leaves whereas bark showed the presence of distinct periderm with cork and phellogen, sclereids, bast tissue with parenchymatous cells. Methanolic extract of both parts of plant was subjected to HPTLC. In HPTLC studies the Ursolic acid content in leaves was found to be 0.96\% whereas in bark was detected as 0.051\%, lupeol content in leaves and stem was found to be 0.014\% and 0.018\%. Conclusion: The data generated could be significantly used as reference for the standardization and quality control of Plumeria. rubra f. rubra, as no such work has been reported yet.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Lupeol, Pharmacognosy, Plumeria rubra f. rubra, standardization, Ursolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.23}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/290}, author = {Gunja Srivastava and Abhishek Gupta and Manjul Pratap Singh and Anurag Mishra} } @article {355, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies and HPLC Analysis of Roots of Helicteres isora (L.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal,}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {523-527}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {523}, abstract = {

Background: The juice of roots of Helicteres isora Linn. has been widely used as an antidiabetic in traditional medicine. Objective: The present study deals with pharmacognostical studies and determination of oleanolic acid from the roots of H. isora by new HPLC method. Materials and methods: Detailed study of morphological, microscopical characteristics, physicochemical parameters and phytochemical screening of roots were carried out. The sapogenins were isolated from the roots of H. isora. RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for estimation of oleanolic acid from the sapogenins of roots of H. isora. Results: Detailed quality control parameters of roots of H. isora were reported. Total content of oleanolic acid was 0.075\%w/w from roots of H. isora determined by HPLC. Conclusion: The present study is useful for accurate identification and authentication of roots of H. isora. The HPLC method for determination of oleanolic acid from the roots of H. isora is efficient, precise, reliable and sensitive and can be adopted for routine analysis.

}, keywords = {Helicteres isora, HPLC, Oleanolic acid, Sapogenins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.84}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.84}, author = {Pinal A. Harde and Mamta B. Shah} } @article {331, title = {Pharmacognostical and Physicochemical Analysis of Cleome viscosa L. Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {372-377}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {372}, abstract = {

Aim: The seeds of Cleome viscosa L. are used to treat tumor, emesis, diarrhea, epilepsy and hyperthermia. Seeds are used to heal wound also. In order to ensure the use of only genuine and uniform material in treatment of ailments by herbs and herbal formulations, pharmacognostical standardization and physiochemical parameters evaluation is needed. Methods: Morphological and powder microscopic characters of seed powder were studied. The physiochemical parameters studied were LOD, total ash, acid insoluble, water soluble, sulphated ash, extractives, volatile oil content and crude fibre content etc. Further, florescence analysis and element analysis of seed powder was performed by undergoing chemical reaction +UV method and EDAX method respectively. Results: Brown colored seeds with rough seed surface with seed size 0.1 cm were recorded. The pods were brown coloured when air dried. They were 4-5 cm long containing 8-12 small seeds. Powder microscopic study revealed the presence of fragment of epidermis of testa, groups of cells resembling like stone cells and irregularly shaped protein bodies were observed. Florescence Analysis revealed the presence of chromophores. EDAX analysis showed the presence of Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca and Cu etc in different amount. Conclusion: Pharmacognostical and physiochemical parameters were established which would facilitate quick identification and selection of the herbal drugs from various adulterants.

}, keywords = {Cleome viscosa L., Crude fibre, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Physicochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.63}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.63}, author = {Harpreet Singh and Amrita Mishra and Arun Kumar Mishra} } @article {414, title = {Phenolic Constituents, Anti-Inflammatory and Antidiabetic Activities of Cyperus laevigatus L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {828-833}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {828}, abstract = {

Background: Cyperus species are well known traditional plants and used for several diseases around the world. Aim of the Study: Our study aimed to identification of the phenolic constituents in addition to evaluation of different extracts of Cyperus laevigatus L as antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antidiabetic agents. Materials and Methods: The phenolic constituents were identified using spectroscopic techniques. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using in vitro DPPH assay. Total extract, methanol and EtOAc fractions were evaluated for their antiinflammatory activity using RAW 264.7 macrophages assay. Antidiabetic activity of the total extract was examined biochemically and histopathologically using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Results: A new flavone, chrysoeriol 7-O-\β-(6'''-O-acetyl-\β-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1\→4) glucopyranoside (1), along with seven knowns (2-8) were isolated from Cyperus laevigatus L. The structures of isolated compounds were established depending upon 1D, 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS. The MeOH and EtOAc fractions exhibited significant antioxidant activity while the isolated flavonoids exhibited from moderate to weak antioxidant activity. The total extract, MeOH and EtOAc fractions exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages model by decreasing of NO accumulation by 76 \– 66\% and 84 \– 67\%, of the original accumulation values with increasing concentrations in comparison with the reference drug, dexamethasone. The total extract exhibited antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and this effect was manifested by decreasing serum levels of glucose, glucagon and NO. It also increased level of insulin and promoted paraoxonase activity. Conclusion: These results proved that this plant may be multiple sources for medicinal natural drugs especially for anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antidiabetic., Antioxidant, Cyperus Laevigatus, New Flavone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.129}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/182}, author = {Abdelsamed Ibrahim Elshamy and Mohamed El-Shazly and Yomna Mahmoud Yassine and Mona Anwar El-Bana and Abdel- Razik Farrag and Mahmoud Ibrahim Nassar and Abdel Nasser Singab and Masaaki Noji and Akemi Umeyama} } @article {399, title = {Photodynamic Toxicity of Chlorophyllin against Fasciola gigantica Carrier Snail Indoplanorbis exustus in Visible Spectral Band}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {729-736}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {729}, abstract = {

Background: Fasciolosis is one of the most debilitating diseases caused by liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. Snail Lymnaeidae and Planorbidae is the intermediate host of these flukes. Snail population management is a good tool to control fasciolosis because gastropods represent the weakest link in the life-cycle of trematode. Aim of the present study is to explore the molluscicidal activity of chlorophyllin in visible spectral band against Fasciola gigantica carrier snail Indoplanorbis exustus. Methods: Chlorophyll was transformed into water-soluble chlorophyllin in 100\% ethanol by using different types of chemicals. Ten snails Indoplanorbis exustus were placed in a glass aquarium containing 3 L of dechlorinated tap water. These snails were treated with different concentrations of chlorophyllin in sunlight as well as exposed to different visible spectral band of light. Results: Pure chlorophyllin (96 h LC50 6.54 mg/l) in sunlight was more toxic than extracted chlorophyllin (96 h LC50 939.65 mg/l). There was a significant variation in the toxicity of chlorophyllin with snails, exposed to visible spectral band of light. The highest and lowest toxicity of chlorophyllin against I. exustus was noted in yellow light (96 h LC50 2016.79 mg/l) and green light (96 h LC50 2433.16 mg/l). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) study reveals that the active molluscicidal component extracted in spinach leaves is chlorophyllin. Conclusion: Due to the photodynamic nature of chlorophyllin, it has the potential to control the population of vector snails and ultimately fasciolosis in developing countries.

}, keywords = {Chlorophyllin, Fasciolosis, Indoplanorbis exustus, Photodynamic Product, Visible light band.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.115}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/168}, author = {Divya Chaturvedi and Dinesh Kumar Singh and Vinay Kumar Singh} } @article {432, title = {Phytochemical Evaluation and Chromatographic Fingerprint Analysis on Flavonoids Compounds in Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Leaf by HPTLC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {942-946}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {942}, abstract = {

Introduction: Leucas aspera is one of the important medicinal plants in Indian medical system and it belongs to Lamiaceae family. Leucas aspera (Willd) Link (L. aspera) belongs to Leucas genus, widely distributed throughout India. L. aspera has many vernacular names and is commonly known as Thumbai. Flavonoid is a phenolic compound which is widely distributed in the plants and responsible for many biological activities. Preliminary phytochemical analysis gives a broad idea to the researchers for their further research. Methods: In this present study, we did a preliminary phytochemical screening, quantitative estimation of total flavonoids and fingerprinting profile of flavonoids compounds using five different solvent extracts obtained from leaves of L. aspera. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoid compounds in L. aspera. Higher concentration of total flavonoid compounds was noted in ethanol extract compared to petroleum ether, chloroform, isopropyl alcohol and ethyl acetate extracts. A densitometric high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) study showed more number of flavonoid compounds are present in ethanol extract compared to other solvents. Conclusions: Results of this study revealed, L. aspera leaf is a rich source of flavonoid content and it can be used to alleviate many chronic illness and various diseases. This study results warrants for further isolation, identification and characterization of active principle which is responsible for the biological activity.

}, keywords = {Chromatographic, Fingerprinting, Flavonoids, HPTLC, Leucas aspera.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.147}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/200}, author = {Vellaichamy Muthupandi Annapandian and Rajagopal Shanmuga Sundaram and Swaminathan Gomathi} } @article {439, title = {Phytochemical, Free Radical Scavenging Activity and Thin Layer Chromatography Analysis of Methanolic Extracts of Six Wild Mushroom Species Collected From the Shai Hills Reserve of Ghana}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s16-s22}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s16}, abstract = {

Objective: Six different mushroom species (Termitomyces, Ganoderma, Amauroderma, Mycena, Marasmus and an unknown) were studied to ascertain their phytochemical and antioxidant properties and determine their TLC analysis of methanolic extracts. Materials and Methods:\ The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) model was employed to determine free radical scavenging activity of the methanolic extracts of the mushrooms, aluminum chloride calorimetric method for flavonoid, Thin layer chromatography (TLC) for retention factor and atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) for macro and micronutrients. Results:\ Phytochemical analyses of the methanolic extract revealed the presence of antioxidants, phenols and flavonoids. The antioxidant values (IC50 (g/ml)) ranged from 1.56 x 10-4 to 21.07 x10-4.Total phenol content ranged between 2.54 and 17.53 mg/g GAE with a mean of about 11.27 mg/g GAE. Total flavonoid content also ranged from 5.46 to 23.75 mg/g RUE with a mean of 13.41 mg/g RUE. Micronutrients such as cadmium, iron, lead, manganese and zinc were determined. Also macronutrients determined included, calcium, potassium, magnesium and sodium. Sodium ranged the highest with values ranging 6966.67 mg/L to 9600.00 mg/L followed by iron ranging from 1613.67 to 3040.00 mg/L. Percentage crude protein ranged between 11.09 \% and 28.24 \%. Alkaloid was present in only Mycena sp and Ganoderma sp with a band each of Rf value of 0.49. A total of 18 different bands were recorded for flavonoid with Rf values that ranged between 0.20 and 0.97, respectively. Conclusion:\ The antioxidant potential of the methanolic extracts of the mushroom samples in this study recorded higher values. This indicates that mushrooms have high antioxidant properties and rationalizes further investigation in the potential discovery of new natural bioactive principles from these mushrooms.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Extracts, Flavonoids, Mushrooms, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.152}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/376}, author = {Ebenezer Owusu and Gladys Schwinger and Matilda Dzomeku and Mary Obodai and Isaac Asante} } @article {425, title = {Phytochemical Investigation and Pharmacognostic Standardization of Polycarpaea corymbosa Lam}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {895-899}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {895}, abstract = {

Background: Polycarpaea corymbosa is one of the plants cited as \‘Parpata\’ in Ayurvedic literature and indicated for boils, inflammatory swellings, and ulcers. Aim: The present study is an attempt to generate and encompass the data of physical parameters for ascertaining the identification and develop a validated HPTLC method for quantification of lupeol in P. corymbosa. Materials and Methods: The whole plant was studied for establishing pharmacognostic standards including macro and microscopical characters, physico-chemical analysis and quantification lupeol by HPTLC method. Results: It is a small, much branched, erect or spreading herb with linear leaf and silvery-white cymes. Microscopically root can be connoted by continuous or discontinuous concentric rings of xylem and phloem; stem by papillose epidermis with multicellular branched collapsed and glandular trichomes, sclerenchymatous pericycle and hollow pith; and leaf by numerous collateral meristele enclosed within parenchymatous bundle sheath. Further studies evinced that brunt of heavy metal and microbial load in plant material was within permissible limits. Flavonoids, phenolics and saponins were found be major components. HPTLC method was developed for quantification of lupeol using precoated silica gel plates as a stationary phase, and toluene: methanol (9.4: 0.6) as a mobile phase and scanning the plate at 545 nm. Conclusion: The information demonstrated on pharmacognostic parameters and validated HPTLC method for estimation of lupeol for Polycarpaea corymbosa, would aid as coherent measures for its assessment.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Lupeol, Parpata, Pharmacognostic study, Polycarpaea corymbosa.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.140}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/193}, author = {Karuna Modi and Mamta Shah} } @article {417, title = {Pre and Post-Treatment Effects: Estimation of Serum Testosterone and Lipid Peroxidation Levels on Moringa olifera Extract Induced Cadmium Exposed Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {846-849}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {846}, abstract = {

Background: Cadmium (Cd), is a toxic metal which affects various organs including testis. It produces oxidative stress leading to male infertility. Moringa tree, is a natural plant with a great therapeutic value and hence it is found to be effective both in prevention and treatment of various conditions including reducing toxicity of hazardous materials. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of Pre-and Post-treatment with Moringa oliefera leaf extract (MoE) on testis in cadmium exposed rats. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted at the Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College (KMC), Mangalore, Manipal University (MU), Karnataka, India, between (2011-2013). This prospective study consisted a total of 30 rats. These were divided into 5 groups with group I being the control. Data were presented as mean \±SD. student\’s t test was used as statistical tool, p\<0.05 considered statistically significant. Group IV and V were pre-and post-MoE treated groups respectively. Serum testosterone and tissue lipid peroxidation levels were estimated. Results: Treatment with MoE prior and after administration of cadmium, respectively showed an increase significantly in the testosterone levels and a decrease in the tissue lipid peroxidation as compared to the group treated with cadmium. However, the pre-treatment showed better results in combatting the toxic effects of cadmium. Conclusion: This study shows that Moringa olifera leaf extract altered the testosterone and tissue lipid peroxidation levels. Also, pre-treatment showed better outcome.

}, keywords = {Cadmium, MDA, Morniga olifera extract., Oxidative stress, Testosterone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.132}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/185}, author = {Pratik Kumar Chatterjee and Vinodini Nithyananda Madom Anantharaya and Rashmi Kaup Shiva and Nayanatara Arun Kumar and Sneha Bhoja Shetty and Suman Veerappa Budihal and Mangalore Ramesh Bhat and Kunal} } @article {346, title = {Preliminary Acute Oral Toxicity Study of White Tea Leaf (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) Ethanolic Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {479-482}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {479}, abstract = {

Background: White tea is a kind of tea which manufactured with minimal processing only drying without fermentation process. White tea prepared from very young tea leaves or buds of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Theaceae, covered with tiny, silvery hairs, and dried immediately after picking to prevent oxidation and commonly used as a beverage and herbal medicine. Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the safety of the white tea leaf ethanolic extract (WTE) with acute toxicity tests. Methods: The acute oral toxicity of WTE performed at dose 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/Kg BW of Deutschland, Denken, and Yoken (DDY) mice. The animals observation for any mortality, behavioral, body weight and feed-water consumption pattern during the 14- day study. The liver, kidney, and heart isolation performed on day-15 to observe macroscopic and relative organ weight (ROW). Results: No treatment-related toxic symptom or mortality observed for the first 4 hours and 24 hours after oral administration of WTE at a dose of 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg BW. All the groups of mice did not show the significant changes in behavior, breathing, and motoric activity. Conclusions: This studies showed that the oral LD50 of WTE was greater than 5000 mg/kg BW and suggests that the WTE is practically non-toxic in a single dose of level 5000 mg/kg BW.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Camellia Sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Safety, Teh Putih, Theaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.77}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.77}, author = {Lia Ardiana and Meiliza Ekayanti and Sarah Zielda Najib and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya} } @article {440, title = {Quantitative Analysis of Irigenin in the Different Species of Iris Plant by RP- HPLC and its Efficacy Against Different Plant Pathogens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s23-s27}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s23}, abstract = {

Irigenin belongs to family of isoflavonoids, isolated from Iris Plant of Kashmir Himalaya. A rapid and specific reverse phase high pressure chromatography (RP HPLC) method for quantitative analysis of irigenin in the different species of Iris Plant was developed. The samples were analyzed on RP-C18 e column (chromolith, 5\μm, 4.6\×100 mm). The HPLC system was operated at ambient temperature (\±30c). The mobile phase consisted of methanol: water. The detecting wavelength at 260 nm and flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. The standard irigenin was diluted using the mobile phase at a known concentration of 1mg/ml; the sample was filtered through sample filter of 0.45 \μ pore size. The filtrate was introduced on to a reverse phase analytical column. The content of irigenin in the different species of Iris Plant was determined. The HPLC showed an excellent performance in separating the irigenin in different species of Iris Plant. Furthermore, the antipathogenic activity. The test compound at each respective concentration was found to be statistically superior against scab. Furthermore, the test compound @ 5000 ppm proved significantly most effective by providing (82.49\%) inhibition in the mycelia growth of apple scab. It was followed by fusarium (77.27\%) at 5000 ppm. Lowest reduction in mycelia growth (65.78\%) was recorded in marssonina and did not differ significantly from Alternaria (67.47\%) at 5000 ppm. Furthermore, lowest inhibition of mycelia growth was recorded at 1000 ppm. Similar trend was recorded for rest of the pathogens i.e. highest reduction at 5000 ppm, lowest at 1000 ppm and at 2000, 3000 and 4000 ppm it ranges between the first two but increases with increase in concentration. From this study irigenin is potent compound which can be used for controlling the growth of respective pathogens.

}, keywords = {Bio efficacy, Irigenin, Iris Plant, RP-HPLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.153}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/377}, author = {Sajad Hassan Wani and Hilal Ahmad Bhat and Javid Iqbal Mir and Shahid Ali Akbar and Sajad Un Nabi and Desh Beer Singh and Nazeer Ahmad} } @article {332, title = {A Quantitative Approach to Estimate both Essential and Non-essential Elements in Some Commercial Samples of Triphala churna by using WD-XRF Spectrometry}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {378-381}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {378}, abstract = {

Introduction: The need for quality control of herbal drugs is in demand in order to ensure the purity, safety and efficacy of herbal products. A total of 19 elements including essential and non-essential elements were characterized in five commercial samples of Triphala churna using WD-XRF spectrometry. Method: The WD-XRF method was validated for each element by a pre-calibrated program using five Chinese certified reference materials of vegetable standards (NCS ZC73012, NCS ZC73013, NCS ZC73017, NCS ZC85006 and NCS DC73348). Results: The following elements were detected in all the samples out of 19 elements tested with increasing order of concentrations (mg/kg): Cr (3) \< Cu (7) \< Ba (24) \< Zn (31) \< Pb (46) \< Mn (57) \< S (700) \< Na (1064) \< Mg (1250) \< Fe (1329) \< P (1400) \< Cl (2960) \< Ca (3110) \< Si (4350) \< K (15130). Lead (41-46 mg/kg), a nonessential element was found above its PDE limit (\≤ 10 mg/kg). Conclusion: WD-XRF method was found simple, rapid, reliable and non-destructive technique to investigate the elemental concentrations in herbal drugs.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Elemental analysis, ICP-MS, ISM, Triphala churna, WD-XRF}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.64}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.64}, author = {Venkata Siva Satyanarayana Kantamreddi and V. Thirumala Veni and G. Y. S. K. Swamy} } @article {359, title = {RETRACTED: Antioxidant and Anti-Hypercholesterolemic Potential of Vitis vinifera Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, year = {2017}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Grapes (Vitis vinifera) are universally appreciated fruit for their delicacy, nutrition and accepted as functional food. The objective of the present study is to evaluate antioxidant and anti-hypercholesterolemic potential of Vitis vinifera leaves extract. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of methanolic (VVME) and aqueous (VVAE) extract was carried out to identify the phytoconstituents. Antioxidant potential was evaluated by employing in-vitro and in vivo assays. The anti-hypercholesterolemic activity was evaluated by inducing hypercholesterolemia with high cholesterol diet for 21 days in experimental animals. Results: In VVME, total tannins, total flavonoids and total phenolic contents were found to be present in major amount. Both extract has significant in-vitro and in-vivo antioxidant efficacy. Different doses i.e. 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of VVME and VVAE significantly attenuated the lipid levels. Moreover, VVME was found to be more effective as compared to VVAE and also, effectiveness was confirmed with histological results. Conclusion: It can be concluded that antioxidant and anti-hypercholesterolemic efficacy of Vitis vinifera might be due to presence of antioxidant property and active phytoconstituents.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cholesterol Diet, Hypercholesterolemia, Total Phenolic Content Etc., Vitis vinifera}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.90}, author = {Sushma Devi and Randhir Singh} } @article {225, title = {Screening Indigenous Medicinal Plants of Northeast India for Their Anti-Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {46-54}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {46}, abstract = {

Introduction: Alzheimer\’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurologic disease of the brain that affects intellectual abilities, reasoning and memory. Acetylcholine (ACh) is involved in the maintenance of cognitive process. Pathologically, ACh production is compromised in the brains of AD affected people. Presence of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the synaptic cleft, which hydrolyzes ACh, further decreases the ACh-levels, and thereby, additionally compromises cognition. The tribal people of North East India have been using indigenous plants as traditional medicine for brain disorders. We assayed whether the plants used in the traditional tribal knowledge for the treatment of brain disorders might contain better AChE-inhibitors. Methods: We collected 10 traditional medicinal plants from Northeast India. A total of 39 plant extracts were prepared using three solvent systems. The Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured with Ellman method. The experiment was done in triplicate for each level of inhibitor. The activity was measured at 412 nm wavelength using Plate Reader. The standard student t-test was used to show significant difference in IC50 values between extracts. Results: The result are reported based on Km, Vmax, IC50 (g/l), percentage inhibition and inhibition pattern. Two extracts had competitive inhibition, 11 extracts had mixed inhibition, 2 extracts had non-competitive inhibition, 11 extracts had uncompetitive inhibition and 4 extracts did not provide any proper pattern. The IC50 for these plant extracts were at the range of 0.51-12.4 g/l. Notably, Cinnamomum camphora (leaf: chloroform), Litsea glutinosa (stem; chloroform), and Litsea glutinosa (stem; methanol) showed IC50 values of 0.51, 0.53 \& 0.81 g/l, respectively.

}, keywords = {AChE-inhibition, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s, Ellman assay, Kinetics, Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.9}, author = {Roohollah Sobhani and Amarta Kumar Pal and Atanu Bhattacharjee and Sivaprasad Mitra and Kripamoy Aguan} } @article {221, title = {Screening of Antidepressant Activity of Punica granatum in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {27-29}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {27}, abstract = {

Introduction: India is a rich source of medicinal plants used therapeutically to treat various disorders including depression. This study was undertaken to evaluate the antidepressant effect of acute and chronic administration of Punica granatum (pomegranate) whole fruit in mice. Methods: We used the aqueous extract of Punica granatum (250 and 500 mg/kg per day), standard drug used was Imipramine (10 mg/kg) and vehicle was gum acacia (10 ml/kg), orally. Four groups of animals were used and each group had six animals. In the acute study drugs/vehicles were administered 60 min prior to the experiments. In the chronic study drugs/vehicles were administered for 14 days and the last dose was given on the 14th day, 60 minutes prior to experiment. Forced Swim Test and Tail Suspension Test were used for testing antidepressant activity. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA with drug treatment as the independent factor. Post-hoc comparisons were performed using Dunnett\’s test. Results: In acute and chronic forced swim test as well as acute tail suspension test, duration of immobility was significantly reduced in the PG 500 mg/kg, but not in the 250 mg/kg treated group. In chronic tail suspension test, duration of immobility was significantly decreased in PG 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg treated groups. The antidepressant activity of 500 mg/kg was comparable to that of Imipramine 10 mg/kg. Conclusion: The present study suggests that aqueous extract of whole fruit of P. granatum has antidepressant activity at 500 mg/kg. It would be advisable to encourage consumption of pomegranate extract in patients with depression because of its nutritional and functional properties.

}, keywords = {Depression, Forced swim test, Pomegranate., Tail suspension test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.5}, author = {Rajeshwari Shastry and Aadhya Sharma and Vinay Sayeli and Ullal Sheetal Dinkar} } @article {347, title = {Simultaneous-HPLC Quantification of Phenolic Acids in Traditionally used Ayurvedic Herb Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Jeffry}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {483-487}, chapter = {483}, abstract = {

Introduction:The present study deals with the simultaneous HPLC-quantification of phenolic acid(s) in the aerial parts of Diplocyclos palmatus (Cucurbitaceae) and evaluation of their bioactivity potential through in vitro antioxidant assay\’s. Method: The HPLC elution was done using C18 column using gradient (binary phases) solvent system at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. Total phenolic and, flavonoid contents were determined and the antioxidant potential was estimated by four assay\’s viz. DPPH radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing power assay, total antioxidant capacity and 2-deoxy ribose assay. Results: The species is rich in three phenolic acids, among which gallic acid (1708 ug/g) is in maximum concentration followed by caeffic acid (437 ug/g) and protocateuchic acid (337.7 ug/g). Total phenolic content was higher (10.5 mg/g) than flavonoid content (3.78 mg/g) and TAC was found at 0.137 mg/g ASE (ascorbic acid equivalent). IC50 of D. palmatus extract for scavenging of hydroxyl radical by 2-deoxy ribose and DPPH was at concentration of 125.61 \± 0.834 (\μg/ml) and 353.71 \± 0.663 (\μg/ml) respectively. In vitro antidiabetiv potential, via inhibition of alpha amylase enzyme through starch iodine and 3,5- DNS assay reveals the IC50 of extract at 146.31 \± 0.415 ug/ml and 286.23 \± 0.671 ug/ ml respectively. Conclusion:\ The species (aerial part) was rich in phenolic acid with potential bioactivity, identified leads will be useful\ in further chemical characterization and pharmacological validation.

