@article {1434, year = {Submitted} } @booklet {1433, year = {Submitted} } @article {2588, title = {Anti-inflammatory Activity, Toxicity Assessment and GC-MS Chemical Profiling of Cha-Nu-Ruk Traditional Thai Herbal Poultice for Knee Pain Management}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {April 2026}, pages = {31-35}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {31}, abstract = {

Introduction: Thai Traditional herbal medicine employs multi-herb formulations for managing inflammatory conditions. This study investigates the anti-inflammatory properties, cytotoxicity, and chemical composition of Cha-Nu-Ruk, an eight-herb traditional poultice formulation for knee pain. Methods: Eight medicinal plants (Tiliacora triandra, Thunbergia laurifolia, Azadirachta indica, Clinacanthus nutans, Pandanus amaryllifolius, Justicia gendarussa, Sida acuta, and Zingiber cassumunar) were extracted with 70\% ethanol. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated through nitric oxide inhibition assay using Jurkat cells. Cytotoxicity was assessed via MTT assay. Chemical profiling employed GC-MS analysis. Results: Individual plant extracts demonstrated variable anti-inflammatory activity (NO inhibition: 28.52-73.80\%) with Clinacanthus nutans showing highest potency. The combined eight-herb formulation yielded 11.82{\textpm}0.41\% extraction efficiency with 26.2\% NO inhibition. GC-MS analysis identified 21 compounds, with DMPBD (19.13\% relative abundance) and β-sitosterol (1.13\%). Cytotoxicity evaluation revealed acceptable safety profiles (\>80\% cell viability) for most extracts. Conclusions: While individual herbs showed promising anti-inflammatory potential, the traditional eight-herb combination did not demonstrate synergistic enhancement. Chemical standardization revealed significant batch-to-batch variability, highlighting the need for optimized formulation ratios and quality control protocols.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, GC-MS, Herbal poultice, Knee pain, Phytochemistry, Thai traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2026.18.114}, author = {Rattazart Denchai and Somsak Nualkaew and Pornpun Laovachirasuwan and Nopphawan Pornsiri and Chonlada Judprakop and Surapong Rattana} } @article {2591, title = {Effectiveness of the UFESA Model: A Culturally Grounded Intervention to Improve Adherence to Lymphatic Filariasis Mass Drug Administration in Papua, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {April 2026}, pages = {55-62}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {55}, abstract = {

Background: Lymphatic filariasis remains a public health challenge in Papua because of low adherence to mass drug administration (MDA). Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of the UFESA model{\textemdash}a culturally tailored intervention integrating health education, family support, and traditional leader engagement{\textemdash}in improving adherence to preventive filariasis medication in Sarmi District. Materials and Methods: A quasiexperimental pretest{\textendash}posttest control group design was implemented across two health centers (intervention: Bagaiserwar; control: Sarmi Kota), with 160 participants recruited via multistage random sampling. The primary outcome was adherence across three MDA cycles; secondary outcomes included knowledge, attitudes, and support measures. The data were analyzed via chi-square, Mann{\textendash} Whitney U, and Wilcoxon tests. Results: Adherence increased from 38.8\% to 87.5\% in the intervention group, whereas it increased from 26.2\% to 52.5\% in the control group (p \< 0.001). All the adherence dimensions were significantly greater in the intervention group. Knowledge increased from 3.00 to 10.00 (intervention) versus 2.00 to 4.00 (control), with similar improvements in attitudes and support (p \< 0.001). The instruments showed strong reliability (α \> 0.80) and validity. The effect sizes were medium to large (Cohen{\textquoteright}s d=0.68{\textendash}0.78; Cramer{\textquoteright}s V=0.38{\textendash}0.45). Conclusion: The findings provide evidence of the effectiveness of the UFESA model in enhancing medication adherence and addressing psychosocial determinants, highlighting the value of culturally grounded, psychometrically rigorous interventions in public health.

}, keywords = {adherence, Filariasis, Local culture, mass drug administration, psychometric testing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2026.18.117}, author = {Erich Christian Wayangkau and Budiyono Budiyono and Martini Martini and Mursid Raharjo and Bagoes Widjanarko and Daru Lestantyo} } @article {2584, title = {Evaluation of Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Anti-sickling, and Membrane Stabilization Properties of Justicia carnea Leaves and Stems Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {April 2026}, pages = {1-7}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive inherited genetic blood disorder resulting from the aberrant structure of hemoglobin (Hb) that results in the production of hemoglobin S (Hb S). Objective: This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profiles, antioxidant, anti-sickling, and membrane stabilizing activities of crude extracts of Justicia carnea leaves and stems that used to treat SCD in Nigeria. Methods: The 70 \% ethanol crude extracts of the dried, powdered leaves and stems of J. carnea were prepared by maceration. Reversal and inhibition activity of the plant materials were evaluated by using sodium-metabisulphite-sickled HB SS blood cells from two patients not in crisis. The membrane stabilization assays on rats{\textquoteright} red blood cells (RBCs) and human sickled RBCs and antioxidant assays were determined following standard methods. Results were presented as Mean {\textpm} SEM. Data analysis and graph plotting were carried out using GraphPad Prism{\textregistered} version 8.01. Results: The antioxidant assays indicated that J. carnea leaves (JCL) had stronger DPPH activity (IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ = 245.031 {\textpm} 0.228 μg/mL). While, the stems (JCS) exhibited higher NO scavenging (84.123 {\textpm} 0.497 μg/mL). The highest reversal and inhibition percentages observed at 60, 90, and 120-minute time points. At 60th minutes reading, JCL 20 mg/mL (78.9{\textpm}0.13\%) demonstrated the highest reversal activity, while JCL 10 mg/mL (66.9{\textpm}0.82 \%) revealed the strongest inhibition effect. The extracts showed dose-dependent membrane stabilization activity. Conclusions: The extracts demonstrated remarkable antioxidant, anti-sickling, and membrane stabilizing activities. The use of this plant could be a promising natural therapy for SCD.

}, keywords = {erythrocytes, Hemoglobin, Medicinal plants, Sickle Cell Disease}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2026.18.110}, author = {Hareg Zewdu Alehegn and Abiodun A. Adeyemi and Abayomi Mayowa Ajayi and Foluke A. Fasola} } @article {2586, title = {In Vitro Antiradical and Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoid Glycosides and Their Aglycones: Diosmin and Hesperidin Case Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {April 2026}, pages = {18-23}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {18}, abstract = {

In recent years, several works have been carried out on the beneficial effect of flavonoids which act as natural antioxidants and help to neutralize free radicals. We analysed the antioxidant activity of two flavonoids, diosmin, and hesperidin, known for their anti-haemorrhoidal effect, before and after acid hydrolysis, for comparison with their corresponding aglycones, namely diosmetin and hesperetin. Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control. For antioxidant activity evaluations, three methods including 2,2{\textquoteright}-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH{\textbullet}) scavenging assay, phosphomolybdate method, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power method (FRAP) were used. The results were expressed as a percentage of inhibition of DPPH{\textbullet} radical and half-maximal inhibitory concentration values (IC50), for the first assay. And for the others, as mg of ascorbic acid equivalents per 100 g of powder: the quantity of ascorbic acid required to produce the same antioxidant activity as 100 g of sample (noted {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}Ascorbic Acid Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}: AEAC mg/100g). Aglycones exhibited significant in vitro antioxidant activity compared to glycosides (p\<0.05 DPPH assay; p\<0.001 Phosphomolybdate and FRAP assays), with antioxidant effect dose-dependent at the concentration levels used.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, diosmin, flavonoid aglycone, flavonoid glycoside, Hesperidin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2026.18.112}, author = {Lamyae Yachi and Madiha Alami Chentoufi and Hajar Benhaddou and Brahim Mojemmi and Mustapha Bouatia} } @article {2585, title = {LC{\textendash}MS Profiling, In Silico Docking{\textendash}MD and ADMET of Uncaria gambir Roxb. for p38 MAPK Inhibition}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {April 2026}, pages = {8-17}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {8}, abstract = {

Introduction: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a pivotal regulator of inflammatory and cancer pathways. This study investigates phytochemicals from Bajakah (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) bark as potential p38 MAPK inhibitors, integrating LC{\textendash}MS profiling with computational drug discovery. Methods: Bajakah bark extract was profiled by liquid chromatography{\textendash}high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC{\textendash}HRMS) to identify major phytochemicals. Promising non-toxic candidates were selected via in silico toxicity prediction (ProTox-II) and ADME assessment (pkCSM). Molecular docking against p38 MAPK (PDB ID: 3QUE) was performed using AutoDock Vina, followed by 50 ns molecular dynamics simulations with GROMACS and MM/PBSA binding free energy calculations using gmx_MMPBSA. Results: LC{\textendash}HRMS identified ten major phytochemicals; 8-methylnaphthalene-1,2-diol (Diol) and methyl cinnamate exhibited non-toxic profiles (LD$_{5}$$_{0}$ \> 2,600 mg/kg; no CYP450 liabilities) with favorable ADME properties. Molecular docking revealed binding energies of -8.04 kcal/mol (Diol), -11.4 kcal/mol (Skepinone-L reference), and -6.4 kcal/mol (methyl cinnamate). Both Diol and Skepinone-L engaged conserved hydrophobic residues (VAL38 and LYS53), with Diol showing additional engagement at LEU104, and docking RMSD validation within 2.5 {\r A}. Molecular dynamics confirmed stable Diol{\textendash}p38 complex binding (RMSD ~0.30 nm), with balanced solvent accessibility, stable dynamic binding dominated by electrostatic interactions, and adaptive conformational sampling. MM/PBSA analysis revealed binding free energies of -21.9 kcal/mol (Diol) and -32.9 kcal/mol (Skepinone-L), with Diol{\textquoteright}s affinity driven by electrostatic interactions (-29.62 kcal/mol). Conclusions: 8-Methylnaphthalene-1,2-diol emerges as a promising natural p38 MAPK inhibitor candidate with favorable safety profiles and dynamic binding properties, warranting biochemical validation and structure{\textendash}activity relationship optimization.

}, keywords = {2-diol, 8-methylnaphthalene-1, bajakah, computational modeling, Drug discovery, Molecular docking, Phytochemical profiling}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2026.18.111}, author = {Yudi Ambeng and Nia Kania and Ika Kustiyah Oktaviyanti and Eka Yudha Rahman} } @article {2596, title = {Modulation of BCL-2 Family Proteins by Moringa oleifera Fruit Extract in High-Fat Diet{\textendash}Induced Obesity Rat Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {April 2026}, pages = {102-106}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {102}, abstract = {

Background: Obesity induces chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulation of apoptosis-related proteins, particularly the BCL-2 family (BCL-2, BAK1, BAD). Moringa oleifera fruits are rich in antioxidant phytochemicals, yet their effects on BCL-2 family protein expression in obesity rat models remain poorly explored. Objective: This study investigated the modulation of Moringa oleifera fruit extract on BCL-2 family protein expression in obesity rat models. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups: normal control (N), obesse control (O), obese + M. oleifera fruit extract (500 mg/kg BW, once (OEMO1) or twice daily (OEMO2)), and obese rats + Vitamin C (OC). After 30 days, liver tissues were collected. BCL-2 family proteins (BCL- 2, BAK1, and BAD) were analyzed using ELISA. Results: Obese rats (O) showed dysregulation of BCL-2 family protein expression, characterized by decreased pro-apoptotic and increased anti-apoptotic markers. Administration of M. oleifera fruit extract significantly restored BCL-2 family protein expression by increased anti-apoptotic (BCL-2) and decreased pro-apoptotic (BAK1 and BAD) signaling expression of BCL-2 family protein (OEMO2) compared to obese controls (O) p\<0,001. Conclusion: Moringa oleifera fruit extract modulates apoptosis-related proteins by restoring BCL-2 family balance in obesity rat livers, suggesting its potential as a pharmacognostic candidate for obesity-related hepatic dysfunction prevention in obesity rat models.

}, keywords = {Moringa oleifera fruits; obesity rat models; BCL-2 family; pro-apoptotic; anti-apoptotic; antioxidant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2026.18.122}, author = {Mila Citrawati and Maria Selvester Thadeus and Sri Wahyuningsih and Feda Anisah Makkiyah and Tiwuk Susantiningsih} } @article {2593, title = {Molecular Docking of Glycyrrhiza glabra Metabolites at TLR4 and MLCK: Non Classical Depression Related Targets in the Gut{\textendash}Brain Axis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {April 2026}, pages = {74-81}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {74}, abstract = {

Introduction: Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) is traditionally used for stress, mood and sleep disturbances, but the capacity of its major metabolites to modulate non-classical gut{\textendash}brain-axis targets relevant to depression remains unclear. Methods: This in silico study investigated the anxiolytic{\textendash}antidepressant potential of nine literature-reported licorice constituents. These included triterpenoid saponins, triterpenoid acids and prenylated/flavonoid scaffolds. The compounds were docked against two peripheral targets that couple inflammation and barrier dysfunction to mood disorders, namely Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK). Molecular docking was performed using CB-Dock2 with resatorvid (TLR4) and 5-iodonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl homopiperazine (MLCK) as reference antagonists, and drug-likeness and safety were evaluated by in silico ADMET prediction. Results: Several metabolites, particularly hispaglabridin A, O-(3-hydroxy-6-oxo-7-drimen-11-yl)umbelliferone and 3-oxoglycyrrhetinic acid, showed docking scores at TLR4 ({\textendash}10.2 to {\textendash}11.0 kcal/mol) that exceeded resatorvid, and ligands occupied the canonical antagonist pocket, supporting a potential TLR4-mediated anti-inflammatory mechanism. At MLCK, glycyrrhizin, licorice saponin and flavonoid rhamnosides formed 5-iodonaphthalene- 1-sulfonyl homopiperazine like complexes in the catalytic groove. ADMET profiling revealed that bulky saponins exhibited high polarity, whereas triterpenoid acids and hispaglabridin A showed high lipophilicity and extensive plasma protein binding. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings suggest that G. glabra metabolites can, in principle, engage TLR4 and MLCK in a complementary manner, outlining a polypharmacological, gut{\textendash}brain-axis-oriented hypothesis. These conclusions are preliminary and require confirmation through targeted in vitro and in vivo studies of efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety.

}, keywords = {In silico ADMET prediction, Licorice root phytochemicals, Neuroinflammation, Pattern recognition receptors, Stress-related mood disorders}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2026.18.119}, author = {Rajendran Mala and Rajamohan Harseni} } @article {2595, title = {Nutritional and Phytochemical Characterization of Moringa oleifera Leaves from an Arid Region: LC-MS and AAS-based Profiling for Potential Dietary Applications}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {April 2026}, pages = {94-101}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {94}, abstract = {

Background: Moringa oleifera (MO), widely recognized for its exceptional nutritional value and therapeutic properties, has attracted considerable scientific interest. However, the specific bioactive phytochemicals associated with its potential effects in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and obesity remain insufficiently elucidated. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional, therapeutic, and antioxidant potential of Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) from the Gharda{\"\i}a region (Southern Algeria) using hydromethanolic (HME) and aqueous (AE) extracts. Materials and methods: Proteins and carbohydrates contents were quantified using Bradford and DuBois et al.methods respectively. Mineral content was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Bioactive profiles were identified by Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS), alongside antioxidant capacity using Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. Results: HME exhibited higher protein (19.34 {\textpm} 1.48 g/100 g), while AE contained elevated total sugars (32.24 {\textpm} 1.11 g/100 g). Mineral analysis revealed significant iron (59.07 mg/100 g), magnesium (250.72 mg/100 g), and manganese (7.08 mg/100 g). UPLC-ESI-MS/MS identified 28 bioactive compounds, with Quercetin-3-glucoside (47.91\%) and myricetin (17.47\%) as dominant flavonoids, alongside curcumin (11.21\%) and β-carotene (4.2\%). Ferthermore, AE exhibited significantly higher FRAP values than HME, with IC50 values of 207.09 {\textpm} 2.31 μg/mL and 266.23 {\textpm} 3.63 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: This initial report highlights MOL extracts as a sustainable and cost-effective dietary supplement for managing hyperlipidemia and obesity, due to their rich nutrient content, diverse bioactive compounds, and adaptability to arid climates.

}, keywords = {Dietary supplement, Ghardaia, Hyperlipidemia, Moringa oleifera, Obesity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2026.18.121}, author = {Hafida Kedaid and Ikram Toumi and Mohamed Kraimat and Abdelkader Adamou and Alla Eddine Mahamedi and Youcef Rahmani and Meriem Imelhayene and Alia Telli} } @article {2590, title = {Oral Acute Toxicity Study of Aqueous Extract of Chaihu Shugan Tang Modified with Adenosma Bracteosum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {April 2026}, pages = {47-54}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {47}, abstract = {

Background: The aqueous extract of Chaihu Shugan Tang combined with Adenosma bracteosum (CAE) has been suggested to exhibit low hepatotoxic potential with enzyme modulation and may support the treatment of hepatobiliary diseases. However, data on its acute toxicity remain limited. Objectives: To determine the acute toxicity of the CAE aqueous extract in mice. Materials and methods: Mice were divided into seven groups: one control group and six experimental groups receiving increasing doses of the extract (8{\textendash}64 g/kg body weight). Acute toxicity was assessed using the Litchfield{\textendash}Wilcoxon method by monitoring mortality and adverse reactions. Hematological and biochemical parameters, as well as histopathological examinations of the liver, kidneys, and spleen, were compared between the experimental and control groups. Results: At the highest tested dose (64 g/kg body weight), no mortality was observed. Body weight, hematological parameters, and renal biochemical indices showed no significant abnormalities (p \> 0.05). However, liver biochemical indices in groups receiving 30.4{\textendash}64 g/ kg differed significantly from the control group (p \< 0.05). Histopathological examination revealed no signs of damage or pathological changes in the liver, kidneys, or spleen. Conclusions: The CAE aqueous extract did not cause acute toxicity in mice at doses up to 64 g/kg body weight. Further subchronic and chronic toxicity studies are required to comprehensively assess its long-term safety.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Adenosma bracteosum, Chaihu Shugan Tang}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2026.18.116}, author = {Thi My Dung Tran and Chi Nhan Ton and Thi Thu Tran and Thi Gai Le and Minh Hoang Le} } @article {2587, title = {Pharmacognostic Analysis of Fennel, Caraway and Coriander Seeds belong to Apiaceae family}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {April 2026}, pages = {24-30}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {24}, abstract = {

Introduction: Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), caraway (Carum carvi), and coriander (Coriandrum sativum) belong to the same botanical family, Apiaceae, but they have different macroscopic and microscopic features that distinguish them. Aim: The purpose of this work is to minutely study and analyze the characteristics of fennel, caraway, and coriander seeds, along with their microscopic \& powder character. Material and Methods: Seeds of fennel, caraway, and coriander were collected from the Wardha region market, authenticated by a botanist, and were analyzed macroscopically for size, shape, color, odor, and taste. The microscopic analysis was done with the cross-sections of seeds stained with suitable reagents. Powdered microscopy included powder of each drug with glycerine to see the structures. Results: Microscopic and powdered microscopic examination revealed distinct anatomical features such as oil cells, parenchyma cells, and vascular bundles, etc., that were characteristic to each seed. Conclusion: This study had an in-depth comparative analysis of the macroscopic, microscopic, and powdered microscopic characteristics of fennel, caraway, and coriander seeds.

}, keywords = {Apiaceae, Aromatic, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Powdered Microscopic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2026.18.113}, author = {Shivani Darje and Sneha Vidhate} } @article {2592, title = {Pharmacognostic Characterization and Comparative TLC Fingerprinting of Siphonodon celastrineus Griff. and Suregada multiflora (A. Juss) Baill. Heartwoods: Toward Ethnomedicinal Validation and Herbal Standardization}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {April 2026}, pages = {63-73}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {63}, abstract = {

This study aimed to establish standards and perform a pharmacognostic analysis to compare of Siphonodon celastrineus Griff. (Ma Duuk) and Suregada multiflora (A. Juss.) Baill. (Khuan Thong Phayabaht) heartwood. Botanical characteristics, physicochemical properties, and TLC fingerprints were evaluated. Both species exhibited unique macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, with variations in bark texture and heartwood color. TLC fingerprints provide distinctive chromatographic profiles, enabling authentication. This study also established a limitation for the ethanolic-soluble extractive of both herbs at not less than 3\% (w/w). The limitations of water-soluble extractive content of S. celastrineus Griff. and S. multiflora (A. Juss) Baill. were determined to be not less than 5\% and 3\% (w/w), respectively. The findings support the establishment of quality control criteria for the heartwood of S. celastrineus Griff. and S. multiflora (A. Juss) Baill., contributing to their potential inclusion in the Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia and validating their ethnomedical use.

}, keywords = {Ethnomedicinal Validation, Pharmacognostic evaluation, Physicochemical parameter, Siphonodon celastrineus Griff, Suregada multiflora (A. Juss.) Baill.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2026.18.118}, author = {Wanida Caichompoo and Kanin Laothamyingyong and Napassorn Kaewsuwan and Pawitra Pulbutr and Nuttapong Wichai and Waraporn Saentaweesuk and Taweesak Dhammaraj} } @article {2589, title = {Protective Role of Magnesium Oxide Against Orthodontically Induced Apical Root Resorption: An Experimental Rabbit Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {April 2026}, pages = {36-46}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {36}, abstract = {

Background: Root resorption origin by orthodontic treatment (OIRR) is a frequent side effect. Thus, preservation of cementum and remodeling of the ligament (PDL) are critical in preventing such resorption. Magnesium (Mg2+) a mineral that have a dramatic role in mineralization, cell growth and regulating inflammation, however its function, in OIRR is not investigated. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of magnesium oxide (MgO) supplementation on apical root resorption, cementum and PDL. Materials and Methods: Twenty adult male albino rabbits were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 5): negative control (no applied orthodontic force) positive control (orthodontic force applied only) low-dose MgO group (40 Mg2+/kg/day) and high-dose MgO group (80 Mg2+/kg/day). Orthodontic tooth displacement was initiated on the incisors through modified fixed orthodontic devices exerting a 40 g force over a period of three weeks. MgO was given orally once each day. Histomorphometric evaluation measured of cementoblasts, cementoclasts, fibroblasts and fibrocytes, the thickness of the cementum and PDL. Statistical analysis employed ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc tests (p <= 0.05). Results: The positive control group exhibited cementum reduction, elevated cementoclast quantities diminished cementoblast levels and thinner PDL relative, to the negative control (p \< 0.05). Both MgO-treated groups presented thicker cementum and PDL and fewer cementoclasts compared to the positive control with the high-dose group displaying the strongest protective impact. The number of fibroblasts significantly increased in the MgO groups. Conclusion: MgO supplementation diminished OIRR with preserving cementum and PDL structure, suggested a potential protective role for magnesium during orthodontic treatment.

}, keywords = {Cementum, Histomorphometry, Magnesium oxide, Orthodontically induced root resorption, Periodontal ligament}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2026.18.115}, author = {Sarmad S. Salih. Al Qassar and Rana Mahdi Fadhil and Shahad A. Thanoon and Gada A. Taqa and Roaa Elias} } @article {2594, title = {Subchronic Toxicity Assessment of Arsenic-Contaminated Rice Following Repeated Oral Administration in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {April 2026}, pages = {82-93}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {82}, abstract = {

Arsenic is a naturally occurring metalloid with well-established toxic and carcinogenic properties, and dietary exposure through rice (Oryza sativa L.) represents a significant public health concern, particularly in populations with high rice consumption. Flooded paddy cultivation increases arsenic bioavailability, facilitating its accumulation in rice grains. While chemical monitoring and risk assessment indices are commonly used to estimate arsenic exposure, these approaches provide limited insight into the biological effects of long-term consumption. This study aimed to evaluate the subchronic toxicity of arseniccontaminated rice using a 90-day oral exposure model in Wistar rats, focusing on toxicological endpoints relevant to food safety assessment. Rice samples were selected using a conservative worst-case exposure strategy based on inductively coupled plasma{\textendash}mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) arsenic profiling across several regencies in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Red, brown, and white rice samples with the highest arsenic concentrations in their respective categories were administered orally to female Wistar rats at doses of 8.1, 16.2, and 24.3 g/kg body weight per day for 90 consecutive days. A negative control group received 0.5\% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium, while a positive control group received inorganic arsenic (0.3 mg/kg body weight). Clinical signs, body-weight changes, hematological parameters, serum biochemical markers of hepatic and renal function, and histopathological alterations in the liver and kidneys were evaluated. No mortality or severe clinical toxicity was observed in rice-treated groups. Bodyweight gain, relative organ weights, hematological indices, and renal biomarkers remained comparable to controls. Mild elevations in hepatic enzymes and focal hepatocellular alterations were observed only at the highest brown rice dose. In conclusion, subchronic oral exposure to arsenic-contaminated rice resulted in minimal systemic toxicity under the conditions tested, with the liver identified as the primary target organ at higher exposure levels. These findings provide biologically relevant evidence to support food safety evaluation of arsenic-contaminated rice.

}, keywords = {Arsenic, Histopathology, Rat, Rice, Subchronic Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2026.18.120}, author = {Christica Ilsanna Surbakti and Jansen Silalahi and Anayanti Arianto and Urip Harahap} } @article {2571, title = {Abelmoschus esculentus Ameliorates Stress-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction via Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Mechanisms in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {302-309}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {302}, abstract = {

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if there were any effect of Abelmoschus esculentus on chronic stress induced memory loss. Methods: The Swiss Albino Mice (n=30) were divided into five groups, namely control, chronic stress (90 days), chronic stress and ethanolic extract of Abelmoschus esculentus(200mg/kg body weight), and Chronic stress followed by diazepam (2mg/kg body weight), Chronic stress followed by diazepam (2mg/kg body weight) and ethanolic extract of abelmoschus esculentus (200mg/kg body weight). At the end of the experimental period (90 days), animal blood was collected retro-orbitally to analyze the cortisol, Brain tissue was homogenized, and antioxidants and Acetylcholine esterase level was estimated. Results: The Results of the data indicated that administering stress for a duration of 90 days led to a noticeable decline in spatial learning abilities in mice. Our findings indicate that combination of Abelmoschus esculentus and diazepam showed there was an significant improvement in retaining memory. Conclusion: Study indicated that Abelmoschus esculentus shows promise as a viable treatment option for conditions of stress related memory impairment.

}, keywords = {Abelmoschus esculentus, Acetylcholine esterase, chronic stress, Malondialdehyde, Morris water maze, Superoxide dismutase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.100}, author = {Shabina Komath Chenoly and Vinodini NA} } @article {2497, title = {Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Study of Sampilnorov Wurile}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {203-210}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {203}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sampilnorov Wurile (SW) is a traditional medicinal preparation containing 29 plant-, mineral-, and animal-derived components. It is used for cerebrovascular ischemia, retinal disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicities of SW. Methods: Acute toxicity was assessed in C57BL/6 mice based on OECD-423 guidelines, with oral doses ranging from 500 to 6,000 mg/kg body weight. Subchronic toxicity was evaluated in Wistar rats following OECD-407 guidelines, with daily oral doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg of SW daily for 4 weeks. Clinical signs, mortality, body weight, and physical condition were monitored. Hematological, biochemical, and histopathological analyses were conducted on day 29. Results: No mortality or significant clinical signs of toxicity were observed at doses up to 6,000 mg/kg, suggesting an oral median lethal dose exceeding this level. Subchronic toxicity assessment revealed no clinical signs of toxicity or mortality. SW at 300 and 600 mg/kg had no significant effects on serum biochemical parameters or vital organ histology compared to controls. Conclusion: SW exhibited no acute toxicity at doses up to 6,000 mg/kg and showed no adverse effects in a 28-d subchronic toxicity study. These findings support its safety at tested doses.

}, keywords = {Acute and subchronic toxicity; biochemistry; blood test; histopathological analysis; Sampilnorov Wurile}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.25}, author = {Li ChangSheng and Chimgee Tserendash and Maral-Erdene Gerelt-Od and Batdavaa Batbayar and Uyangamaa Altankhuyag and Mend-Amar Batbaatar and Narankhajid Myadagsuren and Davaadagva Damdinjav and Enkhmaa Gonchig and Yeruult Chultemsuren} } @article {2539, title = {Acute Oral Toxicity Evaluation of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Salvia Officinalis Roots in Wistar Rats as per OECD 423 TG}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {577-582}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {577}, abstract = {

Background: In this study, we assessed the hydroalcoholic root extract of Salvia officinalis oral acute toxicity investigation using an animal model. Methods: The investigation of acute oral toxicity was conducted using OECD 423 guidelines. The Institutional Animal Ethics Committee approved the study (IAEC). A single oral dose of Salvia officinalis hydroalcoholic root extract (800, 1600, and 3200 mg/kg) was administered, and the subjects were monitored for 14 days. Animals were sacrificed on the fifteenth day, and body weight, haematological, and serum hepatic biochemical parameters were assessed and compared to the standard group. Results:Groups treated with Salvia officinalis showed no mortality or discernible alterations. The findings show that Wistar rats did not experience appreciable harmful effects from administering hydroalcoholic root extract from the Salvia officinalis plant. Conclusions: The extract can be utilized safely for therapeutic use in pharmaceutical formulations.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Haematology, heart, Kidney, Liver, Salvia officinalis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.71}, author = {Ranjini HS and Kadmad Abdul Hameed Mohamed Azar and S Fayazul Haq and Prashanthkumar Goudappala and Vinodakumar HR and Akash A} } @article {2538, title = {Acute Toxicity Study of the Crude Aqueous Extract of Tribulus terrestris Dried Fruit with Potential Diuretic Effect}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {566-576}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {566}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tribulus terrestris is an important medicinal plant used in Indian traditional medicine, the crude aqueous extract of the plant is primarily used to induce diuresis for treating cardiovascular diseases and managing renal stones, etc... The safe dose and adverse effect profile of the extract was not explored adequately in preclinical studies. Hence, the present study was undertaken. Methods: The acute toxicity was assessed based on the OECD guideline number 425: Acute Oral Toxicity {\textendash} Up-and-Down-Procedure. A total of 11 animals were used in the study. Initially, one animal was administered with a dosage of 2000 mg/kg; and as the animal survived, four more animals were dosed and were observed for survival and other possible adverse drug reactions. The animals{\textquoteright} body weight was measured before experimenting and at the end of the study. Biochemical and haematological examinations were done on normal control and test groups. Animals from the test group were sacrificed, and histopathological examinations of the vital organs were carried out. Results: No signs of toxicity or changes in the behaviour were observed in the treatment group. As all the animals survived, it was decided that the LD50 was greater than 2000 mg/kg. However, the changes observed with platelets, total cholesterol and LDL were within the normal limits. Histological examination of the vital organs did not reveal any changes in the architecture of the organs. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that the crude aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris dried fruit does not cause toxicity under the 2000 mg/kg dose limit.

}, keywords = {acute toxicity study, crude aqueous extract, Indian traditional medicine, Siddha system of medicine, Tribulus terrestris, Wistar Rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.70}, author = {Amruth Kiran and Praveen Kumar S E and Tatiyana Mandal and K Ganesh Shenoy and Vasudev R Pai and Swati Sharma and Arul Amuthan} } @article {2483, title = {Additional Feed of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Flour on the Development of Veterinary Embryos}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {253-257}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {253}, abstract = {

Background: Moringa leaf flour has a protein content of 26.67\% in 100\% dry matter so it can be a source of protein feed. The use of carotenoid-rich products such as β-carotene in poultry rations can produce low-cholesterol eggs. Aims: The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of additional feed of moringa oleifera leaf flour on the development of veterinary embryos. Method: The methodology used involves a literature review or analysis of papers collected from 1950 to 2024 through the Google search engine. Furthermore, sources are collected, identified, and evaluated. This research report uses the phrases supplemental feed for dairy calves made from moringa oleifera leaf meal. The literature collection was carried out in 2025 from February 2025 to April 2025. The articles in this collection were published in English and Indonesian in national and international journals, then analyzed with Vosviewer. Result: From the results of the analysis carried out, it was found that Additional feed of moringa oleifera leaf flour on the development of veterinary embryos have associations between moringa oleifera, embryo and other factors, moringa oleifera, embryo and other factors have been studied on the 2019-2024, moringa oleifera and embryo have been widely studied than other factors. Conclusion: From the results of the analysis carried out, it was found that Additional feed of moringa oleifera leaf flour on the development of veterinary embryos have associations between moringa oleifera, embryo and other factors, moringa oleifera, embryo and other factors have been studied on the 2019-2024, moringa oleifera and embryo have been widely studied than other factors. Need research other factor to embryo veterinary in Additional feed of moringa oleifera leaf flour.

}, keywords = {Additional feed, development of veterinary embryos, moringa oleifera leaf flour}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.32}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati} } @article {2488, title = {Analgesic Effect of the Chloroformic Extract of Aniba canelilla {\textquotedblleft}canelon{\textquotedblright} Bark in BALB/c Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {231-235}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {231}, abstract = {

Background. Some diseases can cause intense pain, where pharmacological treatment with opioid analgesics is necessary, as in cancer. Despite advances in cancer treatment, pain is still a common symptom. Treatment is usually based on the use of opioids, but there is still some rejection because of their adverse effects or because of the delay in access to them. To evaluate the analgesic effect of Aniba canelilla "canelon" bark in mice to validate the above and consider it an alternative to existing palliative treatment in cancer patients. Methodology. The analgesic effect was evaluated according to the method of Koster et al. using 50 BALB/c mice distributed in groups of 07 mice each. Comparison was made with the standards Tramadol 50 mg/kg and Paracetamol 500 mg/kg administered orally, and acetic acid 0.8\% was used intraperitoneally as a pain inducer. Results. The potent analgesic effect of the chloroformic extract of Aniba canelilla at 200mg/kg was observed, with an analgesic percentage of 98.87\% with a mean number of writhes of 28.29 {\textpm} 5.44, being statistically significant to the other treatments (p\<0.01). Conclusions The analgesic effect of the chloroformic extract of Aniba canelilla at 200mg/kg was determined.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Aniba canelilla, Pain, Palliative}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.29}, author = {Jesus Rojas Jaimes and Juana E. Chavez-Flores and Jenny Estela Villalobos and Ashley Mantilla Aliaga and Roxana Miranda Sanchez and Zulema Suricachi Cerron} } @article {2522, title = {Analysis of Fatty Acids in Wool Oil Extracted from Mongolian Sheep Wool using Gas Chromatography and Infrared Spectrophotometry}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {444-449}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {444}, abstract = {

To develop a method for extracting wool oil from Mongolian sheep wool, evaluate its quality, and determine the fatty acid composition. The extraction of wool oil was performed using the Soxhlet method. Fatty acid content was determined by gas chromatography, while saponification and ester numbers were assessed using titrimetric methods. Functional compounds in the wool oil were identified using infrared spectrophotometry, with further analysis conducted through gas chromatography. Infrared spectroscopy identified valence and deformation oscillations at 3308.01 cm-1, 2922.47 cm-1, 1743.46 cm-1, 1378.34 cm-1, 1465.76 cm-1, 720.83 cm-1, and 1085.39 cm-1. Gas chromatography revealed 14 distinct fatty acids, with saturated fatty acids accounting for 66.6\%, and unsaturated fatty acids making up 33.3\%. Polyunsaturated fatty acids comprised 26.26\%, while monounsaturated fatty acids represented 7.14\% of the total. The analysis identified key functional groups (C=O, CH3, CH2, C-C, C-O, O-H) in wool oil using infrared spectroscopy. The fatty acid composition of the extracted wool oil included a predominance of saturated fatty acids (66.6\%) and a significant proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (26.26\%). This method provides a viable alternative for extracting and utilizing wool oil from Mongolian sheep wool.

}, keywords = {Functional groups; Lanolin; Saponification; Soxhlet extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.56}, author = {Tserennadmid Erdenebaatar and Otgonsuren Daramzav and Bilguun Enkhbat and Davaadagva Damdinjav and Myagmarsuren Badamtsetseg and Khatanbold Otgonbayar and Munkhbat Sukhee} } @article {2525, title = {Analysis of Solvent Concentration Effect and Extraction Method on The Total Phenolic of Syzygium myrtifolium Walp. Leaf Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {461-469}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {461}, abstract = {

Background: Syzygium myrtifolium Walp., an Indonesian ornamental plant, contains phenolic compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. The demand for natural antioxidants is rising due to concerns over synthetic alternatives. Objectivity: To determine the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of S. myrtifolium leaf extracts obtained with various solvents (ethanol 60, 70, 80, 96\% v/v, ethyl acetate, n-hexane) and two extraction methods (maceration and ultrasonic-assisted extraction, UAE), and to assess the effects of solvent polarity and extraction method. Methods: Leaves were extracted by maceration and UAE. TPC was measured via the Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu method (tannic acid equivalents, \%) using UV{\textendash}Vis spectrophotometry. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH assay (IC$_{5}$$_{0}$). Phytochemical screening was also performed. Results: TPC (maceration): 60\% ethanol = 18.76\%, 96\% ethanol = 13.64\%, ethyl acetate = 8.33\%, n-hexane = 0.83\%. TPC (UAE): 60\% ethanol = 20.02\%, 96\% ethanol = 14.04\%, ethyl acetate = 10.13\%, n-hexane = 0.92\%. Solvent type/concentration and extraction method significantly affected TPC (p \< 0.05). UAE 96\% ethanol showed the strongest antioxidant activity (IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ ≈ 16.03 ppm), ethyl acetate had moderate activity (≈67{\textendash}76 ppm), and n-hexane the weakest (≈153{\textendash}163 ppm). UAE 60\% ethanol had the highest TPC but not the strongest activity (IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ ≈ 88.27 ppm), suggesting antioxidant potency depends on phenolic composition. Conclusion: UAE with 60\% ethanol produced the highest TPC, while UAE with 96\% ethanol exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity. Further profiling is needed to clarify the phenolic composition{\textendash}activity relationship.

}, keywords = {Maceration, phenolic, solvent concentration, Syzigium myrtifolium walp, UAE}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.59}, author = {Novi Fajar Utami and Rizky Mulyana Syarif and Chorry Sundari Irawan and Shintia Ramadhani} } @article {2481, title = {Analysis of the Influence of Leadership Style on Organizational Culture and Organizational Performance at RSUD H. Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja Bulukumba District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {236-243}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {236}, abstract = {

The success and failure of a hospital is influenced by a leader, Effective leadership impacts the progress of the hospital so that leadership style becomes one of the determining factors in the success of hospital performance. Leadership style is a norm of behavior used by a person when that person tries to influence the behavior of other people or subordinates. This research aims to determine the influence of leadership style on organizational culture and organizational performance at RSUD H.Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja, Bulukumba Regency, the type of research used is quantitative research. The sample in this study was 178 staff and health workers at H.Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja Regional Hospital Bulukumba Regency using a sampling technique.Accidental Sampling. The analysis method used is Path Analysis with SmartPLS software version 3.0. Based on the results of this research, it shows that there is a direct influence of leadership style on organizational culture p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (15.172), there is a direct influence of organizational culture on organizational performance with p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (7.815), there is a direct influence of leadership style on organizational performance with p value (0,038) with a t.statistic value (2.077), and there is an influence of leadership style on organizational performance through organizational culture with p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (6.339). Therefore, there is a need for good appreciation and direction to overcome difficulties in carrying out duties and responsibilities for employees, as well as consideration for paying more attention to employee needs which are implemented in organizational culture to improve better performance.

}, keywords = {Employee needs, Leadership Style, Organizational Culture, Organizational Performance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.30}, author = {Andi Nadia Nur Cahyani and Balqis B and Indar I and Amran Razak and A. Arsunan Arsin and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2493, title = {Andrographolide and Resveratrol as Potential Modulators of AIM2 and IFI16 Inflammasomes in Periodontitis: A Docking Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {179-187}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {179}, abstract = {

Background: Proinflammatory cytokines play a critical role in the destruction of periodontal tissues. DNAsensing inflammasomes, such as AIM2 and IFI16, are key mediators in the secretion of IL-1 and IL-18 and facilitate pyroptosis in periodontitis. Andrographolide and resveratrol are phytocompounds known for their anti-inflammatory effects, though their precise mechanisms of action remain uncertain. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular interactions of andrographolide and resveratrol with AIM2 and IFI16 inflammasomes using a computational approach. Methods: Ten phytocompounds were selected and analyzed via molecular docking. Protein-ligand docking was conducted with AutoDock 4.2.6. Binding affinities and hydrogen bond interactions were assessed. Andrographolide and resveratrol complexes with AIM2 and IFI16 were further subjected to 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations using GROMACS software to assess complex stability. Results: Both andrographolide and resveratrol complexes demonstrated stability throughout the simulations, with adequate inter-hydrogen bonding. Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MMPBSA) analysis revealed that AIM2-andrographolide (-112.100 {\textpm} 18.106 kJ/mol) and IFI16-andrographolide (-50.047 {\textpm} 27.076 kJ/mol) complexes exhibited higher binding energies compared to AIM2-resveratrol (-15.328 {\textpm} 2.539 kJ/mol) and IFI16-resveratrol (-12.534 {\textpm} 20.184 kJ/mol) complexes. Conclusion: Molecular docking and dynamics analyses indicate that andrographolide demonstrates a stronger binding affinity to AIM2 and IFI16 inflammasomes compared to resveratrol. This suggests andrographolide as a promising host modulatory candidate for the therapeutic management of periodontitis.

}, keywords = {AIM2 inflammasome, Andrographolide, IFI16 inflammasome, Molecular docking, Periodontitis, Resveratrol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.22}, author = {Lalitha Tanjore Arunachalam and Snophia Suresh and Vamsi Lavu and Shankarram Vedamanickam and Nissanthe Nagarajan} } @article {2526, title = {Anti-aging Efficacy and Safety of Topical Application of Two Standardized Fenugreek Seed Extracts on Facial Skin in Women: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {470-479}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {470}, abstract = {

Introduction: Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) is widely used in culinary and medicinal applications and has recently gained attention for its potential anti-aging properties. Objectives: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the anti-aging efficacy and safety of topical application of flavonoid glycosides-based and eleutheroside-oligosaccharide-based standardized fenugreek seed extract creams, namely INDUS1520 and INDUS1530, respectively. Methods: Seventy-five healthy women aged between 35 and 55 years with mild to moderate facial wrinkles were randomly allocated to receive either INDUS1520, INDUS1530, or a Placebo cream for 60 days. Efficacy outcomes included skin luminescence, color, trans-epidermal water loss, moisture content, gloss, elasticity, firmness, wrinkle depth, surface roughness, and collagen distribution. Safety was assessed using a dermatological assessment and subject-reported intolerance questionnaire for adverse events. Results: INDUS1530 significantly improved skin hydration and wrinkle depth, while INDUS1520 significantly reduced transepidermal water loss compared with Placebo. Both creams showed a trend of decreased skin roughness and increased collagen distribution, although this difference was not statistically significant between the groups. All treatments, including Placebo, increased skin gloss. No adverse events or skin irritation were observed. Conclusions: Both fenugreek seed extract creams were well tolerated and demonstrated potential anti-aging benefits, with INDUS1530 showing more pronounced effects on skin hydration and wrinkle reduction. These findings support the use of standardized fenugreek seed extracts as safe and effective ingredients in anti-aging skin care products.

}, keywords = {Anti-aging, Fenugreek seed extract, Skin elasticity, Skin hydration}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.60}, author = {Prasad Arvind Thakurdesai and Pallavi Onkar Deshpande and Savita Raju Nimse} } @article {2511, title = {Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Phanera aureifolia (K.Larsen \& S.S.Larsen) Bandyop., P.P.Ghoshal \& M.K.Pathak Leaf Ethanolic Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {365-369}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {365}, abstract = {

Introduction: Natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents are abundantly found in medicinal plants. Objective: This study evaluated the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of two colors from Phanera aureifolia (K.Larsen \& S.S.Larsen) Bandyop., P.P.Ghoshal \& M.K.Pathak leaf ethanolic extracts including gold and green leaves. Method: To assess antimicrobial efficacy, the agar well diffusion technique was analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to investigate the ultrastructural alterations in MRSA caused by leaf extracts. DPPH assay was used to assess antioxidant activity. The total amounts of phenolic compounds and flavonoids were evaluated through the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric techniques, respectively. The statistical analysis using an independent t-test. Results: Both extracts demonstrated activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa TISTR146, Micrococcus luteus TISTR884, Staphylococcus aureus TISTR517 and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus 142 (MRSA142). Their activity against M. luteus TISTR884 was the highest observed. The MIC of both extracts against MRSA were 10 mg/ml. SEM analysis revealed that the cells exhibited noticeable enlargement and swelling compared to untreated MRSA cells. Extract from the green leaves of Gold leaf Bauhinia showed greater radical scavenging activity, higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents, compared to those from the golden leaves. Conclusions: The findings show that the extract from the green leaves of Gold leaf Bauhinia possess higher antioxidant potential compared to those from the golden leaves. In addition, both extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity, especially against MRSA.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant, Flavonoid compound, P.P.Ghoshal \& M.K.Pathak, Phanera aureifolia (K.Larsen \& S.S.Larsen) Bandyop., Phenolic compound}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.45}, author = {Gornganok Piboonpol and On-Anong Somsap and Wanita Panthong and Penporn Sujiwattanarat and Anussara Kamnate} } @article {2518, title = {Antioxidant Activity and Tyrosinase Inhibition of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Leaves and Seeds Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {420-424}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {420}, abstract = {

Background: Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can stimulate melanin production in the skin, leading to hyperpigmentation. One way to reduce melanin formation is by inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase. Often discarded as waste, avocado leaves and seeds are rich in flavonoids with potential tyrosinase-inhibiting properties. Objectives: This study aimed to perform phytochemical screening, measure antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor activities, and explore the correlation between free radical scavenging and tyrosinase inhibition in ethanol extracts of young avocado leaves (EAL(O)) and old avocado leaves (EAL(Y)), as well as the ethyl acetate extract of avocado seeds (EAS). Methods: Antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2-Diphennyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, while tyrosinase inhibition was evaluated in vitro with mushroom tyrosinase and L-DOPA as a substrate. Results: The results of the antioxidant activity test using the DPPH method yielded IC50 values for EAL(Y), EAL(O), and EAS of 17.9{\textpm}0.15 μg/mL, 15.33{\textpm}0.02 μg/ mL, and 745.66{\textpm}6.08 μg/mL, respectively. Tyrosinase inhibition tests indicated that EAL(Y), EAL(O), and EAS could significantly inhibit tyrosinase activity (P \<0.01), with IC50 values of 10133.26{\textpm}140.12 μg/mL, 8496.20{\textpm}155.06 μg/mL, and 48375.8{\textpm}553.06 μg/mL, respectively. The correlation coefficients between tyrosinase inhibition and antioxidant activity for EAL(Y), EAL(O), and EAS were r = 0.955, r = 0.947, and r = 0.991, respectively. Conclusion: These findings suggest that EAL(Y), EAL(O), and EAS may be potential natural skin-whitening agents due to their flavonoid content and antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase properties.

}, keywords = {Persea americana Mill; tyrosinase inhibition; DPPH; L-DOPA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.52}, author = {Shalina Sebayang and Raendi Rayendra and Ietje Wientarsih and Bambang Pontjo Priosoeryanto} } @article {2547, title = {Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects of Chuquiraga spinosa Less. and Baccharis genistelloides (Pers.) Lam. in a Rat Model of Transient Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {620-631}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {620}, abstract = {

Background: Cerebral ischemia, a leading cause of disability and mortality, is strongly related to oxidative stress and inflammation, highlighting the need for neuroprotective antioxidant and cytokinemodulating agents. Objective: To characterize the phytochemical profile and evaluate the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of Chuquiraga spinosa (ChS) and Baccharis genistelloides (BaG), individually and in combination, in a rat model of cerebral ischemia{\textendash}reperfusion. Methodology: Phytochemical screening and GC-MS were performed with antioxidant assays (ABTS{\textbullet}$^{+}$, DPPH{\textbullet}, FRAP). Neurological deficit was assessed (Bederson scale), while histopathology, oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH, SOD, CAT, NOx), and cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β) were measured. Groups included Normal (no ischemia), Ischemia (oral placebo), Citicoline 300 mg/kg, ChS 500 mg/kg, BaG 500 mg/kg, and the oral combination ChS 500 + BaG 500 mg/kg, all administered for seven days prior to ischemia induction. Results: ChS had higher total phenolic content than BaG (p = 0.0079). GC-MS identified 23 compounds in ChS and 17 in BaG. The combination displayed greater antioxidant activity than either extract. At 24 h, ChS 500 mg/Kg and the combination reduced severe neurological deficit to 17\% (vs. 83\% in ischemia). Histopathology revealed less neuronal damage with the combination, comparable to ChS 500 mg/Kg. All treatments decreased MDA levels; the combination also enhanced GSH and CAT and significantly reduced TNF-α and IL-1β. Conclusion: ChS and BaG extracts exert neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia. Their combination shows synergistic antioxidant activity against free radicals and enhances the modulation of inflammatory cytokines, supporting a greater neuroprotective potential.

}, keywords = {Cerebral ischemia; neuroprotection; antioxidants; Chuquiraga spinosa Less.; Baccharis genistelloides (Pers.) Lam}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.77}, author = {Hugo Jes{\'u}s Justil-Guerrero and Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas and Miriam Palomino- Pacheco and Carlos Orlando Garcia-Bustamante and Edwin Cesar Cieza-Macedo and Jessica Yolanda Huarcaya-Rojas and Jaime David Torres-L{\'e}vano and Julio Jose Pena-Galindo and Esther Obdulia Franco-Soto and Juana E. Chavez-Flores and Robert Armando Cardenas-Orihuela} } @article {2575, title = {Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Potential of Ashwagandha In Aluminum-Induced Toxicity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {336-341}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {336}, abstract = {

Introduction : Aluminium is the most abundant metal and the third most common element in the Earth{\textquoteright}s crust, following oxygen and silicon. Exposure to aluminium is associated with oxidative damage, primarily due to its ability to disrupt redox balance, generate reactive oxygen species, and impair antioxidant defense mechanisms.This study was aimed to find the potential role of ashwagandha on aluminium induced brain toxicity. Methods: In the present study rats were grouped into 4 groups of 6 rats in each. Brain tissue was removed and processed for biochemical and histopathological analysis. Results: In the present study, administration of aluminium to rats resulted in a significant decrease in tissue GSH levels and a corresponding increase in MDA levels in the aluminium-treated group compared to the normal control.. Treatment with Ashwagandha showed a significant increase in GSH level and decrease in MDA level. Photomicrographic sections of the Brain in Ashwagandha-treated rats showed normla neuronal Count and exposure to Aluminium has caused significant reduction in the neuronal count. Experimental group pretreated with ashwagandha showed a visible increase in neuronal count in different regions of the rat brain. Conclusion: The results revealed that oral administration of aluminium induced adverse oxidative effects in the exposed animals, while treatment with Ashwagandha markedly reduced the extent of aluminium chloride-induced brain injury.

}, keywords = {Aluminum Chloride, Ashwagandha, Malondialdehyde, Oxidative stress, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reduced glutathione}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.104}, author = {Anchana Babu and Rekha D Kini and Nayanatara Arun Kumar and Megha Gokul and Vandana Blossom and Sreerag P and Shymala Nayak} } @article {2462, title = {Anti-Tyrosinase, Anti-Inflammatory, and Cytotoxic Activity of Si Boo Gan Tang Rice and Rice Bran Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {22-27}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {22}, abstract = {

Si Boo Gan Tang is a widely cultivated variety of rice in the Tak Bai district of Narathiwat province, located in the southern region of Thailand. This study aimed to evaluate the biological properties of Si Boo Gan Tang rice and rice bran extracts, focusing on their anti-tyrosinase activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and cytotoxicity. The anti-tyrosinase assay revealed that the aqueous extract of rice (RW) significantly inhibited tyrosinase activity by 41.47\%. Similarly, the ethanolic extract of rice (RE) exhibited anti-tyrosinase activity at 35.34\%. The aqueous (RBW) and ethanolic (RBE) extracts of rice bran showed anti-tyrosinase activity with percentages of 19.26\% and 29.08\%, respectively. The anti-inflammatory experiment, conducted using RAW 264.7 cells, demonstrated that all extracts (RW, RBW, RE, and RBE) from rice and rice bran exhibited anti-inflammatory properties by reducing the release of nitric oxide (NO) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The extracts had IC50 values of over 400 μg/ml and CC50 values over 400 μg/ml. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay on HaCaT cells. The findings indicated that the IC50 values for both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of rice and rice bran were greater than 800 μg/ml.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anti-tyrosinase, Cytotoxicity, HaCaT cell, Si Boo Gan Tang Rice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.3}, author = {On-Anong Somsap and Wasinee Poonsawat and Ameena Benchamana and Anussara Kamnate and Gornganok Piboonpol and Wanita Pantong} } @article {2550, title = {Association Between Contraceptive Use and Pap Smear Findings in PKK Women in Bendul Merisi Surabaya}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {642-643}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {642}, abstract = {

Background: Cervical cancer remains a major health burden for women worldwide. Pap smear is a widely used screening tool, while contraceptive use, particularly hormonal methods, has been debated as a potential risk factor for cervical lesions. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between contraceptive use and Pap smear findings among members of the Family Welfare Movement (PKK) in Bendul Merisi, Surabaya. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 64 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires and Pap smear results. Statistical analysis was performed using contingency coefficient tests. Results: The study revealed a significant association between contraceptive use and Pap smear results (p = 0.001). Different types and duration of contraceptive use were significantly related to cytological outcomes, with hormonal methods showing a stronger association with abnormal findings such as LSIL (Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion). Conclusions: Contraceptive use, especially hormonal methods with longer duration, influences Pap smear findings, highlighting the need for regular cervical cancer screening among women using hormonal contraception

}, keywords = {Cervical cancer, Contraceptives, Cytology, Pap Smear, Uterine Cervix}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.80}, author = {Nefertiti EP and Sudiarta KE and Redemptus Y and Biutifasari V} } @article {2527, title = {Can Moringa Serve As A Substitute For NSAIDS In Pain Management? A Bibliometric Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {480-496}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {480}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pain management often relies on NSAIDs, but their long-term use poses risks, including GI toxicity, cardiovascular events, renal damage, and neurotoxicity. Moringa oleifera offers a safer, plantbased alternative with anti-inflammatory properties. This study uses bibliometric analysis to explore moringa{\textquoteright}s scientific potential as an analgesic substitute. Materials and methods: This research aims to explore the evolution of scientific disciplines by finding and identifying trends, patterns, and correlations in scientific texts related to certain topics. The main things this study looked at were Moringa oleifera and pain, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative methods. Results and discussion: Moringa oleifera offers multi-pathway analgesic effects with low toxicity. Enhanced with synergistic compounds, it rivals NSAIDs in safety and efficacy, though standardization and bioavailability remain key challenges; Conclusions: This bibliometric study gives Moringa oleifera provides a safe, multi-targeted alternative to NSAIDs for chronic pain, with enhanced efficacy when combined with bioavailability boosters and synergistic antiinflammatory compounds. This research was conducted in July 2025.

}, keywords = {analgetic, Bibliometric, Moringa, NSAID, Pain, Substitute}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.61}, author = {Arman Yurisaldi Saleh and Dwi Arwandi Yogi Saputra and Riezky Valentina and Tirta Darmawan Susanto} } @article {2555, title = {Characterization of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles from Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf.f., and Their Antioxidant and Anti inflammatory Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {676-682}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {676}, abstract = {

Introduction: Medicinal plant extracts and other natural products have continued to find useful applications in nanomedicines due to their interesting biological properties. Clerodendrum thomsoniae (CT) is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat stress- and inflammation-related diseases, including jaundice, diabetes, and cancer. Objectives: This study, therefore, evaluated CT extract-based silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Materials and Methods: The nanoparticles were prepared using green synthesis methods. They were characterized using UVVis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Antioxidant study was based on NO, H2O2, superoxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging spectrophotometric methods. The in vitro anti-inflammatory test was based on a protein (egg albumin) denaturation assay. Results: Results showed CT-Ag NPs ranged from spherical to cubic shapes. The UV absorption peak at 427 nm suggests CT-Ag NP formation. The presence of elemental Ag (96.04 \%) by EDX analysis suggests the conversion of metallic silver into elemental silver. The crystallinity of the nanoparticles was shown on the X-ray diffractogram as a sharp peak at 38.12{\textdegree} [reflection index (111)] with an average particle size of 47 nm. CT-Ag NPs showed dose-dependent hydroxyl and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities with 67.63 {\textpm} 0.78 \% and 58.48 {\textpm} 1.20 \%, respectively, at 200 μg/mL. It showed a notable anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting protein denaturation with an IC50 of 53.58 {\textpm} 17.78 μg/mL. Conclusions: It can be deduced from this study that CT-Ag NPs show promise as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.

}, keywords = {Clerodendrum thomsoniae; silver nanoparticles; antioxidant; anti-inflammatory}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.84}, author = {Pallab Kar and Ayodeji O. Oriola and Adebola O. Oyedeji} } @article {2490, title = {Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of Edible Moroccan Truffles}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {211-216}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {211}, abstract = {

Background and objectives: Truffles have a unique nutritional profile and are known to play an important role in terrestrial ecosystems. Mediterranean countries, including Morocco, are the location of an abundant harvest of truffles. This study investigated the chemical composition and the nutritional value of edible Moroccan truffles. Materials and methods: We studied the nutritional profile, and we performed a phytochemical screening of Tirmania pinoyi, Terfezia claveryi, Terfezia oligosperma, Terfezia rosea, and Terfezia arenaria collected from different areas from Morocco. Results and conclusions: The results showed that the truffles that we analyzed are a good source of carbohydrates, lipids and dietary fibers. The phytochemical screening that we performed afterwards revealed that these Moroccan truffles contain numerous secondary metabolites such as saponins, alkaloids, sterols, coumarins, and tannins. These results demonstrate the nutritional value of these truffles that can support a healthy and well-balanced diet. The secondary metabolites that we detected in our samples can make an important pharmacological contribution that could be the subject of future investigations for therapeutic purposes.

}, keywords = {Fungi, Morocco, Nutritional Value, Phytochemical screening, Truffles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.26}, author = {Lamyae Yachi and Soukaina Bennis and Madiha Alami Chentoufi and Mohamed Yafout and Brahim Mojemmi and Amal Ait Haj Said and Mustapha Bouatia} } @article {2549, title = {Comparative Evaluation of Dexmedetomidine versus Fentanyl Added to Hyperbaric Levobupivacaine for Subarachnoid Block: Effects on Sensory-Motor Blockade and Analgesic Duration}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {638-641}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {638}, abstract = {

Introduction : Adjuvants to local anesthetics enhance the quality and duration of spinal anesthesia while reducing postoperative analgesic requirements. Opioids like fentanyl are effective but associated with significant side effects, whereas dexmedetomidine, an α2-adrenergic agonist, has shown promise as a non-opioid alternative. Objective : To compare the effects of intrathecal dexmedetomidine and fentanyl, when added to levobupivacaine, on sensory and motor block characteristics, duration of analgesia, and complications in patients undergoing elective total abdominal hysterectomy. Methods: In this prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 60 ASA I{\textendash}II female patients aged 18{\textendash}65 years were allocated into two groups (n = 30 each). Group D received 15 mg 0.5\% hyperbaric levobupivacaine with 5 μg dexmedetomidine, and Group F received 15 mg 0.5\% hyperbaric levobupivacaine with 25 μg fentanyl intrathecally. Block onset, duration of sensory and motor blockade, time to first rescue analgesia, hemodynamic changes, and side effects were recorded. Results: Demographic variables were comparable between groups. The onset of sensory and motor block was significantly faster with fentanyl, while dexmedetomidine prolonged the duration of sensory block (458.83 vs 358.07 min, p \< 0.001), motor block (287.33 vs 217.33 min, p \< 0.001), and time to rescue analgesia (95.5 vs 55.5 min, p \< 0.001). Hypotension was the most common complication in both groups, without significant difference between two groups. Pruritus was observed only in the fentanyl group, while bradycardia was rare and not significant in the dexmedetomidine group. Conclusion: Intrathecal dexmedetomidine, as an adjuvant to levobupivacaine, provides prolonged sensory and motor block and superior postoperative analgesia compared to fentanyl, with fewer side effects. It may be considered a preferable adjuvant for spinal anesthesia in total abdominal hysterectomy

}, keywords = {abdominal hysterectomy, Dexmedetomidine, Fentanyl, levobupivacaine, spinal anesthesia, subarachnoid block}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.79}, author = {Neethi T P and Prashanth Kumar C and Chaitra Uppangala and Barbara Coelho and Nayanatara Arun Kumar} } @article {2530, title = {Comparative Phytochemical, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Study of Different Solvent Extracts of Cissus hastata Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {511-519}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {511}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plants have long been utilized in traditional medicine for treating a variety of diseases. Plant-derived extracts are a rich source of phytochemicals with documented antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Objective: This study aimed to investigate and compare the phytochemical profiles, antioxidant capacities, and antibacterial activities of various crude extracts from the leaves of Cissus hastata. Methods: Leaf extracts of C. hastata were prepared using hexane (Hex), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), 95\% ethanol (EtOH), and 50\% ethanol (AqE). These extracts were analyzed for preliminary phytochemical constituents, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays), and antibacterial activity against five bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus (TISTR 517), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA 142), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778), Escherichia coli (ESBL 182), and Salmonella typhimurium (TISTR 292). Results: Phytochemical screening of different solvent extracts of C. hastata leaves revealed the presence of diverse bioactive compounds. The EtOAc and AqE extracts exhibited the highest TPC (65.31 {\textpm} 1.85 and 61.45 {\textpm} 3.34 mg GAE/g extract, respectively) (p \< 0.05). In contrast, the EtOH extract showed the highest TFC (29.92 {\textpm} 3.42 mg QE/g extract) (p \< 0.05). The EtOH and AqE extracts also demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activities in the DPPH (IC50: 307.07 {\textpm} 7.18 μg/mL and 316.86 {\textpm} 11.78 μg/mL), ABTS (IC50: 160.21 {\textpm} 5.43 μg/mL and 208.45 {\textpm} 3.84 μg/ mL) (p \< 0.05), and FRAP (4.69 {\textpm} 0.08 and 4.96 {\textpm} 0.07 mM FeSO4/mg extract) assays. The antibacterial activity was observed exclusively against Gram-positive bacteria. Among all the extracts, the AqE extract at a concentration of 100 mg/mL exhibited significant antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus, with zones of inhibition measuring 15.43 {\textpm} 0.46 mm, 14.76 {\textpm} 0.58 mm, and 15.66 {\textpm} 1.04 mm, respectively. Conclusion: Ethanol-based extracts of C. hastata leaves demonstrate high antioxidant and antibacterial activities and represent a promising source of bioactive compounds for developing natural therapeutic agents.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Cissus hastata, Leaves, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.64}, author = {Patcharin Singdam and Anussara Kamnate and On-Anong Somsap and Ruhainee Tohkayomatee} } @article {2463, title = {Comparison of the Effectiveness of Cream Extracts and VEGF Expression on Incision Wounds in Male Wistar Rats Treated with Ethanol Extracts of Papaya Leaf, Fruit Flesh, and Seeds (Carica Papaya L.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {28-39}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Background: Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is a tropical fruit plant known for its medicinal benefits, including wound healing. Objective: This study aimed to analyze and compare the potential of papaya leaf, fruit, and seed extracts in accelerating incision wound healing in male Wistar rats. Additionally, we compared the flavonoid content and stability of the extracts in cream formulations. Materials and Methods: Creams containing 30\% ethanol extracts of papaya leaf, fruit, and seeds were prepared and applied to the backs of male Wistar rats for two weeks. The wound diameter, epithelial thickness, fibroblast count, macrophage count, collagen density, and VEGF expression were measured after two weeks. Results: Our findings revealed no significant differences between the effects of the papaya leaf, fruit, and seed ethanol extracts on wound diameter, epithelial thickness, fibroblast count, macrophage count, and collagen density (p \> 0.05). There were also no significant differences when compared to the negative control group (p \> 0.05). The highest flavonoid content was found in the ethanol extract of papaya leaves. Application of the ethanol extract creams of leaf, fruit, and seeds had a significant effect on angiogenesis, as evidenced by VEGF expression (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Papaya leaf, fruit, and seed extracts are promising products for wound healing. Further research is recommended to conduct periodic histopathological examinations during the wound healing process and to explore different extract concentrations for optimal results.

}, keywords = {Incision wound; Male Wistar rats; Papaya; VEGF}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.4}, author = {Ali Napiah Nasution and Juanto Tiojaya and Stephanie and Erny Tandanu and Suandy Suandy and Andre Budi and Masdalena Nasution} } @article {2503, title = {Comprehensive Analysis of Brassica oleracea: Phytochemical Composition, Radical Scavenging, and Anti-Proliferative Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {293-298}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {293}, abstract = {

Background: Natural sources like plants, vegetables, and fruits contain vast micro and macro nutrients that are useful for livelihood and also act as a medicine for various health conditions. Brassica vegetable naturally contains high antioxidant property which aids in removing free radicals caused by organelles during cellular process. The study aims at preparing Brassica oleracea extracts using a range of polar and non-polar solvents and to evaluate its phytochemical, antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties. Methods: Brassica oleracea was extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. All the extracts were subjected to phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity was performed using DPPH method. The antiproliferative activity was perfomed on THP-1 cells by MTT assay. The extract showing maximum activity was then characterized using FTIR and GCMS. Results: The extract study infers positive results for major secondary metabolites (alkaloids, glycosides, proteins, phenols, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids and diterpenes) and negative for quinones and coumarins. DPPH radical scavenging assay showed high antioxidant activity for ethanol extracts 45-91\% at 5μg/mL followed by ethyl acetate (37\%-80\%) and hexane extract (23\%-73\%). The anti-proliferative activity in THP-1 cells, revealed that the ethanolic extract significantly decreases cell viability relative to hexane and ethyl acetate extracts, indicating its potential as a natural anticancer drug. Conclusion: Cytotoxicity studies further demonstrated a concentration dependent effect on cell viability, indicating its potential bioactivity. The structural analysis performed with FTIR and GC-MS revealed important functional groups and bioactive compounds that could play a role in these effects

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Broccoli, DPPH, Flavonoids, FTIR, ROS, THP-1 cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.37}, author = {Nithya Venugopal and Radhika Jayaraman and Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath and Ganesh Munuswamy Ramanujam and Sundarapandian Subramaniyan and Pratheepa Sivasankari Natarajan and Jayashri Seetharaman} } @article {2476, title = {Comprehensive Antioxidant Evaluation of Tiliacora triandra Extracts: Assays of Leaf, Stem, and Root}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {95-98}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {95}, abstract = {

This study evaluates the antioxidant potential of Tiliacora triandra (locally known as {\textquotedblleft}Yanang{\textquotedblright}) extracts from the leaves, stems, and roots using three established assays: DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2{\textquoteright}-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power). The extracts were prepared using 95\% ethanol, and their antioxidant activities were assessed in terms of IC50 and Trolox equivalents. The DPPH assay yielded IC50 values of 187.91{\textpm}28.09 μg/ml, 85.93{\textpm}10.91 μg/ml, and 71.31{\textpm}11.29 μg/ml for the leaf, stem, and root extracts, respectively. Similarly, the ABTS assay showed IC50 values of 181.78{\textpm}22.96 μg/ml for the leaf extract, 70.07{\textpm}6.40 μg/ml for the stem extract, and 48.09{\textpm}8.77 μg/ml for the root extract. In both assays, the root and stem extracts exhibited comparable antioxidant activity, whereas the leaf extract showed significantly lower activity (p \< 0.05). The FRAP assay revealed no significant differences among the extracts, with Trolox equivalent values ranging from 190 to 211 mg TE/g extract. These findings suggest that the root and stem extracts possess strong antioxidant activity and may be used interchangeably in applications requiring such properties, whereas the leaf extract has comparatively lower potential. Further studies are recommended to explore the therapeutic properties and potential health benefits of these extracts.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, DPPH, Five roots, Tiliacora triandra, Yanang}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.13}, author = {Thidarut Kwuansawat and Suwakrit Sriplee and Phattharawadee Meelek and Patcharawan Sujayanont} } @article {2581, title = {Comprehensive Quality Evaluation: Flow Characteristics, Microscopy and Phytochemical Screening of Terminalia chebula}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {366-377}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {366}, abstract = {

Introduction: Terminalia chebula are widely recognized for their medicinal value in traditional and modern systems of medicine. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the phytochemical profile and microscopic characteristics of Terminalia plant material in order to establish its identity, quality, and therapeutic relevance. Phytochemical are abundantly present at varying concentrations in numerous medicinal plants. Microscopic examination of the powdered drug showed characteristic diagnostic features such as distinct epidermal cells, lignified fibers, stone cells, xylem vessels with spiral and pitted thickenings, calcium oxalate crystals, and starch grains, which serve as reliable markers for authentication. The powder exhibited fair flow behavior, as indicated by a Carr{\textquoteright}s compressibility index of 18.00\% and a Hausner{\textquoteright}s ratio of 1.22. Proximate analysis revealed the presence of essential nutritional components, including moisture content, ash values, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and carbohydrate content, providing insight into the physicochemical stability and compositional quality of the plant material. Fluorescence analysis was conducted under visible and UV light using different chemicals and solvents. Methods: Powdered Terminalia chebula was evaluated using physicochemical tests: powder characterization, extractive value, alcohol, and water-soluble matter, Ash value and LOD. Flow properties were determined using standard pharmacopeial parameters, including bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr{\textquoteright}s compressibility index, and Hausner{\textquoteright}s ratio. Result: Organoleptic characters of Haritaki revealed dark brown color, characteristic odor, astringent taste and fine texture. Physicochemical parameters resulted in water-soluble extractive (67.32{\textpm}0.83), alcohol-soluble extractive (42.6{\textpm}1.20), total ash (3.18{\textpm}0.12), acid insoluble ash (2.78{\textpm}0.66) and LOD (6.37{\textpm}0.53) respectively. The phytochemical analysis shows the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, carbohydrates and phenols.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Carr{\textquoteright}s index, flow property, Fluorescence, Microscopic, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17s.108}, author = {Ankita singh and Arun Kumar Mishra} } @article {2531, title = {A Comprehensive Review on the Pharmacological Potential of Dioscorea bulbifera and its Potential Hepatotoxicity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {520-530}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {520}, abstract = {

Dioscorea bulbifera, or the air potato has been studied and used in traditional medicine for centuries particularly in countries like China and India. It is loaded in different secondary metabolites such as steroidal saponins, flavonoids, diterpenoids, tannins, and carotenoids, which all play a major role in its pharmacological activities. Researchers have shown that it can be useful in the treatment of inflammation, microbial infections, oxidative stress, cancer, and liver diseases. even with these benefits there remains a shortage of clinical trials, toxicity assessment, and standardized extraction procedures to facilitate its application in herbal drug industry in a safe manner. One of the most striking features of Dioscorea bulbifera is its antimicrobial activity especially in the fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. also, studies done on anticancer activity are actively being conducted with some compounds being reported to induce apoptosis in cancer cells and suppress the growth of tumour. However, talking about its drawbacks some diterpenoid compounds such as diosbulbin A have been reported to show hepatotoxicity in humans and hence further studies are required to determine its safety for therapeutic purposes. The other significant challenge to developing this plant as a standard drug is its variability in chemical composition. The bioactive content is dependent on its cultivation, so it is quite a challenge to control for consistent potency. Sophisticated analytical methods such as HPLC and LC-MS could be utilized to overcome this and contemporary drug delivery systems like nano-formulations could enhance its absorption and bioavailability. Bringing together the ancient herbal knowledge and new scientific inquiry might reveal even greater therapeutic applications of the plant constituents. In the future the studies need to penetrate deeply into its safety, carry out extensive clinical trials, and explore sustainable mechanisms for massproducing its major compounds. With additional studies, Dioscorea bulbifera could become a prominent natural medicine, providing solutions for numerous health conditions while maintaining its traditional medicinal significance.

}, keywords = {air potato, Anticancer, Antimicrobial, Bioactive compounds, Dioscorea bulbifera, Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.65}, author = {Rudresh Adarkar and Chandrashekar K S and Vasudev Pai and Richard Lobo and Aswatharam H N and Vamshi Krishna Tippavajhala and Ullas Prakash D{\textquoteright}Souza and Rajesh Kaverikana Shankara} } @article {2562, title = {Cytotoxic Activity of Annona Muricata L, Momordica Charantia L. and Launaea Taraxacifolia Willd. from Benin: A Flow Cytometric Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {727-732}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {727}, abstract = {

Background: Cancer is rising worldwide, causing approximately 9.7 million deaths in 2022. Treatments are costly, have significant side effects, and are sometimes unavailable in Benin. Medicinal plants offer promising avenues for new therapeutic agents. Objective: This study uses flow cytometry method to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of Annona muricata (Annonaceae), Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) and Launaea taraxacifolia (Asteraceae), three plants from the Beninese pharmacopoeia known for their anti-cancer properties. Materials and Methods: The leaves of A. muricata, L. taraxacifolia and whole plants of M. charantia were collected in southern Benin. Extracts were prepared by aqueous decoction and sequential extraction with solvents of increasing polarity (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol). The phytochemical profiles of the extracts were determined using TLC and tube tests. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated on THP-1 cancer cells and PBMC healthy cells. After treatment with the extracts, cell viability was measured by flow cytometry after staining with Thiazole Orange and Hoechst 33258. Results: The dichloromethane extracts of A. muricata and M. charantia, and the ethyl acetate extract of M. charantia and L. taraxacifolia showed significant cytotoxic effects on THP-1 cells. Their half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were 139.6 μg/mL, 72.89 μg/mL, 81.88 μg/mL and 106.3 μg/ mL, respectively. These extracts also demonstrated good selectivity toward normal cells. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, anthracene glycosides and triterpenes in the active extracts. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the cytotoxic potential of three medicinal plants from the Beninese pharmacopoeia which may serve to develop further new anticancer therapies.

}, keywords = {Benin, Cancer, Cytotoxicity, Plant extracts, selectivity, THP-1 cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.91}, author = {Habib Ganfon and Axel Ahouansou and Celia Dechavanne and Callinice Capo-Chichi and Latifou Lagnika and Agnes Aubouy and Sebastien Dechavanne and Achille Massougbodji} } @article {2569, title = {Cytotoxic Effects of Imperata cylindrica Root Ethanol Extract on the Expression of PKCα, STAT3, and mTOR in A549 Lung Cancer Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {284-291}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {284}, abstract = {

Background: Imperata cylindrica or Cogon grass is a medicinal plant that has an anticancer effect. We unravel the cytotoxic effect of Imperata cylindrica root ethanol extract on the expression of PKCα, STAT3 and mTOR in A549 lung cancer cell lines. Methods: The cytotoxic effect tests were carried out on the A549 lung cancer cell line after 48 hours post-treatment using 3- [4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] -2.5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay method to discover the IC50 dose, continued with apoptosis tests at doses of 150, 300, and 600 μg/mL of I.cylindrica root ethanol extract using flowcytometry, as well as measurements of PKCα, STAT3, and mTOR mRNA expressions with the RT-qPCR method and measurements of PKCα, STAT3, and mTOR protein expressions with Western blot method. Results: This study showed that the ethanol extract of I. cylindrica roots had an IC50 of 541 μg/mL (weak cytotoxic) and the IC50 of erlotinib was at 29 μM (moderate cytotoxic). In apoptotic test, the highest average apoptotic results were found in erlotinib group, while ethanol extract doses of 150, 300, and 600 μg/mL gave apoptotic effects on cancer cells higher than negative control group. From RT-qPCR, found that I.cylindrica significantly inhibit the expression of PKCα, STAT3, and mTOR mRNA and from band scanning using Western Blot showed PKCα, STAT3, and mTOR protein expressions in Imperata root ethanol extract, qualitatively produced thinner bands when compared to the negative control group. Conclusion: This study demonstrated I.cylindrica root ethanol extract ability inhibiting the expression of PKCα, STAT3 and mTOR genes and proteins in the A549 lung cancer cell line, which can be taken into consideration as a complementary therapy in treatment of lung cancer.

}, keywords = {A549, Cytotoxic, Imperata cylindrica, mTOR, PKCα, STAT3}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.98}, author = {Raden Anita Indriyanti and Eko Fuji Ariyanto and Hermin Aminah Usman and Ristaniah Rose Effendy and Diah Dhianawaty} } @article {2559, title = {Designing, Developing and Deploying Smart Nutrition Education Intervention to Promote Nutrition Related Knowledge among School Children: A Cluster Randomized Control Trial}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {703-713}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {703}, abstract = {

Introduction: School-children undergo rapid growth with high nutritional needs. Adequate nutritionalknowledge promotes healthy eating making nutrition-education essential. This study assessed the impact of a digital platform-based smart nutrition-education intervention on nutritional-knowledge among 10-14-year-old school-children in Mangalore. Methods: The study was conducted in five private schools with 596 children equally assigned to intervention and control-clusters (n=298 each). An orientation preceded baseline assessment. Intervention-cluster received a six-month digital program with two educational videos per month on nutrition, diet-planning, physical-activity, lifestyle, and personal-hygiene. Data were collected at baseline, post-intervention and six-month follow-up; control-cluster were assessed at baseline and follow-up. Within-group differences were analyzed using Friedman/Wilcoxon (Bonferroni) test, between-group Mann-Whitney U test with effect sizes Kendall{\textquoteright}s W and r. Analyses were performed in SPSS 27 (p\<0.05). Results: At baseline, median nutritional-knowledge scores across all topics were similar between intervention and control-clusters with negligible effect-sizes (r) 0.001-0.024 and p\>0.05. The intervention-cluster showed significant improvements across pre-test, post-test and follow-up (p\<0.001) with pre-test to post-test (r=0.86-0.89) and pre-test to follow-up (r=0.84-0.89); a small decline from post-test to follow-up (r=0.20-0.62). The control-cluster showed no significant change (r=0.03-0.08, p\>0.05). At follow-up intervention-cluster scored higher than controls across most topics (r=0.05-0.35, p\<0.05) except {\textquotedblleft}The food group system and its importance{\textquotedblright} (r=0.051, p=0.210). Conclusions: The digital platform-based intervention significantly improved and sustained nutritional-knowledge among school-children. Its cost-effective, accessible and user-friendly design enables integration into educational systems, adaptation to other health programs and may support therapeutic dietary strategies. Future research should assess its translation into behavioural and health outcomes.

}, keywords = {Child, Health-Education, Internet-Based Intervention, knowledge, Nutritional-Sciences, Schools}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.88}, author = {Poulomi Chatterjee and Abhay Nirgude} } @article {2482, title = {A Detail Study of an Ethnomedicinal Plant Sarcostemma Acidum Voigt}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {188-190}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {188}, abstract = {

Sarcostemma acidum Voigt is a leafless plant of the family Apocynaceae. Plant is locally known as Somlata. It is a traditional medicinal plant used to prepare Somras. Geographically S.acidum is mainly found in Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha and South India. It is mostly grown in dry rocky places. S.acidum is a shrub , more branched but no leaves. The phytochemicals present in the S.acidum are carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, steroids, triterpenoids, fixed oils, mucilage, gums and waxes. Ethnomedicinally the S.acidum was used in otitis, dog bite, snake bite, rabies, emesis, arthritis and leprosy. The juice of this plant having some medicinal value, so used as natural restorative for health. S.acidum stem extract inhibits spermatogenesis and reduce the sperm count. Also the extract of S.acidum shown antipsychotic effect. The result of present pharmacological study shown that the S.acidum possess Analgesic, Antipyretic and Antidiabetic effects.

}, keywords = {Ethnomedicinal uses, Macroscopy, microscopy, Pharmacological Effects, Phytochemicals, Sarcostemma acidum Voigt}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.23}, author = {Pravanjan Kumar Tripathy and Manas Ranjan Mishra} } @article {2514, title = {Discover How Ashwagandha May Impact Health: A Comprehensive Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {394-398}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {394}, abstract = {

Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) is a medicinal herb that has been commonly utilized in traditional medicine for millennia, particularly in Ayurvedic practices. The root of the plant is pharmacologically active and has been used for its aphrodisiac, diuretic, anti-helminthic, narcotic, tonic, and stimulant properties. Additionally, other parts of ashwagandha, including the leaves, shoots, seeds, and berries, contribute to its health-promoting effects and the potential for improving longevity. This plant is composed of many bioactive compounds which exhibit a myriad of health-enhancing properties. Contemporary research has focused on the multifaceted bioactivities of ashwagandha, revealing promising impacts such as anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, among other therapeutic applications. This review was planned to find the most recent findings, providing an examination of the active constituents of ashwagandha, their biological activities, and a critical assessment of any associated safety concerns and potential toxicity.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer dosage, Antioxidant, Ashwagandha, Toxicity, Withania somnifera}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.49}, author = {Omar Naseem Alzrigat and Yazeed Nabeel Al-Qusous and Dema Maher Masadeh and Madleen Nabeel Al-Qusous} } @article {2574, title = {Effect of Components of Gamma Oryzanol on Toll-Like Receptor 4: Receptor Structure-Based Pharmacophore, Hit Identification, and In Silico Evidence}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {329-335}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {329}, abstract = {

Introduction: Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a leading cause of female infertility. Inflammation has a central role in infertility. Persistent activation of Toll-like receptor 4 contributes to inflammation in PCOS. Gamma-oryzanol consists of esters of ferulic acid combined with phytosterols and triterpene alcohol derivatives of rice bran oil, and is known to have anti-inflammatory effects. However, the structural interaction of different gamma-oryzanol compounds with TLR4 remains unknown. Objectives: The study aimed to investigate gamma oryzanol compounds as hit compounds and inhibitors of Toll-like receptor 4 by developing a pharmacophore model through a receptor structure-based approach coupled with molecular docking studies with the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software. Methods: A structure-based pharmacophore model was generated from the co-crystalized structure of the TLR4{\textendash} MD2 complex. Gamma-oryzanol derivatives were evaluated against the constructed pharmacophore model to identify potential hit compounds. The potential hit compounds that satisfied essential pharmacophoric features were subjected to molecular docking with TLR4. Results: The pharmacophore consisted of three characteristics: a hydrogen bond donor, a hydrogen bond acceptor, and a hydrophobic. Cycloartenyl ferulate, 24-methylenecycloartenyl ferulate, Campesteryl ferulate, and β-sitosteryl ferulate were found to be the hit compounds against the generated pharmacophore. The docking experiment showed that Cycloartenyl ferulate had the most potent binding interaction with TLR4 (7.9933), followed by 24-methylenecycloartenyl ferulate (-7.8580), Campesteryl ferulate (-6.1675), and β-sitosteryl ferulate (-5.9673). Conclusion: The present pharmacophore modeling and docking findings predict that gammaoryzanol may bind with the TLR4 ligand binding domain, providing structural insights into their therapeutic potential role as a modulator of the TLR4-mediated inflammatory pathway. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for future in vitro and in vivo validation studies aimed at elucidating the mechanistic basis of gamma-oryzanol{\textquoteright}s anti-inflammatory activity in PCOS.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Gamma oryzanol, Infertility, Polycystic ovarian syndrome, TLR4 antagonist}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.103}, author = {Aasia Kanwal and Muhammad Hamdi Mahmood and Mahad Butt and Hidayat Ur Rahman and Norhida Ramli and Saiful Bahri Talip and Showkat Ahmad Bhawani} } @article {2466, title = {Effect of Different Extraction Solvents on the Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Brassica oleracea var. italica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {58-62}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {58}, abstract = {

This study offers an alternative solution for the prevention and/or treatment of diseases caused by free radicals. The objective was to evaluate the effect of different solvents on the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli). Methods: The sample, consisting of stems and florets of Brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli), were collected from the Chocas community in Carabayllo, Lima, Peru. Three extracts were prepared using different solvents, including a mixture of ethanol and water. The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and antioxidant capacity was evaluated using two specific assays (DPPH and ABTS). Additionally, the correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity was analyzed. Results: The hydroethanolic extract demonstrated the highest phenolic content, with 686.02 mg GAE/100 g dry matter). It also exhibited strong antioxidant activity, measuring 1035.81 mg TE/100 g DM in the DPPH assay and 6506.94 mg TE/100 g DM in the ABTS assay. Conclusion: The highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Brassica oleracea var. italica were found in the hydroethanolic extract, which showed a significant high correlation. Frequent consumption of broccoli in the diet is recommended due to its high values.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Broccoli, Extract, Polyphenol, Vegetable}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.7}, author = {Vivian Nathaly Echegaray Florian and Claudia Giuliana Montoya Sisniegas and Juan Ernesto Valdiviezo-Campos} } @article {2536, title = {Effect of PHELA, an African traditional drug, on levels of selected inflammatory cytokines in mammalian cells infected with SARSCoV- 2}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {552-565}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {552}, abstract = {

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a severe illness, often characterized by an excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to a cytokine storm associated with disease severity. In this study the effect of PHELA, an accepted herbal combination of four exotic African medicinal plants, namely; Clerodendrum glabrum E. Mey. Lamiaceae, Gladiolus dalenii van Geel, Rotheca myricoides (Hochst.) Steane \& Mabb, and Senna occidentalis (L.) Link, was investigated to determine the effect on viral replication of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infected mammalian cells and the effect on cytokine release. PHELA has previously been proposed for use as an immune booster. In this study mammalian cells were treated with plant extracts before or after infection with SARS-CoV-2. Viral RNA was measured at intervals and selected cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-2Rα, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ) were monitored. No significant difference in viral RNA was observed between infected cells treated with plant extracts and untreated infected cells. However, PHELA-treated cells showed a delay in viral RNA increase. Infected cells treated with PHELA exhibited significantly lower levels of IL-1β, IL-2Rα, and TNF-α compared to untreated infected cells at 48- and 72-hours post-infection. Post-treatment was more effective in reducing proinflammatory cytokine production than pre-treatment, highlighting the potential of PHELA and its constituents in modulating cytokine responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection.

}, keywords = {African traditional medicine, immune-modulating, PHELA, proinflammatory, SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.69}, author = {MM Litabe and M Matsabisa and FJ Burt} } @article {2499, title = {The Effect of Tender Coconut Water on the Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Macrophage Type-1 (M1) in Hyperlipidemic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {277-281}, chapter = {277}, abstract = {

Background: Individuals with hyperlipidemia have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared to those with normal total cholesterol levels. High-fat intake can increase cholesterol esters, especially low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels. This causes adipocyte death, infiltration of macrophage type-1 (M1) expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from M1 such as Interleukin 6 (IL-6). The effect leads to apoptosis of vascular and neuronal cells as well as regulates the expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Tender coconut water contains antioxidants with the ability to prevent ROS, as well as reduce PKC activation, AGEs formation, and VEGF expression. Objective: To determine the effect of tender coconut water on VEGF and M1 expression in hyperlipidemic male Wistar rats. Method: This research used an experimental design and a post-test Only Control Group Design. The number of samples was 24 rats divided into Groups K1 (healthy rats), K2 (hyperlipidemic rats), K3 (hyperlipidemic rats+ Tender coconut water 4 mL / 200grBW / day), and K4 (hyperlipidemic rats+ coconut water 8 mL / 200grBW / day), with treatment duration of 21 days. VEGF expression data were analyzed by a one-way ANOVA test. Results: The highest and lowest average number of M1 was in K2 (28.72) and K1 (3.61). The average in K3 was lower when compared to K2 (14.66 \>\< 28.72). Furthermore, M1 expression in K4 was lower when compared to K3 (6.72 \>\< 14.66). The highest and lowest average VEGF expression was in K2 (4.58) and K1 (1.00). The average K3 was lower when compared to K2 (2.85 \>\< 4.58), and VEGF expression in K4 was lower than K3 (1.76 \>\< 2.85). Conclusion: Tender coconut water affected VEGF expression and M1 quantity in hyperlipidemic rats

}, keywords = {Hyperlipidemia, M1 quantity, Tender coconut water, VEGF expression}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.34}, author = {Winda Noer Oktavia and Siti Thomas Zulaikhah and Agung Putra and Mochamad Navi Suharto and Raja Faisal Manganju Sitorus} } @article {2472, title = {Effect of the Ethanolic Extract of Chuquiraga weberbaueri Tovar on Glycemia in BALB/c Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {February 2025}, pages = {63-70}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {63}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide and is associated with many complications. While there are many drugs available to control blood glucose levels, many people cannot access them due to economic reasons. Object: The aim of this study was to determine the hypoglycemic effect of the ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga weberbaueri in mice induced with hyperglycemia. Methods: The mice were divided into 6 groups: the first group served as a control group and was administered only physiological saline solution; the second group was induced to hyperglycemia with Alloxan. The following three groups were induced with Alloxan and additionally administered ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga weberbaueri at different concentrations of 100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg respectively. The last group was administered Alloxan and glibenclamide. The glucose levels were measured for each group at 2, 4, and 24 hours after administering the extracts. Results: The phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Chuquiraga weberbaueri showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and steroids. The ethanolic extracts (100 mg/kg at 2 hours and 250 mg/kg at 2 and 4 hours) demonstrated a decrease in blood glucose compared to the control group. In the toxicity test, the comparison between the control group and the {\textquotedblleft}extract{\textquotedblright} treatment group showed that no conclusive results were observed with respect to the chuquiragua extract. Interpretation: The results of the study showed that the ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga weberbaueri showed the effect of reducing blood glucose in BALB/c mice.

}, keywords = {Hypoglycemic Agents, Mice, Plant extracts}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.8}, author = {Angel Armando Marin Raico and Rosa Isabel Florez Carrasco and Jesus Eduardo Rojas Jaimes and Juana Elvira Chavez Flores and Jose Arenas Gamio} } @article {2560, title = {The Effectiveness of Beltfish (Trichiurus lepturus) Protein Intake and Physical Activity on Muscle Mass Growth}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {714-717}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {714}, abstract = {

Malnutrition cases have increased every year. One of the causes is insufficient food intake, marked by a decrease in muscle mass. Preventing malnutrition can be done by increasing muscle mass through providing daily protein intake according to needs and engaging in physical activity. The fish species Trichiurus lepturus is a high-protein source from the sea. The protein content in this fish can help promote muscle mass growth. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of protein intake from Trichiurus lepturus combined with physical activity on increasing muscle mass. The research method is experimental, using test animals (Rattus norvegicus) given protein intake and physical activity for 28 days. The animals were divided into six groups: three control groups and three treatment groups receiving different protein levels. Muscle growth was assessed by observing the enlargement of the cruris muscle using HE (hematoxylin and eosin) staining under a 4x microscope magnification. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA with an Bonferroni test. The results showed a significant difference between all groups (p=0.000). The treatment groups receiving protein intake and physical activity had larger muscle sizes compared to the control groups (P<=0.05). The conclusion is that protein intake accompanied by physical activity causes changes in muscle mass. Additionally, the amount of protein intake is directly proportional to the increase in muscle size.

}, keywords = {Malnutrition, Muscle Mass, Physical Activity, Protein Intake, Trichiurus lepturus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.89}, author = {Rivan Virlando Suryadinata and Gabriel Tirtawijaya and Sawitri Boengas and Priscilla Keshia Jayasaputri and Henriette Milda Latuputty and Nisa Kirania Dianti Mulyadi and Nawal Fajril Haya} } @article {2544, title = {Effectiveness of Radish (Raphanus sativus) Extract In Reducing Tnf-α and Nitrit Oxida levels in Tipe II DM Mice Models with Traumatic Brain Injury}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {597-601}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {597}, abstract = {

Introduction: The devastating effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) are fatal, and there is no effective treatment for primary brain injury, especially in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Nitric oxide (NO) is a compound that causes systemic vasodilation; a decrease in NO reduces cerebral blood flow after TBI. There is an increase in TNF-α levels demonstrated by mononuclear cells surrounding the traumatic lesion in the rat brain. Raphanus sativus (radish) is a root vegetable belonging to the Brassicaceae family, which has anti-diabetic effects by lowering blood glucose levels, reducing lipid peroxidation, and improving brain function, thereby protecting against neurotoxic effects associated with oxidative stress in experimental mouse models. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of radish extract (Raphanus sativus) in reducing TNF-α and nitric oxide levels in a rat model of type II diabetes mellitus with traumatic brain injury. Method: This study was an in vivo laboratory experimental study with a post-test only control group design. The study population consisted of 25 Wistar rats, which were then induced with diabetes and subjected to a modified Feeney Model closed head injury. After complete data collection, KGD and ELISA assessments were performed, followed by data analysis. Results: There were significant differences (p\<0.05) in serum NO and serum TNF-α levels between the normal group, the 100 mg/kg radish extract group, the 300 mg/kg radish extract group, and the 500 mg/kg radish extract group compared to the negative control group. This indicates that radish extract, starting at a dose of 100 mg/kg, can reduce serum NO and serum TNF-α levels. Conclusion: Radish extract (Raphanus sativus) is effective in reducing TNF-α and nitric oxide levels in a Wistar rat model of type II DM with traumatic brain injury.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Nitric oxide, Raphanus sativus, TNF-α, Traumatic Brain Injury, Wistar rats.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.74}, author = {Muhammad Chairul} } @article {2474, title = {Effects of Citrus aurantifolia Root Ethanolic Extract on Lipogenesis in Palmitate-Induced Lipid Accumulation in HepG2 Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {77-83}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {77}, abstract = {

Introduction: Citrus aurantifolia (lime) is mostly found in tropical and subtropical region. The lime peel and lime juice extracts have antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the pharmacological effects of the lime root remain widely unknown. Thus, the current study investigated the effects of Citrus aurantifolia root ethanolic extract (CA) on lipogenesis induced by palmitic acid (PA) in HepG2 cells. Methods: The PA-induced lipogenesis in HepG2 cells was used for measuring lipogenic gene expression and lipid accumulation of CA. Phytochemical content was also determined in CA. Results: In PA-treated group showed the state of hepatic lipid accumulation with increased lipogenic gene, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element binding protein1c (SREBP1c) as compared to the control group. Interestingly, administration of CA (5-10 μg/mL) effectively reduced lipid storage and significantly decreased the expression of these lipogenic gene in PA-treated cells. Notably, CA treatment increased the gene expression of fatty acid oxidation, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1A) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). Furthermore, this study found that the major bioactive component from CA was nordentatin (coumarin group). Conclusions: The results indicated that the CA treatment might be a useful agent for improving abnormal lipid metabolism in obesity-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

}, keywords = {Citrus aurantifolia, Lipid metabolism, Lipogenesis, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Obesity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.10}, author = {Urarat Nanna and Jarinyaporn Naowaboot and Linda Chularojmontri and Rawiwun Kaewamatawong and Sudarat Homhual and Suvara Wattanapitayakul and Wanwisa Suwannaloet} } @article {2502, title = {Efficacy and Safety of Propofol Drip versus Thiopental with Midazolam in Children Undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {289-292}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {289}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pediatrics often require sedatives during Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) due to its lengthy, loud, and restricted space. This study aims to compare efficacy and safety of propofol drip and thiopental with midazolam for children undergoing MRI. Methods: This randomised double-blinded cohort study was conducted in patients aged 3-10 years old with ASA status I-II scheduled for outpatient MRI. Exclusion criteria include airway abnormalities, allergic reactions to anesthetic agents, renal, hepatic, and seizure history, or was pre-medicated. Patients were administered propofol (group PF) or midazolam with thiopental (group TH). Data including patient history, physiologic parameters, duration, recovery, discharge time, and adverse events were recorded. Data was statistically analysed using Chi Square and Student T-test. Results: A total of 34 patients were included in this study, 18 in PF and 16 TH. Sedation onset, recovery time, and mean discharge was significantly shorter in PF versus TH (6 vs 10 mins (p \<0.0001); 8 vs 13 mins (p \<0.0001), and 69 vs 89 mins (p \<0.0001)). No significant differences in duration and physiologic parameters between both groups were found. No adverse events occurred in both groups. 6.25\% of patients in group PF and 33.33\% in group TH had inadequate sedation. Conclusion: This study found PF has faster sedation onset and recovery time in comparison to TH for children undergoing MRI with no significant differences in physiologic parameters and adverse events. Further studies conducted on a larger population investigating efficacy and adverse events of alternative sedatives is recommended.

}, keywords = {Children, MRI, Propofol, Thiopental}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.36}, author = {Erwin Mulyawan and Clarissa Jasmine Aurelia} } @article {2582, title = {Efficacy of Standardized Withania Somnifera as Neuro Agent in Tension-Type Headache: A Comparative Trial of Data in Transit}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {378-385}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {378}, abstract = {

Background: To evaluate the role of withania somnifera as a neuro-psychiatric agent in the treatment of Tension-Type Headache (TTH), there is a need to substantiate the therapy using solid therapeutic evidence. Although using traditional medicine has a great potential, it is difficult to demonstrate the efficacy of a particular phytochemical composition regarding the frequency of and physiological stress markers of the chronic Tension-Type Headache in standardized research. Objective: The purpose of the study is to assess the therapeutic efficacy of a standardized Withania somnifera extract in reducing the frequency of and physiological stress markers of the chronic Tension-Type Headache. Methods: We used the study as a double-blind and randomized controlled trial (RCT). The subjects were randomly selected to be given a standardized extract of the root of W. somnifera, that has been titrated to contain 5 percent withanolides, or a placebo dose of 60 days. The paper ensured a rigorous "molecular chain of custody" with a batch of withanolides linked in clinical outcome reported where the mean frequency of headaches in the treatment group reduced by 42\% (p [Less than] 0.005). Results: Clinical outcome showed that there was a significant decline in the frequency of headaches in the treatment group by 42\% (p [Less than] 0.005). Moreover, the Ashwagandha group was showing a significant drop in salivary cortisol levels, which means that there was a decrease in the level of physiological stress response to chronic TTH. Conclusion: Standardized natural products should be integrated into clinical trials as it is the most beneficial to the development of sustainable pharmacognosy. This experiment can offer an unambiguous evidence base, a clear and reproducible basis of evidence regarding the use of Ashwagandha in the current neurological practice by showing the clear efficacy in reducing the frequency of Tension-Type Headaches and biological stress markers.

}, keywords = {Biomarker Integrity, Phytochemical Standardization, Sustainable Research Framework, Tension-Type Headache, Withania somnifera}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17s.109}, author = {Ashwani Kumar and Prikshat Kumar Angra and Suresh Chandra Akula and Pritpal Singh and Anuj Sharma and Anup Sharma} } @article {2554, title = {Ethnomedicinal survey, phytochemical, isolation and identification of bioactive compounds from Elephantorrhiza elephantina, Pentanisia prunelloides and Dioscorea sylvatica used in the treatment of elephantiasis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {662-675}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {662}, abstract = {

Introduction: More than 200 diseases can be transmitted to people through ingesting food contaminated with microorganisms (bacteria, viruses and parasites) or chemicals. Other pathogens for example those causing malaria, tuberculosis and leprosy, as well as parasitic worms can be as chronic infections and impaired nutrition, growth, cognitive development and fertility. Objective: The aim of this research was to screen extracts from the three plants for phytochemicals. This includesthe isolation and identification of bioactive compounds of Elephantorrhiza elephantina. Methods:In this study, an ethnomedicinal survey, phytochemical analysis, isolation, and identification of bioactive compounds were conducted in Elephantorrhiza elephantina, Pentanisia prunelloides and Dioscorea sylvatica plant species used in the treatment of elephantiasis in most parts of the eastern Free State using standard methods. Results:The ethnobotanical survey documented 12 medicinal plants that are used to treat lymphatic filariasis. Elephantorrhiza elephantina, Pentanisia prunelloides and Dioscorea sylvatica were the three most used plant species. All three plants tested positive for the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, glycosides, anthraquinones and alkaloids. Four compounds: acetyl salicylic acid, benzoic acid, resorcinol and nonanedioic acid were identified from E. elephantina rhizome. Discussion:Amongst 12 documented plant species, E. elephantina, P. prunelloides and D. sylvatica were the most frequently used plants and were selected for isolation and characterisation of bioactive compounds. Acetyl salicylic acid, benzoic acid, resorcinol and nonanediotic acid were isolated and identified from the methanol extract from E. elephantina rhizome. Conclusion:The presence or existence of isolated phenolic-flavonoids in E. elephantin demonstrated the basis for utilising it based on the isolated compounds

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, elephantiasis, Elephantorrhiza elephantina, ethnomedicinal survey, Phytochemicals, Traditional medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.83}, author = {Selloane G. Lehasa and Siphamandla Q.N. Lamula and Lisa V. Buwa-Komoreng} } @article {2459, title = {Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Flavonoid and Phytocompounds Content in Pongamia Pinnata Seed}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {6}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pongamia pinnata is a woody shrub and tree found in entire India mainly in dry areas. The seeds of P. pinnata are collected and traditionally oil is extracted and used to kill helminthes. The plant is a remedy for skin diseases, wound, rheumatism \& ulcers and also as biofuel, green manure and fodder. This study is an attempt to know antioxidant activity of particular fraction which is having antifungal activity and flavonoid and fatty acids content which is responsible for the same. Materials and methods: In this investigation, an effort was made to know the antioxidant activity of PPEAF by DPPH assay, FRAP assay and H2O2 assay methods and Optimization of mobile phase by TLC method and supporting major flavonoid content quantification by HPTLC method Results: The result shown the ethyl acetate fraction has significant antioxidant activity of IC50 value of 212.09 (DPPH assay), 235.87 (FRAP assay) and 268.62 (H2O2 assay). The TLC method optimum mobile phase was found to be Toluene: ethyl acetate (7:3). The standard flavonoids used are Karanjin, Gallic acid and Quercetin. Conclusion: The HPTLC method results shown PPEAF was found to contain 1.465\% Karanjin. GCMS result shown the PPEAF contain 13 phytocompounds in which Octadec-9-enoic acid at retention time 22.356 was found to be abundant.

}, keywords = {DPPH, FRAP, GCMS, Karanjin, Pongamia pinnata, PPEAF}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.1}, author = {Honnesh NH and Santanu Saha} } @article {2521, title = {Formulation and Analytical Evaluation of Herbal Rectal Suppositories Containing Senna Extract for the Management of Constipation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {438-443}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {438}, abstract = {

Background. Senna is a commonly used stimulant laxative that is typically administered orally as a senna extract tablet to treat constipation. This study aimed to formulate rectal suppositories containing senna extract, using glycerin as a base, to achieve site-specific drug delivery and reduce systemic side effects. Methodology. The prepared suppositories were evaluated for various physicochemical and performance parameters, including visual appearance, disintegration time, in vitro dissolution, melting point, weight uniformity, drug content and HPTLC. Results. The suppositories demonstrated satisfactory physical characteristics, with an average weight of 0.9707 g and a drug content of 0.150 {\textpm} 2\% mg per suppository. The melting point was recorded at 37{\textdegree}C, and the complete dispersion time was 30 minutes. In vitro drug release studies revealed that the drug was fully released within 45 minutes. High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) was utilized to confirm the presence of active constituents by comparing the sample profile with that of a standard extract. Conclusion. These findings suggest that senna extract suppositories are a promising alternative to oral tablets, providing targeted drug delivery through the rectal route for improved therapeutic outcomes.

}, keywords = {Glycerine, herbal suppositories, senna extract, suppositories}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.55}, author = {Abhinav Dutta and Jyothi Sujan Prasad and Pradyum Anand and Chandrashekar K.S and Venkatesh Kamath B and Vijaya Bhaskar K and Aswatha Ram H.N} } @article {2512, title = {Formulation Strategy and Excipient Selection for Tribulus terrestris L. Tablets: A Quality-Based Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {370-377}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {370}, abstract = {

Background: To develop and evaluate a tablet formulation containing standardized dry extract of Tribulus terrestris L.{\textemdash}a plant traditionally used in Mongolian medicine{\textemdash}by focusing on excipient optimization and pharmaceutical quality assessment. Methods: Tablets were manufactured using the wet granulation method, incorporating an extract standardized to 54.45\% dioscin. Various excipient ratios were investigated to determine the optimal formulation. Dioscin content was quantified using UV-visible spectrophotometry. Results: The optimized formulation comprised 25\% dry extract, 34\% lactose, 34\% microcrystalline cellulose, 6\% PVPP, 0.5\% magnesium stearate, 0.5\% talc, and 4.5\% HPMC. The tablets demonstrated acceptable pharmaceutical characteristics, including an average weight of 0.113 {\textpm} 0.001 g, hardness of 0.83 {\textpm} 0.23 MPa, friability of 98.17 {\textpm} 0.65\%, and disintegration time of 7.30 minutes. The dioscin content was 13.50 {\textpm} 0.50 mg/g, with an assay recovery of 95.51\%. Dissolution exceeded 83\% in both media within 45 minutes. The similarity factor (f$_{2}$) confirmed equivalent dissolution profiles. Conclusion: The developed T. terrestris tablet formulation met pharmacopoeial standards and exhibited consistent physical, chemical, and biopharmaceutical performance, supporting its potential as a standardized herbal medicinal product for clinical and commercial application.

}, keywords = {Tribulus Terrestre{\textquoteright}s L.; tablet; excipients; saponins; spectrophotometer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.46}, author = {Baigalmaa Dovchinsuren and Wang Qin Hu and Jambaninj Dambiinyam and Yerkyebulan Mukhtar and Davaadagva Damdinjav and Enkhjargal Dorjbal} } @article {2580, title = {Free Radical Scavenging and Anticancer Activities of Methanolic Twig Extract of Annonaceae Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {362-365}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {362}, abstract = {

Introduction: The Annonaceae family represents a promising source of bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic applications. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer potential of methanolic twig extracts from seven Annonaceae species. Methods: Twig specimens from Cananga latifolia, Goniothalamus elegans, Goniothalamus tamirensis, Melodorum fructicosum, Polyalthia dubia, Polyalthia cerasoides, and Uvaria fauveliana were subjected to standardized methanolic extraction. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH radical scavenging assay. Anticancer potential was evaluated through Sulforhodamine B assay against three human cancer cell lines and normal human dermal fibroblasts at 25 μg/mL concentration. Results: Goniothalamus elegans demonstrated exceptional antioxidant activity (IC50 = 5.62 {\textpm} 1.21 μg/mL) comparable to ascorbic acid. In anticancer evaluation, G. elegans exhibited remarkable cytotoxicity against MCF-7 (95.19 {\textpm} 0.62\%) and HeLa (94.46 {\textpm} 1.69\%) cancer cells while demonstrating exceptional selectivity with minimal toxicity toward normal cells (19.72 {\textpm} 1.19\%). Melodorum fructicosum showed highest activity against HT-29 colon cancer cells (75.84 {\textpm} 1.57\%). Conclusions: Goniothalamus elegans demonstrated exceptional dual bioactivity with both potent antioxidant properties and selective anticancer effects. The remarkable selectivity indices and broad-spectrum anticancer activity suggest significant clinical potential. These findings provide scientific validation for traditional medicinal uses of Annonaceae species.

}, keywords = {Annonaceae, Anticancer, antioxidant activity, Cancer cell selectivity, DPPH assay, Goniothalamus elegans}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17s.107}, author = {Sawitree Wongtangtintharn and Sirirath McCloskey and Rungruedee Thiwthong and U-sa Thongpairoj and Surapong Rattana} } @article {2478, title = {Health Action Process Approach in Non-Communicable Diseases: A Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {107-116}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {107}, abstract = {

Background: Epidemiological research has indicated that the deleterious effects of non-communicable disease can be prevented through participation in health behaviour. The HAPA is a dual-phase model that identifies the determinants of the initiation and maintenance of health behaviour. The aim of this study was to systematically map the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA)- based interventions in non-communicable diseases in relation to the type of intervention, the target groups and the constructs of the HAPA model that are used in the study and to assess the clinical relevance of the studies. Methods: This review study complies with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) version 2020. The search for relevant literature involved PubMed, Sciencedirect, Willey online Library and Proquest databases for the studies published in 2000 to 2023 period. Quality of the study was assessed using CASP, and the Risk of Bias using Cochrane RoB tool. Results: In data bases search, there are 912 studies. The results for eligibility resulted in 18 articles consist of 13 observational studies, and 5 experimental studies. Discussion: Physical activity, healthy diet behaviour, and medication adherence were the targeted behaviour. In the majority of the studies, the targeted intervention was physical activity and the population consisted of adult patients. Conclusion: All studies used only a selection of the HAPA constructs. Therefore, only a minority of the studies can be considered real HAPA intervention studies.

}, keywords = {Behaviour change, Health action process approach, non-communicable diseases}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.17.15}, author = {Sahmad S and Andi Zulkifli Abdullah and Muh. Syafar and Indahwaty Sidin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2564, title = {Hepatoprotective Potential of Coffea arabica Extract Against Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Liver Damage: Ultrasonographic and Cytokine Evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {742-750}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {742}, abstract = {

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl$_{4}$) is a hepatotoxic agent widely used to model liver injury in experimental animals, and coffee (Coffea arabica) extract is known to contain various bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. This study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of Coffea arabica extract in male Wistar rats induced with CCl$_{4}$ through phytochemical analysis, liver biochemical parameters (albumin, bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT), inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, CRP), and liver morphology observations using ultrasonography and histopathology. The extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, and glycosides, with total phenolic and flavonoid contents of 51.32 mg GAE/g and 1.25 mg QE/g extract, respectively, and moderate antioxidant activity (IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ = 124.36 ppm). Administration of the extract at 300 mg/kg BW significantly improved liver structure, reduced TNF-α (120.62 {\textpm} 21.78 pg/mL), IL-6 (68 {\textpm} 14.44 pg/mL), CRP (199.0 {\textpm} 41.5 pg/mL), SGOT (147.0 {\textpm} 34.28 g/dL), and SGPT (69.6 {\textpm} 9.94 g/dL) levels, while increasing albumin (2.94 {\textpm} 0.34 g/dL) and reducing bilirubin (0.09 {\textpm} 0.04 mg/dL), approaching normal conditions. The 300 mg/kg BW dose showed the most optimal protective effect compared to other treatment groups, as evidenced by improvements in biochemical parameters, liver morphology, and hepatic histology, indicating that Coffea arabica extract has strong potential as an effective hepatoprotective agent against CCl$_{4}$-induced liver damage

}, keywords = {CCl$_{4}$, Coffea arabica, Cytokines, Hepatotoxicity, liver protection, Ultrasonographic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.93}, author = {Desi Novianti and I Nyoman Ehrich Lister and Ali Napiah Nasution} } @article {2496, title = {Housing In An Enriched Environment Enhances The Neuroprotective Effect Of Celastrus Paniculatus And Tribulus Terrestris In An Animal Model Of Chronic Stress}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {191-202}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {191}, abstract = {

Introduction: Prolonged exposure to stress can contribute to depressive episodes. Preclinical studies have shown that stimuli like environmental enrichment (EE) can produce beneficial effects against stress by positively modulating neuroplasticity, neurochemistry, and behaviour. Hence, we explored whether exposure to EE can augment the neuroprotective activities of Celastrus paniculatus (CP) and Tribulus terrestris (TT) in stressed conditions. Materials and Methods: Rats were placed in immobilisation bags and stressed for two hours a day for ten days. After that, these stressed rats were treated by CP or TT, alone or in combination with enriched housing. Behavioural analysis in elevated plus maze, open field, forced swim and sucrose preference tests. The novel object recognition test and the rewarded alteration test on the T-maze were used to assess working memory. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor, interleukin-6, and tumour necrotic factor-alpha were measured in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortical tissues following stress and herbal treatment combined with an enriched environment. Results: We found that Celastrus paniculatus and Tribulus terrestris, combined with an enriched environment, produced a synergistic neuroprotective effect. CP + EE and TT + EE improved working memory and recognition memory in CIS animals, but they also reduced anxiety and depressive-like behaviours. TNF-α and IL-6 levels were decreased while brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels were raised in the frontal cortex and hippocampus regions, respectively. Conclusion: Our results show that living in an enriched environment can improve CP and TT neuromodulatory activities, highlighting the potential of combining sensory-motor interventions with herbal remedies for psychiatric disorders.

}, keywords = {Chronic Immobilization stress, Depression, Enriched Environment, Hippocampus, Neurotrophic factor, Pro-inflammatory cytokines}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.24}, author = {Babiker Bashir Haroun Baraka and Bhagya Venkanna Rao and Tanuja Krishnamurthy and Ramya Vasudev} } @article {2510, title = {How Extensively is Herbal Medicine Used as a Therapy for Insomnia? A Bibliometric Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {342-364}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {342}, abstract = {

Introduction: This bibliometric study explores the use of herbal medicine as a treatment for insomnia, identifying trends and gaps in existing literature. It provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research, guiding future efforts and improving care quality for insomnia patients. Materials and methods: This research aims to explore the evolution of scientific disciplines by finding and identifying trends, patterns and correlations in scientific texts related to certain topics. The focus of this study was on insomnia, therapy, and "herbal medicine" using both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Results and discussion: The study evaluates the use of herbal medicine for insomnia, finding a significant increase in publications but a lack of information on correct dosage. This highlights a gap in literature and calls for further research on dosage and methodological standards to improve its effectiveness.; and Conclusions: The study confirms the effectiveness of herbal medicine as an insomnia therapy, but highlights the need for further research on appropriate dosage for safer and more effective treatment. This research was conducted in January 2025.

}, keywords = {Antiepileptic, Bibliometric, Carbamazepine, Neuroprotective, Riluzole, Topiramat}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.44}, author = {Arman Yurisaldi Saleh and Dwi Arwandi Yogi Saputra and Riezky Valentina and Tirta Darmawan Susanto} } @article {2551, title = {Hydrolyzed Collagen Tonic Drink Prevents Worsening of Skin Parameters and Improves Photoaging Classification in Healthy Thai Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {644-652}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {644}, abstract = {

Background: Skin aging represents a significant public health burden globally, with Southeast Asian populations experiencing accelerated photoaging due to intensive environmental ultraviolet exposure. Aim: To evaluate the preventive efficacy of hydrolyzed collagen tonic drink on skin aging parameters in healthy Thai women. Methods: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted with 135 Thai women aged 40-60 years. Participants were randomized to receive either hydrolyzed fish collagen peptides with supportive nutrients (n=67) or active fruit juice control (n=68) daily for 12 weeks. Primary outcomes included skin microtopography parameters measured by Visioscan, skin elasticity assessed by Cutometer, and clinical photoaging classification using Glogau scale. Secondary outcomes examined molecular biomarker changes in procollagen Type I synthesis. Results: The collagen group demonstrated significantly attenuated skin surface deterioration compared to placebo. The Wrinkles parameter showed significant betweengroup differences at week 8 (-100.43 units, p=0.001). Smoothness parameter exhibited protective effects with significant between-group differences at week 8 (-80.08 units, p=0.002). Gross elasticity improved significantly within the collagen group at week 12 (p=0.033). Procollagen Type I synthesis demonstrated superior maintenance in the collagen group versus placebo (between-group percent change difference, p=0.002). Both groups achieved comparable Glogau classification improvements (23.9\% versus 20.6\%). Conclusion: Daily hydrolyzed collagen supplementation with supportive nutrients effectively prevented skin surface parameter deterioration in Thai women, demonstrating meaningful preservation of skin integrity through medium effect sizes for key parameters. These findings support nutritional approaches as complementary strategies for photoaging management in high ultraviolet-exposure populations

}, keywords = {Dermal aging, Hydrolyzed collagen, photoaging, Skin elasticity, Wrinkle}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.81}, author = {Uratchat Vichaidit and Chuntida Kamalashiran and Kammal Kumar Pawa and Pratya Phetkate} } @article {2578, title = {Identification of Phytochemicals and Antibacterial Activity of South Sulawesi Propolis (Apis mellifera) Using TLC and LC-MS/MSQTOF}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {352-361}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {352}, abstract = {

Introduction: Propolis from Apis mellifera exhibits antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Despite Indonesia{\textquoteright}s rich biodiversity, the phytochemical profile of propolis from South Sulawesi and its antibacterial potential against Pseudomonas aeruginosa remain underexplored. Objective: This study aimed to tentatively identify flavonoid and glycoside compounds in A. mellifera propolis from South Sulawesi and to evaluate its antibacterial activity. Methods: Propolis samples were collected from Masamba Subdistrict, South Sulawesi, and extracted using 70\% ethanol through ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Phytochemical profiling and tentative compound identification were performed using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and LC-MS/MS-QTOF. Antibacterial activity was tested by the disk diffusion method at concentrations of 0.25\%, 0.5\%, and 0.75\%, with ciprofloxacin and distilled water as positive and negative controls. Results: The analysis revealed that flavonoids and glycosides were the main constituents of the extract. These compounds were tentatively identified along with other secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds, indicating a complex chemical composition. Antibacterial testing showed mean inhibition zones of 11.23 mm (0.25\%), 13.65 mm (0.5\%), and 16.50 mm (0.75\%), whereas ciprofloxacin and the negative control produced zones of 31.95 mm and 5.70 mm, respectively. ANOVA revealed significant differences among treatments (F = 232.4, p \< 0.0001), with the 0.75\% extract showing the largest mean inhibition zone. Conclusions: These findings suggest that South Sulawesi propolis contains tentatively identified bioactive flavonoids and glycosides and demonstrates antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, indicating its potential as a natural antibacterial source for further investigation.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Flavonoids, Glycosides, LC-MS/MS-QTOF, propolis (Apis mellifera), TLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17s.106}, author = {Ledi Yohanis Ruruk Ali and Gemini Alam and Firdaus Hamid and Andi Rofian Sultan} } @article {2477, title = {In Vitro Antibacterial Activity, In-Silico Molecular Docking and Pharmacokinetic Profile of a Phytosterol Isolated from The Leaves of Carissa Bispinosa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {99-106}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {99}, abstract = {

Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. Ex-Brenan is a medicinal plant widely used in South Africa. The study reports on the isolation of a phytosterol from C. bispinosa along with molecular docking and pharmacokinetic studies. The phytochemicals were extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, acetone and methanol. The compound was isolated following a bioactivity-guided isolation protocol using column-chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used for compound characterisation. The antimicrobial activity was assessed using bioautography and micro-broth dilution assays. AutoDock vina, SwissADME and ADMET lab were used for molecular docking, pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties, respectively. Drug-likeness was evaluated based on Lipinski{\textquoteright}s rule of five (Ro5). The isolated compound was identified as β-sitosterol. It had an anti-S. aureus activity of (0.31 mg/mL). It revealed binding scores of -7.2 and -6.4 kcal/mol against penicillin-binding protein and DNA gyrase, respectively. It violated one of Ro5 (MLOGP \> 4.15). It has no inhibitory effects against isoforms of cytochrome P450. Moreover, it demonstrated no adverse effect on skin, non-carcinogenic and non-hepatotoxic effects. Based on the results, β-sitosterol can be considered as potential anti-S. aureus drug. Further studies may focus on ascertaining the mechanism of action in-vitro and investigating the synergistic effects of the compound with conventional drugs.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Carissa bispinosa, Molecular docking, Pharmacokinetics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.14}, author = {Wanda Shekwa and Mashilo Mash Matotoka and Tsolanku Sydney Maliehe and Peter Masoko} } @article {2504, title = {In vitro Platelet Aggregation-Stimulatory, Antibacterial, and Cytotoxic Activities of the Fresh Stem Juice from Montrichardia arborescens Schott (Araceae) {\textendash} Evidence for Wound Healing- Stimulatory Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {299-306}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {299}, abstract = {

Background: Montrichardia arborescens is traditionally used for wound healing, but without scientific evidence. In this study, the fresh stem juice was assessed for its platelet aggregation stimulatory and antibacterial activities and its safety. Methods: The stem juice was evaluated at various dilutions for platelet aggregation-stimulatory activity in human platelet rich plasma (PRP) using norepinephrine as a positive control; antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes (gram-positive bacteria) as well as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-negative bacteria) in a broth microdilution method using tetracycline as a reference compound; and absence of substantial cytotoxicity against cultured CHO cells in an MTT assay. Data (means {\textpm} SDs; n >= 3) were evaluated for statistically significant differences (p \< 0.05) using ANOVA with Bonferroni{\textquoteright}s adjustments. Results: The stem juice stimulated platelet aggregation to nearly 100\% at 50\% (v/v) dilution and about 50\% at 12.5\% (v/v) dilution. It did not affect the growth of E. coli and P. aeruginosa at 50\% (v/v) but partially inhibited that of S. aureus at 37.5\% (v/v) and that of S. pyogenes completely at 12.5\% (v/v). These effects were validated by those found with epinephrine 20 μM and tetracycline 10-60 μg/mL. CHO cell survival was only 3 {\textpm} 1\% with the 50\% (v/v) diluted stem juice but 64 {\textpm} 2\% with the 12.5\% (v/v) dilution. Conclusion: The M. arborescens stem juice exhibited substantial platelet aggregation-stimulatory and antibacterial activity at 12.5\% (v/v) dilution which seemed safe to the normal tissues. These findings confirm its traditional use for wound healing.

}, keywords = {Broth microdilution, In vitro studies, Lack of cytotoxicity, Montrichardia arborescens Schott, MTT Assay, Platelet aggregation stimulation, Preliminary Antibacterial activity, PRP, Stem juice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.38}, author = {Dennis R.A. Mans and Terrence Mawie and Priscilla Friperson and Meryll Djotaroeno and Jennifer Pawirodihardjo and Vinoj H. Sewberath Misser and Ed P.F. Ijzerman and Walther Jap Tjoen San} } @article {2486, title = {The Influence of Website-Based Health Information Access Media on Primary Outcomes of Metabolic Syndrome Prevention In ASN Employees}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {222-230}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {222}, abstract = {

Background : Metabolic syndrome is a condition that can put all people at risk, including workers. It is important to improve health literacy related to the prevention of metabolic syndrome among workers. The association of health literacy on healthy lifestyle modification with a decrease in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of website-based health information access media on risk factors (knowledge, self-efficacy, work stress). Methods : The type of research used is Quasy Experimental design Nonequivalent Control Group design. The sample in this study were 62 employees from 2 government offices engaged in regional finance \& assets and the implementation of the water resources network of South Sulawesi province. This study divided two groups, namely the intervention group, which received education through the {\textquoteleft}SAFETY prevent metabolic syndrome{\textquoteright} website and daily journal filling, and the control group, which received education with booklets, with both groups measured and monitored for 2 months. Results : The {\textquoteleft}SAFETY{\textquoteright} websitebased health literacy model intervention was effective in improving knowledge (p=0.000), self-efficacy (p=0.004), and reducing work stress (p=0.047) in government workers, with the significant reduction in work stress demonstrating the benefits of a technology-based approach in managing stress in the work environment. Conclusion: This study was effective in increasing knowledge and self-efficacy and reducing work stress. Future research is recommended to expand the website intervention programme with interactive modules, explore integrated self-efficacy enhancement methods, and develop specific stress management programmes with a multidisciplinary approach.

}, keywords = {Booklet, Employee, Health Literacy, Metabolic syndrome, Website}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.28}, author = {Samsiana S and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Ridwan Amiruddin and Healthy Hidayanty and Nurhaedar Jafar and Muhammad Syafar and Wahiduddin W and Chatarina Umbul Wahyuni and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2513, title = {In-silico Analysis of Molecular Interaction Between Silk Proteins with BMP-2 Type IA and Type II Receptors}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {378-383}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {378}, abstract = {

Background: Alveolar ridge defects are commonly associated with delayed tooth replacement. Natural biomaterial with enhanced regenerative potential is always sought after as a primary choice for ridge reconstruction. Silk, a biopolymer with its constituent proteins (fibroin and sericin) has recently demonstrated promising outcomes in vitro. However, the molecular mechanism by which this occurs remains to be elucidated. Objective: We assessed the molecular interactions between silk proteins bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 type IA and type II receptors using molecular docking. Methodology: The N-terminal domain of silk proteins and structural complex of BMP-2 type IA and type II receptors were considered for protein{\textendash}protein docking using the high ambiguity-driven protein{\textendash}protein docking (HADDOCK) server. HADDOCK scores are a measure of the predicted stability of the protein{\textendash}protein complex, and a lower score indicates a more stable complex and a higher affinity for binding. Results: The HADDOCK scores and root mean square deviation value for interaction between silk proteins with BMP-2 type IA and type II receptors were (-114.2 {\textpm} 25.0 and -143.1 {\textpm} 11.3) and (2.9 {\textpm} 0.4 and 1.9 {\textpm} 0.5), respectively, for fibroin and (-1.8 {\textpm} 15.6 and -9.7 {\textpm} 25.2) and (3.5 {\textpm}0.3 and 0.9 {\textpm} 0.6), respectively, for sericin. Conclusion: The interaction between fibroin and BMP-2 receptors was more stable with higher affinity.

}, keywords = {biopolymer, Fibroin, HADDOCK, RMSD, Sericin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.47}, author = {Nandhinee Thiagaraj and Lekha Ashokkumar and Ram Sabarish and Balaji SK} } @article {2528, title = {In-Silico Study of Bioactive Compounds from Moringa oleifera Fruit as Anti Premature Senescence Agents in Cardiac Cells: A Study on the p53 Protein}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {497-505}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {497}, abstract = {

Background: Cellular senescence, characterized by irreversible cell cycle arrest, contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases through mechanisms involving oxidative stress and activation of p53-mediated signaling. Moringa oleifera, widely recognized for its antioxidant properties, has demonstrated anti-aging effects; however, the specific bioactive compounds within its fruit and their mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the potential of M. oleifera fruit-derived compounds as anti-premature senescence agents targeting the p53 protein using in-silico molecular docking approaches. Methods: Bioactive compounds from M. oleifera fruit were screened via molecular docking against the human p53 protein, with Nutlin-3 used as a positive control. Binding affinities, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions were analyzed to determine ligand{\textendash} receptor interactions. Results: Niacin and oxalic acid exhibited stronger binding affinities ({\textendash}5.90 and {\textendash}6.00 kcal/mol, respectively) compared to Nutlin-3 ({\textendash}5.64 kcal/mol). Niacin formed stable hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with key residues within the p53 active site, suggesting a capacity to modulate p53 activity. Oxalic acid demonstrated the highest binding affinity but lacked hydrogen bonding, indicating potential instability despite strong interaction. These findings support previous studies highlighting M. oleifera{\textquoteright}s role in ROS suppression and p53 modulation, pointing to its therapeutic relevance in mitigating cellular aging. Conclusion: Niacin and oxalic acid from M. oleifera exhibit promising binding characteristics as modulators of the p53 pathway. Their anti-senescence potential warrants further validation through molecular dynamics simulations and biological assays. This study supports the development of natural compound-based therapeutics for age-related cardiac degeneration.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, cellular senescence, in silico, Molecular docking, Moringa oleifera, p53 protein}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.62}, author = {Tiwuk Susantiningsih and Ichwan Baihaki and Maria Selvester Thadeaus and Yuni Setyaningsih and Mila Citrawati} } @article {2545, title = {Integrated Phytochemical Evaluation of Triphala Extract: TLC Detection and GC{\textendash}MS Elucidation of Bioactive Compounds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {602-607}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {602}, abstract = {

Triphala, a classical Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation composed of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica, and Phyllanthus emblica, is well known for its therapeutic efficacy and wide range of biological applications. Its pharmacological potential is attributed to a rich diversity of phytoconstituents, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. Scientific validation and standardization of such formulations require systematic phytochemical evaluation using both conventional and advanced analytical techniques. The present study was undertaken to investigate the phytochemicals composition of Triphala extract using TLC and GC-MS. TLC was done to detect gallic gallic acid a major component of Triphala. GCMS analysis was carried out enabling the separation and identification of volatile components based upon the retention time and mass fragmentation patterns. Several compounds of pharmacological relevance were identified including phenolic acids fatty acids and flavonoid derivatives which are consistent with the known antioxidant and therapeutic properties of Triphala. This integrated approach combining TLC and GC-MS along with standard biochemical testing provided both qualitative and confirmatory data on the phytoconstituents of Triphala. The fidings not only support the traditional claims but also contribute to a scientific validation ensuring quality and paving the way for further pharmaceutical and nutraceutical approaches.

}, keywords = {Gallic acid, GC-MS, TLC, Triphala Phytoconstituents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.75}, author = {Hrithik Satish Revankar and Shilpa P Bhilegaonkar} } @article {2570, title = {Integration of Analytical and Computational Techniques for Bioactive Profiling of Celtis timorensis Span Bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {292-301}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {292}, abstract = {

A wound occurs when there is damage to the body{\textquoteright}s tissue due to a puncture in the skin1. An injury is caused by a breakdown in the skin{\textquoteright}s barrier function, resulting in either a superficial or deep wound2. The healing process is complicated by chronic wounds, but acute wounds might go through the normal sequential stages of wound healing3. Particularly in hyperglycemic circumstances, chronic wound healing is hindered and imprisoned, usually during the inflammatory phase4. The wound{\textquoteright}s healing process stagnates and takes longer than expected. Chronic wounds are persistent because of a number of pathological factors, including poor blood circulation and bacterial infections in the wounds. These include diabetes mellitus and other chronic disorders5.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.99}, author = {Nishamol K. S and T. Sundarrajan} } @article {2548, title = {Intermittent Fasting as a Non-Invasive Strategy to Mitigate Diabetes-Induced Complications in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {632-637}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {632}, abstract = {

Introduction: The global burden of diabetes mellitus is steadily increasing. Abnormal eating patterns and excess energy intake contribute to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although dietary modifications such as intermittent fasting have gained attention, evidence supporting their beneficial role in T2DM is limited. Objective: To evaluate the beneficial effects of intermittent fasting on physiological, biochemical, and histological changes in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Healthy adult Wistar albino rats (150{\textendash}200 g) were used. Diabetes was induced by administering alloxan (150 mg/kg). Animals were divided into four groups: Normal Control (Group I), Experimental Control (Group II), and Intermittent Fasting groups (Group III \& Group IV). Physiological, biochemical, and histological parameters were assessed to determine the impact of intermittent fasting. Results: Intermittent fasting demonstrated a protective effect by reducing diabetes-induced physiological, biochemical, and histological alterations. Rats in the intermittent fasting groups showed improved outcomes compared to the experimental control group. Conclusion: Intermittent fasting may serve as a potential non-invasive strategy to reduce diabetesrelated complications. Further studies focusing on molecular mechanisms are warranted to provide deeper insights into its protective role.

}, keywords = {Intermittent fasting; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Alloxan; Wistar rats; Physiological changes; Biochemical parameters; Histological changes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.78}, author = {Vishu Manchanda and Bhagyalakshmi K and Nayanatara Arun Kumar and Anupama N and Rekha D Kini and Sneha Shetty} } @article {2516, title = {Interpersonal Communication Training as an Effective Strategy to Optimize Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation (MMS) Utilization in Preventing Maternal and Neonatal Deaths}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {399-406}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {399}, abstract = {

Background: Maternal mortality remains a global health problem, with approximately 800 deaths every day, mostly due to complications such as bleeding, where severe anemia is a major predisposing factor. Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation (MMS) is now recommended as a substitute for blood supplementation tablets due to its more complete nutritional content. However, utilization of MMS still faces challenges, including low knowledge of pregnant women, negative perceptions of side effects, and misinformation. Education by health workers, especially midwives, is key to overcoming these barriers. Interpersonal communication training is a relevant strategy to improve midwives{\textquoteright} ability to deliver information effectively and build positive relationships with pregnant women. Although MMS has begun to be implemented, studies related to the effectiveness of interpersonal communication training in the context of MMS education are still limited in Indonesia. This study aims to fill this gap and strengthen the role of midwives in antenatal care. Objective: To assess the effect of interpersonal communication training on the utilization of multiple micronutrient supplementation on midwives{\textquoteright} knowledge and skills. Methods: This study was conducted in September 2024 in Bone Bolango Regency, Gorontalo Province, involving 74 coordinating midwives and village supervisors. The design used was a quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest to evaluate the effectiveness of interpersonal communication training on improving midwives{\textquoteright} knowledge and skills. Knowledge was measured using a questionnaire, while skills were assessed through a post-training observation checklist. All instruments were tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis included Wilcoxon test to compare pretest and posttest scores, Spearman test to see the relationship between knowledge and skills, and Mann-Whitney test based on midwives{\textquoteright} characteristics. Path analysis was conducted within a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) framework with directly observed variables. Results: The results showed that the score before the intervention was 10.80 and after the intervention was 15.23, which means there is a difference in scores between before and after the intervention. The statistical test results showed a p value (0.000) \<0.05, which means that there is an effect of interpersonal communication training in the utilization of multiple micronutrient supplements (MMS) on the knowledge and skills of midwives. Conclusion: Interpersonal communication training for midwives is effective in improving midwives{\textquoteright} knowledge and skills.

}, keywords = {Interpersonal Communication, knowledge, Midwives, Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation, Skills, Training}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.50}, author = {Rabia Zakaria and Veni Hadju and Rahayu Indriasari and Mardiana Ahmad and Muhammad Arsyad and Nurmala Sari and Fatmawati Mohamad and Juli Claudia and Siti Choirul Dwi Astuti and Rahma Dewi Agustini and Magdalena M.Tompunu and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2465, title = {The In-Vitro Antiviral Activity of Carissa Edulis, Tulbaghia Acutiloba, and Tetradenia Riparia on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {47-57}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {47}, abstract = {

The current treatment landscape for COVID-19 is largely supportive or experimental in nature, highlighting the need for alternative approaches. Ethanolic extracts of three South African medicinal plants (Carissa edulis, Tulbaghia acutiloba, and Tetradenia riparia) were tested for their antiviral activity against SARSCoV- 2. Viral loads were quantified using real-time PCR, and their anti-inflammatory effects were also assessed using ELISA. Both pre-treatment and post-treatment of H1299-hACE2-E3 cells with C. edulis extract significantly reduced viral loads by two- to four-fold decreases as compared to untreated controls, which suggests potential antiviral activity. T. acutiloba and T. riparia also exhibited moderate antiviral suppression, especially when the extracts were pre-treated prior to infection at early time points (24 hours). All three plants showed anti-inflammatory activity. The findings from this research demonstrate C. edulis{\textquoteright} potent antiviral activity and positions it as a promising candidate for further research in antiviral therapy development.

}, keywords = {Antiviral activity, Carissa edulis, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), Tetradenia riparia, Tulbaghia acutiloba}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.6}, author = {Carlos A. da Silva and Polo-Ma-Abiele H. Mfengwana and Felicity J. Burt} } @article {2485, title = {Literacy of Alpha-Lactalbumin (ALA) and Oleic Acid Content Improves Knowledge and Self Efficacy in Breastfeeding Milk by Mothers Who Have Babies 0-24 Months}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {217-221}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {217}, abstract = {

Introduction: The world health organization (WHO) actively promotes breast milk as the best source of nutrition for babies and continues to increase the level of exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months to two years and reach at least 50\% by 2025. The low level of exclusive breastfeeding is likely a lack of Education about the composition of breast milk which contains peptides including α-lactalbumin (ALA) and Oleic Acid (OA) which are able to reduce the risk of breast and ovarian cancer and have therapeutic effects which have been published under the name human a-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells (HAMLET ), so that this literacy is able to convince mothers to give breast milk and is a health threat to mothers that it is important to give breast milk because it has anti-cancer substances that can prevent cancer. Method: This type of research is quantitative, with a Quasi Experimental Nonequivalent Control Group Design. In this research , the experimental group was treated by providing education and assessing and using knowledge and self-efficacy instruments . Mean while, the control group received education through the KIA book. The target population in this study is mothers who have babies aged 0-24 months in the working area of the Ujoh Bilang Health Center, Mahakam Ulu Regency. The sampling technique is purposive sampling. Results: there is a difference in knowledge literacy, Self Eficaccy on Breast Milk Feeding (ASI) by mothers who have babies 0-24 months in the intervention and control groups before and after being given breast milk literacy with a p value of 0.000 (p \< 0.005) which indicates that the hypothesis is accepted, namely there is an effect of breast milk literacy on knowledge and self-efficacy. Conclusion: literacy of alpha-lactalbumin (ALA) and oleic acid (OA) content increases knowledge and selfefficacy in providing breast milk by mothers who have babies 0-24 months.

}, keywords = {alpha-lactalbumin, Breast milk literacy, knowledge, oleic acid and breast milk, self-efficacy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.27}, author = {Nursari Abdul Syukur and Citrakesumasari and Anwar Mallongi and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Masni Mappajanci and Aminuddin Syam and Syamsuar S and Endah Wahyutri} } @article {2461, title = {Marrubium vulgare Leaf Extract-Assisted Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Optimization, Characterization and In Vitro Exploration of Their Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Anti- Inflammatory Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {7-21}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {7}, abstract = {

Background: Biogenic metal nanoparticles are gaining popularity due to their remarkable biomedical properties, which provide hope in the fight against various diseases. Objective: This research produced silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from an aqueous extract of Marrubium vulgare leaves by a simple, onestep, bottom-up green route. For the first time in the literature, the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory potentials of AgNPs obtained using leaves of Marrubium vulgare are investigated. Methods and results: The optimal conditions for biosynthesis were 80 {\textdegree}C reaction temperature, 60 min incubation time, 2 mM AgNO3, and 100 μL extract volume. The FTIR results indicated that the distinct functional groups found in M. vulgare extract were also present in AgNPs, confirming their critical role in silver bioreduction and AgNP capping. The biosynthesized AgNPs were crystalline, with face-centered cubic geometry, according to XRD analysis. DLS analysis asserted that the constructed AgNP{\textquoteright}s average size was 34.58 nm, whereas SEM/TEM revealed their spherical morphology. The AgNPs produced through biosynthesis inhibited microbial proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. They exhibited bactericidal attributes against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, with MIC values ranging from 0.041 to 5.312 μg/mL and MBCs from 0.083 to 5.312 μg/mL. Furthermore, the AgNPs exhibited fungicidal activity against three Candida albicans strains, with MIC and MFC respective values recorded at 2.656 and 2.656-5.312 μg/mL. Additionally, the biosynthesized AgNPs demonstrated significant antioxidant potency compared to ascorbic acid and the extract. Their potent in vitro anti-inflammatory effect, attributed to the inhibition of BSA denaturation, was directly proportional to the AgNP concentration, with a maximum inhibition of 86.14\% observed at 200 μg/mL. Conclusion: Therefore, the findings suggest that AgNPs have promising applications in combating the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance and might be utilized as potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.

}, keywords = {Biological activities, Characterization, Green synthesis, Marrubium vulgare, Silver nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.2}, author = {Sarra Abbad and Nadia Aissaoui and Fatima Zahra Gana} } @article {2475, title = {The Mechanism of Nanocurcumin in Inhibiting Parasitemia in Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) Model Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {84-88}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {84}, abstract = {

Plasmodium falciparum is the cause of malaria falciparum, the most severe type of malaria, and the only malaria parasite that can cause complications such as microvascular disease, cerebral malaria, severe anemia, shock, acute renal failure, and shortness of breath. In Southeast Asia, Indonesia has the highest incidence of malaria. The WHO estimated that in 2019, there were 658,380 malaria cases and 1,170 malariarelated deaths. Curcumin (Curcuma longa) is a spice that has been used in Southeast Asia for centuries. It contains the active ingredient curcumin (bis-α, β-unsaturated β-diketone), which has antioxidant, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antimalarial properties. However, curcumin has low water solubility and very limited bioavailability. By examining the observed phenomenon, it is possible to investigate how nanocurcumin might impact parasitemia levels in P. berghei ANKA model mice. This research involved 36 female BALB/c mice aged 7{\textendash}10 weeks, divided into four groups, all of which were infected with P. berghei ANKA. After infection, the groups were treated for 2 weeks as follows: the control group (no nanocurcumin administered), treatment group I (50 mg/kg body weight [kgbw]), treatment group II (100 mg/kgbw), and treatment group III (150 mg/kgbw). The results indicated a significant difference among groups (p \< 0.05, 0.036). The conclusion of this experiment is that administering nanocurcumin to mice infected with the Plasmodium parasite significantly reduces parasitemia levels in the blood, particularly at a dose of 150 mg/kgbw.

}, keywords = {Nanocurcumin, Parasitemia, Plasmodium berghei Anka}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.11}, author = {Risma R and Aryati A and Bambang Purwanto} } @article {2517, title = {Mechanistic Insights on the Neuro-Modulatory Potential of Cannabis sativa: A Network Pharmacology- and Molecular Dynamics Simulation-Based Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {407-419}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {407}, abstract = {

Background: Although, studies have reported the use of cannabis as a temporary antidepressant and implicated its chronic use in neurological diseases, the exact mechanisms through which these happen remain elusive. Objective: This study aims to investigate the neuro-modulatory potential of cannabis as antidepressant and its role in neurological disorders Methodology: Network pharmacology and molecular dynamics simulation were employed to unveil the mechanism of cannabis as a temporary antidepressant and potential agent implicated in neurological disorders. Results: A total of 156 cannabis metabolites were retrieved from data mining. 22 genes were common in cannabis metabolites and central nervous system (CNS) neurotransmitters{\textquoteright} genes. Glutamate receptor activity and neuroactive ligand receptor activity (NALR) were the most enriched biological process and signalling pathway, respectively, with cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) and glutamate metabotropic receptor 2 (GRM2) being the hub targets in the NALR pathway. A probe into the structural stability of top-ranked metabolites identified cholesterol- CNR1 (-73.88 kcal/mol) and campesterol-CNR1 (-65.96 kcal/mol) with lower free binding energy than reference antidepressant drug (anandamide) (-65.08 kcal/mol), whereas for GRM2, the binding free energy of nerolidol (-43.57 kcal/mol) which was the least among the top ranked metabolites was higher compared to anandamide (-58.78 kcal/mol). Conclusion: Data from this study shows that the profiled cannabis metabolites displayed modulatory effects on key neurotransmitters of the CNS and their receptors and formed stable binding interaction with genes implicated in brain functioning suggestive of the mechanistic effect of cannabis on brain activity during depression and chronic use.

}, keywords = {Cannabinoid receptors, Cannabis, Depression, Neurological diseases, Neurotransmitters}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.51}, author = {Christina Peter and Halimat Yusuf Lukman and Nosipho Wendy S{\textquoteright}thebe and Usman Abiola Sanni and Saheed SABIU} } @article {2473, title = {Medicinal Application of the Iceland Poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) in Traditional Mongolian Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {71-76}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {71}, abstract = {

In recent years, there has been a considerable focus on the utilization of natural medicinal substances, including plant-based medicines and formulations. While traditional medicine has been utilizing various medicinal plants to treat a wide range of diseases, there are still many medicinal plants and substances that have not been thoroughly studied at the scientific level. One such plant is the Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) from the Papaveraceae family. Globally, the Papaveraceae family comprises 44 genera and 760 species of which 32 species, representing 7 genera, are identified within Mongolia. The Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) is extensively distributed throughout Mongolia, with all parts of the plant, including its fruit and flowers. In addition, it has been traditionally employed in Mongolian medicine to treat a variety of ailments. However, systematic research on the practical applications and studies of the status of the local Iceland poppy in both modern and traditional Mongolian medicine remains poorly reported. Therefore, we aim to conduct a comprehensive and comparative study of the Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) and its application in the Traditional Mongolian medicinal literature and internationally published studies. Materials and Methods: In this study, data was collected from a comprehensive review of the international and Traditional Mongolian medicine literature to understand the medicinal application of the Iceland poppy. Additionally, current study results were analyzed to assess its practical applications and efficacy in modern medicinal contexts. Results: "In a variant of Mongolian medicinal prescriptions, the Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) is combined with the herb {\textquotedblleft}Govo jad-5{\textquotedblright} Mongolian traditional prescription for treating surgical wounds, torn blood vessels, and both old and new wounds. Furthermore, the book {\textquoteright}Methods and Prescriptions for Using Medicinal Plants in Traditional Mongolian Medicine reports that Iceland poppy is part of a mixture of four types of poppies used to treat conditions such as diarrhea, intestinal inflammation, and dysentery, by boiling and administering the concoction. A study by Otgonpurev Sukhbaatar et al., (2018) determined that the optimal conditions for callus and suspension biomass production of Papaver nudicaule L. are 1 mg/L naphthalene acetic acid and 0.5 mg/L benzyl adenine in MS media. Additionally, Gerelt-Od Yadamsuren et al., reported that the alkaloids 8,14-dihydroamurin, 8,14-dihydroflavinantin, and flavinantin from Papaver nudicaule L. exhibit significant antiviral activity against human rhinovirus-14. Conclusion: Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) has been used in traditional Mongolian medical practice for a long time. it has been historically widely used in Mongolian traditional medicine to treat wounds under the name of {\textquotedblleft}wound healer{\textquotedblright}. As reported by the scientific literature, the primary uses of these plants include inhibiting acetylcholinesterase enzyme, anti-cancer effects, as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, regarding its chemical composition, researchers have conducted studies that confirm the presence of alkaloids in this plant, specifically isoquinoline alkaloids. These compounds are known for their diverse biological activities and potential therapeutic effects, which may contribute to the plant{\textquoteright}s traditional medicinal uses. In summary, the Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) has been utilized in traditional medicine for treating a variety of illnesses; however, it suggests that more comprehensive research is necessary to scientifically substantiate these applications.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Medicinal plant, Nudicaulins, Papaver nudicaule L., Protopine, Traditional Mongolian medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.9}, author = {Enkhtuul Bayarsaikhan and Turtushikh Damba and Buyanjargal Erdenebat and Norovnyam Ryenchinbyambaa and Otgonsuren Daramzav and Khuvitavilan Battulga and Munkhzul Boldbaatar and Myagmarsuren Badamtsetseg and Enkhjargal Dorjval and Davaadagva Damdinjav and Otgonbaatar Urjin and Maria Halabalaki and Wirginia Kukula-Koch and Daariimaa Khurelbat} } @article {2509, title = {Metabolomic Study on Indonesian Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis L.) Cultivation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {331-341}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {331}, abstract = {

Background: Indonesia has been one of the largest tea producers in the world with one of the reputable plantations in Ngargoyoso region, Java Island in which the plantation specified in five green teas variants, TRI 2024, TRI 2025, Gambong, Kiara and Chinruan. Despite their premium quality, there were limited metabolites information related to varieties, altitude, and plucking position existed in Ngargoyoso. Objective: this research aimed to investigate metabolite profiling affected by varieties, plucking positions and altitudes in the tea plantation grown in Ngargoyoso, Indonesia. Material and Methods: Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) grown in the plantation are five varieties TRI 2025, Gambong, TRI2024, Kiara and Chinruan in Ngargoyoso. Results: 1H NMR metabolomics protocol successfully identified TRI 2025 variety to have higher levels of theanine, catechins and caffeine than other varieties. The young leaves plucking position showed a higher level of catechin, EGCG, caffeine, theobromine, and L-glutamine than the older ones. While green tea at 1159 masl contains a higher level of theanine, L-glutamin, α-glucose, β-glucose, quinic acid, and succinic acid than those at 899 masl. This makes the TRI 2025 variety at the young position can be recommended to be the best quality in taste and benefits. Conclusion: Present study might suggest the tea quality based on metabolites profiling both for taste and benefits.