}, keywords = {Anti diabetic, Anti oxidant, Diplocyclos palmatus, HPLC, Phenolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.78}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.78}, author = {Ankita Misra and Pushpendra Kumar Shukla and Bhanu Kumar and Abhishek Niranjan and AKS Rawat and Sharad Srivastava} } @article {448, title = {Standardization of Agrotechniques and Biochemical Assessment of Crataegus oxyacantha in Western Himalaya}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s69-s76}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s69}, abstract = {

C. oxyacantha is a high valued medicinal plant of Rosacea family. It is used to cure cardiac disorder in ayurvedic medicines. A field experiment was laid out in 2004 in CSIR-IHBT farm, by using different quantity of FYM and various spacing. Low growth in plant height was observed in first five years with higher dose of FYM, but in 2015 the significant height growth was recorded. From 2008 to 2015 all types of FYM applications produced statistically significant yield of seed production except in 2012 and 2014. The 22.50t/ha was the most statistically significant dose of FYM in relation to seed yield. The spacing did not produce any significant results for seed production. A vegetative propagation trial of C. oxyacantha was also laid out using semi hard stem cuttings and some selected hormones (IAA, IBA, GA3 and Abscisic acid) with different concentrations. Statistically significant shoot sprouting (78.35\%) was recorded when IBA of 1000 mg/L was used followed by 67.74\% in case of 1500 mg/L of the same hormone. While lowest shoot sprouting (27.85\%) was observed using 2000 mg/L of Abscisic acid. A statistically significant 5.67 cm and 5.33 cm shoot lengths were observed using 2000 mg/L of IAA and 1000 mg/L of IBA, respectively. In the case of shoot tillers 3.33 was recorded in 1500 mg/l. of IAA. Two new compounds and 9 known compounds were isolated from fruit extract.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Crataegus oxyacantha, FYM, Hormones, Spacing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.160}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/385}, author = {Gopichand and RL Meena and P Kaur and RD Singh} } @article {409, title = {To Evaluate the Antidiabetic and Rejuvenating Capability of Tissues on Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats under the Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Coriandrum sativum: A Histopathological Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {792-798}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {792}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the antidiabetic and rejuvenating capability of tissues on alloxan induced diabetic rats under the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Coriandrum sativum. Methods: Diabetic model was prepared by administration of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/ kg i.p). The ethanolic leaf extracts of Coriandrum sativum at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg of body weight were administrated to diabetic induced groups for a period of 28 days. The effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Coriandrum sativum leaf extract on serum blood glucose, insulin, lipase, \α- amylase and LDH as well as kidney function test [urea, uric acid, albumin, protein and creatinine] were measured in the alloxan induced diabetic rats. Results: In the acute toxicity study, ethanolic leaf extract of Coriandrum sativum leaf was non-toxic at 2 000 mg/kg in rats. The increased insulin level, albumin and protein level, decreased blood glucose and other biochemical parameters level were observed in diabetic rats treated with both doses of ethanol extract of Coriandrum sativum leaf compared to diabetic control rats. In Histopathological study were revealed toward normal. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of Coriandrum sativum leaf possesses significant antidiabetic and rejuvenating capability of tissues.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Coriandrum sativum., Pancreas and Kidney Tissue, Wistar Rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.124}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/177}, author = {Bhaskar Sharma and Gaurav Sharma and Suresh Chand Joshi and Sunil Kumar Singh} } @article {416, title = {Triptolide Mediated Amelioration of Breast Cancer via Modulation of Molecular Pathways}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {838-845}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {838}, abstract = {

Triptolide is the main bioactive molecule isolated from a root extract of Tripterigium wilfordii Hook F. of Celastraceae family. Chemically, it is a diterpenoid triepoxide molecule and its chemical formula is C20H24O6. Its five-membered unsaturated lactone ring (D-ring) is crucial for anti-tumor potential and carbonyl group at C-18 position is essential to exert important influence on the interaction between triptolide and the targeted protein(s). It is bio-synthesized from deoxy-D-xylullose-5-phosphate (DOXP) pathway in the cell. Triptolide can induce apoptosis in a number of breast cancer cells by up-regulating different pro-apoptotic and down-regulating different anti-apoptotic molecules. In vitro experiments indicate that it can down regulate several cell cycle related genes and induces S-phase cell cycle arrest. Triptolide treatment can also modulate the expression of different cell signaling molecules, e.g. ERK, NF-\κB, FAK, VEGF, \β-catenin, AKT etc. In vivo experiments indicate that triptolide can effectively reduce breast tumor growth in the mouse model. Apart from the single drug treatment, triptolide can effectively be applied in combination therapy. Application of Triptolide with other chemotherapeutic drugs, very efficiently check the proliferation of tumor cells which reduces the effective concentration of the commercially available drugs thus reducing their toxic sideeffects. Although triptolide is very effective against a number of diseases, its higher degree of multi-organ toxicity limits its use of further clinical trial. Therefore, to reduce the toxic effects, a number of strategies have been developed which increase its water solubility and at the same time decrease the toxic effect. In this review article, we have addressed how triptolide participates in the antitumor processes in breast cancer cells.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Breast cancer, Cytotoxicity, Molecular pathway., Tripterigium wilfordii, Triptolide}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.131}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/184}, author = {Swadesh Sarkar and Santanu Paul} } @article {244, title = {Vibrational Analysis and Thermal Behavior of Salvia hispanica, Nigella sativa and Papaver somniferum Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {157-162}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {157}, abstract = {

Introduction: Salvia hispanica L., Nigella sativa L. and Papaver somniferum L. are involved in opiate-dependent behavior. It is known that the seeds of these three herbs contain high amounts of antioxidants, which are helpful in disease prevention, but further research is needed on some of their other phytochemical components (terpene alkaloids, benzoquinones and others), which are claimed to affect human opioid receptors. Methods: Seeds from the three afore mentioned plants have been studied by ATR-FTIR vibrational spectroscopy and thermo analytical techniques (TG/DTG, DTA and DSC). Results: The infrared spectrum has confirmed the presence of the ester carbonyl of terpenoid alkaloids (such as nigellamine) and the fully conjugated cyclic dione structure of quinones (e.g., thymoquinone). As regards the thermal stability of these seeds, small differences have been observed in their thermal profiles (endothermic effects at around 333\ºC for chia, 268\ºC for black cumin and 319\ºC for poppy seeds), which can be ascribed to their different content in carbohydrates. Conclusions: The functional groups of the main active constituents and the thermal behavior of these three seeds have been elucidated.

}, keywords = {ATR-FTIR, Black cumin, Chia, Poppy, Thermal analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.26}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/293}, author = {Paula Carri{\'o}n-Prieto and Pablo Mart{\'\i}n-Ramos and Salvador Hern{\'a}ndez-Navarro and Iosody Silva-Castro and Manuela Ramos-Silva and Jes{\'u}s Mart{\'\i}n-Gil} } @article {170, title = {Acetaminophen Induced Oxidative and Histopathological Alterations in Hepatic Tissue: Protective Effects of Alstonia Scholaris Leaf Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {385-391}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {385}, abstract = {

Introduction: Alstonia scholaris Linn. is the common ingredients of various herbal formulation. Objectives: Present study was aimed to evaluate the oxidative and histopathological alterations in acetaminophen (APAP) induced hepatotoxicity and protective mechanisms of different leaf extracts of A. scholaris. Methods: Forty two wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups with six rats in each and subjected to different treatments. Alterations in total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI), total thiols (TTH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and histopathological alterations in hepatic tissue were analyzed to assess the extent of hepatic damage induced by APAP and the protection imparted against it by aqueous or ethanolic leaf extract of A. scholaris. Results: Single high oral dose of APAP administration increased (p\<0.05) hepatic levels of TOS, OSI and MDA and reduced TAS, TTH, SOD, CAT, GPx and GST activities indicating alteration in antioxidant system of hepatic tissue. The histopathological studies showed severe hepatic degeneration, vacuolization and granulation in cytoplasm, fragmentation of nuclei and membranes and infiltration of mononuclear cells on APAP treatment. Pre and post-treatments of aqueous or ethanolic extract following APAP administration restored TTH, reduced MDA and TOS and increased TAS compared to APAP treatment alone. Conclusions: Observations of histopathological and antioxidant parameters indicates that restoration of TAS and TTH levels by leaf extracts may be the primary protective mechanism in APAP induced hepatotoxicity. Further treatments with ethanolic extract showed more hepatoprotective potential than the aqueous extract of A. scholaris.

}, keywords = {Acetaminophen, Alstonia scholaris, Malondialdehyde., Super oxide dismutase, Total antioxidant status, Total thiols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.12}, author = {Pawan Kumar Verma and Rajinder Raina and Mudasir Sultana and Maninder Singh and Pawan Kumar} } @article {118, title = {Acute toxicity study of Phyllanthus niruri and its effect on the cyto-architectural structure of nephrocytes in Swiss albino mice Mus-musculus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {77-80}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {77}, abstract = {

Background: In the era of herbal renaissance, world is moving towards the medicinal plant that repairs and strengthening the body system without any toxic side effects. Popular medicinal plant Phyllanthus niruri contains various bioactive molecules, the present study aimed to observe the biochemical and cyto-architectural alterations in kidney associated with acute oral toxicity (LD50) of aqueous extract of P.niruri in Swiss albino mice. However, limited data is available about the toxicity of herbal remedies used for medication, which is a critical constrain. Materials and Methods: For the acute oral toxicity study, the animals were divided into six groups of 6 mice each. Group\–I was named control group and the treatment groups were administered aqueous leaf extract of P.niruri orally at different doses of 500 mg/Kg bw (Group-II), 1000 mg/Kg bw (Group-III), 2000 mg/Kg bw (Group-IV), 2500 mg/Kg bw (Group-V) and 3000 mg/Kg bw (Group-VI) for 15 consecutive days. The mice were sacrificed on and serum was collected for the biochemical analysis. The kidney was dissected and processed for histological analysis. Results: The LD50 dose of P.niruri was found to be 2590.984 mg/Kg bw in Swiss albino mice model in laboratory condition. The result showed the elevated serum level of urea in treated group of mice at higher doses which was found to be statistically significant as compared to the control (Group\–I). There were no any significant increase in serum creatinine has been observed. Histological alteration were observed at higher dose more than 2500 mg/Kg bw (Group-VI). Conclusion: It is evident from our study that P. niruri may have toxic effect at high doses. Therefore, it should be ingested with precautions.

}, keywords = {Biochemical, Histological analysis, Kidney, LD50, P. niruri.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.17}, author = {Tanuja Singh and Ruchi and Anjali singh and Ravish Kumar and Jitendra Kumar Singh} } @article {165, title = {Anti-anemia Effect of Chlorophyll from Katuk (Sauropus androgynus) Leaves on Female Mice Induced Sodium Nitrite}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {375-379}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {375}, abstract = {

Context: Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) in blood is highly reactive with haemoglobin (Hb), thus affecting hematopoiesis and induction of methemoglobinemia. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the effect of chlorophyll from katuk (Sauropus androgynus) leaves on the level of Hb, Malondialdehyde (MDA), ferritin, and schistocytes percentage in female mice induced NaNO2. Settings and Design: Experimental research was conducted using 24 female mice strain Balb-c. Methods and Material: NaNO2 0.3 ml/head/day given during 18 days, while the chlorophyll or Cu-chlorophyllin as much as 0.7 ml/head/day given the following day for 14 days. Statistical analysis used: Results are reported as mean values \± SD and statistically analyzed by One Way Anova test with 95\% significance level. Results: The Hb levels of blood plasma in the control group, NaNO2 induction, induction NaNO2 and chlorophyll of katuk leaves (NaNO2+katuk), induction of NaNO2 and Cu-chlorophyllin from K-LiquidTM (NaNO2+Cu-chlorophyllin) in sequence is 13.29 g/dl; 11.83 g/dl; 14.54 g/dl; 13.99 g/dl, whilst the MDA levels in each group is 2.10 \± 0.11 mol/L, 3.44 \± 0.38 mol/L, 2.31 \± 0.18 mol/L, 2.31 \± 0.13 mol/L, and the ferritin levels is 62.71 \± 6.42 ng/ml; 63.22 \± 7.59 ng/ml; 67.45 \± 8.03 ng/ml, and 64.74 \± 7.80 ng/ml, respectively. The fragment schistocytes ocyte percentage\’s in each group is 0\%, 0.11\%, 0.01\%, 0.03\%. The ferritin levels tend to increase in NaNO2+katuk. Mann Whitney test results obtained no significant difference in Hb, MDA level and schistocytes percentage between the groups of mice that received NaNO2+katuk NaNO2+Cu-chlorophyllin (p\>0.05). This indicates that chlorophyll from S. androgynus leaves as effective as Cu-chlorophyllin in decrease the MDA levels after NaNO2 treatment, and although not significant, it can increase ferritin levels. Conclusion:\ The antioxidant activity of chlorophyll from katuk leaves are able to decrease schistocytes percentage\’s and MDA level. The increasing of Hb and ferritin level indicates its potential in the treatment of haemolityc anaemia. Further studies aimed at the mechanisms of action of this chlorophyll are needed.

}, keywords = {Anemia, Chlorophyll, Ferritin, Schistocytes., Sodium nitrite}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.10}, author = {Suparmi Suparmi and Sampurna Sampurna and Nur Anna C.S and Alvenia Meilina Ednisari and Galuh Dea Urfani and Iqrommatul Laila and Heavin Rakhmat Saintika} } @article {142, title = {Anti-Anemia Effect of Standardized Extract of Moringa Oleifera Lamk. Leaves on Aniline Induced Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {255-258}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {255}, abstract = {

Background: The leaves of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lamk.) have been empirically used as anti-anemia for pregnant woman. Objectives: In the present study, the effect of ethanolic extract of moringa leaves was evaluated on the hematology parameters (hemoglobin, red blood cell count, hematocrit), on aniline induced white female rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty female rats strain Sprague-Dawley were divided into six groups: normal, anemia and ferrous fumarate group, and three groups of Moringa leaves extract. All groups, except normal group, induced by aniline at dose 0.005 ml/ g bw intraperitonially. On fifth day, normal and anemia groups were given 0.5\% CMC, ferrous fumarate group was given ferrous fumarate orally and three other groups were given Moringa leaves extract at doses 198 mg, 396 mg, and 792 mg/200 g bw until the eleventh day. Results: The results showed that as Moringa leaves extracts increased the level of hemoglobin, red blood cell count, hematocrit, and total iron content in blood. Moreover, Moringa leaves extract at dose 792 mg/200 g bw can improve red blood cell\’s morphology and increased the level of hemoglobin and red blood cell count significantly (p\<0.05). Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of Moringa leaves showed anti-anemia on aniline-induced rats.

}, keywords = {Anemia, Aniline, Erythrocyte, Moringa Oleifera L, Total Iron.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.14}, author = {Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Meidi Utami Puteri and Santi Purna Sari and Azizahwati} } @article {129, title = {Assessment of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid, Tannin Content and Phytochemical Screening of Leaf and Flower Extracts from Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K.Heyne: a comparative study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {140-143}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {140}, abstract = {

Introduction: Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content of leaf and flower extract of Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K.Heyne was compared. Objective: To explore total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content of both leaf and flower extracts of Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC) K Heyne. Method: Initially, collected fresh leaves and flower samples were shade dried and extracted with various solvents such as aqueous methanol (1:1), ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous. Qualitative analysis was performed for various phytochemical. Then the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and total tannin content was estimated. Results: In preliminary phyto-chemical examination of various solvent extracts of both leaf and flowers of P. pterocarpum revealed that the presence of various phytochemicals such as phlobatannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannin, reducing sugars, phenols and steroids. In phtyochemical evaluation, when compare with all other solvents, Ethanolic extracts shows maximum extractive value. In case of ethyl acetate, it shows very low extractive value in all three phyto-chemicals. In phytochemical evaluation studies, total phenolic content of leaves shows highest in ethanolic extract (33.17 \± 4.72 mg/g) and lowest in ethyl acetate extract from flower (4.71 \± 0.07 mg/g), Similarly, flavonoid content of leaves shows highest in ethanolic extract (1.43 \± 0.01 mg/g) and lowest in aqueous extract of flower (0.23 \± 0.09 mg/g) but in case of tannin content, flower extracts shows higher tannin content in ethanolic extract (844.59 \± 10.38 mg/g) whereas lowest tannin content in leaf ethyl acetate extract (9.54 \± 6.98 mg/g). Conclusion: This is first report of comparative studies on total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content of various solvent extracts both leaves and flowers from Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC) K Heyne.

}, keywords = {Flavonoid, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Phenolic content, Phytochemicals, Solvent extraction., Tannin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.7}, author = {Peraman Muthukumaran and Nachimuthu Saraswathy and Vijayasekar Aswitha and Ramesh Balan and Venkatesh Babu Gokhul and Palanikumar Indumathi and Sivasubramani Yuvapriya} } @article {149, title = {Bacillus anthracis growth Inhibitory Properties of Australian Terminalia spp.: Putative Identification of low Polarity Volatile Components by GC-MS Headspace Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan/2016}, pages = {281-290}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {281}, abstract = {

Introduction: Anthrax is a severe acute disease caused by Bacillus anthracis infections. If untreated, it often results in mortality. Many Terminalia spp. have documented therapeutic properties as general antiseptics, inhibiting the growth of a wide variety of bacterial species. This study examines the ability of selected Australian Terminalia spp. extracts to inhibit B. anthracis growth. Methods:\ Solvent extracts were prepared from Terminalia carpentariae and Terminalia grandiflora plant material and investigated by disc diffusion assay for the ability to inhibit the growth of an environmental strain of B. anthracis. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. The most potent extracts were analysed by GC-MS headspace analysis. Results: T. carpentariae and T. grandiflora leaf, fruit and nut solvent extractions displayed good growth inhibitory activity against B. anthracis. Methanolic T. Carpentariae leaf and T. grandiflora nut extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 74 and 155 \µg/mL respectively. The T. carpentariae leaf ethyl acetate extract was also a good inhibitor of B. anthracis growth (MIC 340 \µg/mL). All other extracts were substantially less potent growth inhibitors. Interestingly, the T. Carpentariae leaf extracts with growth inhibitory activity were nontoxic in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay, with LC50 values \>1000 \µg/mL. In contrast, the LC50 value 740 \µg/mL reported for the methanolic T. grandiflora nut extract indicates low-moderate toxicity. Non-biased GC-MS phytochemical analysis of the most active extracts (methanolic T. carpentariae leaf and T. grandiflora nut) putatively identified and highlighted several compounds that may contribute to the ability of these extracts to inhibit the growth of B. anthracis. Conclusions: The growth inhibitory activity of the methanolic T. Carpentariae leaf and T. grandiflora nutextracts against B. anthracis indicates their potential for the treatment and prevention of anthrax. Furthermore, thelack toxicity of the T. Carpentariae leaf and the low-moderate toxicity of the T. grandiflora nut extract, indicates that their use may extend to all forms of the disease (cutaneous, inhalation or gastrointestinal).

}, keywords = {Anthrax, Combretaceae, Metabolomic profiling., Native almond, Terminalia carpentariae, Terminalia grandiflora, Wild peach}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.18}, author = {Mitchell Henry Wright and Joseph Sirdaarta and Alan White and Anthony Carlson Greene and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {135, title = {Bioactive Constituents of Pulicaria jaubertii: A promising Antihypertensive Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {81-86}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {80}, abstract = {

Objective: Phytochemical investigation and evaluation of antihypertensive activity of the alcoholic extract of Pulicaria jaubertii aerial parts. Material and Methods: The chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions were chromatographed on silica gel and sephadex LH 20 to afford six compounds. Their structures were elucidated on the bases of extensive NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY) and MS analysis. The antihypertensive activity of the alcoholic extract was evaluated against L-NAME\–induced hypertensive rats. Results: One new monoterpene glucoside; (2R, 4S)-p-menth-1-ene- 2-O-b-D-glucopyranoside [1] along with five known compounds; thymoquinol 2-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (zataroside-B) [2], quercetin 7, 3{\textquoteleft}-di-Omethylether (rhamnazin) [3], quercetin 7-O-methylether (rhamnetin) [4], quercetin 3{\textquoteleft}-O-methylether (isorhamnetin) [5] and stigmasterol 3-Ob- D-glucopyranoside [6] were isolated. The alcoholic extract significantly reduced the elevated SBP and partially restored the diminished nitric oxide metabolites. Conclusion: Compound [1] is a new and compounds [2-6] are reported for first time from Pulicaria jaubertii. The possible antihypertensive activity of the alcoholic extract may be due to its flavonoids and phenolic contents.

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive activity, Flavonoids, Monoterpene glucoside, Nitric oxide., Pulicaria jaubertii}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.18}, author = {El-Sayed M. El-Ghaly and Usama Shaheen and Ehab Ragab and Atef Ahmed El-hila and Mohamed Raafat Abd-Allah} } @article {187, title = {Bioactive Fraction from Datura stramonium Linn. Promotes Human immune Cells Mediated Cytotoxicity towards Lung and Breast Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {435-439}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {435}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate immune modulatory effect of fractions of D. stramonium L. leaves on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) followed by assessment of cytotoxic abilities of immunomodulated PBMC toward cancer cells. Material and methods: Bioassay (PBMC proliferation) guided fractionation of methanolic leaf extract of D. stramonium was performed to get active fraction and LC-MS was performed to identify the phytocompounds present in the bioactive fraction. The immunomodulatory potential of D. stramonium active fraction was assessed by i) MTT microcytotoxicity assay using A549 (lung carcinomas) and MCF-7 (breast cancer) cell lines and ii) analyzing the production of IL-2 and IFN-\γ by human PBMC in the presence of active fraction. Results: Chromatographic fractionation guided by PBMC proliferation assay of D. stramonium extract resulted in bioactive fraction (fraction-10) exhibiting significant immunostimulatory activity [EC50=19.1\±1.5 (\μg/ml)] on human blood lymphocytes. Fraction-10 pretreated PBMC displayed enhanced cytotoxicity towards A549 and MCF-7 (59\%\±2.1\% and 62\%\±2.3\% at 1:20 effector:target ratio respectively). Moreover, fraction-10 also enhanced the secretion of IL-2 (8 fold) and IFN-\γ (10 fold) by human PBMC. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of fraction-10 from D. stramonium showed the presence of terpenoids and steroids. LC-MS analysis depicted presence of four major phytoconstituents in fraction-10 as daturaolone, daturadiol, stigmasterol and sitosterol with corresponding mass spectrum (m/z) of 440, 442, 412 and 414 respectively. Conclusion: The present report concluded that active fraction-10 of D. stramonium possesses potential immunostimulators that are capable of enhancing anticancer responses of human blood lymphocytes.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Cytokine, Cytotoxic, Datura stramonium., Immunomodulation, PBMC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.4}, author = {Aditi Gupta and Sunil Kumar and Neeraj Mahindroo and Reena Vohra Saini} } @article {134, title = {Bioactivity Guided Fractionation of Ethanol Extract of Caesalpinia digyna Rottler Roots}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {165-167}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {165}, abstract = {

Background: Authors have reported earlier that ethanol extract of Caesalpinia digyna Rottler roots exhibits significant antianxiety activity at 400 mg/kg, po, in mice using elevated plus-maze (EPM). Objective: Aim of the study was to isolate antianxiety principle(s) from ethanol extract of C. digyna roots following bioactivity guided fractionation approach. Materials and Methods: Bioactive ethanol extract was partitioned with ethyl acetate to get ethyl acetate soluble (EASF) and ethyl acetate insoluble (EAIF) fractions. A compound (CD1) precipitated from EASF. The two fractions and CD1 were evaluated for antianxiety activity in mice. Column chromatography of EASF yielded 5 fractions (F1-F5), all of which were evaluated for antianxiety activity using EPM. Results: Present study revealed that EASF (80 mg/kg) and CD1 (40 mg/kg) exhibited significant antianxiety activity, while EAIF does not. Among the five fractions, only F4 (40 mg/kg, po), exhibited significant antianxiety activity, which was statistically comparable to that of diazepam (2 mg/kg). Conclusion: Present investigation reveals that EASF obtained by partitioning of ethanol extract of C. digyna roots with ethyl acetate, and a compound CD1, isolated from EASF, exhibit significant antianxiety activity. Among 5 fractions (F1-F5) obtained from column chromatography of EASF, only F4 exhibited significant antianxiety activity. F4 is being processed further to isolate the anxiolytic constituent(s), and CD1 is being characterized.

}, keywords = {Antianxiety, Bioactivity-guided fractionation, Caesalpinia digyna, Elevated plus-maze.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.11}, author = {Jitender Singh and Ashwani Kumar and Anupam Sharma} } @article {110, title = {Bioprospecting of some medicinal plants explored for antifungal activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {59-65}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {59}, abstract = {

In the present study, evaluation of different plant parts of fifteen medicinal plants belongs to different families have been screened for in vitro efficacy of antifungal activity against phyto pathogenic (Aspergillus and Fusarium species) as well as human pathogenic fungi (Candida albicans and Microsporum species) using agar well diffusion assay. The results showed that among fifteen medicinal plants, crude extracts of different solvents viz., petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol tested for antifungal activity, twelve plants were found to be effective against one or the other test fungi, among these plants, solvent extracts of Callistemon lanceolatus showed significant activity against C. albicans, Microsporum gypseum, Cordia dichrotoma leaves extracts exhibited significant activity against A. niger, A. flavus and C. albicans. Sphaeranthus indicus L. whole plant extracts exhibited significant activity against Aspergillus spp., C. albicans and Microsporum canis. Leaves extracts of Vitex negundo exhibited significant activity against A. niger, A. flavus, F. verticillioides, C. albicans and moderate activity against F. crookwellense. Extracts of Butea monosperma exhibited significant to moderate activity against all test pathogens except C. albicans. The obtained results imparts a preliminary piece of significant information regarding the antifungal potentiality of screened medicinal plants and thus our present investigation depicted an outline interpretation of significant activity with crude solvent extracts, which could be exploit for further isolation and investigation of antifungal agents for crop diseases management and human health.

Keywords: Nill

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.13}, author = {Kumara Shanthamma Kavitha and Sreedharamurthy Satish} } @article {162, title = {Cakile maritima Scop. extracts inhibit the growth of some bacterial triggers of autoimmune diseases: GC-MS analysis of an inhibitory extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {361-374}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {361}, abstract = {

Introduction: High antioxidant capacities have been linked to the treatment of rheumatic diseases and also in the inhibition of microbial growth. Although Cakile maritima has a high antioxidant capacity, it is yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Methods: C. maritima solvent extracts were analysed for antioxidant capacity by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Growth inhibitory activities against bacterial species associated with initiating rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis were determined by disc diffusion assay and quantified by MIC determination. Toxicity was determined by Artemia franciscana bioassay. Results: All C. maritima solvent extracts displayed good DPPH radical scavenging activity, although the ethyl acetate extract was particularly potent with an IC50 values of 3.4 \μg/mL. The other extracts also had significant radical scavenging activity, with IC50 between 4.7 and 13.6 \μg/mL. The bacterial growth inhibitory activity of the extracts correlated with their free radical scavenging activity. The ethyl acetate extract displayed the most potent growth inhibitory activity against most bacterial species. This extract was particularly potent against Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC values of 431, 559 and 777 \μg/mL, respectively). The hexane extract was also a potent inhibitor of the Proteus spp., (MIC of approximately 500-800 \μg/mL). The ethyl acetate extract also inhibited Klebsiella pneumoniae growth, albeit with higher MIC\’s (approximately 1500 \μg/mL). All other C. maritima extract-bacteria combinations generally resulted in mid-low potency inhibition. All of the extracts were determined to be nontoxicin with the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with LC50 values substantially \>1000 \μg/mL. A total of 97 unique mass signals were detected in the C. maritima ethyl acetate extract by nonbiased GC-MS headspace analysis. A number of terpenoids which may contribute to the therapeutic bioactivities of the extract were putatively identified. Conclusion: The lack of toxicity and the inhibitory activity against microbial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis by the C. maritima ethyl acetate extract indicates its potential in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.