}, keywords = {Tea leaves; Camellia sinensis; metabolite profiling; 1H-NMR; Indonesia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.43}, author = {Dinar S. C. Wahyuni and Raissa. K. Putri and Anik Arniyanti and Sasha H. Audita and Syaiful Choiri and Saptono Hadi and Rita Rakhmawati and Estu R. Nugraheni and Soerya D. Marliyana and Yudi Rinanto and Ari Satia Nugraha and Ahmad Ainurofiq} } @article {2460, title = {Microencapsulation of Paracetamol with Polycaprolacone Coating}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {89-94}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Paracetamol is widely used as a medicine for fever and pain. Paracetamol has a normal half-life in the blood of 2 hours. If paracetamol is consumed frequently it will cause stomach irritation. This research aims to cover the unpleasant taste of paracetamol by microencapsulating using a coating and changing the release of paracetamol microcapsules. In this study, the coating material used was polycaprolactone because polycaprolactone is a biodegradable coating material. The amount of coating used in this study was 1.5g, 3g and 4.5g. Paracetamol microencapsulation was carried out in evaluation tests, namely organoleptic examination and particle size. Then a characterization test was carried out, namely the surface morphology test of the paracetamol microencapsulation using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) method and the dissolution test. The research results showed that the concentration obtained by Formula 1 was 95.66\%, Formula 2 was 97.17 and F3 was 98.81. The dissolution test results showed that the largest dissolution percentage of microcapsules in formula 1 was 97.85\% at 50 minutes, formula 2 was 98.13 at 55 minutes and formula 3 was 98.91\% at 60 minutes. Microencapsulation of paracetamol with polycaprolactone can cover the bitter taste and changing the release of paracetamol microcapsules into sustained release preparations.

}, keywords = {Microencapsulation, Paracetamol, Polycaprolactone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.12}, author = {Elmi Sariani Hasibuan and Ayus Diningsih and Cory Linda Futri Harahap and Anto J. Hadi and Hafni Nur Insan and Rini Fitriani Dongoran and Haslinah Ahmad and Hapiz Arlanda Sani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2563, title = {Microscopic Standardization and Bioactive Profiling of Cissampelos pareira Roots}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {733-741}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {733}, abstract = {

The present study focuses on the pharmacognostic characterization and phytochemical profiling of Cissampelos pareira roots to establish reliable diagnostic features for identification and standardization. C. pareira, a medicinal plant from the family Menispermaceae, is often erroneously identified as Cyclea peltata due to morphological similarities, highlighting the need for detailed microscopic evaluation. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses revealed distinctive features such as a multilayered cork, lignified stone cells, medullary rays, vascular strands, starch grains, and calcium oxalate crystals. Histochemical tests confirmed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, mucilage, lignin, starch, and oils in specific tissues. Preliminary phytochemical screening of ethanolic root extracts indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, sterols, tannins, terpenoids, essential oils, and amino acids, while saponins and anthraquinones were absent. Physicochemical parameters such as total ash (6.5\% w/w) and water-soluble extractive (16.8\% w/w) supported quality evaluation. These findings validate the ethnomedicinal uses of C. pareira in treating inflammatory, febrile, and reproductive disorders and provide essential pharmacognostic markers for authentication and prevention of adulteration. The study further underscores the plant{\textquoteright}s phytochemical richness, warranting advanced analytical and pharmacological investigations to substantiate its therapeutic potential.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.92}, author = {Sridevi N and Thirumal M} } @article {2492, title = {The Miracle Moringa Oleifera Tree: A Bibliometric Review of Its Neuroprotective Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {258-276}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {258}, abstract = {

Introduction: With its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities, Moringa oleifera is gaining interest for its neuroprotective potential. This bibliometric analysis examines Moringa oleifera research trends, gaps, and future prospects, focusing on its function in cognitive deficits and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s. Topiramate and riluzole{\textquoteright}s neuroprotective effects are also discussed.; Materials and methods: Research trends in Moringa oleifera were examined using Scopus-indexed literature. The plant parts studied (leaves, seeds, roots), doses, and methods were key. The review included antiepileptic medication trials to complement their neuroprotective properties. Results and discussion: Antioxidant and phytochemical properties made Moringa oleifera a promising neuroprotectant, according to the review. However, dose reporting and plant part specification variations compromised findings{\textquoteright} reliability and reproducibility. To maintain methodological consistency, dose-response studies, uniform reporting techniques, and interdisciplinary collaboration are future research topics. Antiepileptic medications like topiramate and riluzole modulate neurotransmitter systems and provide neuroprotection with natural products. Conclusions: This analysis emphasizes the necessity for rigorous research and standardized methods to enhance Moringa oleifera and related pharmacological compounds{\textquoteright} therapeutic potential. Addressing these obstacles will improve findings{\textquoteright} reliability and clinical application, enabling evidencebased neurological condition treatments. This research was conducted in January 2025.

}, keywords = {Brain, Herb, Moringa oleifera, Natural Agent, Neuroprotective, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.33}, author = {Arman Yurisaldi Saleh and Dwi Arwandi Yogi Saputra and Riezky Valentina and Tirta Darmawan Susanto} } @article {2523, title = {Moringa oleifera Fruit Secondary Metabolites Role in Sarcopenic Obesity via Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Protein: An In Silico Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {450-457}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {450}, abstract = {

Background: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) refers to the coexistence of sarcopenia and obesity, pathogenic interaction between loss of skeletal muscle and function and fat-mass accumulation. Fat mass and obesityassociated (FTO) protein is one of the proteins that involved in pathophysiology of SO. Moringa oleifera is one of potential drug candidates for degenerative diseases due to its various bioactive metabolites from most parts of this plant. Objective: An in silico study, employing computational methods to simulate molecular interactions through molecular docking, aims to investigate the potential of Moringa oleifera fruit secondary metabolites to interact with FTO protein. Methodology: This study was carried out the molecular docking analysis of Moringa oleifera fruit secondary metabolites that was retrieved from database and have been screened for drug-likeness and toxicity for FTO protein inhibitor candidates. Molecular docking was using Pyrx v0.8, AutoDock 4.2.6 by AutoDockTools 1.5.7, and BIOVIA Discovery studio client 2025 as visualization tools. Results: This study showed 9 bioactive compounds from Moringa oleifera fruit is bioavailable and safe for oral drugs according to Lipinski Rule of 5 (RO5) and Oral Rat Acute Toxicity (LD50). Molecular docking results showed riboflavin is the most potential compound as FTO protein inhibitor as its strongest affinity and interaction in active site compared to FTO protein native ligands 3-methylthymidine (DT). Conclusion: Therefore, Moringa oleifera fruit is potential for SO therapy candidates through regulation of FTO protein activity.

}, keywords = {and riboflavin, FTO protein, Molecular docking, Moringa oleifera fruit, sarcopenic obesity (SO)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.57}, author = {Mila Citrawati and Assyafiya Salwa and Yuni Setyaningsih and Cut Fauziah and Tiwuk Susantiningsih} } @article {2491, title = {Mucuna Pruriens Seeds Extract Loaded Phytosomal Intranasal Gel for the Effective Treatment of Parkinson{\textquoteright}s Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {129-154}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

One phytoconstituent derived from Mucuna pruriens (legumes) is levodopa. This medication{\textquoteright}s oral usage is limited by its high first-pass metabolism and low absorption. The goal of the present research was to develop a phytosomal gel filled with levodopa extract for better delivery and brain targeting. Various techniques, including solvent evaporation, salting out anti-solvent precipitation, direct egg yolk, and egg lipids methods, were used to create phytosomal formulations. Scanning electron microscopy, particle size, x-ray diffraction, and other techniques were used to characterize phytosomes. And added into gel formation, the more successful batch was examined for several parameters. The final batch underwent a variety of animal tests, including pharmacokinetic analysis, irritation to the nasal cavity testing. The most effective phytosomes were those made via the antisolvent precipitation approach. In this investigation, a 32-randomized complete factorial design was employed. Batch F4 had an entrapment efficiency of 70\%, a particle size of 15 (μg) and 60\% CDR. The gel-formulated batch F4G3 demonstrated improved results in terms of extrudability (90.82), amount of drug (89.32\%), viscosity (5421 cps at 100 rpm), and spreadability (25.18). Batch F4G3 of the Mucuna pruriens phytosome gel exhibited Higuchi{\textquoteright}s kinetics. According to the findings of the animal study, dopamine levels were significantly elevated. The pharmacokinetic and nasal irritation studies showed notable in vitro penetration of the nasal mucosa without resulting in skin irritation. For improving Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease treatment, the phytosomal gel formulation delivered via the nasal route would be the ideal option.

}, keywords = {Gel, L-Dopa extract, Mucuna pruriens, Nasal gel, Optimization, Phytosome}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.18}, author = {Aniruddha Kulkarni and Manoj Tare and Meera Singh} } @article {2487, title = {Myricitrin-Mediated Biogenic Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis, Characterization, and its Antioxidant, Anticancer, and DNA Cleavage Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {121-128}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {121}, abstract = {

Introduction: Myricitrin (MY) is a potent antioxidant flavonoid that has recently gained research interest due to its wide applications in food, cosmetics, and medicine. Objective: The current work reports MY, its isolation and characterization from Eugenia uniflora leaves, and green synthesis with AgNO3 to afford myricitrin-based silver nanoparticles (MY-Ag NPs). Materials and Methods: The biosynthesized nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized using UV, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Dynamic light scattering (DLS) methods. Antioxidant, anti-cancer, and DNA cleavage activities were based on standard in vitro bioassay methods. Results: The UV-vis absorption peak at 430 nm suggests the formation of silver-based NPs. The FESEM imaging showed spherical-to-cubical shaped MY-Ag NPs with an average size of 45.35 nm. The EDX analysis showed the presence of elemental Ag (89.40\%) and N (10.22\%), suggesting a successful synthesis. The XRD analysis revealed various peaks at 38.37$^{0}$, 43.56$^{0}$, 63.76$^{0}$, and 77.77$^{0}$, which suggest metallic silver reflections, further establishing the crystallinity of NPs. The MY-Ag NPs inhibited O2 -, OH-, H2O2, and NO free radicals in a dose-dependent manner. At 50 and 80 μg/mL, it demonstrated a better inhibitory effect on OH- radical than L-ascorbic acid. The cytotoxicity (IC50) against human cancer cell lines of the kidney (ACHN) and the liver (HepG2) were 54.21 {\textpm} 0.06 μg/mL and 33.36 {\textpm} 2.25 μg/mL respectively at 48 h post-treatment. Lastly, at 20 mg/mL for 120 minutes, MY-Ag NPs cleaved DNA, acting as chemical nucleases. This may suggest its capacity to impede cancer cells by cleaving the genome. Conclusion: Therefore, this study has shown that Myricitrinbased Ag NPs possess notable antioxidant and cytotoxicity that can be further exploited in the search for newer anticancer agents.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Antioxidant, DNA cleavage, Myricitrin, Silver nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.17}, author = {Pallab Kar and Ayodeji O. Oriola and Moganavelli Singh and Adebola O. Oyedeji} } @article {2533, title = {Natural Flavonoid Glycoside-Based Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Compound Isolation, Nanoparticle Green Synthesis, Characterization, and in vitro Antioxidant, Anti-hyperglycaemic and Anti-inflammatory Effects}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {531-541}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {531}, abstract = {

Introduction: Recent advances in effective and efficient drug delivery have favoured the biological applications of phytochemical-based metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs). Objective: This study, therefore, utilized a flavonoid glycoside, Myricitrin (MY), isolated from Eugenia uniflora as a biogenic substance for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and evaluated the antioxidant, anti-hyperglycaemic, and anti-inflammatory potentials. Materials and Methods: Flavonoid glycoside was isolated from the leaf of E. uniflora following standard phytochemical techniques for extraction, solvent-partitioning, column chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography. The phytocompound was characterized by NMR and HRESI-MS methods. Zinc oxide NPs were green synthesized using the isolated flavonoid glycoside. The biogenic ZnONPs were characterized using UV-Vis, FESEM, EDX, and XRD techniques. The biological potential of the MY-ZnONPs was based on in vitro analysis. Nitric oxide (NO), H2O2, OH, and O2 - antioxidant methods were used. The anti-hyperglycaemic effect was based on α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition, while the egg albumin denaturation (EAD) method was used to determine the antiinflammatory effect. Results: Flavonoid glycoside was isolated and characterized as myricitrin from E. uniflora. The MY-ZnONPs were green synthesized as a greyish powder. The UV-Vis absorption peaks at 387 and 415 nm match the characteristic peaks for ZnONPs. The FESEM revealed petal-, irregular-, and spindle-shaped NPs of 30-80 nm size, which tend to agglomerate in clusters and bundles. The EDX analysis showed the elemental weight percentage of Zn and O to be 79.83\% and 18.51\%, respectively, indicating the successful formation of ZnO nanoparticles. The X-ray diffractogram showed the crystallinity of the NPs at 29.23$^{0}$, 36.25$^{0}$, 51.50$^{0}$, 63.67$^{0}$, 72.06$^{0}$, and 78.90$^{0}$. At 100 μg/mL, the NPs demonstrated a comparable 68\% inhibition of O2 - to Quercetin, the standard antioxidant. They inhibited EAD in a dose-de pendent manner, having >=75\% inhibition at 200 μg/mL. Finally, they exhibited notable anti-hyperglycaemic properties against α-amylase and α-glucosidase with IC50 of 89.24{\textpm}0.63 and 105.95{\textpm}0.05 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: This study has shown MY-ZnONPs as a flavonoid glycoside-based metal oxide nanoparticle with notable antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammation, antihyperglycaemia, Antioxidant, Green synthesis, natural flavonoid glycosides, ZnO Nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.66}, author = {Pallab Kar and Ayodeji O. Oriola and Adebola O. Oyedeji} } @article {2507, title = {New Studies on Drug Discovery for Cardiovascular Diseases from {\textquotedblleft}Beautiful Wondrous Eye Ornament{\textquotedblright} by Jambaldorj}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {323-326}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {323}, abstract = {

This research is to clear the information of the ancient medical books written by toin Jambaldorj, who wrote about some herbal medicines used to treat cardiovascular diseases, and their taste, potency, and quality. Toin Jambaldorj. Gso byed bdud rtsi{\textquoteright}i {\textquoteright}khrul med ngos {\textquoteright}dzin bzo rig me long du rnam par shar ba mdzes mtshar mig rgyan zhes bya ba bzhugs so. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. Methods of textual analysis for ancient books and checklist methods were used in the study. A prominent representative of traditional Mongolian medicine, Toin Jambaldorj, wrote his book {\textquotedblleft}Beautiful Wondrous Eye Ornament{\textquotedblright} between 1817 and 1823. He used dozens of Indian Ayurvedic, Chinese, and Tibetan medical works of that time to write this book. He also extensively used the Mongolians{\textquoteright} medical heritage. Therefore, this book is considered the most reliable book on pharmacognosy. Toin Jambaldorj{\textquoteright}s book {\textquotedblleft}Beautiful Wondrous Eye Ornament{\textquotedblright} lists 9 herbal medicines used for cardiovascular diseases. The names of some herbal medicines are written in Mongolian, Chinese, Tibetan, Manchu, and Sanskrit, further evidence that the book was written in many languages and from many different sources

}, keywords = {Ancient medical books, Cardiovascular diseases, Jambaldorj, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.41}, author = {Ariunaa Erdene and Amarjargal Baldandorj and Shagdarsuren Dashjamts and Khaliunaa Baasanjav and Bold Sharav and Selenge Erdenechimeg} } @article {2534, title = {Peptide Production from Snakehead Fish (Channa striata) extract with the addition of Bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) and Basil leaf (Ocimum basilicum)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {542-544}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {542}, abstract = {

This study aims to determine the effect of adding bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) and basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum) on the peptide extract of snakehead fish (Channa Striata). The research utilized a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4 treatment factors and 3 replications. Treatments involved different leaf additions during the preparation of the fish peptide extract: control (A0), bay leaves (A1), basil leaves (A2), and both bay and basil leaves (A3). Parameters observed were protein content analysis, degree of hydrolysis, and protein profile using SDS-PAGE. The results of protein content analysis showed no significant effect on protein content, with averages of 6.25\% for treatment A0, 6.09\% for A1, 10.83\% for A2, and 9.80\% for A3. The degree of hydrolysis results indicated highly significant differences, confirmed by Tukey{\textquoteright}s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test at a 5\% significance level: 22.21\% for A0, 41.82\% for A1, 52.76\% for A2, and 43.66\% for A3. This demonstrates very significant variation among treatments. The protein profile analysis of the snakehead fish peptide extract showed that treatments involving the addition of bay leaves and basil leaves affected the molecular weight of proteins in the range of 10-140 kDa and the number of protein bands produced.

}, keywords = {Basil leaf, Bay leaf, Degree of Hydrolysis, Peptides, Protein Content, Snakehead fish}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.67}, author = {Ace Baehaki and Sabrina Rahmadania and Herpandi H and Muhammad Hendri} } @article {2576, title = {Pharmacognostic Authentication and Phytochemical Profiling Coupled with Flowability Studies of Zingiber officinale for Quality Control}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {342-351}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {342}, abstract = {

Introduction: Medicinal plant extracts and other natural products have continued to find useful applications in nanomedicines due to their interesting biological properties. Clerodendrum thomsoniae (CT) is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat stress- and inflammation-related diseases, including jaundice, diabetes, and cancer. Objectives: This study, therefore, evaluated CT extract-based silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Materials and Methods: The nanoparticles were prepared using green synthesis methods. They were characterized using UVVis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Antioxidant study was based on NO, H2O2, superoxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging spectrophotometric methods. The in vitro anti-inflammatory test was based on a protein (egg albumin) denaturation assay. Results: Results showed CT-Ag NPs ranged from spherical to cubic shapes. The UV absorption peak at 427 nm suggests CT-Ag NP formation. The presence of elemental Ag (96.04 \%) by EDX analysis suggests the conversion of metallic silver into elemental silver. The crystallinity of the nanoparticles was shown on the X-ray diffractogram as a sharp peak at 38.12{\textdegree} [reflection index (111)] with an average particle size of 47 nm. CT-Ag NPs showed dose-dependent hydroxyl and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities with 67.63 {\textpm} 0.78 \% and 58.48 {\textpm} 1.20 \%, respectively, at 200 μg/mL. It showed a notable anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting protein denaturation with an IC50 of 53.58 {\textpm} 17.78 μg/mL. Conclusions: It can be deduced from this study that CT-Ag NPs show promise as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.

}, keywords = {Clerodendrum thomsoniae; silver nanoparticles; antioxidant; anti-inflammatory}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.105}, author = {Ankita singh and Arun Kumar Mishra} } @article {2542, title = {The Photoprotective Effect of Cucurbita moschata Seed Extract on Rat Skin Exposed to Ultraviolet Radiation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {588-596}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {588}, abstract = {

Photoaging induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is characterized by DNA damage, oxidative stress, extracellular matrix degradation, and collagen loss. This study evaluated the photoprotective effects of topical pumpkin seed (Cucurbita moschata) extract cream against UVB-induced skin damage in Wistar rats. CPD (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer), MDA (malondialdehyde), MMP-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1) levels, and collagen density were assessed. UVB exposure significantly increased CPD, MDA, and MMP- 1 levels while reducing collagen density. Treatment with pumpkin seed extract cream, particularly at 10\% concentration, markedly reduced CPD and MDA levels (P <= 0.05), indicating potent DNA repair support and antioxidant activity likely attributable to phenolic and flavonoid compounds. MMP-1 levels were significantly decreased, approaching normal values, suggesting inhibition of collagen degradation through anti-inflammatory and anti-matrix degradation mechanisms. Histological examination revealed higher collagen density and more organized collagen fibers in treated groups compared with negative control and placebo. These findings indicate that Cucurbita moschata seed extract cream exerts strong photoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and collagen-preserving effects, with the 10\% formulation showing the greatest efficacy.

}, keywords = {collagen density, CPD, Cucurbita moschata, photoaging, UVB radiation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.73}, author = {Dewi Sartika and Gusbakti Rusip and Linda Chiuman and Ermy Girsang} } @article {2484, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plants Commonly Used in the Treatment of Tuberculosis in the Eastern Free State, South Africa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {155-163}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {155}, abstract = {

Background: Tuberculosis (TB), an airborne infectious disease that mainly infects the lungs, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. South Africa is one of the countries with the highest TB and multi-drugresistant TB burden. Objective: This study aimed at screening eight medicinal plants that are frequently used by herbalists and traditional healers of the eastern Free State for the treatment of TB. Methods: Thirty-two plant extracts were screened for the presence of phytochemicals, antibacterial, antifungal and antimycobacterial activities using standard methods. Results: Extracts prepared from Hermannia depressa and Senecio harveianus displayed the best antibacterial activity against all test microorganisms ranging between 0.098 and 0.781 mg/ml while Drimia depressa and Lotononis lanceolata extracts displayed the best antifungal activity between 0.049 and 0.781 mg/ml. The good antimycobacterial activity was observed with organic extracts prepared from Dicoma anomala, H. depressa, L. lanceolata and S. harveianus between 0.195 and 0.781 mg/ml. Discussion: All plants displayed the presence of tannins and saponins and the absence of alkaloids, anthraquinones and steroids. Plants under this study demonstrated significant antibacterial, antifungal and antimycobacterial activities, with extracts prepared from H. depressa and S. harveianus displaying the best activity against all the test microorganisms with MIC values ranging between 0.098 and 0.781 mg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: The selected medicinal plants that are used in the treatment of TB and related respiratory ailments in the eastern Free State revealed the presence of phytochemicals and significant antimicrobial activities, which explain and justify their frequent use by traditional healers.

}, keywords = {Dicoma anomala, Drimia depressa, Eucomis autumnalis, Hermannia depressa, Lotononis lanceolata, Senecio harveianus, Thesium angulosum, Xysmalobium undulatum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.19}, author = {Mandla Hlongwane and Siphamandla Lamula and Lisa Buwa-Komoreng} } @article {2505, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Pro-Melanogenic Activity of Nigella sativa Extract in B16F10 Cells: A Natural Candidate for Vitiligo Treatment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {307-313}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {307}, abstract = {

Background: Vitiligo is a chronic depigmentation disorder caused by the selective destruction of melanocytes, with limited effective treatment options, particularly in resource-limited regions. Nigella sativa (black cumin seed, BCS) has traditionally been used for various skin ailments, including pigmentation disorders. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the pro-melanogenic activity of a 96\% ethanol extract of Indonesian BCS (EE BCS) in B16F10 cells. Methods: Phytochemical profiling was performed using gas chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and thymoquinone (TQ) content was quantified by highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cell viability (MTT assay), tyrosinase activity (L-DOPA assay), and melanin content were measured. Results: GC-MS identified 9,12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (E,E) as the predominant compound (45.88\%), while HPLC confirmed a relatively low TQ concentration (0.04\%). EE BCS maintained \>90\% cell viability at concentrations up to 12.50 ppm and exhibited an IC50 of 56.41 ppm. Tyrosinase activity significantly increased at 6.25 ppm (136.40\%; p \< 0.05) and 12.50 ppm (228.10\%; p \< 0.01), accompanied by a significant elevation in melanin content (226.00\%; p \< 0.05 and 266.90\%; p \< 0.01 respectively). Conclusion: EE BCS can effectively promote melanogenesis, despite containing low levels of thymoquinone, potentially through synergistic actions of its phytochemical constituents. Given its region-specific phytochemical richness, Indonesian N. sativa extract holds promise as a natural therapeutic candidate for vitiligo. Further in-vivo and clinical validation is warranted.

}, keywords = {B16F10, Melanogenesis, Nigella sativa, Thymoquinone, Tyrosinase, Vitiligo}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.39}, author = {Dian Pratiwi and Silmi Mariya and Raendi Rayendra and Agus Setiyono} } @article {2561, title = {Phytochemical Profile and Bioactivity of Dioscorea transversa R. Br: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Leaf and Tuber}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {718-726}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {718}, abstract = {

Various species of Dioscorea, commonly referred to as wild yams, are employed as food and used globally for medicinal purposes. Dioscorea transversa, also known as the long or pencil yam, is a native to northern and eastern Australia and is also found in the open forests of southern India. The tubers of this plant are consumed by local tribes in northern Kerala during times of famine, and they are believed to enhance bone and muscle strength. Furthermore, it is incorporated with other ingredients in their traditional postnatal rejuvenation preparations. However, this plant which is infrequently examined for its biochemical impacts on humans. This research aimed to identify the phytochemicals present in the tuber and leaf of Dioscorea transversa and to assess solvent extracts for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The leaf sample demonstrated a notable concentration of phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids, while the tuber was rich in saponins, proteins, and steroids. It was noted that the aqueous methanolic extract of the leaves (AqML) exhibited superior antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in comparison to the other five extracts explored. This study underscores D. transversa as a significant source of natural bioactive compounds and advocates for further research to delve deeper into the pharmacological potential of this plant

}, keywords = {COX-2, Dioscorea transversa, Inflammation, Oxidative stress, Phytochemicals, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.90}, author = {K G Geetha and Mohind C Mohan and V Manju} } @article {2495, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Potential, and α-Glucosidase Inhibition of Causonis trifolia Leaf Extracts: A Solvent-Based Comparative Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {164-170}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {164}, abstract = {

Introduction: Medicinal plants are used in diabetes mellitus due to their proven minimal adverse effects in humans. Causonis trifolia leaves have been used as traditional medicine for various treatments. Objective: The aim of this research was to investigate the phytochemicals, the total flavonoid and phenolic content, and in-vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of the extracts of C. trifolia leaves. Method: The leaves of C. trifolia were sequentially extracted with maceration in hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and 50\% ethanol. Then, the C. trifolia leaf extracts were assessed for antioxidant activity by the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging and FRAP assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by the Folin- Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated by determination of α-glucosidase inhibitory effect. Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis of ethanol and 50\% ethanol extracts of C. trifolia leaves showed positive results for alkaloids, coumarin, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, and steroids. The 50\% ethanol extract had the best antioxidant activities of the three antioxidant assays (p \< 0.05). The results revealed higher phenolic and flavonoid contents in 50\% ethanol extract than in the other extracts (p \< 0.05). Moreover, the 50\% ethanol extract exhibited the best potential as α-glucosidase inhibitors of all the extracts and acarbose (p \< 0.05). Conclusions: The results conclude that the C. trifolia leaves with 50\% ethanol as the solvent possessed the potential to extract the highest levels of phytochemical content and have potential antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities for diabetic therapy.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Causonis trifolia, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.20}, author = {Patcharin Singdam and Anussara Kamnate and On-Anong Somsap and Ruhainee Tohkayomatee} } @article {2541, title = {Potential Role of Ashwagandha [Withania Somnifera] As An Antioxidant On Aluminium Chloride-Induced Testicular Damage In Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {583-587}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {583}, abstract = {

Introduction: Aluminium is most prevalent and third most abundant element in earth crust after oxygen. Its exposure in high concentration can accumulate in many organs that damage various organs in living organisms like humans and animals. Although aluminum (Al) is known to induce oxidative damage through various mechanisms including binding to negatively charged phospholipids on the membrane of various tissue cell which are rich in PUFA.Hence,this study was aimed to find the potential role of ashwagandha on aluminum induced testicular toxicity. Methods: Animals were segregated into 4 groups of 6 rats in each. The control group, the Ashwagandha treated group, the Aluminum intoxicated group, pretreated with Ashwagandha with Aluminum intoxicity group. Testicular tissue was removed and were stored in 10\% formalin saline and histopathological slides were done . A part of the tissues were processed for estimation of MDA and GSH level. Results: In the present study administration of aluminum in rats showed a significant decrease in the testicular tissue level of GSH and sperm count, as well as increase in the level of MDA and sperm morphology in aluminum treated group compared to normal control. Treatment with Ashwagandha showed a significant increase in testicular GSH level, sperm count and decrease in MDA level sperm morphology. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that oral Aluminum Chloride administration induced adverse oxidative effects on the exposed animals and treatment with W. somnifera reduced the extent of aluminium chloride-induced tissue injury

}, keywords = {Malondialdehyde, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reduced glutathione, Sperm morphology}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.72}, author = {Anchana Babu and Rekha D Kini and Nayanatara Arun Kumar and Megha Gokul and Bhagyalakshmi K and Sneha Shetty B and Vinodini NA} } @article {2573, title = {Preclinical Safety Assessment of a Polyherbal Formulation: Acute, Subchronic, and Mutagenic Evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {322-328}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {322}, abstract = {

Introduction: Before market approval, novel herbal medicines and bioactive compounds require rigorous genotoxicity and safety evaluations. A polyherbal formulation derived from Dasiphora fruticosa, Cynara scolymus, and Rosa acicularis has previously demonstrated antioxidant and nephroprotective properties. However, comprehensive toxicological and mutagenicity evaluations are needed to support its clinical development. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicities and mutagenic potential of this polyherbal formulation. Methods: Acute oral toxicity was assessed in C57BL/6 mice using a two-phase protocol based on Lorke{\textquoteright}s method. Subchronic toxicity was evaluated in Wistar rats following OECD guideline 407, with daily oral administration of the polyherbal formulation at doses of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg for 28 days. Mutagenicity was assessed using the Muta-Chromoplate (Ames test) kit according to OECD guideline 471. Results: Acute toxicity evaluation determined that the median lethal dose (LD50) of the polyherbal formulation exceeds 5,000 mg/kg, categorising it as practically nontoxic. The subchronic toxicity assessment revealed that doses of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg had no significant effects on body and organ weight, haematological and biochemical parameters, and histopathological features compared with the controls. Furthermore, the Ames test confirmed that the polyherbal formulation had no mutagenic activity. Conclusions: The polyherbal formulation exhibited no acute toxicity at doses up to 5,000 mg/kg, and no adverse effects were observed in a 28-day subchronic toxicity study. Furthermore, its favourable safety profile was further confirmed by its lack of mutagenic potential. Collectively, these findings provide a robust foundation for continued preclinical and clinical development of the polyherbal formulation

}, keywords = {acute toxicity; mutagenicity; phytochemicals; polyherbal formulation; safety evaluation; subchronic toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.102}, author = {Enkhmaa Gonchig and Chimgee Tserendash and Maral-Erdene Gerelt-Od and Batdavaa Batbayar and Mend-Amar Batbaatar and Perleidulam Bunddulam and Enerel Yeruult and Narankhajid Myadagsuren and Otgonbat Altangerel and Yeruult Chultemsuren} } @article {2464, title = {Preconception Posyandu Performance Assessment Instrument with Europan Foundation Quality Management (EFQM) Method: Indicators, Validity and Reliability}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {40-46}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {40}, abstract = {

Preconception Posyandu is one of the preconception women{\textquoteright}s health services created to help reduce MMR, IMR and stunting prevalence in Banggai District. This study aims to create a performance assessment instrument for the Preconception Posyandu so that it can maintain the existence of the service. The development of performance assessment indicators through Focus Discussion Group (FGD) activities using the Europan Foundation Quality Management (EFQM) method consists of using 9 variables. We involved 30 village midwives and 30 preconception women at three health centers within Luwuk City to test the performance assessment instrument. Internal reliability was assessed with Cronbach{\textquoteright}s alpha and criterion validity. The performance appraisal instrument using the EFQM method obtained development results, namely from 52 indicator questions made into 92 questions, then after testing the validity of the instrument, 81 questions were declared valid and 11 questions were invalid. The results of Cronbach{\textquoteright}s alpha value, there are 5 variables with strong reliability (alpha\> 0.80), namely leadership variables, strategic policies, staff management and partnerships and resources, while there is 1 variable with perfect reliability (alpha\> 0.90), namely process variables, and 3 variables with sufficient reliability (alpha \> 0.70), namely performance outcome variables, customer satisfaction and impact on society. The questions generated from the development of indicators can be used to measure performance. The service of the Preconception Posyandu Program that has been running so far, this is evidenced by the average value of the reliability test which is 0.83, which means strong reliability.

}, keywords = {EFQM, Instrument, Performance Appraisal, Preconception Health Post}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.5}, author = {Fitrianty Sutadi Lanyumba and Muhammad Syafar and Darmawansyah D and Apik Indarty Moedjiono and Healthy Hidayanty and Wahiduddin W and Faizal Fahmi and Anang S Otoluwa and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2489, title = {Preparation, Characterization and Wound Healing Effect of β Chitosan and Gelatin Hydrogels from Sepia Officinalis: In Vivo Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {244-251}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {244}, abstract = {

Wound healing is a fundamental process through which the body repairs itself following damage to the skin{\textquoteright}s integrity. This process is intricate and involves multiple biological mechanisms. The objective of this study is to assess the wound healing properties of β-chitosan and gelatin hydrogels. Twenty-five rats were divided into five groups to facilitate the evaluation of wound closure rates and histopathological changes. Upon analyzing the results, we noted a decrease in the initial surface area of all wounds examined. The extent of contraction varied depending on the type of hydrogel used. By day 14, the contraction was most significant in the hydrogel (ch + gel) group (97.30\%), followed closely by β-chitosan (96.72\%) and gelatin (96.63\%), as well as the cicatryl-bio treatment (92.76\%).

}, keywords = {Gelatin, Hydrogel, Os, Sepia Officinalis, Skin, Wound Healing, β Chitosan}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.31}, author = {Amina DOUBBI BOUNOUA and Mokhtaria Yasmina BOUFADI and Karima BOUGUEROUA and Soumia KEDDARI} } @article {2556, title = {Proliferative effect of Dracontium spruceanum on Leishmania}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {683-687}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {683}, abstract = {

Introduction: Leishmaniasis, transmitted by sandflies and caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, primarily presents in its cutaneous form. Difficulties in diagnosis and the adverse effects of conventional treatments have driven the search for alternatives, such as Dracontium spruceanum ("sacha jerg{\'o}n"), an Amazonian plant containing compounds with potential activity against Leishmania spp., whose efficacy still requires scientific validation. Objective: To determine the effect of the aqueous extract of Dracontium spruceanum against Leishmania. Methods: Detection of Leishmania (Viannia) spp. kDNA was performed by PCR using primers MP1-L and MP3-H, with LTB-300 (L. (V.) braziliensis) and DNAfree water as controls. Promastigotes were isolated from cutaneous lesion scrapings and cultured in biphasic medium, achieving differentiation into axenic amastigotes in Schneider medium, with pH 4.7 as the optimal condition for complete conversion. Plant material of Dracontium spruceanum collected in Ucayali (Peru) was processed to obtain an aqueous extract (100 mg/mL). The antiparasitic activity of the extract was evaluated by the MTT assay against promastigotes and amastigotes, using Glucantime as a positive control. Data obtained were analyzed by ANOVA, considering p-values \< 0.05 as significant. Results: In in vitro assays with Leishmania sp., administration of Glucantime (25 mg/mL) produced a significant decrease in cell viability of promastigotes (71\%) and axenic amastigotes (38\%) compared to the control group. Conversely, the aqueous extract of Dracontium spruceanum (8.33 mg/mL) caused a significant increase in promastigote (160\%) and amastigote (179\%) viability, indicating a stimulatory effect on parasite growth (p \< 0.05). Discussion and conclusion: The in vitro effect of the aqueous extract of Dracontium spruceanum on promastigotes and axenic amastigotes of Leishmania sp. was investigated. Unlike Glucantime, which significantly decreased parasite viability, the extract consistently promoted proliferation in both forms. This result, uncommon in medicinal plant studies, could be linked to the presence of ceramides and cerebrosides, compounds in the genus Dracontium previously associated with mitogenic activity. Additional dose-response studies and phytochemical analysis are needed to identify the active compounds and clarify their mechanism of action.

}, keywords = {Cell viability, Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Dracontium spruceanum, Glucantime, Leishmania}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.85}, author = {Marco Mesia Guevara and Jesus Rojas Jaimes and Luis Casta{\~n}eda Pelaez} } @article {2535, title = {A Prospective, Multi-centre, Open label, Single arm Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Amlapitta Mishran Suspension in Participants with Amlapitta (Symptomatic Gastritis)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {545-551}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {545}, abstract = {

Introduction: The multi-center clinical study was conducted to revalidate the efficacy and safety of Amlapitta Mishran Suspension in Amlapitta (symptomatic gastritis) in a larger sample size in improving Amlapitta Symptom Rating Scale Score, PPDS score, EPS score, and safety. Methods: The study was a multi-centric, open-labeled, single-arm, prospective clinical trial in participants with Amlapitta (symptomatic gastritis). Participants with the presence of Amlapitta (symptomatic gastritis), as diagnosed by the Amlapitta Symptom Rating Scale Score >= 5 were included in the study. Participants were advised to take Amlapitta Mishran Suspension in a dose of 15 ml twice daily for 14 days. The study involved three visits. The investigator recorded the Amlapitta Symptom Rating Scale (ASRS) Score, Post Prandial Distress Syndrome (PPDS) Score, and Epigastric Pain Syndrome (EPS) Score at screening visit (Visit 1), baseline visit (Visit 2) and final visit (Visit 3). The p\<0.05 was considered statistically significant measured by paired t-test or Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. Results: In the multi-center study 204 participants completed the study. At final visit, a statistically significant (p\<0.001) reduction was reported in mean Total ASRS score, PPDS score, and EPS score as compared to the baseline scores. The individual ASRS, PPDS, and EPS variables also exhibited significant reduction (p\<0.001) at the final visit. None of the participants reported any adverse events during the study. Conclusion: Amlapitta Mishran Suspension treatment for 14 days effectively and safely reduced the clinical symptoms of Amlapitta (symptomatic gastritis) assessed by Amlapitta Symptom Rating Scale, Postprandial Distress Syndrome and Epigastric Pain Syndrome scores.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Gastritis, Symptom scores}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.68}, author = {Paresh G. Koli and Yashashri Shetty and Reetu Sharma and Bal Krishan Sevatkar and Anaya A. Pathrikar and Hemant S. Paradkar and Mukesh B Chawda and Sangam S. Narvekar and Megha L. Nalawade and Pawankumar R. Godatwar} } @article {2566, title = {Protective Role of Centella asiatica Extract Against Carbon Tetrachloride{\textendash}Induced Hepatic Damage: A Biochemical and Ultrasonographic Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {760-769}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {760}, abstract = {

This study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of Centella asiatica extract on Wistar rats induced with carbon tetrachloride (CCl$_{4}$). The extract is known to contain active compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, and triterpenoids, which contribute to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 70.31 mg GAE/g and 13.49 mg QE/g, respectively, with very strong antioxidant activity (IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ = 48.45 ppm). Evaluation through ultrasonography and histopathology revealed structural improvement in the liver of treated groups, particularly at doses of 200 and 300 mg/ kgBW, marked by reduced abnormal echogenicity and improved liver parenchyma, along with a decrease in histopathological score from 2 to 1. The administration of the extract also significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 (P<=0.05), as well as CRP levels, indicating strong anti-inflammatory potential. In addition, liver function showed meaningful recovery, with the highest albumin level recorded at 200 mg/kgBW (3.00 {\textpm} 0.52 g/dL), and a significant reduction in bilirubin level at 300 mg/kgBW to 0.102 {\textpm} 0.040 mg/dL. Significant decreases were also observed in SGOT and SGPT enzyme levels in the treatment groups, especially at 300 mg/kgBW, indicating protection of hepatocyte integrity. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that Centella asiatica extract possesses hepatoprotective effects through antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and liver function-restorative mechanisms. These findings support the potential development of pegagan as a phytopharmaceutical agent for adjunct therapy in liver disorders and highlight the need for further studies on its active compounds and long-term safety.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Centella asiatica, Cytokines, Hepatoprotective, Ultrasonography}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.95}, author = {Ica Yulianti Pulungan and Ermi Girsang and Ermi Girsang} } @article {2557, title = {Quantification of Phenolics, Flavonoids, and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity in Rosella and Breadfruit Leaf Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {688-698}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {688}, abstract = {

Indonesia is a country rich in biodiversity, with numerous plant species traditionally used in medicine. One such plant is breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), whose leaves contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins, quercetin, artocarpanone, and artoindonesianin. Another plant with high medicinal value is roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), a tropical plant from the Malvaceae family known for its rich phenolic content. Both plants are widely found across Indonesia and have potential as natural antioxidants. In this study, the dry extracts were prepared using the decoction method followed by spray drying. Phytochemical screening, total phenolic and flavonoid content analysis, and antioxidant activity tests were performed using standard in vitro methods. The DE2C extract (a combination of breadfruit leaves and roselle flowers) exhibited high total phenol content at 0.953 {\textpm} 0.005 g GAE/100 g and flavonoid content at 136.97 {\textpm} 5.050 μg QE/100 g. Meanwhile, the DE3C extract showed an IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ value of 540.55 ppm in the DPPH assay. Pearson correlation analysis showed a strong positive correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (R = 0.956, p \< 0.05), while flavonoids also showed a moderate correlation (R = 0.502, p \< 0.05). These results confirm that phenolic compounds play a key role in the antioxidant potential of the extract.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Quantification of Phenolics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.86}, author = {Hesti Riasari and Sani Nurlaela Fitriansyah and Siti Uswatun Hasanah and Mia Aulia and Khania Zavella and Nurul Padilah} } @article {2508, title = {Re-examining Crude Drugs used in the Treatment of COVID-19 from Ancient Medical Books}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {327-330}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {327}, abstract = {

Purpose: Research ancient medical books to find the medicinal ingredients used in the two most widely used recipes for treating COVID-19. Research materials: 1. The following materials were used in the study. Including: Lamyn gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan (1649-1704). {\textquotedblleft}Man ngag bdud rtsi zegs ma.{\textquotedblright} Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. 2. Toin Jambaldorj (1792-1855). Gso byed bdud rtsi{\textquoteright}i {\textquoteright}khrul med ngos {\textquoteright}dzin bzo rig me long du rnam par shar ba mdzes mtshar mig rgyan zhes bya ba bzhugs so. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. Research Methods: Methods of textual analysis for ancient books and checklist methods were used in the study. Conclusion: The most effective and most widely used drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 were Mana-4 and Norov-7 decoctions. The source of these two decoctions is Lamyn gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan{\textquoteright}s (1649-1704) book {\textquotedblleft}Man ngag bdud rtsi zegs ma{\textquotedblright}. This book was one of the main textbooks at the Medical School established in Mongolia in 1685. The traditional medicinal indications and usages of the 7 medicinal crude drugs included in the composition of Mana-4 and Norov-7 decoctions were studied in detail in Toin Jambaldorj{\textquoteright}s book {\textquotedblleft}Beautiful Marvelous Eye Ornament.{\textquotedblright} Apart from these 7 medicinal crude drugs, 6 medicinal crude drugs have the effect of treating influenza and influenza-like illnesses according to modern medical theory. Therefore, it has been established that Mana- 4 and Norov-7 decoctions have the effect of treating infectious febrile disorders accompanied by cold chills and shivering, preliminary stages of influenza, and open up bodily pores and induce sweat.

}, keywords = {Ancient medical books, Common cold, COVID-19, Influenza, Mana-4, Norov-7, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.42}, author = {Ochirbat Dagvadorj and Javkhlan Bold and Tserendagva Dalkh and Selenge Erdenechimeg and Bold Sharav} } @article {2500, title = {A Review: Medicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties of Plants from the Hermannia Genus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {384-393}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {384}, abstract = {

Introduction: Medicinal plants play a pivotal role in treating illnesses and modern medicines are still being derived from plants. Hermannia genus is a significant traditional herbal medicine. This review evaluates the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of plants from the genus Hermannia genus based on available research. Methods: Studies accessed from online research databases were systematically selected and analysed to construct a comprehensive review of the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of plants from the genus. Results: Hermannia species are used in traditional medicine to treat or manage; respiratory conditions, gastrointestinal issues, skin conditions, sexually transmitted infections, and diabetes. Scientific findings also discovered promising pharmacological activities within members of the genus such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticancer activities. To date, over 30 types of secondary metabolites have been identified from the genus, including the 2 pure compounds that were isolated and tested for pharmacological activities. Further research must prioritize other unexplored species of the genus and efficacy and mechanism of action studies on isolated compounds. Conclusion: The genus Hermannia is important in the treatment of diseases of high public health concern. The pharmacological studies and presence of secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds further validates the traditional uses of the genus. Therefore, the findings suggest that the genus has species that may serve as candidates for novel drug discovery for the treatment of various illnesses. Efficacy and mechanism of action studies still need to be conducted on isolated compounds and other unexplored species of the genus.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, drug development, Hermannia, Pharmacological activities, Phytochemistry, Secondary metabolites, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.48}, author = {Mfundisi Nhlapo and Brian Ngobeni and Idah Manduna} } @article {2546, title = {A Review on Chemical Profile and Pharmacological Properties of Marine Sponge Tectitethya Crypta}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {608-619}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {608}, abstract = {

Marine sponges have gained recognition as a valuable resource due to their significant pharmacological properties. The investigation of substances produced by sponges has been extensively researched to identify their pharmacological properties. Marine sponges, which are part of the phylum Porifera, are thought to be the main source of marine natural products. Sponges are multicellular organisms that have a number of pores and channels for exchanging water; the secondary metabolites they create are in turn influenced by their specific environmental circumstances. Natural products such as lipids, terpenoids, peptides, alkaloids, and steroids are abundant in the marine sponge genus Tectitethya crypta. These compounds have unique chemical structures and have shown promising biological activities, making them ideal candidates for the development of novel drugs to treat various ailments. Tectitethya crypta is a sessile filter-feeder that produces a variety of bioactive compounds, including nucleosides and other secondary metabolites. This article reviews the biology and chemistry of Tectitethya crypta and serves as an introduction to the organism. We discuss the taxonomic classification, morphology, and microenvironment of the sponge, as well as the chemical structures and biological activities of its bioactive compounds. Tectitethya crypta was the source for the development of vidarabine, ara-C, and gemcitabine, which are used to treat viruses and cancer, respectively. We discussed about how these molecules may be used to treat parasitic and infectious disorders.

}, keywords = {Anticancer drugs, Antiviral drugs, Bioactive compounds, Marine sponges, pharmacological properties}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.76}, author = {Durga Prasad Kondeti and T. Sundarrajan} } @article {2479, title = {A Review: Searsia genus and Its Potential Anti-Cancer Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {117-120}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {117}, abstract = {

The Searsia genus, belonging to the Anacardiaceae family, comprises small trees and evergreen shrubs primarily found in Southern Africa, with some species extending to East Africa and the Mediterranean. While these species are well-known for their ecological roles in stabilizing soils and providing habitat for wildlife, they also possess significant medicinal value, particularly in traditional African medicine. Searsia plants are rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins, which exhibit potent anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. This has drawn scientific interest, especially regarding their potential in cancer treatment. Notably, Searsia chirindensis and other species have demonstrated cytotoxic effects against various cancer cell lines, attributed to compounds like gallic acid and other polyphenolics. This review delves into the phytochemical profiles of selected Searsia species, exploring their medicinal properties with a particular focus on their anticancer activities. The anti-inflammatory properties of these plants, coupled with their antioxidant activities, suggest a promising role in cancer prevention and treatment, although further research is necessary to confirm these benefits in clinical settings.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Antioxidant, Phytochemistry, Searsia genus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.16}, author = {Dijeng Euginiah Rampana and Pakiso Moses Makhoahle} } @article {2558, title = {The role of TNF-Alpha, IL-6, Adiponectin, and Leptin in Inflammation and Metabolic Dysregulation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {699-702}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {699}, abstract = {

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. The present study investigates the role of inflammatory markers, including TNF-alpha and IL-6, and metabolic hormones such as adiponectin and leptin, in individuals with T2DM. Methods: A total of 147 participants diagnosed with T2DM were included in the study. Clinical and biochemical parameters, including fasting blood sugar (FBS), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), adiponectin, leptin, TNF-alpha, and IL-6, were measured. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were performed to determine associations between inflammatory markers and metabolic dysregulation. Results: The mean age of participants was 42.63 {\textpm} 6.38 years, and the average BMI was 28.38 {\textpm} 2.25 kg/m{\texttwosuperior}. FBS and HbA1C levels were 175.72 {\textpm} 61.61 mg/dL and 7.26 {\textpm} 0.94\%, respectively. The mean adiponectin and leptin levels were 4.71 {\textpm} 1.75 μg/mL and 20.58 {\textpm} 5.19 ng/mL, respectively. TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels averaged 132.00 {\textpm} 9.45 pg/mL and 33.52 {\textpm} 14.55 pg/mL, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated an inverse relationship between adiponectin and BMI, while leptin was positively correlated with BMI and insulin levels. Elevated TNFalpha and IL-6 levels were associated with increased HbA1C and fasting blood glucose. Conclusion: This study highlights the significant role of inflammatory markers in metabolic dysregulation among T2DM patients. Elevated TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels reinforce the link between chronic inflammation and impaired glucose metabolism. These findings underscore the need for anti-inflammatory strategies in diabetes management.

}, keywords = {Adiponectin, IL-6, Inflammation, Leptin, Metabolic Dysregulation, TNF-Alpha, Type 2 diabetes mellitus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.87}, author = {Prajna R H and Shivananda Nayak and Priya V and Shruthi Rai P and Shivaraja shankara Y M and Prashanthkumar Goudappala and Dinesh PV and Namratha KG} } @article {2567, title = {A Study on Arsenic and Arsenic-Containing Mineral Medicines Referenced in Ancient Books of Traditional Mongolian Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {270-274}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {270}, abstract = {

Introduction: Arsenic was used to distinguish between red stone poison and white stone poison in traditional medicine from ancient times. However, there is no specific study conducted on "stone arsenic" based on ancient Mongolian medical books and manuscripts. Therefore, this study aims to collect and analyse information on arsenic recorded in ancient traditional medical scriptures and books written in Mongolian and Tibetan as early as the 19th to late 20th centuries, with a focus on its medical applications and associated terminology. Methods: The hermeneutic research method emphasises the interpretive analysis of ancient texts, communications, and their interrelations. Employing the hermeneutics method, we focused on interpreting the meanings within ancient medical texts and manuscripts, including the terminology of the sources selected for analysis. The checklist method was used to categorise and list the facts and information about arsenic in the study sources. The relevant components of the collected information and facts regarding arsenic and arsenic-containing mineral medicines were examined. Results: Several sources of traditional Mongolian medicine have mentioned the use of arsenic as a standalone substance. Additionally, there is limited information about its use in combination with other medications. During the research, it was discovered that an ancient manuscript mentioned its use as an active ingredient. This manuscript, a single-page scripture, is poorly written but contains rare information. The active ingredient of this medicine is arsenic, and the other four ingredients are sulphur native, sal ammoniac, realgar, and resin of the plant Shorea robusta. It is mixed with aged oil and applied to various wounds, and is regarded as one of the most effective remedies for all ulcers and wounds. Conclusion: The research results revealed that there are several clear references to arsenic in ancient traditional Mongolian medical books and manuscripts written in Tibetan and Mongolian. The Tibetan name for arsenic is rdo dug, the Mongolian name is kh{\"u}ntsel, and the Latin name is Arsenicum. The findings indicate that arsenic is incorporated into several traditional prescriptions and serves as an active component in certain medicinal formulations.

}, keywords = {Arsenic, ingredient, manuscript, mineral medicines, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.96}, author = {Sainjargal Ayush and Selenge Erdenechimeg and Ao Wuliji and Hua Naranmandura and Bold Sharav and Javkhlan Bold} } @article {2524, title = {Sub-Acute Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Leucas indica Ethanolic Leaf Extract in Wistar Rats Using the Cotton Pellet Granuloma Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {458-460}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {458}, abstract = {

This study investigated the sub-acute anti-inflammatory potential of Leucas indica leaves using the cotton pellet granuloma model in Wistar albino rats. Fifty rats were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 10 per group). Sterile cotton pellets (~20 {\textpm} 1 mg) were prepared and autoclaved before subcutaneous implantation at the nape of the neck following sedation with pentobarbitone sodium (30 mg/kg, orally) and skin disinfection with 70\% ethanol. Treatment regimens included: a control group receiving 3 mL of 1\% gum acacia (orally), a standard group administered Indomethacin (10 mg/kg, orally), and three test groups receiving leaves of Leucas indica ethanolic extract at 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg, three times daily for seven days. On the eighth day, the animals were humanely sacrificed, and the implanted pellets were removed, dried, and weighed to assess inflammatory response. Key parameters, including granuloma formation, transudative weight, and percentage inhibition, were analysed using ANOVA with Dunnett{\textquoteright}s multiple comparison test (p \< 0.05 considered significant). Standard drug (Indomethacin) produced a highly significant reduction (p\<0.01) in all three parameters (WW, DW, TW), confirming the model{\textquoteright}s validity and the drug{\textquoteright}s strong anti-inflammatory effect. EELLI at 75 mg/kg showed no statistically significant reduction, indicating weak or no anti-inflammatory activity at this dose. EELLI at 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/ kg showed a significant reduction in: Wet weight (WW): Suggests decreased exudation and inflammation. Dry weight (DW): Indicates reduced granuloma formation (proliferative phase). Transudative weight (TW): Reflects reduced fluid accumulation. The ethanolic extract of Leucas indica (EELLI) exhibited significant sub-acute anti-inflammatory activity at 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, as evidenced by reduced granuloma weight and fluid accumulation. The effect, though moderate compared to Indomethacin, supports the plant{\textquoteright}s traditional use and warrants further investigation.

}, keywords = {Cotton pellet granuloma, Leucas indica, Sub-acute anti-inflammatory activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.58}, author = {Chandrashekar R and Robin Shetty and Rashmi B R and Vinodini NA} } @article {2572, title = {Synergistic antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Tinospora cordifolia and Azadirachta indica extracts supported by in-silico molecular docking and ADMET evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {310-321}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {310}, abstract = {

Background: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder which worsens by increased oxidative stress resulting in other diabetes associated complications. Tinospora cordifolia (TC) and Azadirachta indica (AI) are traditional medicinal plants that has been used for diabetes since ancient times, but their combined potential as a formulation has not been evaluated for the management of diabetes. Objectives: This study aimed to profile the phytochemical composition of 70\% hydroethanolic extracts of TC and AI, assess their antioxidant and antidiabetic activity individually and in combination, and further substantiate their efficacy through in-silico molecular docking and ADMET evaluation of their key bioactive compounds, berberine and nimbolide. Methods: Hydroethanolic extracts of TC and AI were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening, quantification of primary and secondary metabolites, and HPTLC profiling. Five combinations of TC:AI (1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3, 3:1) were prepared and evaluated for antioxidant activity using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, and for antidiabetic potential using α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and PTP1B inhibition assays. IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ values were calculated. In-silico studies were performed for berberine and nimbolide using AutoDock 4.2.6 against PPARγ, GLUT4, and IRS1. Drug-likeness and ADMET properties were predicted using SwissADME and pkCSM. Results: Phytochemical profiling confirmed the presence of alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins. TC demonstrated stronger inherent antioxidant and antidiabetic activity than AI. Among combinations, 1:1 and 3:1 formulations showed the highest potency with IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ values comparable to standards. Molecular docking revealed strong binding affinities of berberine and nimbolide toward PPARγ, GLUT4, and IRS1, while ADMET prediction indicated acceptable pharmacokinetic behaviour and good drug-likeness. Conclusion: The TC:AI 1:1 formulation exhibited synergistic antioxidant and antidiabetic effects, supported by favorable in-silico interactions and pharmacokinetic profiles, highlighting its potential as a natural therapeutic option for T2DM management.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Azadirachta indica, Health, Plants, PTP1B, Tinospora cordifolia, α-amylase, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.101}, author = {Amaresh Parimi and Silambarasan K and Prashantkumar Goudappala and Ravi Mundugaru and Parameswari Royapuram Parthasarathy} } @article {2501, title = {Synthesis and Characterization of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles using Medicinally important Nigella sativa L. (black Cumin) and their Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and DNA Cleavage Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {282-288}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {282}, abstract = {

Introduction: The application of nanotechnology in herbal medicine offers promising prospects for drug delivery by enabling targeted, controlled, and efficient delivery of medicinal ingredients, potentially minimizing side effects and improving treatment outcomes. Nigella sativa L. (black Cumin) seed infusions are useful in Asian and African ethnomedicines in remedying stress and inflammatory-related ailments. Objective: On this premise, black Cumin-based silver nanoparticles (BC-Ag NP) were developed and evaluated for their biological potential. Materials and Methods: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were green synthesized using the seed aqueous extract of black cumin (BC). The BC-AgNPs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), highresolution transmission electron microscopy analysis (HRTEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The biological potential of the NPs was based on NO, H2O2, {\textbullet}OH, and O2 {\textbullet}{\textendash} radical scavenging antioxidant, egg albumin denaturation (anti-inflammatory), and DNA cleavage assay methods. Results: The SEM and FESEM revealed spherical-to-cubical-shaped ultrafine BC-Ag NPs with a size of less than 100 nm. The HR-TEM micrograph confirmed each NP to be spherical in shape and within the 10-50 nm range. The X-ray diffractogram showed the crystallinity of the NPs with a sharp peak at 38.12{\textdegree} [reflection index (111)] at an average size of 47 nm. The transformation of metallic silver into elemental silver was validated by EDX analysis, with 97.58\% elemental Ag at ~3 keV acute curve. The BC-Ag NPs showed dose-dependent antioxidant activity, with IC50 of 87.56 {\textpm} 1.54 and 110.5 {\textpm} 2.27 μg/mL against H2O2 and O2 ._ free radicals, respectively. The anti-inflammatory activity of the NPs was one-third the potency of Diclofenac sodium (standard drug) at IC50 of 103.44 {\textpm} 5.35 μg/mL. Finally, the BC-Ag NPs acted as chemical nucleases to cleave DNA at a 20 mg/mL concentration for 120 minutes. Conclusion: This study has shown that AgNPs biosynthesized with black Cumin seed extract possess notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and DNA cleavage properties and, thus, may be a useful nanomaterial for efficient pharmaceutical delivery.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, DNA cleavage, Nigella sativa, Silver nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.35}, author = {Ayodeji O. Oriola and Pallab Kar and Adebola O. Oyedeji} } @article {2529, title = {Synthesis and Characterization of Biogenic Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Eugenia uniflora Extract and its Anticancer Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {506-510}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {506}, abstract = {

Introduction: Green synthesized nanoparticles have continued to be an important bioresource, exhibiting targeted delivery to diseases{\textquoteright} active sites with considerable eco-friendliness and effectiveness. Objective: In this study, the medicinally useful Eugenia uniflora L. through green synthesis with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs), was potentiated for its anticancer activity. Materials and Methods: The leaf aqueous extract of E. uniflora (EU) was biosynthesized with zinc acetate dihydrate precursor to develop EU-ZnONPs. Characterization was based on field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The anticancer potential of EU-ZnONPs was based on MTT-based cytotoxicity (CC50) against human cancerous (HepG2 and ACHN) cell lines. Results: The FESEM revealed spherical-to-cubical shaped EU-ZnONPs with 40 and 80 nm average size ranges. Further microscopic evaluation by HRTEM showed that the bulk of the nanoparticles (NPs) are spherical, ranging from 5{\textendash}30 nm in size. The UV-Vis absorption peak at 387 nm agreed with the characteristic 300-400 nm peak range of biogenic ZnONPs. The presence of Zn and O at elemental weight percentages of 73.55 and 23.05\% confirmed the successful green synthesis of the Eu-ZnONPs. At 48 h post-treatment, the cytotoxicity against HepG2 and ACHN cancer cell lines was concentration-dependent, with CC50 values of 54.21 {\textpm} 0.06 μg/mL and 33.36 {\textpm} 2.25 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: This study has shown that EUZnONPs possess notable cytotoxicity against HepG2 and ACHN cancer cells, thus suggesting E. uniflora extract-based ZnONPs as a promising anticancer bioresource.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Eugenia uniflora, Green synthesis, ZnO Nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.63}, author = {Pallab Kar and Ayodeji O. Oriola and Adebola O. Oyedeji} } @article {2506, title = {Taxonomy and Pharmacognosy of Bergenia ciliata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {314-322}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {314}, abstract = {

Background: The crude drug (P{\={a}}sh{\={a}}nabheda) described in several pharmacopoeias is the rhizome of the plant species Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. (Saxifragaceae), an evergreen, perennial temperate herb that grows at an elevation of 900-3000 m AMSL in the Indian Himalaya. The rhizome has been used for centuries to treat kidney and bladder stones and rheumatoid arthritis besides the other therapeutic and nutraceutical applications in ethnomedicine, traditional, Ayurveda and Unani systems of medicine. Objective: In view of issues in identifying raw material and segregating the adulterants of the crude drug, a pharmacognostic study was undertaken to provide ways for its safe use by obtaining detailed anatomical features of both the rhizome and the root of Bergenia ciliata by means of fresh and dried material. Methods: A brief description of the crude drug and its powder is made available employing the standard microscopic and phytochemical evaluations. Results: Using in-house developed thin-layer chromatography and HPLC methods, bergenin has been isolated in rhizome extract for quality control purposes. Traditional and therapeutic uses of the principal bioactive constituent bergenin, arbutin and the other phytochemical constituents are discussed. Furthermore, an account of raw material specifications for the rhizome, standards used, and regulatory status are presented against the background of the published information. Conclusion: Results presented in the report will further lead to future studies on beneficial and quality control aspects of the rhizome and to develop a potential nutraceutical, dietary supplement.

}, keywords = {Bergenin, Dietary supplement, Kidney stones, Pashanabheda, rheumatoid arthritis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.40}, author = {T. Sudhakar Johnson and Ashit Vora and Vatsavaya S. Raju and Sameer C. Patil} } @article {2568, title = {Therapeutic Effects of Combined Zinc and α-Tocopherol Administration in a Rat Model of Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Sepsis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {275-283}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {275}, abstract = {

Sepsis induces systemic inflammation through excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to oxidative stress, tissue damage, and multiorgan dysfunction. This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects of combined zinc and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) supplementation on inflammatory and biochemical parameters in Staphylococcus aureus-induced sepsis in male Wistar rats. Thirty rats were divided into six groups: (1) normal control, (2) Placebo control (sepsis without therapy), (3) positive control (levofloxacin 45 mg/kg BW + zinc 0.9 mg/kg BW + vitamin E 250 mg/kg BW), and (4{\textendash}6) treatment groups receiving combined zinc (0.9, 1.8, and 2.7 mg/kg BW) with vitamin E (250 mg/kg BW). Sepsis was induced intraperitoneally, followed by treatment according to group. On day 9, serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, CRP, AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, and albumin were analyzed, while lung and kidney, were examined histologically. The combination of zinc and vitamin E significantly decreased TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP levels while improving biochemical parameters and increasing serum albumin compared to the untreated group (p <= 0.05). The highest efficacy was observed with zinc 2.7 mg/kg BW and vitamin E 250 mg/kg BW, which showed over 50\% reduction in tissue damage, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and interstitial hemorrhage in lung tissue, and improved hepatic cellular regeneration. These findings suggest that zinc and vitamin E exert synergistic anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, indicating their potential as adjuvant therapy in sepsis management.

}, keywords = {CRP, Histopathology, IL-6, Oxidative stress, Sepsis, Staphylococcus aureus, TNF-α, Vitamin E, zinc}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.97}, author = {Olivia Des Vinca Albahana Napitupulu and Gusbakti Rusip and Maya Sari Mutia} } @article {2519, title = {Traditional claims to Scientific Evidence: A Analysis of Trachyspermum ammi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {425-433}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {425}, abstract = {

Background: Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain) is a medicinally significant plant belonging to the Apiaceae family, widely cultivated in various regions, including India, Iran, and Egypt. Objectives: This study provides a detailed Pharmacognostic evaluation of ajwain through macroscopic, microscopic, powder microscopy, histochemical, and preliminary phytochemical analyses, along with standardization parameters for crude drug validation. Materials and methods: Ajwain fruits were collected and authenticated by a certified botanist. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses were conducted using digital and compound microscopes. Powder microscopy, histochemical staining, preliminary phytochemical screening, and physicochemical standardization, such as ash values, extractive values, and moisture content, were performed. Result: Macroscopic observations confirmed the fruit{\textquoteright}s distinctive morphological features, while microscopic studies detailed the anatomical structure, including the presence of vittae, epicarp with papillae, and oil globules. Powder microscopy further verified characteristic elements such as anomocytic stomata, fibers, annular vessels, and phenolic compounds. Histochemical tests revealed the presence of bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, lignin, and mucilage, which contribute to its therapeutic properties. These findings substantiate the traditional medicinal applications of ajwain, particularly in gastrointestinal and respiratory treatments. Conclusion: The study provides essential diagnostic markers for quality control and standardization in herbal medicine, laying a foundation for future pharmacological investigations.

}, keywords = {Ajwain, Apiaceae, Histochemical studies, Pharmacognostical study, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.53}, author = {Monika S and Sridevi N and Ranjitha S and Harini V and Oviya R and Tharun Adhithya M B and Thirumal M and Vignesh S} } @article {2543, title = {Tribulus terrestris: A Revisit to a Promising Herbal Diuretic}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {653-661}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {653}, abstract = {

Background: Standard diuretics are essential for managing fluid as well as electrolyte overload and hypertension but are frequently associated with adverse effects such as electrolyte imbalances, renal dysfunction, and metabolic disturbances. This has prompted increased interest in safer, plant-based alternatives. Tribulus terrestris, a medicinal herb used as a diuretic agent in traditional systems, has shown promising diuretic activity in recent experimental studies. Objective: To provide an outline and assess the reported diuretic effects of Tribulus terrestris, including its phytochemical profile, mechanisms of action, and findings from in vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies. Methods: An extensive literature survey was performed on the PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases for studies published between 2000 and 2025. The inclusion criterion was original articles evaluating the diuretic activity of Tribulus terrestris. Articles without diuretic activity were excluded. Data extraction included the plant part used, extract type, dosage, model used and observed effects. Results: This review highlights the diuretic properties and phytoconstituents of Tribulus terrestris. Most studies have used aqueous or ethanolic extracts of fruits or whole plants and reported significant increases in urine output and urinary sodium excretion, which are often comparable to those of standard diuretics such as furosemide. Conclusion: This review highlights the preclinical diuretic activity of Tribulus terrestris. It has shown effective and welltolerated diuretic potential in preclinical and human subjects. It is a promising, likely herbal-based diuretic, natural alternative or complement, adjunct to conventional diuretics, which warrants further investigation through clinical studies.

}, keywords = {diuresis, diuretic agent, Herbal medicine, Indian traditional medicine, Siddha system of medicine, Tribulus terrestris}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.82}, author = {Amruth Kiran and Praveen Kumar S E and Devasrita Dash and Govindasamy Suresh and Vasudev R Pai and Arul Amuthan and K Ganesh Shenoy} } @article {2494, title = {Tribulus terrestris L. in traditional Mongolian medicine: Medicinal Applications, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {171-178}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {171}, abstract = {

Background: Tribulus terrestris L. has traditionally been used in Mongolian medicine for its effects on kidney protection, promotion of urination, and boosting of physical energy. This study investigated the plant{\textquoteright}s historical use, chemical composition, biological effects, and medicinal significance. Methods: A literature review was conducted using classical medical texts, pharmacopoeias, and peer-reviewed articles from international research databases to explore the properties and uses of T. terrestris. Results: Traditional sources, such as book {\textquotedblleft}Essence of spring water, root of the eight-part secret{\textquotedblright}({\textquotedblleft}Rashaan Shim Naiman Gishuun{\textquoteright}t Nuuts Uvdisiin Undes{\textquotedblright}), describe T. terrestris as having sweet and warm properties, mainly used for treating kidney diseases and wind-related disorders (khi). It has traditionally been used to relieve kidney ailments caused by cold, kidney rheumatism, urinary retention, leg and back pain, edema, and male reproductive weakness. Additionally, it is believed to promote urination and enhance the overall vitality. Modern research confirms that T. terrestris exhibits kidney-protective effects owing to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. It also has mild diuretic effects, supports sex hormone production, and enhances sexual functions. Furthermore, their antioxidant properties have potential anti-aging effects. Conclusion: Modern research confirms the traditional use of T. terrestris to support kidney health, promote urination, and boost physical energy intake.

}, keywords = {Diuretic activity, Nephroprotective effect, Physical performance, Traditional Mongolian medicine, Tribulus terrestris L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.21}, author = {Baigalmaa Dovchinsuren and Ariunaa Damdinsuren and Bolor Bayarkhuu and Mandakhnaran Purevkhuu and Otgonbat Batjargal and Boditsetseg Badarch and Enkhjargal Dorjbal} } @article {2565, title = {Ultrasonographic and Biochemical Evaluation of the Hepatoprotective Effect of Cinnamomum burmannii Bark Extract in Carbon Tetrachloride{\textendash}Induced Liver Injury}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {751-759}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {751}, abstract = {

This study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) in male Wistar rats induced with carbon tetrachloride (CCl$_{4}$). Cinnamon extract is known to contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and polyphenols, which play significant roles in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Phytochemical analysis revealed that the extract contained total phenolic content of 71.55 mg GAE/g and flavonoid content of 0.41 mg QE/g, with a potent antioxidant activity indicated by an IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ value of 18.19 ppm. Administration of the extract for 28 days at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight resulted in a significant reduction (P\<0.05) in pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP levels compared to the negative control group. The 300 mg/kg dose showed the highest efficacy, with TNF-α levels approaching those of the normal group. Furthermore, liver function parameters improved, as evidenced by significant reductions in SGOT and SGPT enzyme levels, an increase in serum albumin (2.96 {\textpm} 0.52 g/dL), and a decrease in serum bilirubin to 0.102 {\textpm} 0.040 mg/dL. Ultrasonographic examination showed improved liver parenchymal homogeneity and a reduction in the number of nodules. Histopathological findings revealed a decrease in liver tissue damage score from moderate to mild. These findings suggest that Cinnamomum burmannii extract has potential hepatoprotective effects through antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatocellular recovery mechanisms. Therefore, this extract holds promise as a phytopharmaceutical candidate for complementary therapy in liver function disorders; however, further studies are required to isolate the active compounds and evaluate long-term toxicity.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cinnamon, Cytokine, Hepatoprotective, Histopathology}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.94}, author = {Inda Kania Meilani and Ermi Girsang and Yolanda Eliza Putri Lubis} } @article {2520, title = {Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Green Synthesis Using Black Cumin Seed Aqueous Extract: Its Characterization and in vitro Anti- Hyperglycaemic Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {434-437}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {434}, abstract = {

Introduction: α-Amylase and α-glucosidase are carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes that are known to be involved in postprandial hyperglycaemia in diabetic patients. Objective: In a bid to source potent inhibitors of these enzymes, the study synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles and evaluated the in vitro anti-hyperglycaemic activity. Materials and Methods: The seed aqueous extract of black Cumin (BC) was used as a capping and/or reducing agent to synthesize ZnO NPs from zinc acetate precursor. The BC-ZnONPs were characterized by microscopy (FESEM and HRTEM) and spectroscopy (UV-Vis and EDX) methods. In vitro anti-hyperglycaemic evaluation was based on α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays. Results: The BC-ZnONPs showed a spherical-to-cubical shape with a 10-50 nm size range. The UV-Vis absorption peaks at 387 and 415 nm suggest the formation of biogenic ZnO NPs. The EDX spectrum revealed 68.92\% and 27.49\% weight compositions of Zn and O, respectively, to further substantiate ZnO nanoparticle synthesis. The BC-ZnONPs showed notable anti-hyperglycaemic properties with IC50 of 87.72{\textpm}5.13 and 124.21{\textpm}15.20 μg/mL against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. Conclusion: Black Cumin seed extract was a useful biogenic material for synthesizing ZnO NPs. The BCZnONPs showed promising anti-hyperglycaemic properties based on the notable inhibitory activities against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Future work may include evaluating the synergistic effects of black Cumin metabolites and ZnONPs, as well as determining the in vivo toxicity profile for safety considerations.

}, keywords = {Anti-Hyperglycaemia, Black cumin, ZnO Nanoparticles, α-amylase, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.54}, author = {Ayodeji Oluwabunmi Oriola and Pallab Kar} } @article {2412, title = {Abnormalities in Hemostatic Parameters Related to Hemodialysis in End-stage Kidney Pathology: A Narrative Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1223-1230}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1223}, abstract = {

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressively prevalent global health issue. During the initial phases of the condition, CKD is commonly linked to a tendency for excessive blood clotting. While in the end-stage of disease, patients undergoing hemodialysis have a multitude of hemostatic abnormalities. These include prolonged bleeding time, altered platelet count, prolonged PT and aPTT, elevated FDPs and D-dimer, dysregulated vWF activity, and abnormal thrombin generation. These changes result from a combination of uremic toxicity, endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory states, and the effects of the hemodialysis procedure itself. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for managing and mitigating the bleeding and thrombotic risks in this patient population. This review aims to systematically investigate the effects of hemodialysis on key hemostasis parameters in CKD patients.