}, keywords = {Acinitobacter baylyi, ankylosing spondylitis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, multiple sclerosis, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas areuginosa., rheumatoid arthritis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.9}, author = {Elsayed Omer and Abdelsamed Elshamy and Abdel Nasser El Gendy and Xin Cai and Joseph Sirdaarta and Alan White and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {193, title = {Callus Induction and Elicitation of Total Phenolics in Callus Cell Suspension Culture of Celastrus paniculatus {\textendash} willd, an Endangered Medicinal Plant in India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {471-475}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {471}, abstract = {

Celastrus paniculatus - Willd belonging to the family Celastraceae is a vulnerable medicinal plant in India. It has been employed as a stimulant, nervine tonic, rejuvenant, sedative, tranquilizer and diuretic. It is also used in the treatment of leprosy, leucoderma, rheumatism, gout, paralysis and asthma. Because of its high pharmaceutical application, this plant species were over exploited and now considered under threatened species. So the highlight of the present investigation is the induction of callus by using different concentration of various phytohormones such as 2, 4-D (0.5 - 3.0 mg/l) and NAA (0.5 - 2.5 mg/l). In order to ensure the presence of the bioactive compounds preliminary phytochemical screening of the various extracts of callus were performed. Finally elicitation of total phenolics were done in callus cell suspension cultures by using elicitors such as jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and copper sulphate. Among the applied elicitors jasmonic acid showed superiority. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the elicitation of secondary metabolites especially total phenolics from callus cell suspension cultures of Celastrus Paniculatus.

}, keywords = {Bioactive constituents, Callogenesis, Celastrus paniculatus, Elicitors, Total phenolics.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.10}, author = {Anusha T S and Joseph M V and Elyas K K} } @article {151, title = {Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Fresh Rhizome Essential Oil of Zingiber Officinale Roscoe}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal,}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {185-190}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {185}, abstract = {

Background: Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) is a rhizomatous perennial herb found in tropical Asia. It is extensively used worldwide as a spice, flavoring agent and herbal remedy for cold, throat and chest\ infections and cough. The present study was carried out to analyse an essential oil from the fresh rhizomes of Z. officinale of Ghaziabad region and to evaluate its antimicrobial activity. Materials and Methods: The fresh rhizomes were hydrodistilled to get the essential oil which was analysed by GC and GC-MS techniques. The oil was evaluated for antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method. Results and Discussion: The essential oil was characterized by high percentage of sesquiterpenes (66.66\%), monoterpenes (17.28\%) and aliphatic compounds (13.58\%). The predominant sesquiterpene was zingiberene (46.71\%) followed by valencene (7.61\%), \β-funebrene (3.09\%) and selina-4(14),7(11)-diene (1.03\%). The major monoterpenes were characterized as citronellyl n-butyrate (19.34\%), \β-phellandrene (3.70\%), camphene (2.59\%) and \α-pinene (1.09\%). The essential oil exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Conclusion: The essential oil mainly contained a large number of sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes and exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Chemical composition, Essential oil, GC-MS analysis, Zingiber officinale.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.3}, author = {Pradeep Kumar Sharma and Vijender Singh and Mohammed Ali} } @article {95, title = {Chemical Profile of Essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Drug Resistance-modifying Activity by Gaseous Contact Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {4-9}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {4}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plant products with antimicrobial potential and ability to modulate the action of drugs have become the target of several studies. Many studies of the species Ocimum gratissimum Lamiaceae have reported biological activities in the essential oil and extracts of various parts of the plant. Objective: Evaluate the antibacterial and resistance-modifying activity of the essential oil of O. gratissimum (OEOg) and its major compound eugenol. Materials and Methods: OEOg was extracted by hydrodistillation, and eugenol was obtained commercially. Multiresistant strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococos aureus were used to test for drug activity. Antibacterial and resistance-modifying activity of OEOg and eugenol was evaluated by gaseous contact. Results: Chemical analysis of OEOg demonstrated the presence of eugenol and other compounds such as 1,8-cineole and \β-selinene as well. In the evaluation of the antibacterial activity, both OEOg and eugenol were unable to form a bacterial growth inhibition zone at any of the concentrations tested. However, the modulation tests with amikacin and erythromycin identified synergism with OEOg and eugenol against E.\  coli and S. aureus. Gentamicin combined with OEOg showed antagonism against S. aureus but synergism against E.coli. When gentamicin was combined with eugenol, there was also synergism against S. aureus, whereas no effect was seen against E. coli. Conclusion: Given the results obtained in this study, it is concluded that OEOg and eugenol may eventually represent a new therapeutic tool against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

}, keywords = {Eugenol, Gaseous contact, Modifying, Ocimum gratissimum, Resistance.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.2}, author = {Maria Karollyna do Nascimento Silva and Vict{\'o}ria Regina De Alencar Carvalho and Edinardo Fagner Ferreira Matias} } @article {160, title = {Comparative Powder Microscopic and HPTLC Studies on Stem barks of Symplocos racemosa Roxb. and Symplocos crataegoides Ham}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {346-351}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {346}, abstract = {

Introduction: Comparative powder microscopic and HPTLC studies were carried out on stem barks of Symplocos racemosa Roxb. and Symplocos crataegoides Ham. to differentiate its identity in Ayurvedic formulations. Method: Powder microscopic and HPTLC studies of these barks were undertaken on a comparative basis and results are reported in this paper. The authentic samples are cleaned, powdered and passed through sieve No. 80. A few mg of powder was stained with saffranin, Toluidine blue and Iodine and photographed under different magnifications with the help of NICKON Labphot -2. HPTLC studies were followed by Sethi and Wagner et al method. Results: The colour, taste, cork cells, fibres, sclereids, starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals, number of spots and Rf values of HPTLC are found to be differentiating diagnostic characters in powdered form of S. racemosa and S. crataegoides. Conclusion: The findings of the present study is believed to be helpful in standardization of Ayurvedic formulation containing stem bark of S. racemosa and S. crataegoides as ingredients in powder form. The study sets the specific microscopic protocol and HPTLC finger print of the two drugs and may lead to global acceptance and reputation of the Ayurvedic system.

}, keywords = {Authentication, Curna, Dasamularistam, Lodhra, Lodhrasavam, Pharmacognosy.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.7}, author = {Nartunai Govindarajan and Uma Maheswara Reddy Cheekala and Shantha Arcot and Susikumar Sundaramoorthy and Murugammal Shanmugam and Ramasamy Duraisamy and Venkata Narasimhaji Cheemalapati and Ilavarasan Raju} } @article {108, title = {Estrogenic Potential of Flemingia vestita Benth Tubers in Ovariectomized Rat Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {44-49}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Objective: This study investigates the potential estrogenic activity of the ethanolic extract of Flemingia vestita Benth tubers using ovariectomized rat model. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of F. vestita tubers has been standardized using validated HPLC method in terms of its genistein content (8.43 \± 0.05 mg/g of extract). Three to four week old young albino Wistar female rats were ovariectomized and treated for 14 days post ovariectomy with the standardized ethanolic extract at three different dose levels (100, 250, 500 mg/kg body weight) with a positive control of Estradiol valerate (1 mg/kg/day). The parameters evaluated were uterine weight, uterine glycogen, G6PDH, LDH, 17\β-estradiol, progesterone, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and histo architecture of uterus. Results: Treatment with the ethanolic extract of F. vestita tubers showed dose dependent increase in uterine weight, glycogen levels, G6PDH levels, estrogen and progesterone levels when compared with the ovariectomized control. Amongst three dose levels, high dose of plant extract showed significant increase in the uterine weight (p \< 0.001), uterine glycogen content (p \< 0.001), 17-\β estradiol and progesterone levels (p \< 0.001), G6PDH and LDH levels (p \< 0.001) as well as significant decrease in HDL and triglycerides levels (p \< 0.001) compared to ovariectomized control. Histopathological evaluation of uteri sections revealed that the high dose of the plant show increase in the endometrial response as indicated by proliferation of endometrial glands and luminal epithelium of the ovariectomized rats. Conclusion: Thus, these data suggests that ethanolic extract (500 mg/kg body weight) of F. vestita tubers may exhibit good estrogenic activity in ovariectomized rat model.

Key words: Estrogenic activity, Flemingia vestita, genistein, HPLC, ovariectomized rats.

}, keywords = {Estrogenic activity, Flemingia vestita, genistein, HPLC, ovariectomized rats.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.10}, author = {Sunita Shailajan and Suman Kumaria and Suhas Pednekar and Sasikumar Menon and Hiranjit Choudhury and Archana Matani} } @article {140, title = {Evaluation of antioxidant effect and anticancer activity against human glioblastoma (U373MG) cell lines of Murraya Koenigii}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {220-225}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {220}, abstract = {

Aim: The main aim of the study was to screen the ethanolic (EEMK) and methanolic (MEMK) extracts of Murraya koenigii (MK) leaves and their alkaloid fractions (EFMK and MFMK) for their in vitro anti-oxidant and anticancer activity against U373MG cell lines. Methods: In vitro antioxidant activity of extracts and fractions was determined by DPPH Radical assay, Reducing power assay, Inhibition of lipid peroxidation, Superoxide radical scavenging assay and Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. Cytotoxic effect of MK extracts and fractions was evaluated by performing Sulphorhoda\­mine B (SRB) assay and Flow cytometry analysis on U373MG cell lines. Results: Extracts and fractions of MK were found to possess significant antioxidant activity. In SRB colorimetric assay, the efficacy of MK against U373MG cell line was observed due to reduced viability of U373MG cells. Dose dependent significant increase in the percentage of dead cells was also observed. MEMK exhibited significant cytotoxicity than EEMK where\­as EFMK and MFMK were not found to be significantly cytotoxic against U373MG cell lines. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that the effective extract MEMK induces cell death in human glioblastoma cells through apoptotic mode of action. Conclusion: The observed anticancer activity of Murraya koenigii may be due to its antioxidant potential.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Antioxidant, Flow cytometry.., Glioblastoma, Murraya Koenigii, SRB assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.7}, author = {Mrinal Sanaye and Nimisha Pagare} } @article {125, title = {Finger Printing of the Anatomical Markers, HPTLC Profile and Heavy Metals Content in the Leaves of Aristolochia indica Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {117-126}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {117}, abstract = {

Background: Aristolochia indica Linn is now an endangered medicinal plant belonging to the family Aristolochiaceae. Many ethono-botanically important species of Aristolochia were found used in the traditional forms of medicine for the treatment of various illnesses. Aim: The present study concerns the microscopic, fluorescent, powder, quantitative microscopic characteristics of the leaves of Aristolichia indica Linn and its physico-chemical standards. Materials and Methods: Morpho-histological profile, Highperformance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) finger print profile, and heavy metals content of the leaves of Aristolichia indica Linn. Results: The presence of camptodromous pinnate venation with pentagonal shaped areoles with linear veinlet endings, non-glandular hooked trichomes, amphistomatic and anomocytic stomata, small palisade ratio, small stomatal index were the anatomical features characteristics of the taxon. Physico-chemical evaluation of the leaves gave moisture content of 10.5\%, total ash 12.7\%, acid insoluble ash 1.9\%, acid soluble ash 10.8\%. Highperformance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) identification of marker compound (Aristolochic acid I or (AAI)) in methanol extract of leaves was carried out. The developed HPTLC Chromatogram had revealed nine phytoconstutents in extract of leaf sample. The Rf value for Aristolochic acid I (C17H11NO7) was found to be 0.41 and densitometric scanning had shown \λmax at 318 nm for the marker compound. The content of marker constituent (AA I) present in shade-dried leaves of Aristochia indica Linn was estimated as 0.049\%. The Flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of elements had shown appreciable amounts of the elements such as Fe (0.5442 mg/g), Zn (0.026.82 mg/g), Ni (0.008 mg/g,) and Cu (0.002 mg/g) by dry weight of the leaves of Aristolichia indica. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the delineated characteristics of the leaves of A. indica, could tag as the identifying parameters to substantiate and authenticate the raw drugs from the spurious/adulterants materials and could also be effectively used for the regulatory perspectives and quality assessment of Aristololic acid \Ι in the medicinal formulation/finished products. The presence of important mineral elements inside this plant showed that it could be a nutritious plant and important to the human health.

}, keywords = {Areoles, Aristolic acid, Heavy metals., HPTLC finger print, Physico-chemical parameters, Stomatal index}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.4}, author = {Madathilparambil Vasu Sudhakaran} } @article {190, title = {Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry Analysis and In vitro Antioxidant Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of the Leaves of Tabernaemontana divaricata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {451-458}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {451}, abstract = {

Objective: To identify phytoconstituents present in an ethanolic extract of the leaves of Tabernaemontana divaricata and to evaluate its in-vitro antioxidant potential. Methods: The extract was subjected to gas chromatography- mass spectrometry analysis to identify phytoconstituents, and screened for hydroxyl, superoxide and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, reducing power and metal-chelating activity as a measure of potential antioxidant activity. Results: GC-MS analysis of the extract revealed the presence of 96 phytoconstituents, of which 17 are reported to be bioactive and 11 of these to possess antioxidant potential. When tested in-vitro, the extract exhibited the most potent radical-scavenging activity at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/ml, scavenging effects of 64\%, 67\% and 69\% and corresponding half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 6.7 mg/ml, 6.8 mg/ml and 6.2 mg/ml on hydroxyl, superoxide and DPPH radicals, respectively. Ascorbic acid used as a standard (10 mg/ml) showed scavenging effects of 73\%, 73\% and 75\% and corresponding IC50 values of 5.3 mg/ml, 5.8 mg/ml and 5.2 mg/ml, respectively, on hydroxyl, superoxide and DPPH radicals. At 10 mg/ml, the extract and an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid standard exhibited 68\% and 78\%, respectively, chelation of ferrous ions; at the same concentration, the reducing power of the extract and that of a butylated hydroxytoluene standard was found to be 3.855 and 4.308, respectively. Conclusion: These observations strongly suggest that the ethanolic extract of T. divaricata leaves has potent in-vitro antioxidant activity and thereby could act as a possible therapeutic agent for oxidative stressinduced pathological states.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, GC-MS analysis, Metal chelating activity., Phytoconstituents, Reducing power, Tabernaemontana divaricata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.7}, author = {Muniyandi Anbukkarasi and Philip A Thomas and Mahalingam Sundararajan and Pitchairaj Geraldine} } @article {111, title = {GC/MS Analysis and Potential Cytotoxic Activity of Haplophyllum tuberculatum Essential Oils Against Lung and Liver Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {66-69}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {66}, abstract = {

Background: Haplophyllum tuberculatum is a plant belongs to family rutacee. It is rich in volatile oils, fixed oils, alkaloids, and furanocoumarins. It is well known for the huge number of folkloric uses in middle east. \ Objective: The aim of this study is to establish the chemical composition of the essential oils of Libyan H. tuberculatum and to investigate their cytotoxic potentialities. Materials and Methods: The essential oils of the aerial parts and flowers of H. tuberculatum growing in Libya were prepared by hydrodistillation. GC/MS analyses were performed on a Shimaduz capillary gas chromatograph (GC 17A ver.3) instrument directly coupled to mass spectrometer-MS QP5050A. Oil A and F of H. tuberculatum at different concentrations (0-50 \µg/ml) in DMSO were tested for cytotoxicity against human tumor cell lines. Results: Oil yield was found 0.4 and 1.5 (v/w \%) on dry weight basis respectively. GC/MS analysis resulted in identification of total 35 compounds. 15 compounds\  were common to both oils. oil A of H. tuberculatum exhibited antitumor activities against. liver carcinoma cell line (HEPG2) and lung carcinoma cell line (H1299) 4.7 \µg/ml and 4.1 \µg/ml. Conclusion: Essential oil of the aerial parts of H. tuberculatum is potentially active against lung (H-1299), and liver (HEPG2) carcinoma cell lines. The observed cytotoxic, activities can be attributed to the dominance of \α and \γ-terpinene in this oil.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, Essential oils, Haplophyllum tuberculatum, Liver cancer, Lung cancer.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.14}, author = {Omar Mohamed Mohamed Sabry and Abeer Mohamed El Sayed and Salmin Khalid Alshalmani} } @article {136, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Commiphora molmol Oleo-Resin Extracts which Inhibit the growth of Bacterial Triggers of Selected Autoimmune Diseases.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {191-202}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {191}, abstract = {

Introduction: Myrrh has been used traditionally for the inhibition of microbial growth and for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Despite this, myrrh extracts are yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Methods: Solvent extracts prepared from commercially obtained myrrh resin were analysed for the ability to inhibit the growth of bacterial species associated with initiating rheumatoid arthritis (P. mirabilis), ankylosing spondylitis (K. pneumoniae) and multiple sclerosis (A. baylyi, P. aeruginosa) by disc diffusion assay, and quantified by MIC determination. Toxicity was determined by Artemia franciscana bioassay. The most potent inhibitory extract was investigated using non-targeted GC-MS head space analysis (with screening against a compound database) for the identification and characterization of individual components in the crude plant extracts. Results:\ Methanolic myrrh extract inhibited the growth of all bacterial species tested. The growth inhibition of this extract was particularly notable against P. mirabilis and K. pneumoniae, with MIC values substantially \< 1000 \μg/mL for both reference and clinical bacterial strains. Indeed, the MIC values of the methanolic extract against P. mirabilis reference and clinical strains were 572 and 463 \μg/mL respectively. The methanolic extract also inhibited the growth of A. baylyi (MIC approximately 3000 \μg/mL) and P. aeruginosa (MIC approximately 1800 \μg/mL). However, the MICs against these bacteria was indicative of only moderate inhibitory activity. The aqueous, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane extracts also inhibited the growth of all bacterial species, albeit with moderate (MIC values 1000-5000 \μg/mL) to low efficacy (MIC values \>5000 \μg/mL) against all bacterial species. All myrrh extracts were non-toxicin the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with LC50 values substantially above 1000 \μg/mL. Non-biased GC-MS headspace\ analysis of the methanolic extracti dentified a high diversity of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoid. Conclusion: The lack of toxicity and the inhibitory activity of the methanolic myrrh extract against microbial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis indicates its potential in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.

}, keywords = {ankylosing spondylitis, Commiphora molmol, Monoterpenoid, Multiple sclerosis., Myrrh, rheumatoid arthritis, Sesquiterpenoid, Terpenoid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.4}, author = {Isaac Biggs and Joseph Sirdaarta and Alan White and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {203, title = {GC-MS Analysis of n-hexane Extract of Stem Bark of Symplocos crataegoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {520-524}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {520}, abstract = {

Context: The stem barks of the plant Symplocos crataegoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (syn. Symplocos paniculata (Thunb.) Miq.), Fam. Symplocaceae is extensively used in Indian medicine under the names of Lodhra/Patikalodhra. Mainly it is used to cure uterine complaints, vaginal and menstrual disorders. Aim: To investigate the phytochemicals from the n-hexane extract of the stem bark of Symplocos crataegoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don., using GC-MS analysis. Materials and Methods: Stem bark of S.crataegoides was extracted by Soxhlet extraction method using n-hexane. The extract was injected by splitless injection mode into the GC MS 5975 C Agilent equipped with a QP- 5000 (quadrupole) Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometer. Results: Identification of 57 compounds from n-hexane extract. Those compounds were identified by close matches with standard MS spectra and compared with NIST - 11 and WILEY library data. Undecane (7.51\%) was found as major compound followed by Isopropyl myristate, Dodecane, 1,2,4-trimethyl-benzene, Octacosane, 2-methyl-decane, 2-ethyl-1,2-dimethyl-benzene, 1,2,3,5- tetramethyl-benzene etc., other constituents were found to be in traceable quantities. Conclusion: GC-MS analysis of S. crataegoides revealed certain interesting facts of presentation of various phytoconstituents in the stem bark. The presence of various phytoconstituents contributes to the medicinal activity of the plant.

}, keywords = {GC-MS analysis, n-hexane extract, Patikalodhra, Symplocos Crataegoides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.2}, author = {Nartunai Govindarajan and Uma Maheswara Reddy Cheekala and Shantha Arcot and Susikumar Sundaramoorthy and Ramasamy Duraisamy and Ilavarasan Raju} } @article {130, title = {Growth Inhibitory Activity of Kakadu Plum Extracts Against the Opportunistic Pathogenclostridium Perfringens: New Leads in the Prevention and Treatment of Clostridial Myonecrosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {144-153}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {144}, abstract = {

Introduction: Clostridium perfringens is the etiological agent of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. Infections result in exotoxin production, tissue necrosis and unless promptly treated, may result in death. Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) fruit has documented therapeutic properties as a general antiseptic agent. Fruit extracts have been reported to inhibit the growth of an extensive panel of pathogenic bacteria. Leaf extracts have also been shown to block the growth of several bacterial species associated with autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Methods: T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf solvent extracts were investigated for growth inhibitory activity by disc diffusion assay against a clinical strain of Clostridium perfringens. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Active extracts were analysed by non-targeted HPLC-QTOF mass spectroscopy (with screening against 3 compound databases) for the identification and characterisation of individual components in the crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic and aqueous T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf extracts, as well as the leaf ethyl acetate extract, displayed growth inhibitory activity in the disc diffusion assay against C. perfringens. The leaf extracts were generally more potent growth inhibitors than the corresponding fruit extracts, although the aqueous fruit extract had substantially greater efficacy than the aqueous leaf extract. The methanolic and ethyl acetate leaf extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 206 and 117 \μg/ml respectively. The fruit methanolic extract also displayed good efficacy, with an MIC of 716 \μg/ml. In contrast, the chloroform and hexane extracts of both fruit and leaf were completely devoid of growth inhibitory activity. All T. ferdinandiana extracts were either nontoxic or of low toxicity in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay. Non-biased phytochemical analysis of the methanolic and ethyl acetate leaf extracts revealed the presence of high relative levels of a diversity of galloand ellagi- tannins. Conclusion: The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana extracts and the potent growth inhibitory bioactivity of the leaf methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts against C. perfringens indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. Metabolomic profiling studies indicate that these extracts contained a diversity of tannins.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial extracts, Antioxidant, Australian medicinal plants, Enteritis necroticans, Gas gangrene., Kakadu plum, Myonecrosis, Terminalia ferdinandiana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.8}, author = {Mitchell Henry Wright and Joseph Sirdaarta and Ben Matthews and Anthony Carlson Greene and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {127, title = {In vitro Cytotoxicity Studies of Zn (Zinc) Nanoparticles Synthesized from Abutilon indicum L. against Human Cervical Cancer (HeLa) Cell Lines.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {127-131}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {127}, abstract = {

Background: The Zn nanoparticles synthesized from the plant sources are ecofriendly and are potent anticancer agents. Objective: The objective of the present work was to evaluate In vitro cytotoxic activity of Zn nanoparticles green synthezised from Abutilon indicum extract against HeLa cell lines (cervical cancer). Methods: The aqueous extract is prepared by cold extraction (maceration) using water as a solvent. Phytochemical analysis was done by using the standard procedures. Aqueous extract of A. indicum was used for synthesis of Zn nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible spectrometry and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. In vitro cytotoxicity studies of Zn nanoparticles were done by MTT assay using HeLa cell lines. Results: The preliminary phytochemical results revealed that the aqueous extract of A. indicum contains broad spectrum of secondary metabolites like Tannins, Saponins, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Anthroquinones, Terpenoids and Steroids. The U.V spectrophotometeric analysis of Zn nanoparticles displayed maximum absorption at 270 nm and scanning electron microscopic studies showed that the nanoparticles size ranges from 50-500 nm. The MTT assay results revealed that the of Zn nanoparticles exhibits potent cytotoxicity against HeLa cell lines with IC50 value of 45.82 \μg/ml. Conclusion: Thus the present study concludes that Zn nanoparticles can be used as a potent drug in alternative therapy for treating the cervical cancer patients.

}, keywords = {Abutilon indicum, Cervical cancer, Cytotoxicity, MTT Assay, Zn nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.5}, author = {Badarinath Druvarao Kulkarni and Samim Sultana and Mayuri Bora and Ishita Dutta and Padmaa Milaap Paarakh and Vedamurthy Ankala Basappa.} } @article {186, title = {Macro-Microscopic evaluation, Physicochemical analysis and HPTLC Finger printing of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Rhizome}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {430-434}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {430}, abstract = {

Introduction: Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Family Hypoxydaceae (Amaryllidaceae) is a perennial herb with finger like rhizome. Its rhizomes have been significantly used in treatment of various ailments including cancer. Methods: Macro-microscopic analyses, physico-chemical studies and HPTLC finger printing of rhizomes of C. orchioides were performed according to pharmacopoeial procedures. Results: Microscopic analysis has shown rows of rectangular and conical cells in cork, thin walled cortex, parenchymatous cells, starch grains, crystal of calcium oxalate, mucilage cell and spiral xylem vessel in the rhizomes of C. orchioides. Physicochemical studies revealed loss on drying (10.469\%), total ash (8.463\%), acid insoluble ash (1.10\%), water-soluble ash (2.163\%), alcohol soluble extractive value (3.036\%), and water-soluble extractive value (22.666\%) of the raw drug. Ethanol extract of the plant were fingerprinted in petroleum ether and ethyl acetate (7.0:3.0) solvent system and scanned densitometrically after dipping in anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid reagent followed by heating at 105\°C. Conclusion: These specific identities will be useful in identification and authentication of the raw drug in dried form.