}, keywords = {Coagulation, End-stage Kidney Disease (ESKD), Hemodialysis, Hemostasis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.200}, author = {Bassam A. Hazae and Yetti Hernaningsih and Puspa Wardhani and Fatima Albadwi and Nastasya Nunki} } @article {2376, title = {The Activity of Pegagan Embun Extract (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) in Capsule Form to SGPT and SGOT Levels in Humans}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1015-1020}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1015}, abstract = {

Purpose: The study aimed to determine the activity of administering Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract in capsule dosage on SGPT and SGOT levels in humans. Methods: The participants involved 20 healthy volunteers aged 20-25 years who were divided into 2 groups with placebo as a comparison. The treatment groups were given capsules containing Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract at a dose of 67 mg. The other group administered a placebo containing lactose for 3 days. SGPT and SGOT levels were measured before and after consuming the test capsules. The examination of SGPT and SGOT levels was carried out using a 5010 v5+ photometer. Results: SGPT levels before the capsules were 28.79 U/L for the placebo and 28.59 U/L for the test preparation group. After administration of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract capsules were 24.26 U/L and for placebo 32.86 U/L. At the same time, the measurement results of SGOT levels before being given the capsule were 17.37 U/L for the placebo and 17.71 U/L for the test preparation group. After administration of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract capsules, it was 14.56 U/L and 18.52 U/L for placebo. The study results show that Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract significantly decreases SGPT and SGOT levels in humans (p\<0.5). Conclusion: This result indicates that Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam extract is relatively non-toxic and safe for public use as an immunostimulant herbal medicine.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.164}, author = {Afriwardi Afriwardi and Adinny Julmiza and Salman Umar and Aditya Alqamal Alianta and Yufri Aldi} } @article {2442, title = {Acute Chemical Eye Injury as Result of an Assault: Clinical and Forensic Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1408-1410}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1408}, abstract = {

Introduction: Chemical injuries represent a significant health concern, characterized by trauma inflicted by corrosive substances, including both acidic and alkaline agents. Chemical trauma to the eye is particularly critical due to its potential for high morbidity and irreversible blindness, necessitating immediate medical intervention. Understanding clinical aspect of chemical eye injury is crucial, as it not only impacts clinical outcomes but also informs forensic management strategies. Method: Case reports on chemical eye injury case causing by an assault. In-depth study about the case based on clinical aspect of the disease and its management in forensic. Results: Presented male; 56 years old suffered from chemical burns on both eyes causing by suspected acid liquid. The acid was poured on the victim by his biological son. Examination shows limbal ischemia was 270o accompanied by corneal erosion in the right eye. Visual acuity test shows a decrease in vision for both eyes. Litmus examination of the right eye showed a pH of 6 {\textendash} 7. Case management involves collaboration between clinical management by the eye department and legal management correlated to the assault by the forensic department. Conclusion: In a case of chemical assaults to the eyes, clinical management and prognosis of the injury suffered by patient will determine the severity of injury. This in turn, will be one of the considerations for the judges to decide

}, keywords = {Case management, Chemical burns, Eye injury, Forensic medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.226}, author = {Tia Maya Affrita and Ahmad Yudianto and Syahroni} } @article {2426, title = {Adsorption of Metanil Yellow Using Flavonoid Extract from Longan Peel (Dimocarpus longan): Optimization of pH and Concentration}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1315-1319}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1315}, abstract = {

Water pollution can come from industrial waste containing various toxic pollutants, one of which is dye. Hazardous dyes are stable and resistant to biodegradation due to their complex aromatic structure, so dyes need to be treated. Metanil Yellow is a dye that is harmful to aquatic life and the human body. One method that can be used is adsorption with the batch method because it has the advantage of low cost and simple processing. Flavonoid extracts have high potential to be used as biosorbents because they have hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. This study aims to determine the potential of flavonoid extracts to adsorb metanil yellow dye using optimum pH and solution concentration and to determine its absorption capacity. The results showed that the optimum pH obtained was at pH 2 and the optimum solution concentration was at 150 ppm with an absorption capacity of 9.22078 mg/g.

}, keywords = {Adsorption, Batch, Flavonoids, Longan Peel, Metanil Yellow}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.212}, author = {Sri Benti Etika and Desy Kurniawati and Melindra Mulia and Rahni Darussalam and Okta Suryani and Edi Nasra and Nada frista} } @article {2237, title = {Adulteration of Herbal Medicine and its Detection Methods}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {248-254}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {248}, abstract = {

People are increasingly turning to the use of herbal medicines (HMs) due to the growing trend of embracing nature and concerns about the adverse effects of conventional treatments. HMs provide a sense of safety because they are natural and intended for long-term use. However, herbal medicines are also associated with adverse effects. Furthermore, the use of these medicines poses dangers associated with the deliberate inclusion of synthetic substances, the intentional or accidental substitution of plant species, or simply the risk of mislabeling. While reports of illegal synthetic or pharmaceutical substances being added often involve herbal weight-loss and weight gain preparations, aphrodisiacs, treatments for rheumatic and inflammatory diseases, antidiabetic medications, and antihypertensive preparations, it appears that the substitution of plant species occurs across various categories of herbal medicines. This narrative aims to review the types of adulteration in herbal medicine, the analytical techniques used for detecting adulteration. In conclusion, more studies on the adulteration of HMs are required to inform health authorities and limit the use of these substances. Therefore, it is necessary to coordinate and encourage regulatory policies on HMs on a worldwide scale. Relevant regulatory agencies all over the world must be proactive and keep enforcing the necessary safeguards to protect public health by ensuring that all herbal medications approved for sale are secure and of a high enough standard.

}, keywords = {Adulteration, detection methods, Herbal medicines}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.36}, author = {Arwa Ahmed Alyas and Hasan Aldewachi and Mohammed Ibrahim Aladul} } @article {2256, title = {Analysis Factor Contributed BDNF Level Serum in Schizophrenia Patients During Antipsychotic Treatment at Reksodiwiryo Army Hospital and Siti Rahmah Islamic Hospital Padang Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {355-359}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {355}, abstract = {

Schizophrenia is a debilitating and long-lasting psychiatric condition characterized by its severity. The main causes of this disorder are still complex and not fully understood. Schizophrenia is a serious and lifelong psychiatric condition, is estimated to affect around 1\% of the population throughout their lifetime. This study aims to determine the contribution of serum Brain-derived neurotrophic (BDNF) levels in schizophrenia patients during antipsychotic treatment at Reksodiwiryo Army Hospital and Siti Rahmah Islamic Hospital, Padang, Indonesia. Duration of antipsychotic treament range 1 year to 10 years. The method used in this research was a random perspective approach and consecutive sampling for patients undergoing outpatient treatment at the Reksodiwiryo Army Hospital and Siti Rahmah Islamic Hospital, Padang City, Indonesia. The sample consisted of 43 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia through structured clinical interviews (mini ICD 10). The results obtained in this study were that of the 43 total patients observed, sociodemographics were found with women (51.2\%) being more numerous than men (48.8\%), the age of most patients encountered was in the age range of 36-25 years (28\%) and duration of illness \<5 years (34.9\%) is smaller than \>5 years (65\%), for various treatments ranging from FGAs, SGAs and combination of FGAs and SGAs where the highest results were found in patients with SGAs treatment (37.2\%). From the statistical analysis, the correlation between serum BDNF levels was insignificant with negative and positive symptoms.

}, keywords = {Brain-derived neurtopic factor, negative symptoms, positive symptoms, schizophrenia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.54}, author = {Mutiara Anissa and Resti Rahmadika Akbar and Rifkind Malik} } @article {2349, title = {Analysis of Executive and Legislative Behavior in Planning the Stunting Program in Maros District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {851-859}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {851}, abstract = {

Objective: Indonesia has quite a serious nutritional problem which is characterized by the large number of cases of malnutrition in children under five, as a result this problem has become the attention of the Indonesian government so that it has become a national protas called stunting, so it must be resolved in an integrated manner across sectors. Unfortunately, this problem has not been resolved so stunting cases are still very high, one of which is Maros district which has the eighth number of stunting cases based on SSGI data for 2022. Method: Qualitative research is carried out in natural settings to seek information from executive and legislative experience based on knowledge, attitudes, actions and interests. We used indepth interviews, assisted by interview guides, and reviewed the rules to answer the research objectives. The researchers carried out a review of the regulations in the form of basic reading of the recommendations and outreach carried out by the relevant government. Results: Interestingly, government planning uses new methods, namely bottom up, participatory and top down. The reason given by the executive is that this method is the most effective method in government organizations because planning is made based on the Maros district government budget calendar. Conclusion: In analyzing the behavior of the Executive and the legislature, not all of them understand stunting program planning so their involvement is lacking and not all of them play an active role in the stunting program, even though they have an interest in improving the level of health in the people of Maros district by trying to achieve zero stunting for the sustainability of regional development in Maros district. Recommendation: Continuing research on the theme of Analysis of Community Behavior towards the Implementation of Stunting Program Planning in Maros Regency, we suggest to the regional government to accelerate the realization of community welfare through improving human resource services and health levels, overcoming poverty.

}, keywords = {Executive, Legislative, Natural conditions, Strategy, Stunting}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.139}, author = {Andi Yulyana Mulmaharani and Sukri Palutturi and Indar and Darmawansyah and Aminuddin Syam and Yahya Thamrin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2231, title = {Analysis of Factors Influencing the Willingness to Pay BPJS Kesehatan Contributions of Mandiri Participants in the Working Area of Bua Health Center, Luwu District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {211-216}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {211}, abstract = {

The willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions regularly and on time every month for independent participants is the most important component to make it easier for independent participants to utilize health services. This research aims to analysis the factors that influence the willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions for independent participants in the Bua Health Center working area, Luwu Regency. The research was conducted in the working area of the Bua Health Center, Luwu Regency. The research design iscross sectional study. The total sample was 340 independent BPJS Health participants using sampling techniquesSimple Random Sampling. Data were analyzed using testsChi-Squareand Multiple Logistic Regression test. Test resultsChi-Squareshows that there is a relationship between the number of family members (p=0,000), income (p=0,000), perception of the quality of health services (p=0,000), history of catastrophic illness (p=0,000), and ability to pay BPJS Health contributions (p= 0,000) with a willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions. Meanwhile, there is no relationship between knowledge (p=0,364) and willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions. The results of the Multiple Logistic Regression test show that number of family members (OR=69,893) is the factor that most influences the willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions. It is recommended that the BPJS Health consider a contribution payment system for independent participants who are required to pay contributions collectively which includes all family members in one family who are registered as independent BPJS Health participants, so that independent participants who have large family members are not burdened and are willing to pay BPJS contributions Health regularly and on time every month.

}, keywords = {BPJS Health, Income, Independent Participants, Number of Family Members, Willingness to Pay Contributions}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.30}, author = {Syiar Cakke. S and Balqis and Indar and Sukri Palutturi and Hasanuddin Ishak and Andi Zulkifli and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2312, title = {Analysis of Fraud Potential Control Based on Input and Process in Dadi Regional Hospital, Makassar City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {668-670}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {668}, abstract = {

The risk of large losses arising from acts of fraud (fraud) requires the government to issue Permenkes No. 16 of 2019 concerning the prevention and handling of fraud (fraud) and the imposition of administrative sanctions against fraud (fraud) in the implementation of the health insurance program. It{\textquoteright}s just that in its implementation, there are still a number of problems related to the inefficiency of Health BPJS services which ultimately indicate the occurrence of fraud. For this reason, efforts to prevent fraud are needed. This study aims to look at the input and process of fraud control at the Dadi Regional Special Hospital (RSKD) Makassar City. This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis method by selecting informants by purposive sampling. This research is seen from the input components and process components in the implementation of the National Health Insurance. The research results show that input components include policies, personnel and facilities. The process component includes driving factors and inhibiting factors for potential fraud. Factors driving the potential for fraud are differences in understanding between the verifier and the doctor in charge of the patient regarding the diagnosis, the lack of outreach about fraud prevention and the absence of a JKN anti-fraud team. Factors inhibiting potential fraud are the Implementation of Standard Operations, code of ethics, coordination between parties involved, Clinical Pathway and supervision from the SPI team (Internal Supervisory Team).

}, keywords = {Financing system, JKN, Prevention of potential fraud}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.106}, author = {Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Amaliah Amriani AS and Darmawansyah, Amran Razak and Muh. Yusri Abadi and Muhammad Al- Fajrin} } @article {2210, title = {Analysis of Hepcidin and Interleukin-6 Levels among Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia Patients With and Without Alloimmunization/Autoimmunization}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {60-66}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {60}, abstract = {

Background: Transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) necessitates regular transfusions, resulting in complications such as iron overload, hemolytic anemia, and the emergence of alloantibodies/ autoantibodies. This situation poses challenges in obtaining compatible transfusions. Excessive iron and chronic hemolysis impact the elevation of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), initiating an inflammatory process that triggers hepcidin formation and influences antibody development. This study aims to analyze disparities in IL-6 and hepcidin levels and establish the correlation between IL-6 and hepcidin in TDT patients with and without alloimmunization/autoimmunization. Methods: Forty whole blood samples were collected from TDT patients with and without alloimmunization/autoimmunization, centrifuged, and the serum extracted, then stored in a refrigerator at -80{\textdegree}C. IL-6 and hepcidin levels were assessed using the ELISA method. The Mann-Whitney U test was employed to evaluate differences in hepcidin and IL-6 levels between the two groups. In contrast, the Spearman Correlation test was utilized to analyze the correlation between hepcidin and IL-6 levels. Results: IL-6 levels in the TDT group with alloimmunization/autoimmunization (3.64 pg/ mL) were significantly higher compared to the TDT group without alloimmunization/autoimmunization (1.41 pg/mL; p \< 0.05). Hepcidin levels in the TDT group with alloimmunization/autoimmunization (2,950.6 pg/mL) were significantly higher compared to the TDT group without alloimmunization/autoimmunization (1,599.6 pg/mL; p \< 0.05). The Spearman correlation test revealed a significant positive correlation between hepcidin and IL-6 levels in TDT patients with alloimmunization/autoimmunization (r = 0.764; p = 0.000). Additionally, a significant positive correlation was observed between hepcidin and IL-6 levels in TDT patients without alloimmunization/autoimmunization (r = 0.559; p = 0.010). Conclusion: IL-6 and hepcidin levels were elevated in TDT patients with alloimmunization/autoimmunization compared to those without. Interleukin-6 and hepcidin exhibited a positive correlation in both transfusion-dependent thalassemia groups.

}, keywords = {Anemia, Antibodies, Hepcidin, Interleukin-6, Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.9}, author = {Widya Firly Novitasari and Jusak Nugraha and Mia Ratwita Andarsini and Betty Agustina Tambunan} } @article {2307, title = {Analysis of Implementation of the Prolanis-Diabetes Mellitus Chronic Disease Management Program in Majene Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {644-649}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {644}, abstract = {

In the context of health maintenance for BPJS health participants who suffer from chronic diseases, PROLANIS is a proactive strategy and health care system that is implemented in an integrated way involving participants, health facilities, and BPJS health. In this work, a case study methodology is combined with a qualitative method. Content analysis was employed to analyze the data. Thirteen informants{\textemdash}four key informants and nine routine informants{\textemdash}were interviewed. The research on the communication between program implementers yielded positive results, the BPJS budget was allocated effectively, and the human resource numbers of the various health centers varied, but the facilities and infrastructure were more than sufficient, and the implementation skills were strong. Proceeding by current SOPs, the bureaucracy still needs improvement and regulation, and the BPJS incentives both reward and efficiently distribute money. Conclusion: Both Community Health Centers acknowledge that funding from BPJS is fairly good. Notifications and reminders of activities have been successfully implemented in the Diabetes Mellitus Chronic Disease Management Program (PROLANIS) policy, even though only those who are active and present are the same. Infrastructure and facilities are sufficient; however, there is room for improvement in the amount, quality, and integrity of human resources. Additionally, the appointment of bureaucracy requires attention, and it may be more effectively divided.

}, keywords = {BPJS Health and bureaucracy, Cronis Disease, Diabetes mellitus, Prolanis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.101}, author = {Khadijatul Fatiyah Mubarak and Amran Razak and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Balqis and Muhammad Kardi and Hasnawati Amqam and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2363, title = {Analysis of Quality of Life Factors in HIV/AIDS Patients at Example Health Center}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {949-952}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {949}, abstract = {

People with HIV / AIDS are vulnerable in living their lives. The presence of a viral load in him causes physical disorders due to the progressive influence of the body{\textquoteright}s immunity resulting in opportunistic infections with various symptoms that appear. As a result, a reaction appears to the emotional or psychological aspects of the sufferer due to the influence of the sufferer{\textquoteright}s physical disorders. The aim of the research is to analyze the effect of quality of life on HIV / AIDS patients at Teladan Community Health Centers in 2020 The research design is an analytical survey with a cross sectional approach. The population was 360 people with a probability sampling technique of 78 people. Data analysis used univariate, bivariate with chi-square test and multivariate with multivariable logistic regression test. The results of research using bivariate tests using Chi-Square obtained a p - value of 0.002 \< 0.05, meaning that there is an influence of the level of independence of HIV/AIDS patients on the quality of life at the Teladan Medan Community Health Center in 2020. There is an influence of intellectual function on the quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients. The p - value obtained was 0.011\<0.05. There was an influence of depression in sufferers on the quality of life of HIV/AIDS sufferers, the p - value obtained was 0.010\<0.05. The factor that has the most influence on the quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients is the level of independence factor which has a value of Exp(B)/OR = 3.943, meaning that the level of independence of those experiencing dependency means they have a chance of having a weight quality of life that is 3.9 times higher than those who are independent. It is recommended to involve HIV/AIDS sufferers in every service related to the sufferer{\textquoteright}s treatment program and provide understanding to the family and community to help and interact with sufferers so that they do not feel ostracized.

}, keywords = {HIV/AIDS., independence, Quality of life}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.153}, author = {Asriwati Amirah and Asriwati Amirah and Lusianah Samosir} } @article {2346, title = {Analysis of the Determinants of Patient Loyalty in the Inpatient Installation at the General Hospital {\textquoteright}Aisyiyah St. Khadijah Pinrang District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {831-837}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {831}, abstract = {

Loyalty is repurchase behavior solely concerning the purchase of the same particular brand repeatedly. Patients who feel satisfied, can take repeated actions as repeated use of services in the future and tell others about the perceived service performance. This study aims to determine the determinants of loyalty of inpatient installation patients at {\textquoteright}Aisyiyah St. Khadijah General Hospital, Pinrang Regency. This research is included in the type of quantitative research by applying a cross sectional approach. The sample in this study were 90 inpatients obtained by accidental sampling method. Data collection using a questionnaire. Data processing was carried out through the Chi-Square test and the Logistic Regression test. The results of the Chi-Square test show that there is an influence between service quality in terms of reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, physical evidence, hospital image, moving barriers, and distance of residence on the loyalty of inpatient installation patients at {\textquoteright}Aisyiyah St. Khadijah General Hospital, Pinrang Regency. The results of the Logistic Regression test show that the quality of service in terms of assurance with Exp (B) = 25.274 is the variable that has the most influence on the loyalty of inpatient installation patients at {\textquoteright}Aisyiyah St. Khadijah General Hospital Pinrang Regency.

}, keywords = {Patient Loyalty; Service Quality; Hospital Image; Moving Barriers; Residence Distance; Hospitalization.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.136}, author = {Dewi Alya Anugrah Rizal and Muhammad Yusran Amir and Amran Razak and Balqis and Masni3 and Vonni Polopadang and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2258, title = {Analysis of the Giving of Mp-Asi Through Food Based on Majene{\textquoteright}s Local Wisdom for Stunting Prevention}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {372-377}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {372}, abstract = {

Background: Majene Society own tradition and knowledge typical in selecting, processing, and consuming food. Use food local can maintain diversity food and culture local. Food local has proven effective for growth baby optimally. Goals: With do comprehensive analysis to provision of MP-ASI through foodbased wisdom local Majene, expected can an effective and sustainable stunting prevention program was developed. Method: Method research used is study qualitative with design phenomenology. Informant in study This are 103 Baduta mothers who are exclusively breastfed, and live in rural districts Pamboang and District Tameroddo. Data analyzed use content analysis through N-Vivo 12 app. Results: Food tree chief in Tameroddo is rice red Because rice red become plant lots of fields found and easy grows in mountainous areas. Meanwhile in the Coastal Region Pamboang Still consistent with rice white or yams. Typical vegetables is leaf moringa, Langurru {\textquoteright}, and Lallere {\textquoteright}. Government Regency Majene push planting leaf moringa in each home easy get and help in increase continuity food, savings cost, and independence food in Majene. Besides That, leaf moringa of course known known as " tree magic " because mark high nutrition. Majene Society own access and consumption vegetables langngurru {\textquoteright} and lallere {\textquoteright} are just that found in the area mountains Tameroddo. Usually leaf This used as plant medicine, but in this area made as processed vegetables with add mango sour. Side dish typical Majene known with called " Baupapi ". Habit consumption child given Eat with Fish sauce is considered Already enough , even often this fish sauce considered as replacement vegetables , though very easy found various the main fish species in the coastal area Pamboang . Known Pineapple in local language Majene as {\textquotedblleft}Pandeng{\textquotedblright} is easiest fruit found Because grow with flourish in the yards House citizen. Findings food local the has content test nutrition and recipe test so that can used as the proper MP-ASI menu for given to baby for optimal growth. Conclusions and Suggestions: Important For ensure that kids get too consumption of fish or other protein sources as well as nutrition from vegetables and sources food other. Order child get appropriate nutrition through provision of adequate MP-ASI. Recommended to nanny , power health and government regency Majene to encourage provision of local MP-ASI with still notice mark appropriate nutrition , MP -ASI module as research output This can used as guidelines Proper provision of MP-ASI .

}, keywords = {Food based Local, MP-ASI, Stunting Prevention}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.57}, author = {Evawati and Nurhaedar Jafar and Healthy Hidayanty and Sudirman Natsir and Razak Thaha and Ridwan Amiruddin and Citrakesumasari and Lucy Widiasari and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2435, title = {Analysis of the Impact of Muscle Mass Changes in Stroke Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1359-1364}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1359}, abstract = {

Stroke has become an increasingly prevalent health issue every year. Malnutrition is one of the complications that arise in post-stroke patients. Reduced physical activity, intake disturbances, and comorbidities experienced by stroke patients can trigger malnutrition. Additionally, factors such as age, sex, Body Mass Index (BMI), and stroke type accelerate the onset of malnutrition. One of the signs of malnutrition in stroke patients is a change in body composition, characterized by muscle mass loss due to inflammatory responses and catabolic reactions, which lead to increased caloric needs in stroke patients. This study aims to investigate the changes in muscle mass in stroke patients at Dr. Kariadi General Hospital, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. This is an observational study with a cross sectional design conducted at Dr. Kariadi General Hospital from November 2023 to April 2024. The sample size was 49 patients diagnosed with stroke, receiving medical care on the first day at Dr. Kariadi General Hospital. This study evaluates factors such as age, sex, stroke type, BMI, smoking habits, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia, hypertension, kidney disorders, and respiratory diseases, in relation to changes in fat-free mass, fat mass, visceral fat, and phase angle, to assess the correlation with muscle mass changes. Data analysis will be approached using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Partial Least Square (PLS). The results show that various risk factors affect body composition changes, contributing to muscle mass changes by up to 84.1\%. In conclusion, the decline in muscle mass in stroke patients is influenced by various factors, in addition to reductions in visceral fat and phase angle, which indicate a tendency toward malnutrition risk.

}, keywords = {Body Composition, Dr. Kariadi, Muscle Mass, Stroke}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.219}, author = {Rivan Virlando Suryadinata and Hertanto Wahyu Subagio and Khairuddin and Darmonoss and Febe Christianto} } @article {2352, title = {Analysis of the Implementation of the Bpjs Kesehatan Chronic Diseases Management Program (Prolanis) in Biru Health Center, Bone Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {872-879}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {872}, abstract = {

Objectives: Prolanis is a health service system that involves patients, primary health facilities and BPJS. Prolanis aims to maintain health and achieve an optimal quality of life in patients with chronic disease (hypertension and diabetes mellitus) through effective and efficient health services to prevent disease complications. This study aims to determine and analyze the implementation of Prolanis in the Biru Health Center of Bone Regency based on input, process, output, impact, and feedback. Method: The type of research used in this research is qualitative research, and data were collected through technical triangulation using in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation with key informants, main informants and supporting informants using purposive sampling techniques. Result: Research shows that in the input aspect, blood sugar strips used in health checks of prolanist participants are still limited, and there are no special facilities for prolanis. In terms of process, Biru Health Center has carried out all prolanist activities recommended by BPJS Kesehatan. However, some obstacles remain to these activities, such as prolanist participants who do not have Whats App, and laboratory HbA1c examinations every six months have not been carried out. In the output aspect, the achievement of the Biru Health Center RPPT has increased significantly from October 2023 to January 2024, although it decreased in November 2023. Regarding impact, BPJS Kesehatan, the Health Office, and Prolanis Participants are satisfied with implementing the prolanis at the Biru Health Center. Feedback from BPJS Kesehatan is available through the KBK monitoring and evaluation. Conclusion: Implementing prolanists at Biru Health Center has gone well and as expected. However, the input aspect still needs to be improved so that the implementation of prolanists can run even better.

}, keywords = {BPJS Kesehatan., Chronic Disease Management Program (Prolanis), Diabetes mellitus, Health Center, Hypertension}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.142}, author = {Suci Fajriani S and Amran Razak and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Muhammad Yusran Amir and Anwar Mallongi and Muhammad Syafar} } @article {2354, title = {Analysis of the Implementation of the Use of Hospital Management Information Systems (Simrs) in Hospitals Kindergarten IV Dr Sumantri Parepare}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {888-894}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {888}, abstract = {

Background: TK Hospital management information system . IV DR Sumantri Parepare is not yet fully integrated and SIMRS must be developed to meet the criteria. Objective: This research aims to analyze the use of the Hospital Management Information System (SIMRS) at TK Hospital. IV DR. Sumantri Parepare, Parepare City. Method: The type of research used in this research is qualitative research and data collection using interviews, observation, documentation. With key informants and supporting informants using purposive sampling techniques. Results: The research results show that in terms of HR input the number of officers is sufficient and training has been given to officers regarding SIMRS, there are funds available, the availability of computers is not sufficient, SIMRS is not yet integrated , the infrastructure inadequate , inadequate implementation of SOPs and socialization Not yet done. The ability of medical records staff to use SIMRS is not optimal , there is incompleteness in filling out medical resumes and informed consent in SIMRS and reporting is carried out every month, quarterly and annually, but experiences delays. Conclusion: Improvement efforts that can be made include disseminating information about the importance or benefits of SIMRS in backing up and searching for data that is entered routinely.

}, keywords = {Hospital, Management, Reporting, SIMRS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.144}, author = {Suparno and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Sukri Palutturi and Darmawansyah and Yahya Thamrin and Ida Leida} } @article {2313, title = {Analysis of the Influence of Leadership Style on Organizational Culture and Organizational Performance at RSUD H. Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja Bulukumba District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {671-678}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {671}, abstract = {

The success and failure of a hospital is influenced by a leader, Effective leadership impacts the progress of the hospital so that leadership style becomes one of the determining factors in the success of hospital performance. Leadership style is a norm of behavior used by a person when that person tries to influence the behavior of other people or subordinates. This research aims to determine the influence of leadership style on organizational culture and organizational performance at RSUD H.Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja, Bulukumba Regency, the type of research used is quantitative research. The sample in this study was 178 staff and health workers at H.Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja Regional Hospital Bulukumba Regency using a sampling technique.Accidental Sampling. The analysis method used is Path Analysis with SmartPLS software version 3.0. Based on the results of this research, it shows that there is a direct influence of leadership style on organizational culture p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (15.172), there is a direct influence of organizational culture on organizational performance with p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (7.815), there is a direct influence of leadership style on organizational performance with p value (0,038) with a t.statistic value (2.077), and there is an influence of leadership style on organizational performance through organizational culture with p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (6.339). Therefore, there is a need for good appreciation and direction to overcome difficulties in carrying out duties and responsibilities for employees, as well as consideration for paying more attention to employee needs which are implemented in organizational culture to improve better performance.

}, keywords = {Employee needs, Leadership Style, Organizational Culture, Organizational Performance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.107}, author = {Andi Nadia Nur Cahyani and Balqi and Indar and Amran Razak and A. Arsunan Arsin and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2308, title = {Analysis of the Inpatient Medical Records Management System at Sandi Karsa Hospital Makassar}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {650-655}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {650}, abstract = {

Objectives: Management of medical records at Sandi Karsa Hospital Makassar is still lacking in the process of assembling, reporting, and filing. This study aims to analyze the inpatient medical record management system at Sandi Karsa Hospital, Makassar. Methods: The type of research used in this research is qualitative research and data collection using interviews, observation, and documentation with key informants and supporting informants using purposive sampling techniques. Result: There is a shortage of medical records officers, and they have not received training. There are fewer computers available, SIMRS is only integrated with patient registration, and the management room is combined with the filing room. The assembly process has not been carried out in the last few months, reporting has been delayed, and there is a backlog of files. Implementation of management SOPs has not been optimal, and socialization activities have not been carried out. Completeness and returns are not up to standard. Medical record quality indicators are low, and there are no feedback activities. Conclusion: Lack of staff they have never participated in training and socialization regarding SOPs. There is a lack of facilities such as computers, the medical record room has lots of files, SIMRS is not yet integrated with medical record management, and there are delays in returns and incomplete filling out of medical record files. The hospital can provide outreach and hold regularly scheduled meetings to evaluate or assess officers{\textquoteright} performance managing medical records.

}, keywords = {Hospital, Inpatient, Management, Medical Records, System}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.102}, author = {Try Ganjar Wati and Amran Razak and Darmawansyah and Muhammad Yusran Amir} } @article {2203, title = {Androgenic Efficacy and Mechanism of Glycosides-Based Standardized Fenugreek Seeds Extract Through Aromatase And 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibition}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February}, pages = {09-19}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {09}, abstract = {

Introduction: Fenugreek seeds glycosides content have many health benefits. Objective: To evaluate the androgenic efficacy and probable mechanism of glycosides-based standardized fenugreek seed extract (SFSE-G) in laboratory rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were administrated with 28-days of once-daily oral administration of SFSE-G (10 or 35 mg/kg) on sexual and orientational behavior with female rats, serum testosterone concentrations, weights of reproductive system-related organs (seminal vesicles, prostate, levator ani), nitric oxide level in penis homogenate, sperm count in the cauda epididymis, and testis histology were evaluated. Separate groups of rats with a positive control (testosterone propionate (10 mg/ kg, s.c. bi-weekly) and vehicle control (distilled water) were maintained. In addition, the safety of acute intravenous administration of SFSE-G (1 mg/kg) on cardiovascular function parameters was evaluated. Moreover, the inhibitory potential of SFSE-G against aromatase and 5-alpha-reductase enzymes was evaluated in vitro. Results: Subacute administration of SFSE-G (35 mg/kg, oral) to male rats showed androgenic efficacy in sexual behavior (increased mounting and intromission latency and rearing), with increased weights of seminal vehicles, prostate and levator ani muscles, serum testosterone levels, sperm count, and penile NO concentration, while preserving the normal architecture of the testes. Acute intravenous administration of SFSE-G to rats increased intracavernous pressure but retained normal cardiovascular parameters, such as blood pressure, heart rate, and corrected QT interval (QTc). SFSE-G showed significant inhibition of aromatase and 5-alpha-reductase in vitro. Conclusion: SFFE-G exhibited significant androgenic and spermatogenic efficacy, mediated through testosterone metabolism inhibition, without affecting the cardiovascular system in laboratory rats.

}, keywords = {Androgenic, Fenugreek extract, Glycosides, Sexual Behavior, Spermatogenic, Testosterone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.2}, author = {Urmila M Aswar and Savita R. Nimse and Prasad A. Thakurdesai} } @article {2238, title = {Antibacterial Potential of Durian (Durio zibethinus murr.) Waste as an Alternative Disinfectant in Raw Drinking Water - A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {255-262}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {255}, abstract = {

Efforts continue to be made to eliminate pathogenic bacteria in drinking water by using safer disinfection materials. The use of local plants as disinfection materials is highly desirable. The durian plant (Durio zibethinus) can be a very promising alternative as a natural disinfection agent to destroy pathogenic bacteria in drinking water. This narrative review comes from three online journal databases that provide free journal articles in PDF format, collected over the last ten years. The main keywords in conducting a literature review through online journals are "Durian, Durio Zibethinus, antibacterial, disinfectant, drinking water". Of the 5,693 journals identified in the three databases, 21 studies remained that met the requirements for inclusion in this review. This included study illustrates that fruit rind, seed, and leaf extracts from the durian plant have antimicrobial properties. Durian plants have antibacterial active compounds such as phenolics, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and triterpenoids. The antimicrobial potential tested using the diffusion and dilution method indicated that the presence of antimicrobial ingredients in the durian plant extraction was in the strong category. Some pathogenic bacteria in water that can be inhibited or killed are Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aerugenosa, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphilococcus aureus, Shigella boydii and Salmonella Typhi. This shows that there is an opportunity for the durian plant to provide a solution and great hope as a safe and economical alternative disinfection material as a replacement for current disinfection materials. Index terms: Durian (Durio zibethinus), antibacterial, disinfectant, drinking water.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.37}, author = {Rahwan Ahmad and Ridwan Amiruddin and A.Arsunan Arsin and Stang Stang and Hasanuddin Ishak and Yahya Thamrin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2417, title = {Antidepressant, Anxiolytic, and Antioxidant Properties of Piper Aduncum Essential Oil from Northern Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1252-1258}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1252}, abstract = {

This investigation aimed to evaluate the antidepressant, anxiolytic, and antioxidant effects of Piper aduncum essential oil from northern Peru. The essential oils were obtained through hydro-distillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus. The chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to assess the chemical composition. Behavioral assays in mice were used to evaluate the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. In addition, the antioxidant capacity was performed through DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. The GC-MS analysis revealed that linalool (29.16\%), bicyclogermacrene (13.32\%), nerolidol (12.38\%), and β-caryophyllene (10.76\%) were the principal components. The results demonstrated significant antidepressant and anxiolytic effects comparable to fluoxetine and diazepam, with statistical differences between all groups (p\<0.005). The IC50 values for the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays were 5.9{\textpm}0.08, 0.20{\textpm}0.06, and 109.5{\textpm}1.3, respectively. Consequently, Piper aduncum essential oil exhibits antidepressant and anxiolytic-like effects and modest antioxidant properties compared to the controls.

}, keywords = {Antidepressant, Antioxidant, Anxiolytic, Essential oil, Piper aduncum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.203}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Jos{\'e} Gilberto Gavidia-Valencia and Natalia Mavila Guzm{\'a}n-Rodr{\'\i}guez and Elda Maritza Rodrigo-Villanueva and Iris Melina Alfaro- Beltr{\'a}n} } @article {2337, title = {Antigout Activity of Terap (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco) Leaves Extract: Leaves Characteristic and In Vitro Studies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {764-769}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {764}, abstract = {

Terap leaves (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco) contain various chemical constituents, making it a herbal medicine prospective source, particularly as an antigout. This research aim to determinate characteristics of terap leaves and in vitro antigout activity of terap leaves ethanolic extract. The determination leaves characteristics included macroscopic and microscopic analysis, water and ethanol soluble extract content, and drying shrinkage. The extract antigout activity was determinated through inhibition of xanthine oxidase enzyme in vitro. Leaves characteristics analysis revealed that mature leaves are approximately 31.5 cm long and 18 cm wide. Terap leaves are single leaves, elliptical, blunt leaf tips, rounded bases, rough surfaces, undulating edges, pinnate veins, and yellow veins. Microscopic analysis reveals the presence of anomocytic-type stomata, trichomes, glandular hairs, resin ducts, and trachea. Terap leaves have a water-soluble extract content of 8.72\%, ethanol-soluble extract content of 4.29\%, and drying shrinkage of 11.38\%. The antigout activity tests results indicates that ethanol extract inhibits xanthine oxidase enzyme with an IC50 of 89.63 μg/mL. Terap leaves have antigout properties, so they have the potential to be developed into a quality antigout herbal medicine.

}, keywords = {Antigout Activity, Artocarpus odoratissimus, Macroscopic and Microscopic Analysis., Xanthine Oxidase Enzyme}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.127}, author = {Nisa Naspiah and Retno Widyowati and Sukardiman} } @article {2452, title = {Antioxidant Activity of Senna (Senna alexandrina MILL.) Leaf Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1355-1358}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1355}, abstract = {

Senna leaf plant (Senna alexandrina Mill.) is empirically effective in treating several diseases. Senna leaves contain saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, sesquiterpenes, tannins, and phytosterols. This study aims to assess Senna leaf extract{\textquoteright}s antioxidant activity, flavonoid, and phenolic content (Senna alexandrina Mill.) with various extraction methods and solvent variations.\ Read more . . .\ 

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoid, Senna leaf; Maceration; Phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.218}, author = {Aktsar Roskiana Ahmad and Abd. Malik and Selpida Handayani and Iskandar Zulkarnain and Amliati A and Nur Lailatulqadri and Mardatilla Mamas} } @article {2447, title = {Antiphospholipid Syndrome Patient with Libman-Sacks Endocarditis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1431-1435}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {1431}, abstract = {

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by recurrent arterial and venous thrombosis, often associated with complications such as pregnancy morbidity. Libman-Sacks Endocarditis (LSE), a form of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, is commonly observed in APS patients. This case report presents a 29-year-old Javanese woman with APS and Libman-Sacks Endocarditis. The patient, previously diagnosed with a transient ischemic attack, was admitted to Dr. Soetomo General Hospital with progressive shortness of breath, leg swelling, and abdominal distension. Initial investigations revealed thrombocytopenia, anemia, pleural effusion, cardiomegaly, and valve abnormalities. Despite anticoagulant therapy and supportive measures, the patient{\textquoteright}s condition worsened, and she developed signs of heart failure and neurological deficits. Blood cultures remained negative, ruling out bacterial endocarditis. Imaging studies confirmed the presence of sterile vegetations on the mitral valve, a hallmark of LSE. The patient was diagnosed with primary APS based on clinical and laboratory findings, including positive lupus anticoagulant. After 28 days of hospitalization, she was discharged in stable condition but was re-admitted two days later with neurological decline. Despite aggressive management, including corticosteroids, diuretics, and anticoagulants, the patient suffered multiple complications, including seizures and possible thrombotic stroke and eventually passed away. This case underscores the diagnostic challenges and complexity in managing APS with Libman-Sacks Endocarditis, highlighting the need for early diagnosis and comprehensive treatment. The objective of this case report is to highlight the diagnostic challenges and management complexities of APS with Libman-Sacks Endocarditis, emphasizing the importance of early recognition and comprehensive treatment to mitigate associated morbidity and mortality. LSE remains a rare but severe manifestation of APS, with potential for thromboembolic events and significant morbidity.

}, keywords = {Antiphospholipid syndrome, Libman Sacks disease, Libman Sacks endocarditis, Lupus anticoagulant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.230}, author = {Andy Nugraha and Awalia Awalia and Rendra Mahardika Putra} } @article {2260, title = {Anxiety Levels, Cortisol, Blood Gluc Ose and Sodium Levels in Working Wives: Comparison Between Husbands Who Were Hospitalized and Husbands Who Were Not Hospitalized}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {382-387}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {382}, abstract = {

Background:\ Anxiety affects balance and physiological changes in the body. The research aims to investigate the comparison of anxiety levels, blood cortisol levels, blood glucose levels and blood sodium levels between working wives of husbands who are hospitalized and working wives of husbands who are not hospitalized. Methods: The research design uses statistical group comparison. The research subjects were 40 people divided into 2 groups, namely 20 subjects, working wives, husbands who were hospitalized, 20 subjects, working wives, husbands, who were not hospitalized. Data was collected using the HARS (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale) questionnaire instrument, laboratory examination of blood cortisol levels, blood glucose levels and blood sodium levels. Results: Unpaired t test with a significant value of p \< 0.05 if the data is normally distributed or Mann Whitney U Test with a significant value of p \< 0.05 if the data is not normally distributed was carried out to analyze the comparison of anxiety levels, blood cortisol levels, sugar levels blood and blood sodium levels. Data processing with the help of statistical software. The results of the analysis showed that there were differences in anxiety levels (p\<0.05), blood cortisol levels (p\<0.05) and blood glucose levels (p\<0.05) but there were no differences in blood sodium levels (p\>0.05). between working wives whose husbands are hospitalized and working wives whose husbands are not hospitalized. Conclusion: blood cortisol levels and blood sugar levels in working wives of husbands who were hospitalized were higher than working wives of husbands who were not hospitalized and based on statistical tests, significant differences were found in HARS values, blood cortisol levels and blood sugar levels between the group of working wives whose husbands were hospitalized. hospitalized and the wife works, the husband is not hospitalized.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, blood cortisol levels, blood glucose levels, blood sodium levels, HARS, working wife}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.59}, author = {Rudi Mahruzar and I Nyoman Ehrich Lister and OK Yulizal and Hamzah Shatri and Gusbakti Rusip} } @article {2369, title = {Apoptosis of The Lens Epithelial Cells After Ultraviolet-B Exposure as a Proposed Pathogenesis of Senile Cataract: Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {989-992}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {989}, abstract = {

Cataract shares a major burden causing half of the world{\textquoteright}s visual impairment and blindness. Ultraviolet light exposure has been associated with a higher incidence of cataracts. UV irradiation causes damage to the ocular tissue through protein crosslinking, enzyme dysfunction, ion pump inhibition, genetic mutation, and cell membrane disruption. Irreversible damage causes apoptosis to the lens epithelial cells, which is the main motor of lens homeostasis. Disturbance to the lens homeostasis will result in the loss of lens transparency and the development of cataracts. Understanding the pathophysiology of UV-induced cataract may bring to better approach to slower progression of the aging of the lens and formation of cataractous lenses.

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.159}, author = {Ni Putu Ayu Reza Dhiyantari and Dicky Hermawan and Nurwasis} } @article {2362, title = {Application-based Reproductive Health Education on Reproductive Health Risk Behavior among Adolescents in Ternate City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {942-948}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {942}, abstract = {

Background: The current era of digitalization is encouraging public health literacy to increase, especially among teenagers who are close to gadgets, so that the term e-health literacy is known, namely digital health literacy is defined as the ability to search, find and understand health information available in resources. electronically and use information obtained from these resources to overcome health problems. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of application-based reproductive health education to increase positive behavior of adolescents in Ternate City. Method: This research uses a Quasi-experimental method (Pre-post Control Design). The number of samples in this study was 300 teenagers aged 12- 15 years, in Ternate City. The measurement uses a questionnaire to measure knowledge, attitudes, actions, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and health literacy. The analysis used is the mean difference test, namely the Wilcoxon test and the Mann-Whitney test. Research Results: The distribution of respondents based on age groups in the control group and in the intervention group was mostly in the 13 year age group, namely 119 people (79.3\%) and 111 people (74.0\%), the most common gender was female. The results of the analysis showed that there were no differences between the control and intervention groups before treatment, there were differences between the control and intervention groups after treatment, there were differences before and after treatment in the variables knowledge (p value = 0.000), action (p value = 0.000), and health literacy (0.007) (p value \< 0.05). However, there is no difference for the variables Attitude, Subjective Norms, Behavioral Control. There are differences before and after treatment in the variables knowledge (p value = 0.000), attitude (p value = 0.000), action (p value = 0.000), subjective norms (p value = 0.000), behavioral control (p value = 0.000) and health literacy (p value = 0.000) (p value \< 0.05). Conclusion: Application-based reproductive health education has a good impact in increasing positive behavior among teenagers in Ternate City, this is based on changes in knowledge, attitudes, subjective norms, behavioral control and health literacy.

}, keywords = {Adolescents., Application, Reproductive Health, Risk Behavior}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.152}, author = {Muhlisa and Ridwan Amiruddin and Apik Indarty Moedjiono and Suriah and Rizal Damanik and Ummu Salmah and Sudirman Nasir and Intan Sari Areni and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2247, title = {Assessment of Anti-tyrosinase, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Trigonostemon reidioides Extracts on Mouse Fibroblast (L929) Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {302-306}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {302}, abstract = {

Background: Trigonostemon reidioides (Kurz) Craib is a plant traditionally used for its whitening properties, although previous studies have reported some adverse effects associated with its use. Objectives: The objective of this study were to investigate the antityrosinase activity, antioxidant activity, and toxicity on Mouse Fibroblast (L929) Cells of the T. reidioides extracts. The antityrosinase activity was determined using the dopachrome method, while the antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH method. The cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay. Results: The results revealed that the ethanol extract exhibited strong antityrosinase activity, with an IC50 value of 5.38 μg/ml. Furthermore, Fraction 3 and Fraction 4, which were further separated from the ethanol extract, demonstrated high antioxidant activity, with IC50 values ranging from 1.65 to 2.10 μg/ml. The hexane extract, as well as Fraction 4 and Fraction 5, exhibited low toxicity, with IC50 values ranging from 11.82 to 40.12 μg/ml. Conclusions: These findings indicate that Fraction 4 and Fraction 5 of T. reidioides possess potent antityrosinase and antioxidant activities, while displaying low cytotoxicity against the mouse fibroblast (L929) cell line. Therefore, Fraction 4 and Fraction 5 hold considerable potential for further development as skin whitening agents derived from T. reidioides extracts.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Antityrosinase activity, Cytotoxicity activity, Trigonostemon reidioides (Kurz) Craib}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.45}, author = {Issara Chummalee and Methin Phadungkit and Pornpun Laovachirasuwan} } @article {2274, title = {Association of Bcl-xL Expression with Blast Count, CD 34 and CD 7 Expression in Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {460-465}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {460}, abstract = {

Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematological malignancy generally marked by the unregulated proliferation of myeloid series blast cells. The condition of hematologic malignancy is often associated with increased anti-apoptotic activity. One of the Bcl-2 protein families, Bcl-xL, has an important role in controlling apoptosis / programmed cell death in hematologic malignancies. This study, determined the correlations between anti-apoptotic activity from Bcl-xL expression analysis with the number of bone marrow blasts, CD34 activity as a marker of blast cells, and CD7 as an aberration marker are often found in AML patients. Aim: Analysis of the correlation between blast number, and expression of Bcl-xL, CD34, and CD7 in adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia patients. Method: An observational cross-sectional study was performed on 30 adult patients who have recently been diagnosed with Acute Myeloid Leukemia using bone marrow aspiration for examination of the number of blasts by a microscope. Examination of the expression of Bcl-xL, CD34, and CD7 was performed by BD FACSCalibur based on the measured Mean Fluorescence Intensity (MFI). Results: A total of 30 AML patients had a range of blast count 20 - 82\%, Bcl-xL expression with MFI 93.06 - 441.09, CD34 expression with MFI 1.06 - 1,452.48, CD7 expression with MFI 9.31 - 90.58. In this study, there was no significant correlation between Bcl-xL expression as an indicator of anti-apoptotic properties with blast count r = 0.118 (p = 0.534), CD34 expression r 0.225 (p = 0.231) and CD7 expression r = 0.148 ( p = 0.435). Conclusion: Bcl-xL expression as an indicator of anti-apoptotic properties in adult AML patients had no correlations with the proliferation of blast cells in AML. This suggests that increased anti-apoptotic activity is not the primary mechanism in the pathogenesis of AML.

}, keywords = {AML, Bcl-xL, blast, CD34, CD7}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.73}, author = {Febriani Puspitasari and Paulus B. Notopuro} } @article {2343, title = {Association of CRP, Procalcitonin, Lactate, and Albumin Levels with In-Hospital Mortality Post-Definitive Laparotomy in Patients with Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {805-808}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {805}, abstract = {

Introduction: Complicated intra-abdominal infection (cIAI) still has a high mortality rate due to organ dysfunction despite advances in supportive care. Unlike other sources of septicemia, cIAI requires source control surgery, which is crucial for improving outcomes. The strategy for source control varies depending on the degree of inflammation associated with cIAI; the more severe the inflammation, the less aggressive the surgery needs to be. Therefore, we need a reliable parameter to predict the degree of inflammation before any physiological rearrangement or organ dysfunction occurs due to excessive inflammation from surgery. The literature shows that CRP, procalcitonin, lactate, and albumin are associated with the degree of inflammation. Thus, it{\textquoteright}s necessary to study about mentioned parameters for being reference determination strategy of surgery in cIAI, classical definitive laparotomy, or rapid source control laparotomy (RSCL). Methods: We have collected data from CIAI patients at Dr. Soetomo Regional General Hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia, covering November 2022 to April 2024. Our primary focus is assessing the inflammation level associated with the compensated or decompensated phase. The decompensated phase signifies an excessive inflammatory response, with one indication being in-hospital mortality. Subsequently, we performed univariate and multivariate analyses using the SPSS program to determine which laboratory parameters (CRP, Procalcitonin, Lactate, and Albumin) are most associated with in-hospital mortality. Results: Between November 2022 and April 2024, there were 309 patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI). Among the patients, 61.8\% were male and 38.2\% were female. The majority of patients (27.17\%) were aged 61-70. The causes of cIAI included perforated appendicitis (22.65\%), perforated peptic ulcer (21.69\%), complications from previous surgeries (18.13\%), large bowel perforation (12.29\%), small bowel perforation (11.33\%), intraperitoneal abscess (11.33\%), and other causes (2.58\%). Statistically, lactate was found to be the most accurate predictor of intraoperative hemodynamic instability (p-value \< 0.001; correlation coefficient of 0.481), followed by albumin (p-value \< 0.001; correlation coefficient of 0.357). CRP and Procalcitonin were less accurate, with correlation coefficients of 0.182 and 0.272, respectively. The determined cut-off points for lactate and albumin were 1.94 and 2.73, for CRP and Procalcitonin were 23,24 and 47,95. Abnormal laboratory finding in our study mean CRP above cut off point, Procalcitonin above cut off point, lactate above cut off point and albumin below cut off point. More than 2 laboratories finding, in-hospital mortality 66,7\%, 2 laboratory finding in-hospital mortality 42,8\% and only 1 laboratory finding in-hospital mortality 28,4\%. Conclusions: CRP, Procalcitonin, Lactate and Albumin have relation statistically significant with in-hospital mortality. Lactate and albumin are better than CRP and procalcitonin in our study, and consider RSCL for more than 2 parameter abnormal laboratory findings CRP, procalcitonin, lactate or albumin.

}, keywords = {Complicated intraabdominal infection, Damage control laparotomy, Inflammatory mediators}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.133}, author = {Mochamad Syahroni Fardiansyah and Tomy Lesmana and Edwin Danardono and Denny Septarendra and Ismu Nugroho and Adhitya Angga Wardhana and Anton Sugianto and Rena Normasari} } @article {2386, title = {Association of Triglyceride and Glucose Index with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1077- 1080}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1077}, abstract = {

Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is significantly linked to obesity, insulin resistance (IR), metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). There isn{\textquoteright}t a single biomarker used to diagnose NAFLD. Objectives: Analyzing the association between triglyceride and glucose index (TyG) with NAFLD in T2DM. Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the efficacy of TyG as a potential NAFLD biomarker. The study was conducted on 103 diabetes outpatient clinics at the Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital from August to October 2023. Sixty-seven subjects experienced steatosis, while those who did not experience steatosis were 36. The statistical analysis used in this study is binary logistic regression with p \<0.05. Results: The receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) analysis showed a TyG cut-off value of 9.334 (AUC = 0.660). Analysis of the risk of TyG on the incidence of steatosis was carried out using binary logistic regression. The results showed that TyG was a significant risk factor for steatosis. Patients with a TyG value above 9.334 risk developing steatosis 3.567 times greater than patients with a TyG value below 9.334 (OR 95\% = 1.373 {\textendash} 9.270, p = 0.009). Conclusion: A significant association between TyG and NAFLD in T2DM patients, which the TyG index may be a more effective, valuable, and uncomplicated measure for detecting and controlling NAFLD.

}, keywords = {Hepatic steatosis, Insulin resistance, NAFLD, TyG index, Type 2 diabetes mellitus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.174}, author = {Febri Kurniawati and Sony Wibisono Mudjanarko and Soebagijo Adi Soelistijo and Titong Sugihartono} } @article {2398, title = {Atypical Manifestation of Oral Candidiasis in Patient with Aplastic Anemia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1143-1149}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1143}, abstract = {

Candidiasis is an opportunistic fungal infection predominantly caused by Candida species, which can manifest in immunocompromised individuals such as those with aplastic anemia. Aplastic anemia, characterized by bone marrow failure, significantly increases susceptibility to infections, with fungal infections being a leading cause of mortality. Oral candidiasis is one of the most common manifestations, and it typically presents as white pseudomembranes. However, atypical presentations can occur. We report a case of a 26-year-old male with aplastic anemia who presented with general weakness, fever, and painful swallowing. On examination, a blackish plaque was observed on his palate. Laboratory tests, including palatal tissue smear, histological examination, and culture, confirmed an infection of Candida tropicalis. This unusual blackish manifestation of oral candidiasis, resembling mucormycosis, has not been previously described in the literature. The patient was treated with intravenous fluconazole, leading to complete resolution of the oral lesions within 11 days. Through this case, we underscore the importance of recognizing atypical presentations of common infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients, and highlight the need for thorough diagnostic evaluation to guide appropriate antifungal therapy.

}, keywords = {Aplastic anemia, Atypical presentation, Black oral thrush, Candida tropicalis, Oral candidiasis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.187}, author = {Praf Nahlalogi and Bramantono} } @article {2211, title = {Bacteriological Profile of Clinical Isolates from COVID-19 Hospitalised and Non-Hospitalised Patients in Bloemfontein}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {67-75}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {67}, abstract = {

The COVID-19 literature is limited regarding bacterial infections. If bacterial infections drive mortality in respiratory viruses, this has clear implications for patient management. To address this limited literature problem, we review current knowledge on bacterial infections in COVID-19, assess information from past viral respiratory pandemics, and determine the most prevalent infections. We also study antibiotic misuse during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings of this study conclude that there is a need to consider presence or absence of bacterial infection in COVID-19 management. Early determination and antibiotic treatment are of importance, however not all patients who are tested for COVID -19 are also tested for bacterial infections which may exacerbate the disease. Physicians utilised antibiotics as a treatment for COVID -19 for various reasons, this posed a risk of antibiotic overuse and antimicrobial resistance when administered in patients with no bacterial infection. While lack of access to antibiotics could be dangerous in the same vein as its misuse, it is of importance to ensure that these life-saving agents are preserved and used with utmost care.

}, keywords = {Antibiotics, Bacterial Infections, COVID-19, Patients}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.10}, author = {Matsaba B.M and Makhoahle P.M} } @article {2377, title = {Berberine Mitigates Betel-Nut Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis, Enhances Chemosensitivity to Cisplatin and Reduces Cisplatin- Induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice Exposed to an Aqueous Extract of Betel Nut}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1021-1028}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1021}, abstract = {

Background: There is a considerable correlation between the use of betel-nut (BN) as a chewing substance and the development of various malignancies. Objective: The bioactive phytocompound berberine was tested as monotherapy or in combination with cisplatin to reduce BN-induced carcinogenesis in mice. We also examined how berberine affected cisplatin-induced toxicity. Methods: Swiss Albino mice were exposed to aqueous extract of betel-nut (AEBN) at a dose of 2 mg ml-1 in drinking water, for 16 weeks. Following this, the mice were given a combination of AEBN and berberine (10 mg kg-1) for 8 weeks. Control mice were given drinking water without AEBN for 24 weeks. For the combination treatment, mice that had been exposed to AEBN (2 mg ml-1) for 16 weeks were given AEBN+sodiumchloride+cisplatin (5 mg kg-1) +berberine (10 mg kg-1) for 2 weeks. Histopathology, oxidative stress, proliferation, apoptosis, oncogenic and tumor suppressor proteins, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity were assessed in tissues retrieved at treatment endpoints. Results: Berberine monotherapy reduced tissue dysplasia, liver nodulation, oxidative stress, proliferation (Ki-67 and Cyclin D1) markers, Akt/mTOR signaling, and pP53 (Ser-15) levels and apoptosis in AEBN-treated mice to levels comparable to cisplatin alone. Berberine with cisplatin decreased nephrotoxicity, fur shedding, and cancer phenotype more than cisplatin alone. Conclusion: The study results imparted a new therapeutic approach in developing more effective and less harmful cancer treatments.

}, keywords = {AEBN, Berberine, Betel-Nut, Chemotherapy, Cisplatin, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.165}, author = {Kasturi Bhattacharjee and Moumita Nath and Yashmin Choudhury} } @article {2225, title = {Bioguided Assay of Polyphenols Isolated from Medicinal Mayan Species and its Activity Against Leishmania mexicana.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {174-180}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {174}, abstract = {

Objective: This study underlines the in vitro leishmanicidal activity of the methanol extracts (MeOH), fractions of n-hexane (n-Hex), chloroform (TCM) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and compounds isolated from plant species used in the Mayan traditional medicine. Materials and Methods: Extracts of medicinal species collected in the Mayan Peninsula such as Hylocerus undatus, Bauhinia divaricate, Euphorbia hirta, Ruellia nudiflora and Cedrela odorata, were tasted in a bio guided assays against amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana. Different chromatographic techniques were applied in order to isolated the most active compounds. Additionally, spectroscopic experiments 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, LC-MS and FT-IR were stablished to determine the chemical structure of the chemical compounds. Results: Euphorbia hirta and Cedrella odorata, showed good bioactivity with 14.81 {\textpm} 2.63 g/mL and IC50 = 18.39 {\textpm} 0.88 μg/mL respectively, meanwhile Bauhinia divaricata not show activity and Ruellia nudiflora showed poor activity with IC50 = 92.18 {\textpm} 3.64 μg/mL, followed by Hylocerus undatus with IC50 = 122.5 {\textpm} 20.99 μg/mL, when tasted against amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana. Spectroscopic data confirmed the presence of quercetin, myricetin, kempherol and scopoletin, with IC50 = 2.92 {\textpm} 0.42 μM, 12.30 {\textpm} 0.57 μM, 20.22 {\textpm} 4.66 μM and 4.05 {\textpm} 0.68 μM respectively. Conclusion: The bioguided assays guided us, to the purification and isolation of four different metabolites, mainly flavonoids and structurally related compounds, some of them show good activity, however, their low bioavailability indicates the need for detailed structural relation activity studies, together with the development of formulations and delivery systems.

}, keywords = {Coumarins, Flavonoids, Leishmania mexicana, NMR structural determination, Polyphenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.24}, author = {Horacio Larqu{\'e} and Abelardo Ch{\'a}vez Montes and Jaime Zamora-Chimal and Moises Looh-Hern{\'a}ndez and Joel H. Elizondo Luevano and Esther del Olmo} } @article {2321, title = {Biomarker Profiles Associated with Covid-19 Mortality in East Java, Indonesia: A Tertiary Care Hospital Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {689-694}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {689}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aimed to compare the most useful biomarkers for predicting prognosis and response to therapy in COVID-19 patients. Material and Methods: This quantitative study involved 639 patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 infection. Patients without any biochemical marker result; patients referred to another hospital; and peripheral oxygen levels measured using oxygen supplementation were excluded from the study. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in terms of demographics, vital signs on admission, and laboratory parameters. The risk of mortality in COVID-19 is significantly influenced by c-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels (p-value \<0.05). Conclusion: Findings revealed these biomarkers could help the future development of more personalized treatment and diagnostic approaches.

}, keywords = {Biomarker, COVID-19, Outcome}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.110}, author = {Retno Budiarti and Ediono and Muhammad Miftahussurur and Abdulloh Machin and Mochammad Wijdan Rosyich and Ayu Imamatun Nisa and Fatimatuzzahro and Nila Novia Putri and Muhammad Ja{\textquoteright}far Shodiq} } @article {2246, title = {Boletus griseipurpureus Corner: Antibacterial, Antioxidant Properties and Phytochemical Compositions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {296-301}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {296}, abstract = {

This study aims to investigate the properties of B. griseipurpureus Corner concerning its efficacy against various bacterial strains and its antioxidant capacity, along with its phytochemical composition. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method, revealing pronounced efficacy against gram-negative bacteria, particularly noteworthy against E. coli ESBL182, known for its antibiotic resistance. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of B. griseipurpureus Corner extract against E. coli ESBL182 were determined to be 75 and 300 mg/ml, respectively. The extract exhibited bacteriostatic activity by inhibiting cell growth, leading to a reduction in optical density at 600 nm. Additionally, examination of the supernatant from untreated and treated E. coli ESBL182 cells with B. griseipurpureus Corner extract indicated absorbance values of 0.088 and 0.248 at 260 nm, and 0.045 and 0.286 at 280 nm, respectively. Further investigation utilizing a scanning electron microscope revealed alterations in the morphology of treated cells, which displayed elongation and fragmentation, in contrast to untreated cells. The DPPH assay indicated that the IC50 of B. griseipurpureus Corner extract was 31.22 mg/ml. The IC50 value obtained from the ABTS assay was 47.31 mg/ml. Additionally, the FRAP assay revealed that the concentration of ascorbic acid equivalent in B. griseipurpureus Corner extract was 1.06 mg/g crude extract. Phytochemical analysis, conducted using a spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 750 nm and 510 nm, respectively, indicated phenolic and flavonoid contents of 0.22 mg gallic acid/g fresh weight and 3.23 mg quercetin/g fresh weight in the extract.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant property, Boletus griseipurpureus Corner, Flavonoid compound, Phenolic compound, Phytochemical compositions}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.44}, author = {On-Anong Somsap and Anussara Kamnate and Amornrat Angajchariya} } @article {2365, title = {Cadre Assistance in Improving the Nutritional Status of Two Years Baby: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {960-965}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {960}, abstract = {

Background: The Health Law mandates that efforts to improve community nutrition aim to improve the nutritional quality of individuals and society. Indonesia is still a country with a fairly high category of nutritional problems. Very underweight badgers were 1.2\% and underweight badgers were 5.2\%. Overcoming nutritional problems must involve various parties in society, one of the community parties who plays an important role in overcoming nutritional problems for toddlers is health cadres in the village, especially nutritional problems for toddlers. Objective: to identify and explain scientific evidence regarding Mentoring Efforts by Cadres to improve Nutrition for Baduta and strengthen the theoretical basis that can support solving the problem being researched. Method: Using online journal databases that can be accessed in PDF form, namely, Pubmed, Elsevier/Scopus, Crossref and Google Scholar. Other sources such as textbooks, national health reports, and dissertations. The search included studies published in the last 10 years (2012{\textendash}2022). Using keywords (Kader, Nutrition Baduta, Posyandu Cadre, Cadre, Health Workers, Nutrition Health Workers). Appropriate articles were then entered into Mendeley. Results: Conclusion: Assistance to cadres can increase cadres{\textquoteright} knowledge and skills in improving nutrition for children, especially toddlers and toddlers. Mentoring and empowering cadres is carried out using various methods such as counseling, training, using various tools and media.

}, keywords = {Baduta Nutrition, Cadres, Mentoring, Two years baby., underweight}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.155}, author = {Ramli Ramli and Muhammad Syafar and Veni Hadju and Aminuddin Syam and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2273, title = {Can Ventilator Settings Influence Lung Damage Biomarkers KL-6 and CRP during One Lung Ventilation?}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {455-459}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {455}, abstract = {

Background: Volume-controlled (VCV) or pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) modes are most often used during OLV. This is a prospective observational analytical study of patients undergoing thoracic surgery with OLV. Method: 40 patients underwent thoracic surgery using one lung ventilation (OLV) from December 2023 to February 2024. All patients received lung protective ventilation (PLV) with a tidal volume of 6 ml/ kgPBW during OLV with PEEP 5-7 cmH2O and were divided into two groups: one with a ventilator in volume-controlled mode (VCV) and the other with pressure-controlled mode (PCV). KL-6, CRP, and p/f ratio were measured before OLV, 2 hours after OLV, and 24 hours after the operation was completed. Respiratory variables during OLV were recorded. Results: KL-6 and CRP levels in PCV and VCV groups were significantly different. There were significant differences in the values of Ppeak (p \<0.001), PEEP (p = 0.008), Cstat (p = 0.004) and driving pressure (p \<0.001) in both groups. The correlation between changes in KL-6 and CRP levels and the P/F ratio were very weak and insignificant. Cytokines play an important role in the inflammatory response in the lungs. Several determining factors of blood flow are gravity, lung disease, surgery, and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Duration of OLV may affect the pulmonary inflammatory response and is correlated with the duration of OLV. Conclusion: There is no association found between KL-6 and CRP in PCV and VCV mode during thoracotomy with OLV.

}, keywords = {CRP, KL-6, One lung ventilation, Thoracotomy, Ventilator}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.72}, author = {Novita Sari and Bambang Pujo Semedi and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Kohar Hari Santoso and Maulydia and Budi Utomo and Christrijogo Sumartono} } @article {2370, title = {A Case of Spondyloarthritis with Deep Vein Thrombosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {993-997}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {993}, abstract = {

Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is an autoimmune disease that has several clinical manifestations with certain characteristics. In this report, we present the case of an immobilized 54-year-old female with SpA who complained of a painful swollen left leg. Laboratory workup and imaging study supported the diagnosis of SpA complicated with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The patient was given glucocorticoid, an anticoagulant, and medical rehabilitation. Symptoms improved following treatment. SpA increases the inflammatory state, leading to the increased risk of DVT. Holistic and comprehensive treatment is required in SpA patients with DVT to prevent further exacerbation or poorer prognosis.

}, keywords = {Complication, Spondyloarthritis; Deep vein thrombosis, Treatment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.160}, author = {Mahresya Kamajaya and Lita Diah Rahmawati} } @article {2281, title = {A Case Report: High Dose Systemic Corticosteroids as the Therapy for Severe Case Impetigo Herpetiformis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {498-502}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {498}, abstract = {

Introduction: Impetigo herpetiformis (IH) is a rare but life-threatening dermatosis of pregnancy. Early recognition and treatment of IH is important because it may cause maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Systemic corticosteroids remain the mainstay of treatment for IH and are considered safe for pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to present successful high-dose corticosteroids as a therapy for severe cases of IH. Case: We reported a 34-year-old pregnant woman in third trimester of pregnancy with a two-week history of reddish patches and pustules spread almost all over her body. She had a history of the same complaint in her latest pregnancy. The diagnosis of severe IH was made based on clinical, laboratory, and histopathology findings. She was prescribed 80 mg/day of oral prednisolone. The eruption and systemic symptoms gradually improved after 12 weeks of treatment. The dose was maintained until delivery before tapered gradually and stopped. The baby was born healthy, and there were not any new lesions. Discussion: Given the possibility of fetal and maternal complications that are potentially lifethreatening, IH needs to be detected and treated right away. The mainstay of treatment for IH is systemic corticosteroids. Steroids control the eruption by preventing polymorphonuclear cells from migrating. Due to its limited placental transmission, prednisolone is regarded to be safe for uses during pregnancy. After 12 weeks of treatment of 80 mg daily prednisolone, the eruptions were resolved and there were not any side effects of steroid observed in both the mother and the baby. Conclusion: Impetigo herpetiformis not only needs early treatment to prevent maternal and fetal complications but also the safety of the treatment chosen. High-dose oral prednisolone is considered effective and safe to control a severe case of IH as it has low placental transmission.

}, keywords = {Impetigo herpetiformis, Prednisolone, Pustular Psoriasis of Pregnancy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.80}, author = {Laila Tsaqilah and Annisa Febrieza Zulkarnaen and Hartati Purbo Dharmadji and Risa Miliawati Nurul Hidayah and Erda Avriyanti} } @article {2449, title = {Cerebral Vessel Rupture Leading to Sudden Death: Implications for Pharmacognosy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1442-1446}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {1442}, abstract = {

Sudden death is one of the situations that necessitates immediate treatment from a forensic doctor. The WHO defines sudden death as death occurring within 24 hours of the beginning of symptoms. There are three sorts of sudden death: unexpected, unwitnessed, and spontaneous. Diseases of the Central Nervous System are the third most common cause of sudden death. Ischemic stroke (blockage) and hemorrhagic stroke (bleeding) are examples of central nervous system illnesses. Hypertension (cardiovascular disease) and smoking are known risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke.In 2019, the global incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was 14.46 per 100,000 people. The case discussed in our paper is about the sudden death of a European (Ukrainian) ship captain who happened to be anchored in the waters of Gresik, East Java, who died of hemorrhagic stroke.

}, keywords = {Cardiovascular Disease, ICH, SAH, Stroke, sudden death}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.233}, author = {Farhad Moegis and Ahmad Yudianto and Renny Sumino} } @article {2326, title = {Challenges in the Diagnosis and Management of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A Case Report}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {702-705}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {702}, abstract = {

Background: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive endocrine disorder resulting in 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency. Nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia is commonly found in adult patients with menstrual disorders, growth delays, secondary sexual characteristic abnormalities, or infertility. Diagnosing and managing CAH presents several challenges that can hinder patients from achieving therapeutic targets. Case Presentation: A 19-year-old female was referred from the Internal Medicine Polyclinic to the Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Polyclinic at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital (RSUD Dr. Soetomo), presenting with primary amenorrhea and no breast development. Examination revealed signs of virilization, such as hirsutism, acne, and clitoromegaly. Ultrasound examination showed a hypoplastic uterus with normal ovaries. Elevated serum 17-OHP and testosterone from laboratory examination confirmed the diagnosis. Treatment with glucocorticoid replacement therapy using hydrocortisone, along with antiandrogenic contraceptive pills, showed therapeutic progress within six months. Discussion: Diagnosing CAH is challenging and often results in delays in patients receiving appropriate care. The primary therapeutic goal of CAH is to prevent hyperandrogenism and provide glucocorticoid replacement therapy to suppress ACTH activity. Long-term administration of hydrocortisone and contraceptive pills for puberty induction is a viable and accessible option. However, long-term therapy can lead to side effects that impact the patient. Conclusion: There are several challenges in diagnosing and managing congenital CAH. Long-term management should be personalized, prioritizing the patient{\textquoteright}s goals and maximizing the benefits of multidisciplinary therapy.

}, keywords = {21-hydroxylase, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Disorder of sexual development}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.118}, author = {Ganesha Pratama Biyang and Ashon Sa{\textquoteright}adi} } @article {2215, title = {Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Essential Oil and its Potential Against Stress, Anxiety, and Sleep Quality}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {100-107}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {100}, abstract = {

Introduction: This investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of Matricaria chamomilla L essential oil on stress, anxiety, and sleep quality. Methods: The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus, and the chemical composition was performed by Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Furthermore, a study was conducted where 128 participants were divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group treated with essential oils. Stress, anxiety, and sleep quality were evaluated using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS{\textendash}10), the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI). In addition, cortisol was measured. Results: Chemical analysis showed thatα-Bisabolol oxide A exhibited the highest concentration at 30.42\%, followed by α -Bisabolol (10.94\%), α-Bisabolone oxide A (9.82\%), and spathulenol (8.83\%). Stress, anxiety, sleep quality, and cortisol scores decreased in the post-test study phase compared to the pre-test in the experimental group (p\<0.05). Important effect size was found in the case of anxiety (d = 1.203; Δ = 1.246), while medium effects were observed for stress (d = 0.701; Δ = 0.633) and sleep quality (d = 0.888; Δ = 0.732), while cortisol showed small changes (d=0.374; Δ=0.357). Conclusion: The study showed the potential of Chamomile essential oils to reduce stress and anxiety levels and improve sleep quality.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Essential oils, Matricaria chamomilla, Sleep quality, stress}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.14}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Elda Maritza Rodrigo-Villanueva and Jos{\'e} Gilberto Gavidia-Valencia and Natalia Mavila Guzm{\'a}n Rodr{\'\i}guez and Roger Antonio Rengifo-Penadillos and Julio V{\'\i}ctor Campos-Flori{\'a}n and Yolanda Elizabeth Rodr{\'\i}guez de Guzm{\'a}n} } @article {2387, title = {Changes in Blood Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Levels in Experimental Animals with Traumatic Brain Injury after Magnesium Sulfate Administration: An Experimental Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1086-1089}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1086}, abstract = {

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in notable impairments in neurological function and is associated with poor outcomes. Various processes occur at the cellular level, one of which is neuroinflammation. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin protein produced by the brain that circulates in plasma post-injury. It has functions such as anti-apoptosis, anti-neurotoxicity, and antiinflammatory effects. Therapeutic approaches aimed at modulating or synergizing BDNF are anticipated to reduce inflammation and enhance outcomes in TBI patients. Magnesium sulfate administration is known for its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Methods: This study employed a true experimental post-test-only group design. The subjects, male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), were subjected to weight-drop-induced TBI and divided into three distinct groups: a control group (Group A), a TBI group without therapy (Group B), and a therapy group (Group C). Group B received TBI without magnesium sulfate administration, while Group C received TBI with magnesium sulfate administered at 250 μm/kg BW. BDNF levels in blood plasma were assessed at the conclusion of therapy utilizing ELISA. ANOVA was used to conclude the inquiry after all groups underwent a Shapiro-Wilk test. Results: Plasma BDNF levels were significantly lower in the TBI rat models treated with magnesium sulfate at 250 μm/kg BW within 4 hours after injury than in the untreated group (p = 0.005). Compared to the untreated group, the magnesium sulfate-treated group had reduced plasma BDNF levels. Conclusions: Administration of MgSO4 to the TBI treatment group resulted in decreased BDNF levels compared to the untreated group.