}, keywords = {Curculigo orchioides, HPTLC fingerprinting, Pharmacognostic, Quality control., Standaridisation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.3}, author = {Deepa Yadav and Mohd Salim Reshi and Sadhana Shrivastava and Nalini Srivastava and Sunil Kumar Koppala Narayana and Sangeeta Shukla} } @article {126, title = {Medicinal Plants for Treatment of Cancer: A Brief Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {87-102}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {87}, abstract = {

Cancer is actually a group of many related diseases that all have to do with cells. Cancer cells are characterized by unregulated growth, as well as insufficient and inappropriate vascular supply. Moreover, a core of cells was subjected to micro environmental stress conditions, and has decreased apoptotic potential through genetic alterations, thereby resulting in resistance to apoptosis. Cancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide where the number of cancer patients is in continuous rise. Cancer is a major public problem whose estimated worldwide new incidence is about 6 million cases per year. It is the second major cause of deaths after cardiovascular diseases. Chemotherapy remains the principal mode of treatment for various cancers. A number of synthetic anticancer drugs are available in practice, but the side effects and the drug interactions are major drawbacks in its clinical utility. Most of the currently used chemotherapy drugs for cancers are known to develop resistance, exhibit non-selective toxicity against normal cells and restrict by dose-limiting side effects. Hence, cancer treatment and development of drugs for this disease remains a major clinical challenge. On the other hand, plants are an exceptionally viable source of biologically active natural products which may serve as commercially significant entities in themselves or which may provide lead structures for the development of modified derivatives possessing enhanced activity and/or reduced toxicity in traeatment of cancer. Herbal medicines are now attracting attention as potential sources of anticancer agents and are widely used due to availability of the materials, affordability, relatively cheap and little or no side effects, wide applicability and therapeutic efficacy which in turn has accelerated the scientific research. For these reasons, World Health Organization (WHO) supports the use of traditional medicines which are efficacious and non toxic. In this review we have summarized few plants having anticancer activity.

}, keywords = {Allopathic Drugs, Breast cancer, Cancer, Cancer Cell Lines., Chemotherapy, Medicinal Plants.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.1}, author = {Sonika Jain and Jaya Dwivedi and Pankaj Kumar Jain and Swaha Satpathy and Arjun Patra} } @article {114, title = {Nutritional Evaluation of Fruits of Gynochthodes umbellata (L.) Razafim. \& B. Bremer {\textendash} An Underutilized Edible Fruit Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {72-76}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {72}, abstract = {

Objective: The present investigation aimed to assess the nutritional, mineral profiling and anti-nutritional analysis of Gynochthodes umbellata (Syn. Morinda umbellata), an underutilized edible plant belongs to the family Rubiaceae. Literature perusal reveals that, there are no previous reports on nutritional studies for this valuable fruit. Methods: Nutritional, mineral profiling and anti-nutritional analysis of fruits were carried out. Results: In nutritional analysis, carbohydrates (6.98 g/100g fw), protein (2.68 g/100 g fw), crude fat (0.13 mg/g dw) and crude fibre (32.58\%) content were detected. The fruits of G. umbellata, Vitamin C (25 mg/100g fw) was higher when compared to other three vitamin evaluated, Four macro elements and 6 micro elements were also quantified. Conclusion: Nutritional and Anti-nutritional analysis reveals that, the G. umbellata fruits could be used as a source of protein, vitamin and minerals and highly recommended for consumption as they contain low amount of the anti\–nutrients analysed. This is the first report on nutritional analysis of G. umbellata fruit.

}, keywords = {Anti-nutritional analysis, Morinda umbellata, Nutritional analysis, Underutilized edible fruit.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.16}, author = {Anjusha Sudhakaran and Gangaprasad Appukuttan Nair} } @article {157, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Epilobium hirsutum Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {226-229}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {226}, abstract = {

Background: Epilobium hirsutum Linn. (Onagraceae) is used widely as traditional medicine for its various medicinal values. Despite the popular utilization of this plant, still no conclusive study has been reported so far regarding the pharmacognostical standardization. Aim: Thus, the present study was aimed to scientifically establish a standard monograph of E. hirsutum on the basis of pharmacognostical aspects. Material and methods:\ Macroscopic, qualitative and quantitative microscopic characters of E. hirsutum were analyzed. Results: The diagnostic characters of the E. hirsutum were evaluated based on the macroscopical and microscopical characters. Conclusion: The obtained qualitative and quantitative standards will provide referential information for correct identification, purity, stan\­dardization and preparation of monograph of E. hirsutum.

}, keywords = {Epilobium hirsutum Linn, Great hairy willowherb., Great willowherb, Hairy willowherb, Onagraceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.8}, author = {N. A. Sheikh and T. R. Desai and R. D. Patel} } @article {154, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Melilotus officinalis Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {239-242}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {239}, abstract = {

Background: Melilotus officinalis Linn. (Fabaceae) historically has been used for a variety of medicinal purposes. Despite the popular medicinal utilization, still no conclusive study has been reported so far regarding the pharmacognostical standardization. Aim: Thus, the present study was focused to scientifically establish a standard monograph of M. officinalis on the basis of pharmacognostical parameters. Material and methods: The detailed macroscopic and qualitative as well as quantitative microscopic characters of M. officinalis were analyzed. Results: The morphological characters of M. officinalis were established. The transverse section of leaf shows lamina with single layered epidermis, anomocytic stomata, mesophyll, midrib with single layered epidermis and vascular strands were present in lamina. Stem contains single layered epidermis, cortex with\ several layers, phloem, xylem and starch grains. Root shows the presence\ of cork, phloem, xylem and starch grains. The powder characteristics of\ M. officinalis revels the presence of Epidermis, stomata, cork, parenchyma,\ mesophyll, fibers, spiral and pitted xylem vessels. The quantitative\ microscopy of leaf of M. officinalis reveals Stomatal number Upper surface\ (28.75 \± 2.5), Lower surface (38.37 \± 2.5); Stomatal index Upper surface\ (13.10 \± 1.50) Lower surface (12.58 \± 1.10); Vein islet number (96.25 \±\ 4.79), Vein termination number (27.50 \± 2.87) and Palisade ratio 6.5 \± 0.58.\ Conclusion: The obtained qualitative and quantitative standards would\ serve as a useful guide for correct identification, purity, standardization and\ preparation of monograph of M. officinalis.

}, keywords = {Aspurk., Fabaceae, Melilot, Melilotus officinalis Linn, Yellow Sweet clover}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.11}, author = {N. A. Sheikh and T. R. Desai and R. D. Patel} } @article {192, title = {Pharmacognostic Standardisation and Phytochemical Evaluation on the Seeds of Two Vitis Vinefera L. Varieties Grown in Kashmir Valley, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {465-470}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {465}, abstract = {

Introduction: Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the largest fruit crop widely grown throughout the world and their seeds are considered a relevant source of polyphenol compounds. Objective: To carry out phytochemical and pharmacognostic evaluation of the seeds of Vitis vinifera L. Var sahibi and hussaini, family vitiaceae as per WHO guidelines. Materials and Methods: In present investigation, the detailed pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of organoleptic properties, macroscopical, microscopical characters, physicochemical parameters, preliminary phytochemical screening for major groups of compounds and other WHO recommended parameters for standardization of the seeds of Vitis vinifera L. Var. sahibi and hussaini. Results: Macro and microscopic characters of Vitis vinifera L. seeds Var. sahibi and hussaini were analyzed. Physicochemical parameters such as foreign matter, extractive values, ash content, pH and fluorescent behaviour of seed powder were done by using WHO recommended parameters. A preliminary phytochemical screening was done and revealed the presence of different phytoconstituents like carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, sterols and fixed oil. Conclusion: This is the first report of its kind on the pharmacognostic studies of Vitis vinifera L. seeds Var. sahibi and hussaini and will serve as valuable source of information towards establishing pharmacognostic standards on identification, purity, quality and classification.

}, keywords = {Grapes, Hussaini, Macroscopy, microscopy, Physicochemical, Sahibi.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.9}, author = {Javaid Ashraf Nowshehri and Zulfiqar Ali Bhat and Mohammad Yaseen Shah} } @article {96, title = {Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Nutritional Evaluation of Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {31-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {31}, abstract = {

Objective: The primary aim of the study was to establish the pharmacognostic standards along with nutritional values on the important medicinal herb Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC., commonly known as Parpata in South India. Material and Methods: Pharmacognostical, physicochemical, nutritional evaluation along with the TLC profiling and preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out. Results: Histological study of different parts of the plant revealed the presence of different cellular structures viz. stem showed the presence of multi cellular to unicellular trichomes, collateral vascular bundles, starch grains etc. Mesophyll of the leaves was embedded with starch grains with clustered calcium oxalate and prism shaped crystals. Anomocytic stomata were present on both the epidermis of the leaf. Powder microscopy exhibited multi cellular trichomes, clustered calcium oxalate, fibres etc. Physicochemical and histochemical studies revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites and different minerals within the acceptable limits. Thin layer chromatographic profiling showed different spots suggesting the presence of specific phytoconstituents in different extracts. The plant also revealed good nutritional value with calorific value of about 245 kcal/100g; Vitamin C 112 mg/100 g and higher amount of calcium etc. Conclusion: The results are beneficial to establish the quality control parameters of the plant species and may be served as future reference for the identification and authentication of the genuine crude drug and also provide sufficient data to recognize the use of the plant as dietary suppliment.\ \  \ 

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Histochemical studies., Pharmacognosy, Powder microscopy, standardization, Thin layer Chromatography.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.7}, author = {Shantha Thirumalai Ramaseshan and Patchaimal Pitchaiah and Vandana Bharti and Kishore Kumar Ramakrishna and Venkateshwarlu Gaddam and Devesh Tewari and Chinmay Rath and Anupam Mangal and Padhi Madan Mohan and Dhiman Kartar Singh} } @article {161, title = {Quality Control standardization of Wild Himalayan Pear: Pyrus pashia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {352-360}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {352}, abstract = {

Introduction: To establish the pharmacognostical and phytochemical standardization parameters of Pyrus pashia fruits in order to ensure quality and safety of this traditionally acclaimed medicinal tree. Methods: The fresh fruits of P. pashia were collected and dried. Fruit was subjected to various pharmacognostical investigations, Extraction procedures, and preliminary phytochemical screening, according to WHO guidelines. Ethanolic extract was standardized to total phenolic and flavonoid content, followed by phytochemical quantification of P. pashia extract using lupeol as a chemical marker by HPLC method. Results: In the present study, microscopy of the fruit showed typical characteristics of berry, having thick fleshy pericarp differentiated into thin epicarp and thick mesocarp having wide radiating carpel chambers with one or two seeds attached in axile placentum. Further, physicochemical evaluation was done like, loss on drying, total ash value, acid insoluble ash value, water soluble ash value, fluorescence analysis etc. Heavy metal and pesticide residue analysis was also performed. Furthermore, ethanolic extract of Pyrus pashia (EPP) obtained from cold maceration and phytochemical screening of different fractions obtained by liquid partitioning revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites such as glycosides, steroids, triterpenoids, phenols flavonoids etc. Moreover, the total phenolic content and total analysis revealed that fruits are rich source of phenols and flavonoid. The HPLC chromatogram suggested that EPP contained 4.24\% w/w of lupeol. Conclusion: Pharmacognostical and phytochemical investigation will ensure quality and safety of this medicinal plant, furthermore HPLC quantification will aid in authentication and development of monograph.

}, keywords = {HPLC., Lupeol, Pyrus pashia, standardization, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.8}, author = {Siva Hemalatha and Priyanka Sharma and Satyendra Kuldip Prasad} } @article {184, title = {Rasayana Herbs of Ayurveda to Treat age Related Cognitive Decline: An Update}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {411-423}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {411}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cognitive decline associated with aging could be minor or major neuro-cognitive disorder presenting with progressive intellectual deterioration interfering with day to day activities. Behaviour and personality changes may complicate the life in due course. Significant increase in global prevalence of people aged above 60 years has raised concerns on effective management of old age problems. Age related cognitive deficits and dementia raise to the level of epidemics and established management is yet underway. Principles of preventive health and rasayana (rejuvenative) herbs of Ayurveda are being extensively researched up on for their effectiveness in dementia. In this fourteen such herbs with anti dementia property are discussed with relevant research update. Methods: Herbs like amalaki (Emblica officinalis), hareetaki (Terminalia chebula), haridra (Curcuma longa), manduka parni (Centella asiatica), aindri (Bacopa monniera), yastimadhu (Glycirrhiza glabra), guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), shankhapushpi (Convolvulus pleuricaulis), vacha (Acorus calamus), jyotishmati (Celastrus panniculata), kushmanda (Benincasa hispida), Jatamamsi (Nardostachys jatamamsi), ashvagandha (Withania somnifera) and kapikacchu (Mucuna pruriens (Linn.)) are already proven of their efficacy in experimental and preclinical levels. The contents and research evidences are collected from ayurveda database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda and Siddha and other authentic literature, Google scholar, Science direct, online and print journals. Discussion: The herbs in discussion mostly act on reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress injury by antioxidant properties and neuroprotective activity. Acetylcholine esterase inhibition, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate antagonism, Dopaminergic activity, Anti-amyloidogenic activity, Inhibition of Tau aggregation, neuroprotection and immune modulation are activity path ways. Tridosha namely Kapha, Pitta and Vata may be viewed to be categorically predominant in initial, middle and final stage of dementia. Selected herbs thus can be specific based on the pathology and relevant dosha predominance. Conclusion: Rasayana herbs with current updates and inferences can serve as an eye-opener for further researches at molecular and clinical aspect.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, cognitive decline, Dementia, Herbs, Medhya, Rasayana.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.1}, author = {Reena Kulkarni and Suhas Kumar Shetty and Rajarajeshwari N M and Prasanna Narasimha Rao and Nayan J} } @article {138, title = {A Review of Literature on Punarnavadi Mandura: An Ayurvedic Herbo-Mineral Preparation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {180-184}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {180}, abstract = {

Background: Punarnavadi Mandura is an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral preparation primarily used as an anemia correcting agent while its role in other clinical conditions has also been studied. Objective: To understand the role of Punarnavadi Mandura in controlling anemia and other clinical conditions and its pharmacognostical and phytochemical properties. Methodology: A search of literature was carried out using \“Punarnavadi Mandura\” as the only key word and a total of 33 literatures were obtained of which 5 titles were finally selected for the review. Results and Discussion: Of the 5 studies identified 3 studies focused on the role of Punarnavadi Mandura as an anemia correcting agent, one study identified its role in other clinical condition (Diabetic Nephropathy), one study focused on the pharmacog\­nostical and phytochemical analysis while one study focused on both the analysis of pharmacognostical and phytochemical properties and its role as an anemia correcting agent. As per these studies Punarnavadi Mandura is an effective remedy for iron deficiency anemia (IDA) of all ages. Statisti\­cally significant result has been obtained in subjective and hematological parameters. Furthermore its role in other clinical conditions has also been found effective, especially in Diabetic Nephropathy (DN), as a Naimithika Rasayana. Punarnavadi Mandura is currently a part of National health programme and is included in ASHA drugs kit for the management of IDA at community level. Conclusion: Given the efficacy of Punarnavadi Mandura in IDA, at all ages, its usage should be fostered more in Indian communities especially the rural communities where IDA is endemic.

}, keywords = {Anti-anemic, ASHA drugs kit., Iron Deficiency Anemia, Naimithika Rasayana, Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.2}, author = {Janmejaya Samal and Ranjit Kumar Dehury} } @article {104, title = {Seed oil chemical composition of Platychaeteaucheri (Boiss.) Boiss}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {42-43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {42}, abstract = {

Background: Platychaete aucheri is an endemic plant to the south of Iran and no phyochemical investigations is reported on the seeds oil. Materials and Methods: The chemical composition of Platychaete aucheri seeds oil was extracted by suxhelet apparatus, methyl esterificated and analyzed by GC and GC/MS spectroscopy method. Results: 16 compounds were determined in total and taraxasterol (19.0\%), \γ-sitosterol (14.1\%) and lupeol (11.8\%) were characterized as the most abundant components. Conclusion: Regarding the presence of high amounts of triterpenoids and sterols in the seed oil, related biological activities are expected from the studied oil.

}, keywords = {Asteraceae, gamma-Sitosterol., Platychaete aucheri, Seed oil, Taraxasterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.9}, author = {Jinous Asgarpanah and Narges Dakhili and Fatemeh Mirzaee and Maedeh Salehi and Maryam Janipour and Elaheh Rangriz} } @article {107, title = {Study of Protective Action of Spondias pinnata Bark extract on Rat Liver and Kidney against Etoposide Induced Chemical Stress}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {24-27}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {24}, abstract = {

Introduction: System injury, manifested as metabolic dysfunction is a common side effect of chemotherapy. Chemical stress on hepatic and kidney cells can be evaluated by biochemical analysis, including serum aminotransferases, glutathione levels and extent of lipid peroxidation. Combined treatment of chemotherapy along with the natural products such as phytochemicals may be a newer approach to reduce the side effects and betterment of chemotherapy. Objective: The present study was conducted to assay kidney and liver associated parameters on animals exposed to etoposide, and the protective effect of different doses of Spondias pinnata bark extract on normal cells. In this study, total 24 male Wistar rats (either sex) aged between 60 to 90 days were considered. Each groups consisted of six rats. Levels of Alanine and Aspartate aminotransferases were estimated using semi-auto analyser and GSH, GST, TAO and LPx by spectrophotometry. Results and Conclusion: Data analyzed using Graph Pad 5.0. Variation in the analyzed parameters were found between control, chemotherapy and Spondias pinnata groups.\  Results of the study show that significant increase in TBARS levels indicative of etoposide induced oxidative stress could be prevented by the treatment with S. pinnata. GST levels also support the preventive action of S. pinnata against etoposide induced stress. However, TAO and transaminases remain unaltered in the study groups.

}, keywords = {Etoposide, GSH, GST, LPx, Spondias pinnata.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.5}, author = {Beena Shetty and Gayathri Rao and Abhineetha and Niha Banu and Preethika and Sudarshan Reddy} } @article {174, title = {Study on Inflammation and the Nervous system of Ethanol extract of Jatropha Curcas seed}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {335-340}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {335}, abstract = {

Introduction: Jatropha curcas L. seeds are used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases or conditions. The aim of this study is to evaluate effects on inflammation and the nervous system of ethanol extract of J. curcas seeds. Materials and methods: It was used 64 mice divided in 8 groups; respectively, 4 groups received 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/kg of ethanol extract of J. curcas seed; and the rest intake Diclofenac, Diazepam, Caffeine and a control group not received any substance. The effects on inflammation was evaluated by Carrageenan-Induced paw oedema test and by Paw skin temperature. Neurological symptoms of toxicity were evaluated using the Irwin test. For the analysis of quantitative variables were used the following tests: one-way ANOVA, Tukey, Shapiro-Wilk and Pearson correlation; for qualitative variables Chi square was used. Results: According to the paw oedema, it was showed a trend on an inflammatory effect of the seeds of J. curcas; this activity was statistically significant in doses of 1000 mg/kg. Also, the skin temperature measurements outcomes reveal a positive dose response manner. Regard to neurological manifestations, Straub tail was founded in doses of 400 mg/kg. Stereotypies were founded in doses of 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/kg throughout the evaluation. Conclusion: J. curcas seeds were showed an inflammatory effect. In addition, effects on the nervous system were founded as stereotypes and Straub tail.

}, keywords = {Carrageenan, Inflammation, Jatropha curcas, Nervous System., Seeds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.5}, author = {Zambrano-Huailla Alexander and Zambrano-Huailla Rommel and Goicochea-Lugo Sergio and Zavala-Flores Ernesto and Garc{\'\i}a-Berrocal Jorge and Chau-Saravia Angel and Pante-Medina Carlos and Salazar-Granara Alberto} } @article {137, title = {Updates on Traditional Medicinal Plants for Hepatocellular Carcinoma}, journal = {Pharmaceutical Journals}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {203-214}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {203}, abstract = {

Aim: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major worldwide problem primarily caused by hepatitis B and C virus infection. End stage liver cancer treatment options are limited thus requiring expensive liver transplantation which is not available in many countries. Methods: Several herbal compounds and herbal composite formulas have been studied through in-vitro and in vivo as an anti-HCC agent, enhancing our knowledge about their biological functions and targets. In this article, arecent update on the herbal medicine has been provided with reference to liver cancer. Results: For the sake of clarity, the effective herbal compounds, clinical studies of herbal composite formula, cell culture, and animal model studies safety are discussed. The effects of many herbal active compounds of Annona atemoya, Andrographis paniculata, Boerhaviadiffusa, Piper longum, Podophyllum hexandrum, Phyllanthus amarus, and Terminalia chebula, and herbal composite formula on autophagy, apoptosis, antioxidant, and inflammation characteristicshave been provided. Conclusion: This will enhance our understanding\ on the prevention and treatment of HCC by herbal active compounds\ and herbal composite formulas.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Herbs, Liver cancer, Medicine, Treatment.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.5}, author = {Shilu Mathew and Muhammad Faheem and Mohd Suhail and Kaneez Fatima and Govindaraju Archunan and Nargis Begum and Muhammad Ilyas and Esam Azhar and Ghazi Abdullah Damanhouri and Ishtiaq Qadri} } @article {128, title = {Validated analytical RP-HPLC method for quantitation of wedelolactone from Eclipta alba and marketed Ayurvedic formulations}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {132-139}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {132}, abstract = {

Introduction: Eclipta alba Linn. (Asteraceae) is an important ingredient of several Ayurvedic formulations. The monograph on different parts of plant like flowers, leaves, roots are listed in Ayurvedic pharmacopeia of India. The plant is reported to be effective for broad range maladies like inflammation, reproductive problems of females etc. It is also used as a hepatoprotectant, analgesic, antibacterial and antidiabetic agent. Wedelolactone is used as a bioactive marker to establish the quality of the crude drug and its formulations. In the present study, wedelolactone-based standardization of Eclipta alba and its quantitation from marketed herbal and Ayurvedic formulations has been documented using RP-HPLC. Methods: In the current work, an isocratic method has been developed and validated to quantitate wedelolactone from whole plant of Eclipta alba. This method is validated as per ICH guidelines and is used to quantitate the content of wedelolactone in polyherbal formulations like Liv52, Geriforte, Mahabhringaraj oil etc. Results: The LOD is found to be 0.5 \μg/mL and the LOQ is 1 \μg/mL. The linearity range of response is from 5 \μg/mL to 100 \μg/mL. Conclusion: The validated method is found to be simple, sensitive, accurate, rugged and reproducible. This developed method can be recommended for quality assurance and marker-based standardization of polyherbal formulations containing whole plant of Eclipta alba.

}, keywords = {Eclipta alba, Formulations, RP-HPLC, Validation, Wedelolactone., Whole plant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.6}, author = {Sunita Shailajan and Sasikumar Menon and Dipti Singh and Gauri Swar} } @article {83, title = {Anti-diabetic Properties of Thymoquinone is unassociated with Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibition}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {406-410}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {406}, abstract = {

Background: Nigella sativa L. (Black seed), is commonly used by traditional healers as a remedy for more than four thousand years. The antidiabetic property of N. sativa seeds oil is attributable to the presence of Thymoquinone (TQ). On the other hand many studies have been designed to investigate the possible effects of the TQ in Streptozotocin (STZ) and nicotinamide (NA)-induced diabetes in rats. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the glucose lowering effects of thymoquinone. Methods: In vitro and in silico using glycogen phosphorylase (GPa) enzyme assay and docking tools were used. Results: Oral administration of TQ for 60 days, dose dependently improved the glycemic status in STZ-NA induced diabetic rats. GPa activity was measured in the direction of glycogen synthesis by the release of phosphate from glucose-1-phosphate. TQ at a concentration of 0.05 Mm inhibits GPa activity by only 14.9\%. Conclusion: These results show that TQ at 60 mg/kg b.w is associated with potential antihyperglycemic effects. Furthermore, anti-diabetic properties of TQ are unassociated with glycogen phosphorylase inhibition.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Docking, Enzyme, Glycogen phosphorylase inhibition, Streptozotocin, Thymoquinone.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.16}, author = {Nahid Mahmoud Hassan El-Ameen and Manal Mohamed Elhassan Taha and Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab and Asaad Khalid and Fatima Elfatih and Mona Awad Kamel and Bassem Yousif Sheikh} } @article {69, title = {Anti-hyperglycemic and Anti-lipidemic activities of Diabac (a polyherbal formulation) in Streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {283-288}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {283}, abstract = {

Aim: The objective of the work was to investigate the antidiabetic activity of Diabac (a polyherbal formulation) in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic rats. Methods: Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed to evaluate effect of Diabac on elevated glucose level. The type 2 diabetes was induced by overnight fasted rats by a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin, 15 min. after the i.p. administration of 110 mg/kg nicotinamide. The diabetic rats were treated with Diabac (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg, p.o.) or glibenclamide (5 mg/kg, p.o) for four week. Various parameters were studied such as fasting blood sugar level, serum insulin levels, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), serum lipid levels, se rum creatinine, urea, uric acid and liver glycogen. Results: Treatment with Diabac significantly reduced the blood sugar levels in OGTT. Diabetic rats showed a significant increase in the levels of glycated hemoglobin, serum lipids, serum creatinine, urea and uric acid, whereas there was a decrease in serum insulin, liver glycogen and HDL-C levels as compared to normal control rats. The administration of Diabac or glibenclamide significantly decreased the levels of glycated hemoglobin, TG, TC, LDL-C, serum creatinine, urea and uric acid, whereas there was an increase in the levels of liver glycogen and HDL-C as compared to diabetic control rats. However, the treatment with Diabac did not show any significant change in serum insulin levels as compared to diabetic control rats. Conclusion: These results of present study concluded that Diabac has anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic activities which are responsible for its use in traditional medicine.

}, keywords = {Diabac, Glycated hemoglobin, Liver glycogen, Serum lipids, Streptozotocin.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.6}, author = {Richa Agrawal and Rajesh Maheshwari and Ramachandran Balaraman and Avinash Seth} } @article {145, title = {Antimicrobial Effects of Thymoquinone on Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {168-170}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {168}, abstract = {

Background: Parasitic infections are a major difficulty in tropical and subtropical countries. Traditionally medicinal plants have been used in folk medicine to treat parasitic infections and are a valuable source of novel anti-parasitics. Objective: In our search for therapeutic alternatives to anti- protozoal chemotherapy, thymoquinone, the active ingredient of Black cumin (Nigella sativa) was examined. Materials and Methods: Thymoquinone was tested against Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia using in vitro susceptibility assays and the mortality of the parasites were then obtained using the standard calculations. The compound was also tested for 48 and 72 hours on both parasites. Results: The current study indicate that the mortality of TQ showed 85.5\%, 91.5\% and 96.8\% mortality on E. histolytica for 25 ppm at 24 hr, 48 and 72 hr, respectively, with IC50 2\¥10-19,. On the other hand, this natural compound showed a mortality of 82.83\%, 91.76\% and 96.62\% mortality on G. lamblia for 25 ppm at 24 hr, 48 and 72 hr, respectively, with IC50 4.8\¥10-5. Metrondizole powder gave 70.9\% mortality at 156 ppm at the same times. Conclusion: The current results indicate that TQ is more potent on E. histolytica compared to G. lamblia. Further pharmacological studies were needed to help in the clinical presentation of thymoquinone.

}, keywords = {Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia., Nigella sativa, Prophetic Medicine, Thymoquinone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.12}, author = {Bassem Yousef Sheikh and Manal Mohamed Elhassan Taha and Waleed Syaed Koko and Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab} } @article {80, title = {Anti-Nociceptive Synergism of Pregabalin and Xylopic acid Co-administration in Paclitaxel-induced Neuropathy: Isobolographic Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {363-368}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {363}, keywords = {Isobolograms, Neuropathic pain, Paclitaxel, Toxicity, xylopic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.8}, author = {Ameyaw Elvis Ofori and Boampong Johnson Nyarko}, editor = {Kyei Samuel} } @article {1447, title = {Anti-Nociceptive Synergism of Pregabalin and Xylopic acid Co-administration in Paclitaxel-induced Neuropathy: Isobolographic Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {7th July 2015}, pages = {55-57}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Paclitaxel-induced neuropathy still remains a clinical problem for patients undergoing chemotherapy. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the interaction between xylopic acid and pregabalinco-administration as well as their toxicity in paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. Materials and Methods: Neuropathic pain was induced in rats with 2 mg/kg of paclitaxel on alternative days for four days (days 0, 2, 4 and 6). Equi effective doses of xylopic acid and pregabalin that produced 50\% anti-nociception (ED50) were determined from their log-dose response curves in the cold allodynia and thermal pain tests. Xylopic acid and pregabalin were again administered to rats in a fixed ratio combination (1:1) of their ED50\’sin order to determine the experimental ED50 (Zexp) of the co-administered compounds. Isobolograms were constructed to compare the Zexp to a theoretical ED50 (Zadd). Blood samples from the various treatment groups of rats were collected for toxicological assessment of the co-administered compounds. Results: The Zexplay below the Zadd on the isobologram of the cold allodnia test. The co-administration exhibited additivity in the thermal pain test. The co-administration did not produce significant (p\>0.05) toxicity in rats. The co-administration may be beneficial in paclitaxel-induced neuropathy.

Key words: Isobolograms, Neuropathic pain, Paclitaxel, xylopic acid, Toxicity.

}, keywords = {Isobolograms, Neuropathic pain, Paclitaxel, Toxicity., xylopic acid}, author = {Ameyaw Elvis Ofori and Woode Eric and Kyei Samuel and Biny Peter Robert and Boampong Johnson Nyarko} } @article {33, title = {Anti-Tyrosinase and DPPH Radical Scavenging Activities of Selected Thai Herbal Extracts Traditionally Used as Skin Toner}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {04/2015}, pages = {97-101}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {97}, abstract = {

Introduction: Skin darkness may be cosmetically undesirable for some people. Plant-derived materials traditionally used for skin lightening may produce satisfactory results. Besides innate tyrosinase activity, oxidative stress also plays an important role in skin darkness by activating tyrosinase. Therefore, herbal extracts with strong anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities could be considered as efficacious skin lightening agents. The aims of the present study were to determine the anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities of Thai medicinal plant extracts indigenously used as skin toners. Methods: The activities of seven Thai medicinal plants; Zingiber cassumunar Roxb., Phyllanthus emblica Linn., Tagetes erecta Linn., Centella asiatica, Raphanus sativusvar. Longipinnatus Linn., Cassia fistula Linn. and Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. were investigated using the DOPA-chrome method to determine anti-tyrosinase activity and the DPPH free radical scavenging assay to determine antioxidant activity. Results: With respect to tyrosinase inhibitory activity, P. emblica, B. monosperma and R. sativusvar. Longipinnatus extracts at a concentration of 1.67 mg/mL showed strong activities with the percentage of tyrosinase inhibition at 48.38\±4.77, 46.92\±3.77 and 42.85\±6.54\%, respectively. In addition, P. emblica and B. monosperma extracts also exhibited high antioxidant activities with the IC50values on 33.47\±1.24 and 33.57\±1.92 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Based on tyrosinase inhibition activity and DPPH radical scavenging assays, the herbal extracts of P. emblica and B. monosperma show promise as potential skin lighteners in cosmetic formulations.

}, keywords = {anti-tyrosinase inhibitory activity, antioxidant activity, Dopachrome method, DPPH radical scavenging assay, skin lightening, traditional skin toners}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.3}, author = {Bunleu Sungthong and Methin Phadungkit} } @article {1465, title = {Anti-Tyrosinase and DPPH Radical Scavenging Activities of Selected Thai Herbal Extracts Traditionally Used as Skin Toner}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Dec, 2014}, pages = {97-101}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {97}, abstract = {

Introduction: Skin darkness may be cosmetically undesirable for some people. Plant-derived materials traditionally used for skin lightening may produce satisfactory results. Besides innate tyrosinase activity, oxidative stress also plays an important role in skin darkness by activating tyrosinase. Therefore, herbal extracts with strong anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities could be considered as efficacious skin lightening agents. The aims of the present study were to determine the anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities of Thai medicinal plant extracts indigenously used as skin toners. Methods: The activities of seven Thai medicinal plants; Zingiber cassumunar Roxb., Phyllanthus emblica Linn., Tagetes erecta Linn., Centella asiatica, Raphanus sativusvar. Longipinnatus Linn., Cassia fistula Linn. and Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. were investigated using the DOPA-chrome method to determine anti-tyrosinase activity and the DPPH free radical scavenging assay to determine antioxidant activity. Results: With respect to tyrosinase inhibitory activity, P. emblica, B. monosperma and R. sativusvar. Longipinnatus extracts at a concentration of 1.67 mg/mL showed strong activities with the percentage of tyrosinase inhibition at 48.38\±4.77, 46.92\±3.77 and 42.85\±6.54 \%, respectively. In addition, P. emblica and B. monosperma extracts also exhibited high antioxidant activities with the IC50values on 33.47\±1.24 and 33.57\±1.92 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Based on tyrosinase inhibition activity and DPPH radical scavenging assays, the herbal extracts of P. emblica and B. monosperma show promise as potential skin lighteners in cosmetic formulations.

Key words: antioxidant activity, Dopachrome method, skin lightening, traditional skin toners, anti-tyrosinase inhibitory activity, DPPH radical scavenging assay.

}, keywords = {anti-tyrosinase inhibitory activity, antioxidant activity, Dopachrome method, DPPH radical scavenging assay, skin lightening, traditional skin toners}, author = {Bunleu Sungthong and Methin Phadungkit} } @article {65, title = {Cleome viscosa Linn (Capparaceae): A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {326-329}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {326}, abstract = {

Cleome viscosa Linn. (Capparaceae) called as \“Hurhur\” is an annual, sticky herb found in plains of India, Africa, and Pakistan etc as a common weed. Plant and its parts (leaves, seeds, roots etc.) are used traditionally to cure variety of diseases. Traditionally the plant possess anthelmintic, carminative, anticonvulsant, antidiarhhoeal, antimicrobial, wound healing properties. The review shows that various phytochemical compound were isolated from whole plant and its parts (seeds, leaves, roots etc.). The review reveals the collection of important pharmacological activites like antimicrobial, analgesic, antiemetic, antidiarrhoeal, hepatoprotective, antifibrotic, antitumor, anticonvulsant and psychopharmacological. It also made emphasis on its application in biodiesel formation. The review draws attention towards the traditional, phytochemical and pharmacological knowledge accessible on Cleome viscosa Linn. which would be beneficial for researchers to discover novel chemical entities.

}, keywords = {Anticonvulsant, Biodiesel, Cleome viscosa Linn., Cleomiscosin, Phytochemical, Psychopharmacological}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.1}, author = {Harpreet Singh and Amrita Mishra and Arun Kumar Mishra} } @article {72, title = {Component Authentication and Standardisation of an Anti-atherosclerotic Herbal Formulation-GSTC3}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {339-343}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {339}, abstract = {

Context: Polyherbal drugs in traditional medicine have been time-tested for treatment of a wide variety of chronic ailments. Aims: To determine constituent components in an in-house designed polyherbal formulation GSTC3 and evaluation of consistency in preparation. Settings and Design: In this study, a hypolipidemic formulation was created using well known plant extracts such as Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex Stocks.) Eng. (Burseraceae), Salacia reticulata Wight (Celastraceae), Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight and Arn (Combretaceae) and Curcuma longa Linn (Zingiberaceae). Methods and Material: The authentication of individual plant powders was performed using techniques such as powder microscopy and characterised according to Ayurvedic pharmacopeia of India. Phytochemical screening, HPTLC analysis and physicochemical parameters were also determined. Results: The powder microscopic analysis of the individual components served as an authentication for source of plants used. Phytochemical screening ascertained that active classes of compounds reported in the individual extracts such as steroids, terpenoids and polyphenols came into the formulation. Finally, HPTLC analysis of three different batches of GSTC3 ensured stability and integrity in batch to batch preparations. Conclusion: Experimental studies have revealed the antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-lipidemic and anti-thrombotic efficacy of GSTC3. This standardisation procedure is essential for further development of GSTC3 into an efficient anti-atherosclerotic drug candidate

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical screening, Polyherbal formulation, Powder microscopy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.4}, author = {Jeksy Jos Manalil and Indu Muraleedharan Suseela and Smitha Koyickalmadhom Ramavarma and Arunaksharan Narayanankutty and Achuthan Chathrattil Raghavamenon} } @article {74, title = {Effect of various extracts of Ocimum sanctum and Mallotus phillipensis on Setaria digitata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {344-347}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {344}, abstract = {

Introduction: The anthelmintic activity of various extracts of leaves of Ocimum sanctum and Mallotus phillipensis was assessed in vitro against Setaria digitata. Materials and Methods: The leaves of Ocimum sanctum and Mallotus phillipensis were collected and were extracted using methanol, dried and stored under refrigeration till further use. The aqueous extract was taken as a decoction. The methanolic extract was further fractionated by taking solvents of increasing polarity viz, hexane, chloroform, n-butanol and water. The extract as well as the fractions were analysed qualitatively for various phytochemical constituents. Fresh nematodes (Setaria digitata) were recovered manually from the peritoneum of infested buffalo, were washed and transferred to the extract containing petriplates (concentrations of 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125 and 1.56 mg/ml) immediately and the motility/death of Setaria digitata was noted. Results: The presence of flavonoids and tannins were detected in all the extracts where was phenolics as absent in the hexane fraction. The methanolic extract of Tulsi and Kamla produced death of nematodes in concentrations of 3.125 mg/ml and the extract of tulsi was found to be more potent. Similar results were also observed in the case of hydro alcoholic extract whereas the aqueous extract showed no effect. The chloroform fraction of Ocimum sanctum and n-butanol and chloroform fractions of Mallotus were equally potent in inhibiting the motility and producing death of the worms. The control drug, albendazole produced death in 30 minutes in both the concentrations. Conclusion: It could be concluded that higher doses of the extract are as potent as albendazole.

}, keywords = {Albendazole, Anthelmintic, Mallotus phillipensis, Ociumum sanctum, Setaria digitata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.5}, author = {Deepa Chundayil Kalarickal and Sujith Samraj and Darsana Udayan and Priya Manakkulaparambil Narayanan and Sreedevi Ramachandran and Sreeshitha Sreedharan Gouri} } @article {1475, title = {Effectiveness of Sidr Honey on the prevention of ethanol-induced gatroulcerogenesis: role of antioxidant and antiapoptotic mechanism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {13th Feb, 2015}, pages = {157-164}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {157}, abstract = {

Background: Sider (Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.) Honey has been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders including peptic ulcer. Aim of the study: The mechanism of the antiulcer effect of sider honey was studied placing emphasis on its role to block oxidative damage and apoptosis during ethanol-induced gastric ulceration in rats. The mechanism of the antiulcer effect of sider honey was studied placing emphasis on its role to block oxidative damage and apoptosis during ethanol-induced gastric ulceration in rats. Materials and methods: Experimental animals were orally treated with sidr honey (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively) or omeprazole and subsequently exposed to 95\%ethanol (5 mL/Kg, orally) to induce acute gastroulcerogenesis. Effectiveness of sidr honey was evaluated using ulcer index, pH of gastric juice, mucus content, morphological analyses, glutathione assay and malondialdehyde level. The anti-apoptotic role of sidr honey was studied using immunohistochemical staining of gastric tissues using monoclonal antibodies of Bax pathway. Results: Dose-response studies in ethanol-induced ulcer indicate that sidr honey significantly blocks gastric lesions at lower dose (100 mg/kg). Lipid peroxidation and glutathione depletion were significantly inhibited by sidr honey. Sidr honey modulated the immuno-expression of mitochondrial associated protein (Bax). Conclusion: Thus, sider honey plays a considerable role in gastro protection by acting as a potent antioxidant and antiapoptotic agent. Future study is required to explore its potential clinical usage.

Key words: Antiapoptotic Mechanism, Antioxidant Agents, Gastro protection, Monofloral Nectar, Sidr Honey.

}, keywords = {Antiapoptotic Mechanism, antioxidant agents, Gastro protection, monofloral nectar, Sidr Honey.}, author = {Manal Mohamed Elhassan Taha and Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab and Rashad Elsanousi and Bassem Y. Sheikh and Mahmood Ameen Abdulla and Saif Eldeen Babiker and Husham Elraih and Eldaw Mohamed} } @article {46, title = {Effectiveness of Sidr Honey on the prevention of ethanol-induced gatroulcerogenesis: role of antioxidant and antiapoptotic mechanism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {157-164}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {157}, abstract = {

Background: Sider (Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.) Honey has been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders including peptic ulcer. Aim of the study: The mechanism of the antiulcer effect of sider honey was studied placing emphasis on its role to block oxidative damage and apoptosis during ethanol-induced gastric ulceration in rats. The mechanism of the antiulcer effect of sider honey was studied placing emphasis on its role to block oxidative damage and apoptosis during ethanol-induced gastric ulceration in rats. Materials and methods: Experimental animals were orally treated with sidr honey (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively) or omeprazole and subsequently exposed to 95\% ethanol (5 mL/Kg, orally) to induce acute gastroulcerogenesis. Effectiveness of sidr honey was evaluated using ulcer index, pH of gastric juice, mucus content, morphological analyses, glutathione assay and malondialdehyde level. The anti-apoptotic role of sidr honey was studied using immunohistochemical staining of gastric tissues using monoclonal antibodies of Bax pathway. Results: Dose-response studies in ethanol-induced ulcer indicate that sidr honey significantly blocks gastric lesions at lower dose (100 mg/kg). Lipid peroxidation and glutathione depletion were significantly inhibited by sidr honey. Sidr honey modulated the immuno-expression of mitochondrial associated protein (Bax). Conclusion: Thus, sider honey plays a considerable role in gastro protection by acting as a potent antioxidant and antiapoptotic agent. Future study is required to explore its potential clinical usage.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.3}, author = {Manal Mohamed Elhassan Taha and Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab and Rashad Elsanousi and Bassem Y. Sheikh and Mahmood Ameen Abdulla and Saif Eldeen Babiker and Husham Elraih and Eldaw Mohamed} } @article {1467, title = {Effects of standardized stem bark extract of Mangifera indica L. in Wister rats with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-induced haemolytic anaemia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Dec, 2014}, pages = {89-96}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Background: The aqueous decoction of the stem back of Mangifera indica L. has been traditionally used for the treatment of various illnesses among them includes anaemia. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-anaemic properties of the standardized stem bark extract of M. indica in animals with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-induced haemolytic anaemia. Methods and Material: An in vivo animal model was used in this experiment. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine was used to induce haemolysis and treatment was done with three different concentrations (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg b.wt) of the plant extract. Astifer\® was used as a positive control. Haematological parameters such as PCV, HGb concentration, and TLC were performed to determine the present of phytoconstituents within the crude extract. Results: PCV and HGb concentration was increased significantly (p\<0.001) at a dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg b.wt respectively while no significant (p\>0.05) effect was observed at a dose of 25 mg/kg b.wt. TLC was decreased significantly (p\<0.001) at a dose 100 mg/kg b.wt when while no significant (p\>0.05) effect was observed at a dose of 25 and 50 mg/kg b.wt respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 15 compounds among viz: 2,2-Dimethoxybutane, N-Acetyl-Alpha-D-glucosamine, 1,2-Benzenediol, Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, Vitamin E, Pentadecanoic acid, 13-methyl-, methyl ester, 2-Ethylacridine, Benzofuran-6-ol-3-one, 2-(4ethoxycarbonyl)benzylidene-, 9-Octadecanoic acid, (E)-, 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one, 3,5-bis-trimethylsilyl-, and Benzo[h]quinoline,2,4-dimethyl-. Conclusion: The results of our present finding suggest the significant anti-anaemic properties of standardized stem bark extract of Mangefera indica L. This finding highlights the potentials of the extract M. indica in the treatment of haemolytic anaemia.

Key words: 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, Anaemia, GC-MS analysis, Haemolysis Mangifera indica L.

}, keywords = {2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, Anaemia, GC-MS analysis, Haemolysis Mangifera indica L.}, author = {Hassan Lawal Sani and Ibrahim Malami and Sanusi Wara Hassan and Alhassan Muhammad Alhassan} } @article {29, title = {Effects of standardized stem bark extract of Mangifera indica L. in wistar rats with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-induced haemolytic anaemia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {04/2015}, pages = {89-96}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Background: The aqueous decoction of the stem back of Mangifera indica L. has been traditionally used for the treatment of various illnesses among them includes anaemia. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-anaemic properties of standardized stem bark extract of M. indica in animals with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-induced haemolytic anaemia. Methods and Material: An in vivo animal model was used in this experiment. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine was used to induce haemolysis and treatment was done with three different concentrations (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg b.wt) of the plant extract. Astifer\® was used as a positive control. Haematological parameters such as PCV, HGb concentration, and TLC were performed and to ascertain the level of haemolysis. GC-MS was used determine the present of phytoconstituents within the crude extract. Results: PCV and HGb concentration increased significantly (p\<0.001) at a dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg b.wt respectively while no significant (p\>0.05) effect was observed at a dose of 25 mg/kg b.wt. TLC was decreased significantly (p\<0.001) at a dose 100 mg/kg b.wt while no significant (p\>0.05) effect was observed at a dose of 25 and 50 mg/kg b.wt respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed presence of 15 compounds viz: 2,2-Dimethoxybutane, N-Acetyl-Alpha-D-glucosamine, 1,2-Benzenediol, Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, Vitamin E, Pentadecanoic acid, 13-methyl-, methyl ester, 2-Ethylacridine, Benzofuran-6-ol-3-one, 2-(4ethoxycarbonyl)benzylidene-, 9-Octadecanoic acid, (E)-, 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one, 3,5-bis-trimethylsilyl-, and Benzo[h]quinoline,2,4-dimethyl-. Conclusion: The results of our present finding suggest the significant anti-anaemic properties of standardized stem bark extract of Mangefera indica L. This finding highlights the potentials of the extract and M. indica in the treatment of haemolytic anaemia.

}, keywords = {2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, Anaemia, GC-MS analysis, Haemolysis and Mangifera indica L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.2}, author = {Hassan Lawal Sani and Ibrahim Malami and Sanusi Wara Hassan and Alhassan Muhammad Alhassan and Mshelia Emmanuel Halilu and Aliyu Muhammad} } @article {1477, title = {Evaluation of Phytoconstituents of Bryonopsis laciniosa fruit by UV-Visible Spectroscopy and FTIR analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {09th Mar, 2015}, pages = {165-170}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {165}, abstract = {

Objectives: To Investigate the phytochemicals present in Bryonopsis laciniosa fruit. Methodology: Qualitative, Quantitative screening, Compound Identification by UV-Visible method and identification of functional group of the active chemical components were followed by standard procedures. Result: The results showed the presence of phytonutrients like reducing sugar, terpenoids, triterpenoids, aminoacids, anthroquinone, polyphenols, glycosides, anthocyanins, tannins, coumarins, emodins, saponins, total alkaloids, total flavonoids, lignin and serpentine. These substances may be responsible for the health related properties of the plant which are based on antioxidant,anticancer, antipyretic, antiaphoretic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammation, antiheamatisum, antimicrobial and antiviral activity. Conclusion: This study supports the popular use of Bryonopsis laciniosa fruit in preparation of various pharmaceutical formulations for human welfare.

Key words: Bryonia laciniosa, FTIR, Phytochemical screening, Phytonutrients, UV-Vis.

}, keywords = {Bryonia laciniosa, FTIR, Phytochemical screening, Phytonutrients, UV-Vis.}, author = {Ramya Bashyam and Malarvili Thekkumalai and Velavan Sivanandham} } @article {48, title = {Evaluation of Phytoconstituents of Bryonopsis laciniosa fruit by UV-Visible Spectroscopy and FTIR analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {165-170}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {165}, abstract = {

Objectives: To Investigate the phytochemicals present in Bryonopsis laciniosa fruit. Methodology: Qualitative, Quantitative screening, Compound Identification by UV-Visible method and identification of functional group of the active chemical components were followed by standard procedures. Result: The results showed the presence of phytonutrients like reducing sugar, terpenoids, triterpenoids, aminoacids, anthroquinone, polyphenols, glycosides, anthocyanins, tannins, coumarins, emodins, saponins, total alkaloids, total flavonoids, lignin and serpentine. These substances may be responsible for the health related properties of the plant which are based on antioxidant, anticancer, antipyretic, antiaphoretic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammation, antiheamatisum, antimicrobial and antiviral activity. Conclusion: This study supports the popular use of Bryonopsis laciniosa fruit in preparation of various pharmaceutical formulations for human welfare.

}, keywords = {Bryonia laciniosa, FTIR, Phytochemical screening, Phytonutrients, UV-Vis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.4}, author = {Ramya Bashyam and Malarvili Thekkumalai and Velavan Sivanandham} } @article {55, title = {Free Radical Scavenging and Cytotoxic Potential of Celosia argentea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {191-197}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {191}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species often leads to pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as cancer. Research states that a diet rich in polyphenols renders many health benefits by scavenging such harmful reactive species. Celosia argentea (Amaranthaceae), a common weed in India has been reported as a potential source of cheap, natural antioxidants due to its phenolic abundance. In this research work efforts were made to identify and screen the phenolic rich fractions of Celosia argentea for their antioxidant and anticancer potential. Materials and Methods: Various solvent fractions with increasing polarity were subjected to total phenolic content, followed by antioxidant assays-DPPH, ABTS and anti proliferative assays- Brine shrimp Bioassay, Antimitotic and MTT assays. Results: IC50 value of methanolic fraction for DPPH assay was statistically significant (26.25; ***P\<0.001) when compared with ascorbic acid (12.50; ***P\<0.001). Also TEAC values for methanolic fraction and BHT (standard) for ABTS assay were similar (2.1; ***P\<0.001) Methanolicfraction at 400 \μg/ml exhibited strong cytotoxicity (9.0 \± 0.81; ***P\<0.001) against brine shrimps comparable to Methotrexate at 50 \μg/ml(10; ***P\<0.001) and significantly reduced mitotic index from 96.8 to 38.0 (***P\<0.001) which was further confirmed by MTT assay where IC50 value of methanolic fraction for SiHa and MCF-7 cells was found to be 28 \μg/ml with no cytotoxicity to normal cells proving its anticancer potential. Conclusion: This research proves antioxidant and anticancer potential of phenolic rich fraction of Celosia argentea and suggests it to be useful in cancer management as antifroliferative, chemo preventive and in cancer chemotherapy induced immune suppression and oxidative stress.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Brine shrimp, Mitotic index, MTT, Phenolics.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.8}, author = {Rukhsana Abdul Rub and Manohar Janardhan Patil and Areej Abdul Siddiqui and Priyanka Rambhau Ghorpade and Alpana Subhod Moghe} } @article {1479, title = {Free Radical Scavenging and Cytotoxic Potential of Celosia argentea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {09th Mar, 2015}, pages = {191-197}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {191}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species often leads to pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as cancer. Research states that a diet rich in polyphenols renders many health benefits by scavenging such harmful reactive species. Celosia argentea (Amaranthaceae), a common weed in India has been reported as a potential source of cheap, natural antioxidants due to its phenolic abundance. In this research work efforts were made to identify and screen the phenolic rich fractions of Celosia argentea for their antioxidant and anticancer potential. Materials and Methods: Various solvent fractions with increasing polarity were subjected to total phenolic content, followed by antioxidant assays- DPPH, ABTS and anti proliferative assays- Brine shrimp Bioassay, Antimitotic and MTT assays. Results: IC50 value of methanolic fraction for DPPH assay was statistically significant (26.25; ***P\<0.001) when compared with ascorbic acid (12.50; ***P\<0.001). Also TEAC values for methanolic fraction and BHT (standard) for ABTS assay were similar (2.1; ***P\<0.001) Methanolicfraction at 400 \μg/ml exhibited strong cytotoxicity (9.0 \± 0.81; ***P\<0.001) against brine shrimps comparable to Methotrexate at 50 \μg/ml(10; ***P\<0.001) and significantly reduced mitotic index from 96.8 to 38.0 (***P\<0.001) which was further confirmed by MTT assay where IC50 value of methanolic fraction for SiHa and MCF-7 cells was found to be 28 \μg/ml with no cytotoxicity to normal cells proving its anticancer potential. Conclusion: This research proves antioxidant and anticancer potential of phenolic rich fraction of Celosia argentea and suggests it to be useful in cancer management as antifroliferative, chemo preventive and in cancer chemotherapy induced immune suppression and oxidative stress.