}, keywords = {BDNF, Magnesium sulfate, Neuroinflammation, Traumatic Brain Injury}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.176}, author = {Aditya Brahmantio Sujaka and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Tedy Apriawan and Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi} } @article {2332, title = {Cheminformatic and in vitro Bioprospection of Capsicum Annuum L. Metabolites as DNA Gyrase B Inhibitors}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {726-737}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {726}, abstract = {

Introduction: Capsicum species are known in food and trado-medicinal uses for maladies management due their rich content of phytochemicals, but with little work done on in silico bioprospection of its volatilome. Objectives: This study targeted chemometric profiling, virtual bioprospection of potential lead metabolites in 2 Capsicum annuum L. fruit variants{\textquoteright} (green and red) to identify lead gyrase B inhibitors (GBIs) and provide new mechanistic insights. Methods: Metabolites were profiled using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and quantitative phytochemical assays. Extracts antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) and antibacterial (susceptibility testing) activities were also determined. In silico [docking, pharmacokinetics, DFT] analyses were used to identify and predict chemical features of potential lead GBIs key to extracts molecular mechanism of action. Results: Mass spectral analysis identified hydrocarbons, fatty acid and other derivatives. Quantitative phytochemical analysis showed flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and alkaloids. The green C. annuum extract had better antioxidative action, while extracts of both green and red variant showed similar antimicrobial profiles against resistant bacterial pathogens. In silico highest docking scores were observed for [1-Ethyloctyl) cyclohexane (-6.6 kcal/mol)] and dibutyl phthalate (-6.4 kcal/mol). All lead GBIs had desirable pharmacokinetics in line with the Lipinski rule of 5, and chemical reactivity properties. Conclusion: In silico and in vitro methods combination provided robust metabolomic profiling. The identified lead C. annuum-based natural GBIs contribute to the bioactivity profile and molecular mechanism of action of fractions. The study provided a first-hand report on natural GBIs derivable from Capsicum fruits which could be exploited in formulations for non-food and pharmaceutical applications.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, Capsicum annuum, Computational analysis., Gyrase B, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.122}, author = {Ajayi Adebimpe Oluwabunmi and Aruwa Christiana Eleojo and Sabiu Saheed and Akinyosoye Felix Akinsola} } @article {2393, title = {Ciplukan Fruit Extract (Physalis angulata L.) on IL-12 and Oxidative Stress in Mice Gestational Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1121-1123}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1121}, abstract = {

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication, characterized by increased blood glucose levels that occur during pregnancy. Oxidative stress in hyperglycemia increases the inflammatory response in GDM by stimulating pro-inflammatory genes. IL-12 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is generally involved in inflammatory responses . This research aims to determine the effect of ciplukan fruit extract against IL-12, and Oxidative Stress in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus mice . The method used in this research is RAL (Completely Randomized Design). Analysis of cytokine levels using the ELISA reading method was followed by data analysis using the ANOVA test . The results showed that the treatment given gradually increased the highest cytokine levels in the P4 group showing the highest increase with IL-12 levels of 0.246 pg/mL, SOD of 0.160 U/mg protein, and MDA of 0.070 μmol/L. In this study it can be concluded that the P4 group showed the strongest effect in all parameters, indicating the potential of the agent or intervention as an immunomodulator and antioxidant, although it requires good management of oxidative stress.

}, keywords = {Ciplukan fruit extract, DMG, IL-12, MDA, SOD}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.182}, author = {Harry Kurniawan Gondo and Elizabeth Haryanti} } @article {2454, title = {Citrus Extract-Mediated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Capacity to Attenuate Free Radicals and Inflammation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1222-1233}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1222}, abstract = {

Introduction: The exploitation of plant materials for the green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) for biological applications, is considered an eco-friendly technology because it does not involve the use of toxic chemicals. Objective: The study was carried out to synthesize citrus extract-mediated ZnO NPs and evaluate their free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory capacity. Materials and Methods: ZnO NPs were green synthesized, using the peel and leaf aqueous extracts of three citrus plants: Nova mandarin, Satsuma mandarin and Eureka lemon. The citrus extract based ZnO NPs were characterized by UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy, microscopy (SEM and TEM), EDX and XRD analyses. They were screened against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) free radicals. Finally, their inhibitory effects against egg albumin denaturation (EAD) were determined spectrophotometrically. Results: The six afforded biogenic NPs consistently exhibited FTIR vibrational band around 500 cm-1, which is characteristics of a metal oxide (Zn-O) band. They also showed UV-Vis absorption peaks at 387 and 415 nm, suggesting the formation of ZnO NPs. Nova mandarin peel (NMP) ZnO NPs exhibited the best DPPH and NO radical scavenging activities, with 50\% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 7.61{\textpm}0.69 and 19.93{\textpm}0.40 μg/mL, respectively. It also gave the best inhibition against EAD, with an IC50 of 14.80{\textpm}1.29 μg/mL. Morphological assessment of NMP extract-based ZnO NPs revealed rod-shaped particles at 35-50 nm range. Conclusion: It has been shown through this study that citrus extract based ZnO NPs, especially those prepared with NMP, may have the capacity to attenuate free radical release and inflammation in biological systems.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory capacity, Citrus plants, Free Radical Scavenging Activity, Nova mandarin, Zinc oxide nanoparticle green synthesis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16s.236}, author = {Tabisa Diniso and Ayodeji O. Oriola and Gugulethu M. Miya and Simon K. Kuria and Yiseyon S. Hosu and Opeoluwa O. Oyedeji and Mike O. Ojemaye and Ludwe Majiza and Jerry O. Adeyemi and Adebola O. Oyedeji} } @article {2397, title = {Clinicopathological Analysis of Mucinous Ovarian Tumors at a Single Center in Indonesia, 2019-2023}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1138-1142}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1138}, abstract = {

Background: Mucinous ovarian tumors are a rare subtype of epithelial ovarian tumors, accounting for approximately 3\% of all cases. These tumors exhibit unique clinical and pathological characteristics, with a particularly poor prognosis in advanced stages due to low responsiveness to platinum-based chemotherapy. Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationships between clinicopathological characteristics in patients with mucinous ovarian tumors treated at a single center in Indonesia between 2019 and 2023. Materials and Methods: A correlational study from March to June 2024 analyzed patients with confirmed mucinous ovarian tumors in Indonesia, focusing on age, histopathological grade, FIGO stage, CA-125 levels, tumor size, and metastasis presence. Results: A study of 123 mucinous ovarian tumor patients found that 57.7\% were over 40. Histopathological analysis revealed 21.1\% were benign, 26\% borderline, and 52.8\% malignant. Patients over 40 had more malignant tumors, advanced-stage disease, and omental metastasis. A significant correlation was found between malignant histopathology and advanced FIGO stage, as well as between advanced FIGO stage and both lymph node and omental metastasis. Tumor size was associated with elevated CA-125 levels and bilateral tumors. Conclusion: Mucinous ovarian tumors in patients over 40 years old are more likely to be malignant, present at an advanced stage, and involve omental metastasis. Malignant histopathological results are associated with advanced FIGO stages, which in turn are linked to lymph node and omental metastasis. Tumors larger than 10 cm tend to have elevated CA-125 levels.

}, keywords = {Clinicopathological characteristics, Indonesia, Mucinous ovarian tumors, Single center}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.186}, author = {Bayu Aditya Nugraha and Brahmana Askandar Tjokroprawiro} } @article {2358, title = {Combination Bitter, Ginger, Turmeric Extract in Mice: Acute and Sub Acute Toxicity Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {916-922}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {916}, abstract = {

Herbal plants are widely used as traditional medicine for generations. Some of them are bitter, in Indonesian called Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata), red ginger in Indonesian called Jahe merah (Zingiber officinale var rubrum), and turmeric in Indonesian called Kunyit (Curcuma domestica). This study tested extracts containing a combination of three ingredients, hereinafter named {\textquoteright}SIJAKUN{\textquoteright} extract (SambIloto, JAhe, KUNyit){\textquotedblright}. This combination has good benefits for the body, especially as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. This study aims to measure the acute and subacute toxic effects of {\textquoteright}SIJAKUN{\textquoteright} extract. This is a true experimental study. In the acute toxicity study, the SIJAKUN extract was given to 5 groups of mice a doses of 1000 mg/kg, 2,000 mg/kg, 3,000 mg/kg, 4,000 mg/kg, and 5,000 mg/kg. After being observed for 24 hours, the number of dead mice from each group was counted to calculate the LD50 of the {\textquoteright}SIJAKUN{\textquoteright} extract. Whereas in subacute toxicity, 5 groups of mice were given 0.5 ml of CMCNa solution, {\textquoteright}SIJAKUN{\textquoteright} extract at doses of 25 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, and 25 mg/kg ibuprofen, the test substance was given orally once daily for 28 days. Then an examination was carried out: SGOT, SGPT, BUN, and serum creatinine. the results of subsequent examinations were analyzed statistically. To assess the safety of the SIJAKUN combination, it is necessary to conduct research to determine the acute and sub acut toxicity of SIJAKUN to the liver and kidneys. Based on the results of acut toxixity study conducted, no experimental animals died at one dose of 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 mg/kgbb {\textquoteleft}SIJAKUN{\textquoteright} extract. Based on these results, the LD50 of {\textquoteright}SIJAKUN{\textquoteright} extract was above 5000 mg/kgbb. Therefore, it can be said that {\textquoteright}SIJAKUN{\textquoteright} extract is a non-toxic compound. In the subacute toxicity study, examination result of SGOT, SGPT, BUN, and serum creatinin was not change significantly, with P value \> 0.05. This result indicating no significant difference between the control group and the treatment group. It can be said that the sub-acute toxicity test found that {\textquoteright}SIJAKUN{\textquoteright} extract did not toxic for liver and kidney. In acute and subacute toxicity studies that has been carried out, {\textquoteright}SIJAKUN{\textquoteright} extract was classified as a non-toxic compound, so it is safe to use as herbal medicine.

}, keywords = {Acute and Sub Acute Toxicity, Ginger, LD50., SIJAKUN (bitter, turmeric)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.148}, author = {Handayani H. and Renny Novi P. and Andik Ferdiantoro and Afira Febriani S. W. and Rifky Dwi Aditya Iryawan and Diaz Syafrie A. and Rahadian Zainul and Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori and Mochammad Aqilah Herdiansyah} } @article {2220, title = {Community-based Anti-Drug Efforts: Leveraging Local Wisdom for Prevention}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {141-144}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {141}, abstract = {

Background: Drug abuse prevention in the community based on local culture, specifically {\textquotedblleft}Pageu Gampong,{\textquotedblright} involves legal aspects related to drugs and the management of drug prevention in the community. This study examines the influence of local culture, {\textquotedblleft}Pageu Gampong,{\textquotedblright} as a preventive measure against drug use among ninety in Aceh Besar district. Materials and Methods: In this study, a quasi-experimental pre-post test design was utilized to investigate the effectiveness of drug abuse prevention training that incorporated local culture, specifically, {\textquotedblleft}Pageu Gampong{\textquotedblright}; the research was conducted in seven phases and yielded promising results, including the establishment of an anti-drug task force team aimed at sustaining drug control efforts at the village level. To ensure data accuracy, the researcher designed and tested a self-administered questionnaire for validity and reliability. Results: The research showed increased general knowledge about drugs, legal aspects related to drugs, and drug prevention procedures with a p-value of 0.000. The results of this study are expected to be used for screening and early detection of the risk of drug abuse in the community through various culturally-based programs implemented by task force team members. Conclusion: This study can be used for screening and early detection of the risk of drug abuse in the community through various culturally-based programs implemented by task force team members.

}, keywords = {Anti-drug task force, Community-based programs, Drug prevention, Local culture, Risk detection}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.19}, author = {T Alamsyah and Teuku Muliadi and Khairunnas and Sufyan Anwar and Marniati and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2350, title = {Community-Based Electronic Recording and Reporting in Indonesia: Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {860-864}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {860}, abstract = {

Background: Implementing electronic-based health information systems in Indonesia has shown a significant increase in the last decade. However, many problems still need to be solved that hinder the effectiveness of this system. Studies describing the implementation of electronic-based data collection, monitoring, and reporting show confusing results. Aim: This review aims to evaluate the implementation of community-based electronic data collection, monitoring and reporting. Method: PRISMA guidelines was used to conduct this review. Databases used to search relevant literature including PubMed, Sciencedirect, Willey Online Library, and Proquest. Authors independently screening and extracted the data from the eligible studies. CASP for qualitative study was used to assess the quality of the study. Result: There are nine studies that matched with the inclusion criteria. Area of recording, monitoring, and reporting including maternal and child health, NCDs, and Tuberculosis. the challenges faced by Indonesia in implementing the ERMR including internet connections, access to electricity, absence of regulations, human resources, facilities, Fragmented application, Age, Pandemic, and lack of communication. Based on those barriers, infrastructure in supporting the implementation of ERMR is the most stated in the studies included. Conclusion: The implementation of ERMR is crucial for the Indonesian government to address immediately, given the significantly substantial benefits for the health status of the Indonesian people. The availability of adequate infrastructure, especially in remote areas, will support satisfactory public health services.

}, keywords = {Health, Indonesia., Monitoring, Recording, Reporting}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.140}, author = {Rahmat Haji Saeni and Andi Zulkifli Abdullah and Veni Hadju and Ridwan Amiruddin and Agus Bintara Birawida and Suriah and Rika Handayani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2333, title = {Comparative Analysis Molecular Simulation IL6R Alpha with TCZ and HIL6: Mechanism in Inflammatory Responses}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {738-743}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {738}, abstract = {

Introduction: In cases of inflammation, there is typically a connection between IL6R and HIL6. If there is an excessive level of activity in this connection, it can lead to a cytokine storm. Tocilizumab (TCZ), also known as AntiIL-6R, is a biologic drug that is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody. It is specifically used to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases that are associated with cytokine storms. Method: This study utilizes in silico analysis to assess the ability of TCZ, a biosimilar, to block IL6R and compares it to the blocking effect of HIL6. Validation of the 3D structure of the IL6R was performed using a Ramachandran plot. Results: The IL6R alpha subunit had a validation score of 97.86\%, while the IL6R beta subunit had a validation value of 95.54\%. The molecular docking analysis reveals that the TCZ light chain forms a complex with IL6R, yielding a docking score of -16.4 kcal mol-1. Similarly, the TCZ heavy chain also interacts with IL6R, resulting in a docking value of -15.5 kcal mol-1. Notably, both scores are higher than the docking score of the control, which involves IL6R with HIL6, measuring -12.5 kcal mol- 1. The root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) value of the IL6R protein in the presence of TCZ (Tocilizumab) is consistently below 2, with an average range of 0.04-0.09. Conclusion: The affinity between IL6R and TCZ is greater than the affinity between IL6R and HIL6.

}, keywords = {Binding affinity, HIL6, IL6, IL6R, Molecular docking, Molecular dynamics.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.123}, author = {Engla Merizka and Septelia Inawati Wanandi and Budiman Bela and Silvia Tri Widyaningtyas and Fadilah Fadilah} } @article {2300, title = {Comparative Study of Paracetamol vs Paracetamol Plus Acupressure for Pain Relief in Diabetic Neuropathy Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {602-605}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {602}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that causes neuropathy. Diabetic neuropathy causes severe pain and needs therapy to relieve its pain. In Indonesia, the therapy uses paracetamol, sometimes combined with acupressure. However, the efficacy of the combination therapy needs to be better understood. Purpose: This study aimed to elucidate the efficacy of paracetamol vs paracetamol combined with acupressure for pain relief in diabetic neuropathy patients. Materials and methods: This study used a cross-sectional study design. Total of 70 participants were agreed to involved in this study. The patients were then interviewed, and their visual analogue scale was assessed. The data was then analysed statistically using Pearson{\textquoteright}s correlation. Result: Out of the 70 patients diagnosed with type II DM, 40 had Diabetic Neuropathic Pain (DNP). Shockingly, most of the patients with type II DM and DNP were females, accounting for 33 out of 40 cases (82.50\%). The study found a significant correlation between the type of therapy and the decrease in VAS scores for diabetic patients with neuropathic pain (p<=0.05). Patients treated with paracetamol and acupressure showed more improvement in the VAS score than those treated with only paracetamol. Conclusion: The study suggests that the combination treatment could benefit DNP as an analgesic for type II DM patients. Advanced study is required to be performed using larger samples so that accurate data can be obtained.

}, keywords = {Acupressure, Diabetic neuropathic pain, Paracetamol, Type II diabetes mellitus, Visual analogue scale}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.94}, author = {I Made Subhawa Harsa and Andiani and Sulistiawati and Lilik Herawati and Hanik Badriyah Hidayati and Kuntaman} } @article {2223, title = {A Comparative Study of the Biometric, Germinative, and Physicochemical Characteristics of Fruits and Oils of Three Cannabis Strains (Cannabis sativa L.var indica) Cultivated in the Rif Region of Morocco}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {156-166}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {156}, abstract = {

Background: Cannabis sativa var indica is the variety grown in the northern reliefs of Morocco, exclusively for resin and narcotics production. Despite the extensive research on the botany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Rif{\textquoteright}s cannabis, there is limited comparative research on the fruits and oils of different strains cultivated in the region. Objective: This study examined the biometric, germinative and physicochemical properties of three cannabis strains grown in the Western Rif region of Morocco. Materials and methods: three cannabis strains (Beldiya, Khardala and Critical) were characterized by their biometric parameters (weight, length and width), germinative and physicochemical properties. Results: The study revelated that there are notable differences in the biometric properties and germination rates of the achenes of the strains studied. Additionally, significant variations were observed between the strains with regards to their oil yield, as well as the levels of polyphenols and flavonoids. The results also revealed a correlation between biometric parameters, germination rate and phytochemical content. Conclusion: The oils of all strains studied were extra virgin, and the Beldiya strain{\textquoteright}s fruit oil was found to be particularly rich in polyphenols and flavonoids, making it a potentially useful ingredient in nutrition and health applications. Overall, this study provides useful information for researchers and growers interested in the cultivation and use of cannabis fruits and oils in various industries.

}, keywords = {Biometry, Cannabis strains, Fruit, germination, Oil, Rif}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.22}, author = {Abdelhak Chergui and El Amine Ajal and Imane Zakaria and Rachid Nejjari} } @article {2443, title = {Comparison of Asiatic Acid and Dexamethasone Effect on Interleukin-4 Expression and Eosinophile Cell Count Following Strabismus Surgery: An Experimental Study in New Zealand Rabbit}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1411-1417}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1411}, abstract = {

Introduction: Postoperative strabismus inflammation can lead to fibrotic tissue formation. Dexamethasone, while generally effective as an anti-inflammatory post-surgery medication, can increase IOP and blood sugar levels. Research on asiatic acid suggests its potential as an anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic agent. Methods: Superior rectus recession was conducted on 20 rabbits, which were divided into five groups based on the subconjunctival injection substance: aquadest, dexamethasone, asiatic acid at a concentration of 0.4 mg/0.5 mL, 0.8 mg/0.5 mL, and 1.6 mg/0.5 mL. After three days, exenteration was performed, and an immunohistochemical examination was performed to assess interleukin-4 expression. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to assess eosinophile cell count. SPSS 26.0 facilitated the data analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney tests. P\<0.05 was considered significant statistically. Results: This study showed that interleukin-4 expression in the asiatic acid 0.4 mg/0.5 mL group was significantly decreased compared to the aquadest group (P = 0.029) and dexamethasone group (P = 0.029). Higher-dose groups did not exhibit a significant decrease. Dexamethasone also did not exhibit a significant decrease compare to aquadest. There was no significant reduction of eosinophile cell count among all groups. Conclusions: This study highlighted the potential of asiatic acid, particularly at the concentration of 0.4 mg/0.5 mL, in reducing the inflammatory response, specifically interleukin-4 expression, after strabismus surgery in New Zealand rabbits.

}, keywords = {Asiatic acid, Dexamethasone, Eosinophil, Interleukin-4, Strabismus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.227}, author = {Harris Kristanto Gunawan and Evelyn Komaratih and Rozalina Loebis and Djoko Agus Purwanto and Luki Indriaswati and Wimbo Sasono} } @article {2248, title = {Composite Construction Tiles Manufactured from PET and Other Waste Plastics Reinforced with Polycarbonate and Study their Mechanical Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {307-311}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {307}, abstract = {

Direct recycling of plastic waste without chemical conversion used mechanical shredding with thermal press is the main purpose of this research for manufacturing of building tiles. Seven types of plastic waste have been used in the manufacture of tile includes, PET, PVC, PS, PP, LDPE, HDPE, and PC. In stainless steel mold 250g of different weight percentages of grinded plastic waste have been packed, heated for 30min at ~170{\textdegree}C and then pressed inside piston give pressure of 5ton/in2 equal to (44.2MPa) and for 5min. The produced tile was cooled gradually inside its mold till reached 5oC. Different mechanical test for the manufacture tiles were done, where the best result was found for specimen3 plastic mixture, where shows compression strength 17.0MPa for square tile form, tile 17.4 MPa for circular tile form, which means the tile form play an important role in its strength. Similarly, the tensile strength and elongation\% tests were also be the highest for specimen3 with values equal 3.4MPa and 2.0\%, respectively. The Rockwell hardness of the tile shows HRR=95 where large numbers correspond to harder material. Finally the Charpy impact test shows the specimen2 has the highest impact energy 2.421kg.m and toughness 2.968kg.m/cm2. All previous mechanical values clear the manufactured plastic tiles are suitable as building materials.

}, keywords = {Composite tiles, Compressive strength, Plastic waste, Rockwell hardness and Charpy impact test, Strength, Tensile}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.46}, author = {Adam W. Ahmed and Fawzi H. Jabrail} } @article {2325, title = {Compression of Common Hepatic Duct (CHD) Caused by Dilated Cystic Duct, is it Another Variant or New Type of Mirizzi Syndrome: A Case Report}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {698-701}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {698}, abstract = {

Background: Narrowing or obstructing of Common Bile Duct (CBD) by gallstone impacted in distal cystic duct is known as Mirizzi Syndrome (MS). However, the compression of Common Hepatic Duct (CHD) because of the enlargement of cystic duct due to the impacted stone in the distal cystic duct has never been reported. Case Report: A 60 year old man, Indonesian Javanese ethnicity, came to the hospital with bile duct stone and obstructive jaundice due to the compression of Common Hepatic Duct (CHD) because of the enlargement of cystic duct. In this case, the stone just lies in the tip of the cystic duct causing obstruction of cystic duct but the stone does not directly compress the CBD. Long cystic duct with mid or low insertion into CBD possibly occurs in this case. The diagnosis of this case is common hepatic duct obstruction caused by the enlargement of cystic duct. Two surgeries were performed, the first surgery was only cholecystectomy, and the second surgery was taking out the remnant of cystic duct including the stone inside. The outcome of the surgery was good, and the patient was allowed to go home from the hospital without further complaints. This rare case cannot be grouped into the existing classification of Mirizzi syndrome. May this case be grouped as another variant or a new type of Mirizzi Syndrome ? This case could be grouped as type I-a of Mirizzi syndrome according to the classification of Mc. Sherry, Beltran or Csendes. Conclusion: In Mirizzi syndrome the obstruction of CBD is not only caused directly by the stone in distal cystic duct, but also it can be caused by the enlargement of the cystic duct. This type of bile duct obstruction has never been reported before and this rare case cannot be grouped into the existing classification of Mirizzi syndrome. It is important for surgeons to recognize similar cases in the future, misinterpretation of imaging findings of bile duct obstruction makes surgery difficult and harmful for the patient.

}, keywords = {Common Hepatic Duct obstruction, Cystic duct dilatation, Mirizzi Syndrome}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.117}, author = {Vicky Sumarki Budipramana} } @article {2224, title = {Concordance of Sputum and Feces Samples for Detecting Mycobacterium Tuberculosis using Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {167-173}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {167}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a disease with high morbidity and mortality worldwide, and Indonesia ranks among the countries with the highest TB prevalence. There is a need to develop improved detection tools and explore alternative sample sources beyond sputum. Feces samples are one such nonsputum alternative. Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra is a novel diagnostic tool used in Indonesia. This study aims to assess the concordance of both sputum and feces samples in detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) using Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra. Methods: An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted on TB subjects at Dr. Soetomo Regional Public Hospital (RSUD Dr. Soetomo), Surabaya, and several community health centers (puskesmas) in Surabaya. Sputum and feces samples were collected from the same subjects. These subjects underwent Feces acid-fast bacilli (AFB) tests, sputum and Feces Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra tests, and sputum culture tests (considered the gold standard), as well as rifampicin resistance tests for positive cultures. Sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) tests were conducted using Medcalc software, and the concordance test employed the Kappa value. Results: The study involved 71 research subjects. The sensitivity of Feces AFB tests, sputum, and Feces Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra tests was 7.3\%, 97.6\%, and 97.6\%, respectively. The Cohen{\textquoteright}s Kappa consistency test for Feces AFB tests and sputum culture produced a Kappa value of 0.063 (p \> 0.05). The Cohen{\textquoteright}s Kappa consistency test on sputum and Feces Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra tests yielded a Kappa value of 0.409 (p \< 0.05). The Cohen{\textquoteright}s Kappa consistency test on sputum and Feces Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra tests compared with the rifampicin resistance tests resulted in Kappa values of 0.902 and 0.951 (p \< 0.05). The CT value of Feces Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra tests was higher than that of sputum Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra tests. Conclusion: A concordance exists between the results of sputum and Feces Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra tests, but no concordance is observed between the results of Feces AFB tests and sputum culture tests. The higher CT value of Feces Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra tests compared to sputum Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra tests indicates a lower bacterial load in feces. Feces can be considered a viable alternative sample to sputum for MTB detection using Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra.

}, keywords = {Feces AFB test, Feces Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra test, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), rifampicin resistance test, Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.23}, author = {Dewi Rochmawati and Puspa Wardhani and Yessy Puspitasari and Tutik Kusmiati and Atika and Hartono Kahar} } @article {2428, title = {The Consequences of Hypertension and Obesity on Coronary Heart Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1331-1335}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1331}, abstract = {

Background: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. At present, more than 20 million adults suffer from CHD, and the number keeps increasing. Hypertension and obesity, known risk factors of CHD, are also inclining in prevalence. Given the diversities of world population, studies on correlation of hypertension and obesity in the incidence of CHD still have a lot to unveil. Aim: to analyze the association between hypertension and obesity to CHD as both independent and dependent risk factors. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study on 100 hypertensive subjects was conducted from March to November 2022. Subjects were selected by simple random sampling technique. The data were collected by anamnesis, physical examination, laboratory examination, electrocardiography, and by checking on medical records if needed. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS. Result: The mean age of the study samples was 58.64 years old. The mean value of BMI was 25.77 {\textpm} 5.21 SD, and 53.6\% of the participants was obese. 33\% of the subjects were diagnosed with CHD. There was no correlation between obesity and CHD (OR = 0.582, 95\% CI = 0.245-1.382); between hypertension on therapy or without therapy and CHD (OR= 0.729, 95\% CI= 0.15-15.09). There was also no correlation between length of hypertension and CHD (R= 0.117; p = 0.27). Conclusion: This study shows no significant correlations between hypertension, obesity, and CHD. Whether socioeconomic and demographic profile play a part in the association of hypertension and obesity with CHD, specifically for Indonesian ethnicities, should be studied further.

}, keywords = {Body Mass Index, Cardiovascular Disease, Coronary Heart Disease, High blood pressure, Indonesia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.214}, author = {Meity Ardiana and Nastiti Imana Intansari and Asiyah Nurul Fadila} } @article {2357, title = {Cookies Formula for Oat (Avena sativa L.) and Plainnates (Musa Paradisiaca L.) as Alternative Food Ingredients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {910-915}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {910}, abstract = {

Cookies in circulation have a high amount of vegetable or animal fat (20-30\% based on flour weight) and fiber content low Because material main cookies Which There is in market that is flour flour, necessary innovation for develop product cookies that are low in calories and have high fiber content, Wrong the only one with use material main oats (Avena sativa L.). The aim of this research is to analyze whether OAT ( Avena sativa L. ) and Raja banana (Musa Paradisiaca L.) can be formulated as cookies that have low calorie content and sensory evaluation of cookies using color, taste, aroma and texture parameters. This research is true experimental research carried out in the laboratory. Cookies made with the composition of oats and plantain are F1 ( 120gr: 80gr), F2 (150gr: 50gr), F3 (180gr: 20gr). Based on the research results obtained, it is stated that the ash content, water content, carbohydrate content, protein content, fat content and total energy (calories) are respectively as follows: In the control (0.74\%; 3.38\%; 92 .2\%; 2.62\%; 4.8\% and 422kcal), F1 (3.50\%; 4.70\%; 78.97\%; 5.25\%; 12.20\% and 446 kcal), F2 ( 3.42\%; 4.24\%; 70.99; 8.75\%; 18.00; .96\% and 481\%). The results of the sensory test stated the p value: 0.000, which means there is a difference. Oats ( Avena sativa L. ) and plantains (Musa Paradisiaca L.) can be formulated into low-calorie cookies. Based on the sensory evaluation, it was stated that there were differences in the panelists{\textquoteright} preferences for the color, taste, aroma and texture of oat and plantain cookies. In order to carry out further analysis for the application of cookies to mice as a low-calorie diet food.

}, keywords = {Alternative Food., Cookies, King Banana, Oats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.147}, author = {Ayus Diningsih and Cory Linda Futri Harahap and Elmi Sariani Hasibuan and Rudi Dalimunthe and Nefonavratilova Ritonga and Haslinah Ahmad and Anto J. Hadi and Hapiz Arlanda Sani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2317, title = {Correlation of N-Cadherin and MMP-9 Expression with Regional Nodal Metastasis in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {679-683}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {679}, abstract = {

Background: In laryngeal carcinoma, regional nodal metastasis serves as a significant prognostic factor. A special biomarker is needed to predict the status of nodal metastases. N-cadherin, a binding protein, aids in cell migration and enabling tumor cells to spread to new locations. The involvement of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in metastasis includes fostering the dissemination of tumor cells from the primary tumor and enhancing tumor cell motility. Objective: This study seeks to explore the distinctions and relationships in N-cadherin and MMP-9 expression among patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma at various N stages. Methods: Employing a cross-sectional approach, this study conducted an analytic observational investigation on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded patients whose histopathological diagnosis is laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in the Pathology Laboratory of Dr. Soetomo Regional Public Hospital in 2018{\textendash}2021. The samples were divided into N stages based on radiological imaging from the CT scan. Immunohistochemistry examinations were performed using N-cadherin and MMP-9 antibodies and scored using the immunoreactive score (IRS), based on percentage and intensity. The differences in expression and correlation between N-cadherin and MMP-9 were analyzed using statistical tests. Results: Statistical insignificance was observed in N-cadherin expression at various N stages (p = 0.099). There were significant differences in MMP-9 expressions at various N stages (p = 0.0006338). There was no correlation between N-cadherin and MMP-9 expression at various N stages in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (p = 0.0638, rs = 0.27). Conclusion: In laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, MMP-9 serves as a predictor for lymph node metastasis, which, if present, deteriorates the patient{\textquoteright}s prognosis.

}, keywords = {Laryngeal cancer, Metastasis, MMP-9, N stages, N-cadherin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.108}, author = {Etty Hary Kusumastuti and Stephanie Natasha Djuanda and Grace Ariani and Gondo Mastutik} } @article {2445, title = {Cross- Sector Collaboration in Addressing Stunting in Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1424-1430}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1424}, abstract = {

Nutritional obstacles among toddlers persist as a notable health issue, necessitating increased focus from diverse stakeholders, with stunting emerging as a prominent concern. Addressing stunting is not solely the responsibility of the health sector (specific); it also requires collaboration from non-health sectors (sensitive). Several sectors involved are Central Government, Provincial Government, Local Government Agencies, Private sector, Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), mass media, academics and society. However, previous different individual studies in regard to cross-sector collaboration produced diverse outcomes. Some reported optimal, while others reported suboptimal. Therefore, this current work aimed to determine supportive factors and barriers to cross-sector collaboration in addressing stunting. All research conducted in the last 5 years is encompassed within this topic. It explores various processes within cross -sector collaboration that can be utilized to address stunting issues. Through cross-sector collaboration, it is expected that the government and stakeholders share a common perception in addressing stunting issues, enabling joint problem-solving. The research findings emphasize that collaboration strategies within the government should not solely focus on outcomes but also consider models that encompass both processes and results. The model identified in this study aims to be an effective solution for governing cross-sector collaboration in addressing stunting.

}, keywords = {Addressing stunting, Cross-sector collaboration}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.229}, author = {Misrawatie Goi and Andi Ummu Salmah and Nurhaedar Jafar and Amil Ahmad Ilham and Stang Stang and Muhammad Safar and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2444, title = {Cytotoxic Potential of Mitragyna speciosa as Anticancer - A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1418-1423}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1418}, abstract = {

Background: Herbal treatment has been proposed and researched as an alternative to cancer treatment. One of the reasons contains compounds that have cytotoxic effects. Mitragyna speciosa are known to contain alkaloids and have a cytotoxic effect. Objective: This review aimed to provide information about preclinical studies and investigates the cytotoxicity or anticancer activity of M. speciosa. Methods: Search articles through PubMed, Springer, and Science Direct databases focusing on preclinical trials according to PRISMA guidelines. A database search yielded a total of 206 identifiable studies. Then duplicate removal and feasibility screening were carried out, resulting in 11 studies that were eligible for final analysis. Results: The anticancer potentials reviewed in this study include Neuroblastoma, Leukemia, Colon Cancer, Breast Cancer, Kidney \& Liver Cytotoxicity, Glutathione Transferases Metabolizing Enzymes, Alkaloid Combination of M. speciosa \& Cisplatin, Alkaloid Combination of M. speciosa \& Doxorubicin and Mutagenic-Antimutagenic Activity of M. speciosa. Extracts and dominant alkaloids of M. speciosa have the potential for anticancer neuroblastoma, leukemia, colon, lung and breast cancer. Based on the safety aspect of the mitragynine compound, there is no mutagenic effect on cells. Conclusion: M. speciosa contains the dominant active alkaloid compound, mitragynine. Extracts and alkaloids dominant in M. speciosa have the potential as an anticancer.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Cancer, Cytotoxicity, M. speciosa, Mitragynine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.228}, author = {Puja Adi Priatna and Retno Widyowati and Sukardiman} } @article {2265, title = {Determinants of Adverse Birth Outcomes in Ambon, Indonesia: A Case-Control Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {410-414}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {410}, abstract = {

Background: Globally, adverse birth outcomes were still high, especially in low and middle-income countries like Indonesia. Stillbirth, preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW), and first-minute birth asphyxia are some of the adverse birth outcomes. The incidence of adverse birth in Ambon is quite high but never been any research about determinants of adverse birth outcomes. Objective: This study aims to examine the determinants of adverse birth outcomes and identify the main modifiable risk factors in Ambon. Method: This retrospective case-control study included all birth outcomes in August and September 2023 in Ambon, Indonesia. A total of 165 birth outcomes (55 cases and 110 controls) with complete information in Puskesmas and Posyandu were included in the analysis. The Chi-square test and regression analyses were applied to evaluate the association between variables. Result: This study showed the impact of pregnant women{\textquoteright}s age, parity, passive smoking, ANC examination, and ANC counseling on birth outcomes. There are differences in maternal age (p=0.006; 95\% CI: 1.22-6.11), parity (p=0.001; 95\% CI: 1.52-8.51), passive smokers (p=0.004; 95\% CI: 1.37-8.99, ANC examination (p=0.02; 95\% CI: 1.08-5.01) and ANC counseling (p=0.002; 95\% CI: 1.44-8.67) between case and control groups. Conclusion: Maternal age (<= 20 and \>35 years old), parity (one and >= 5), passive smokers, ANC examination not according to standard, and ANC counseling without a husband were associated with a high risk of all adverse birth outcomes.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.64}, author = {Magdalena Paunno and Ridwan Amiruddin and Masni and Mardiana Ahmad and Bertha Jean Que and Ridwan Thaha and Sudirman Nasir and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2356, title = {Development and Feasibility Test of the Self-Management Hypertension (SMH) Application for Elderly People with Hypertension in Makassar City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {902-909}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {902}, abstract = {

Background: The Self Management Hypertension (SMH) application is a digital-based educational media solution to improve knowledge of elderly with HT in managing their disease independently, easy to use and can be accessed wherever they are. Smartphone -based digital technology, Recently, it has become a very common tool needed by most people, including the elderly, not only as a communication tool but can also be used as a medium for education and information. Research Objectives: This research aims to design the development of a prototype of the SMH application and to determine the feasibility of the SMH application for self-management of hypertension for the elderly. Method: The research method used is Research and Development (R\&D). The research subjects for the expert validation test consisted of 3 experts. Meanwhile, the application trial subjects consisted of a one-on-one trial sample of 3 elderly people and a small group trial of 12 elderly people. Data collection uses the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) questionnaire which consists of 13 questions with 4 assessment aspects, namely the convenience aspect, usefulness aspect, trust aspect and user intention aspect. There are 4 Likert scale answer choices ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Results: Expert validation results show the percentage and eligibility criteria are 86.6\%. The results of one-on-one trials show that the ease of application aspect is in the range of 3.25-4.00, the usefulness aspect is in the range of 3.00-4.00, the trust aspect is in the range of 3.67-4.00 and the user intention aspect is in the range of 3.00-4. .00. Small group trials showed an average convenience aspect of 3.52, an average usefulness aspect of 3.53, an average trust aspect of 3.69 and an average user intention aspect of 3.64. Conclusion: The SMH application has decent content, is easy to use, very useful, and trustworthy, thereby increasing the intention of elderly people with HT to use the SMH application

}, keywords = {Elderly, Hypertension, Self Management, SMH Application, TAM.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.146}, author = {Hilda Harun and Ridwan Amiruddin and A. Arsunan Arsin and Abdul Salam and Mondastri Korib Sudaryo and H. Muh. Syafar and A. Ummu Salmah and Sudirman Natsir and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2301, title = {Diversification, Organoleptic and Chemical Quality Characteristics of Processed Products Based on Thorn Fish (Hexanematichthys sagor) Smoke}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {606-609}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {606}, abstract = {

The potential of Rupat Island{\textquoteright}s marine natural resources can be seen from the diversity of its marine and mangrove ecosystems. This coastal area has natural resource potential, both marine products and no less important is its marine ecotourism area. The marine tourism area is found at Pesona Beach, Lampin Beach, Ketapang Beach, Makeruh Beach, and Putri Sembilan Beach which have an important role in increasing regional income. The aim of the research is to increase the potential of processed fishery products as souvenirs and tourism. The research method is an experiment using a completely randomized design, with treatments MS0 (smoked fish control), MS1 (smoked fish rendang) and MS2 (smoked fish rendang) and MS3 (Flossed fish). smoke) repeated 3 times. The parameters analyzed are organoleptic (appearance, texture, aroma, taste). The results of the research showed that the best treatment was MS2 (Smoked fish sorondeng) which was liked by the panelists which had the characteristics of a bright yellow color, the aroma of burnt coconut, the texture of mersik was not hard and crunchy, and the taste was savory, with a taste score of 8.6, aroma 8.4 , appearance 8.8, texture 8.5. This product has the characteristics of a bright brownish yellow color, a non-fishy aroma, a smooth texture and a very savory taste (umami). From the results of the threshold test on functional flavor powder, the threshold value was obtained, namely at a concentration of 9\% with a taste value of 8.6, aroma 8. .4, appearance 8.8, texture 8.5. This product has the characteristics of a bright yellowish white color, a non-fishy aroma, a smooth texture and a very savory taste (umami)

}, keywords = {Diversification, Ecowisata, Healthy, Nutrition, Profile}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.95}, author = {Suparmi and Sumarto and Hendro Ekwarso and Isna Rahma Dini and Ranika Paramita and Syafrani and Taufik Hidayat} } @article {2416, title = {A Double-blind, Randomized Controlled Study of Triterpenoids based Standardized Gotu Kola Leaves Extract in the Patients with Tension Type Headache}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1238-1251}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1238}, abstract = {

Introduction: Triterpenoid-based standardized Centella asiatica leaves extract as nasal solution (INDCANS) has shown potential in animal models of stress-related disorders. Objective: Efficacy and safety evaluation of INDCA-NS in patients with Tension-type headache (TTH). Methods: Ninety-one patients with TTH were randomized and administered INDCA-NS (46 patients) or PLACEBOCA-NS (45 patients) nasal spray (400 μg/day, 100 μg in 100 μL shot/ nostril, twice daily) for 28 days, with a 14-day follow-up. Efficacy (headache duration, frequency, and intensity; 21-item {\textquotedblleft}Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale{\textquotedblright} (DASS-21); {\textquotedblleft}Work Productivity and Activity Questionnaire{\textquotedblright} (WPAI: SHP); {\textquotedblleft}World Health Organization Brief{\textquotedblright} (WHOQOL-BREF), cortisol and DHEA levels, rescue medications), and safety outcome measures (including adverse events) were monitored. Results: Subacute administration of INDCA-NS (but not PLACEBOCA-NS) significantly reduced the duration of headache and TTH{\textquoteright}s effect of TTH on WPAI:SHP (Q5) scores, namely productivity in working patients (P \< 0.05, within the groups). The INDCA-NS showed significant difference (P \< 0.05) in headache duration with and without covariate adjustment (vs. PLACEBOCA-NS). Both treatments found safe, well- tolerated, with no treatment-related adverse events, significantly reduced headache frequency, pain intensity, DASS-21 (stress domain), TTH{\textquoteright}s impact on daily activities (Q6 of WPAI:SHP), and improved WHOQOL scores (P \< 0.05, within the group). The other outcome measures were not statistically significant within or between groups. Conclusion: Subacute INDCA-NS reduced headache duration and improved work productivity in TTH patients.

}, keywords = {Centella asiatica leaves; Chronic Stress; Pain; Work productivity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.202}, author = {Prasad Thakurdesai and Pallavi Deshpande and Namrata Desai and Prasanna Mathad and Sandhya Rani and Dhananjay Raje} } @article {2347, title = {Drug Management and Service Quality in Outpatient Pharmacies at the Haji Padjonga Daeng Ngalle Regional General Public Hospital in Takalar Regency, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {838-844}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {838}, abstract = {

Background: The provision of comprehensive individual health care services in outpatient units is intricately linked to drug management practices and the quality of available pharmacy services, ensuring optimal medication supply and use. Objective: This study aimed to assess the practices of drug management and the quality of outpatient pharmacy services at Haji Padjonga Daeng Ngalle (HPDN) Regional General Public Hospital in Takalar Regency, Indonesia. Method: The evaluation of drug management involves conducting in-depth interviews in the outpatient unit, focusing on planning, budgeting, procurement, storage, and distribution, compared with government regulatory standards. The quality of pharmacy services was assessed using the Solvin technique with 100 respondents, evaluating five dimensions: physical evidence, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy, using the servqual questionnaire with a Likert scale (ranging from very dissatisfied = 1, dissatisfied = 2, somewhat satisfied = 3, satisfied = 4, to very satisfied = 5). Results: Research findings indicated the level of compliance of drug management with regulations as follows: planning (66.67\%), budgeting (60\%), procurement (100\%), storage (100\%), and distribution (100\%). The quality of pharmacy services demonstrated high questionnaire validity (r >= 0.714), and the average dimension was a score of 4, indicating satisfactory satisfaction levels. Conclusion: This study reflects HPDN hospital{\textquoteright}s compliance with regulations while identifying specific areas for improvement to enhance the quality of pharmacy services.

}, keywords = {Drug management, Hospital, outpatient unit., patient service quality}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.137}, author = {Yunita Cahyani Pratiwi and Darmawansyah and Sukri Palutturi and Amran Razak and Atjo Wahyu and Anwar Daud and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2424, title = {The Effect Ethanol Extract of Phyllanthus niruri l on Malondialdehyde (MDA) Expression and Extracellular Signal- Regulated Protein Kinase-1 (ERK-1) on Vaginal Epithelial Cell Thickness in Menopausal Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1305-1310}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1305}, abstract = {

Introduction: Menopause is the condition of the ovaries stops produce estrogen so that resulting in vaginal bleeding atrophy that is become dry cause pain moment relate sexual so that lower quality life. The ROS pathway with MAPK regulates proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival cell life. Research purposes is know influence giving extract Phyllanthus niruri l against Malondialdehyde (MDA) expression and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinase-1 (ERK-1) expression against thickness cell vaginal epithelium of menopausal model mice. Material from Phillantus niruri l processed become extract. Treatment animal try mice (mus muscullus) first acclimatized during one next week done ovariectomy of both ovaries, after two weeks checked vaginal examination to be sure phase diestrus (menopause). Stage treatment given extract for 21 days with dose different 14 mg, 28 mg and 56 mg/20gBW/ day. Methods: True Experimental research method with Post Test only with control group design. Data analysis used one way ANOVA. Results: The research group that produced the highest average expression of Malondialdehyde (MDA) was the control group. The highest expression of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinase-1 (ERK-1) was in the P3 treatment group (dose 56 mg/20gBW/day). The results of statistical analysis showed that there was a significant effect of Phyllanthus niruri l extract on decreasing MDA expression with a sig value of 0.000 \< p = 21 0.001 and increasing ERK-1 with a sig value of 0.000 \< 0.001, but there was no effect on increasing the thickness of the vaginal wall epithelial cells in menopausal model mice. with a sig value of 0.220 \> 0.05. Conclusion: The three doses of phillantus niruri decreased MDA and increased ERK-1. The Folin-Ciocalteau.

}, keywords = {ERK-1, MDA, Menopausal Mice, Phyllanthus niruri l, Vaginal epithelium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.210}, author = {Lailatul Fadliyah and Hendy Hendarto and Lestari Sudaryanti and Imam Susilo and Anwar Ma{\textquoteright}ruf and Emuliana Sulpat and Endah Sri Wijayanti and Maya Septriana} } @article {2252, title = {The Effect of Bacterial Enzymes on Reducing Chlorogenic Acid Levels in Cascara Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora L.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {332-335}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {332}, abstract = {

Background: Coffee skin by-products, namely cascara, have several benefits, namely can ward off free radicals, with the ability of cascara to ward off free radicals so that cascara can potentially prevent the emergence of cancer cells. Cascara contains active compounds caffeine 1.3\%, chlorogenic acid 2.6\%, and caffeic acid 1.6\%. Objective: This study aims to determine chlorogenic acid levels in decaffeinated robusta coffee (Coffea canephora L.) and see the influence of Bacillus subtilis bacteria on reducing chlorogenic acid levels. Methods: The experiment was conducted from June to August 2022 in the Pharmacy Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Pakuan, Indonesia. Cascara robusta coffee is fermented using Bacillus subtilis with a concentration of 6\% and a time of 24 hours. After fermentation, the extraction is carried out using the UAE (Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction) method. The chlorogenic acid levels and zero control of cascara robusta coffee obtained were then analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) with the Paired sample t-test method previously carried out with normality test and homogeneity test first. Results: The study found chlorogenic acid levels produced from cascara robusta coffee that had undergone decaffeination. Quantitative analysis of chlorogenic acid levels in cascara robusta coffee was carried out using HPLC mobile phase methanolwater (adjust Orthoposphat pH 2.4), flow rate 0.7 mL/minute, with an isocratic system of an average of 14.8597\%. Conclusion: Chlorogenic acid levels in robusta coffee cascara decaffeinated by microbial enzymes can affect chlorogenic acid levels.

}, keywords = {Bacillus subtilis, Cascara, Chlorogenic acid, HPLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.50}, author = {Novi Fajar Utami and Berna Elya and Hayun Hayun and Kusmardi Kusmardi and Syamsu Nur} } @article {2429, title = {Effect of Cacao Bean Extract as a Paracetamol Adjuvant on Pain Scale and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Neuropathic Pain: An Animal Model Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1336-1341}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1336}, abstract = {

Introduction: One treatment for neuropathic pain is paracetamol. Meanwhile, cacao bean extract is a traditional remedy developed for pain management. Objective: Analyzing effect of combining cacao bean extract and paracetamol on pain scale and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in neuropathic pain. Methods: Subjects were randomized post-test only control group design from 28 mice (Mus musculus) to 4 groups: G0 (control), G1 (paracetamol only), G2 (cacao + paracetamol), and G3 (cacao + {\textonehalf} doses paracetamol). The subject assessed pain scale using von Frey test and TNF-α. The statistical analysis includes paired t-tests, Wilcoxon, one-way ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis, and Pearson correlation tests with p \<0.05. Results: The combination of cacao bean extract and paracetamol resulted in a pain scale of 2.57 {\textpm} 1.10 gf, with significant differences observed among the four groups (p \<0.001). Significant differences in pain scale scores were found in four groups (p \<0.001), including G0 (p = 0.006), G1 (p \<0.001), G2 (p \<0.001), and G3 (p \<0.001). After treatment, the average TNF-α levels was 86.96 {\textpm} 23.73 ng/mL, with significant differences observed among the four groups (p \<0.001). There was a strong correlation between the pain scale and TNF-α levels (p \<0.001). Conclusion: In an animal model of neuropathic pain, using cacao bean extract as a paracetamol adjuvant significantly reduces pain scale (as measured by the von Frey test) and TNF-α levels.

}, keywords = {Cacao, Neuropathic pain, pain scale, Paracetamol, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.215}, author = {Faiz Muhammad Ammar and Christrijogo Sumartono Waloejo and Herdiani Sulistyo Putri and Kohar Hari Santoso and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Budi Utomo} } @article {2411, title = {Effect of Conservative Vs Surgical Therapy on the Quality of Life of Patients with Maxillofacial Trauma: A Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1218-1222}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1218}, abstract = {

Background: Selecting the best treatment strategy for maxillofacial trauma patients has grown challenging as a result of the continuous discussion on how different therapies affect these patients{\textquoteright} quality of life. The purpose of this research is to methodically evaluate how conservative care and surgical care affect patients with maxillofacial trauma{\textquoteright}s quality of life. Methods: A systematic search was undertaken using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Wiley Online Library to locate the most recent 20 years of research comparing the effects of various treatments on the quality of life of patients with maxillofacial injuries. We also looked through relevant researchers{\textquoteright} references to find further studies. Articles were selected by applying a search strategy based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: This systematic review comprised 9 comparison studies with 944 individuals in total. The findings show that patients with maxillofacial trauma had lower quality of life initially, but that after receiving therapy, their quality of life increased to varying degrees, depending on the type of treatment. Conclusion: The majority of research revealed that patients who received MMF or ORIF did not significantly vary in terms of quality of life; however, those who were treated conservatively reported a notable improvement when compared to those who received surgical treatment (MMF/ORIF).

}, keywords = {conservative treatment, Maxillofacial trauma, MMF, ORIF, Quality of life, surgical treatment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.199}, author = {Mila Islamia and Abul Fauzi and Eka Prasetiawaty} } @article {2348, title = {The Effect of Consumption Rice Analogue of Banggai Yam (Dioscorea Alata) on Blood Sugar Levels of Pre-Diabetic Patients in the District of Banggai Archipelago}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {845-850}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {845}, abstract = {

Rice analogue of banggai yam (dioscorea alata) is made with the formula of banggai yam flour, mocaf flour and cornstarch in a ratio of 55:30:15. Furthermore, Banggai Yam{\textquoteright}s Analog rice (Dioscorea Alata) was given to respondents with prediabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of consumption of rice analogues of yam banggai on glucose levels of prediabetics. The research location is in Banggai Islands Regency. The number of respondents was 120 people and the intervention time was 2 weeks. The results showed that fasting blood sugar levels on pre and day 7 in both groups had differences or there was a decrease in fasting blood sugar levels with p values of \<0.001 each. The greatest change was shown in the intervention/rice analog group with a difference of 24.55. While in the control group only amounted to 8,483. Reduction in Fasting Blood Sugar Levels on pre and day 14 p values of \<0.001 each. The greatest change was shown in the intervention/rice analog group with a difference of 29.817. While the decrease in fasting blood sugar levels in the control group was 17,167. Comparison of day 7 and day 14, the two groups had differences or there was a decrease in fasting blood sugar levels with a p value of \<0.001 each. Greater changes were shown in the control/brown rice group with a difference of 8.683. While the decrease in fasting blood sugar levels in the intervention group was 5,267. Thus, rice analogue of Banggai yam (dioscorea alata) as local food has a significant influence on reducing blood sugar levels of prediabetes mellitus sufferers in Banggai Islands district. The use of rice analogues of Banggai Yams (Dioscorea Alata) can be developed as functional foods.

}, keywords = {Analog Rice, Banggai Yams, Blood Sugar., Prediabetes Mellitus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.138}, author = {Marselina Sattu and Aminuddin Syam and Nurhaedar Jafar and Wahiddudin and Anwar Malongi and Stang and Andi Dirpan and Balqis and Yustianty Monoarfa} } @article {2294, title = {The Effect of Cryopreservation on the Sperm Ultrastructure of Mus Musculus Albinus Strain DDY: Comparison of Nakagata vs Modified vs Kitazato Cryoprotectants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {563-569}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {563}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sperm morphology analysis is very necessary to understand male fertility and the etiology of infertility. Currently, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been widely used to determine surface topology. In this study, we will compare the effects of spermatozoa cryopreservation using three different types of cryoprotectants, namely Nakagata, modification and Kitazato. The cryoprotectant compositions used are Nakagata (raffinose and skim milk), modified (glycerol and raffinose) and Kitazato (glycerol and trehalose). Methods: SEM analysis was carried out on 8 sperm samples before cryopreservation and after the freeze-thaw process. Results: The results obtain showed that cryoprotectant modification was able to protect spermatozoa morphology better than Nakagata and Kitazato. Analysis revealed damage to plasma membrane, acrosome and loss of mitochondria in all treatment groups compared to fresh sperm. SEM showed obvious signs of post-thaw damage such as missing plasma membranes, sperm showing damaged acrosomes and mitochondria in the middle showing structural disorganization. Conclusion: SEM revealed that cryopreservation caused ultrastructural damage to mice sperm due to freezing and thawing. These details provide valuable data for further research to minimize the damage caused by cryopreservation to mice sperm. Apart from that, further examination using TEM is recommended to obtain a more comprehensive picture.

}, keywords = {cryopreservation, glycerol, mice sperm, raffinose, Scanning electron microscope, Trehalose}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.88}, author = {Manggiasih Dwiayu Larasati and Silvia W. Lestari and Mulyoto Pangestu and Andon Hestiantoro and Kusmardi Kusmardi} } @article {2391, title = {Effect of Diet, Medication, Physical Activity on Glycemic Control of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Makassar City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1110-1113}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1110}, abstract = {

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus continues to increase every year with various complications. This is caused by an unhealthy lifestyle. The complex management of type 2 diabetes mellitus triggers problems that cause therapeutic goals not to be achieved. The risk of complications is higher due to lack of attention to lifestyle including diet. A good diet, medication and physical activity are considered capable of improving blood sugar control so that the quality of life of people with diabetes mellitus becomes better. Objective: to analyze the effect of diet, medication, physical activity on glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: the study was conducted in December 2023-February 2024 at Kassi-Kassi Health Center and Kalukubodoa Health Center, Makassar City, South Sulawesi. The sample size was type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Kassi-Kassi Health Center as many as 184 people and Kalukubodoa Health Center as many as 168 people. The research group consisted of 2 groups, namely at Puskesmas Kassi- Kassi and Puskesmas Kalukubodoa with a combination intervention of food menu modules for diabetic patients and leaflets and Puskesmas Kassi-Kassi with food menu modules for diabetic patients. Both research groups were intervened for 3 (three) months with the assistance of doctors and nutritionists. There are two stages in this study, namely stage 1 making a prolanis intervention model with quantitative methods followed by stage 2, namely the intervention of food menu modules for diabetic patients and with quasi-experimental methods with a non-randomized pretest postest design. Results: In the aspects of diet, medication, physical activity there is a significant increase in Kassi-Kassi Health Center and Kalukubodoa Health Center (p=0.00) on glycemic control of type-2 diabetes mellitus patients. Conclusion: The results of the trial of the food menu module for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus showed a value of 80\%, meaning that the module was feasible to use based on the assessment of the material expert. Diet, medication, physical activity have a statistical effect and there is a difference in the mean value of glycemic control of type-2 diabetes mellitus patients.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.180}, author = {Sheinni Paradise and M. Alimin Maidin and Amran Razak and Abdul Rahman KadirHegazy} } @article {2339, title = {The Effect of Giving Iodized Salt and Multi Micro Nutrients to Pregnant Women on the Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women in Majene Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {779-784}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {779}, abstract = {

Background: Maternal nutritional needs during pregnancy increase due to physiological, metabolic and anatomical changes. If the intake is insufficient, there will be deficiencies in both macro and micro nutrients. Multimicronutrient deficiency will affect the growth and anemia status of pregnant women. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of giving iodized salt and Multi Micronutrient Supplements to pregnant women on hemoglobin levels, body weight, iodine levels in urine and pregnancy outcomes. Method: This research is an analytical research using an experimental design that controls several nonexperimental variables and there is a control group as a comparison group to understand the effect of treatment. Determining the sample in this study used a random experimental method where 200 pregnant women were used as the research sample. The results showed that there was a significant change or increase in Hb levels (p=0.006; \<0.000; \<0.000), body weight (p=0.001; \<0.000; \<0.000), lila (\<0.0015; \<0.000; \<0.000 ), Iodine levels (\<0.000; \<0.000; \<0.000), between the group given iodized salt and MMS and the group given MMS. In this study, in the group of pregnant women who received iodized salt and MMS intervention, on average there was an increase or change in HB levels, iodine levels, mother{\textquoteright}s weight, baby{\textquoteright}s weight and abdominal length and circumference compared to those who received MMS. for pregnant women is to regularly maintain nutritional intake during pregnancy, especially consuming iodized salt and MMS which is beneficial for the health of pregnant women and the baby they are carrying.

}, keywords = {Pregnant women; Iodine Salt; Multi Micro Nutrient Supplement; Nutritional status.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.129}, author = {Darmin Dina and Nurhaedar Jafar and Veni Hadju and Hasnawati Amqam and Ridwan Amiruddin and Wahiduddin and Anwar Mallongi and Apik Indarty Moedjiono and Anang S. Otoluwa and Yulianah Sulaiman} } @article {2293, title = {Effect of Glutathione Supplementation in Cryoprotectant Modification on Tyrosine Phosphorylation, Acrosin Expression and Acrosome Reaction of Post-Thawing Spermatozoa Quality}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {554-562}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {554}, abstract = {

Background: Tyrosine phosphorylation, acrosin, and acrosome reaction play an important role in fertilisation. However, cryopreservation causes changes in tyrosine phosphorylation, acrosin expression, and acrosome reaction which affect the quality of spermatozoa. Cryoprotectant media added with antioxidants is needed to protect Spermatozoa from the effects of cryopreservation so that the quality of spermatozoa can be maintained. Objectives: This research examined the effect of glutathione (GSH) supplementation in cryopreservation media on tyrosine phosphorylation, acrosin expression, and acrosome reaction. In this research, pure modified Cryoprotectant (CPA) was compared with CPA supplemented with GSH in three different concentrations. Materials and Methods: The research sample was male mus musculus albinus strain Deutchland Denken Yoken (DDY). Mice spermatozoa was cryopreserved and several parameters were measured including tyrosine phosphorylation, acrosin expression, and acrosome reaction. Results: The addition of GSH to the modified CPA increased tyrosine phosphorylation, acrosin expression, and acrosome reaction (maintaining acrosome integrity). The group with 1.00 mM GSH obtained the highest results among the other groups. Significant increases were found in tyrosine phosphorylation, acrosin expression, and acrosome reaction after the addition of 1.00 mM GSH. Conclusion: Glutathione supplementation in modified CPA can increase tyrosine phosphorylation, acrosin expression, and acrosome reaction of frozen-thawed spermatozoa. Treatment using GSH at a dose of 1.00 mM is the most effective and modification of CPA with the addition of glutathione can improve the tyrosine phosphorylation, acrosin expression and acrosome reaction in cryopreserved spermatozoa.

}, keywords = {acrosin expression, acrosome reaction, CPA modification, glutathione (GSH), spermatozoa cryopreservation, tyrosine phosphorylation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.87}, author = {Zuraida and Silvia Werdhy Lestari and Mulyoto Pangestu and Andon Hestiantoro and Kusmardi Kusmardi} } @article {2207, title = {The Effect of Glycopyrrolate to Support Fentanyl on Reducing Airway Irritation during Inhalation Induction with Desflurane and Nitrous Oxide in Adult Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {42-45}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {42}, abstract = {

Introduction: Inhalational induction of anesthesia is occasionally used in adults. Desflurane is not used for the induction of anesthesia despite its favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics as it causes airway irritation. This study aims to identify a reduction of airway irritation with pretreatment using fentanyl and glycopyrrolate. Methods: A total of 80 adults were randomized into two groups to receive fentanyl and glycopyrrolate (FG group) or fentanyl only (FS group) prior to desflurane administration. Time between desflurane administration and loss of consciousness was recorded as well as expired desflurane concentration. Signs of airway irritation including coughing, apnea, laryngospasm, and excitatory movements at time of induction was also recorded. Unpaired t test, Fisher{\textquoteright}s Exact test, and Chi-square test were used to analyze parametric data and all non-parametric data was analyzed using the Mann{\textendash} Whitney test. Results: This study found time to loss of consciousness was 4 minutes. Incidence of airway irritation in Group FS vs FG including cough, apnea, excitatory movements, and laryngospasm was (20\% vs 2.5\%), (0\% vs 0\%), (5\% vs 5\%), and (7.5\% vs 0\%) respectively. Total airway irritation was 32.5\% in FS compared to 7.5\% in FG, with P value 0.0103. Conclusion: Use of fentanyl and glycopyrrolate decreases airway irritation incidence caused by desflurane in comparison to use of fentanyl alone. This opens the possibility to commonly use desflurane as inhalation induction of anesthesia as its favorable pharmacokinetics may be utilized whilst limiting the adverse effects it causes.

}, keywords = {Airway Irritation, Desflurane, Fentanyl, Glycopyrrolate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.6}, author = {Erwin Mulyawan and Clarissa Jasmine Aurelia} } @article {2388, title = {The Effect of HBOT on SIRT-1 and SYNDECAN-1 as Therapeutic Targets for Endothelial Dysfunction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1090-1095}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1090}, abstract = {

Background: The effect of HBO2 alone on Sirt-1 and Syndecan-1 is unknown, even though both molecules are involved in preventing endothelial dysfunction. This study aims to determine the effect of HBO2 on Sirt-1 and Syndecan-1 as therapeutic targets for endothelial dysfunction. Method: This study employed a true experimental post-test design. Twenty male Sprague Dawley rats aged 12-14 weeks were divided into two groups. Diving was carried out in an animal hyperbaric chamber with a dose of 2.4 ATA for 60 minutes. All data were collected 18 hours after diving. Results: Our study revealed that the administration of HBO caused an increase in serum MDA and endothelial NF-kB levels (p = 0.007; p = 0.001, respectively) without an increase in any inflammatory markers, specifically IL-1 and VCAM-1 levels (p = 0.707; p = 0.168, respectively). HBO2 decreased Syndecan-1, a marker of endothelial injury (p = 0.026), but did not affect endothelial eNOS and Sirt-1. Conclusion: HBO2 did not cause endothelial injury and inflammation, but the dose used was not enough to increase Sirt-1 levels. Additional research is needed to determine a hormesis dose that can increase Sirt-1 levels.

}, keywords = {Endothelial dysfunction, HBO2, Sirt-1, Syndecan-1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.177}, author = {Sofia Wardhani and Aryati Aryati and Bambang Purwanto} } @article {2226, title = {Effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IS-10506 on Accelerating Repair of Ketorolac-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {181-185}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {181}, abstract = {

A gastric ulcer arises due to an imbalance between the stomach{\textquoteright}s aggressive and defensive factors, one of which can be induced by ketorolac. The gastric mucosa serves as a protective layer against gastric damage. Probiotics may enhance mucosal secretion, reinforcing their barrier function. This study evaluated the effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IS-10506 on repairing gastric mucosal injury expressed by Mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) induction from ketorolac in rodent model. In the experiment, 48 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned and segregated into four groups: the control group (K1), the group with ketorolac administration (K2), the group given L. plantarum IS-10506 after ketorolac administration (K3), and the group given L. plantarum IS-10506 before and after ketorolac administration (K4). Gastric tissue was examined for cells producing MUC5AC via immunohistochemistry. MUC5AC differences between groups were compared using Kruskal{\textendash}Wallis and Mann{\textendash}Whitney U tests. Significant differences were observed between each group on Days 5, 7, and 10 of necropsy (p=0.043; p=0.030; p=0.022). The ketorolac group (K2) consistently exhibited the lowest values during all examination days. Group K4 manifested a higher expression of MUC5AC relative to group K3. However, group K3 demonstrated a significantly increased from Day 1 to 10 of necropsy (p=0.030). Administering probiotic L. plantarum IS-10506 prior to ketorolac proved beneficial by significantly accelerate (p=0.030) the MUC5AC expression cells and gene expression.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.25}, author = {Mia Ratwita Andarsini and Andy Darma and Alpha Fardah Athiyyah and Khadijah Rizky Sumitro and Reza Gunadi Ranuh and Fauziah Pratiwi and Wibi Riawan and Widjiati Widjiati and Ingrid S Surono and Subijanto Marto Sudarmo} } @article {2403, title = {Effect of Moringa Oleifera Plus Royal Jelly Capsules in The Gestation Age and Placenta Weight of Newborns in Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1177-1182}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1177}, abstract = {

Background: The incidence of adverse birth outcomes (ABO) in low- and middle-income countries (LIMC) remains significantly elevated. Moringa oleifera (MO), rich nutritional profile, offers to reduce ABO. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of MO plus royal jelly capsules on the gestational age and placental weight of newborns in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental design setup in the Banggai district, Central Sulawesi Province. The study used a purposive sampling of 80 pregnant women from each sub-district. Moilong District received MRJ, while South Batui District was the Multiple Micronutrient Supplement (MMS) control group. Both groups took one capsule daily for six months. Data analysis using SPSS v28 for Windows, including Chi-square/Fisher{\textquoteright}s exact test, Kolmogorov- Smirnov test, Mann-Whitney test, and ANCOVA, with a significance level of p \< 0.05. Results: The demographic characteristics in both groups were similar (p \> 0.05), except for BMI (p=0.031). Pregnancy outcomes data were also identical (p \> 0.05). The Mann-Whitney test did not show a significant difference (p = 0.696) in the gestational age of delivery between the groups. However, there was a significant difference (p \< 0.05) in the PW variable within the MRJ group, as shown by the Mann-Whitney test. After adjusting for BMI in PW, the ANCOVA test indicated a significant difference (p = 0.001). Conclusions: The study concludes that MRJ and MMS interventions are effective and safe in preventing ABO in newborns based on gestational age and placental weight.

}, keywords = {Adverse Birth Outcomes, Moringa oleifera, Multiple Micronutrient Supplement, Pregnancy outcomes, Pregnant women}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.192}, author = {Lina Fitriani and Citrakesumasari and Veni Hadju and Sudirman Nasir and Apik Indarty Moedjiono and Masyitha Muis and Nurpudji Astuti Taslim and Sri Sumarni and M.Bambang Uswatul Firdaus} } @article {2230, title = {Effect of Plasma Treatment on Tensile Bond Strength of (5) Yttrium Zirconia Coping Fixed on Titanium Implant Abutment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {205-210}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {204}, abstract = {

Objective: The goal of this research is to investigate the effect of plasma surface treatment on retentive strength (RS) between the (5)Yttrium Zirconia coping and the titanium implant abutment (Dentium system) using self-adhesive resin cement. Methods: forty standard titanium implant abutments of 5.5 mm height and 4.5 mm in diameter were screwed with implant laboratory analogs embedded vertically in autopolymerizing acrylic resin blocks, forty Zirconia copings with a hole on the occlusal surface were fabricated using CAD/CAM system. Samples were divided into four groups (n 10 for each group); Group (1) no plasma surface treatment for implant abutment and coping (act as control). Group (2) plasma surface treatment for implant abutment only. Group (3) plasma surface treatment for coping only. Group (4)plasma surface treatment for implant abutment and coping. Coping of all groups were cemented with implant abutment by Allcem dual cure resin cement. All cemented samples were (5000) cycles of thermocycling process and then tensile bond strength evaluated by Universal testing machine, Following the tensile bond strength test, each debonded surface was examined by stereomicroscope at a 20x magnification. The one-way analysis of variance and Duncan test were used to statistically examine the experimental results. Results: Plasma surface treatment had observed effect that increase tensile bond strength between titanium implant abutment and (5) yttrium Zirconia coping, plasma surface treatment for abutment and coping (Group 4) was the highest value of tensile strength followed by abutment plasma surface treatment (Group 2), while lowest value of tensile bond strength in control group (Group 1) and coping plasma surface treatment (Group 3). Conclusion: Plasma surface treatment increase tensile bond strength between implant abutment and zirconia coping. Plasma surface treatment for both abutment and coping provided higher tensile bond strength. Mode of failure was adhesive failure occurs in abutment surface.

}, keywords = {(5)Y Zirconia. Tensile bond strength, Plasma, Titanium abutment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.29}, author = {Amani Abduljabar Altaie and Emad Farhan Alkhalidi} } @article {2299, title = {Effect of Propofol TIVA Compared Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia on Triglyceride Levels After Elective Craniotomy Surgery}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {597-601}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {597}, abstract = {

Background: Propofol TIVA has been shown to be more effective than sevoflurane in craniotomy surgery. Propofol TIVA offers the benefit of giving better brain relaxation during surgery while also being less expensive than sevoflurane. Nonetheless, it is important to highlight that propofol has side effects that should be considered. Large doses and prolonged anesthesia may result in increased triglycerides (lipids) as well as Propofol Infusion Syndrome (PRIS). As part of their investigation into the detrimental effects of propofol, researchers discovered the necessity for controls to avoid confusing the effects of the surgery itself. Therefore, sevoflurane was chosen as the control group to comprehend and analyze the effects of propofol more accurately. Methods: A prospective observational study analysis was conducted on elective craniotomy patients at RSUD Dr. Soetomo from November to December 2023. 52 subjects were divided into two groups, namely the TIVA Propofol and Sevoflurane Inhalation groups. Each group will be examined for preoperative triglyceride levels and postoperative triglyceride levels while already in the ICU. Results: Postoperative triglyceride levels in the Propofol TIVA group were significantly higher. In the comparison test between the two anesthesia methods on triglyceride levels, there was a significant effect in the Propofol TIVA group. In the test of the relationship between the duration of anesthesia in both groups, there was no significant relationship. In the test of the relationship between the total dose of propofol and triglyceride levels, it was found that the greater the dose of propofol used, the higher the increase in triglyceride levels. In the test of the relationship between the total amount of sevoflurane and triglyceride levels, it was found that the greater the dose of sevoflurane used, the greater the decrease in triglyceride levels, which was statistically not significant. Conclusion: TIVA Propofol increases triglyceride levels compared to sevoflurane inhalation in patients undergoing elective craniotomies.

}, keywords = {Craniotomy, Sevoflurane, TIVA propofol, Triglycerides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.93}, author = {Andika Perdani Somawi and Nancy Margarita Rehatta and Prihatma Kriswidyatomo and Kohar Hari Santoso and Hamzah and Pudji Lestari} } @article {2384, title = {Effect of Tender Coconut Water Powder Enriched with Vitamin E in Preventing Oxidative Stress of Diabetes Male Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1062-1068}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1062}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with increased oxidative stress and higher mortality rates. Analysis is needed to identify compounds in natural foods that can prevent oxidative stress. According to previous studies, tender coconut waterwith added vitamin E is more effective in preventing oxidative stress caused by DM compared to plain tender coconut water. This development is necessary to provide added value and practicality. Objective: To evaluate the potential of tender coconut water powder inriched with vitamin E on male rats diabetes by measuring the oxidative stress (SOD, GPx, MDA, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP levels). Methods: An experimental method was used with a posttest control group design. A total of 36 male Wistar rats used were randomly divided into 6 groups namely normal; DM; P1 (type 2 DM + Spray Drying tender coconut water powder); P2 (type 2 DM + Spray Drying tender coconut water powder + vitamin E); P3 (type 2 DM + Freeze Drying tender coconut water powder); and P4 (type 2 DM + Freeze Drying tender coconut water powder + vitamin E). Type 2 DM induction was carried out using Streptozotocin (STZ) 65 mg/kgBW and Nicotinamide 230 mg/kgBW. Tender coconut water powder was administered daily for 4 weeks beginning on the 3rd day after inducing DM. The data obtained were analyzed using the One Way Analysis of Variance test (ANOVA). Result: The results showed that the average levels of SOD and GPx in P4 were higher compared to P2, while MDA, IL-1, IL-6, TNF α, and CRP in P4 were lower compared to P2. Conclusion: Tender coconut water powder enriched with vitamin E effectively prevented oxidative stress, as indicated by increased SOD and GPx, along with decreased MDA, IL-1, IL-6, TNF α, and CRP levels.