Key words: Antioxidant, Brine shrimp, Mitotic index, MTT, Phenolics.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Brine shrimp, Mitotic index, MTT, Phenolics.}, author = {Rukhsana Abdul Rub and Manohar Janardhan Patil and Areej Abdul Siddiqui and Priyanka Rambhau Ghorpade and Alpana Subhod Moghe} } @article {62, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Phytocomponents in, Pet Ether Fraction of Wrightia tinctoria Seed}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul-Aug 2015}, pages = {249-253}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {249}, abstract = {

Introduction: Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. (Family: Apocynaceae) commonly called \“Indrajau\” is well known in Indian traditional system for its traditional uses. Materials and Methods: The present investigation was carried out to determine the possible bioactive components of plant seed ethanolic extract, pet ether fraction using GC-MS analysis. 22 components were identified from pet ether fraction obtained from elution of ethanolic extract packed in silica column. Results: The prevailing compounds from fraction F6to F9 were [1,1\&$\#$39;-Bicyclopropyl]-2-octanoic acid, 2\&$\#$39;-hexyl-, methyl ester (21.39\%) , Trilinolein (7.74\%), 2-Myristynoyl pantetheine (18.07\%), 9-Octadecen-12-ynoic acid, methyl ester (4.46\%), 1Hexadecanol,2-methyl (3.77\%), Cyclopropane tetradecanoic acid, 2-octyl-, methyl ester (2.36\%), 1b, 4a-Epoxy-2H-cyclopenta [3,4] cyclopropa [8,9]cycloundec [1,2-b]oxiren-5 (6H)-one, 7-(acetyloxy) decahydro-2,9,10-trihydroxy-3,6,8,8,10a-pentamethyl (38.91\%), Geranyl isovalerate (23.58\%), cis-13-Octadecenoic acid (5.91\%), Quassin (3.82\%), cis-10-Heptadecenoic acid (3.08\%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid 2-phenyl-1, 3-dioxan-5-yl ester (31.50\%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (14.35\%), Cyclopropanebutanoic acid, 2-[ [2-[ [2- [(2-pentylcyclopropyl) methyl] cyclopropyl] methyl] cyclopropyl] methyl]-, methyl ester (10.13\%), 6,9,12,15-Docosatetraenoic acid, methyl ester (3.39\%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, (2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) methyl ester, trans-( 2.73\%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, (2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) methyl ester, cis-(4.34\%), Ursodeoxycholic acid (7.14\%), Bufa-20,22-dienolide, 3-(acetyloxy)-14,15-epoxy-16-hydroxy-, (3\á,5\á,15\á,16\á)-(4.75\%), 5H-Cyclopropa [3,4] benz [1,2-e]azulen-5-one, 9a (acetyloxy)-1,1a,1b,4,4a,7a,7b,8,9,9a-de cahydro-4a,7b,9-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1,1,6,8-tetramethyl-,[1aR-(1a\à,1b\á,4a\á,7a\à,7b\à,8\à,9\á,9a\à)]-(6.59\%), Docosahexaenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester (10.86\%), Olean-12-ene-3,15,16,21,22,28-hexol, (3\á,15\à,16\à,21\á,22\à)-( 4.40\%) found as the major components. Conclusion: It could be concluded that, Wrightia tinctoria contains various bioactive compounds. So it is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance

}, keywords = {Bioactive components, Ethanolic extract, GC-MS, Indrajau, Wrightia tinctoria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.4.7}, author = {Rajani Srivastava and Amita Verma}, editor = {Alok Mukerjee} } @article {1452, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Phytocomponents in, Pet Ether Fraction of Wrightia tinctoria Seed.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {249-253}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {249}, abstract = {

Introduction:Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. (Family: Apocynaceae) commonly called \“Indrajau\” is well known in Indian traditional system for its traditional uses. Materials and Methods: The present investigation was carried out to determine the possible bioactive components of plant seed ethanolic extract, pet ether fraction using GC-MS analysis. 22 components were identified from pet ether fraction obtained from elution of ethanolic extract packed in silica column. Results: The prevailing compounds from fraction F6to F9 were [1,1\&$\#$39;-Bicyclopropyl]-2-octanoic acid, 2\&$\#$39;-hexyl-, methyl ester (21.39\%) , Trilinolein (7.74\%), 2-Myristynoyl pantetheine (18.07\%), 9-Octadecen-12-ynoic acid, methyl ester (4.46\%), 1Hexadecanol,2-methyl (3.77\%), Cyclopropane tetradecanoic acid, 2-octyl-, methyl ester (2.36\%), 1b, 4a-Epoxy-2H-cyclopenta [3,4] cyclopropa [8,9]cycloundec [1,2-b]oxiren-5 (6H)-one, 7-(acetyloxy) decahydro-2,9,10-trihydroxy-3,6,8,8,10a-pentamethyl (38.91\%), Geranyl isovalerate (23.58\%), cis-13-Octadecenoic acid (5.91\%), Quassin (3.82\%), cis-10-Heptadecenoic acid (3.08\%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid 2-phenyl-1, 3-dioxan-5-yl ester (31.50\%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (14.35\%), Cyclopropanebutanoic acid, 2-[ [2-[ [2- [(2-pentylcyclopropyl) methyl] cyclopropyl] methyl] cyclopropyl] methyl]-, methyl ester (10.13\%), 6,9,12,15-Docosatetraenoic acid, methyl ester (3.39\%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, (2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) methyl ester, trans-( 2.73\%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, (2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) methyl ester, cis-(4.34\%), Ursodeoxycholic acid (7.14\%), Bufa-20,22-dienolide, 3-(acetyloxy)-14,15-epoxy-16-hydroxy-, (3\á,5\á,15\á,16\á)-(4.75\%), 5H-Cyclopropa [3,4] benz [1,2-e]azulen-5-one, 9a (acetyloxy)-1,1a,1b,4,4a,7a,7b,8,9,9a-de cahydro-4a,7b,9-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1,1,6,8-tetramethyl-,[1aR-(1a\à,1b\á,4a\á,7a\à,7b\à,8\à,9\á,9a\à)]-(6.59\%), Docosahexaenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester (10.86\%), Olean-12-ene-3,15,16,21,22,28-hexol, (3\á,15\à,16\à,21\á,22\à)-( 4.40\%) found as the major components. Conclusion: It could be concluded that, Wrightia tinctoria contains various bioactive compounds. So it is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance.

Key words: Bioactive components, Ethanolic extract, GC-MS, Indrajau, Wrightia tinctoria.

}, keywords = {Bioactive components, Ethanolic extract, GC-MS, Indrajau, Wrightia tinctoria.}, author = {Rajani Srivastava and Alok Mukerjee and Amita Verma} } @article {1438, title = {Hepatoprotective effect of Livplus- A polyherbal formulation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {9th June 2015}, pages = {4-4}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {4}, abstract = {

Nill

}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, Antitussive, Bronchoprotection, Citric acid, Cough, Cough variant asthma (CVA), Ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF), Histamine.}, author = {Rajesh A Maheshwari, and Bhagyashree Pandya and R. Balaraman, Avinash K Seth and Yogesh Chand and Yadav and Vasa Siva Sankar} } @article {78, title = {Hepatoprotective effect of Livplus-A polyherbal formulation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {311-316}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {311}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of Livplus (a polyherbal formulation) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods: Hepatotoxicity was induced in rats by i.p. injection of CCl4 once three days for 14 days. Livplus or Silymarin was administered along with CCl4 and the biochemical parameters like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkalinephosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB), direct bilirubin, total protein (TP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were estimated. Furthermore, biomarkers of oxidative stress such as MDA levels, Glutathione contents, SOD and catalase activity in liver tissue were estimated. Results: Treatment with Livplus significantly reduced the elevated levels of ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin (direct and total), GGT, TC, TG and increased levels of TP compared to CCl4 control rats. The treatment with Livplus also showed a significant increase in glutathione contents, SOD and catalase activity and a decrease in MDA levels compared to CCl4 control rats. Conclusion: The finding of present study indicates that Livplus showed a potential hepatoprotective activity. These results support the traditional use of Livplus in the treatment of liver disorders.

}, keywords = {CCl4, GGT, Hepatic enzymes., Hepatotoxicity, Livplus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.11}, author = {Rajesh Maheshwari and Bhagyashree Pandya and Ramachandran Balaraman and Avinash Kumar Seth and Yogesh Chand Yadav and Vasa Siva Sankar} } @article {1480, title = {Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seed extract exhibits fibrino(geno)lytic activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {09th Mar, 2015}, pages = {171-177}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {171}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study assesses the fibrinogen and fibrin clot hydrolyzing activities of aqueous seed extract of Jackfruit (AqSEJ). Methods: The protein banding pattern of AqSEJ (100 \μg) was analyzed on SDS-PAGE. The proteolytic activity of AqSEJ was confirmed by spectrophotometer and zymography experiments. Fibrinogen, fibrin and plasma protein hydrolyzing activities of AqSEJ were analyzed on SDS-PAGE under reduced conditions. Plasminogen activation and indirect hemolytic activities was analyzed using spectrophotometer. The non-toxic property of AqSEJ was tested by edema, hemorrhage in experimental mice. Results: AqSEJ exhibited proteolytic activity and the specific activity was found to be 1.04 units/mg/min. Furthermore, AqSEJ non-specifically hydrolyzed A\α, followed by B\β and \γ chains of human fibrinogen and specifically hydrolyzed \α polymer and \α chain of partially cross linked human fibrin clot without affecting \β chain and \γ-\γ dimer even up to the tested dose of 30 \µg for the incubation period of 8 hours. Importantly, AqSEJ did not hydrolyze other plasma proteins and devoid of plasminogen activation property. The proteolytic activity of AqSEJ was completely neutralized by PMSF and IAA, while EDTA, EGTA, 1,10-Phenanthroline did not, suggesting the presence of serine and cysteine family proteases. Moreover, AqSEJ did not cause edema and hemorrhage in experimental mice up to the tested dose of 200 \µg and nontoxic to RBC cells. Conclusion: AqSEJ hydrolyzes fibrinogen and fibrin clot and non-toxic in nature. Hence, this work showcases the potential applications of Jack fruit seed proteases in the treatment of thrombotic disorders.

Key words: Fibrino(geno)lysis, Hemostasis, Jackfruit, Moraceae, Non-hemorrhagic, Serine/cysteine protease.

}, keywords = {Fibrino(geno)lysis, Hemostasis, Jackfruit, Moraceae, Non-hemorrhagic, Serine/cysteine protease.}, author = {Sowmyashree Gangaraju and Bhagyalakshmi Manjappa and Girish Kesturu Subbaiah and Kemparaju Kempaiah} } @article {49, title = {Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seed extract exhibits fibrino(geno)lytic activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {171-177}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {171}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study assesses the fibrinogen and fibrin clot hydrolyzing activities of aqueous seed extract of Jackfruit (AqSEJ). Methods: The protein banding pattern of AqSEJ (100 \μg) was analyzed on SDS-PAGE. The proteolytic activity of AqSEJ was confirmed by spectrophotometer and zymography experiments. Fibrinogen, fibrin and plasma protein hydrolyzing activities of AqSEJ were analyzed on SDS-PAGE under reduced conditions. Plasminogen activation and indirect hemolytic activities was analyzed using spectrophotometer. The non-toxic property of AqSEJ was tested by edema, hemorrhage in experimental mice. Results: AqSEJ exhibited proteolytic activity and the specific activity was found to be 1.04 units/mg/min. Furthermore, AqSEJ non-specifically hydrolyzed A\α, followed by B\β and \γ chains of human fibrinogen and specifically hydrolyzed \α polymer and \α chain of partially cross linked human fibrin clot without affecting \β chain and \γ-\γ dimer even up to the tested dose of 30 \µg for the incubation period of 8 hours. Importantly, AqSEJ did not hydrolyze other plasma proteins and devoid of plasminogen activation property. The proteolytic activity of AqSEJ was completely neutralized by PMSF and IAA, while EDTA, EGTA, 1,10-Phenanthroline did not, suggesting the presence of serine and cysteine family proteases. Moreover, AqSEJ did not cause edema and hemorrhage in experimental mice up to the tested dose of 200 \µg and non-toxic to RBC cells. Conclusion: AqSEJ hydrolyzes fibrinogen and fibrin clot and non-toxic in nature. Hence, this work showcases the potential applications of Jack fruit seed proteases in the treatment of thrombotic disorders.

}, keywords = {Fibrino(geno)lysis, Hemostasis, Jackfruit, Moraceae, Non-hemorrhagic, Serine/cysteine protease.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.5}, author = {Sowmyashree Gangaraju and Bhagyalakshmi Manjappa and Girish Kesturu Subbaiah and Kemparaju Kempaiah and Rangaiah Shashidharamurthy and Jane Hoover Plow and Sebastin Santhosh Martin and Manohar Shinde and Devaraja Sannaningaiah} } @article {59, title = {Morphological and anatomical investigations of Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {205-209}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {205}, abstract = {

Introduction: Micromorphological research of vegetative bodies of Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb. as a source of a sum of diosmetine biozides (flavicine) with high antioxidant hepatoprotective and endothelial-protective activities. We have identified the main diagnostic signs of vegetative bodies which can be used when standard documentation on medicinal vegetable raw materials compile. Materials and Methods: The objects of the study were collected in North Caucasus (Russia) in June 2013-2014. Materials morphological study herbarium specimens were stored in the herbarium fund the Department of Botany (acronym PGFA). Materials micromorphological study were temporary slides are the root, leaf, stem and flowers. Results: The morphological results were compared with the Flora of the USSR. Anatomical characters of leaves and stems of the species were observed to be similar to the usual features of genus Vicia anatomy. All results are supported by photographs. The stomatal apparatus belongs to anomocytic and paracytic types, simple multicellular hairs. Conclusion: we would like to note that these investigations are one of the phases of Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb. examination and the medicinal plant is considered to be a perspective source of flavicine. The morphological and anatomical research obtained data can be used in standard documentation for medicinal vegetable raw material compiling.

}, keywords = {Anatomy, Morphological and Anatomical investigations, Morphology, Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.10}, author = {Fatima Kazbekovna Serebryanaya and Oksana Michailovna Sharenko and Michail Alexandrovich Serkov} } @article {1481, title = {Morphological and anatomical investigations of Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {09th Mar, 2015}, pages = {205-209}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {205}, abstract = {

Introduction: Micromorphological research of vegetative bodies of Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb. as a source of a sum of diosmetine biozides (flavicine) with high antioxidant hepatoprotective and endothelial-protective activities. We have identified the main diagnostic signs of vegetative bodies which can be used when standard documentation on medicinal vegetable raw materials compile. Materials and Methods: The objects of the study were collected in North Caucasus (Russia) in June 2013-2014. Materials morphological study herbarium specimens were stored in the herbarium fund the Department of Botany (acronym PGFA). Materials micromorphological study were temporary slides are the root, leaf, stem and flowers. Results: The morphological results were compared with the Flora of the USSR. Anatomical characters of leaves and stems of the species were observed to be similar to the usual features of genus Vicia anatomy. All results are supported by photographs. The stomatal apparatus belongs to anomocytic and paracytic types, simple multicellular hairs. Conclusion: we would like to note that these investigations are one of the phases of Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb. examination and the medicinal plant is considered to be a perspective source of flavicine. The morphological and anatomical research obtained data can be used in standard documentation for medicinal vegetable raw material compiling.

Key words: Anatomy, Morphological and Anatomical investigations, Morphology, Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb.

}, keywords = {Morphological and Anatomical investigations, Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb.}, author = {Fatima Kazbekovna Serebryanaya and Oksana Michailovna Sharenko and Michail Alexandrovich Serkov} } @article {1469, title = {Pharmacognostic and free radical scavenging Evaluation of Cyathula prostata l. (Blume)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Dec, 2014}, pages = {107-116}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {107}, abstract = {

Background:Cyathula prostrata (Blume) L. from the family Amaranthaceae has been used traditionally for rheumatism, dysentery, wounds and urethral discharges in the tropical regions of the world. Aim: The present study was undertaken to perform quality control standardization and to evaluate antioxidant activity of the leaf, stem, root and the whole plant of Cyathula prostrata. Methods: Macroscopic and microscopic evaluations were carried out on the plant using standard procedures. Powdered sample of the leaf was evaluated with various organic solvents for fluorescence. The chloroform, ethyl-acetate and methanolic extracts of the leaf, stem, root and whole plant were subjected to various pharmacognostic analyses and evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activity using DPPH assay.Further, thin layer chromatoghraphy was used to evaluate the chloroform extract. Results: Important epidermal features in the plant include: coastal cells, unbranched, uniseriate, multicellular and non-glandular trichomes. Leaves are amphistomatic showing mostly anomocytic and actinocytic stomata. Starch grains are restricted to the adaxial surface. Vascular bundles are mainly collateral and well-developed bundle sheath. The transverse section of stem is circular, hypodermis (1-3 layers). Cross section of the root is described in detail for the plant. Cortex has angular cells. Fluorescence studies showed different colours. Physico-chemical results are comparable with standards. The TLC profile showed presence of at least seven compounds in the leaf, root and the whole plant extracts, while nine components were obtained from the stem extract. The ethyl acetate extract of the root and ethanol extract of the stem gave the highest phenolic contents (30.09\±3.768 mg GAE/g) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity (87.0 \± 0.208), respectively. Conclusion: The distinctive features established in this study are steps in identification, standardization and quality control of this medicinal plant.

Key words:Cyathula prostrata, standardization, microscopy, physicochemical parameters, antioxidant.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant., Cyathula prostrata, microscopy, Physicochemical parameters, Standardization.}, author = {Mubo Adeola Sonibare and Oluwaseun Victoria Olatubosun} } @article {41, title = {Pharmacognostic and free radical scavenging Evaluation of Cyathula prostata (Blume) L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar-Apr 2015}, pages = {107-116}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {107}, abstract = {

Background: Cyathula prostrata (Blume) L. from the family Amaranthaceae has been used traditionally for rheumatism, dysentery, wounds and urethral discharges in the tropical regions of the world. Aim: The present study was undertaken to perform quality control standardization and to evaluate antioxidant activity of the leaf, stem, root and the whole plant of Cyathula prostrata. Methods: Macroscopic and microscopic evaluations were carried out on the plant using standard procedures. Powdered sample of the leaf was evaluated with various organic solvents for fluorescence. The chloroform, ethyl-acetate and methanolic extracts of the leaf, stem, root and whole plant were subjected to various pharmacognostic analyses and evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activity using DPPH assay.Further, thin layer chromatoghraphy was used to evaluate the chloroform extract. Results: Important epidermal features in the plant include: coastal cells, unbranched, uniseriate, multicellular and non-glandular trichomes. Leaves are amphistomatic showing mostly anomocytic and actinocytic stomata. Starch grains are restricted to the adaxial surface. Vascular bundles are mainly collateral and well-developed bundle sheath. The transverse section of stem is circular, hypodermis (1-3 layers). Cross section of the root is described in detail for the plant. Cortex has angular cells. Fluorescence studies showed different colours. Physico-chemical results are comparable with standards. The TLC profile showed presence of at least seven compounds in the leaf, root and the whole plant extracts, while nine components were obtained from the stem extract. The ethyl acetate extract of the root and ethanol extract of the stem gave the highest phenolic contents (30.09\±3.768 mg GAE/g) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity (87.0 \± 0.208), respectively. Conclusion: The distinctive features established in this study are steps in identification, standardization and quality control of this medicinal plant.

}, keywords = {

Cyathula prostrata, antioxidant

, microscopy, Physicochemical parameters, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.5}, author = {Mubo Adeola Sonibare and Oluwaseun Victoria Olatubosun} } @article {31, title = {Pharmacognostic specifications and quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol in Mollugo oppositifolia Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar-Apr 2015}, pages = {83-88}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {83}, abstract = {

Background: Mollugo oppositifolia, is one of the plants commonly used as, \‘Parpata\’ by Ayurvedic practitioners. It is indicated as a bitter tonic, antiseptic and febrifuge. Aim: To generate and ensemble data of physical parameters for ascertaining the identification and to develop validated HPTLC method for quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol in M. oppositifolia. Materials and Methods: M. oppositifolia was studied for establishing pharmacognostic standards including macro and microscopical characters, physico-chemical analysis and quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol by HPTLC method. Results: It is an annual, prostrate herb with linear-lanceolate leaf and white coloured flower. Microscopically root can be characterized by crescent shaped phloem associated with continuous or discontinuous rings of xylem; stem by epidermis bearing multi-cellular simple and glandular trichomes, and sclerenchymatous pericycle; and leaf by continuous band of a palisade cells and rosettes and prisms of calcium oxalate throughout parenchyma. Powdered drug can be typified by multi-cellular trichomes, fragments of epidermis of leaf in surface view, epidermis of corolla and entire or broken seeds. Saponins and flavanoids were found be the major components. HPTLC method was developed for quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol using precoated silica gel plates as a stationary phase, and toluene: methanol (9.4: 0.6) as a mobile phase and scanning the plate at 545 nm. The amount of oleanolic acid and lupeol were found to be 0.027-0.029\% w/w and 0.015-0.016\% w/w respectively. Conclusion: The quality parameters and HPTLC method developed would serve as useful gauge in standardization of Mollugo oppositifolia.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Lupeol, Mollugo oppositifolia, Oleanolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.1}, author = {Karuna Modi and Mamta Shah} } @article {1470, title = {Pharmacognostic specifications and quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol in Mollugo oppositifolia Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Dec, 2014}, pages = {83-88}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {83}, abstract = {

Background: Mollugo oppositifolia, is one of the plants commonly used as, \‘Parpata\’ by Ayurvedic practitioners. It is indicated as a bitter tonic, antiseptic and febrifuge. Aim: To generate and ensemble data of physical parameters for ascertaining the identification and to develop validated HPTLC method for quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol in M. oppositifolia. Materials and Methods:M. oppositifolia was studied for establishing pharmacognostic standards including macro and microscopical characters, physico-chemical analysis and quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol by HPTLC method. Results: It is an annual, prostrate herb with linear-lanceolate leaf and white coloured flower. Microscopically root can be characterized by crescent shaped phloem associated with continuous or discontinuous rings of xylem; stem by epidermis bearing multi-cellular simple and glandular trichomes, and sclerenchymatous pericycle; and leaf by continuous band of a palisade cells and rosettes and prisms of calcium oxalate throughout parenchyma. Powdered drug can be typified by multi-cellular trichomes, fragments of epidermis of leaf in surface view, epidermis of corolla and entire or broken seeds. Saponins and flavanoids were found be the major components. HPTLC method was developed for quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol using precoated silica gel plates as a stationary phase, and toluene: methanol (9.4: 0.6) as a mobile phase and scanning the plate at 545 nm. The amount of oleanolic acid and lupeol were found to be 0.027-0.029\% w/w and 0.015-0.016\% w/w respectively. Conclusion: The quality parameters and HPTLC method developed would serve as useful gauge in standardization of Mollugo oppositifolia.

Key words: HPTLC, Lupeol, Mollugo oppositifolia, Oleanolic acid.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Lupeol, Mollugo oppositifolia, Oleanolic acid.}, author = {Karuna Modi and Mamta Shah} } @article {77, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies and In Vitro Antioxidant Potential of Traditional Polyherbal Formulation of West Sikkim with Asparagus Spp}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {348-355}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {348}, abstract = {

Introduction: The powder mixture of the two species of Asparagaceae (Asparagus filicinus and Asparagus officinalis) was found to be used traditionally for the treatment of heart palpitation in west Sikkim. Objective: Pharmacognostic characterisation was carried out for the authentication of the powder drug which included powder microscopy, fluorescence analysis and physicochemical characterisation. The presence of any therapeutic potential in HP was also determined by qualitative and quantitative estimation of phytochemicals along with free radical scavenging activity of various successive solvent extracts (based on their polarity). Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the powdered HP was also done. The standard software SPSS (ver. 15.0) and XLSTAT 2009 (Addinsoft) and Smith\’s Statistical Package were used for different statistical analysis. Results: Powder microscopy of HP revealed the presence of calcium oxalate crystal, tracheids, stone cells etc. Various fluorescence colours were exhibited by HP on UV after reacting with different chemical reagents. The analysis values were also obtained in a satisfactory way. TLC and qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of some active phytoconstituents. Among all the solvent extracts, acetone, heptane, ethyl acetate and benzene extracts showed higher antioxidant potential. Conclusion: The results support the use of HP as a traditional medicine and further purification should be done for the identification of bioactive phytoconstituents responsible for its antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Pharmacognostic evaluation, Phytoconstituents, Successive solvent extraction, Thin layer Chromatography}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.6}, author = {Arunika Subba and Palash Mandal} } @article {1455, title = {Pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of Ventilago calyculata Tul. (Bark)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {1-1}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background:Ventilago calyculata Tul. (\‘kevati\’), is found throughout India as climbing shrub. It is widely used in various traditional system of medicine. Objective: In the present work pharmacognostical standardization has been developed for the systematic identification of the bark of Ventilago calyculata. Phenols and flavonoids were also quantified. Materials and Methods: Morphological, microscopical and phytochemical studies were performed. Various physicochemical parameters conforming the identity, quality, purity of the bark. The quantity of phenols and flavonoids were estimated. Results: The bark was oval, brownish yellow, bitter with characteristic odour and rough texture. The microscopical studies revealed the presence of cork with brownish contents, crimson inner cork, collenchyma, cellulosic parenchyma with cuboidal calcium oxalate crystals and schlereids. The total ash value, acid insoluble ash value and water soluble ash values of stem bark were found to be 15\% w/w, 3.4\% w/w and 11.6\% w/w respectively. The percentage yields, total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content of the petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts were 2.77\% w/w, 2.66\% w/w, 3.8\% w/w, 5.8\% w/w, 11.0\% w/w; 2.16 \± 0.04, 4.16 \± 1.04, 9.12 \± 1.14, 7.16\±1.16, 1.16\±1.02 mg/g (gallic acid equivalent) and 4.5 \± 0.55, 8.20 \± 1.12, 10.1 \± 0. 26, 6.5 \± 1.3, 0.66 \± 1.13 mg/g (rutin equivalent) respectively. Conclusion: There was a need to evaluate the extracts of the plant in order to provide scientific proof for its application and to explore the possibility of treating various diseases and disorders. Literature review indicates that very less work has been done on this plant and there is a wide scope for investigation.

Key Words: Standardization, Total flavonoid content, Total phenolic content, Ventilago denticulata Willd, Ventilago madraspatana var. calyculata (Tul.) King.

}, keywords = {standardization, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, Ventilago denticulata Willd, Ventilago madraspatana var. calyculata (Tul.) King.}, author = {Kumar Shweta and Balakrishnan N and Lakshmi P. K and Toppo F. A and Toppo F. A and Pawar RS} } @article {1440, title = {Pharmacognostical and preliminary phytochemical investigations on fruit of Vaccinium macrocarpon aiton}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {9th June 2015}, pages = {5-5}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {5}, abstract = {

Background: Vaccinium species are hostile nutraceutical fruit in India as well as all over the world. In recent years, Vaccinium Macrocarpon Aiton is used as a functional food for treating various diseases without authentication. Objective: The current work was investigated to perform the morphoanatomical and physicochemical of Vaccinium Macrocarpon Aiton fruit. Method: Pharmacognostic studies were carried out for different parameters include organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, fluorescence and physicochemical analysis. Results: The fruit was shining burgundy purple in colour having smooth lustrous surface, globular to ellipsoidal in shape with 10-15 mm in length and diameter was 9 mm. The main microscopic characteristic of fruit showed ovules, compact angular parenchyma cells, developed sclerenchymatous outer sheath, central xylem and phloem strands. Fruit powder showed oil bodies, spherical parenchyma cells in large thick masses and walls of the epicarp demonstrated cellulose content. Further, physicochemical examination of fruit powder showed loss on drying, total ash, insoluble ash as 9.23, 7.8, and 9.16\% w/w respectively. The water and alcohol soluble extractives values of the fruit were 24.74 and 76.88\% respectively. Anthocyanins and flavonids were also confirmed by phytochemical screening. Conclusion: A variety of pharmacognostic features was found in fruitful way which may help in identification and standardization of Vaccinium Macrocarpon Aiton fruit in a crude form.

Key words:Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, morphoanataomical, physicochemical analysis, fruit.

}, keywords = {fruit., Morphoanataomical, Physicochemical analysis, Vaccinium macrocarpon aiton}, author = {Bhatia M and Gupta S and Sharma A} } @article {70, title = {Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Investigations on fruit of Vaccinium macrocarpon aiton}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {333-338}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {333}, abstract = {

Background: Vaccinium species are hostile nutraceutical fruit in India as well as all over the world. In recent years, Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton is used as a functional food for treating various diseases without authentication. Objective: The current work was investigated to perform the morphoanatomical and physicochemical of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton fruit. Method: Pharmacognostic studies were carried out for different parameters include organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, fluorescence and physicochemical analysis. Results: The fruit was shining burgundy purple in colour having smooth lustrous surface, globular to ellipsoidal in shape with 10-15 mm in length and diameter was 9 mm. The main microscopic characteristic of fruit showed ovules, compact angular parenchyma cells, developed sclerenchymatous outer sheath, central xylem and phloem strands. Fruit powder showed oil bodies, spherical parenchyma cells in large thick masses and walls of the epicarp demonstrated cellulose content. Further, physicochemical examination of fruit powder showed loss on drying, total ash, insoluble ash as 9.23, 7.8, and 9.16\% w/w respectively. The water and alcohol soluble extractives values of the fruit were 24.74 and 76.88\% respectively. Anthocyanins and flavonids were also confirmed by phytochemical screening. Conclusion: A variety of pharmacognostic features was found in fruitful way which may help in identification and standardization of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton fruit in a crude form.

}, keywords = {Fruit, microscopy, Morphoanataomical, Physicochemical analysis, Vaccinium macrocarpon aiton}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.3}, author = {Manisha Khaneja and Sumeet Gupta}, editor = {Anupam Sharma} } @article {90, title = {Pharmacognostical Standardisation and HPTLC Quantification of Gallic acid in Homonoia riparia Lour}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {383-388}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {383}, abstract = {

Background: Homonoia riparia Lour. (Family: Euphorbiaceae) is an important medicinal plant in Indian and Chinese systems of medicine used in the treatment of various medical conditions like urolithiasis, renal problems, and inflammation. This is the first report on the pharmacognostical standardisation and phytochemical evaluation of whole plant of Homonoia riparia Lour. Objective: To establish the pharmacognostical and physicochemical standardisation parameters of whole plant of Homonoia riparia Lour. Materials and Methods: The plant was studied for the morpho-anatomical characters, standardisation parameters such as ash value, extractive value, fluorescence analysis, loss on drying, swelling index, foaming index according to Indian Pharmacopoeia and WHO guidelines. Phytochemical analysis was also performed by standard methods. Quantification of gallic acid in Homonoia riparia was carried out using HPTLC technique. Results: The detailed microscopy of root revealed the presence of cork, cork cambium, pericyclic fibres, thick walled parenchyma and starch granules. The distinguishing characters of stem are presence of sclereids, xylem, phloem, fibres. Leaf microscopy showed the presence of anomocytic stomata, bicollateral vascular bundles ensheathed by fibres. Rosette crystals are present in all the parts of the plant. Starch grains are abundantly present in root and stem but absent in leaves. Various physicochemical parameters were also determined. Phytochemical screening of the extract and HPTLC quantification of gallic acid was also performed. Conclusion: The present study provides pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical details of the whole plant of Homonoia riparia which are useful in laying down standardization and pharmacopoeia parameters

}, keywords = {Fluorescence analysis, Gallic acid, Homonoia riparia, Microscopic evaluation, Physicochemical parameters.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.12}, author = {Seena Kanniparambil Xavier and Raviraj Anand Devkar and Shilpee Chaudhary and Chandrashekara Shastry Shreedhara and Manganahalli Manjunath Setty} } @article {73, title = {Phytopharmacological evaluation of aerial parts of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz in Cough Variant Asthma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {296-299}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {296}, abstract = {

Background: Cough variant asthma (CVA) is characterized by prolonged non productive cough which responds to bronchodilator therapy. None of herbal drug is reported to possess pharmacological activity against CVA. Objective: To investigate the pharmacological potential of ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF) against CVA as well as to develop an efficient screening model for CVA. Material and Method: Anti-tussive effect of EEWF was evaluated against nebulized aqueous solution of 0.1 g/ml of citric acid to determine the cough response. EEWF potential was finally accessed against aerosolic mixture of 0.3 g/ml of citric acid mixed with 0.1\% histamine and 2\% acetylcholine chloride to evaluate the convulsive latency, percentage protection and cough frequency against CVA. Results: EEWF at aerosolic dose of 6\% w/v exhibit decrease in of the average coughs frequency (4.83 \± 0.30) which is quite significant effect as compared to standard drug codeine. EEWF against aerosol induced CVA was found to exhibit a significant bronchoprotection of 41.75\% and decreases number of coughs (7.16 \± 0.47) at 200 mg/kg as compared to control (14.16 \± 0.60). Conclusion: EEWF at 200 mg/kg dose exhibited bronchoprotective and anti-tussive effects against aerosol induced CVA.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, Anti-tussive, Bronchoprotection, Citric acid, Cough, Cough variant asthma (CVA), Ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF), Histamine.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.8}, author = {Amit Kumar Srivastava and Srivastava Abhinav Siddharth and Nagar Hemant and Srivastava Rajnish and Deepa and Shukla Gaurav} } @article {1444, title = {Phytopharmacological evaluation of aerial parts of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz in Cough Variant Asthma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {8th June 2015}, pages = {5-5}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Cough variant asthma (CVA) is characterized by prolonged non productive cough which responds to bronchodilator therapy. None of herbal drug is reported to possess pharmacological activity against CVA. Objective: To investigate the pharmacological potential of ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF) against CVA as well as to develop an efficient screening model for CVA. Material and Method: Antitussive effect of EEWF was evaluated against nebulized aqueous solution of 0.1 g/ml of citric acid to determine the cough response. EEWF potential was finally accessed against aerosolic mixture of 0.3 g/ml of citric acid mixed with 0.1\% histamine and 2\% acetylcholine chloride to evaluate the convulsive latency, percentage protection and cough frequency against CVA. Results: EEWF at aerosolic dose of 6\% w/v exhibit decrease in of the average coughs frequency (4.83\±0.30) which is quite significant effect as compared to standard drug codeine. EEWF against aerosol induced CVA was found to exhibit a significant bronchoprotection of 41.75\% and decreases number of coughs (7.16\±0.47) at 200 mg/kg as compared to control (14.16\±0.60). Conclusion: EEWF at 200 mg/kg dose exhibited bronchoprotective and antitussive effects against aerosol induced CVA.

Keywords: Acetylcholine, Antitussive, Bronchoprotection, Citric acid, Cough, Cough variant asthma (CVA), Ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF), Histamine.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, Antitussive, Bronchoprotection, Citric acid, Cough, Cough variant asthma (CVA), Ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF), Histamine}, author = {Amit Kumar Srivastava and Srivastava Abhinav Siddharth and Nagar Hemant and Srivastava Rajnish and Deepa and Shukla Gaurav} } @article {44, title = {Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Lamiaceae): It{\textquoteright}s Ethnobotany \& in vitro regeneration}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {152-156}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {152}, abstract = {

Objectives: Since the beginning of human civilization various herbal medicines are employed for healing human and animal. Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., locally known as Patchouli (Assamese) is a very important medicinal plants belongs to mint family i.e. Lamiaceae. The main aim of this study was to collect ethnobotanical information\’s and to study its in vitro regeneration results. All possible ethnobotanical literatures have been cited here. Methods: In vitro propagation was achieved from leaf and nodal explants of Pogostemon cablin on MS medium. Results: Callus development and in vitro axillary shoot formation was successfully made in MS basal medium containing BA (4.0 mg/L), NAA (2.0 mg/L)+ IAA (1.0 mg/L) and BA (3 mg/L)+IAA (1 mg/L). MS basal medium containing IBA (0.1/L) and Kn (2.5 mg/L) was best for induction of multiple shoots within 4 weeks of culture. Combination of NAA (0.1 mg/L). Kn (0.1 mg/L) and CH (100 mg/L) was best for callus induction which later on formed multiple shoots and caused elongation of roots. Micro shoots of varied length were produced on MS medium. Rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized in green house for 1 month and then were transferred to the field. Conclusion: It can be concluded that pogostemon cablin has immense ethno botanical importance. For its rapid multiplication, in vitro technique was found very successful. In MS medium supplemented with Kn 2.5 mg/L and IBA 0.1mg/L found maximum multiplication rate. In this proportion rates of shoot generation, leaf, rooting, callus formation was maximum.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotany, in vitro study, MS medium, Pogostemon cablin.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.2}, author = {Pratibha Sharma and Jintu Sarma} } @article {1443, title = {Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Lamiaceae): It{\textquoteright}s Ethnobotany \& in vitro regeneration}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {9th Feb, 2015}, pages = {152-156}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {152}, abstract = {

Objectives: Since the beginning of human civilization various herbal medicines are employed for healing human and animal. Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., locally known as Patchouli (Assamese) is a very important medicinal plants belongs to mint family i.e. Lamiaceae. The main aim of this study was to collect ethnobotanical information\’s and to study its in vitro regeneration results. All possible ethnobotanical literatures have been cited here. Methods: In vitro propagation was achieved from leaf and nodal explants of Pogostemon cablin on MS medium. Results: Callus development and in vitro axillary shoot formation was successfully made in MS basal medium containing BA (4.0 mg/L), NAA (2.0 mg/L)+ IAA (1.0 mg/L) and BA (3 mg/L)+IAA (1 mg/L). MS basal medium containing IBA (0.1/L) and Kn (2.5 mg/L) was best for induction of multiple shoots within 4 weeks of culture. Combination of NAA (0.1 mg/L). Kn (0.1 mg/L) and CH (100 mg/L) was best for callus induction which later on formed multiple shoots and caused elongation of roots. Micro shoots of varied length were produced on MS medium. Rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized in green house for 1 month and then were transferred to the field. Conclusion: It can be concluded that pogostemon cablin has immense ethno botanical importance. For its rapid multiplication, in vitro technique was found very successful. In MS medium supplemented with Kn 2.5 mg/L and IBA 0.1mg/L found maximum multiplication rate. In this proportion rates of shoot generation, leaf, rooting, callus formation was maximum.

Key words: Ethnobotany, in vitro study, Pogostemon cablin, MS medium.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotany, in vitro study, MS medium., Pogostemon cablin}, author = {Pratibha Sharma and Jintu Sarma} } @article {1464, title = {Tannin components and inhibitory activity of Kakadu plum leaf extracts against microbial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {18-31}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {18}, abstract = {

Introduction: Autoimmune inflammatory diseases can be triggered by specific bacteria in susceptible individuals. Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) has documented therapeutic properties as a general antiseptic agent. However, the high ascorbic acid levels in Kakadu plum fruit may interfere with this activity. Methods: T. ferdinandiana leaf solvent extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay against a panel of bacteria known to trigger autoimmune inflammatory diseases.Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Non-targeted HPLC separation of crude extracts coupled to high resolution time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy with screening against 3 compound databases was used for the identification and characterisation of individual components in crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate T. Ferdinandiana leaf extracts displayed potent antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion assay against the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis. The ethyl acetate extract had the most potent inhibitory activity, with MIC values less than 120 \μg/ml against P. mirabilis and A. baylyi (both reference and clinical strains). The ethyl acetate extract had similar potency against K. pneumonia(both reference and clinical strains), but had higher MIC values (2733 \μg/ml) against P. aeruginosa. The methanolic extract was also a potent inhibitor of bacterial growth, with MIC values generally \< 1000 \μg/ml. In comparison, the water, chloroform and hexane leaf extracts were all substantially less potent antibacterial agents, with MICs values generally well over 1000 \μg/ml. All T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts were either nontoxic or of low toxicity in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay.Non-biased phytochemical analysis of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of high levels of tannins (exifone (4-galloylpyrogallol), ellagic acid dehydrate, trimethylellagic acid, chebulic acid, corilagin, punicalin, castalagin and chebulagic acid). Conclusion: The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts and their potent inhibitory bioactivity against the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory disorders indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.

Key words: Terminalia ferdinandiana, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, multiple sclerosis, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae , Acinetobacter baylyi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

}, keywords = {Acinetobacter baylyi, ankylosing spondylitis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, multiple sclerosis, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa., rheumatoid arthritis, Terminalia ferdinandiana}, author = {R. Courtney and J. Sirdaarta and Matthews B and I.E. Cock} } @article {30, title = {Tannin components and inhibitory activity of Kakadu plum leaf extracts against microbial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {18-31}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {18}, abstract = {

Introduction: Autoimmune inflammatory diseases can be triggered by specific bacteria in susceptible individuals. Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) has documented therapeutic properties as a general antiseptic agent. However, the high ascorbic acid levels in Kakadu plum fruit may interfere with this activity. Methods: T. ferdinandiana leaf solvent extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay against a panel of bacteria known to trigger autoimmune inflammatory diseases.Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies.Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Non-targeted HPLC separation of crude extracts coupled to high resolution time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy with screening against 3 compound databases was used for the identification and characterisation of individual components in crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate T. Ferdinandiana leaf extracts displayed potent antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion assay against the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis. The ethyl acetate extract had the most potent inhibitory activity, with MIC values less than 120 \μg/ml against P. mirabilis and A. baylyi (both reference and clinical strains). The ethyl acetate extract had similar potency against K. pneumonia (both reference and clinical strains), but had higher MIC values (2733 \μg/ml) against P. aeruginosa. The methanolic extract was also a potent inhibitor of bacterial growth, with MIC values generally \< 1000 \μg/ml. In comparison, the water, chloroform and hexane leaf extracts were all substantially less potent antibacterial agents, with MICs values generally well over 1000 \μg/ml. All T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts were either nontoxic or of low toxicity in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay.Non-biased phytochemical analysis of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of high levels of tannins (exifone (4-galloylpyrogallol), ellagic acid dehydrate, trimethylellagic acid, chebulic acid, corilagin, punicalin, castalagin and chebulagic acid). Conclusion: The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts and their potent inhibitory bioactivity against the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory disorders indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.

}, keywords = {Acinetobacter baylyi, ankylosing spondylitis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, multiple sclerosis, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa., rheumatoid arthritis, Terminalia ferdinandiana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.2}, author = {R Courtney and J Sirdaarta and B Matthews and I E Cock} } @article {1484, title = {Antianaphylactic, mast cell stabilizing and antiasthmatic activity of AHR-1 (a polyherbal formulation)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {93-99}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Objective: This work was mainly aimed to study the anti-anaphylactic, mast cell stabilizing and antiasthmatic activity of AHR-1 (a polyherbal formulation) which contain various herbal extracts. Methods: The antianaphylactic activity of AHR-1 was evaluated in rats using active anaphylaxis model. Rats were then observed for onset of symptoms of anaphylaxis reaction such as increased respiratory rate, dyspnea, cyanosis and mortality. Serum IgE, leukocyte, eosinophil countand \% polymorphs were calculated. Mast cell stabilizing effect was investigated by in vitro challenge of antigensensitized rat intestinal mesenteries. Antiasthmatic effect wasstudied in guinea pigs using histamine-induced bronchospasm, in which occurrence of preconvulsive dyspnea (PCD) was noted as end point. Results: Anaphylactic shock caused by intravenous antigen challenge showed 83\% mortality with a significant (P\<0.001) increaserespiratory symptom score.Treatment with AHR-1(250 and 500 mg/kg) reduced the mortality and respiratory symptom score (P\<0.05, P\<0.001), respectively. AHR- 1 (250 and 500 mg/kg) significantly and dose dependently decreased Serum IgE (P\<0.05, P\<0.001), AEC (P\<0.05, P\<0.001), total leukocytes (P\<0.05, P\<0.01) and \% polymorphs (P\<0.01,P\<0.001), respectively as compared to sensitized control group. Sensitized control rats wereproduced a significant (79\%) mesenteric mast cell degranulation, but pre-treatment with AHR-1 (100 and 200\μg/ml) produced in a significant (p\<0.001) reduction in the number of degranulated mast cells when challenged with horse serum. AHR-1 significantly increased the time of PCD (P\<0.001) as compared to control. Conclusion: From these finding, we concluded thatAHR-1 is might be effective in treatment various hypersensitivity reactions like anaphylactic shock and asthma.

Key words: Horse serum, AHR-1, IgE, Respiratory score.

}, keywords = {AHR-1, gE, Horse serum, Respiratory score}, author = {Rajesh A Maheshwari, and R Balaraman, and GirishU Sailo, and Ghanshyam R Parmar, and Manoj Patel, and A K Seth} } @article {1483, title = {Anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities of methanolic extract of Anthemis scrobicularis herbs}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {55-61}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

The anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activitiesof the methanolic extract of Anthemis scrobicularis(ANS) herbs were evaluated in rats against carrageenan induced inflammation and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)induced hepatic injury. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of ANS, twenty male rats were divided into four equal groups. Injection of 100 \μl carrageenan in normal saline into the subplantar region of the hind paw of rats clearly induced paw edema. The volume of paw edema was attenuated following oral administration of ANS. For hepatoprotective effects, twenty five rats were equally divided into five groups.The hepatotoxicity, induced by a single dose of CCl4, produced significant (p\<0.001) increase of the levels of serumtransaminase, phosphatase, bilirubin and a decrease in proteins were also noticed. The oxidative stress marker such as malondialdehyde (MDA)was increased and nonprotein sulfhydryl (NP-SH) was decreased in the hepatotoxic tissues. Pre-medication of CCl4-intoxicated rats with ANS at the doses 250 and 500 mg/kg reversed the abnormal liver diagnostic stricture. The results showed that ANS is toxicologically safe when orally administered and possess highly significant anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities and the potentials usefulness of Anthemis scrobicularis in hepatic and inflammatory disease.

Key words: Anthemis scrobicularis, Anti-inflammatory, Hepatoprotective, Carbon tetrachloride, Histopathology.

}, keywords = {Anthemis scrobicularis, Anti-inflammatory, Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatoprotective, Histopathology}, author = {Hasan S. Yusufoglu and Aftab Alam and Mohamad Ayman A. Salkini and Ahmed M. Zaghloul} } @article {1500, title = {Antiproliferative activity of crude extract and fractions obtained from Digera muricata on Hela cell lines of human cervix and A549 cell lines of Human Lung.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {3rd Sept, 2014}, pages = {32-38}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Digera muricata (Linn.) of family Amaranthaceae is an ethanobotanically important plant species traditionally used against various disorders. Cytotoxic potential of methanolic extract and its fractions were investigated against Hela and A549 cell lines. Crude extract of Digera muricata was prepared in methanol by Continuous Hot Soxhlation technique. Crude extract was fractionated into two organic and one aqueous fraction by the help of Column Chromatography. MTT assay was used to evaluate the reduction of viability of the cancer cell lines. Cell viability was inhibited by crude extract of Digera muricata in a dose dependent manner ranging from 25\μg/ml to 250\μg/ml. Apoptosis assays using nucleic acid stains namely PI exclusion assay and Hoestch/PI assay were performed by the help of fluorescence microscopy. Morphological analysis was done by calculation of Apoptotic ratio and Percentage apoptosis. Our results suggests that methanolic and aqueous fraction of the extract of Digera muricata can be good source of cytotoxic compounds.

Key words: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,4 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, A549 cell line, cytotoxic, Digera muricata, HeLa cell line.

}, keywords = {3-(4, 4 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, 5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2, A549 Cell Line, Cytotoxic, Digera muricata, HeLa cell line}, author = {Shazia Usmani and Arshad Hussain and A.H.A Farooqui and Mohd.Arshad and Sahabjada Siddiqui and Mohd.Ahmad and Shadma Wahab} } @article {1487, title = {Chemical Constituents of Dendrobium williamsonii}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {36-41}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Objective: Isolation of compounds from Dendrobium williamsonii and evaluation of each isolates for its free radical scavenging, antiherpetic and cytotoxic activities. Results: Six phenolic compounds were isolated including tetratriacontanyltrans- p-coumarate (1), trans-docosanoylferulate (2), 3,3\′-dihydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybibenzyl (3), moscatilin (4), apigenin (5) and vanillic acid (6). Among these isolates, compounds 3, 4 and 5 exhibited recognizable DPPH free radical scavenging potential.Only 3 exhibited weak activity against Herpes simplex virus, whereas 3 and 4 showed cytotoxicity against KB and MCF-7 cancer cells. Conclusion: This study is the first report on the chemical and biological properties of D. williamsonii.Compounds 3, 4 and 5 are responsible for free radical scavenging activity of this plant. Compound 4 showed the strongest cytotoxic effect on KB cancer cells.

Key words:Dendrobium williamsonii, Orchidaceae, Anti-herpetic Cytotoxicity, Free radical scavenging activity.

}, keywords = {Anti-herpetic Cytotoxicity, Dendrobium williamsonii, Free Radical Scavenging Activity, Orchidaceae}, author = {Pathrapa Rungwichaniwat and Boonchoo Sritularak and Kittisak Likhitwitayawuid} } @article {1507, title = {Comparative Morphological and Anatomical Study of Onosma caucasica Levin. ex M. Pop. and Onosma sericea Willd. (Boraginaceae Juss.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {22-28}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Introduction: Finding sources of drugs among the species of genus Onosma of the local fl ora is actual direction. Many of the species of genus Onosma are weeds, some live exclusively on dry sandy or rocky slopes. Many of the species of genus Onosma have used in ethnopharmacology as anti-infl ammatory, analgesic, and wound health remedies. The purpose of this research is morphological and anatomical study of herbs of Onosma caucasica Levin. ex M. Pop. and Onosma sericea Willd. (Boraginaceae). Materials and Methods: The objects of the study were collected in North Caucasus (Russia) in June 2011. Materials morphological study herbarium specimens were stored in the herbarium fund the Department of Botany (acronym PGFA). Materials micromorphological study were temporary slides are the leaf, stem and fl owers. Results: The morphological results were compared with the Flora of the USSR. Anatomical characters of leaves and stems of the species were observed to be similar to the usual features of Boraginaceae anatomy. All results are supported by photographs. The nature of trichomes on the leaf blade has a major diagnostic value in determining the authenticity of herbs the studied species. Conclusion: The severity of downy leaf blade and the corolla, and the structure of the hair can reliably identify this type of raw material and serve as the basis for the development of the regulatory documentation for its standardization.

Key words: Anatomy, Boraginaceae, morphology, Onosma.

}, keywords = {Anatomy, Boraginaceae, Morphology, Onosma}, author = {Janna Vladimirovna Daironas and Fatima Kazbekovna Serebryanaya and Ifrat Nazimovich Zilfi karov} } @article {1508, title = {Comparative Studies on Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenol Content and High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography Analysis of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L) Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {5-8}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Seabuckthorn (SBT) is a high altitude medicinal plant with vast history of use in traditional medicinal systems such as Tibetan and Chinese systems. SBT leaves have shown range of pharmacological properties suggesting their importance to be used for product development. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare 75\% ethanolic extracts of male and female SBT leaves on the basis of antioxidant activity, total phenol content and high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) estimation of \β-sitosterol and ursolic acid. It also involved comparison of total phenol contents of successive soxhlet extracts (pet ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous) of above leaves. Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activities and total phenol contents of the extracts were evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical scavenging assay and Folin\–Ciocalteu reagent based assay, respectively. Results: Male leaf extract was found to show signifi cantly higher antioxidant activity and total phenol content than that of female leaves. Furthermore, the successive extracts of male leaves showed higher phenol contents than that of female leaves. However, it was not signifi cant in case of pet ether and chloroform extracts. In HPTLC estimation, concentration of \β-sitosterol in female leaf extract was observed to be less than that of male leaf extract. However, ursolic acid concentration was found to be almost same in both the type of leaf extracts. Conclusion: The results suggest the need for developing standard quality control profi le of SBT leaves, especially for product development.

Key words: Antioxidant activity, 75\% ethanolic extract, high performance thin layer chromatography, seabuckthorn, total phenol content.

}, keywords = {75\% ethanolic extract, antioxidant activity, High performance Thin layer Chromatography, seabuckthorn, total phenol content}, author = {Amrit Kumar Singh and Dharam Paul Attrey and Tanveer Naved} } @article {1502, title = {Estrogenic Activity of Bauhinia racemosa extract in Female albino rats: An Investigational Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {3rd Sept, 2014}, pages = {5-9}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {5}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the effect of petroleum ether, ethanol and water extract of Bauhinia racemosa in female albino rats. Methods: Plant extracts were tested for their estrogenic activity by using ovariectomised method at two dose level: 200 mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively. Further, Plant extracts and Standard drug Ethinyl estradiol (1\µg/kg) combination were tested for synergistic estrogenic activity. Results:In-vivo investigation revealed that ethanol extract at dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg shows significance increase 325.23\±5.23, 328.84\±4.56 and 3.252\±0.47, 3.288\±0.27 in uterine wet weight and uterine weight ratio respectively in female albino rat as compared to control and petroleum ether and water extracts. Simultaneous administration of standard drug Ethinyl estradiol (1\µg/kg) with ethanol extract at dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/ kg potentiates (327.36 \± 5.78, 330.95 \± 6.21 and 3.273 \± 0.64, 3.309 \± 0.49 uterine wet weight and uterine weight ratio respectively in female albino rat) the estrogenic activity as compared to individual administration of ethanol extract as a synergistic effect. Conclusion: It was observed that ethanol extract of Bauhinia racemosa produced significance estrogenic activity.

Key words:Bauhinia racemosa, estrogenic activity, Ethinyl estradiol, ovariectomy.