}, keywords = {Tender coconut water powder; oxidative stress; Diabetes mellitus; spray drying; freeze drying}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.172}, author = {Ratnawati Ratnawati and Siti Thomas Zulaikhah and Atina Hussaana and Arrizki Azka Pratama} } @article {2396, title = {Effective Dose of Cocoa as a Preemptive Analgesic and Anti- Inflammatory Agent Assessed through Pain Scale and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) in an Acute Pain Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1134-1137}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1134}, abstract = {

Background: Pain is a significant issue for 40-50\% of hospital patients, with 10-50\% of acute pain cases potentially progressing to chronic pain. Pain-associated inflammation often involves the release of mediators, including Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α). Cocoa beans contain polyphenols, catechins, anthocyanidins, and proanthocyanidins, compounds believed to possess analgesic properties. This study aims to assess cocoa{\textquoteright}s potential as an oral preemptive analgesic agent in an acute pain mouse model, with an emphasis on its impact on inflammation through TNF-α levels. Methods: This true experimental study involved 24 male white mice split into four groups: a control group (K0) receiving a placebo, a treatment group receiving 15 mg/kg BW oral paracetamol (Kpct), a treatment group receiving 0.5 mg/g BW cocoa (K1), and a treatment group receiving 1 mg/g BW cocoa (K2). Pain response was measured using TNF-α levels and the von Frey test. The Kruskal-Wallis test and One-Way ANOVA were employed for statistical analysis. Results: Cocoa at doses of 0.5 mg/g BW and 1 mg/g BW substantially reduced TNF-α levels (75.82 {\textpm} 7.77 and 70.79 {\textpm} 11.50, respectively) compared to the control and paracetamol groups (98.22 {\textpm} 14.74 and 92.81 {\textpm} 2.64). On the first day, compared to the control group{\textquoteright}s 1.82 {\textpm} 0.78 von Frey values, the cocoa-treated groups{\textquoteright} values (6.20 {\textpm} 2.72 and 7.63 {\textpm} 4.11) were notably higher. There were no notable variations in von Frey values across the groups on the second day. However, a correlation was found between von Frey values on the first and second days. Conclusion: Cocoa can potentially serve as an effective preemptive analgesic agent, reducing pain and inflammation primarily by reducing TNF-α levels. These results provide validity to the use of cocoa as an alternative therapy in acute pain management.

}, keywords = {Cocoa, Pain, Pain Degree Analgesia, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.185}, author = {Herry Cahya Fathani and Herdiani Sulistyo Putri and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Christrijogo Sumartono Waloejo and Ira Sari Yudaniayanti and Pudji Lestari} } @article {2323, title = {The Effectiveness of Armpit Sweat Odor with COVID-19 Detection Device for Detecting COVID-19}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {691-697}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {691}, abstract = {

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Diagnosis and screening for COVID-19 are crucial in controlling the disease. RT-PCR is used for diagnosis. However, this test is high-risk, time-consuming, and expensive. There is a need for specific non-invasive biomarkers to detect COVID-19 rapidly. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by the human body can be used to depict metabolic conditions. A COVID-19 detection device is an electronic device designed to differentiate and detect odors. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of armpit sweat odor with a COVID-19 detection device to detect COVID-19. This study was an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design conducted on COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients in the special isolation ward of Dr. Soetomo Hospital and the outpatient clinic of the Indonesian Navy Hospital during April 2021-December 2021. COVID-19 examination using armpit sweat odor with a COVID-19 detection device. The results of the COVID-19 detection device and RT-PCR were then compared using the McNemar test. The general characteristics of the 168 subjects (81 COVID-19 patients, 87 non-COVID-19 patients) showed that the most common gender was male with the most common comorbidities being hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The results of the diagnostic test showed sensitivity and specificity of 88.9\% and 97.7\%, respectively with accuracy of 93.45\%. The McNemar test showed no significant difference with the RT-PCR results. The results of RT-PCR were not different from the results of armpit sweat odor using COVID-19 detection device.

}, keywords = {Armpit sweat odor, COVID-19, COVID-19 detection device, RT-PCR, VOC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.116}, author = {Indra Sampe Parimba and Arief Bakhtiar and Soedarsono Soedarsono and Riyanarto Sarno} } @article {2413, title = {The Effectiveness of Booklet and Images Game Education in Anemia Adolescent Women on Anemia Prevention Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavior}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1183-1187}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1183}, abstract = {

Background : Risk factors for anemia in adolescents are lack of education, as well as adolescents inability to apply the information obtained in daily life. Effective health education improving adolescents knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to health. Objective : This study aims to test the effectiveness of Booklet and Image game education in adolescent girls on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors to prevennt anemia. Participants were young women aged 15-19 years in the work area of the bayan Health Center and Gangga Health Center, who were selected through a screening process of 186 participants. each location had 93 respondents. Method : usiang a quasi-experimental two-group pre-test post-test design. In both groups, a pre-test was carried out furthermore, the intervention group was given health education through booklets and image game education, and the control group received health education with booklets. After the intervention was carried out, a pot-test was carried out on both groups. Results : Coherence analysis showed that the control group (booklet), adolescent girl with anemia who received the booklet and image game education in the intervention group reported better knowledge about anemia (p=0,000, n2 p=0,727)attitudes about anemia (p=0,000, n2 p=0,698), and behavior of adolescent girls with anemia between the intervention group and the control group were much different after being given with anemia between the intervention group and the control group were much different after being given booklets and image game education compared to adolescent girls who only received booklets. Conclusion : A multifaceted approach to health education can have a significant positive impact, especially when it involves interactive elements.therefore, the same educational program can be applied in various places to increase the effectiveness of a program or activity goal

}, keywords = {Adolescent women, Anemia, Attitudes, Behavior, Booklet, Image Game Education, knowledge}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.193}, author = {Misroh Mulianingsih and Suriah Suriah and Healthy Hidayanty and Ridwan Amiruddin and Veny Hadju and Dea Wulandari and Andi Ummu Salmah} } @article {2334, title = {Effects of ADCES7 Self Care Behavior Application and Acupressure on Changes in Blood Glucose Levels in Obesive, Prediabetic Women}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {744-750}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {744}, abstract = {

Background: Prediabetes and obesity in women are important health problems today. Appropriate selfmanagement and other methods are needed to overcome this. Objective: To assess the magnitude of the difference in changes in fasting blood glucose levels, before and after carrying out ADCES7 self-care behavior and acupressure. Method: This research is quasi-experimental research. The research design used was the Non-Randomized Pre Test - Post Test Control Group, which gathered obese, prediabetic women in the Kalumata Community Health Center, Siko Community Health Center and Posbindu under the PKK Ternate City through screening by excluding those who had suffered from diabetes mellitus and were pregnant. This group was then divided into the ADCES7 self care behavior intervention group, the acupressure group and the combined ADCES7 self care behavior and acupressure group. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess changes in fasting blood glucose levels. Results: Respondents in this study were 102 people who were divided into three groups. The results showed that there was an effect of Self Management intervention p(0.016)\<0.05, acupressure intervention p(0.032)\<0.05, and the combination group of Self Management and Acupressure p(0.011)\<0.05 on changes in fasting blood glucose levels in prediabetic obese women. Conclusion: obese prediabetic women who are aware and active in self-management ACDES7 self care behavior and acupressure can reduce blood glucose levels and body weight in obese prediabetic women

}, keywords = {Acupressure, ADCES7 Self Care Behavior., Obesity, Prediabetes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.124}, author = {Acce Basri and Syamsiar Russeng and Nurhaedar Jafar and Ridwan Amiruddin and Yahya Thamrin and Masni Masni and Muhammad Safar and Siti Muslimatun and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2405, title = {Effects of Bacteriophage in Postoperative Endophthalmitis Caused by Staphylococcus aureus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1188-1191}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1188}, abstract = {

Postoperative endophthalmitis is a serious complication of cataract surgery. It may leads to vision loss. The most common organism cause endophthalmitis is gram-positive bacteria, mainly Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). To prevent postoperative endophthalmitis, eye drops or intracameral administration of antibiotic agents are universally used. In recent years, the trend of endophthalmitis treatment has grown rapidly. Administration of bacteriophage is a subject of research for the treatment and prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis. This literature review investigates the potential of bacteriophage to provide a rapid, effective alternative to antibiotic treatments for postoperative endophthalmitis caused by S. aureus

}, keywords = {bacteriophage, postoperative endophthalmitis, Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.194}, author = {Herdina Ramadhani and Indri Wahyuni and Ismi Zuhria and Firman Setiawan and Annise Proboningrat and Djoko Legowo and Diah Indriani} } @article {2204, title = {Effects of Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage on Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines Expression in the Subventricular Zone of Kaolin-Induced Hydrocephalic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {20-27}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Background: To determine the neuroprotective effect of CSF drainage by analyzing its impact on the expression and the ratio of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the subventricular zone in kaolininduced hydrocephalic rats. Method: Sprague-Dawley rats of 23 weeks of age (n=36) were used in this study. The rats were randomly divided into normal control, hydrocephalus, and CSF drainage-treated groups. Hydrocephalus was obtained by injecting 0,05 cc of 20\% kaolin suspension into the cisterna magna. The CSF drainage-treated group had ventricular tapping seven days after kaolin induction. The rats were sacrificed 7, 14, or 21 days after kaolin induction. The brain was removed and prepared for immunohistochemistry analysis to detect IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 cytokines expression. Results: Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was significantly increased in hydrocephalus groups than in the control group. In contrast, the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine was significantly decreased. CSF drainage had a neuroprotective effect by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine expression. In the hydrocephalus group, the ratios of IL-1β/IL-10, IL-6/IL-10, and TNF-α/IL-10 increased toward a pro-inflammatory status. After CSF drainage, the ratios of IL-1β/IL-10, IL-6/IL-10, and TNF-α/IL-10 shifted toward an anti-inflammatory status. Conclusion: CSF drainage protects the brain from excessive neuroinflammatory processes in kaolin-induced hydrocephalic rats. Additional investigation is warranted to ascertain the use of inflammatory cytokines expression as a valuable biomarker for hydrocephalus. Furthermore, research on anti-inflammatory drug administration in clinical settings is required.

}, keywords = {cerebrospinal fluid drainage, Cytokines, Kaolin-induced hydrocephalus, Neuroinflammation, Neuroprotective, subventricular zone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.3}, author = {Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi and Ahmad Data Dariansyah and Wihasto Suryaningtyas and Dyah Fauziah and I Ketut Sudiana and Budi Utomo and Prastiya Indra Gunawan} } @article {2372, title = {The Effects of Increasing Doses of Nigella Sativa and Conjugated Estrogen on Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (B-ALP), Procollagen Type 1 N-Terminal Propeptide (P1NP), Carboxy Terminal Crosslinked Telopeptide of Type 1 Collagen (CTX-1), and Osteoprotege}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, pages = {1-5}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Introduction: Osteoporosis is characterized by decreased bone density, increasing the risk of fractures. Hormone therapy for post-menopausal osteoporosis has side effects, prompting the development of Nigella sativa (black cumin) as an alternative treatment. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of administering Nigella sativa and conjugated estrogen as osteoporosis therapy in rats treated with bilateral oophorectomy, which have been verified as having osteoporosis based on bone biomarkers. Materials and Methods: This study involved 72 female Wistar rats divided into six groups: K+ (positive control), K- (negative control), P1 (receiving conjugated estrogen), P2 (receiving 100 mg/kg BW of Nigella sativa), P3 (receiving 200 mg/kg BW of Nigella sativa, and P4 (receiving 400 mg/kg BW of Nigella sativa. After inducing post-menopausal osteoporosis through bilateral oophorectomy, the treatment groups received therapy for 28 days. Bone biomarkers such as bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bALP), procollagen type 1 n-terminal propeptide (P1NP), carboxy-terminal crosslinked telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-1), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) were measured using ELISA. Results: The 400 mg/kg BW administration of Nigella sativa significantly increased bALP and P1NP levels, indicating higher osteoblast activity. At the same dose, Nigella sativa also increased OPG levels, suppressing osteoclastogenesis in bone resorption. However, 100-400 mg/kg BW/day of Nigella sativa did not reduce CTX-1 levels, nor did it inhibit osteoclasts in bone resorption. Estrogen conjugation also increased OPG levels but did not significantly affect bALP and P1NP levels. Conclusion: Nigella sativa at a dose of 400 mg/kg BW significantly increases osteoblast activity and OPG levels. Estrogen conjugation increases OPG levels but does not affect bALP and P1NP. Nigella sativa can potentially serve as an effective alternative therapy for osteoporosis through a mechanism different from conjugated estrogen.

}, keywords = {B-ALP, Bone biomarkers, Estrogen conjugation, Nigella sativa, Osteoporosis rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.175}, author = {Herpramanto Dwi Susetyo and Sri Ratna Dwiningsih and Widjiati and I Wayan Arsana} } @article {2336, title = {Effects of Magnesium Gel and Diode Laser in Combination on the Color Masking of Artificial White Spot Lesions: An in Vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {757-763}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {757}, abstract = {

Objective: White spot lesions are one of the most common problem during and after orthodontic therapy. The present study was accomplished to evaluate the ability of Magnesium gel at different concentration and diode laser in combination compared with commercially available 1.23\%APF in color restoring of WSL on permanent teeth. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 42 human caries-free premolar teeth were randomely divided into 6 experimental groups: Group A: Control (artificial saliva), Group B: 0.5\%MgCl2 gel, Group C: 1\%MgCl2 gel, Group D: 0.5\%MgCl2 gel and Diode laser, Group E: 1\%MgCl2 gel and Diode laser and Group F: 1.23\%APF. The difference between the displayed color and the original color standard (ΔE) was assessed by colorimeter. The surface topography of teeth samples from each tested group was examined by a SEM. Collected data were investigated using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan post hoc test at p <= 0.05. Result: A significant difference in (ΔE) was noticed among groups (p= 0.006). Group (B) showed the lowest ΔE value (9.4{\textpm}1.6), followed by group (D) (10.2{\textpm}1.1), group (F) (10.4{\textpm}2.6), group (A) (11.6{\textpm}1.3), group (C) (12.9 {\textpm}2.3) and group (E) (13.2{\textpm}1.3). Conclusion: 0.5\% magnesium gel is as 1.23\% APF gel in color restoring of white spot lesion. No synergistic effect between materials and diode laser.

}, keywords = {color, Diode laser, Magnesium, White spot lesion.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.126}, author = {Rasha M. Salim and Sarmad S. S. Al Qassar and Aisha A. Qasim} } @article {2383, title = {Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on the Carotid Intima Media Thickness in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease and Hyperphosphatemia: A Double-blind Randomized Clinical Trial}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1056-1061}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1056}, abstract = {

Background: Hyperphosphatemia has been emphasized to be a significant risk factor for vascular calcification in CKD patients. This study aims to investigate the effect of magnesium supplementation on the reduction of phosphate levels and carotid intima media thickness in children as predictor on vascular calcification with CKD and hyperphosphatemia, compared to a placebo. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted at Pediatric Ward and Outpatient Clinic of Pediatric Nephrology in our setting during October-March 2023. We compared oral magnesium supplementation (6 mg/kg body weight/day for two months) with a placebo in children with CKD and hyperphosphatemia (ages 1-18 years old). Patients who were on dialysis and had serum magnesium levels of \<1.6 mg/dL and \>2.4 mg/dL, and were allergic to magnesium supplementation were excluded. A paired T-test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used for statistical analysis. Results: We collected 25 children in the experimental group and 25 children in the placebo group. Phosphate levels were decreased in both the magnesium supplementation and placebo groups (6.1 {\textpm} 0.79 to 6.0 {\textpm} 0.63 mg/dL; p-value = 0.852 and 6.01 {\textpm} 0.55 to 5.8 {\textpm} 0.64 mg/dL; p-value=0.365). However, when compared between groups, the reductions were not significantly different (0.1 vs 0.21; p-value=0.935). A significant improvement was found in carotid intima media thickness in both groups (0.05{\textpm}0.01 to 0.05{\textpm}0.01; p-value=0.000 and 0.05{\textpm}0.01 to 0.05{\textpm}0.01; p-value=0.000), and the reductions were significantly different (0.01 vs 0.01; p-value=0.000). Conclusion: Magnesium supplements have considerably lower phosphate levels and significantly reduced the thickness on carotid intima media in children with CKD and hyperphosphatemia.

}, keywords = {Carotid Intima Media Thickness, Children, Chronic Kidney Disease, Hyperphosphatemia, Magnesium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.171}, author = {Putu Virgina Angga Saraswati and Mahrus Abdur Rahman and Risky Vitria Prasetyo} } @article {2409, title = {The Effects of Melon Superoxide Dismutase and Gliadin on Glutathione Reductase (GSH) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Levels in Blood Plasma and Vitreoretina in Diabetic Rat Model: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1202-1208}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1202}, abstract = {

Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetics causes microvascular damage through four mechanisms of biochemical changes, including activated protein kinase C (PKC) pathway, activated hexosamine pathway, increased polyol pathway, and increased advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), all of which will increase Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels. ROS can damage proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids and hasten the onset of diabetes. ROS are produced in the presence of normal blood sugar levels, and the natural breakdown of glucose is controlled by insulin. Variables that regulate cellular respiration, including NAD-related substrates, oxygen, succinate, and antioxidant enzymes, modulate ROS levels and sustain cellular redox equilibrium. The conversion of superoxide anions into hydrogen peroxide, before subsequently metabolized into water by catalase and glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, is facilitated by the metalloprotein superoxide dismutase (SOD). Increased ROS levels can lead to diabetic complications, one of which is diabetic retinopathy. Melon superoxide dismutase (SOD) combined with gliadin (Glisodin{\textregistered}) is a potent antioxidant in counteracting free radicals that can reduce oxidative stress and prevent further cell death. Research related to the use of Glisodin{\textregistered} shows potential as an antioxidant agent with the hope of preventing diabetic complications.

}, keywords = {Blood Plasma, Diabetes mellitus, Glisodin{\textregistered}, GSH, SOD, Vitreoretina}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.197}, author = {Octarina Ervianti and Wimbo Sasono and Reni Prastyani} } @article {2295, title = {Efficacy and Safety of Traditional Transdermal Patch (Ya-Pok- Dud-Pid) in Primary Knee Osteoarthritis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {570-575}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {570}, abstract = {

Background: Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA) have a progressive decline in their social and physical abilities, which affects their quality of life. The Thai Traditional Transdermal Patch (Ya-Pok-Dud- Pid; YP) has been widely used for the treatment of KOA. Objective: To determine the clinical efficacy and safety of YP in comparison with diclofenac gel (DG) for the treatment of KOA. Methods: 74 primary KOA Patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to YP groups or DG groups. The outcomes were assessed the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Time Up and Go (TUG), Active Knee Flexion (AKF) and Passive Knee Flexion, chair sit and reach, and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Results: YP and DG significantly improved VAS, TUG, AKF, PKF, chair sit and reach, and WOMAC (p \< 0.05). Remarkably, YP experienced the same immediate pain relief after day 1 treatment as DG. The VAS scores of the YP group exhibited a significant reduction from 60{\textpm}11.06 to 38.92{\textpm}17.76, while DG decreased VAS score from 61.24{\textpm}17.84 to 39.19{\textpm}20.05 (p \<0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the two treatment groups. For adverse event, skin reaction (rash, itchy, and dry skin) was noted in the YP group because of the participant receiving YP for an extended period. Altogether, YP has a similar effect to diclofenac gel on pain severity and physical function in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Conclusion: YP is recommended as a natural therapeutic agent with efficacy and safety treatment for knee osteoarthritis.

}, keywords = {Diclofenac, Osteoarthritis of knee, Traditional, Transdermal Patch}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.89}, author = {Chutharat Saereewat and Kusuma Sriyakul and Parunkul Tungsukruthai and Sunyarn Niempoog and Sucharat Tungsukruthai and Chuntida Kamalashiran} } @article {2311, title = {Eosinophil Cell and Mass Appearance in Atypical Mycobacterium Infection of Lymphadenitis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {664-667}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {664}, abstract = {

Introduction: Atypical mycobacterium (ATM) is acid fast bacilli not including tuberculosis and may had opportunistic feature in environment either in air or soil. While symptoms of ATM infection may look similar with typical tuberculosis, these specific group of disease were harder to treat and would necessitate longer antibiotics consumption. While PCR may readily available to detect ATM, anatomical pathology method such as biopsy may be a cheaper alternative in low-resource settings to differentiate between atypical and typical mycobacterium infection. Aim: To analyze correlation between eosinophil cells and eosinophil mass with ATM in lymphadenopathy patient. Methods: This study is an analytical observational study with cross-sectional design which aimed to review diagnostic abilities of eosinophil cell and mass to detect ATM. Patient would undergo both PCR as gold standard of diagnosis and cytology biopsy aspiration as comparative diagnostic modalities. Data would be presented from SPSS v. 25. Results: We collected 70 subjects that fulfill inclusion and exclusion criteria. Most samples were dominated by female in relatively young age. There are 37 patients with ATM in which 75,7\% patients cytology result shown expression of eosinophil cells and 71,4\% patients shown eosinophilic mass. Chi-square test revealed that statistical significance existed between eosinophilic cells with ATM. However, such statistical significance was not found between eosinophilic mass and ATM. Conclusion: Eosinophilic cell can be used as alternative diagnostic modalities in diagnosing ATM. Further studies should further examine pathophysiological correlations and diagnostic power.

}, keywords = {Atypical mycobacterium, Cytology, Eosinophil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.105}, author = {Neni Wahyu Hastuti and Delfitri Munir and Reno Keumalazia Kamarlis and Bintang Yinke Magdalena Sinag and Adang Bachtiar and Farhat and Amira Permatasari Tarigan and Delyuzar} } @article {2227, title = {Ethnomedicine In Nias Island}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {186-194}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {186}, abstract = {

Background: Medicinal plants have an important role in the traditional medicine system of the Nias people, which has been passed down from generation to generation. Although there has been some ethnobotanical research in Indonesia, especially in Nias, studies regarding people{\textquoteright}s knowledge, use and perception of medicinal plants on this island are still very limited. Objective: to investigate the knowledge, use and perceptions of the Nias community towards medicinal plants. Design: The research population involved communities in various areas of Nias, and samples were taken randomly from several villages or communities. Data collection methods include questionnaires, interviews, and observations to detail the use of medicinal plants, local knowledge, and factors that influence the choice and use of medicinal plants. The research variables involve the demographic characteristics of respondents, education level, access to health information as independent variables, while the dependent variables include the use of medicinal plants and knowledge about medicinal plants.\ Results: As a result of data collection on respondents on Nias Island, there were 50 medicinal plants that people have often used for generations to treat diseases. Data analysis involved analyzing factors related to the use of medicinal plants. It is hoped that this research will provide a better understanding of the use of medicinal plants in Nias and contribute to the preservation of local knowledge and the development of public health strategies. Conclusion: Most of the empirical data submitted by the local Nias community is in accordance with research that has been carried out, however, there are 13 plants that need to be explored further because the empirical data does not match.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotanical, Ethnomedicine, Medicinal plant, Nias}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.26}, author = {Nilsya Febrika Zebua and Nerdy Nerdy and Kanne Dachi and Muflihah Fujiko and Abdi Wira Septama} } @article {2455, title = {Evaluating the Efficacy of Cresvin beta on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management: A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1219-1216}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1219}, abstract = {

Background: In this current state, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is more prevalent in the population, and metformin is used as a first-line medication for treating it, but gradually prevalence and incident rate of T2DM is increased. There was an upsurge in the utilization of alternative therapies in managing of diabetes. Especially in diabetes, Herbal medicines are considered safe and reliable by the majority of the population. This research aims to estimate the safety and efficacy of poly herbal metabolite compounds of Cresvin beta capsules in adults with T2DM. Methods: In this study, 60 T2DM patients aged 18-60 years were randomly assigned to Groups A (30), receiving Metformin 500 mg twice a day after food, and Group B (30), receiving Cresvin beta capsule 500 mg twice a day, after food in a prospective, randomized and open-label clinical study. The in-silico simulation study was performed on selected plants major compounds on target protein Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (1K3A). Results: The Cresvin beta is found to be safe and effective in the management of T2DM. The FBS, PPBS and HbA1c were significantly lowered (p\<0.001) in posttreatment in both the Metformin and Cresvin beta capsules. Similarly, the levels of IGF1, adiponectin, EL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α showed significant alteration (p\<0.001) after the treatment. The alterations found in the post-treatment results of Cresvin beta, including the reduced levels of creatinine and triglycerides, express the efficacy. Conclusion: The research results conclude, that the Cresvin beta capsule would be one of the suitable choices for increasing the efficacy in the management of diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Diabetes; Cresvin beta; Cardiovascular complications; Insulin resistance; Metformin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16s.234}, author = {Nandakumar K N and Mohanraj Nehru and Prasanth Subramanian and Bhuvaneshwaran Mothiswaran and Vishagan S S and Satishkumar Rajappan Chandra and Venkataraman Prabhu} } @article {2214, title = {Evaluating the Therapeutic Potential of Vernonia amygdalina: A Promising Antidiabetic Agent in STZ and Nicotinamide-Induced Rat Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {94-99}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {94}, abstract = {

Background: Vernonia amygdalina, commonly known as bitter leaf, has been traditionally used for its potential antidiabetic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Vernonia amygdalina extract (VAE) in ameliorating hyperglycemia using a streptozotocin (STZ) and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced rat model of diabetes. Methods: Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: normal control, diabetic control, and four treatment groups receiving different doses of VAE (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg body weight) orally for eight weeks. Diabetes was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (55 mg/kg) after four weeks of Nicotinamid feeding. Body weight, fasting blood glucose levels, HbA1c, serum insulin levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured. Results: Treatment with VAE significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner compared to the diabetic control group (p \< 0.05). VAE administration also led to a significant decrease in HbA1c levels and an increase in serum insulin levels in a dosedependent manner (p \< 0.05). Furthermore, VAE supplementation restored SOD activity and reduced MDA levels, indicating improved antioxidant status in the treated groups (p \< 0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of Vernonia amygdalina as an antidiabetic agent in the STZ and HFD-induced rat model of diabetes. VAE supplementation effectively reduced fasting blood glucose levels, improved glycemic control as indicated by reduced HbA1c levels, and enhanced insulin secretion. Moreover, VAE exhibited antioxidant activity by restoring SOD activity and reducing MDA levels. These findings suggest that Vernonia amygdalina could be a promising natural remedy for the management of diabetes. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and evaluate its long-term safety and efficacy in humans.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, HbA1c, Insulin, MDA, SOD, Vernonia amygdalina}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.13}, author = {Muhammad Faridz Syahrian and I Nyoman Ehrich Lister and Chrismis Novalinda Ginting} } @article {2456, title = {Evaluation of Anti-oxidant Activity and Flavonoid Content in Macaranga peltata Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1217-1221}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1217}, abstract = {

Introduction: Macaranga peltata is a woody shrub and tree found in forest of Western Ghats of India. The leaves of M. peltata are large so used to wrap sweets in kerala. The plant is used in folk medicine and siddha medicine to treat fever, cough, wound and ulcers. There is very limited research has been conducted on exploring this plant medicinal properties and phytochemical estimation. Materials and Methods: In the present study attempt was made to know the antioxidant activity of MPCF by DPPH assay, FRAP assay and H2O2 assay methods and Optimization of mobile phase by TLC method and supporting major flavonoid content quantification by HPTLC method Results: The result shown the Chloroform fraction has significant antioxidant activity of IC50 value of 123.71(DPPH assay), 185.85(FRAP assay) and 204.31(H2O2 assay). The TLC method optimum mobile phase was found to be Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (5:4:0.2). The standard flavonoids used are Luteolin, Diosmin and ellagic acid. The HPTLC method results shown MPCF was found to contain 11.70\% Luteolin.

}, keywords = {DPPH, Fraction, FRAP, Luteolin, Macaranga peltata, MPCF}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16s.235}, author = {Honnesh N H and Santanu Saha} } @article {2338, title = {Evaluation of Antiurolithiatic Potential of Methanolic Stem Extract of Spermacocce articularis L.f.: An In vitro and In vivo Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {770-778}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {770}, abstract = {

Context: Polygenic urolithiasis has a complicated etiology and even more varied therapeutic outcomes. Spermacoce articularis L.f. has been used historically for stone treatments in several traditional medical systems. Aim: The current study aimed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo anti-urolithiatic potential of Spermacoce articularis Stem Extract (SASE). Methods: In vitro antiurolithiatic potential on the CaOx crystallization was evaluated using nucleation and aggregation assays. In vivo, activity was assessed on renal calculi-induced Wistar rats by polyethylene glycol (0.75\%) in drinking water for 14 days. SASE and cystone with two experimental doses (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) were dispensed for ten days. Various biochemical parameters were assessed in the kidneys{\textquoteright} serum, urine, and histological sections. In addition, SASE inhibited CaOx crystallization by reducing the density of crystals, triggering the breakdown of CaOx crystals, and hindering their growth. Cystone demonstrated comparable outcomes. Results: Upon treatment with SASE, urinary, serum, kidney homogenates, and antioxidants were significantly improved (p\<0.05) to normal levels. The histopathology of the kidney section showed no damaged cells of SASE treated and Cystone treated compared with that of control animals. Conclusion: This research validates the traditional idea and suggests that SASE is advantageous in preventing the growth of urinary stones.

}, keywords = {calcium oxalate, In vivo, Polyethylene glycol, Spermacoce articularis, Urolithiasis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.128}, author = {S Gopika and MK Nisha and E Gaayathiri Devi and A Raja Rajeswari and R Vasandhlakshmi} } @article {2289, title = {Evaluation of In Vivo Anti Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Activity of Vigna radiata and Vigna pilosa using Beta Amyloid Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {519-526}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {519}, abstract = {

AD is the most common form of dementia. Extracellular senile (amyloid) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are hallmarks of the disease. Vigna radiata and Vigna pilosa are plants used in many Ayurvedic formulations used in the management of dementia and related conditions. The present study was aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of these plants on an amyloid-β (Aβ) 1-42 model of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease in rats. Duration of the study was 21 days. After the recovery period post Aβ1-42 ICV administration, from the 8thday, the ethyl acetate extract of Vigna radiata and ethanolic extract of Vigna pilosa (200mg/kg, 400mg/kg), Donepezil (3mg/kg) treatments were made once daily p.o till the 21st day. Cognitive behavioural studies were conducted using radial maze test, Step-through Passive Avoidance Test. The animals were further subjected to euthanasia and the brain were collected and evaluated for antioxidant parameters and brain cytokine levels. The brain tissues were subjected to histopathological examination. The treatment with the extracts significantly improved the cognitive capability of the rats in the Radial arm maze task and step through passive avoidance test. It also reduced oxidative stress, which was evident by the lower levels of lipid peroxide and nitric oxide as well as elevated levels of antioxidant enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione. The treatment alleviated neuroinflammation in rats by decreasing the concentration of neuroinflammatory markers in a dose-dependent manner. From the results it can be concluded that the plants Vigna radiata and Vigna pilosa has beneficial effects in the improvement of cognitive impairment AD, by reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, amyloid-β, Vigna pilosa, Vigna radiata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.83}, author = {Prasanth NV and P Pandian and T Balasubramanian} } @article {2296, title = {Evaluation of Potential Toxicity Associated with Antidiabetic Herbs in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {576-581}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {576}, abstract = {

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a serious, long-lasting disease that is characterized by high blood sugar levels, leading to more severe complications involving other organ systems of the body. Diabetes is becoming more common worldwide. Managing diabetes can be complicated, but many people, especially in Saudi Arabia, often use traditional herbal medicines to treat the condition. Our study concentrates on assessing the safety of commonly used antidiabetic herbs in Saudi Arabia by examining their potential toxicity. Method: Using keywords and their variations, we conducted a systematic search of the PubMed and Google Scholar databases to find studies on treatments based on antidiabetic herbs and their toxic effects from 2014 to 2024. Result: Our study revealed that the use of medicinal plants for treating and managing diabetes along with its complications is becoming popular around the globe. These medicinal plants are also being used as primary sources of developing modern pharmaceutical antidiabetic drugs. Phytotherapy is safe to treat diabetes as herbal bioactive components act through many biological pathways. They may inhibit α-glucosidase enzyme, enhance GLUT-4 translocation, and also improve lipid profile. Conclusion: The use of natural plants having medicinal properties is popular for the treatment of diabetes. Claims of their usefulness by traditional healers are being supported by scientific evidence also. To determine the right dosage of these medicinal herbs, cytotoxicity tests or short-term experiments are done to establish doses of plants used in vitro and in vivo. Toxicity concerns are a primary reason why healthcare professionals hesitate to incorporate herbal products into the healthcare system. That{\textquoteright}s why it is necessary to screen such plants for their toxicity to differentiate pharmacological efficacy from adverse effects.\ 

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Diabetes, Herbal medicines, KSA, Medicinal herbs, Phytotherapy, Plant extracts, Saudi Arabia, Toxicity, Traditional}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.90}, author = {Inbaraj Susai Domnic and Prasanna Mohanabhaskaran and Imran Zaheer and Semmal Syed Meerasa and Ramaprabha Prabhakar} } @article {2268, title = {Evaluation of Serum Eta Protein, Sclerostin, and Calcitonin Level in Arthritis Patients on Vitamin D Therapy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {426-430}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {426}, abstract = {

Background: Arthritis is an inflammatory condition affecting the diarthrodial joints. A joint{\textquoteright}s bone, cartilage, and structural design all preserve its integrity, and arthritis alters that integrity, resulting in joint activity loss and discomfort. The primary symptom of arthritis is joint pain, although other symptoms include stiffness, inflammation, and impaired joint motor function. Methods: The cross-sectional study comprised 90 subjects: 70 arthritis sufferers and 20 controls, ages 25-60, both sexes. From September 2023 to March 2024, patients were referred to Kirkuk city in Azadi hospital and Kirkuk general hospital. The research participants were placed into three groups: Group 1 for arthritic patients without Vit D (35). Patients with arthritis who received vitamin D for at least two months (G2), n (35), were the second group. The third group comprised healthy individuals without arthritis n (20). Result: Significant (P\<0.05) increase in ETA protein levels in G1 and G2 compared to G3. G1 had ETA protein levels of 28.05{\textpm}5.34 ng/L, G2 had 24.10{\textpm}3.67 ng/L, and G3 had 8.92{\textpm}2.80 ng/L. Sclerostin levels peaked in G1 (0.4273{\textpm}0.3023 pg/mL) and declined in G2 (P\<0.05) compared to G3. Calcitonin levels were higher in G1 (34.72{\textpm}4.72 pg/mL) and G2 (27.06{\textpm}5.85 pg/mL) than G3 (14.71{\textpm}3.71 pg/mL) at (P\<0.05). Conclusion: The study found a rise in ETA protein and calcitonin levels in arthritic patients before and after therapy with vitamin D, which was not influenced by vitamin supplementation. Sclerostin levels increase in arthritic patients and decrease following therapy with vitamin D.

}, keywords = {Arthritis, Calcitonin, ETA protein, Sclerostin, Vitamin D}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.67}, author = {Soma A. Mohammed and Entedhar R. Sarhat} } @article {2251, title = {Evaluation of the Acute Toxicity of the Ethanolic Extract of the Rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {323-331}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {323}, abstract = {

Background: Ginger has pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-neuroinflammatory, and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Objective: The research aims to evaluate the acute toxicity of the ethanolic extract of the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe in rats. Materials and Methods: The extract was administrated at doses of 300 and 2000 mg/ Kg/day to female and male rats. Changes in body weight were determined during the 14-day treatment period, and on the last day of treatment, blood was drawn, and euthanasia was performed, removing organs for histological analysis. Biochemical parameters were measured. Results: The body weight of the research specimens not show statistically significant variation. In the liver, mild lymphocytic portal inflammation and moderate hepatic steatosis occurred at doses of 2000 mg/kg/day. The kidneys exhibited a mild infiltration around the renal tubules and glomeruli at the same dose. The brain showed a slight increase in the count of astrocytes with focal glial reaction at the highest dose. The stomach and heart also showed mild inflammatory processes at the dose of 2000 mg/kg/day. In biochemical parameters, statistically significant differences were observed between the dose of 2000 mg/Kg/day and the control group. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of the rhizome of Z. officinale in rats revealed histopathological changes in the liver, kidneys, brain, stomach, and heart, besides changes in biochemical parameters at doses of 2000 mg/Kg/day.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity test, Biochemical parameters, Histopathology, Rats, Zingiber officinale}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.49}, author = {V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Juana E. Chávez-Flores and Carmen R. Silva-Correa and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Julio Hilario-Vargas and Maria J. Abanto-Vaella and C{\'e}sar D. Gamarra-S{\'a}nchez and Yuri F. Curo-Vallejos and Marco L. Salazar-Castillo and Icela M. Rodriguez-Haro and Flor Soriano-L{\'o}pez and Renato Cueva- Veneros and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco} } @article {2303, title = {Evaluation of the Antenatal Care Service Program at the Tojo Una-Una District Health Office}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {615-623}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {615}, abstract = {

Through ANC, various information and education related to pregnancy and childbirth preparation can be provided to mothers as early as possible. ANC service is a program provided to pregnant women as a form of preventive service for disorders during pregnancy and also functions as an early detection of health problems experienced by pregnant women. Objective: This research is to evaluate the antenatal care service program in Tojo Una-una Regency based on Input, Process and Output. Method: This type of research uses a qualitative research design through in-depth interview techniques and document reviews. Determining informants using purposive sampling technique, numbering 11 informants. Data were collected through triangulation techniques, namely in-depth interviews, observation and documentation using interview guides. Results: research shows that the input to the antenatal care service program in terms of funding used for the ANC service program is still insufficient where the funds come from APBN funds in the form of non-physical DAK, BOK and BPJS funds, apart from that the availability of human resources is still inadequate, Some community health centers still feel inadequate because they have a large working area, making it difficult to carry out activities in the field or at the community health center because the village midwife, who is supposed to only work at the village health post, has concurrent duties at the community health center. In the process component, the community health center has implemented the antenatal care service program in accordance with the plan, although there are still several obstacles such as funding problems during the activity, problems with supervision being carried out by the health service only once a year and while the output is achieving coverage of the antenatal care service program in The Tojo Una Regency Health Service still has not met the target coverage that has been set due to the lack of optimal input and processes in the antenatal care service program system both at the health service and at the community health center. Conclusion: The evaluation at the Tojo Una-una District Health Service in 2023 is still not going well because the input is still inadequate, the process is still not carried out optimally so that the output to achieve program coverage still does not meet the target coverage that has been set.

}, keywords = {Antenatal Care Services, Health Service, Program Evaluation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.97}, author = {Dewi Sartika and Amran Razak and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Balqis and Muhammad Kardi and Nurhaedar Jafar} } @article {2353, title = {Evaluation of the Program to Overcome Undernutrition in the Working Area of Cendrawasih City Health Center, Makassar}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {880-887}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {880}, abstract = {

Poor or insufficient nutrition can have serious impacts, especially on vulnerable groups such as toddlers, pregnant women and the elderly. Malnutrition not only has a direct impact on physical health conditions, but can also hinder optimal growth and development, both physically and mentally. Objective: The aim of this study to evaluate the implementation of the malnutrition prevention program in the Cendrawasih Health Center work area, Makassar City in 2023. Method: This type of research is qualitative research. The samples for this research are community health center staff, stakeholders and program users. Results: Evaluation of the malnutrition prevention program in the Cendrawasih Health Center working area, Makassar City is based on Context, Input, Process and Product analysis. The research results show that in terms of social and cultural conditions, some communities pay less attention to children{\textquoteright}s nutrition. Input is in the form of funds used, namely BOK funds and funds from the local government. Apart from that, the availability of human resources is inadequate. The facilities and infrastructure used are quite complete with the availability of anthropometric tools. Process Growth monitoring is carried out by community health center officers and posyandu cadres every 10 days. Product The nutritional status of toddlers is starting to improve, this is proven by the number of cases which has decreased. Mothers{\textquoteright} knowledge about the characteristics or signs that children are experiencing malnutrition is still lacking. Apart from that, mothers still don{\textquoteright}t fully understand parenting patterns for toddlers. Conclusion: The evaluation of the malnutrition prevention program at the Cendrawasih Community Health Center in 2023 is still not going well because the input is not adequate, the process has not been carried out optimally so that the product produced does not meet the achievement targets. Efforts that can be made include active cadres in socializing children{\textquoteright}s nutrition. Apart from that, counseling efforts regarding malnutrition among pregnant women also continue to be increased.

}, keywords = {Evaluation, Malnutrition., Program}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.143}, author = {Armiaty Octavia and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Indar and Darmawansyah and M. Furqaan Naiem and Ida Leida} } @article {2228, title = {Evaluation of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, Insulin, glucose, HbA1c\% and HOMA-IR as Predictors for Cardiovascular Diseases in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {195-201}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {195}, abstract = {

Objective: Comparison of the blood level of TNFα in patients with and without type 2 diabetes who have cardiovascular diseases. Examine the connection between the amount of serum TNFα and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes who have cardiovascular diseases. Method: The present study included 60 patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) with a mean age of 56.02{\textpm}1.395 years and an age range of (40 - 80)years and 60 patients with cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (CVD and DM) with a mean age of 59.20{\textpm}1.478 and an age range of (40-80) years, Who visited Al-Basrah Teaching Hospital in Basrah. in addition, the study included 60 healthy controls mean age of healthy control subjects was 54.72{\textpm}1.405years. All patients in this study were diagnosed by specialized doctors and the diagnosis was verified by clinical and laboratory tests, during the period from September 2022 to September 2023. All Subjects signed a written informed consent form. The BMI was calculated as body weight (kg) and was divided by squared height in meters. Results: The results of this study showed an increase in the level of glucose, haemoglobin A1c\%, insulin, and HOMA IR (in CVD and DM patients as compared with DM patients and control and there was a significant difference in concentrations among study groups (p-value \<0.0001). Also, The results of this study showed an increase in the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in CVD and DM patients as compared with DM and control and there was a significant difference in concentrations of TNFα among study groups (p-value \<0.0001). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, it can be inferred that TNFα and HbA1c have the potential to serve as practical and straightforward indicators for predicting the coexistence of insulin resistance, dysglycemia, and Cardiovascular Diseases in seemingly healthy individuals within the young (\<50 years) Al-Basra community.

}, keywords = {Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes Mellitus and Inflammation, HOMA-IR, Insulin, TNFα}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.27}, author = {Haider Nasser Jabber and Bassem Charfeddine and Hamed Jaddoa Abbas} } @article {2399, title = {Exploration of Adolescent Knowledge Experiences and Efforts to Identify Interventions on the Use of Digital Technology Information Media to Increase Knowledge related to HIV/AIDS Prevention}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1150-1158}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1150}, abstract = {

Background: HIV/AIDS has become a pandemic that worries the world community, especially teenagers because of their lack of understanding in tackling the prevention and spread of HIV/AIDS. One of the things that can be done is to identify interventions in the utilization of digital technology information media. Purpose: This study focuses on exploring the experiences of adolescents in efforts and in identifying interventions using digital technology information media to increase knowledge related to HIV/AIDS prevention. Methods: Qualitative research using interpretive descriptive approach and literature review on teenage students of SMA Negeri 4 (SMA A) and SMK Negeri 6 (SMA B) in Pangkep Regency, Class II and Class III. Sampling using t purposive sampling type of criteria sampling. The number of participants is 20 people and 5 participants who fall into the source triangulation category. Semi-structured interview guidelines with in-depth interviews, FGDs and observations using field notes. Results: There are 4 main themes that are obtained, namely: 1) Lack of youth knowledge about HIV/AIDS; 2) Perception of adolescents{\textquoteright} response control towards HIV/AIDS sufferers (ODHA); 3) Work Program in efforts to prevent HIV/AIDS; 4) The needs of adolescents, teachers, health center staff, and the health office regarding plans for developing interventions to increase youth knowledge in efforts to prevent HIV/AIDS. Conclusion: Respondents have inadequate knowledge about HIV/AIDS, show negative attitudes towards PLHIV and are also involved in risky practices that can affect HIV transmission. This shows that the provision of accurate and comprehensive information related to HIV/ AIDS is a component of prevention and control interventions that must be increased so that intervention strategies are needed to alleviate suffering and possibly reduce the negative consequences that may occur.

}, keywords = {HIV/AIDS, Intervention Strategy, knowledge, Model Development, Youth}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.188}, author = {Rusli Taher and H. Muh. Syafar and A. Indahwaty Sidin and Stang and Oedojo Soedirman and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Ridwan Amiruddin and Andi Armyn Nurdin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2253, title = {Exploring the Bioactive Potential of Marine Algae: Insights from Phytochemical Analysis, GC-MS Profiling, and Antioxidant Evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {336-341}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {336}, abstract = {

Introduction: While there has been a lot of research on novel compounds derived from natural sources, there is now considerably greater opportunity for study when it comes to marine sources. The immense wealth concealed in marine sources was less known in the past because of a lack of technology. The most recent technological advancements have made gathering and researching marine sources simple. Highly bioactive secondary metabolites that may aid in the development of novel pharmacological drugs are found in marine creatures. The two primary categories of marine algae are macroalgae and microalgae. While macroalgae, also referred to as seaweed, are classified into green, brown, and red algae, microalgae comprise blue-green algae, bacillariophyte, and dinoflagellates. Material and methods: Spongomorpha indica, a green macroalga, has been chosen for this study, and its physicochemical parameters, phytochemical analysis, GC-MS analysis, and antioxidant activity have all been examined. The purpose of this study was to determine whether more research on this seaweed{\textquoteright}s potential benefits for medical purposes is necessary. Results: The phytochemical tests indicated the presence of potent active constituents like alkaloids, steroids, tannins, and flavonoids; as a result, the study was further extended to GCMS analysis, where seven components were identified, the highest peak and molecular weight of which are all in accordance with WHO guidelines. The physicochemical parameter results were also in line with WHO guidelines. Ultimately, antioxidant activity was assessed using four distinct models, and all results demonstrated a significant amount of antioxidant activity, with superoxide scavenging activity demonstrating the best results. Conclusion: Based on the results, it was determined that Spongomorpha indica contains potent active ingredients with significant antioxidant effects. As a result, the study is now being conducted to examine target-related activity to determine the most efficient way to cure a specific condition.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, GCMS analysis, Phytochemical, Spongomorpha indica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.51}, author = {K Swathi Priya and Rajasekaran S} } @article {2422, title = {Exploring the Calming Potential of Peppermint: Anxiolytic Effects of Mentha piperita Essential Oil on State and Trait Anxiety}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1290-1296}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1290}, abstract = {

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the anxiolytic effect of Mentha piperita essential oil on state and trait anxiety. Methods: The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, and its chemical composition was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 93 participants were divided into a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG), with 47 participants in the EG receiving MPEO aromatherapy and 46 in the CG. Anxiety levels were measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) at pretest and posttest phases. Results: GC-MS analysis showed that menthol had the highest concentration (42.56\%), followed by menthone (19.24\%) and linalool (11.68\%). Mixed model analysis revealed that group assignment (EG vs. CG) was a significant predictor of posttest state anxiety (F=16.508, p=0.001) and trait anxiety (F=9.091, p=0.003), independent of pretest scores, supporting the intervention{\textquoteright}s effect on reducing anxiety. Posttest results showed a significant reduction in state anxiety in the EG compared to the CG (p=0.001) with a large effect size (r=0.508), while trait anxiety showed a moderate reduction (p=0.001, r=0.342). Conclusion: These findings suggest that Mentha piperita essential oil may effectively reduce state and trait anxiety, with a more pronounced impact on state anxiety.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Essential oil, Mentha piperita, State anxiety, Trait anxiety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.208}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Taniht Lisseth Cubas Romero and Santiago M. Benites and Anthony Derlis Auris-L{\'o}pez and Gerardo Manuel Del Pino-Aliaga} } @article {2320, title = {Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9, Transforming Growth Factor Beta and Fibroblast in The Simblefaron Due to Alkali Burn: Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {687-690}, type = {687-690}, chapter = {687}, abstract = {

Simblefaron is one of the most challenging complications in the late stages of an alkali burn. Symblepharon characteristically resembles connective tissue or bands that protrude from the eyelid{\textquoteright}s interior surface (palpebral conjunctiva) to the surface of the eyeball (bulbar conjunctiva). This literature review was conducted to see the molecular mechanism of symblepharon formation. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP- 9), transforming growth factor (TGF-β), and Fibroblast played a significant part in the healing of conjunctival wounds. MMP-9, TGF-β, and fibroblast overexpressed are suspected to cause excessive inflammation and fibrosis, which results in symblepharon. By knowing this, it is hoped that it can become a basis for developing appropriate management for the occurrence of simblepharon.

}, keywords = {Alkali, Burn, Conjunctiva, Symblepharon}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.115}, author = {Dian Mayangsari and Lukisiari Agustini and Susy Fatmariyanti and Ridholia and Pudji Lestari} } @article {2261, title = {Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Diarrhea in Infants Aged 7-14 Months in Puskesmas Alak Kupang City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {388-392}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {388}, abstract = {

Diarrhea is a disease characterized by changes in the consistency of stools to liquid accompanied by an increase in the frequency of defecation more than usual \> 3 times / day accompanied by changes, with or without blood and or mucus. Factors that cause diarrheal disease are infections, infections can be caused by bacteria, parasites and viruses. Busy parents often pay less attention to health and the impact of an unhealthy environment. The three children have digestive problems, which are still considered a habit and can be cured without having to go to a health facility. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the factors that influence the incidence of diarrheal disease in infants aged 7-12 months at the Alak Health Center, Kupang City. The type of research used is an analytical survey with a case control design. The population in this study was divided into case populations, namely all infants aged 7-12 months totaling 137 infants and controls were infants aged 7-12 months who did not experience diarrhea totaling 8,868 infants. Determination of the size of the control sample using a ratio of 1:1 with the case sample so that the number of control samples is the same as the case sample, namely 37 infants and the total sample is 74 infants. The sampling technique is simple random sampling. Analysis of the data used is the chisquare test. The results showed that there was a significant relationship with a history of premature birth (p-value = 0.015 with an odds ratio = 3.434), low birth weight (p-value = 0.015 with an odds ratio = 4.563), exclusive breastfeeding (p-value = 0.015 with an odds value ratio = 3.434), immunization status (p-value = 0.004 with odds ratio = 4.265) and history of allergies (p-value = 0.004 with odds ratio = 4.083) with the incidence of diarrheal disease at the Alak Health Center, Kupang City. Suggestions that health center health workers need to be able to increase prevention efforts from an early age by approaching the community and providing concrete education related to the incidence of diarrhea.

}, keywords = {BBLR, Diarrhea, Exclusive Breastfeeding and Immunization Status, Premature}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.60}, author = {Deviarbi Sakke Tira and Sonyalin Buifena and Sigit Purnawan and Maria Magdalena Dwi Wahyuni and Marni Marni and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2262, title = {Factors Affecting the Realization of Non-Physical Special Allocation Funds in The Health Sector at the Baubau City Health Office}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {393-399}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {393}, abstract = {

Failure of meeting the budget realization target can result in the loss of spending benefits, because not all of the funds allocated can be utilized by the government which means there are idle funds. This study aims to investigate the factors that affect budget Realization. This study was approached using mixed method design, using a saturated sample technique where the sample used was the entire population of financial managers within the scope of the Baubau City{\textquoteright}s Health Office and Community Health Center totaling 76 respondents. The data were collected by questionnaire techniques and in-depth interviews with 6 informants and analyzed by univariate analysis techniques, bivariate with Chi Square formula, and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The results showed that budget planning (p = 0.000), budget implementation (p = 0.000), human resources (p = 0.000), regulation (p = 0.001), and leadership (p = 0.012) influence on budget Realization. The results of logistic regression analysis show that budget planning is the most influential factor on budget Realization with p value of 0.002\<0.005 and OR 11.353. Budget planning, budget implementation, human resources, regulations and leadership factors influence budget realization. Related parties are expected to improve the quality of human resources in the field of planning and budgeting division, which in turn, can increase budget realization.

}, keywords = {Budget Realization, Human Resources, Implementation, Leadership, Planning, Regulation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.61}, author = {Wildan Harisma and Sukri Palutturi and Amran Razak and Indar and Ummu Salmah and Syamsuar Manyullei and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2328, title = {Ganglion Impar Block and Neurolysis for Perineal Pain in Anal Adenocarcinoma: A Case Report }, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {711-715}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {711}, abstract = {

Background: Anal adenocarcinoma is a rare malignancy with symptoms including tenesmus, rectal bleeding, and pain during defecation. The pain can significantly reduce a patient{\textquoteright}s quality of life and there is currently no effective treatment for it. Ganglion impar block and neurolytic are one methods for managing pain in such cases. Case: A 60-year-old woman with anal adenocarcinoma and chronic pain in the anal region for two years despite oral medication underwent ganglion impar block and neurolytic treatment using a mixture of 96\% alcohol and levobupivacaine 0.25\%. Conclusion: Ganglion impar block with neurolysis using 96\% alcohol can be an option for managing perineal pain, especially when previous medication therapy is ineffective. This combination is safe for patients and can reduce pain levels.

}, keywords = {Impar Ganglion Block; Neurolysis; 96\% Alcohol; Anal adenocarcinoma; Perineal pain; Pain management.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.120}, author = {Asmaranto and Dedi Susila} } @article {2342, title = {Garcinia cowa Leaf Ethanolic Extract Induces Vasorelaxation Through eNOS/NO/sGC Pathway, Potassium, and Calcium Channels in Isolated Rat Thoracic Aorta}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {797-804}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {797}, abstract = {

Background: Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex Choisy (G. cowa) is used in traditional medicine, both for improvement of blood circulation and indigestion, also as an antipyretic and expectorant. Objective: This study investigated the vasorelaxant effects and possible mechanisms of action of G. cowa leaf ethanolic extract (GCE) on the rat isolated thoracic aorta. Methods: The study examined the effects of GCE on isolated rat thoracic aorta, including both endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortic rings, using an organ bath system. Specific inhibitors were used to evaluate the mechanism involved in GCE-induced vasorelaxation. Results: GCE (0.01{\textendash}10 mg/mL) relaxed endothelium-intact aortic rings, that had been precontracted with phenylephrine. Removal of the endothelium or pretreatment of endothelium-intact aortic rings with NꞶ-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), or 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), significantly decreased vasorelaxation induced by the GCE. Indomethacin or propranolol had no effect on the GCE-induced relaxation of the endothelium-intact aortic rings. In endothelium-denuded aortic rings, the relaxation effect of GCE was significantly blocked by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and tetraethylammonium (TEA) at the maximum dose of GCE, but not by glibenclamide. In Ca2+-free Krebs solution, GCE (5 and 10 mg/mL) significantly inhibited extracellular Ca2+ induced contraction in pre-contracted rings with high KCl levels. Conclusions: These findings suggest that GCE exhibits both an endothelium-dependent, which is mediated by an eNOS/NO/sGC pathway, and an endothelium-independent pathway, which involves KCa and KV channels opening and extracellular Ca2+ influx inhibition. Kaempferol, isovitexin, quercetin, apigenin, luteolin, and amentoflavone might play a role in inducing the vasorelaxant effect of GCE.

}, keywords = {Ca2+ channel., Endothelium, Garcinia cowa, K+ channel, Vasorelaxant effect}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.132}, author = {Siwaporn Praman and Narudol Teerapattarakan and Thaneeya Hawiset} } @article {2327, title = {A Girl with McCune-Albright Syndrome: Case Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {706-710}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {706}, abstract = {

McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by skeletal, cutaneous, and endocrine system involvement. We report a 6-year-old girl with fibrous dysplasia, caf{\'e}-au-lait macula, and multiple hyperfunctional endocrinopathies. Treatment was palliative, the patient was planned for surgery on bilateral femur fractures and a rehabilitation program.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.119}, author = {Khairunnisa, Muhammad Faizi and Nur Rochmah and Yuni Hisbiyah and Rayi Kurnia Perwitasari} } @article {2427, title = {The Global Research Landscape of Rendang: A Bibliometric Insight into Culinary Heritage and Innovation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1320-1330}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1320}, abstract = {

Rendang, a traditional Indonesian dish, has garnered international attention for its rich flavor and cultural significance. The study aimed to analyze the global research trends related to Rendang using bibliometric methods. By examining publications, citation patterns, and key areas of focus, we aim to provide insights into the scientific community{\textquoteright}s interest and the development of research on Rendang. The analysis utilized data from major academic databases, scopus.com. The search query keyword used was {\textquotedblleft}Rendang{\textquotedblright} without restrictions on language, document type, or field of study. Visualization tools utilized include VOSviewer (version 1.16.18), and RStudio (Biblioshiny). A total of 63 documents were analyzed, revealing an annual growth rate of 3.06\% and an average of 11.24 citations per document, with an international co-authorship rate of 9.524\%. Indonesia and Malaysia emerged as the top-cited countries. The study recommends broadening Rendang research beyond descriptive studies to explore innovations in food processing, faster cooking methods, packaging, preservation, and health impacts. Further research should address sustainability, economic impacts, and increased international collaboration, aiming for more publications in high-impact journals. Additionally, the commercialization of ready-to-eat Rendang that preserves its traditional taste and the application of smart food technologies are essential for enhancing global research impact.

}, keywords = {Bibliometric Analysis, Food Systems, Indonesian Cuisine, Rendang}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.213}, author = {Anni Faridah and Riski Gusri Utami and Durain Parmanoan and Risma Rahmatunisa and Arif Adrian and Ruhul Fitri Rosel4 and Nurul Huda} } @article {2406, title = {HBOT2 Preconditioning Prolonged Inflammation After Decompression Diving}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1192-1195}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1192}, abstract = {

Background: The mechanism involved in HBO2 preconditioning in preventing inflammation in diving is still unclear. Syndecan-1, which is an important part of glycocalyx, has never been studied for its involvement in HBO2 preconditioning to prevent inflammation in decompression diving. This study aims to determine how HBO2 preconditioning impacts inflammation through Syndecan-1, MDA, and IL-1a markers. Method: This study is a true experimental post-test design. Forty male 12- to 14-year-old Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups. HBO2 and decompression diving were carried out in an animal hyperbaric chamber. All data were collected 12 and 24 hours after the decompression diving. Result: The incidence of decompression sickness was less frequent in the HBO2 preconditioning treatment group as opposed to the control group (4 vs 9) but did not reach a significant level (p \> 0.05). All parameters showed no difference between the control and treatment groups 12 hours after the dive (p \> 0.05). Twenty-four hours after diving, the treatment group demonstrated substantially elevated IL-1a levels in comparison to the control group (p = 0.030), and the increase of IL-1a in the treatment group is significant (p = 0.001). Although MDA levels did not reach significant, the treatment group{\textquoteright}s increase in MDA levels 24 hours after diving was greater than that of the control group. Meanwhile, The treatment group had a smaller reduction in Syndecan-1 levels in comparison to the control group following diving 24 hours later. Conclusion: HBO2 preconditioning prolongs the inflammation, as evidenced by increased levels of MDA, Syndecan-1, and IL-1a, even though it can prevent decompression sickness. Further research is needed to find the right time and dose of HBO2 preconditioning to shorten the inflammation time.

}, keywords = {HBO2 preconditioning, IL-1a, MDA, Syndecan-1, VCAM-1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.195}, author = {Sofia Wardhani and Aryati Aryati and Bambang Purwanto} } @article {2366, title = {Health Action Process Approach in Non-Communicable Diseases: A Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {966-974}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {966}, abstract = {

Background: Epidemiological research has indicated that the deleterious effects of non-communicable disease can be prevented through participation in health behaviours. The HAPA is a dual-phase model that identifies the determinants of the initiation and maintenance of health behaviour. The aim of this study was to systematically map the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA)- based interventions in non-communicable diseases in relation to the type of intervention, the target groups and the constructs of the HAPA model that are used in the study and to assess the clinical relevance of the studies. Methods: This review study complies with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) version 2020. The search for relevant literature involved PubMed, Sciencedirect, Willey online Library and Proquest databases for the studies published in 2000 to 2023 period. Quality of the study was assessed using CASP, and the Risk of Bias using Cochrane RoB tool. Results: In databases search, there are 912 studies. The results for eligibility resulted in 18 articles consist of 13 observational studies, and 5 experimental studies. Discussion: Physical activity, healthy diet behaviour, and medication adherence were the targeted behaviour. In the majority of the studies, the targeted intervention was physical activity and the population consisted of adult patients. Conclusion: All studies used only a selection of the HAPA constructs. Therefore, only a minority of the studies can be considered real HAPA intervention studies.

}, keywords = {Behaviour change, Health action process approach, Non-communicable diseases.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.156}, author = {Sahmad and Andi Zulkifli Abdullah and Muh. Syafar and Indahwaty Sidin} } @article {2402, title = {Health Risk Assessment and Monte Carlo Simulation of Microorganism Aerosol Pollution at the Intensive Care Unit of Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital. Makassar}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1170-1176}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1170}, abstract = {

Microorganism pollutants can be bacteria, fungi and spores in the room. Microorganisms that are distributed in space are known as bioaerosols. The spread of bioaerosol in hospitals can result in danger to human health, especially for patients with weakened immune systems. Risk assessment is very important for an organization or institution to overcome current and future risks related to contamination. The QMRA approach has been applied to inform standards for the microbiological quality of food, water, air, and touched surfaces. The method uses descriptive analytics with a literature review design. Data was obtained through searches on the electronic databases Pubmed , Elsevier , and Google Scholar. Keyword terms such as: (Bioaerosol * and Airborne * and Infections * and Hospital *) , ( Bioaerosol * and Microorganisms * and Inhalation ) , ( Airborne * and Microbial and * Hospital * or Intensive Room *) , ( Bioaerosol * Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA)* and Hospital-Acquired Infection* and Intensive Care unit ) . health risks AND sensitivity AND aerosol pollution AND microorganisms OR fungi OR bacteria AND montercarlo AND intensive care OR hospital rooms: (Bioaerosol * and Airborne * and Infections * and Hospital *) , ( Bioaerosol * and Microorganisms * and Inhalation ) , ( Airborne * and Microbial and * Hospital * or Intensive Room *) , (Bioaerosol * Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) * and Hospital-Acquired Infection * and Intensive Care unit ) . health risks AND sensitivity AND aerosol pollution AND microorganisms OR fungi OR bacteria AND monter carlo AND intensive care OR hospital rooms are used. The search covered research conducted over the past ten years, from 2012 to 2022. Of the 27 articles found using the search terms, seventeen articles were selected for examination. The four categories of analysis are population, type of study, aims, and findings. According to research, one of the parameters for evaluating indoor environmental quality is bioaerosol. Microbial bioaerosol media in the air are ambient air and indoor air. The routes of exposure can be through ingestion/swallowing, direct contact and inhalation/inhalation. The cause of hospital infections is because hospital environmental conditions do not meet the requirements, causing high levels of room air germs. Poor hospital indoor air quality can cause HAIs. Therefore increasing levels of mechanical or natural ventilation as well as regular cleaning and maintenance activities can play an important role in improving indoor air quality.

}, keywords = {Bioaerosol, Health risk assessment, Microorganisms, Monte carlo, Pollution}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.191}, author = {Rochfika and Anwar Mallongi and Aminuddin Syam and Agus Bintara Birawida and Syafri Kamsul Arif and A. Indahwaty Sidin and Muh. Nasrum Massi} } @article {2389, title = {Hepato-restorative Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Coccinia grandis L. Voigt. in CCl4 - Intoxicated Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1096-1102}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1096}, abstract = {

Background: Coccinia grandis has pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-ulcer, antiinflammatory, anti-hypersensitive, anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-cancer and hepatoprotective. Objective: This work is aimed to investigate an alternative low-cost green drug with hepatoprotective potential from methanolic extract of the leaf, stem and their corresponding calli of Coccinia grandis. Materials and Methods: Using 42 Albino Wistar rats divided into seven groups each group containing 6 rats. 1.5ml/kg bw of CCl4 diluted in olive oil was orally injected for fourteen days and methanolic extracts of parent plant parts, callus and silymarin, and on the last day of treatment, experimental rats were anesthetized, blood and organ removed for the biochemical and histopathological analysis. Results: This work is aimed to investigate an alternative low-cost green drug with hepatoprotective potential. Liver damage was induced by CCl4 (1.5 ml/kg body weight) in Wistar albino rats and recovery was noted by treating with Silymarin (100mg/kg bw), a known standard herbal drug and by treating with crude methanolic extract of leaf and stem parts of Coccinia grandis and their corresponding calli (leaf callus and stem callus at 180mg/kg bw) in terms of marked decrease in CCl4- increased SGOT (Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase), SGPT (Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase), ALP (Alkaline phosphatase), TB (Total bilirubin) and rise in TP (Total protein) compared to untreated control group. Histopathological studies of hepatocytes provide evidence of the centrilobular vacuolar degeneration and recovery by Silymarin or treatment with plant and callus extracts. Conclusion: Biochemical and histopathological examination proved the hepatoprotective potential of calli and parent plant parts (leaf, stem) of Coccinia grandis.

}, keywords = {Callus, CCl4, Coccinia grandis, GC-MS, Liver, Silymarin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.178}, author = {Vimala Yerramilli and Mahendra Singh and Ishwar Singh and Laxman Nagar and Jitendra Singh} } @article {2275, title = {HIF-1α and VEGF Expression in Adult-type Diffuse High-Grade Astrocytoma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {466-470}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {466}, abstract = {

Background: Gliomas stand as the prevalent primary malignant brain tumors in adults with astrocytoma being more common than oligodendroglioma. Based on isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) status, astrocytomas are classified as astrocytoma with mutated IDH and astrocytoma with wild-type IDH (glioblastoma). Tumor growth relies on angiogenesis, a process facilitated by key factors such as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α). This study aims to investigate the VEGF and HIF-1α expression profiles in grade 4 astrocytomas, encompassing both mutated IDH and wild-type IDH. Method: This study was conducted on 43 formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) materials of surgical specimens from adult-type grade 4 astrocytoma. Immunohistochemistry with IDH1 R132H was carried out to determine the IDH status, followed by assessment of HIF-1α and VEGF expression using semi-quantitatively utilizing immunoreactive score (IRS), and categorized as negative, weak, moderate, and strong. Results: Statistical analysis revealed no disparity in HIF-1α expression between both tumor types, nor was there a difference in VEGF expression in both tumor types, yet a positive association was established between VEGF and HIF-1α expression levels in IDH mutant and wild type of grade 4 astrocytoma with moderate strength (r=0.433). Conclusion: HIF-1α and VEGF are positively linked, despite the IDH status, and simultaneously work to promote angiogenesis in diffuse high-grade astrocytoma.

}, keywords = {Astrocytoma IDH mutant grade 4, Glioblastoma IDH wild type, Glioma, HIF-1α, VEGF}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.74}, author = {Febria Rizky Patikawa and Dyah Fauziah and Willy Sandhika} } @article {2266, title = {Histological Characterization of Modified Calcite Paste as Pulpotomy Material in Partially Pulpotomized Rabbit Incisors}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {415-421}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {415}, abstract = {

Background: increasing the demand for vital pulp therapy (VPT) as a minimally invasive treatment, evolving the need for bio-inspired capping material to optimize the outcome with more predictable results. Aim: is to evaluate the biological efficacy of modified calcite paste as potential material for pulpotomy in terms of pulpal inflammatory response, dentin bridge formation and morphology. Methods: 24 lower central incisors of New Zealand rabbits were used, subdivided into two groups of 12 teeth according to sacrificing time (1 and 4 weeks), in each group, six teeth were used as the control group, the pulp is traumatically exposed and partially amputated left free of capping material, and six teeth used as the experimental group, were the amputated pulp capped with Modified Calcite (MC) paste, the cavity of both groups sealed with resin modified glass ionomere cement (pulpdent, USA).animal were sacrificed and teeth were collected for histological examination. Results: At 1-week and 4-week periods respectively, both groups showed non-significant differences in inflammatory extent, a highly significant difference in calcific bridge formation (P=0.002) and dentin morphology (P=0.002). The MC group showed faster dentin bridge formation with favourable morphology according to the scoring system in both periods compared to the control group. Conclusions: MC composite is a promising novel pulpotomy material.

}, keywords = {Calcite, Calcium carbonate, Pulpotomy, Rabbit incisor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.65}, author = {Atheer A. Ali and Enas F. Kadhim} } @article {2250, title = {Hydrogen Sulfide and Cystathionine γ{\textendash}Lyase with Oxidants and Antioxidants Levels for Patients with Epilepsy Diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {319-322}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {319}, abstract = {

The research includes studying the levels of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and cystathionine γ{\textendash}lyase (CSE) with some oxidants and antioxidants in the serum of patients with epilepsy disease in Mosul city which include: malondialdehyde (MDA), peroxynitrite (ONOO-), glutathione (GSH), total bilirubin (TSB), albumin (Alb) and uric acid (UA), were measured in the patient group who suffered from epilepsy disease in Mosul city, Samples reached (116), which included: (56) samples for epilepsy patients group, and (60) for control group. The results showed there was a significant decrease in the levels of H2S, CSE, GSH, and TSB and a significant increase in the levels of MDA, ONOO-, Alb and UA in serum for epilepsy patients when Compared with the control group. The study concluded that H2S gas produced within the body and CSE suffer from low levels within the body, and they also decrease with the increase in the duration of the disease as a result of their use as protective functions in the body against epilepsy disease and developing it, by observing the levels of oxidants and antioxidants compounds and stimulating the body to increase their levels (H2S, and CSE) in various ways can lead to improving the health condition of patients.

}, keywords = {Cystationine γ{\textendash}lyase, Epilepsy, Hydrogen sulfide, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.48}, author = {Kinda M. Al-Taee and Luay A. Al-Helaly} } @article {2380, title = {Hyperbaric Oxygen in Animal Model of Diabetes Nephropathy: Analysis of Blood Glucose, Proteinuria and Kidney Tissue Necrosis Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1043-1046}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1043}, abstract = {

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and is the main cause of 20 to 40 times higher mortality compared to diabetes without nephropathy. Therefore, the author wants to prove the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) on changes in blood glucose levels, proteinuria and kidney tissue necrosis cells in DN animal models. This study used 27 male white rats Rattus Norvegicus strain Wistar, weighing 170 - 220 grams, aged 8-12 weeks, healthy and active, divided into 3 groups, namely the normal rats group (G0), the DN rats without HBO group (G1) and the DN rats with HBO group (G2). Making a DN model with Streptozotocin (STZ) induction 75 mg / kgBW intraperitoneally in a single dose. HBO was performed in a 2.4 ATA pressurized air chamber by inhaling 98\% O2 for 3 x 30 minutes interspersed with inhaling normal air for 2 x 5 minutes for 5 consecutive days. The results showed a significant decrease in blood glucose levels p = 0.000 (p \<0.05). In proteinuria levels, there was an insignificant decrease p = 0.077 (p \> 0.05) in G2 compared to G1. Repair of kidney tissue damage was also indicated by a decrease in necrotic cells by 45.45\% in G2 compared to G1. These results prove that HBO can repair kidney damage in DN model mice, so HBO is expected to be used as an additional therapy in cases of diabetic nephropathy.