}, keywords = {Bauhinia racemosa, Estrogenic activity, Ethinyl estradiol, ovariectomy.}, author = {Gautam P. Vadnere and Aslam R. Pathan and Abhay K. Singhai} } @article {1519, title = {Estrogenic Effect of Methanolic Extract of Avicennia alba Blume. Aerial Parts in Female Wistar Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {53-58}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Objectives: To investigate the estrogenic effect of Avicennia alba (Blume) aerial parts as identified in the folklore recipes as a contraceptive Methodology: The estrogenic activity study of the methanolic extract was carried out by studying the histopathology of the uterus. The uterine weight and vaginal cornification were also observed. The diameter of uterus, thickness of endometrium and height of the endometrial epithelium were measured using a calibrated ocular micrometer. The estimation of total protein and cholesterol was carried out using a standard method described by Lowely et al. Results: The presence of alkaloids, anthraquinone glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, polyphenolics were detected in the aerial parts of Avicennia alba. The methanolic extract of Avicennia alba at 400 mg/kg body weight showed a significant (p\< 0.05) increase in uterine weight, diameter of uterus, thickness of endometrium and height of the endometrial epithelium compared to the control. There was increase in vaginal cornification status. The histological examination of the uterus also showed estrogenic influence. A significant increase (p\< 0.05) in total protein and cholesterol content in the uterus of standard and test drug treated rats was also observed. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of Avicennia alba at 400 mg/kg body weight showed significant estrogenic activity and the results are in consistent with the folkloric claim reports related to oral contraceptive effect of Avicennia alba

Key words:Avicennia alba, contraceptive, estrogenic activity, uterus.

}, keywords = {Avicennia alba, contraceptive, Estrogenic activity, Uterus}, author = {D R Kar and G Ghosh and P K Sahu} } @article {1503, title = {High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Fingerprinting of Ethnopharmacological Important Seeds of Wrightia tinctoria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {3rd Sept, 2014}, pages = {10-14}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {10}, abstract = {

Introduction:Wrightia tinctoria R. Br. belongs to family Apocynaceae commonly called as sweet Indrajao, Pala indigo plant, Dyer\’s Oleander. \“Jaundice curative tree\” in south India. Materials and Methods: A method has been developed for different extracts of W. tinctoria for high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting analysis for identification and quantification of the marker compound. Result: The satisfactory resolution was obtained in the solvent system toluene:ethyl acetate v/v (8:2) for petroleum ether extract, toluene:ethyl acetate v/v (7:3) for chloroform extract and toluene:ethyl acetate:formic acid v/v (7:3:0.1) for alcoholic extract. Conclusion: The HPTLC fingerprinting profile developed for different extracts of W. tinctoria will help in proper identification and quantification of the marker compound.

Key words: High-performance thin-layer chromatography fingerprinting, Wrightia tinctoria, petether extract, chloroform extract, alcoholic extract.

}, keywords = {Alcoholic extract, chloroform extract, High-performance thin-layer chromatography fingerprinting, petether extract, Wrightia tinctoria}, author = {Rajani Srivastava and Alok Mukerjee and Amita Verma} } @article {1512, title = {Immunomodulatory Effect of Water Soluble Polysaccharides Isolated from Metroxylon sagu in Animal Models of Immunosuppression}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {55-62}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Aim: This study was aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory activity of water soluble polysaccharides isolated from Metroxylon sagu (PSMS) by dilute acid extraction, ethanol precipitation in rats by using three different in-vivo experimental models of immunosuppression. Methodology: Three models of immunosuppression include metronidazole (MTZ) induced immunosuppression, pyrogallol induced immunosuppression and Ethanol-induced immunosuppression. Immunological indices like humoral antibody titer values, cellular immune response, percent change in phagocytosis, serum immunoglobulins were estimated. Histopathology of spleen was done in all control and treated groups. The doses of 500 and 250 mg/kg of PSMS were administered orally to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity. Results: Though PSMS was demonstrated to have immunostimulatory activity in almost all three models of immunosuppression, PSMS was found to be more effi cacious against ethanol-induced immunosuppression when compared with pyrogallol induced immunosuppression and MTZ induced immunosuppression. However, dose-dependent improvement in immunological indices was evident in all three models. Conclusion: In summary, water soluble polysaccharides isolated from M. sagu stimulate the immunity in the animal models of immunosuppression.

Key words: Immunomodulation, immunosuppression, Metroxylon sagu, oxidative stress, polysaccharides.

}, keywords = {Immunomodulation, immunosuppression, Metroxylon sagu, Oxidative stress, Polysaccharides}, author = {Sireesha Pulla and Nagarjuna Sannithi and Siva Reddy Challa} } @article {1521, title = {The In-Vitro Toxic Effect of The Glycoalkaloids for Some Solanum Species Against The LIM-1863 Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {23-31}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Background The LIM-1863 Cell Line is one of the colon cancer types considered to be responsible for a high rate of deaths, and the glycoalkaloids being natural substances existing in the Solanum species have anticancer effects. Objective This research aims at studying the effect of the glycoalkaloids on viability of the LIM-1863 cancerous cells in-vitro. Materials and Methods The glycoalkaloids in this study are extracted by the ultrasonic waves technique and detecting them by the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) in addition to incubating of the LIM-1863 cells with different concentrations of the glycoalkaloids for 48 hours and then assessing of the cell viability using the MTT assay. Results The findings showed that the glycoalkaloids have a toxic effect on the LIM-1863 cells and that half of the inhibiting concentration (IC50) of the Solanum fruits extract: (Solanum nigrum L.), (Solanum villosum Mill.) and (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) on the LIM-1863 cells have the (164.7, 35.91 and 12.14 \μg/ml) values successively. Conclusion The observations indicated that the glycoalkaloids are able to inhibit the colon cancer cell proliferation.

Key words:Solanum, Glycoalkaloids, TLC, LIM-1863, Viability, MTT.

}, keywords = {Glycoalkaloids, LIM-1863, MTT, Solanum, Viability}, author = {Ahmad Sammani and Esam Shammaa and Fawaz Chehna and Abdulkader Rahmo} } @article {1523, title = {Isolation of Phytochemicals From Anticancer Active Extracts of Syzygium alternifolium Walp. Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {83-85}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the present study was to isolate the phyto molecules from the leaf of endemic medicinal pant, Syzygium alternifolium. The phytochemical investigation of the leaf of the plant yielded a flavonoid Eucalyptin 1 and a triterpinoid Epibetulinic acid 2 in pure state. Results: The compound 1 is being reported for the first time from this plant. The anti-cancer activity showed leaf hexane extract (IC50 values 8.177 and 2.687 \µg/ml) was significantly active, when compared to extracts and compounds, against human cancer cell lines MCF-7 and DU-145. Also, hexane extract potentially inhibited the growth of DU-145 cell lines when compared with the reference compound doxorubicin. Amongst the isolated compounds, 1 was better cytotoxic than 2. Conclusion: The hexane extract of leaves of S. alternifolium yielded compounds 1 and 2 and the structure elucidation, based on spectroscopy, revealed them as Eucalyptin and Epibetulinic acid respectively. The compound 1 is being reported for the first time from this plant. The anti-cancer activity showed leaf hexane extract (IC50 values 8.177 and 2.687 mg/mL) was significantly active, when compared to extracts and compounds, against human cancer cell lines MCF-7 and DU-145. Also, hexane extract potentially inhibited the growth of DU-145 cell lines when compared with the reference compound doxorubicin. Amongst the isolated compounds, 1 was better cytotoxic than 2.

Key Words: Syzygium alternifolium, Myrtaceae, Eucalyptin, Epibetulinic acid, anticancer activity.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Epibetulinic acid, Eucalyptin, Myrtaceae, Syzygium alternifolium}, author = {B. Komuraiah and Srinivas Chinde and A. Niranjana Kumar and K.V.N. Satya Srinivas and Ch. Venu and J. Kotesh Kumar and K.P. Sastry and Paramjit Grover} } @article {1513, title = {Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Studies on Flowers of Aerva lanata [L.] Juss. ex. Schult}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {29-32}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background:Aerva lanata is an interesting plant used in traditional medicine for many years and used for the treatment of bladder and kidney stones. Objective: The aim was to study detailed pharmacognostic profi le of an important medicinal plant in the Indian system of medicine, A. lanata (amaranthaceae). Materials and Methods: Flower samples of A. lanata were studied by macroscopical, microscopical characters. Physicochemical, phytochemical, and fl uorescence analysis of powder of the plant was performed according to the methods of standardization recommended by World Health Organization. Results: Macroscopically flowers are small, actinomorphic, and solitary or aggregated in cymes. Microscopically ovary was found to be bicarpellary, syncarpous, unilocular, superior; ovules one to many and campylotropous type. Powder microscopy of fl ower revealed the presence of epidermis with stomata and covering trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, starch grains, and oil globules. The investigations also included fl uorescence analysis. Physiochemical parameters such as total ash, acid insoluble ash sulfated ash and water soluble ash; moisture content values were found to be 12.66\%, 1.64\%, 9.12\%, 4.52\%, 12\%, respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, triterpenoids, fl avonoids, glycosides, and phenolic compounds. Conclusion: The results of the present study can serve as a valuable source of information and provide suitable standards for identifi cation of this plant material in future investigations and applications.

Key words:Aerva lanata, fl uorescence, microscopic, physiochemical, phytochemical.

}, keywords = {Aerva lanata, fl uorescence, Microscopic, physiochemical, Phytochemical}, author = {Netala Silvia and C. H. Rajeswari and D. Mounica and R. Manasa and D. S. N. B. K. Prasanth} } @article {1514, title = {Pharmacognostic Investigation of Valeriana hardwickii Wall. A Threatened Herb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {33-36}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Aim:Valeriana hardwickii Wall. belongs to family Valerianaceae grown in high altitude areas of north west Himalaya to Bhutan. Traditionally, the roots of the plant are used to treat insomnia; however, no reports are available regarding any pharmacognostic work on this plant. Material and Methods: The study includes morphological, microscopic and preliminary phytochemical investigations of the roots and rhizome. Anatomical studies of roots and rhizome shows the presence of diagnostic characters such as thick walled cortex cells, annular xylem fi ber, pitted xylem vessel and rhizome hair. Results: The preliminary phytochemical screening of petroleum ether, dichlomethane and aqueous extract revealed the presence of tritepenoids, alkaloids, irridoidal glycosides and fl avanoids. The study was carried out as per WHO guidelines. Conclusion: The outcome of this work will help the researchers to differentiate V. hardwickii from the other species of valerian.

Key words: Pharmacognostic investigation, phytochemical screening, valerianaceae, Valeriana hardwickii Wall.

}, keywords = {Pharmacognostic investigation, Phytochemical screening, Valeriana hardwickii Wall, valerianaceae}, author = {Anant V. Bhandarkar and S. Shashidhara and M. Deepak} } @article {1533, title = {Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Studies of Stem Bark of Ailanthus Excelsa Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {21-Aug,2014}, pages = {1-4}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

The present study was aimed for Pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical studies of stem bark of Ailanthus excelsa Roxb belonging to the family Simarubaceae. The pharmacognostic investigation was carried out in terms of macroscopic, microscopic parameters. The extract obtained after successive Soxhlet extraction of dried and coarsely powdered stem bark using Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and distilled water were subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening which revealed the presence of Carbohydrates, Proteins, phytosterols and triterpenenoids. The present investigation reflects the structural identity and chemical nature of the crude drug which could be useful in laying down pharmacopoeial standards as standardization is an important aspect in assessing the quality, safety and efficacy of herbal medicines.

Key words:Ailanthus excelsa roxb , pharmacognostic, phytochemical, structural identity

}, keywords = {Ailanthus excelsa roxb, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, structural identity.}, author = {Vaibhav Srivastava and Subodh Dubey and Varun Chaddha and Gaurav Goyanar} } @article {1550, title = {Pharmacognostical studies on stem bark of Canarium strictum Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {12-18}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Aim \& Background: Resin of Canarium strictum Roxb., is an imperative commodity in traditional medicine in South and South East Asia. The current study aims to establish the quality control parameters for the bark as it secreted more useful resin. Methods: Anatomical studies and physiochemical evaluation of the bark was carried out according to the standard procedure was given in WHO/QCMMP guidelines and Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. The anatomical studies of tissues were taken as photographs with different magnifications by using Nikon lab photo 2 microscopic Unit. The elemental analysis was done by using Perkin Elmer 5000 an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: The different cell components were studied and measured quantitatively. The calcium oxalate prismatic crystals were estimated about 10\×10 or 10\×5\μm in size. The sclereids were very long of unlimited length and 10\μm in thickness. The long narrow lignified fibers has been found and estimated about 210\–260\μm long and about 10\μm thick. The height of the ray is up to 350\μm in height and 60\μm in breadth. The physiochemical parameters such as total ash and acid insoluble ash (5.52\% w/w, 2.66\% w/w, respectively), extractive values (aqueous 4.55\% w/w and alcoholic 6.05\% w/w), foreign organic matter (2.4\%) and loss on drying (7.09\% w/w) were also estimated. An elemental analysis result shows the quantity of elements (\μg/g) were present in the bark powder. Among the elements Mn-73.6, Cu-65.4, Cr-49.5 were major contents, while Pd-25.6 and Zn-35.4 were the minor contents. Conclusion: The current study report will be unique finger print for microscopical evaluation of bark of this tree and also used to differentiate the plant species among Canarium L.

Key words: Burseraceae, Western Ghats, Quality control, Siddha medicine, Black dammer, Rheumatism.

}, keywords = {Black dammer, Burseraceae, Quality control, Rheumatism, Siddha medicine, Western Ghats}, author = {Ragunathan Muthuswamy, and R. Senthamarai} } @article {1527, title = {Phytochemical Investigation, Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities of Rhizomes of Euphorbia Fusiformis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {78-82}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Objective: Isolation of compounds from Euphorbia fusiformis rhizomes and evaluation of extracts and each isolates for its antioxidant and antifungal activities. Results: Five compounds were isolated including Euphol 1, \β-Sitosterol 2, Caudicifolin 3, Scoparone 4 and Scopoletin 5. The occurrence of the compounds 2, 4 and 5 in the herb reported here for the first time. The ethyl acetate extract showed significant antioxidant activity (IC50 = 2.781 mg/ml) and its yielded compound 3 showed moderate antioxidant activity (IC50 = 3.25 mg/ml) using DPPH method. The ethyl acetate extract showed better antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Conclusion: Compounds 2, 4, 5 were isolated first time from this plant. The ethyl acetate extract showed significant antioxidant and antifungal activity against A. nigar and C. Albicans. Thus, this study concludes by demonstrating the isolation, characterization, antioxidant and antifungal properties of E. fusiformis, which may have further therapeutic value.

Key Words:Euphorbia fusiformis, coumarins, antioxidant activity, antifungal activity.

}, keywords = {Antifungal activity, antioxidant activity, Coumarins, Euphorbia fusiformis}, author = {Ponnam Devendar and K.V.N. Satya Srinivas and J. Kotesh Kumar and T. Sandeep Kumar and Savita Bhagel and K.P. Sastry} } @article {1495, title = {Portulaca oleracea extract increases lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and paraoxonase 1 activities and enhances reverse cholesterol transport in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {1-9}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Plant extracts are generally assumed to be more acceptable and less hazardous than synthetic compounds and could be alternative antidiabetic treatments. Portula caoleracea has been used as one of the traditional edible and medicinal plant in Algeria to treat diabetes. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of lyophilized aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea on high-density lipoproteins composition, paraoxonase (PON1) and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Methods: Diabetes was induced intraperitonially by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (60mg/kg bw). Twelve diabetic rats, weighing 263\±5g, were divided into two groups fed a casein diet supplemented or not with Portulaca oleracea extract (1g/kg bw), for 4 weeks. Results: At d28, in Portulaca oleracea treated vs untreated diabetic group, glycemia, serum total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerols (TG) and phospholipids (PL) concentrations were decreased significantly (p\<0.05). The hypolipidemic effect induced by Portulaca oleracea extract was due to the reduction of total cholesterol (TC) in LDL-HDL1 (-51\%) and C-HDL3 (-21\%). Portulaca oleracea treatment improved PON1 and LCAT activities by 48\%. HDL3-UC (acyl group acceptor) and -PL (enzyme substrate) were diminished respectively by 47\% and 82\%, whereas HDL2-CE concentrations (product of LCAT reaction) were increased by 44\%. Moreover, HDL-C levels were found to be positively correlated with PON1 activity (r=0.96, p\<0.05). Serum, LDL-HDL1, HDL2 and HDL3 TBARS levels were respectively, 2.9-, 2.6-, 2.4- and 2.8-fold lower in Portulaca oleracea treated than untreated diabetic groups. Conclusion: These findings reflect the potential antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic of Portulaca oleracea extract, in STZ-induced diabetic rat. Moreover, Portulaca oleracea extract restores PON1 and ameliorates the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) by enhancing LCAT activity, therefore could prevent many diabetic complications by reducing dyslipidemia and oxidative damage.

Key words: Rats, Streptozotocin, Portulaca oleracea, Cholesterol, PON1, LCAT, apo A-I, lipoprotein peroxidation.

}, keywords = {apo A-I, Cholesterol, LCAT, lipoprotein peroxidation, PON1, Portulaca oleracea, Rats, Streptozotocin}, author = {Guenzet Akila, and Krouf Djamil, and Berzou Saadia} } @article {1528, title = {Protective effect of cissampelos pareira linn. Extract on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative damage in rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {59-67}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the potential nephroprotective and antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic Cissampelos pareira (C. pareira) whole plant extract using gentamicin-induced rats. Methods: For studying acute toxicity study, single oral dose of 2g/kg hydroalcoholic extract of C. pareira was evaluated in rats by oral gavage. The nephroprotective activity was evaluated using gentamicin-induced model in rats. In-vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by using DPPH assay and reducing power assay. In-vivo antioxidant activity was evaluated by using glutathione and lipid peroxidation estimations in gentamicin-induced rats. Hydroalcoholic C. pareira whole plant extract was given at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o. Results: For acute toxicity testing rats administered with the extract at a dose 2 g/ kg. the result showed no toxicity. Hydroalcoholic C. Pareira whole plant extract (200 and 400 mg/kg p.o) significantly decrease the elevated urinary glucose levels in the urine, decrease the elevated urea and creatinine levels in blood and increase the urinary creatinine levels in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxic rats. The extract had shown significant dose dependent increase in the DPPH and reducing power activity. There were a dose dependent decreasing and increasing of lipid peroxidation, glutathione levels in hydoalcoholic extract treated groups respectively. Conclusion: This study exhibits that hydroalcoholic C. pareira whole plant extract poses nephroprotective activity which may be due to its antioxidant activity.

Key words: Gentamicin, Cissampelos pareira, creatinine, urea, glucose, lipid peroxidation, glutathione, reducing power, DPPH.

}, keywords = {Cissampelos pareira, Creatinine, DPPH, Gentamicin, Glucose, Glutathione, Lipid peroxidation, Reducing power, urea}, author = {D. R Ch Sekhara Reddy and G Siva Kumar and B. M. Vrushabendra Swamy and K. Phani Kumar} } @article {1496, title = {Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn leaf extracts by HPTLC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {117-130}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Nyctanthes arbortristis L. (Oleaceae) or \“night jasmine\” is cultivated for its fragrant flowers and is widely used in traditional systems of medicine as an anthelmintic, cholagogue, laxative and antimalarial. The plant has been studied pharmacognostically and certain standards are available. However there are no reports on HPTLC quality assessment of Nyctanthes arbortristis. Hence the present study involves the development of qualitative HPTLC fingerprint profile of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol extracts of leaves of N. arbortristis followed by quantitation of marker compounds \â-sitosterol, \â-amyrin in n-hexane extract and caffeic acid in ethyl acetate extract. The developed methods were used for comparison of plant extracts with a few commercial formulations containing N. arbortristis. These HPTLC methods can be used easily for evaluation of quality of plants collected from different sources as well as for commercial formulations containing N. arbortristis.

Key words: Nyctanthes arbortristis, commercial formulations, HPTLC qualitative and quantitative evaluation.

}, keywords = {HPTLC qualitative and quantitative evaluation, Nyctanthes arbortristis, ommercial formulations}, author = {Kayalvizhi M, and Richa Shri} } @article {1498, title = {Screening for Antidepressant-Like Effect of Methanolic Seed Extract of Avena Sativa using Animal Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {86-92}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Depression affects about up to 20\% of the population across the globe.The present study was designed to screen antidepressant activity of methanolicseed extract of Avena sativa (MSEAS). An in vivo experimental methods were designed such as behavioral models like Forced swim test (FST), Tail suspension test (TST) and based on mechanism of action i.e., Antagonism of Apomorphine induced hypothermia on Swiss male albino mice. MSE AS 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o were administered daily for 7 days. Fluoxetine 25mg/kg p.o was standard antidepressant drug in behavioral models and Desipramine 20mg/kg p.o in Apomorphine induced hypothermia.The methanolicextract produces a significant antidepressant effect in both FST and TST as they reduce the immobility. It was also found, effective in antagonizing or reversing hypothermia produced by apomorphine. The Anti-depressant activity of methanolic seed extract of Avena sativa was found to be significant at low doses (100mg/kg, po). The present study clearly demonstrated that Avena sativa exerts an antidepressant effect in these two behavioral models. The flavonoid components of MSEAS might be interacting with adrenergic system in mediating the anti depressant effect of Avena sativa.

Key words: Avena sativa, forced swim test, tail suspension test, Apomorphine induced hypothermia.

}, keywords = {Apomorphine induced hypothermia, Avena sativa, Forced swim test, Tail suspension test}, author = {Usha Rani K, and Maddi Ramaiah, and K Nagaphani, and V Preethi, and M Srinadh} } @article {1530, title = {Screening of Antioxidant \& Antidiabetic Potential of Polyphenol rich fraction from Cichorium intybus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {92-98}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Introduction: Chicory(Cichoriumintybus) commonly known as kasni has health benefits such as improving liver health, digestion, boosting immune system possibly because of its water soluble dietary fibres and polyphenols. A diet rich in polyphenols and fibers helps in lowering cholesterol leading to less plaque formation, preventing blockage and risk of stroke. Owing to the fact that these polyphenols may reduce the elevated glucose the present research work was undertaken to extract the polphenols from Chicory roots and evaluate their antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential. Materials and Methods: Polyphenol rich fraction of root extract was subjected to estimation of total phenolic estimation and free radical scavenging activity using various antioxidant assays. The antidiabetic potential of the polyphenol rich fraction was also estimated using Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rat model. Results: The total phenolic content of the polyphenolic fraction was found to be 30.23\μg/ml. The IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS assay for the polyphenolic fraction were found to be 60\µg/ml and 4.2mg/ml respectively. The TEAC value was found to be 1.178 mm. Administration of polyphenol rich fraction (30 mg/kg, p.o.) decreased elevated SG from 122mg/dl to78.66mg/dl on 14th day (***p\<0.001). Also a significant reduction in triglycerides (**P\<0.01), total cholesterol (**P\<0.01), serum LDL (**P\<0.01) and serum alkaline phosphatase (**P\<0.01) was observed at 30 mg/kg, p.o. However, serum HDL was found to be elevated with no change in serum insulin (*P\<0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the polyphenol rich fraction of Chicory roots possess a strong hypoglycemic potential probably due to their antioxidant activity.

Key words: Cichoriumintybus, polyphenols, antioxidant, antidiabetic, total cholesterol.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Cichoriumintybus, Polyphenols, total cholesterol}, author = {Rukhsana A. Rub and Areej Siddiqui and Aasmin M. Ali and Asif Shaikh and Mushtaque and Mukadam} } @article {1200, title = {Evaluation of Anticancer Potential of Vitus vinifera Seed Against Breast Cancer Cells - MDA-MB-231}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2012}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1064-1071}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1064}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the present research is to evaluate the anti-cancer effect of Vitus vinifera seed on MDA-MB-231 cell line. Methods: The Vitus vinifera (Grape) seed were dried, powdered and subjected to methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate extraction by cold maceration followed by preliminary phytochemical screening. The extracts of Vitus vinifera seed were subjected to assess anti-oxidant status, anti-proliferative activity by MTT assay, GC-MS analysis and apoptotic effect by determining LDH activity on MDA-MB-231. Results: Results indicated that methanolic extract of grape seed showed appreciable anti-oxidant and anti-cancer potential compared with other two extracts. GC-MS mass spectrum of methanolic extract of seed revealed the presence of Dotriacontane, Linoleic acid and Decanoic acid ethyl ester, 1,2,3, propenetriol, monocetate, and Dichloro methyl propane sulfone were detected. Conclusion: The data obtained in this work could be useful as a chemical standard in checking the genuineness of this plant source. Data of the results further depicted that the selected traditional Vitus vinifera seed could be used not only as a potential anti-cancer and good antioxidant.

}, keywords = {GC-MS analysis, MDA-MB-231, MTT Assay, Vitus vinifera seed}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.150}, author = {Kiruthika Dhanraj and Renuka Saravanan and Sheik Abdulla Shahul Hameed and Sivakumar Ramalingam} } @article {1238, title = {In vitro Evaluation of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory and Neuroprotective Activity in Commiphora species: A Comparative Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {202}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1223-1231}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1223}, abstract = {

Introduction: Herbal medicines are widely used in the therapeutic intervention that could delay the onset of Neurodegenerative diseases like, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease. Despite intensive advancements in the field of research currently available therapeutic strategies are often limited due to their adverse effects. Hence there is a need for the search for novel compounds for effective medications to treat neurocognitive deficits. Objective: The present study focused on acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and neuroprotective activity of Commiphora species plant for their possible use in Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease. Methods: Phytochemical screening, TLC bioautographic and colourimetric assay was performed to quantify their acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of ethanolic extracts of the Commiphora species. The MTT assay was carried to evaluate the neuroprotective effect against the Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in SHSY5Y cell lines. Results: The bark of Commiphora berryi, leaves of Commiphora caudata and Commiphora pubescens were found abundant in flavonoids, glycosides, steroids and terpenoids. Further, the ethanol extract of Commiphora berryi (65.48\% {\textpm} 0.10) showed the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. The Aβ25-35 induced cell damage was as evidenced at a concentration of 20μM. The neuroprotective effect of the ethanol extracts was examined in neurodegenerative cells induced by Aβ25-35. On pretreatment with plant extracts, significant improvement in cell viability was observed as 63.42 {\textpm} 2.02\% (25μg/ml) for Commiphora berryi. The maximum percentage of in-vitro AChE inhibition and neuroprotective effect was effective in the ethanol bark extract of Commiphora berryi. Conclusion: The results are very rousing to continue the screening of more unexplored plant species could be used for the development of novel bioactive compounds to treat the many diseases, especially for Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Aβ25-35, Commiphiora pubescens, Commiphora berryi, Commiphora caudata, Neuroprotective, SH-SY5Y Cell line}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.171}, author = {PS Dhivya and P Selvamani and S Latha and Vasudevan Mani and Nur Syamimi Mohd Azahan} }