}, keywords = {Blood glucose, Diabetes Nephropaty, Hyperbaric Oxygen, Kidney Tissue Necrosis Cells, Proteinuria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.168}, author = {Titut Harnanik and Ketut Edy Sudiarta and Rudi Pandapotan Napitupulu and Arif Rahman Nurdianto and Ni Ketut Alit Darmayanti} } @article {2355, title = {Identification of Effort and Issues in the Prevention of Diabetic Foot in the Community: A Qualitative Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {895-901}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {895}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetic foot is one of chronic complications that can cause significant issue on diabetes mellitus patient. In addition to contributing to mortality and morbidity rate, this disease also increases the family as well as national health economy burdens. Therefore, preventive efforts are necessary to decrease the risk of diabetic foot. In this case, intervention model in preventing diabetic foot is known to focus more on diabetes mellitus patients and healthcare service provider. Objective: Current research aims to identify the determinant of the efforts and issues in the prevention of diabetic foot in the community. Method: This research applied qualitative method through focus group discussion and indepth interview with 19 informants selected through purposive sampling, including the holder of Public Health Center programs, cadre, diabetes mellitus patients, and family. Data obtained through record were further transcribed and analyzed thematically. Result: There are several themes produced, including the education of foot care, cadre empowerment, role of cadre, strategy of cadre empowerment, knowledge, perception, self-efficacy, as well as patient and family strengthening. Conclusion: Diabetic foot preventive efforts focuses on the education of foot care and cadre empowerment in the community. Meanwhile, the issues discovered include the lack of knowledge, perception, efficacy and behavior in taking care of foot on diabetes mellitus patients. Hence, further study is needed in designing proper intervention strategy to prevent diabetic foot in the community.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Diabetic foot prevention.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.145}, author = {Tini and Darmawansyah and Ridwan Amiruddin and Masni and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2441, title = {Identification of Murder Victims{\textquoteright} Cranial Bone Mutilation Using Forensic Medicine, Anthropology, and Genotype DNA Approaches}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1404-1407}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1404}, abstract = {

The objective of forensic identification is to aid investigators in ascertaining an individual{\textquoteright}s identity. Reliability in identifying human remains from natural catastrophes, man-made disasters, and situations involving missing individuals has significantly advanced. Anthropological examination and forensic genetic profiling are particularly beneficial when traditional identification procedures, such as fingerprinting or ocular recognition, are not feasible. Even in cases where only skeletal remains are present, anthropological inquiries and forensic genetic examination of the remaining body parts can ascertain the identity and familial connection of the surviving individual. We have found a decapitated skull that is missing its lower jaw and comprises several cervical bones. Investigators think that the decapitated head is a component of a victim who was previously interred. We conducted an autopsy, an anthropological analysis and report the process of identifying skull bone mutilations in murder victims using forensic medicine, anthropology, and DNA genotyping approaches. We performed autopsy and anthropological investigations to collect data from the skeletal remains and a genetic analysis by collecting tooth and blood samples from victims{\textquoteright} parents. These samples were then utilized for DNA extraction, calculation of DNA rate and purity, amplification, and identification of genotype. After investigation, we discovered a single cranial bone and four cervical bones. Under macroscopic examination, the bones exhibit a striking resemblance to the structure of a human head and neck. The presence of tissue still attached to the bones indicates that the time of death exceeds 10 days. The complete destruction of the cranial bones indicates that they belong to individuals aged between 21 and 39 years. The presence of shovel-shaped teeth, a rounded palatal form, straight palatal sutures, and molar teeth with four cusps provide strong identification of the deceased individual as belonging to the Mongoloid race. The assessment of height is challenging due to the absence lengthy bones

}, keywords = {Antrophology, Autopsy, Genetic Profiling, Identification, Skeletal Remains}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.225}, author = {Setya Aji Priyatna and Satria Perwira and Vernando Parlindungan Simanjuntak and Sari Nur Indahty Purnamaningsih and I Ketut Heru Suryanegara and Desy Martha Panjaitan and Ahmad Yudianto} } @article {2232, title = {Impact of Fluoridated Dental Products on Surface Roughness and Morphology of Bleached Tooth Enamel: An In Vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {217-225}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {217}, abstract = {

Purpose: To assess the impact of fluoridated dental products (Toothpaste, mouth rinse, and fluoride varnish) on bleached tooth enamel{\textquoteright}s surface roughness (SR) and surface morphology when used before, after, or before and after the tooth bleaching process. Methods: A total of (64) bovine permanent incisors were prepared and divided into two main groups: Group (A) was treated before and after the bleaching. Group (B) was treated after bleaching only. The bleaching process used an Opalescence boost of 40\% hydrogen peroxide. Each main group was divided into (4) subgroups: (A1, B1) Control, (A2, B2) treated with FluorKIN mouthrinse, (A3, B3) treated with FluorKIN toothpaste, (A4, B4) treated with Proshield FV. A profilometer was used to evaluate surface roughness. Also, to assess the morphological changes in the enamel surface, another (14) teeth samples were viewed under the SEM. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in SR after bleaching and a decrease in SR after treatment, and there was no statistically significant difference between the group receiving bleaching only and the group receiving preventive protocol before bleaching, confirmed by SEM analysis. The slightest increase in surface roughness was found in the fluoride varnish group, followed by the FluorKIN toothpaste group, then the FluorKIN mouthrinse group. Conclusion: According to the surface roughness means results in the present study, Surface roughness increased very little in the fluoride varnish group, followed by the toothpaste group and mouthrinse group, respectively.

}, keywords = {Bleaching, Fluoride, Morphology, Roughness}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.31}, author = {Mohammad H. Alsabeel and Aisha A. Qasim} } @article {2272, title = {Impact of Hole Modification in Cement-Retained Prosthesis on Mechanical Tensile Experiment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {450-454}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {450}, abstract = {

Objectives: This in vitro study aimed to compare the adhesion strength of the adhesives of four modified cement-retained methods (MCRMs) that affect the retention of two types of materials (Zirconia and hybrid ceramic/VITA Enamic). Methods: In this in-vitro study, four cement-retained methods were used: the first is an occlusal hole with a diameter (1mm) with lateral hole with a diameter (1mm) (OLH), the second is an occlusal hole with a diameter (2mm) for screw access (OH), the third is a lingual hole for releasing the excess adhesive (1mm) (LH), and the last one is a control group (no holes). twenty-eight crowns (n=7) were fabricated for test with CAD-CAM system. The retention strength was examined by mechanical tensile experiments (MTE) in vitro using a universal testing machine, pull-off test. Results: A statistically significant difference is seen in each material{\textquoteright}s retention strength (zirconia and hybrid ceramic). The OLH group in zirconia (257.4286 N), and in ceramic (213.5714 N). had the highest values among the other groups, subsequently, the LH groups had slight differences from the other OH and control groups. (P=0.05). Conclusions: The use of modified cement methods had a remarkable effect on retention. In this study, the use of occlusal-lateral with (1 mm) hole (OLH) modification is more retentive than the other groups.

}, keywords = {Dental implant, Hybrid ceramic, Retention time, Zirconia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.71}, author = {Yasir M. Fadhil and Ahmed A. Al-Ali} } @article {2439, title = {Impact of Natural Products and Mindfulness Practices on Serum Serotonin Levels, Clinical Symptoms, and Mindfulness in Adolescents with ADHD Symptoms}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1389-1395}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1389}, abstract = {

Introduction: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by impulsivity, hyperactivity, and impaired attention (inattention). Pharmacological treatments are often effective but have limitations, necessitating the exploration of alternative therapies. Interventions based on mindfulness (MBIs) have demonstrated effectiveness in alleviating symptoms of ADHD, but their effects on clinical symptoms, serotonin levels, and mindfulness in adolescents have not been thoroughly studied in Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions on the improvement of clinical symptoms, changes in serum serotonin levels, and mindfulness levels in adolescents with ADHD symptoms. Methods: A true-experimental design with a randomized controlled trial was employed. ADHD symptoms were screened using the Abbreviated Conners{\textquoteright} Teacher Rating Scale (ACTRS) among adolescent students in grades 7 through 9 of junior high school (n = 1067). After meeting all inclusion and exclusion criteria, the study included 28 adolescents aged 12{\textendash}16 years diagnosed with ADHD, divided into treatment (mindfulness) and control groups. Clinical symptoms were assessed using the SPPAHI questionnaire, mindfulness levels were measured with the CAMM scale, and serum serotonin levels were analyzed pre- and post-intervention. Results: The mindfulness group demonstrated notable reductions in clinical symptoms and mindfulness levels in comparison to the control group. There was no notable difference in serum serotonin levels between the two groups. Conclusions: MBIs effectively reduced ADHD symptoms and increased mindfulness levels in adolescents. No substantial changes were observed in serotonin levels, indicating that mindfulness impacts behavioral and cognitive aspects more than biochemical markers. These findings suggest that mindfulness may be a valuable complementary therapy for ADHD management in adolescents.

}, keywords = {CAMM, mindfulness, serotonin serum, SPPAHI}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.223}, author = {Dianasari and Yunias Setiawati and Royke Tony Kalalo and Atika and Farida Anwari and ASM Morshed and Auliya Yudia Yasyfin} } @article {2425, title = {Impact of Stigmasterol from Beluntas Leaves (Pluchea indica) on SGOT and SGPT Levels in Male Rats (Rattus norvegicus)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1311-1314}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1311}, abstract = {

Stigmasterol compounds have the potential as natural male antifertility drugs; based on the results of multiyear research and bioinformatics, further research is needed on the safety of stigmasterol preclinically. The study aimed to examine selected stigmasterol from blunt leaves that are safe for blood SGOT and SGPT levels the type of experimental research, the Post-test control design group. The study was conducted at the Biomedical Laboratory of the University of Muhammadiyah Malang, the Hufaka Bandung Laboratory, and the FKH Laboratory of Brawijaya University. The study was conducted from June to August 2024. The research sample of stigmasterol from blunt leaves came from the UPT materia medica of Batu City. The sampling technique was purposive random sampling. There were three dose treatments (0.125 mg/kgbb, 0.25 mg/kgbb, 0.5 mg/kgbb and control) with seven replications. Data analysis used one-way ANOVA and Duncan{\textquoteright}s further test. The results showed that giving various doses of stigmasterol could reduce SGPT in the blood but not SGOT. Duncan{\textquoteright}s test results of SGOT levels showed no significant difference between treatment categories; SGPT testing showed that the 0.125 mg/kgbb and 0.25 mg/kgbb treatments were not significantly different from the 0.5 mg/kg bb treatment but were substantially different from the control treatment. At the same time, the 0.5 mg/kgbb treatment was not significantly different from the other treatments. The conclusion and findings of the stigmasterol compound are in the safe category for use because it does not cause an increase in blood SGOT and SGPT and potentially tends to decrease.

}, keywords = {Antifertility, Beluntas, Men, Safety Test, Stigmasterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.211}, author = {Eko Susetyarini and Poncojari Wahyono and Sri Wahyuni and Endrik Nurrohman and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {2221, title = {Implementation Model of Acceptance of Covid-19 Booster Vaccine in Elderly in Bogor City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {145-149}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {145}, abstract = {

Objective: The major impact of COVID-19 occurs especially on the elderly, however the vaccination achievement rate among them tends to be low. The COVID-19 vaccination strategy for the elderly must still be implemented even though WHO has been revoked the Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) status for COVID-19. One approach that can be taken is to empower the elderly in the vaccination process. This research aims to see the effectiveness of changes in knowledge, attitudes and behavior of the elderly regarding acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine after receiving educational intervention using modules using the peer group method. Method: Quasi-experiment with a one-group pretest-posttest pattern. The research was conducted at the North Bogor Community Health Center in April-June 2023 on 66 elderly people taken using a purposive sampling technique. The questionnaire is used to look at characteristics, vaccine history, assess respondents{\textquoteright} knowledge, attitudes and behavior regarding the COVID-19 situation. Data collection went through three stages, namely pre-test distribution, peer group method using module-19 and post-test distribution. Bivariate analysis with dependent t-test using SPSS 23.0 software. Results: The majority of elderly people were aged 60-74 years (90.9\%) and there was a significant increase (p\<0.05) in the average score of knowledge, attitudes and behavior of elderly people before and after being given the intervention. The average knowledge score before intervention was 69.60 {\textpm} 9.51 and after intervention 80.30 {\textpm} 10.29, attitude score before intervention 80.43 {\textpm} 9.61 and after intervention 85.25 {\textpm} 11.99, and behavior score before intervention 86.29 {\textpm} 14.67 and after intervention 90.35 {\textpm} 10.34. Conclusion: implementation of the model with intervention modules is effective in increasing knowledge, attitudes and behavior. It is hoped that with this increase, elderly people will be able to receive the COVID-19 vaccine.

}, keywords = {Acceptance of the COVID-19 Vaccine, Attitudes, Behavior, knowledge, Module, Peer group}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.20}, author = {Astrid Dewi Prabaningtyas and Ridwan Amiruddin and A Arsunan Arsin and Healthy Hidayanty and Chatarina Umbul W and Ummu Salmah and Lalu Muh Saleh and Sudirman Nasir and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2316, title = {Implementation of Preconception Health Services in Some Southeast Asian Countries: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {677-681}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {677}, abstract = {

Objective: This literature discusses various forms of implementation of preconception health services in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines. Methods: This literature uses a narrative review with a time limit of 10 years (2011{\textendash}2021) and sources from online database journals that provide free journal articles in PDF format. These include Q1{\textendash}Q4 open access journals, Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, and other sources, such as data from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Of the 52 studies identified in the search phase, 17 were eligible for inclusion in this review. The keywords used in the literature search are preconception, health services, and Southeast Asia. The analysis carried out in this study is to group and combine the same types of preconception services from each country. Results: There is literature showing the implementation of preconception health services in some countries in Southeast Asia. These services include increasing preconception knowledge (in couples of childbearing age and adolescents), providing preconception care in the form of micronutrients, iron administration, use of contraceptives, counseling, screening for infectious diseases, increasing the participation of health workers in the village, and developing web-based preconception electronic modules and platforms. Conclusions: Providing micronutrients to women of childbearing age is a preconception service that is carried out in almost every country in Southeast Asia; some countries have developed preconception health service information systems, and other countries have not. It is necessary to evaluate the performance of existing preconception health services.

}, keywords = {Health Services, Preconception, Southeast Asia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.113}, author = {Fitrianty Sutadi Lanyumba and Muhammad Syafar and Darmawansyah and Apik Indarty Moedjiono and Anang S Otoluwa} } @article {2206, title = {The Implementation of Quick Wins Blood Services Program in Efforts to Prevent Maternal Deaths Due to Hemorrhage in East Lombok Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {37-41}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

The Quick Wins Blood Service Program was launched by the Ministry of Health to accelerate the fulfillment of blood needs for pregnant women with hemorrhage complications by integrating public health centers, referral hospitals, and blood transfusion units. Maternal hemorrhage deaths could be prevented if more voluntary donors regularly donated blood. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the Quick Wins Blood Service Program implementation in East Lombok Regency. Methods: This is qualitative research with a case study design. Data were collected by interviewing 11 informants from the blood transfusion unit of the hospital, the East Lombok Red Cross, Public Health Centers, the East Lombok District Health Office, and high-risk pregnant women. Results: Health services for pregnant women have been adequately provided. However, some midwives do not conduct home visits and only wait for patients at the posts (polindes) in some areas or only do examinations at the integrated health services posts (Posyandu). Blood services have been good, but more blood stocks are often needed due to a lack of donor interest. Preparing prospective donors for pregnant women in the Quick Wins program is not always carried out because pregnant women and their families assume that blood is always available at referral hospitals. Conclusion: The Quick Wins Blood Service Program has been well implemented but needs to be more optimal.

}, keywords = {Blood Transfusion, Hemorrhage, Maternal Death, Pregnancy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.5}, author = {Alfina H. Ummah and Sudirman Nasir and Suriah and Shanti Riskiyani and Syamsuar and Lalu M. Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2392, title = {Implementation of the Indonesian Food and Drug Authority Agency{\textquoteright}s (BPOM) Health Service Policy on the Sale of Non- Prescribed Prescription Drugs at Pharmacies in Makassar}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1114-1120}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1114}, abstract = {

The delivery of prescription drugs without using any prescription in Indonesian pharmacies is still frequent, such as the delivery of amlodipine (97.7\%) and allopurinol (92.0\%) without a doctor{\textquoteright}s prescription (Rokhman, 2017). The studies of Siahaan (2017) and Djawaria (2018) also show a similar trend, highlighting low compliance with BPOM policies. This indicates that the implementation of BPOM policies related to prescription drugs has not been optimal, increasing the risk of irrational drug use and shows public disapproval of the drug and food control system. Improvements in the implementation of BPOM policies are needed to reduce the risk of using hard drugs without a prescription. This research uses qualitative research methods with a descriptive approach. The data was analyzed using content analysts. Interviews were conducted with 5 informants in several agencies, including 2 Key Informants and 3 Ordinary Informants. Effective communication occurs between BPOM, health offices, and pharmacies through offline and online programs. Although resources in pharmacies are considered sufficient, challenges arise from the inadequacy of transportation facilities. Compliance with SOPs, especially related to the prescriptions supervision of prescription drug, is a problem. Improving SOP compliance, coordination, and public education are considered important to improve the effectiveness of BPOM policy implementation in Makassar City pharmacies. The implementation of BPOM policy related to the sale of prescription drugs without any doctor{\textquoteright}s prescription in pharmacies in Makassar City has been going well, supported by diverse communication and the availability of adequate resources. However, there are still practical obstacles such as transportation problems, lack of public education, budget constraints, lack of formal procedures in some pharmacies, and lack of interaction with relevant agencies.

}, keywords = {BPOM, Hard Drugs, Health Service, Policy, Supervisory Agency{\textquoteright}s}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.181}, author = {Leilani Ismaniar and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Amran Razak and Sukri Palutturi and Muhammad Yusran Amir} } @article {2390, title = {Improving Tuberculosis Detection: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Contact Investigation Implementation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1103-1109}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1103}, abstract = {

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death. Indonesia is currently ranked 2nd globally, and the incidence rate increases yearly. TB is highly contagious to risk groups, especially to those who live in one house. Purpose. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of tuberculosis contact investigation by health workers and health cadres in Samarinda City, Indonesia. Methods: This study was conducted with an exploratory qualitative design to explore the implementation of Active Case Finding through contact investigation in Samarinda. As research informants, there are five managers of the tuberculosis program of the Samarinda City Health Office and Public Health Center, four Health Cadres, and ten household contacts of tuberculosis patients. Results: The results of the in-depth interviews identified three domains, eight themes, and 22 sub-themes. We found several obstacles in investigating the TB patient case index contacts, including a lack of resources, low awareness of household contacts, and difficulty meeting targets. Conclusion: Lack of resources and use of conventional instruments indicate less effective coverage of contact investigations. Low awareness of household contact for screening is due to a lack of understanding of TB, shame as a family of TB sufferers, denying the existence of TB symptoms, and not wanting others to know about their health conditions.

}, keywords = {Contact Investigation, Evaluation, Tuberculosis Detection}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.179}, author = {Joko Sapto Pramono and Ridwan Amiruddin and Ida Leida and Aminuddin Syam and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2341, title = {In Silico Gene Transcription of 4-Hydroxycinnamic Acid from Broccoli Fruit (Brassica oleracea var. italica) with Estrogen Receptor Beta Protein}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {791-796}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {791}, abstract = {

This study aims to explore the relationship between 4-Hydroxycinnamic Acid, a compound found in broccoli fruit (Brassica oleracea var. italica), and Estrogen Receptor Beta Protein through in silico analysis. The research was conducted using Pymol, MOE 2015, Discovery Studio 2016, and Lepinski Rule software. These tools were employed to model the structure of both the compound and protein, as well as to evaluate their interaction. The results revealed a significant interaction with a Binding Affinity of -6.4182. Moreover, the Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) measurements yielded a value of 3.8907, indicating the degree of agreement between the compound and protein structures. Analysis using the Lepinski Rule disclosed the characteristics of the compound 4-Hydroxycinnamic Acid, including a mass of 164, two hydrogen bond donors, three hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 1.490, and a molar reactivity of 44.776. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential of 4-Hydroxycinnamic Acid in interacting with Estrogen Receptor Beta Protein, which could serve as a foundation for further research on the health benefits and therapeutic applications of this compound, contributing to the goal of good health and well-being.

}, keywords = {Brassica oleracea var. italica, good health and well-being., in silico, molecular interaction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.131}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Dheo Shalsabilla Novel and Herland Satriawan and Khang Wen Goh and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and Sri Suwarni and Ria Septiana and Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori and Mochammad Aqilah Herdiansyah and Anni Faridah} } @article {2381, title = {In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Dried Red Jujube Fruit (Ziziphus jujuba) Ethanol Extract against DENV-2}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1047-1050}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1047}, abstract = {

Dengue infection has become one of the most important mosquito-borne diseases worldwide and is caused by the dengue virus (DENV). Recently, neither patent drug, phytopharmaceutical medicine, nor standardized herbal medicine has been officially available against DENV. Dried red jujube fruit (Ziziphus jujuba) ethanol extract has been proven to have an antiviral effect, anti-inflammatory efficacy, and antioxidant properties, which have potential activity against DENV infection. This research was conducted to analyze the antiviral activity of dried red jujube fruit ethanol extract against DENV-2 in vitro. The halfmaximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) were examined on Vero cells by a 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, whereas the halfmaximal effective concentration (EC50) was determined using luminescence assay. The selectivity index (SI) value was determined from the ratio of CC50 and EC50. Dried red jujube fruit ethanol extracts inhibited DENV-2 in 24.59\%, 22.39\%, 17.98\%, 14.5\%, 6.42\%, and 1.28\% at 80 μg/mL, 40 μg/mL, 20 μg/mL, 10 μg/ mL, 5 μg/mL, and 2.5 μg/mL, respectively. The extract exhibited antiviral activity against DENV-2, showing a CC50 of 67.73 μg/mL, an IC50 value of 166.18 μg/mL, and an EC50 of 64.87 μg/mL, with an SI of 1.04. The LD50 value was 707.95 mg/kg. Dried red jujube fruit ethanol extract could be a potential candidate for developing an antiviral against DENV-2.

}, keywords = {Antiviral, Dengue virus, DENV-2, dried red jujube fruit, Ziziphus jujuba}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.169}, author = {Niluh Suwasanti and Cecilia Putri Tedyanto and Silvia Sutandhio and Teguh Hari Sucipto} } @article {2271, title = {An in Vitro Comparative Evaluation for Internal and Marginal Integrity and the Degree of Monomer Conversion of Alkasite Restorative Material}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {442-449}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {442}, abstract = {

Aims: To compare and evaluate marginal and internal adaptation and to assess the degree of conversion of alkasite restoration in relation with other restorative materials. Methods: on the buccal surface of 25 maxillary premolars a class V cavities were prepared. The teeth were randomly divided into five groups (n=5) that restored as: Group 1: alkasite without adhesive, Group 2: alkasite with adhesive, Group 3: Nanohybrid composite, Group 4: Glass ionomer cement, and Group 5: Resin modified glass ionomer cement. The teeth underwent 5000 cycles of thermocycling between 5{\textdegree} and 55{\textdegree}. Then, silver nitrate solution was infiltrated and Micro-Computed tomography analysis was performed using (LOTUS inVivo). For evaluating degree of conversion, 15 specimens in the form of a disc were prepared from Alkasite, nanohybrid composite and resin modified glass ionomer (n=5). All samples were analyzed using (FTIR) in an ATR Mode in three intervals (after 20 second. 24 hours and 7 days). The data had been analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis, Dune and Wilcoxon tests at a 0.05 significance level. Result: A significant difference in marginal and internal adaptation were observed among restorations (p \< 0.05). Superior marginal and internal adaptation was obtained in this study for alkasite whether with or without bonded over nanohybrid composite. However, RMGIC and GIC show more adaptation values among other tested groups. Also degree of monomer conversion percentage varied among restorations at different intervals. Conclusion: alkasite restorations wither with or without bonding have higher marginal and internal adaptation in comparison with nanohybrid composite but lower than that of GIC and RMGIC. Also alkasite restoration showed higher degree of conversion when compared with nanohybride composite and RMGIC after 20 second and 24 hours of polymerization

}, keywords = {Alkasite, Degree of Conversion, Marginal and Internal Adaptation, Micro-CT}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.70}, author = {Mohammed W. Shackori and Ammar A. Qasim and Nadia H. Hasan} } @article {2382, title = {Increasing Oxytocin through Electroacupuncture Stimulation at LI4 and SP6 Points in Postpartum Cesarean Section}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1051-1055}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1051}, abstract = {

Background: Pain from postoperative cesarean section stitches can cause physiological stress, thereby disrupting mobility and affecting the uterine involution process postpartum. Acupuncture at points LI4 and SP6 has been reported to stimulate uterine contractions and reduce pain. Objective: To look into how electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation works at particular places LI4, SP6, and the combination of LI4 \& SP6 with frequencies of 30, 50, and 100 Hz on the increase in oxytocin levels postpartum cesarean section. Method: The number of respondents was 144 postpartum cesarean section patients who met the inclusion criteria, divided using the randomized controlled trial (RCT) method into 8 intervention and control groups. Oxytocin levels were analyzed through blood samples using the ELISA method, comparing results before and after the intervention as well as with the control group. Result: The electroacupuncture intervention group{\textquoteright}s analysis at points LI4 and SP6 showed a substantial (P\<0.05) rise in oxytocin levels when compared to the control group. Conclusion: The findings of this research suggest that electroacupuncture intervention following a cesarean section can induce a rise in the levels of the hormone oxytocin.

}, keywords = {Electroacupuncture, LI4, Oxytocin, Postpartum, SP6}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.170}, author = {Nurul Azizah and Budi Santoso and Abdurachman and Hanik Badriyah Hidayati and Ario Imandiri and Rafhani Rosyidah and Ratna Dwi Jayanti} } @article {2378, title = {Influence of Chamomile Leaves extract in Different Doses on Renal Functions and Diabetic indices in Streptozotocin {\textendash} Induced Diabetic Rat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1029-1035}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1029}, abstract = {

Background: The prevalence of diabetes among Egyptians is rising. Therefore, there is always a demand for innovative natural medicines. Medicinal plants have long been a significant source in search of novel, effective alternatives for human therapy. Chamomile is one of the most widely used medicinal plants, which may help hyperglycemic patients by lowering blood sugar levels. Objectives: To determine how chamomile extract affects the kidneys when albino male rats with chronic diabetes are induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Methods: The study was conducted in the Al-Azhar Faculty of Medicine (Assiut) pharmacology department animal laboratory. For this investigation, a local strain of fifty adult male albino rats was used as the animal model and weighed 120 to 150 g. In this study, rats were divided into five groups, body weight, and systolic blood pressure was measured, and blood samples were collected for measuring blood glucose and insulin level, HbA1c, Na, K, and renal function tests, and histopathological examination was done. Results: After the study, mean glucose levels, HbA1c, urea, creatinine, K, and systolic blood pressure were significantly decreased in group IV \& group V compared to group III. In contrast, body weight serum insulin level and Na increased dramatically in group IV \& group V compared to group III. Conclusion: The serum levels of urea and creatinine in diabetic patients may be positively affected by chamomile. Additionally, short-term chamomile uses benefits diabetic individuals by decreasing loss of body weight, lowering HbA1c, and increasing insulin levels.

}, keywords = {Chamomile leaves, Diabetes mellitus, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.166}, author = {Mohamed Zaeim Hafez Ahmed and Muhammad Abdelbaeth Hassan Elfiky and Elsayed Elagamy Elsayed Mohamed and Ramadan Hassan Ibrahim Thabet and Ahmed Mohamed Gad Allah and Ahmed Abdrabo Elshenawy Elsisi and Ahmed Abdel Nasser Ahmed Mohamed and Tarek Shikhon and Mostafa Abo-akrab and Sayed A.M.Mahmoud and Mohamed AbdelAziz Doma and Wael Ahmed Mahmoud Khattab and Khaled Saleh Ali Elhamaky and Mohamed El- Salamoni and Fatma Mahmoud Abdelraheem and Mahmoud Ahmad Mohamed Azab and Mahmoud Ahmad Mohamed Azab6 and Mohamed E EL-Refaey and Ahmed A. Abd El-Rhman and Ahmed F. Abdel Ghany and Ghada Adel Hegazy} } @article {2304, title = {The Influence of Human Resource Management Functions on the Quality of Health Services in Inpatient Patients at Maryam Citra Medika Hospital, Takalar District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {624-629}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {624}, abstract = {

Health human resource management is the most important part of improving public health in Indonesia. Health human resources are also said to be a key component for driving health development which aims to increase awareness, willingness and ability to live healthily. As much as 80\% of the success of health development in Indonesia is determined by health human resources. There is still a lack of health human resources in Indonesia due to unequal distribution and less than optimal management of health human resources. Indicators of the health Human Resources management function consist of Health Human Resources Planning, Health Human Resources Organizing, Health Human Resources Procurement, Health Human Resources Development. This study aims to determine the influence of the health Human Resources management function on the quality of health services for inpatients at the Mayam Citra Medika Hospital, Takalar Regency. This type of research is quantitative research using a cross sectional approach. The sample in this study was 110 health workers in the inpatient department at Maryam Citra Medika Hospital, Takalar Regency, obtained using the probability sampling method. Data collection uses a questionnaire instrument. Data processing uses the chi-square test, multivariate logistic regression test. Based on the research results, there is an influence of health human resource planning, organizing health human resources, development of health human resources and there is no influence of procurement of health human resources on the quality of health services for inpatients at the Mayam Citra Medika Hospital, Takalar Regency.

}, keywords = {Development, Human Resources, Organizing, Planning, Procurement, Quality of Health Services.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.98}, author = {Andi Sri Adinda and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Darmawansyah and Indar and Hasanuddin Ishak and Andi Zulkifli and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2302, title = {The Influence of Nurse Resource Aspects on Performance Nurse at Tenriawaru Hospital Bone District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {610-614}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {610}, abstract = {

The human resources who interact most directly with patients are nurses. Low performance of nurses in an organization can cause obstacles to an organization in achieving its goals. This study aims to determine the influence of aspects of nursing resources on nurse performance at Tenriawaru Hospital, Bone Regency. This type of research is quantitative research with a cross sectional study approach. The sample for this research was nurses who work as nurses, namely 94 nurses. Data collection uses a questionnaire. Processing uses the chi square test and logistic regression test. Based on the research results, it shows that competence has a significant influence on nurse performance with a value of p=0.00\<0.05, motivation does not have a significant influence on nurse performance with a value of p=0.059>=0.05, loyalty has a significant influence on nurse performance with a value of p= 0.00\<0.05. Work discipline has a significant influence on nurse performance, p value = 0.00 \<0.05. and rewards have a significant influence on nurse performance, p value = 0.00 \<0.05.

}, keywords = {Hospital, Influence, Nurses resource, Performance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.96}, author = {Siska Ayuningsih and Sukri Palutturi and Balqis Nazaruddin and Indar and Erniwati and Syafar and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2243, title = {The Influence of Organizational Citizenship Behavior on Nurse Performance in the Inpatient Department at Ibnu Sina Hospital Makassar}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {280-286}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {280}, abstract = {

Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is an individual behavior that is rooted in his willingness to contribute beyond his role or duty or unconsciously directed or undirected, to be able to provide benefits and benefits to his company. OCB indicators consist of Altruism, Conscientiousness, Sportsmanship, Courtesy, Civic Virtue. This study aims to determine the effect of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) on the performance of nurses in the inpatient department at Ibnu Sina Hospital Makassar. This type of research is quantitative research using a cross sectional approach. The sample in this study were 55 nurses in the inpatient department at Ibn Sina Hospital obtained by purposive sampling method. Data collection using a questionnaire instrument. Data processing using chi-square test, multivariate logistic regression test, and partial correlation test. Based on the results of the study there is an influence of Altruism, Conscientiousness, Sportsmanship, Courtesy, Civic Virtue, with the work environment as a control variable on the performance of nurses in the inpatient department at Ibnu Sina Hospital Makassar.

}, keywords = {Altruism, Civic Virtue, Conscientiousness, Courtesy, Nurse performance, OCB, Sportsmanship, Work Environment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.41}, author = {Andi Nurul Azizah and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Darmawansyah and Sukri Palutturi and Muhammad Yusran Amir and Vonny Palopadang and Masni and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2222, title = {The Influence of Organizational Culture and Group Climate on Innovation Readiness at Hasanuddin University Hospital}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {150-155}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {150}, abstract = {

Innovation is considered a competitive mechanism for organizational performance and success, and is considered an important instrument for adapting to the ever-changing business environment. This research aims to analyze the influence of Organizational Culture and Group Climate on Innovation Readiness at Hasanuddin University Hospital. The type of research carried out was quantitative research using an observational study with a cross sectional study design. The sample in this study was employees at the hospital, totaling 123 respondents. The research results show that there is a direct influence of organizational culture on innovation readiness, there is a direct influence of group climate on innovation readiness. It is recommended that hospital management be open to new ideas and encourage their employees to be more open and accept input from other employees. This will greatly encourage the emergence of innovation, improve the climate in positive work teams, such as participative, open and safe, will motivate employees to show Innovative and improving behavior creates or adopts new ideas, products, services, programs, technologies, policies, structures or new administrative systems.

}, keywords = {Group Climate, Hospital, Innovation Readiness, Organizational Culture}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.21}, author = {Michele Wijaya Oei and Syahrir A. Pasinringi and Andi Indahwaty Sidin and Noer Bahry Noor and Fridawaty Rivai and Healty} } @article {2270, title = {The Influence of Patient Satisfaction on the Loyalty of Inpatient Patients at Dr. Tadjuddin Chalid Hospital Makassar City Year 2023}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {436-441}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {436}, abstract = {

Patient satisfaction reflects the patient{\textquoteright}s attitude towards care consisting of emotions and perceptions of the health services provided to them, because patient satisfaction will influence patient loyalty. This research design was carried out with an analytical survey using a quantitative approach using cross sectional research, namely research carried out at the same time which aims to analyze and find out how service quality influences the level of patient satisfaction on patient loyalty. The sample in this study is the population of inpatients in 2022, namely 9,526 patients, the sampling was 276 patients, by calculating the sample size using the Lemeshow formula. The sampling technique used in this research uses the accidental sampling technique, namely a sampling technique based on chance, that is, anyone who meets the researcher by chance can be used as a sample.Based on the research results, there is a relationship between reliability and patient loyalty with statistical test results (p=0.000). Assurance has a significant relationship with patient loyalty and statistical test results (p=0.000), and empathy has a significant relationship with patient loyalty with statistical test results (p=0.000) . There is no significant relationship between physical evidence (tangible) on patient loyalty and statistical test results (p=1.000), responsiveness has no relationship on patient loyalty and statistical test results (p=0.698). Researchers{\textquoteright} recommendations relate to patient satisfaction and patient loyalty at RSUP Dr. Tadjuddin Chalid Makassar City, to further improve the services needed by the community in general.

}, keywords = {Image Hospital, Patient Loyalty, Patient Satisfaction, Services Quality}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.69}, author = {Rachmi Hasjim and Darmawansyah and Alwi Arifin and Balqis and Suriah and Wahiduddin} } @article {2351, title = {The Influence of Psychological Capital on Nurse Performance Through Work Engagement at the Inpatient Installation of the Sandi Karsa Hospital in Makassar City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {865-871}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {865}, abstract = {

Background: One concept that supports nurses in being more motivated to achieve good performance is psychological capital. Objective: To analyse the effect of psychological capital on work engagement and nurse performance at the inpatient installation at Sandi Karsa Hospital. Method: The type of research used is quantitative research. The research design used analytic observations with a cross-sectional study approach. The sample in this study was 65 nurses at the inpatient installation at Sandi Karsa Hospital, Makassar City, using the total sampling technique. The analysis method used is Partial Least Square with SmartPLS software version 3.0. Results: The results of this study indicate that there is a direct influence of psychological capital on work engagement (p = 0.000), and there is a direct influence of psychological capital on nurse performance with a (p = 0.000). There is no effect of work engagement on nurse performance (p = 0.307) and no direct effect of psychological capital on nurse performance through work engagement (p = 0.326).

}, keywords = {Hospitalization., Performance, Psychology, Work engagement}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.141}, author = {Annisa Putri Ramadhani Arifin and Sukri Palutturi and Muhammad Yusran Amir and Amran Razak and Aminuddin Syam and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2244, title = {The Influence of Workplace Spirituality and Leader Member Exchange on Organizational Commitment of Nurses at Elim Rantepao Hospital, North Toraja District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {287-291}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {287}, abstract = {

Background: The determining factor for the success of health service organizations today lies in how well management builds commitment, especially employee performance as internal customers. How well executives and all employees at all levels emphasize the importance of patient retention. How well customer commitment is translated into easy-to-understand actions, processes and performance records and how seriously leadership views all employees as a valuable investment and not a burden to the organization. This study aims to analyze the influence of Workplace Spirituality and Leader Member Exchange on Organizational Commitment in Nurses at Elim Rantepao Hospital, North Toraja Regency. The type of research is quantitative research using an observational study with a cross sectional study design. The sample was 102 nurses in the Inpatient Unit of Elim Rantepao Hospital, North Toraja Regency. Results: of the research show that organizational commitment in the Inpatient Unit of Elim Rantepao Hospital, North Toraja Regency is 46.1\% with the variable that has the most significant influence on nurses{\textquoteright} organizational commitment, namely Workplace Spirituality with a sig value of 0.001\<0.05 with a value of 51.1\%, as well as the most influential dimension. towards organizational commitment, namely Professional Respect with a sig value of 0.001 \<0.05 with a value of 46.6\%.

}, keywords = {LMX (Leader Member Exchange) and Organizational Commitment, Workplace Spirituality}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.42}, author = {Adrian Benedict Wijaya and Irwandy and A. Indahwaty Sidin and Noer Bahry Noor and Syahrir A Pasinringi and Sangkala and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2202, title = {Inhibitory Mechanisms of Soybean Extract on the Development of Breast Cancer Through Modulation of Cellular Immune Response}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {01-08}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {01}, abstract = {

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. Consumption of soy products has been reported to reduce the incidence of and mortality rate for some cancers, including breast cancer. However, there are limited in vivo studies on the inhibitory effect of soybean extracts on breast cancer. Objectives: To examine the effect of soybean extracts on breast cancer cellular immunity and to determine the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the development and outcome of breast cancer. Material and Methods: Rat were induced with DMBA 11 times to get a breast cancer model. A soybean extract was given at different doses starting one week before DMBA induction and continued until the end of the study. At the end of the study, peripheral blood was collected, and the lymphocytes were examined using flow cytometry. Results: The phytochemical screening of soybean extract, using the Q-TOF LC/MS method, detected four bioactive components from the isoflavone and saponin groups. The incidence of tumor formation in the NeC, SE-D250, SE-D500, and SE-D1000 groups was 100\%, 83\%, 33\%, and 33\%, respectively. The highest proportion of CD4+ T cells was found in the NeC (69.35\%), while the lowest was in the SE-D1000 (63.75\%). The highest and lowest proportions of CD8+ T cells were found in the SE-D1000 and NeC groups, at 35.95\% and 31.15\%, respectively. Conclusions: The soybean extract was able to reduce the incidence of breast tumor formation in DMBA-induced rat in a dose-dependent manner. The soy extract group{\textquoteright}s CD4+/CD8+ ratio was close to that of healthy rats compared to the DMBA-induced group without soy extract. A lowered CD4+/CD8+ ratio is followed by a lower risk of tumor formation.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, CD4+, CD8+, Cellular immune response, Soybean extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.1}, author = {Andi Muh. Maulana and Kusmardi Kusmardi and Erni Hernawati Purwaningsih and Andon Hestiantoro and Taifo Mahmud and Heri Wibowo and Bambang Pontjo Priosoeryanto and Primariadewi Rustamadji and Numlil Khaira Rusdi} } @article {2282, title = {In-silico Prediction of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) vs Retinol in Photoaging Therapy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {366-371}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {366}, abstract = {

Background: Skin aging is a cumulative damage that occurs due to complex biological processes from genetic and environmental factors that are evident in individual{\textquoteright}s appearance. Clinically photoaging causes wrinkling, telangiectasia, dryness, pigment changes and loss of elasticity. As the predominant element found in green tea, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) exhibits an active physiological function observed in both human and animal skin. Exposure to the two components of solar UV radiation that reach the earth surface, UVA (320{\textendash}400nm) and UVB (290{\textendash}320nm), leads to protein oxidative damage, lipid oxidation, DNA chain damage, and depletion of antioxidant enzymes. Since 1984, all-trans retinol has been incorporated into over-the-counter (OTC) cosmetic products, yet its potential in treating photoaging continues to be investigated. Methods: Search Profile EGCG, Retinol, Hyaluronan, and then Bioactive Prediction with SAR. Predicted EGCG targets were analyzed using Comparative Toxicogenomics Database. Compound Profile Similarity with Tanimoto Similarity. Using AlphaFold model, we obtained three-dimensional configuration of Hyaluronan Synthase 1, as designated target protein in this study, from Uniprot database (https://www. uniprot.org/) with identifier Q92839. Results: Based on SAR analysis to predict potential bioactivity, it shows that EGCG has better potential than retinol as an antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Target prediction with CTD shows that in curated studies the EGCG CTD is able to target COL1A1, HAS1, NFE2L2, and MMP1. Based on tanimono similarity, the similarity between EGCG and Hyaluron is higher than Hyaluron and Retinol. Conclusions: Docking analysis shows that it is predicted that EGCG is better at interacting with HAS1 and MMP1.

}, keywords = {Docking, EGCG, HAS, MMP1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.56}, author = {Riyana Noor Oktaviyanti and Cita Rosita Sigit Prakoeswa and Esti Hendradi, and Anang Endaryanto} } @article {2264, title = {Intercorrelations among Hemoglobin Level, Physical Fitness, and Cognitive Score in Adolescent Girls: A Cross Sectional Study in Banggai District, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {405-409}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {405}, abstract = {

Iron deficiency anemia in adolescent girls can cause decreased concentration, cognitive levels and fitness. In the long term it will have an impact on low productivity and school achievement. This study aims to analyze the correlations between hemoglobin level, physical fitness and cognitive score in Anemic adolescent girls. The research design was cross-sectional, with a sample of adolescent girls aged 12{\textendash}18 years (n=139). Iron status was determined by hemoglobin levels using Hemocue. Cognitive function was measured using the Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT), memory scores using the Intelligenz Structure Test (ITS), and physical fitness based on the predicted VO2max using the Bleep Test. Correlation analysis uses Pearson correlation analysis. The research results showed that overall 58.3\% of students experienced anemia, of which 64.1\% experienced mild anemia and 32.1\% experienced moderate anemia. The average value of hemoglobin levels in respondents was 11.6 mg/dl. The mean predicted VO2 max is 25.3 kg/ m2 and kognitif score 81,02 and memori score 11,01. Pearson{\textquoteright}s test results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between hemoglobin levels and predicted VO2 max (r = 0.28, p\<0.05) and memori score (r = 0.31, p\<0.05). There was a weak correlation between hemoglobin levels and kognitif score (r=0.17, p=0.053). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between hemoglobin levels and physical fitness and cognitive function. Therefore, an intervention program is needed to increase Hb levels in adolescent girls

}, keywords = {Adolescent girl, Anemia, Hemoglobin level, kognitif, Physical Fitness}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.63}, author = {Risma Risma and Veni Hadju and Andi Zulkifli and Healthy Hidayanti and Syamsiar S.Russeng and Apik Indarty and Abdul Salam and Toto Sudargo and Abdul Fandir and Masrif Masrif} } @article {2292, title = {Inventory of Medicinal Plants for Male and Female Reproductive Health by Ethnic Javanese and Ethnic Dayak Seberuang in Balai Harapan Village, Tempunak District, Sintang Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {545-553}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {545}, abstract = {

Introduction: Knowledge of the use of plants as medicine is one of the local wisdom of the Javanese and Dayak ethnic communities of Seberuang, Balai Harapan Village, which has been passed down from generation to generation by their ancestors. This research aims to inventory plants that have medicinal properties for male and female reproductive health which are used by the people of Balai Harapan Village, especially the Javanese and Dayak Seberuang ethnic groups. Methods: This research used a triangulation technique which is a combination of interviews, observation, and documentation of plant types for male and female reproductive health. The data obtained in this research analyzed and presented narratively for each plant and accompanied by pictures and tables. Results: There are 26 types of medicinal plants used by the Javanese and Dayak Seberuang ethnic groups to support reproductive health. Conclusion: The plants used as medicine for male and female reproductive health by the Javanese and Dayak Seberuang ethnic groups in Balai Harapan Village come from several families, namely Zingiberaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, Polypodiaceae, Rubiaceae, Caricaceae, Melastomataceae, Gleicheniaceae, Dilleniaceae, Phylanthaceae, Blechnaceae, Schizaeaceae, Piperaceae, Moraceae, and Asparagaceae. The most common types of plants used come from the Zingiberaceae family.

}, keywords = {Local wisdom; Medicinal plants; Reproduction health}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.86}, author = {Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan and Risma Nurkholifah and Eko Sri Wahyuni and Kurnia Ningsi and Liya Angga Lestari} } @article {2212, title = {The In-Vivo Assessment of the Effect of Traditionally Used Asparagus laricinus Extracts for Anticancer on the Kidney, Liver, and Spleen of Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {76-87}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {76}, abstract = {

Introduction: The plants has been a fertile source of revealing novel molecules discovered by sophisticated techniques for drug discovery. The present research was triggered by the increase in the use of Asparagus laricinus as home remedy, with a lot of studies done invitro on the plant evaluating possible toxic effects of the dried roots extracts using Sprague Dawley rats as animal models was needed. The objectives of the study was to investigate deviations effects in haematology and histology parameters, on the liver, kidneys and spleen tissues of animals exposed to aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Asparagus laricinus roots. Methods: Interfaculty Animal Ethics Committee approval was obtained from the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of the Free State. All experimental work was performed in Animal Research Unit at the University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa. The supernatant of dried plants was filtered, and the ethanol removed completely under vacuum. The aqueous sample was lyophilized to obtain dried powdered material. The powdered plant material was dissolved in distilled water to prepare 2\%, 10\% and 20\% concentration. 54 Sprague Dawley rats (180g and 250g), both male and female, were divided into two groups of 24 and 30 rats for aqueous and ethanolic extracts respectively. The aqueous group was further divided into four subgroups of 6 rats which were exposed to 2\%, 10\% and 20\% extracts and the final group were controls (unexposed). The ethanolic group was divided into five subgroups of 6 rats which were exposed to increasing doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400mg/kg/day extracts and the last group were controls (unexposed). The aqueous extracts were administered to the three subgroups for eight weeks ad libitum while the control group was exposed to tap water. Ethanol extracts were administered daily over a period of two weeks through gavage and the control group was administered water through gavage as well. Blood samples were collected, animals were sacrificed, and organs/tissues excised for histological assessment. Results: Haematological tests were selected as indicators of the damage to the tissue of organs, including the liver, kidney, and spleen. Comparison of treatment groups (n=6) and controls (n=6) across all ethanol extracts showed significant differences in the starting median change in weight at the 200g/kg/day dosage, as well as the median termination weight at 400g/kg/day. There were no statistical differences between the treatment groups and controls with regard to the rest of haematological variables. Comparison of the controls (n=6) and treatment groups (n=6) revealed an average median change in weight of slightly above 50g over the entire eightweek period of experimentation with aqueous extracts. The Histological evaluation could not reveal any pathological changes in both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts across all levels of dosage. Discussion and conclusion: Haematological results could not show any patterns in abnormalities although we observed statistically significant results on few parameters. Histologically, no pathological changes were observed. In conclusion, we summarize that the toxicological evaluation of Asparagus laricinus extracts may be considered relatively free of toxicity when given orally, as it did not cause death, damage, or inflammation to the tissues, nor produced any remarkable haematological adverse effects in both the male and female Sprague Dawley rats.

}, keywords = {Asparagus Laricinus, Haematology, Histology, In vivo, Sprague Dawley rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.11}, author = {Sekobane Daniel Mokgawa and Pakiso Moses Makhoahle and Samson Mashele} } @article {2368, title = {Irritant-Induced Asthma: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {982-988}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {982}, abstract = {

One of occupational illnesses is irritant-induced asthma (IIA), which IIA is a phenotype of asthma caused by the inhalation of irritant agents. The incidence of IIA is reported as 5-18\% of occupational asthma cases. In some cases, it is challenging to differentiate IIA from work-exacerbated asthma (WEA) because no specific diagnostic tests can determine whether a person has asthma caused by exposure to irritants. In any case of suspected IIA, the diagnosis of asthma should be confirmed by spirometry demonstrating airflow limitation with significant bronchodilator response or nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness (NSBHR) to methacholine/histamine. IIA Management is similar to asthma management, including bronchodilator therapy and inhaled and/or systemic corticosteroids. Several studies recommend treating asthma in adults and adolescents with short-acting beta-agonists (SABA), adding a controller in the form of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) as needed to reduce the risk of severe exacerbations and to control symptoms. This type of controller can be given regularly every day, or ICS-formoterol can be given as needed to relieve symptoms in mild asthma. Prevention that can be done at IIA includes health promotion, special protection, early diagnosis and early treatment, limitation of disabilities, and rehabilitation.

}, keywords = {Asthma, Bronchodilator, Health risk, Irritant exposure, Irritant-induced asthma, Occupational illness.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.158}, author = {Yoni Frista Vendarani and Wiwin Is Effendi} } @article {2373, title = {Juglans regia L.: Source of Bioactive Compounds with Potential Anticancer Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {998-1003}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {998}, abstract = {

Background: Juglans regia L., commonly known as {\textquotedblleft}walnut{\textquotedblright}, belongs to the Juglandaceae family, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic medicinal properties. Objective: Describe the anticancer potential of the bioactive compounds present in Juglans regia L. Method: Recent scientific studies were reviewed on the effects of bioactive compounds from Juglans regia L. on inhibiting tumor growth and cancer development in several experimental models. To do this, a scientific literature search was carried out, using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct. Results: Regarding the selected articles, it was found that some bioactive compounds from Juglans regia L. exhibit mechanisms of anticancer action, among which the following stand out: induction of apoptosis, suppression of angiogenesis, and modulation of cell signaling pathways related to cell proliferation and survival. Conclusion: It is concluded that Juglans regia L. contains active metabolites with potential anticancer effects.

}, keywords = {Angiogenesis, Antitumor, Apoptosis, Cancer, Juglans regia L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.161}, author = {Carla Y. Requejo-Rodr{\'\i}guez and Elmer M. Roncal-Alayo and Carmen R. Silva-Correa and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and William A. Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and William A. Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Walter E. Janampa-Castillo and Jos{\'e} E. Alvarez- Trujillo and Glenda J. Vela-Urbina and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Mar{\'\i}a E. Cotrina-Le{\'o}n and Julio A. Casta{\~n}eda-Carranza and Deivy Y. Dionicio-Rosado} } @article {2375, title = {Mangifera indica Linn. Waste Peel Ethanol Extract on Inducing Citrus amblycarpa Hassk. Ochese Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1010-1014}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1010}, abstract = {

Background: Excessive production of reactive oxygen species plays a significant role in the proliferation and evolution of numerous high-risk diseases in humans, the antioxidant capacity of bioactive substances is of immense importance. Mangifera indica L., a medicinal plant has high bioactive metabolite contents and contributes to several positive biological processes in the plant. Citrus amblycarpa H.O. contains an excellent source of chemical compounds and the presence of these compounds can be a potential pharmacological activity as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and others. The aim of the study is to assess the effect of Mangifera indica and Citrus amblycarpa peel ethanol extract as an antioxidant agents. Method: Phytochemical screening of M. indica and C. amblycarpa peeled ethanol extract was done to identify alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, anthraquinone, tannins, and terpenoid contents. The antioxidant activity of the extract was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Result: Mangifera indica and Citrus amblycarpa peel ethanol extract have an antioxidant activity of IC50 29,28 μg/mL and IC50 669,52 μg/mL separately, while combination antioxidant activity was 48,05 μg/ mL. Conclusion: Mangifera indica Linn. peel ethanol extract could induce Citrus amblycarpa antioxidant activity producing a potential antioxidant agent.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Citrus amblycarpa, Mangifera indica, Peel Extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.163}, author = {Raden Anita Indriyanti and Yuktiana Kharisma and Meta Maulida Damayanti} } @article {2234, title = {Measuring Adolescent Mental Health and the Effect on Junevile Deliquency Behavior Tendencies. Case Study in Tana Toraja}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {231-234}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {231}, abstract = {

Background: Adolescence is a transitional phase of development from childhood to adulthood, involving various changes in the biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional aspects of the adolescent. These changes often lead to confusion in establishing their identity, which can result in behaviors that are not in line with their developmental responsibilities. The tendency towards delinquent behavior in adolescents is one of the forms of behavior that emerges during adolescence due to the dysfunction of various aspects within the adolescent. The presence of dysfunction in these aspects of the adolescent indicates that the adolescent is experiencing mental disorders. The aim of this study is to analyze how the mental health of adolescents influences their tendency to engage in delinquent behaviors. Method: Using a quantitative method with descriptive statistics and testing assumptions using multiple linear regression analysis. Result: Based on the characteristics of adolescents aged 14 to 18 years, it was found that the mental health condition of adolescents has an impact on the tendency of delinquent behavior in adolescents, with a value based on the linear regression model of 0.000 \< 0.05, indicating a significant level. Conclusion: The non-impulsive behavioral aspect is the most significantly influential factor on the tendency of adolescent delinquent behavior with a value of p \< 0.05.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Juneville delinquency tendency, Mental health, Self-Control}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.33}, author = {Librawaty Sara Tangibali and Muhammad Syafar and Ridwan M. Thaha and Sudirman Nasir and Hasanuddin Ishak and Sukri Palutturi and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2319, title = {Mechanism and Antifungal Activities Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Isolated from Patients Against Ethanol Extracts of Parameria laevigata (Juss.) Moldenke Stem Bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {684-688}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {684}, abstract = {

Introduction: Fungal diseases are not an exception to the current antibiotic resistance situation. Antimicrobial stewardship programs and high drug screening are two of the measures that are being used. Today, fungal infections are severe health problems. Utilizing plant-based natural compounds that are effective against various human pathogenic fungi is one method for preventing the issues associated with fungal infection. In this research, extracts are used as an option to treat patients with Candida albicans infection. The research aimed to examine the antifungal properties of an ethanol extract from Parameria laevigata (Juss.) Moldenke stem bark against C. albicans isolated from patients. Methods: This research used a microdilution method. C. albicans from patients diagnosed with vulvovaginal candidiasis. The test sample is 70\% and 96\% ethanol extracted from P. laevigata stem bark. Data analysis used One-way ANOVA with a P value of 0.000. Results: The result showed that PLE-70 can inhibit the growth of C. albicans with the highest \%inhibition for ATCC 14053, CP-1, CP-2, CP-3, and CP-4, respectively 36.39\%; 37.51\%; 38.66\%; 45.78\%; 84.87\%. PLE-96 can inhibit the growth of C. albicans with the highest \%inhibition for ATCC 14053, CP-1, CP-2, CP-3, and CP-4 respectively 17.49\%; 17.77\%; 29.27\%; 34.12\%; 38.42\%. Conclusion: It was concluded that the ethanol extract from P. laevigata stem bark can inhibit C. albicans isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis patients.

}, keywords = {Candida albicans, Compound, Medicine, Microdilution method, Ultrasound Assisted Extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.109}, author = {Wirda Anggraini and Djoko Agus Purwanto and Idha Kusumawati and Isnaeni} } @article {2420, title = {Metabolite Profiling of Different Parts of Syzygium cumini var. album and Physicochemical Testing of its Identical Compounds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1272-1280}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1272}, abstract = {

Indonesia is the second most biodiverse country in the world and is classified as a megadiverse country. Syzygium cumini is known to have various pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiarrheal, and others. This study aims to explore the metabolite profile of 70\% ethanolic extract from the leaves and bark of Syzygium cumini var. album and analyze the physicochemical properties of its identical compounds. Phytochemical screening was conducted using commonly used methods, and metabolite profiling was carried out using UPLC-QToF-MS/MS. Pharmacological bioactivity and physicochemical properties of the identified compounds were analyzed using web tools such as Way2Drug, SwissADME, and ProTox II. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of Syzygium cumini var. album leaves contain 33 compounds, while the bark extract contains 26 compounds. Morin and alnusiin were identified in both samples. Based on PASS activity testing, morin exhibited Chlordecone reductase inhibitor activity and has potential for further development due to its favorable physicochemical properties and safety profile based on toxicity tests. This study demonstrates that the leaf and bark extracts of Syzygium cumini var. album contain morin and alnusiin, with morin showing potential as an effective and safe therapeutic agent as a Chlordecone reductase inhibitor.

}, keywords = {Syzygium cumini var. album; Chlordecone reductase inhibitor; biological activity; physicochemistry; toxicity analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.206}, author = {Yanu Andhiarto and Faisal Akhmal Muslikh and Suciati and Sukardiman} } @article {2236, title = {Microbial Quantitative Risk Assessment in Springs as Community Drinking Water Sources in the Banggai Islands Karst Area, Central Sulawesi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {241-247}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {241}, abstract = {

The Banggai Karst Area of the Islands of Central Sulawesi Province is dominated by the appearance of the Karst Ecosystem, which covers 97\% of the total area, so it is very vulnerable to pathogenic bacterial contamination. This type of research is an observational study with a Cross-Sectional design with an Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) approach method to assess or forecast the amount of human health risk caused by exposure to environmental hazards. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) determines or predicts the human health risk caused by exposure to environmental hazards from pathogenic bacterial contamination. In this study, we collected 230 human samples and four samples of springs as a source of community drinking water, namely Paisu Lalomo Spring in South Buko District, Paisu Taabak in Liang District, Paisu Olulan in North Bulagi District and Paisu Sinangkal North Tinangkung District. The examination results on four springs as a source of community drinking water contained one sample with the highest probability of infection (Pinf) of 3.92 x10-4, namely Coliform bacteria in Paisu Lalomo springs. Furthermore, the annual chance of infection (Pinf / year), the highest pathogenic bacteria, was also found in Paisu Lalomo spring samples, namely in coliform bacteria with the same value (Pinf / year) = 1.32{\texttimes}10-1. However, examination of other bacteria also showed that all positive springs contained coliform bacteria and Enterococcus exceeding the specified limit (1x10-4). Risk management is needed to control risk factors that can cause health problems due to consuming and utilizing springs as a source of drinking water.

}, keywords = {Karst, Pathogenic bacteria, QMRA, Springs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.35}, author = {Ferdy Salamat and Anwar Daud and Agus Bintara Birawida and Amran Achmad and Muh. Syafar and Ridwan Amiruddin and Stang and Langgeng Wahyu Santoso and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2344, title = {Molecular Insights into Spirulina platensis Compounds Targeting TNFa and P21 in Delaying Cellular Senescence Mechanisms: An In Silico Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {809-815}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {809}, abstract = {

Spirulina platensis with bioactive compounds such as Phycocyanin, β-carotene, Genistein and α-glucan, have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. Our present study investigation utilizes an in silico methodology to examine the molecular interactions between Spirulina platensis chemicals compound with TNFa and p21. Utilizing computational techniques molecular docking, our goal is to clarify the possible pathways by which Spirulina platensis chemicals could affect these important regulators and postpone cellular senescence. Our research may shed important light on the creation of Spirulina platensis-based therapies for ageing and age-related illnesses. Our results imply that Spirulina platensis may contribute to overall cellular health and the mitigation of cellular senescence. Phycocyanin has the most negative ΔG value is -15.0 kcal/mol. Genistein has the lowest Ki value, namely 7.299 μM. The ΔG and Ki values of Genistein were lower than Quercetin. The potential chemical interactions between substances generated from Spirulina platensis and senescence pathways, including those involving TNFa and p21, are highly intriguing for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches targeted at ameliorating cellular senescence dysfunction associated with aging.

}, keywords = {in silico, p21 expression, Spirulina platensis, TNFa-induced cellular senescence}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.134}, author = {Tiwuk Susantiningsih and Fadilah Fadilah and Ani Retno Prijanti and Novi Silvia Hardiany} } @article {2255, title = {Mozart K488 Addition Can Improve Depressive-Like Behavior in Rats: In Search of Better Management}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {348-354}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {348}, abstract = {

Background: Fluoxetine is one of the medications used for the treatment of depression with several benefits, but some patients have a poor response to the drug. Several studies reported the use of Mozart music (K448) as an alternative therapy for treating the condition, yet the combination of Mozart and fluoxetine remains underexplored. In light of this, this study aims to assess the impact of combined fluoxetine and Mozart (K448) therapy on depressive-like behavior and associated hormonal changes in a rodent model subjected to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress (CUMS) conditions. Materials and Methods: The depression-induced animal model received one of these three specified treatments: fluoxetine (F), Mozart (M), or a combination of fluoxetine and Mozart (F+M). The depressive-like behavior was assessed using a 24-hour sucrose preference test (SPT). Additionally, after 21 days of treatment, plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal melatonin levels were assessed. Statistical analysis using either ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests was then performed. Results: The fluoxetine-Mozart group had higher SPT compared to CUMS group. However, they do not have a better result compared to other groups in terms of corticosterone and melatonin levels with values of respectively. Conclusion: The combined therapy of fluoxetine and Mozart improved depressive-like behavior.

}, keywords = {Corticosterone, Depressive-like behavior, Fluoxetine, Hippocampus, Melatonin, Mozart}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.53}, author = {Lisa Pangemanan and Irwanto and Margarita M. Maramis} } @article {2436, title = {Natural Cartilage-Derived Scaffolds for 3D Mesenchymal Stem Cell Culture: Promoting Chondrogenesis and Modulating Secretome Composition}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1365-1372}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1365}, abstract = {

Introduction: The regenerative potential of stem cells lies in their secretome, a collection of signaling molecules whose composition is shaped by the cellular microenvironment and external stimuli. To enhance cartilage regeneration, a 3D culture system using a natural cartilage scaffold has been developed to create a more chondrogenic secretome. This study investigates the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cultured in a decellularized bovine cartilage scaffold and analyzes the resulting secretome{\textquoteright}s composition. Methods: This study employed a randomized time series design to examine MSCs chondrogenic differentiation. A control group was cultured in standard 2D conditions, while two experimental groups were cultured in either 2D medium supplemented with chondrocyte differentiation medium (positive control) or a 3D decellularized bovine cartilage scaffold. The study hypothesized that the 3D culture would promote chondrogenesis at least as effectively as the positive control. Key chondrogenic markers were evaluated at various time points. Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in marker expression between the experimental and control groups. SOX-9 and aggrecan were elevated in both experimental groups. The 3D group showed higher RUNX-2 expression and the highest Coll-2 expression at later time points. Additionally, growth factor analysis showed the 3D group had the highest levels of IGF-1 and FGF-2 towards the end of the study. Conclusion: 3D culture of MSCs in a bovine cartilage scaffold enhances chondrogenic differentiation and produces a secretome with comparable chondrogenic potential to traditional 2D culture with differentiation medium, suggesting its promise for cartilage regeneration.

}, keywords = {Cartilage, Culture Technique, Secretome, Stem Cells, Three-Dimensional}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.220}, author = {Kukuh Dwiputra Hernugrahanto and Naufaldy Rifqiaulia Noerda and Jifaldi Afrian Maharaja Dinda Sedar and Lukas Widhiyanto and Dwikora Novembri Utomo and Djoko Santoso} } @article {2437, title = {Natural Compounds in Clot Waveform Analysis and D-Dimer Modulation: Implications for COVID-19 Diagnosis and Prognosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1373-1378}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1373}, abstract = {

Objectives: Patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) may develop hypercoagulopathy. A thromboelastogram can detect hypercoagulopathy, but it is not commonly available in all healthcare facilities. Understanding the clot waveform analysis (CWA) parameters of the CS-2500 coagulation analyzer in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 may help determine whether it can serve as an alternative. Methods: This study measured the amounts of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)-based CWA, aPTT, plasma prothrombin time (PPT), and D-dimer using the CS-2500 autoanalyzer in 177 patients confirmed with COVID-19 and 110 patients without COVID-19. Retrospective data collection was conducted using electronic medical records. COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 were distinguished by the SARS-COV-2 PCR results. Results: Substantial differences were observed in the aPTT-based CWA parameters, including maximum coagulation velocity (Vmax), maximum coagulation acceleration (Amax), and maximum coagulation deceleration (Dmax) (p = 0.03, p = 0.03, and p = 0.02), between the COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 groups but not between survivors and non-survivors. Additionally, a substantial difference was identified in the D-dimer between the two groups (p = 0.002 and p \< 0.001). The difference in D-dimer between both groups could be explained by the fact that non-survivors have a more prominent hypercoagulable state. Conclusions: While the D-dimer may be a better indicator of mortality in COVID-19 patients, the aPTT-based CWA characteristics may be more helpful in differentiating between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. Further investigations on treatment interference and the specificity of this method to predict hypercoagulable states are warranted.

}, keywords = {Activated partial thromboplastin time, Clot waveform analysis, COVID-19, D-dimer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.221}, author = {Prafa Alif Rahmawan and Yetti Hernaningsih} } @article {2280, title = {Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus or Bartter Syndrome? A Dilemma of Refractory Hypokalemia in Pregnancy: A Case Report from Soedono Regional Public Hospital in Madiun}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {495-497}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {495}, abstract = {

Hypokalemia is a rare condition in pregnant women. Muscle weakness and life-threatening heart damage can occur if the baseline condition is not treated, especially if it recurs and persists. The differential diagnosis in recurrent hypokalemia includes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, characterized by the kidneys{\textquoteright} inability to respond to vasopressin to concentrate urine, or Bartter syndrome, a tubulopathy resulting from a rare genetic mutation affecting the loop of Henle, leading to potassium wasting. A 24-year-old primigravida at 35/36 weeks gestation presented with refractory hypokalemia, indicative of diabetes insipidus or a differential diagnosis of Bartter syndrome. The patient complained of limb weakness combined with polydipsia, polyuria, and a history of periodic paralysis due to severe hypokalemia since 2016. She consistently took potassium supplements and monitored her potassium levels. Since becoming pregnant in November 2021, the patient has been hospitalized three times due to limb weakness, with the lowest serum potassium level recorded at 1.6. Throughout her pregnancy, fetal growth and development remained within normal limits, and her blood pressure ranged from 100-120/60-80. In patients with limb weakness, evaluating serum potassium levels is crucial. In this case, the suspicion of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus could not be confirmed due to the unavailability of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) tests. Bartter syndrome, although rarely encountered, should be considered in patients with recurrent hypokalemia. The challenge in Indonesia lies in the lack of specific gene examinations for diagnosis, making diagnostics relatively difficult. Our recommendation for cases like this is to conduct ADH examinations and thoroughly investigate refractory hypokalemia.

}, keywords = {ADH, Bartter Syndrome, Diabetes insipidus, Hypokalemia, Pregnancy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.79}, author = {Bayu Aditya and Manggala Pasca Wardhana and Tauhid Islamy} } @article {2229, title = {New Insights of Oxidative Stress and Thalassemia May Lead to Antioxidant Therapy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {202-204}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {202}, abstract = {

Background: Because of chronic hemolysis, thalassemic patients are under oxidative cell injury caused by secondary iron overload. This provokes oxidative damage to the cellular membranes of organs that accumulate excess iron. Several researchers studied the oxidative stress in patients with thalassemia during chelation therapy and repeated blood transfusion periods, and they found that β-thalassemia patients are under oxidative stress, but they did not focus on before the chelating therapy period. Objective: To evaluate the total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) and oxidative stress (OS) in newly diagnosed patients with β-thalassemia before chelating therapy. Methodology: In the present case-control study, twenty patients newly diagnosed with β-thalassemia before receiving chelating agents, and another 30 healthy individuals, sex-matched with patients, considered as a control, were included in the study. Total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) were assessed in the studied groups. Results: The TAOC values of the thalassemic group (35{\textpm}0.11 u/ml ) were significantly (p\<0.001) lower than that of the control group (79{\textpm}7.2 u/ml). MDA values of the thalassemic group (7.9 {\textpm}2.35nmol/l) were significantly (p\<0.001) more than that of the control group (0.57{\textpm}0.25 nmol/l). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that patients with β thalassemia have decreased values of TAOC, and increased values of MDA when compared with the control group.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Oxidative stress, Thalassemia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.28}, author = {Kassim SA Al Neaimy and Maes MK Alkhyatt and Israa A Jarjess} } @article {2267, title = {Non-Nutritive Sweeteners Modulated Creatinine and Urea Levels in White Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {422-425}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {422}, abstract = {

Artificial sweeteners, also known as nonnutritive sweeteners have many benefits like low calories count. It is frequently used for reducing weight, controlling blood sugar levels and decreasing the chances of dental decay. This study evaluated the effects of NNS in the kidney function. Using the blood sample of the albino rats, the level of creatinine and urea was calculated after the use of NNS for 3 weeks. 70 rats were equally divided into 7 groups. The groups were given Stevia 200mg/kg/day, 10\% solution of sucrose, Sucralose 3g/kg/day, Saccharine, Aspartame 250mg/kg/day and Acesulfame-k 250mg/kg/day respectively. In the controlled group, distilled water was used as a placebo. The results indicated that saccharin and aspartame both caused the urea to increase to 37{\textpm}0.5 mg/dl from initial 30{\textpm}1.5mg/dl and acesulfame-k represented the most increase in the urea, which elevated the levels from 30 mg/dl to 38{\textpm}1.5 mg/dl. Additionally, saccharine and aspartame increased the creatinine levels from from 0.1 to 0.85{\textpm}0.05 mg/ dl and sucralose elevated the level of creatinine from 0.1 mg/dl to 1.3{\textpm}0.2 mg/dl. In the stevia group, the results remained the same as in the controlled group. This indicates the nephrotoxic effects of NNS and proves Stevia safe for the daily use as an alternative.

}, keywords = {Acesulfame-K, Artificial Sweeteners, Aspartame, Non-nutritive sweeteners, Saccharine, Sucralose}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.66}, author = {Mohammed Saarti and Musab M Khalaf and Zeina A. Althanoon} } @article {2410, title = {Obstacles to the Complementary Feeding Assistance Program for Stunted Children Aged 6-24 Months: A Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1209-1217}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1209}, abstract = {

Stunting is a condition of stunted physical and cognitive growth caused by malnutrition during the development of children under five. UNICEF and WHO recommendations stipulate exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and breastfeeding for up to two years. Apart from that, it is very important to provide complementary foods for breast milk for 6-23 months. The aim of the research is to determine the obstacles to the Complementary Feeding assistance program for stunted children aged 6-24 months. The method used is a Systematic Literature Review. Health database with search engines Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direch, ProQuest and Scinapse. The search strategy uses the keywords: Program Constraints, Complementary Feeding, Stunting and Baduta. Identifying research articles for 2017-2023 and using PRISMA flowcharts and literature eligibility criteria based on the PICOS framework. A total of 10,523 articles were identified. Five articles used cross sectional methods, three survey articles, one descriptive analysis article and one cohort article. There were 10 eligible articles that met the inclusion criteria. Based on the results of the identification of Complementary Feeding assistance programs for stunted children aged 6-24 months. There is a correlation between obstacles to the mentoring program related to non-optimal complementary feeding practices (accuracy, diversity and frequency), lack of knowledge and experience, obstacles in communication skills (delivering key messages), selfefficacy/ working mothers, sanitation/environmental conditions, socio-economic, weak regulations and government programs including increasing community-based programs such as posyandu. If children aged 0-23 months receive inappropriate complementary foods, they are at high risk of stunting. Various obstacles to the Complementary Feeding assistance program will influence the program{\textquoteright}s emphasis on promoting children{\textquoteright}s growth and development to prevent stunting. Conclusion: the Complementary Feeding mentoring program is not optimal, due to various obstacles (specific and sensitive) faced in providing Complementary Feeding to stunted children aged 6-23 months.

}, keywords = {Breast milk, Complementary Feeding, Program Barriers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.198}, author = {Icha Dian Nurcahyani and Ridwan Amiruddin and Yahya Thamrin and Wahiduddin and Aminuddin Syam and Nurhaedar Jafar and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2239, title = {Occupational Diseases in Female Workers in the Industrial World, Indonesia: Hazard Types and Exposure Mechanisms {\textendash} Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {263-267}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {263}, abstract = {

Background: Occupational diseases are diseases caused by work and the work environment. Specifically gender, women have a double burden, namely domestic work in the household and the burden of being a breadwinner who works outside the home, women are also faced with reproductive tasks, namely pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding, and bioanatomically women have physical strength different from men, so that women are specifically more vulnerable to health risks due to their work, both physically, mental and social. This research will review the types and mechanisms of the spread of Occupational Diseases (OD) in female workers in the industrial world. Methods: The writing of this research was carried out using the Literature Review method which is a literature review method in which scientific articles are selected by researchers related to the research topic. Results: According to the results of the study, the specific risk of occupational diseases in the female worker community is pregnancy and childbirth disorders, Anemia and Sexuall Transmitted Disease (STD), while other accompanying diseases are Pulmonary Obstruction Disease, Tinea pedis, Neurotoksic Symptoms, Noice Induce Hearing Loss (NIHL), Low Back Pain (LBP), MSDs, and Work Stress. Conclusion: Every female worker has a susceptibility to occupational diseases according to the conditions and work environment experienced. The industry must pay attention to programs to improve occupational health by making anticipatory efforts so that occupational diseases do not become a life threat to female workers.

}, keywords = {Female Worker, Hazard, Industry, Occupational Disease}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.38}, author = {Mirawati Tongko and Yahya Thamrin and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Sukri Palutturi and Ridwan Amiruddin and Irwandy and Anwar Mallongi and Maria Kanan and Fahrudin Lahay and Almustari} } @article {2440, title = {Optimizing Emergency Cesarean Section Response Times in Category I Fetal Distress: A Pharmacological Perspective}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1396-1403}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1396}, abstract = {

Backgrounds: Cesarean section (CS) is a common procedure globally, often performed due to fetal distress, which requires delivery within 30 minutes According to data from Airlangga University Hospital, the achievement rate of emergency CS is only 80-82\%, this causes the activation of the obstetric operating room to increase the achievement of emergency CS \<30 minutes. Objective: To improve the quality of service regarding response time emergency CS for fetal distress at Airlangga University Hospital. Methods: This retrospective descriptive study analyzed medical records of emergency CS cases due to fetal distress in the central surgical operating room in 2022 and the obstetric operating room in 2023. Total sampling was used, and data were tabulated using Microsoft Excel. Results: From the results of the study, in 2022, the number of cesarean deliveries was 699 patients, of which 22 patients of fetal distress (3.1\%) underwent emergency CS in the operating room of the central surgical building from a total of 47 emergency CS (7.6\%). In 2023, the number of CS was 631 patients, of which 23 patients with fetal distress (3.6\%) underwent emergency CS in the obstetric operating room from a total of 58 emergency CS operations (9.1\%). Conclusion: Data from 2023 indicate improved response times for emergency CS, with the dedicated obstetric operating room significantly enhancing service quality.

}, keywords = {Activation Obstetric operating room, Emergency CS, Fetal Distress, Response Time}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.224}, author = {Evania Nita Oetama and Muhammad Ardian Cahya Laksana and Rizki Pranadyan1} } @article {2395, title = {Organoleptic Characteristics of the Albumin of Snakehead Fish (Channa striata) with the Addition of Bay and Basil Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1131-1133}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1131}, abstract = {

Snakehead fish is a very rich source of albumin, an important type of protein that the human body needs every day. The source of snakehead fish albumin is very good for sufferers of hypoalbumin (low albumin) and healing post-operative wounds or burns. In rural areas, post-circumcision boys are always advised to consume this type of fish to heal faster, women after giving birth, and post-operative patients are advised to consume it to speed up wound healing. The organoleptic characteristics of snakehead fish albumin consist of color, aroma, taste and texture of snakehead fish albumin. The average organoleptic value of snakehead fish albumin color without treatment was 5.08 (neutral), with the treatment of adding basil leaves during albumin extraction it was 5.24 (neutral), the organoleptic value of albumin with the addition of bay leaves during albumin extraction was 5 .2 (neutral) and the organoleptic value of albumin with the addition of basil leaves and bay leaves during albumin extraction is 6.8 (close to like). The average organoleptic value of snakehead fish albumin aroma without treatment was 4.68 (close to neutral), with the treatment of adding basil leaves during albumin extraction it was 6.44 (somewhat good), the organoleptic value of albumin aroma with the addition of bay leaves during albumin extraction of 5.2 (neutral) and the organoleptic value of albumin with the addition of basil leaves and bay leaves during albumin extraction was 4.15 (somewhat unfavorable). The more leaves you add, both basil leaves and bay leaves, the more the albumin aroma you get will increase. The average organoleptic value of the taste of snakehead fish albumin without treatment was 4 (somewhat disliked), with the treatment of adding basil leaves during albumin extraction it was 5.6 (close to somewhat liking), the organoleptic value of albumin with the addition of bay leaves during albumin extraction was equal to 5.44 (close to liking) and with the addition of basil leaves and bay leaves the texture organoleptic value was 6.64 (close to liking). The average organoleptic value of snakehead fish albumin texture without treatment was 5 (neutral), with the treatment of adding basil leaves during albumin extraction was 6.84 (close to liking), the organoleptic value of albumin with the addition of bay leaves during albumin extraction was 6.84 (close to like), with the addition of basil leaves and bay leaves, the texture organoleptic value is 6.2 (somewhat like).

}, keywords = {Organoleptic; albumin; characteristics; Channa Fish; Basil leaves; Bay leaves}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.184}, author = {Ace Baehaki and Nabila Azzahra} } @article {2385, title = {Overview of Cancer and Treatment Challenges: Harnessing the Anti-cancer Potential of Jasminum Sambac and its Nanoparticle Formulations}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1069-1076}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1069}, abstract = {

Cancer research strives to discover effective treatment strategies that target tumour cells while minimising the negative effects of traditional chemotherapy. Studies conducted on plant-based leads have yielded promising therapeutic activities, prompting researchers to remain vigilant in exploring further plant-based studies. Research has shown that phytochemicals found in the roots, leaves, and flowers of Jasminum sambac (J.sambac) have demonstrated various active functions, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and anxiolytic effects. The progress made in nanoparticle drug delivery systems for cancer treatment is noteworthy as it allows for higher doses of medication to be delivered directly to cancer cells while minimising the negative impact on healthy cells. Various reports showcase the nanoparticle synthesis of J.sambac for screening multiple diseases. This review provides an overview of cancer and the challenges of available treatments while exploring the potential of J.sambac for its anticancer, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties. Furthermore, it sheds light on the recent advances made in nanoparticle formulations of Jasminum sambac for cancer and other ailments. Disseminating these updates could encourage additional exploration into the potential anti-cancer properties of J.sambac and foster the development of nanoparticles for more effective cancer treatment.

}, keywords = {Anti-cancer, Anti-oxidant, Cancer therapy, Cytotoxic, Jasminum Sambac, Nanoparticle}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.173}, author = {Yousra.A. Nomier and Anugeetha Thacheril Mohanan and Walaa A. El-Dakroury and Dallin A. Hassan and Sermugapandian Nithya and Aamena Jabeen and Eman Merghani Ali Mohammed and Moataz B. Zewail and Gihan F. Asaad and Zeinah Y. Abbady} } @article {2290, title = {Pattern Recognition and Chemometrics for Qualitative Pharmacological Indication of Moringa Oleifera Lam. Leaves Commercial Products}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {527-537}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {527}, abstract = {

Background: Moringa oleifera Lam leaves are known for their nutritional, pharmacological, and related biological 3 characteristics across the Globe. Its commercial products are marketed across Pretoria, South Africa. The label claims portray 4 such products contain Moringa oleifera leaves powder, extracts, or compounds inherent in the plant, and that pharmacological 5 activities of such products are intrinsically linked to them. Methods: We investigated (n = 29) commercial products using affordable, spectrophotometric UVvis, high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), high performance liquid chromatography finger printing and chemometrics principal component analysis. The aim of the investigation was to recognize the phytochemical patterns similarity between the plant extracts and commercial products, to ascertain which product contains quercetin-3-O-glycoside or kaempferol-3-O-glycoside marker compounds known to be present in M. oleifera leaves that should mitigate the pharmacological properties of the products. Results: The pattern of quercetin-3-O-glycoside and kaempferol-3-O-glycoside standards conform to a peak in the ethanol extract to suggest that both compounds are present in the ethanol but not in the dichloromethane extract. The HPTLC analysis also indicated the presence of the quercetin and kaempferol glycosides in the ethanol extract at Rf of 0.18 and 0.28 respectively. As for the commercial products, only n = 3 of the 29 (≈10\%) revealed patterns that were like that of the ethanol extracts. A principal component analysis with R2 = 0.97 for the DCM extract and 0.89 for the ethanol extract highlighted that commercial products P1, P7 and P24 as indicating good quality. The good quality commercial products clustered together with the quercetin-3-O-glycoside, kaempferol-3-O-glycoside, ethanol, or dichloromethane extracts while the poor-quality products were placed in a separate cluster in the PCA analysis conducted. Conclusion: This implies that only these three products will exhibit expected pharmacological and other biological activities displayed on the product labels.

}, keywords = {Commercial products, Moringa oleifera leaves, Pattern recognition, Quality indication}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.84}, author = {Kokoette Bassey} } @article {2279, title = {Pectoralis Block in Geriatric Patients with Breast Cancer Undergoing Modified Radical Dextra Mastectomy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {492-494}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {492}, abstract = {

Regional anesthesia has the advantage of minimal use of drugs capable of depressing cardiovascular or pulmonary function, especially in geriatric patients. The pectoral nerve block represents a regional procedure associated with fewer adverse effects compared to alternative regional anesthetic approaches. A 74-year-old woman with a weight of 35 kg and a height of 145 cm, was diagnosed with breast cancer. The patient complained of a lump in the right breast since the last 1 year, the lump felt hard and didn{\textquoteright}t feel painful. We conducted PECS I and PECS II blocks as part of the surgical protocol for dextra Modified Radical Mastectomy (MRM), with the primary goal of minimizing the requirement for opioids and anesthetic agents in the context of geriatric patients. In the PECS I block, we introduced a needle into the anatomical plane situated between the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles, followed by the injection of 10 mL of 0.5\% ropivacaine. In the case of the PECS II block, we administered a 20 mL dosage of ropivacaine at the third rib level above the serratus anterior muscle to ensure a wide distribution of the local anesthetic within the axillary region. The complete PECS block procedure typically spans a duration of approximately 30 minutes. The block was smooth and did not show complications, during the duration of the opioid, fentany 25 mcg was added during the axillary lymph node dissection. VAS scores at first 12 and 24 hours, 1 and 1. Thus, the PECS block can be used as an analgesic either during or postoperatively. The use of PECS 1 and 2 blocks in radical mastectomy may reduce the need for opioids for intraoperative and postoperative pain.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, Geriatrics, Modified Radical Mastectomy (MRM), PECS Block}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.78}, author = {Ardhian Wardana and Dedi Susila} } @article {2263, title = {Peer Group Empowerment to Improve Teenagers{\textquoteright} Behavior in Consuming Blood Supplement Tablets Through the Youth Integrated Healthcare Center Program}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {400-404}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {400}, abstract = {

Backgrounds: South Sulawesi Province ranks in the top 7 with a percentage of 58.9\% coverage of TTD provision to adolescent girls. Based on data from the Gowa District Health Service in 2021, it shows that the number of coverage for taking blood-added tablets among young women is 57\% of the accumulated achievements of 26 health centers, where the health center with the lowest number of coverage for taking blood-added tablets is one of the Kanjilo Community Health Centers with an achievement of 18\% of 1239 targets targets. Youth Integrated Healthcare Center with a peer-group approach allows for continuous interaction between peer educators and their peers so that the delivery of information is more intensive. This research aims to determine the effect of peer group empowerment to increase adolescent behavior in consuming blood supplement tablets at the Youth Integrated Healthcare Center, Barombong District, Gowa Regency. Methods: This research uses a quantitative method of quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test group approach. The population in this study were all members of the youth Integrated Healthcare Center in the Kanjilo health center working area, Barombong sub-district, South Sulawesi province, who were divided into two groups, namely the intervention group and the control group, each with 40 people. Results: The results of the study showed that there was a significant effect of peer group empowerment intervention on intention, self-efficacy, knowledge, attitudes, parental support, and teacher support in the intervention group and control group in consuming blood supplement tablets in youth Integrated Healthcare Center with a p-value \< 0.05. Apart from that, the results showed that adolescent Integrated Healthcare Center participants were more disciplined in consuming blood supplement tablets because of peer invitations which made changes in adolescent behavior in a more positive direction. Conclusion: There is a significant influence between the intervention group and the control group before and after being given counseling and peer group empowerment training on adolescent behavior in consuming blood supplement tablets.

}, keywords = {blood supplement tablets, peer groups, Teenagers, youth Integrated Healthcare Center}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.62}, author = {Nurjanna and Muhammad Syafar and Syria and Ridwan M. Thaha and Abdul Salam and Ridwan Amiruddin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2217, title = {Pharmacognostic Profile and Antidiabetic Activity of Eleutherine bulbosa Mills. Bulbs from East Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {118-125}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {118}, abstract = {

Background: Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb., known as Bawang Dayak, is commonly found growing in Kalimantan, Indonesia. The characteristics of the environment in which the plant grows greatly influence the characteristics of the plant and its biological activity. Objective: This study aimed to determine the pharmacognostic profile and evaluate the antidiabetic activity of E. bulbosa bulb extract obtained from Kota Bangun, Kutai Kertanegara, Indonesia. Methods: The dried powdered of E. bulbosa bulbs was extracted using two different methods (maceration and microwave-assisted extraction). The evaluation of the sample fluorescence and non-specific parameters was done. The antidiabetic activity of the extracts was conducted using streptozocin-induced mice and histopathology analysis. Results: The fluorescence evaluation indicated various secondary metabolites contained in E. bulbosa simplicia. Non-specific parameters include drying loss (8.83{\textpm}0.2611\%), water content in simplicia (8.04{\textpm}0.7481\%), specific gravity (1.04{\textpm}0.0058\%), total ash content (20.3{\textpm}0.1583\%), acid insoluble ash content (1.70{\textpm}0.0608\%), ethanol content in extract (0.99{\textpm}0.0017\%), lead content (0.010 mg/g), cadmium (0.091 mg/g), Arsenic (0.0003 mg/g), aflatoxin (not detected), and mold/yeast (0.8 {\texttimes} 105 colonies/g) meet the established regulations. Meanwhile, the antidiabetic assay showed that both extracts decreased the blood glucose levels in mice during the 14 days of treatments in a dose-dependent manner. This activity is correlated with the increased repair of pancreatic beta cells as observed by histopathological analysis. Conclusion: The dried bulbs of E. bulbosa obtained from Kota Bangun, Kutai Kertanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia meet the standards set as raw materials for antidiabetic herbal medicines.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic activity, Bawang Dayak, contaminant levels evaluation, Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb, pharmacognostic profile}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.16}, author = {Herman Herman and Arsyik Ibrahim and Junaidin Junaidin and M. Arifuddin and Baso Didik Hikmawan and Siska Siska and Tahyatul Bariroh and Reza Yuridian Purwoko and Lizma Febrina and Muhammad Faisal and Iswahyudi Iswahyudi and Marissa Angelina and Erwin Samsul and Laode Rijai and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {2379, title = {Pharmacological insight into The Potential Efficacy of Some Halophytes in Alleviating Digestive System Disorders}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1036-1042}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1036}, abstract = {

Introduction: The use of plants in disease treatment is an important therapeutic option that has long been used by Bedouins. Qassim area is one of Saudi Arabia regions gifted with plant species with diversified metabolic content. The current research aims at evidencing the traditional use of some wild plants in management of gastrointestinal disorders. Methods: Four plants from different plant families: Deverra triradiata (Apiaceae), Suaeda aegyptiaca (Amaranthaceae), Heliotropium aegyptiacum, and Heliotropium bacciferum (Boraginaceae) were investigated for their potential antispasmodic and antidiarrheal effects. The acute toxicity study was conducted using arithmetic Kerber{\textquoteleft}s method. The antidiarrheal efficacy was investigated using in vivo castor oil induced diarrhea model. The antispasmodic activity was evaluated using isolated rabbit jejunum. Results: Indicated highest mortality in animals received extract of the arial parts of D. triradiata (DTE), while the gum of the same plant (DTG) together with the extracts of the three plants: S. aegyptiaca (SAE), H. bacciferum (HBE), and H. aegyptiacum (HAE) caused no signs of neither over toxicity nor death during the 24 hours. observation period following oral administration of doses up to 7-10 g/kg. In castor oil induced diarrhea, all tested extracts, except for DTE, displayed a potent antidiarrheal activity expressed as 89-94.7\% delay of defecation in animals received castor oil. Antispasmodic activity testing noted HAE for powerful antispasmodic efficacy estimated as 90\% inhibition of contraction at a dose of 0.1 mg/100mL. Conclusion: The current results indicated powerful activity of H. aegyptiacum and S. aegyptiaca extracts in management of GITD. These findings recommend extensive phytochemical studies of both species in order to highlight the main metabolites responsible for the recorded activity.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity; Antidiarrheal; Antispasmodic; Environment and human health; Ex-vivo model; In-vivo model; Natural resource management}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.167}, author = {Elham Amin and Mohamed S. Abdel-Bakky and Suliman A. Almahmoud and Omnia A. M. Abd El-Ghafar} } @article {2276, title = {Phytochemical Analysis of Curry Leaf Extract (Murraya koenigii L.) as a Potential Animal Feed and Medicinal Ingredient}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {471-477}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {471}, abstract = {

Herbal plants have been used for centuries as traditional medicine to treat various diseases. Green plants generally contain phytochemical compounds, such as vegetables and plants that add aroma to dishes, one of which is curry leaves (Murraya Koenigii). This research aims to identify the phytochemical compounds contained in curry leaves. This research was carried out from August 2023 to October 2023. The curry leaves that were obtained were converted into extract form and then the extract was tested for the content of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolics and tannins. The research results showed that curry leaf extract contained 23.73\% alkaloids, 1.24\% flavonoids, 8.74\% saponins, 4.4\% phenolics, and 5.2\% tannins. Alkaloids in plants have a role as a defense against biotic and abiotic disorders. The benefits of flavonoids in plants include anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic. Saponins have various benefits in the health sector, including being able to reduce cholesterol concentrations in the blood. Polyphenols have good antioxidant power because this group can provide electrons to neutralize free radical electrons formed in the body. Tannins also consist of polyphenolic compounds which have antibacterial, antioxidant and astringent activities. The results of the analysis regarding the content of secondary metabolite compounds in curry leaf extract play an important role in the development of future medicines and need to be carried out to provide knowledge to the public. This study can be a basis for bioactive content for further research to expand the use of medicinal plants in the future, especially curry plants.

}, keywords = {Curry leaf extract, Human health, Medicine, Phytochemicals, Plant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.75}, author = {Mohammad Anam Al Arif and Sunaryo Hadi Warsito and Mirni Lamid and Widya Paramita Lokapirnasari and Aswin Rafif Khairullah and Siti Rani Ayuti and Sugito and Intan Permatasari Hermawan and Oky Setyo Widodo and Rakhi Gangil} } @article {2421, title = {Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies of Different Extracts of Stem Bark and Leaf of Flueggea leucopyrus Willd.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1281-1289}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1281}, abstract = {

Background: Traditional medicinal plants are generally extracted and evaluated to identify potential sources of effective drugs. Objective: The present study aimed to conduct the phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of stem bark and leaf extracts of Flueggea leucopyrus. Materials and Methods: The collected plant material was dried, powdered, and extracted separately by soxhlation with different solvents viz., petroleum ether, n-hexane, chloroform, acetone, methanol, and water. All the extracts were subjected to phytochemical evaluation. Alkaloids were extracted and characterized from the powdered sample of leaf and bark. In vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay and anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of protein denaturation and Human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method. Results: Extracts were found to be either semisolid or solid with different tints of green or brown colour. The preliminary phytochemical evaluation found alkaloids, glycoside, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carbohydrates, sterol, and saponin. On spectral evaluation, the presence of an alkaloid, Securinol-A was found in a fraction extracted from the bark. In the in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity the tested samples showed a concentration-dependent rise of activity, particularly, the isolated fraction and acetone extract of stem bark revealed a significant activity. Conclusion: Alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols, and saponins identified in these extracts may be responsible for these biological activities. Hopefully, our in vitro and in vivo evaluations and compound-level studies in the future will reveal significant data for the development of clinically useful chemotherapeutic agents.

}, keywords = {Extraction, Flueggea leucopyrus, In vitro anti-inflammatory activity, In vitro antioxidant activity, Phytochemical evaluation, Spectral evaluation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.207}, author = {Sarath Lal P S and Thirumal M and Ajith Babu T K} } @article {2361, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity Test of Ethanol Extract of Durian (Durio Zibethinus murr.) Soya Varieties Against Pathogen Bacteria Escherichia Coli in Raw Drinking Water}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {933-941}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {933}, abstract = {

Introduction: Durian (Durio zibethinus) fruit skin contains antibacterial compounds. The antibacterial content in durian skin (Durio zibethinus) such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols and tannins can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhosa and Staphylococcus aureus and act as a disinfection agent. This research aims to determine the secondary metabolite compounds and antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Soya durian peel against the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Methods: This type of research is a laboratory experiment, including making Soya durian peel extract using the maceration method using 96\% ethanol solvent. The antibacterial activity test was carried out using the liquid dilution method to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) value and the solid dilution method to determine the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) value. Results: Based on qualitative phytochemical screening, Soya durian peel ethanol extract contains secondary metabolite compounds with an average content of 4.24\% alkaloids, 22.95\% flavonoids, 1.74\% saponins, 57.41\% phenols and 2.27\% tannins. Soya durian peel extract has an MIC against E. coli ATCC 25922 bacteria of 3.12\%, while the MBC value of Soya durian peel extract against E. coli ATCC 25922 bacteria is 6.25\%. The results of the One Way ANOVA analysis of the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) data have a significant value of 0.00 \< 0.05. The results of the Pearson correlation test (r) showed a significant number of 0.000 (p \< 0.05), the Pearson correlation coefficient between concentration and number of bacterial colonies was (r) = 0.812. This means that the higher the concentration of Soya durian peel ethanol extract given, the less the number of E.coli ATCC 2592 bacterial colonies will be reduced. The results of a simple linear regression test showed that the value of Y = 245.618 {\textendash} 29.016 245,618 colonies and each increase in the concentration of Soya durian peel ethanol extract by 1\% will cause a decrease in the number of bacterial colonies to 29,016 colonies. Conclusion: Soya durian skin extract has antibacterial compounds that can kill pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria in raw drinking water.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Durian (Durio zibethinus) Soya variety, Escherichia coli, Phytochemicals, raw drinking water.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.151}, author = {Rahwan Ahmad and Ridwan Amiruddin and A.Arsunan Arsin and Stang Stang and Hasanuddin Ishak and Wahiduddin and Gemini Alam and Bambang Wispriyono and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2415, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential in Euryale ferox Salisb. and Eupatorium birmanicum DC. of Manipur, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1231-1237}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1231}, abstract = {

Introduction: Euryale ferox Salisb. popularly called {\textquotedblleft}Foxnut{\textquotedblright} is a spiny aquatic plant locally named {\textquotedblleft}Thangjing{\textquotedblright} in Manipur and is one of the most highly consumed aquatic crops while Eupatorium birmanicum DC. locally named {\textquotedblleft}Langthrei{\textquotedblright} is an endemic ethnomedicinal plant found in Manipur, India. Methods: This study was carried out to examine the phytochemical content, evaluate the Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) and the in vitro antioxidant potential (DPPH and ABTS assays) in the seeds, arils of E. ferox and leaves of E. birmanicum. Results: Phytochemicals such as phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and steroids were detected from the plant samples studied. Among the samples, TPC was found in the range 21.95 {\textpm} 1.18 mgGAE/g ext to 119.80 {\textpm} 2.63 mgGAE/g ext while, TFC was recorded in the range 2.57 {\textpm} 0.07 mgQE/g ext to 7.27 {\textpm} 0.28 mgQE/g ext with the highest value of TPC and TFC in E. ferox seeds. In case of DPPH and ABTS assays, the recorded IC50 value were attained in the range 16.99 {\textpm} 0.49 μg/mL to 335.90 {\textpm} 2.19 μg/mL and 70.69 {\textpm} 1.83 μg/mL to 576.26 {\textpm} 4.41 μg/mL respectively with the lowest IC50 value recorded in E. ferox seeds. Conclusions: The results of our study revealed that seeds and arils of E. ferox as well as leaves of E. birmanicum contain a variety of phytochemicals and promising antioxidant activity which will contribute a scientific insight for exploration of their therapeutic potentials in the future.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoid, Foxnut, Northeast India, Phenol, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.201}, author = {Okram Ronibala Devi and Lutrika Moirangthem and Ojit Singh Keithellakpam and Nanaocha Sharma and Kshetrimayum Birla Singh} } @article {2360, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant and Anti-Arthritis Potential of Decoction Extract from Caulerpa lentillifera}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {927-932}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {927}, abstract = {

Caulerpa lentillifera also known as sea grape, is a green seaweed in the Caulerpaceae family known for its nutritional benefits and medicinal properties. This study aimed to examine the phytochemical compounds, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant and anti-arthritis properties of sea grape decoction extract. The total phenolic content was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and the total flavonoid content was determined with the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using two methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2{\textquoteright}-azinobis-(3- ethylbenzothia-zoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS). The anti-arthritis activities were assessed using bovine-serum protein. The study identified that the extract contained flavonoids, saponin, terpenoids and coumarins, with the total phenolic content of 343.19 {\textpm} 9.86 μg gallic acid equivalents/ mg dry extract and the total flavonoid content of 268.48 {\textpm} 16.57 μg quercetin equivalents/ mg dry extract. The extract showed antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 309.05{\textpm}5.91 μg/ml using the DPPH method and 572.33{\textpm}3.47 μg/ml using the ABTS method, respectively. Additionally, it exhibited anti-arthritis properties with an IC50 value of 54.60{\textpm}12.71 μg/ml, which was less than 1.69 times the IC50 value of diclofenac sodium. A strong positive correlation was found between the antioxidant and anti-arthritis activities measured by the ABTS method, with an R{\texttwosuperior} value of 0.9476. Therefore, this study provides initial evidence supporting the antioxidant and anti-arthritis activities of sea grape decoction extract. The extract shows potential for further development as a product for treating arthritis.

}, keywords = {Anti-arthritis activity., antioxidant activity, Caulerpa lentillifera, Phytochemical components}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.150}, author = {Khemjira Jarmkom and Wanna Eiamart and Prakairat Tunit} } @article {2213, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Thin Layer Chromatography and Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy Analysis of Eleutherine Bulbous (Mill.) Urb Bulb Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {88-93}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {88}, abstract = {

Background: Many traditional medicinal plants were studied for their phytochemical components. Dayak onions (Eleutherine bulbous (Mill.) Urb) is one of traditional medicinal plant in Indonesia. Analysis of the phytochemical compounds in the extract of the plant would help in determining various biological activities of the plant. Objective: This study was primarily aimed to identify the phytochemical profile of Dayak onions extract and its fractions. Methods: The Dayak onion bulbs were collected from Pancur Batu District, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Multiple solvents used to for extraction and analysis of phytochemical compound by chemical reactions, thin layer chromatography (TLC) profiling, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) profiling. Results: The phytochemical screening of Dayak onions ethanol extract showed it contained alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and triterpenes/ steroids. The n-hexane fraction contained flavonoids and triterpenes/steroids, while the ethyl acetate fraction contains flavonoids and glycosides. The water fraction contained alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides and tannins. By TLC profiling, the bioactive compounds in ethanol extract of the Dayak onion contain steroids, tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids. The bioactive compound in ethyl acetate fraction contains steroids, tannins, triterpenes, flavonoids and glycosides. The bioactive compound in n-hexan fraction contains steroids. The bioactive compound in water fraction fraction contains steroids and tannins. The FTIR demonstrated the presence of C-H alkanes, =C-H alkenes (aliphatic), C-O alcohol, ether, esters and carboxy acid in the ethanol extract, en-hexan fractions and ethyl acetate fractions. Conclusion: The phytochemical qualitative profiling showed that Dayak onion bulb as a rich source of bioactive compounds and have medicinal potential as therapeutic agent. A higher content of bioactive compounds of Dayak onion bulbs found in the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts. The FTIR demonstrated the presence of C-H alkanes, =C-H alkenes (aliphatic), C-O alcohol, ether, esters and carboxy acid in the ethanol extract, enhexan fractions and ethyl acetate fractions.

}, keywords = {Dayak onion, Eleutherine bulbous, Extract, Fraction, FTIR, TLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.12}, author = {Lokot Donna Lubis and Muhammad Fidel Ganis Siregar and Farhat and Iqbal Pahlevi Adeputra Nasution and Dedy Syahrizal and Kamal Basri Siregar and Putri Chairani Eyanoer and Ichwanul Adenin and Muhammad Rusda and Mustafa M. Amin} } @article {2297, title = {Phytochemistry, Antihyperglycemic, Antioxidant and Anti- Inflammatory Properties of Uvaria Chamae and Sida Linifolia Extracts: Potential Implication in Diabetic Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {582-590}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {582-590}, abstract = {

Introduction: Uvaria chamae and Sida linifolia are plants traditionally used in Togo in diabetes treatment, an affection that often leads to several complications. This study aimed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity and toxicity of these two plants extracts. Methods: A phytochemical analysis was carried out on extracts obtained either by decoction or maceration in ethanol of Uvaria chamae leaves and Sida linifolia whole plant. Evaluation of the antihyperglycemic activity consisted in glucose absorption test using yeast and rats{\textquoteright} muscle and jejunum. DPPH test, total antioxidant capacity assay, hemolysis and egg albumin denaturation inhibition assays and evaluation of extracts acute toxicity were performed. Results: Hydroalcoholic extract of Uvaria chamae showed the strongest antihyperglycemic activity (p\<0.05); the highest phenolic contents (147.93 {\textpm} 1.01 mg/g), the best total antioxidant capacity (153.33 {\textpm} 4.07), the lowest IC50 (μg/mL) for DPPH test (296.96 {\textpm} 91.69), a capacity of hemolysis (825.99 {\textpm} 29.24) and egg albumin denaturation (738.10 {\textpm} 92.26) inhibition assays. In the same way, hydroalcoholic extract of Sida linifolia, showed the strongest antihyperglycemic activity (p\<0.05), the highest phenolic contents (71.60 {\textpm} 2.16 mg/g), the best total antioxidant capacity (146.98 {\textpm} 2.81), lowest IC50 (μg/ mL) for DPPH test (788.28 {\textpm} 112.54), the hemolysis (882.03 {\textpm} 20.86) and egg albumin denaturation (1966.18 {\textpm} 35.94) inhibition assays. None of the extracts showed acute toxicity in rats. Conclusion: the hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Uvaria chamae and of the whole plant of Sida linifolia could be candidates in the treatment of diabetes and its complications.

}, keywords = {Decoction, hyperglycemia, Neuroprotection, Phytochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.91}, author = {Sabrina Chris Janiba Sanvee and Bignoate Kombate and Yendub{\'e} Toughelighan Kantati and Pascaline Kindji Kpoyizoun and Essotolom Badjabaissi and Mindede Assih1 Aboudoulatif Diallo and Batomayena Bakoma} } @article {2430, title = {Plants with Antidiabetic Efficacy among the Dayak Bidayuh Community, Sanggau Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1342-1348}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1342}, abstract = {

Introduction: The use of medicinal plants for diabetes mellitus has been practiced for generations by the Dayak communities in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The aim of this study is to inventory and describe the utilization of medicinal plants for diabetes mellitus by the Dayak Bidayuh Kerambay, Dayak Golik, and Dayak Sinangkan{\textquoteright}t communities in Sekayam, Beduai, and Entikong Districts, Sanggau Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Method: This research is a qualitative descriptive study using triangulation method combining interview, observation, and documentation techniques of anti-diabetic mellitus medicinal plants among the Dayak communities. Results: The plants used as anti-diabetic mellitus include Physalis angulata L., Ageratum conyzoides L., Piper betle L., Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff.) Martelli, Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd, Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr, Curcuma domestica Valeton, Zingiber officinale Rosc., Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr, Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe, Orthosiphon stamineus B., Nepenthes sp., Solanum torvum Swartz, Garcinia mangostana L. The plant parts most commonly used, in sequence, are leaves, rhizomes, roots, fruits, fruit peels, and sometimes the entire plant. The method of preparation for each type of plant is the same, which involves boiling and consuming the boiled decoction. Summary: There are 15 types of plants used by the Dayak tribe community to address diabetes mellitus. Among these 15 types of plants, different parts are utilized, while the processing method remains the same, which is boiling.

}, keywords = {Dayak Bidayuh Tribe, Diabetes mellitus, Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.216}, author = {Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan and Titin and Yohanes Gatot Sutapa Yuliana and Siti Khotimah} } @article {2241, title = {Poikilodermatous Mycosis Fungoides: A Rare Case Treated with Low-Dose Methotrexate}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {276-279}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {276}, abstract = {

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a subtype of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and a primary cutaneous lymphoma. Poikilodermatous MF (PMF) is a rare clinical variant of MF. Systemic chemotherapy, such as methotrexate (MTX), may be administered as monotherapy or in combination at low doses in MF. A 64-year-old man with PMF has been reported. History and physical examination revealed hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules on the chest, abdomen, both arms, back, and upper legs, along with erythematous macules on the right medial thigh. The diagnosis of PMF is based on clinical manifestations and histopathological features of atypical lymphocyte cell infiltration in the epidermis. In addition, immunohistochemical examination also supports the MF diagnosis. The patient received chemotherapy consisting of monotherapy with MTX at low doses. During the third month of observation following MTX therapy, a few of the hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules appeared to have diminished; some of the erythematous macules had transformed into hyperpigmented macules, and there were no new lesions. The purpose of therapy is to control the disease. Administration of low-dose MTX as a monotherapy may result in clinical improvement, but further observation is necessary. PMF may have a better prognosis than other clinical variants of MF.

}, keywords = {Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, Methotrexate, Mycosis fungoides, Poikilodermatous mycosis fungoides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.40}, author = {Eva Krishna Sutedja and Frizam Dwindamuldan Sutisna and Endang Sutedja and Kartika Ruchiatan and Yogi Faldian and Laila Tsaqilah and Hermin Aminah Usman and Yovan Rivanzah} } @article {2359, title = {Positive NS1 Antigen in Non-Dengue Virus Infection Serum: Possible Reasons for the Discrepancy with DENV PCR Results}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {923-926}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {923}, abstract = {

Background and Objective: A specific examination is required to distinguish between DVI and viral, bacterial, and parasitic illnesses because their clinical manifestations are nearly identical. Leukopenia and lymphocytosis are examples of non-specific tests that might be used to get a diagnosis. Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) antigen, anti-DENV antibody, or DENV-specific nucleic acid detection are more specific assays. Methods: Virus isolation or molecular analysis of the detection of DENV nucleic acid ribonucleic acid (RNA) using RT-PCR was used to make the conclusive diagnosis of DVI. The sensitivity of the DENV RT-PCR method ranges from 28.8 to 99\%. NS1 antigen is used as an initial diagnostic option in primary health care because it has a high specificity value (100\%). Researchers want to analyze the positivity in non-DVI samples that have been confirmed by real-time RT-PCR examination with semi-quantitative NS1 antigen examination. Patient population aged 1-65 years with acute fever \<5 days. A total of 130 samples of non-DVI confirmed patients by RT-PCR were examined for NS1Antigen ELISA. Results: With a proportion of 3.08\% of the total sample, the results showed that 4 NS1Antigen ELISA samples were positive. A negative DENV RT-PCR result could indicate either a true negative or a false negative. Conclusion: The type of PCR technology, the primer used, the existence or absence of a DENV mutation, the DENV serotype, and the presence of mismatched nucleotides can all affect variations in DENV PCR sensitivity.

}, keywords = {Dengue Virus Infection., NS1Ag, RT-PCR DENV}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.149}, author = {I Gusti Agung Ayu Eka Putri Sunari and Aryati Aryati and Faradila Khoirun Nisa Hakim and May Fanny Tanzilia and Ida Parwati and Rismawati Yaswir and Budi Mulyono} } @article {2423, title = {Potential Molecular level Impact of Cresvin beta on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1297-1304}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1297}, abstract = {

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with an increasing prevalence rate over the past few decades. Despite the availability of medications to prevent and reduce disease severity, T2DM prevalence and incidence continue to rise annually. Understanding genetic heritage{\textquoteright}s impact on therapeutic responses is improving, with pharmacogenetics being used to better comprehend the therapeutic variability of T2DM. This study aims to compare the effects of metformin and Cresvin beta capsules containing Pterocarpus marsupium, Withania somnifera, Salacia reticulata, Gymnema Sylvestre, Curcuma longa, Vitis vinifera and Piper nigrum (Black pepper extract) on diabetic and immune-related gene expression in T2DM patients. Methods: Sixty patients were divided into two groups: metformintreated (group A, n=30) and Cresvin beta -treated (group B, n=30). Anthropometric, biochemical, and hematological parameters were measured at baseline and after 3 months of treatment. Gene expression levels were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain from DNA extracted from whole blood samples. Results: After 3 months, metformin significantly reduced fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar (PPBS), and HbA1c levels (p\<0.001). Cresvin beta also significantly reduced FBS (p\<0.01), PPBS (p\<0.001), and HbA1c (p\<0.001). Gene expression analysis showed significant changes in SIRT1, AKT, SLC2A4, IL-6, and TNF-α in both groups. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that Cresvin beta reduced glycemic levels and improved SIRT1, Pi3k, Akt, and SLC2A4 gene expression while decreasing IL-6 and TNF-α cytokine gene expression in T2DM patients.

}, keywords = {anti-diabetic efficacy, Ayurveda, Cresvin beta, Metformin, Sirtuin 1, Type 2 diabetes mellitus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.209}, author = {Nandakumar K N and Mohanraj Nehru and Prasanth Subramanian and Bhuvaneshwaran Mothiswaran and Vishagan S S and Satishkumar Rajappan Chandra and Venkataraman Prabhu} } @article {2254, title = {The Potential of Orthosiphon Aristatus Extract in Improving Skin Lesions in Atopic Dermatitis: A Mice Model Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {342-347}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {342}, abstract = {

Introduction: This research discusses the potential of Orthosiphon aristatus, a medicinal plant, in improving skin lesions in Atopic Dermatitis by regulating Th2 cytokines and showing anti-allergic activity. Methods: The study was conducted using BALB/C mice induced with DNCB for 21 days to create an atopic dermatitis model. Then, the mice were orally administered Orthosiphon aristatus extract for 14 days (after 7 days of induction). The doses given were divided into six groups: 17.5 mg/kgbw, 35 mg/kgbw, 70 mg/kgbw, and 140 mg/kgbw. Molecular levels such as IgE, IL4, IL22, and PGE2 were analyzed from blood samples. In addition, the severity of skin lesions was assessed morphologically, and histological examination was performed to confirm clinical improvement. Results: This study showed that the administration of Orthosiphon aristatus extract reduced the severity of skin lesions in all intervention groups. Histologically, this extract reduced epidermal thickness and mast cell infiltration. These findings were also supported by dose-dependent decreases in IgE, IL4, IL22, and PGE2 levels. So, the conclusion of this study is that Orthosiphon aristatus extract shows potential for improving skin lesions in atopic dermatitis by regulating Th2 cytokines and demonstrating anti-allergic activity in a mice model with DNCBinduced atopic dermatitis. Conclusion:\ The administration of Orthosiphon aristatus extract clinically and histologically exhibits anti-atopic effects that can be explained through the regulation of molecules such as IgE, IL4, IL22, PGE2, and NO. Orthosiphon aristatus has the potential to be a valuable herbal therapy for managing atopic dermatitis.

}, keywords = {Atopic dermatitis, Orthosiphon aristatus, Skin lesions, Th2 cytokines}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.52}, author = {Thigita Aga Pandaleke and Kusworini Handono and Dhelya Widasmara and Hani Susianti} } @article {2209, title = {Predictive Simulation and Functional Insights of Serotonin Transporter: Ligand Interactions Explored through Database Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {52-59}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Through its ability to facilitate the absorption of serotonin into presynaptic neurons, the serotonin transporter, also known as SERT, an essential component in the control of neurotransmission. To discover SERT possible therapeutic application, it is essential to have a solid understanding of its dynamic behavior, ligand interactions, and functional consequences. Within the scope of this investigation, the predictive simulations is crucial to investigate the complexities of SERT to gain a fresh understanding of its operation. We use the 6AWN model to describe the sequence and simulate the behavior of SERT in silico. Within this simulation, we anticipate the conformational changes of SERT and its reaction to ligand binding with paroxetine, cholesterol, dodecyl-beta-D-maltose (DDM), and sodium hydrogen ion. We discover critical residues that are crucial in the interaction between ligands and proteins. They have paroxetine binding to I.172, I.172, Y.176, and F.341 are examples of hydrophobic interactions. Example of hydrogen bonds include A.96 and pi-stacking: F.341. The blockage of the serotonin transporter is the principal mechanism of action that paroxetine has. Cholesterol interacts with SERT W.500, W.500, W.500, W.500, L.504, and A.507, and it also interacts with the outward-facing conformation of this transporter in two different ways. In general, cholesterol interacts with SERT and ligands to stabilize their optimal activity and structure. DDM contact with SERT is also a part of this interaction. R.104, D.328, E.494, Y.495, G.498, P.499, T.503, F.556, L.557, S.559, P.561, Y.579, G.582, T.583, and F.586 are the numbers that are currently in use. Within the context of glucosyl transfer processes, DDM has been utilized as an acceptor. And the interaction of Na with SERT S.263, which causes a change in the structure of SERT. Serotonin transporters are present in the environment.

}, keywords = {Database Analysis, Functional analysis, Predictive in silico, Serotonin Transporter}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.8}, author = {Irzan Nurman and Ninik Mudjihartini and Nurhadi Ibrahim and Linda Erlina and Fadilah Fadilah and Muchtaruddin Mansyur} } @article {2446, title = {Preeclampsia: A Cardiorenal Syndrome in Obstetric Intensive Care Unit}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1439-1441}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {1439}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) encompasses a spectrum of disorders involving heart and kidneys. Preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease are most likely occur via oxidative stress induced endothelial dysfunction. Case presentation: A 34-years-old woman was referred with difficulty of breathing. She had a history of preeclampsia and refractory acute kidney injury (AKI). The patient was diagnosed with severe preeclampsia, partial HELLP syndrome, acute lung edema, cardiomyopathy, CRS, anemia, hyperkalemia, hypoalbuminemia, and AKI. Discussion: CRS and preeclampsia share similar risk factors and mechanisms including pre-existing renal or cardiac disease, diabetes, chronic hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity, metabolic syndrome, or other systemic disease. She had a history of preeclampsia and refractory AKI. Cardiac dysfunction reduce arterial blood supply and impairs venous return. Renal failure leads to the retention of water and an excessive volume demand. Conclusion: Cardiovascular disorders leading to CRS and preeclampsia remain the leading cause of morbidity in pregnancy.

}, keywords = {Cardiorenal syndrome, Hypertension, Preeclampsia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.232}, author = {Mohamad Evandiar Izwardy and Mariza Fitriati} } @article {2335, title = {Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Organisms (MDROs) and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern from clinical samples of the patients in Riyadh Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {751-756}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {751}, abstract = {

Background: Multidrug-Resistant organisms (MDRO) pose a global health threat due to overuse of antibiotics and genetic transfer of resistance. The Middle East, including Saudi Arabia, faces unique challenges in combating MDROs, necessitating tailored interventions. Objectives: This research aims to inform evidence-based treatment and infection control measures. By understanding local epidemiology, we can optimize antimicrobial prescribing and minimize resistance emergence. Comprehensive surveillance in diverse healthcare settings is crucial given the escalating antimicrobial resistance. Materials \&Methods: This study utilized a retrospective design. Data was collected from diverse healthcare facilities, including hospitals, clinics, and laboratories, from March 2022 to February 2023. Sample size was determined using OpenEpi Software, with 1500 participants needed. Data collection involved reviewing microbiological records and laboratory reports, with deidentification of personal information. Ethical approval was obtained from Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia. Results: The study reported that 37.3\% of the 1500 patients were classified as MDRO, with a higher prevalence among males (64.3\%) compared to females (35.7\%). MDRO prevalence varied across age groups, with the highest prevalence observed in the 70{\textendash}79 age group (14.3\%). Multiple invasive procedures (P = 0.002), length of stay (LOS) (P = 0.01) were independent risk factors for MDRO infection. Antimicrobial resistance patterns showed significant proportions of MDRO among Klebsiella spp., Acinetobacter spp., and Pseudomonas spp., Conclusion: The study emphasizes the urgent need for policy interventions to tackle the alarming prevalence of MDROs and combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Healthcare providers must prioritize antimicrobial stewardship and implement rigorous infection prevention measures to curb MDRO transmission. Future research should evaluate the impact of stewardship, monitor resistance trends, and explore novel treatment strategies. Collaboration among stakeholders is vital for addressing AMR comprehensively through knowledge sharing and capacity building initiatives.

}, keywords = {antimicrobial resistance (AMR), drug resistance, drug sensitivity patterns, ESBLs and Carbapenemases., Multidrug-Resistant organisms (MDROs)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.125}, author = {Saad Mohammed Alsaab and Salman Khalid Alotaibi and Prasanna Mohana Bhaskaran and Inbaraj Susai Domnic} } @article {2400, title = {Probabilistic Simulation and Sensitivity of Health Risks from Nickel and Cobalt Deposition Around the Mine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1159-1163}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1159}, abstract = {

Background: Mining activities can produce large amounts of heavy metals that are discharged uncontrollably, causing widespread ecosystem pollution. Heavy metal pollution is a serious problem, as heavy metals are toxic and non-degradable, polluting air, water and soil. Although some heavy metals are considered essential for normal physiological functions, concentrations that exceed the prescribed limits can have negative impacts on human health and biota. Exposure to heavy metals can cause toxicity to various tissues, organs and systems such as circulatory, respiratory, endocrine, immune, nervous, urinary and reproductive systems. Due to the differences in toxicity of heavy metals, risk assessment is very important in environmental management. Objective: To describe the probabilistic simulation and sensitivity of health risks due to Nickel and Cobalt deposition around the mine using monte carlo simulation. Methods: The method used in this study was literature review. Data collection was done through searching online databases such as: Pubmed and Science Direct. The keywords used in the article search were "Heavy Metal Toxicity", "Heavy Metal Effects", "Heavy metal risk analysis" and "Monte Carlo Simulation". Inclusion criteria were quantitative or qualitative research, target population was heavy metals Nickel and Cobalt, published in the last 10 years (2013-2023) articles in English and articles in original, fulltext and open access. Exclusion criteria are articles that are not relevant to the topic of discussion. Results: 14 articles were found, of which 3 articles on diseases or health problems caused by nickel, 3 articles on nickel risk analysis, 5 articles on diseases or health problems caused by cobalt, 3 articles on cobalt risk analysis. Conclusion: The environment around the mine shows a high level of toxicity, caused by the presence of heavy metals. This can result in serious environmental pollution and pose a great threat to human health. Chronic exposure to heavy metals can cause various health problems, such as mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, teratogenesis, deformation and organ damage.

}, keywords = {Cobalt, Health risk, Heavy metal contamination, Monte Carlo Simulation, Nikel}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.189}, author = {Sherly Wulandari and Anwar Mallongi and Budimawan and Agus Bintara Birawida and Nur Nasry Noor and M. Alimin Maidin} } @article {2257, title = {Protective Effects of Rutinoside on Oxidative Induced Articular Cartilage Damage and Catabolic Activity in Rat Chondrocyte}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {360-365}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {360}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aimed to look into the therapeutic potential of rutinoside in reducing articular cartilage degeneration in a rat model of osteoarthritis generated by monosodium iodoacetate (MIA). Methods: We formed three groups of male Wistar rats: the OA, rutinoside, and control groups. Monosodium iodoacetate (3.0 mg) was injected intra-articularly into the knee joint to cause osteoarthritis. For four weeks, oral administration of rutinoside at 100 mg/kg/day was given to the groups that were given the treatment. Histological examination, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical tests were used to assess the level of articular cartilage injury, oxidative damage, catabolic activity, and biomarker expression. Results: The results showed that treatments with rutinoside significantly reduced the damage to articular cartilage in rats with MIA-induced osteoarthritis. Compared to the osteoarthritis group, the rutinoside-treated groups showed enhanced cartilage structure, proteoglycan content, and chondrocyte organization. Immunohistochemistry revealed reduced NFκB, IL-1β, and MMP-13 expressions in the rutinosidetreated groups, indicating suppressed inflammatory and catabolic activity in chondrocytes. Additionally, rutinoside treatment increased SOD activity and decreased MDA levels, which showed less oxidative damage to the joint. A substantial drop in CTX-II levels was found by biochemical research, indicating less type II collagen breakdown. Conclusion: According to a study, rutinoside effectively reduces oxidative damage and catabolic activity in chondrocytes, which can lead to decreased articular cartilage loss in a rat model of MIA-induced osteoarthritis. The study also found that rutinoside can control critical biomarkers such as NFκB, IL-1β, SOD, MDA, MMP-13, and CTX-II, highlighting its potential as a treatment for osteoarthritis. These findings provide valuable insights into using natural chemicals as a promising treatment for OA and suggest that rutinoside could potentially modulate the critical interplay between oxidative stress, inflammation, and chondrocyte catabolism in osteoarthritis. However, further research is required to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms and evaluate rutinoside{\textquoteright}s translational potential for OA therapy.

}, keywords = {Inflammation, Osteoarthritis, Oxidative stress, Rutinoside}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.55}, author = {Rena Normasari and Bambang Purwanto and Damayanti Tinduh} } @article {2340, title = {The Protective Effects of UV-blocking Spectacle Lenses and Class 1 UV-blocking Contact Lenses (Senofilcon A) on Superoxide Dismutase-2 and Catalase Expression in Lens Epithelial Cells Following UVB Radiation Exposure: An Experimental Study in Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {785-790}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {785}, abstract = {

Introduction: To determine SOD2 and CAT expression in lens epithelial cells with the protection of UVblocking spectacle lens and UV-blocking contact lenses after UVB radiation. Methods: 32 eyes of Rattus norvegicus mice were subjected to UVB radiation from Philips PL-S 9W/01 narrowband 311 nm lamps at a distance of 18 cm for 30 minutes. Divided into four groups: a control group, P1 group exposed to radiation, P2 group wearing UV-blocking spectacle lens, and P3 group wearing UV-blocking contact lens. The mice were euthanized three days later and had their eyes removed. Immunohistochemistry analysis was used to evaluate the expression of SOD2 and CAT. Results: P1 demonstrated a statistically significant SOD2 expression (p=0.002) compared to the control group. Neither P2 nor P3 exhibited significant differences in SOD2 expression (p=0.693; p=0.365). The SOD2 of the P1 group was significantly different compared to the P2 and P3 groups (p=0.007; p=0.023). No statistically significant difference between groups P2 and P3 (p=0.606). The CAT levels in the P1 group significantly differed from the control group (p=0.001). The differences between the P2 and P3 groups and the control groups were statistically insignificant (p=0.894; p=0.120). CAT P1 group had a significant difference with P2 and P3 groups (p=0.001; p=0.033). No statistically significant difference was observed between groups P2 and P3 (p=0.154). Conclusions: UV-B exposure decreases the expression of SOD2 and CAT. Both protection can provide equally good protection.

}, keywords = {CAT, epithelial lens, SOD2, UV-blocking contact lens., UV-blocking spectacles, UVB}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.130}, author = {Made Dessy Gangga Ayu Cinthiadewi and Nurwasis and Muhammad Firmansjah and Djoko Legowo and Ni Putu Ayu Reza Dhiyantari and Rifat Nurfahri} } @article {2218, title = {Punicalagin Opposes Gentamicin Nephrotoxicity in Rats: Role of Nrf2 and NF-κB Pathways}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {126-130}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {126}, abstract = {

Background: Oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis are implicated in gentamicin (GEN)-induced nephrotoxicity. Punicalagin (PNG) possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. Objective: The aim of the present research was to investigate the possible defensive effect of PNG against nephrotoxicity caused by GEN in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Materials and Methods: GEN (80 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was administered for 8 days. Treatment with PNG (25 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 10 days, began 2 days before GEN insult. Results: PNG significantly decreased serum creatinine, and malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF- κB p65), and cleaved caspase-3 activity in the kidneys of GEN-challenged rats. PNG also significantly increased renal catalase, reduced glutathione, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in rats received GEN. Additionally, PNG markedly attenuated the histopathological kidney tissue injury caused by GEN. Conclusion: PNG guarded against GEN-induced kidney damage in rats through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects, and by modulating the balance between Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways.

}, keywords = {Gentamicin, Kidney, Punicalagin, Rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.17}, author = {Amr A. Fouad and Moataz Mohamedalhasan Ali and Mostafa Abdel-Hamid} } @article {2288, title = {Quantification of Active Compounds from Coffea canephora Pierre ex A.Froehner cascara and their Potential Against MCF-7 and HeLa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {509-518}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {509}, abstract = {

Background: The utilization of coffee cascara, a byproduct of coffee cultivation, in cancer therapy research. This research begins with the rationale of exploring medicinal plants, especially coffee, to obtain compounds that can target cancer cells with fewer side effects. Objectivity: This research aims to extract and evaluate the secondary metabolites from robusta coffee cascara, such as friedelin, lupeol, stigmasterol, ursolic acid, caffeine, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and catechin, for their cytotoxic activity against Hela and MCF-7 cells. The aim of this research is also to identify and understand the cytotoxic mechanisms of compounds like stigmasterol, which showed significant cytotoxicity against cancer cells, paving the way for developing targeted cancer therapies from natural sources. Methods: Robusta coffee cascara then goes to the process of extraction using ethanol, fractionation, isolation, purification, and characterization, followed by bioactivity evaluation using in vitro method through breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and cervical cancer cell line HeLa and determination of active compound levels. Results: The cascara, a byproduct of coffee cultivation, is rich in proteins, polysaccharides, and bioactive compounds. Through extraction and purification processes, eight compounds were isolated and characterized, including (1) friedelin, (2) lupeol, (3) Stigmasterol, (4) Ursolic acid, (5) caffeine, (6) Chlorogenic acid, (7) caffeic acid, and (8) catechin. Bioactivity evaluation shows that stigmasterol (3) is the most cytotoxic compound with a value against Hela cells with an IC50 value of 25.85 μg/mL in the toxic category and against MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 12.83 μg/mL in the very toxic category. The results of determining the levels of active compounds in robusta coffee cascara extract showed that friedelin (1) 0.539{\textpm}0.137\%; lupeol (2) levels were 0.087{\textpm}0.015\%; (3) stigmasterol 0.126{\textpm}0.046\%; ursolic acid (4) 0.627{\textpm}0.002\%; caffeine (5) 3,203{\textpm}0.069\%; chlorogenic acid (6) 0.679{\textpm}0.003\%; caffeic acid (7) 0.153{\textpm}0.003\% and catechin (8) 0.3590.012\% mg/g extract. Conclusion: The research on robusta coffee cascara extract as a potential source of anticancer compounds.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, Cascara, Coffea canephora, Cytotoxic, Isolation, servical cancer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.82}, author = {Novi Fajar Utami and Berna Elya and Hayun Hayun and Kusmardi Kusmardi} } @article {2216, title = {Quantification of Four Phytochemical Parameters of Imperata cylindrica Leaves to Promote Its Use as A Medicinal Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {108-117}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {108}, abstract = {

Introduction: The benefits of Imperata cylindrica (I. cylindrica) leaves and their relationship to the content of phytochemical compounds have been widely studied. The aim of this study was to promote I. cylindrica leaves from Kertajati Subdistrict in Majalengka Regency in their use as a medicinal plant based on the four parameters, namely the content of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total tannin content, and antioxidant activity. The four parameters that become the basis for the benefits of the leaves were compared with the four parameters of the roots. Methods: Quantification of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total tannin content, and antioxidant activity used Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminium chloride, Fe(III) chloride and 1.10-Phenanthroline, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) methods, respectively. All methods used visible spectrophotometric method. Results: The percentages of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total tannin content, and IC50 of antioxidant activity of I. cylindrica leaves extract were 9\% (GAE), 2.1\% (QE), 5.6\% (TAE), and 100.5 ppm, respectively. Then, the percentages of I. cylindrica roots extract showed the percentages of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total tannin content, and IC50 of antioxidant activity were 5.8\% (GAE), 0.64\% (QE), 3\% (TAE), and 241 ppm, respectively. Conclusion: The extract of I. cylindrica leaves contained the phenolic compound, namely flavonoids, tannins and other phenolic compounds, and had antioxidant activity. All parameters have been reported to have positive effect on health. Therefore, the leaves of I. cylindrica from Kertajati Subdistrict are discovered to have effects on health which are suitable to be promoted as a medicinal plant.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Imperata cylindrica leaves, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, Total Tannin content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.15}, author = {Diah Dhianawaty and Resti Gradia Dwiwina and Wulan Mayasari and Achadiyani and Ruslin} } @article {2306, title = {A Quasi-Experimental One Group Pre-Post Test Design in Air Traffic Controller in Indonesia: Progressive Muscle Relaxation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {638-643}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {638}, abstract = {

Objectives: The effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) in assessing the general health of air traffic controllers (ATC) is still insufficient, specifically when examining the psychological conditions of workers who use questionnaire instruments. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the use of PMR program in ATC by developing a model using biomarkers (saliva) tested on the cocorometer stress diagnostic tool and validity, including observing related determinants in the work environment. Methods: A quasi-experimental method was used, focusing on one group pre-post-test design for 92 respondents across six research areas in Indonesia. All respondents had received training in PMR methods conducted by psychologists. Subsequently, ongoing assistance was provided in implementing relaxation by a trained reminder team for eight weeks to maintain the precision and effectiveness of the intervention. Further analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon signed rank test to evaluate the success of the intervention. Results: The implementation of PMR program in ATC reduced the incidence of stress levels after the observation. Statistically, the feeling of fatigue was a significant variable that decreased in mean value after the implementation of the relaxation program on the data review. The main benefit of PMR program in improving psychological health conditions (stress) was found in Surabaya branch ATC. Conclusions: The relaxation program was proven to reduce stress levels in ATC, showing an improvement in conditions before and after the implementation of PMR.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.100}, author = {Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Istiana Tadjuddin and Iva Hardi Yanti and Nurul Mawaddah Syafitri and Yulianah Rahmadani and Mahfuddin Yusbud and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2324, title = {The Relationship Between Blood Levels of Ubiquitin Carboxyterminal Hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) Protein and the Severity of Traumatic Brain Injury Based on the Glasgow Coma Scale and Rotterdam CT Score}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {695-699}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {695}, abstract = {

Objective: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide, with an estimated 64-74 million cases annually. The current gold standard for diagnosis is a computed tomography (CT) scan, which has limitations such as access, cost, and radiation risk. Therefore, a simple, accessible, and safe diagnostic modality is needed, one of which is biomarker examination. This study aims to establish the relationship between blood levels of the biomarker ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) and the severity of TBI based on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Rotterdam CT score. Material and Methods: This observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design involved 41 samples aged 18-50 years who presented to the Emergency Department of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, within 3-24 hours of the incident. UCH-L1 levels were measured from blood samples using the ELISA method, and the data on UCH-L1, GCS, and Rotterdam CT scores were analyzed with SPSS 29. Results: The mean UCH-L1 level was 0.522 {\textpm} 0.592, with a cutoff value of \> 0.2057, indicating moderate to severe TBI if UCH-L1 levels exceeded 0.2057. Spearman{\textquoteright}s test and correlation coefficient analysis showed a strong relationship between UCH-L1 levels and Rotterdam CT score (p \< 0.05), as well as between UCH-L1 levels and TBI severity based on GCS (p \< 0.05). The cutoff value for Rotterdam CT score was \> 2, indicating moderate to severe TBI if the score exceeded 2. Conclusion: Serum UCH-L1 levels are significantly associated with the severity of TBI based on GCS and Rotterdam CT score.

}, keywords = {Glasgow Coma Scale, Rotterdam CT score, Traumatic Brain Injury, UCH-L1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.111}, author = {Junjungan Kristianto Manurung and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Hamzah Hamzah and Prihatma Kriswidyatomo and Anggraini Dwi Sensusiati and Budi Utomo} } @article {2329, title = {Relationship Between Cerebrospinal Fluid S100B Levels with Glasgow Coma Scale and Rotterdam CT Score in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {503-508}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {503}, abstract = {

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) stands as one of the foremost reasons for mortality and incapacitation in young adults on a global scale, accounting for nearly half of all injury-related deaths. The severity of TBI can be assessed using various biomarkers, with the SI00B protein being one of them. While many studies have explored the correlation between serum protein levels and various aspects such as neuroimaging findings, clinical scores, and neuropsychological evaluations, there is a notable lack of research examining the correlation with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels. Methods: The research design of this study was prospective and observational, employing analytic methods for analysis. Fifteen TBI patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were fitted with ICP monitors comprised the study sample. GCS data used is post-resuscitation GCS. Data on SIOOB protein levels were taken from the examination of CSF samples taken when the ICP monitor was installed. Rotterdam CT score variables was taken from the last CT scan performed before the patient was fitted with an ICP monitor. The statistical analysis was conducted utilizing the SPSS version 26 software. Results: Demographic characteristics for this study tended to be more male (73.3\%), with ages ranging from 18 to 65 years, and a mean age of 34.60 {\textpm} 16.22 years. The majority of injury mechanisms were traffic accidents (80\%), and the most common lesion type was ICH. The mean CSF S 100B value of the 15 samples was 2753.689 pg/ ml. The results of the relationship test between S 100B CSF and GCS using the Spearman test obtained a p-value of less than 0.05, indicating a meaningful correlation between S 100B CSF and GCS, with a correlation coefficient or r value of -0.684. The results of the SIOOB CSF relationship test with Rotterdam CT Score obtained a p-value \<0.05, with a correlation coefficient or r value of 0.827. Conclusion: Increased levels of S100B in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with decreased GCS and increased Rotterdam CT score in traumatic brain injury patients.

}, keywords = {Glasgow Coma Scale, Rotterdam CT score., S100B, Traumatic Brain Injury}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.81}, author = {Rian Nofiansyah and Kohar Hari Santoso and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Prihatma Kriswidyatomo and Hamzah} } @article {2305, title = {The Relationship of Marketing Mix with Patients{\textquoteright} Decisions to Choose Health Services in Outpatient and Inpatient Installations at Sandi Karsa Hospital, Makassar}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {630-637}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {630}, abstract = {

The marketing mix is a core business that is very closely related to the targeted patients, so that hospital efforts are specifically closely related to patient behavior in utilizing services. The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between the marketing mix and the patient{\textquoteright}s decision to choose health services in outpatient and inpatient installations at Sandi Karsa Hospital, Makassar. The type of research used is quantitative research with a cross sectional study design. The population in this study was 97 outpatients and 76 inpatients. Sample determination was carried out using the accidental sampling method. Data analysis used univariate, bivariate with chi square test and multivariate with multiple logistic regression test. The results showed that in outpatient installations, there was a relationship between product (p=0.003), staff (p=0.009), physical evidence (p=0.001), process (p=0.000), and performance (p=0.000), there was no relationship between price (p=1,000), promotion (p=0.554), place (p=1,000), and strength (p=1,000) with the patient{\textquoteright}s decision to choose health services at Sandi Karsa Hospital. Meanwhile, in inpatient installations there is a relationship between product (p=0.005), place (p=0.017), staff (p=0.000), process (p=0.002) and physical evidence (p=0.006), there is no price relationship (p= 0.674), promotion (p=1.000), performance (p=1.000), and strength (p=0.358) with the patient{\textquoteright}s decision to choose health services at Sandi Karsa Hospital Makassar.

}, keywords = {Patient Decision, Performance, Physical Evidence, Price, Process, Product, Promotion, Staff, Strength}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.99}, author = {Ika Bella Rezqi Jaya and Muhammad Yusran Amir and Darmawansyah and Sukri Palutturi and Nurhaedar Jafar and Muhammad Syafar} } @article {2291, title = {Renal Resistive Index and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Nondiabetic Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {538-544}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {538}, abstract = {

Background: Renal resistive index (RRI) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are predictive markers for chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. Aim: To evaluate RRI value, eGFRcr-cys and renal biomarker in nondiabetic patients with CKD stage 3 in Bangkok, Thailand. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical analysis was conducted involving nondiabetic patients with CKD stage 3, aged 35-85 years. Ultrasound was used to assess the RRI of arteries in both kidneys. Patients underwent assessments of serum and urine 24-hour. Results: Among the 61 participants (67.2\% male; mean age 69.03 {\textpm} 12.59 years), the mean eGFRcr-cys was 41.63 {\textpm} 8.64 mL/min/1.73 m{\texttwosuperior}, and the mean RRI was 0.65 {\textpm} 0.06. Patients were categorized into three RRI groups: low (\<0.65, n=35), intermediate (0.65-0.70, n=14), and high (\>0.70, n=12). The high RRI group showed a mean RRI of 0.73 {\textpm} 0.05 (p \< 0.01). Among those with high RRI group were significant decreased right kidney size (p\<0.05) and they had a lower BMI, averaging 22.49 {\textpm} 3.48. An increase in PP (59.66 {\textpm} 13.84, p=0.04) was also significant in this group. The correlations coefficient of RRI value showed a significant positive correlation with age (p\<0.05) and significant negative with BMI (p\<0.05). In addition, eGFRcr-cys displayed a significant negative correlation with UAGT and 24hUP (p\<0.05) and a significant while eGFRcr-cys positive correlation with both kidney size and urine iNOS(p\<0.01). Conclusion: An increase in RRI is inversely linked to age, BMI, and PP. Lower eGFR is correlated with factors that cause CKD progression.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.85}, author = {Patnaree Wongmanit and Kusuma Sriyakul and Parunkul Tungsukruthai and Ouppatham Supasyndh and Pratya Phetkate} } @article {2367, title = {A Review: Understanding the Impact of Cancer During the Search of Safe and Affordable Medicinal Plants. A Need for In Vivo Investigation for the Safety Aspect of Asparagus Laricinus?}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {975-981}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {975}, abstract = {

The understanding of the initiation, progression, and predictions about the burden of cancer are of importance during the scientific race for the discovery of much safer and cheap medicinal plants. The world population mostly relies on medicinal plants for the treatment of infections and diseases due to ongoing economic constraints and growing poverty. This review study seeks to establish the what the literature reported and the true extent to which Asparagus laricinus is being studied for safe use. Studies indicate how cancer spreads and affects the different organs in the body. Most studies on medicinal plants are performed invitro with few concentrating to in vivo due to ethical requirements during the use of animal rats. Literature does not reveal any previous toxicological studiesafor Asparagus laricinus per se in vivo, but several studies were performed on other medicinal plants used for the treatment of cancer. The safety aspects certain palnts were established for example Moringa oleifera and Lithocarpus dealbata were found to have no mortality or any visible signs of acute toxicity, while serum biochemistry tests did not reveal any noticeable changes in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), cholesterol (CHOL) and protein levels in animals. While in vivo showed high dose of toxicological studies on Moringa oleifera have indicated to cause severe hepatotoxicity and organ damage. The acute lethality (LD50) test has been found to be relatively safe with subchronic toxicity studies, eliciting no significant difference in sperm quality, haematological and biochemical parameters in the treated rats, as compared to the controls . Both studies engaged the use of laboratory experimental animal models to evaluate the toxicology of plant extracts. With the growing interest in the use of Asparagus laricinus in Botswana, South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland for the treatment of infections and diseases, there is a need to correlate the published data with the in vivo data which is very scares current.

}, keywords = {Asparagus Laricinus, burden of cancer, Impact of cancer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.157}, author = {Pakiso Moses Makhoahle} } @article {2277, title = {The Role of Neuron Specific Enolase, S100B, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, and Myelin Basic Protein as Prognostic and Survival Values in Traumatic Brain Injury: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {478-484}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {478}, abstract = {

Background: The high number of accidents and traumatic brain injuries, especially in the productive age group, causes a lot of morbidity and mortality. A fast and accurate examination method is needed for the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic brain injury. Nerve damage biomarkers such as Neuron Specific Enolase, S100B, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, and Myelin Basic Protein, have been used globally both for research and daily use to determine the severity of traumatic brain injury. Methods: Searches and journal searches were carried out from Science Direct, Scopus, Springer Link, and PubMed, with the keywords "Neuron Specific Enolase", "S100B", "Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein", "Myelin Basic Protein", and "Traumatic Brain Injury {\textquotedblright}. Screening was carried out using PRISMA 2021 to look for studies that met the criteria and were of sufficient study quality according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: Twenty-three studies were collected and further grouped based on outcomes, both prognostic and survival outcomes. Neuron Specific Enolase, S100B, and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein values were higher in poor outcomes (all p values \< 0.001) and poor survival (all p values \< 0.001) in traumatic brain injury. Myelin Basic Protein was not significant in poor outcome (p = 0.35), but was higher in poor survival (p \< 0.001) in traumatic brain injury. Conclusion: Neuron Specific Enolase, S100B, and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, can be used as markers for prognostic and survival value in traumatic brain injury. Myelin Basic Protein can be used as a marker for survival value in traumatic brain injury.

}, keywords = {Glial Fibriallary Acidic Protein, Myelin Basic Protein, Neuron Specific Enolase, Prognostic Value, S100B, Survival, Traumatic Brain Injury}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.76}, author = {Wibowo Artho Sutrisno and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu and Prihatma Kriswidyatomo and Hamzah and Bambang Pujo Semedi and Mahmudah} } @article {2318, title = {The Role of Parents in Monitoring the Growth and Development of Toddlers: A Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {682-686}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {682}, abstract = {

Background: Toddler growth and development are important aspects that are interrelated. Growth is an increase in physical size and body structure while development is an increase in body structure and function in terms of movement, speech, language, socialization, and independence. The first five years of a child{\textquoteright}s life are a time of building learning, social, and emotional skills.1Children who receive stimulation provide good benefits for growth in body weight and mental development.2However, the growth and development of toddlers can experience disorders. The role of parents in monitoring the growth and development of toddlers is very important because it will influence the child{\textquoteright}s behavior as an adult. Applying parenting knowledge to children as early as possible is beneficial for the development of children{\textquoteright}s cognition and socio-emotional behavior.3Parenting is the overall interaction of parents with children that affect children{\textquoteright}s psychological and social.4Parenting groups are effective for increasing children{\textquoteright}s development, especially physical growth. The application of parenting techniques can be a method or way to help parents take better care of their children. Objective: This study aimed to know the methods and implementers that can monitor the growth and development of toddlers. Methods: This systematic review refers to the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The databases used to search for articles are Pubmed and Google Scholar. The studies used were assessed using eight criteria from Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE). A total of 10 of 45,388 articles met the inclusion criteria for review. Results: The programs for monitoring the growth and development of toddlers using an application is considered more effective for training family independence in preventing disease. Monitoring the growth and development of toddlers can be carried out by health workers, child development agents, researchers, and parents. Conclusion: Parents can be effective implementers of monitoring because they are the closest people and the first for education place to their children. The use of the application is considered very effective for monitoring the growth and development of toddlers.

}, keywords = {Development, Growth, Monitoring, Role of Parents, Toddlers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.114}, author = {Andi Lis Arming Gandini and A. Ummu Salmah and Stang and A. Arsunan Arsin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2269, title = {The Role of Vitamin D-Binding Protein, and Procalcitonin in Patients with Arthritis on Vitamin D}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {431-435}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {431}, abstract = {

Background: Arthritis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints. Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness. Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, swelling, and decreased range of motion of the affected joints. In some types of arthritis, other organs are also affected. Aim: This study aimed to identify the impact of vitamin D therapy on serum level of vitamin D-binding protein and procalcitonin in Patients with arthritis. Methods: This cross-sectional study, was conducted in Kirkuk city between January 1st and March 1st, 2024. A total of 180 subjects were included, categorized into three groups: arthritis patients not receiving vitamin D (Group 1), arthritis patients receiving vitamin D for at least 2 months (Group 2), and a control group comprising 40 healthy subjects. Blood samples were collected from participants, processed, and stored for subsequent analysis. Various biomarkers, including vitamin D-binding protein and procalcitonin, were determined using ELISA kits. Results: The study revealed a higher prevalence of females among arthritis patients (54.29\%), with most affected individuals aged above 60 years. Urban residency was predominant among arthritis patients (75.71\%). The majority of RA patients had been affected for 6-10 years (40\%). Comparative analysis demonstrated significantly higher procalcitonin levels in RA patients without vitamin D supplementation (112.4{\textpm}24.3 ng/ ml) compared to those with supplementation (48.33{\textpm}10.73 ng/ml) and healthy controls (9.68{\textpm}5.49 ng/ ml). Furthermore, vitamin D binding protein levels were significantly lower in arthritis patients without supplementation (1.26{\textpm}0.12 ng/ml) compared to those with supplementation (0.75{\textpm}0.15 ng/ml) and healthy controls (0.23{\textpm}0.14 ng/ml). Conclusion: These findings underscore the potential role of vitamin D supplementation in modulating inflammatory markers and enhancing vitamin D binding protein levels in arthritis patients, suggesting its therapeutic implications in disease management.

}, keywords = {Arthritis, Procalcitonin, Vitamin D, Vitamin D-binding Protein}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.68}, author = {Mardin M. Obied and Entedhar R. Sarhat} } @article {2285, title = {The Role of α-SMA, Type 1 Collagen, and Myofibroblasts in Cicatrizing Conjunctivitis by Alkali Chemical Trauma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {May 2024}, pages = {591-596}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {591}, abstract = {

Introduction: Chemical trauma to the eye is a serious condition in the field of ophthalmology and a leading factor contributing to global blindness. Cicatrizing conjunctivitis (CC) is a term used to describe conditions marked by inflammation and the formation of scars on the conjunctiva. CC can have various causes, with one of them being chemical injury to the eye. The development of CC involves the participation of several cytokines and cells, such as α-SMA, Type 1 collagen, and Myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts have the ability to contract through the utilization of diverse cytoskeletal proteins, which are commonly present in smooth muscle cells, including α-SMA. Actin filaments contribute to mechanically supporting cells, defining cell morphology, and facilitating cell mobility. Actin, in conjunction with myosin, participates in the muscle contraction process within muscle cells. Subsequently, type 1 collagen contributes to the healing of conjunctival wounds by providing a tensile force that aids in the closure of such wounds. As a significant constituent of the extracellular matrix, type 1 collagen plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of tissues.

}, keywords = {Cicatrizing conjunctivitis, Myofibroblasts, Type 1 collagen, α -SMA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.92}, author = {Henu Hadiyantama and Lukisiari Agustini and Sutjipto and Evelyn Komaratih and Ismi Zuhria and Pudji Lestari and Ridholia} } @article {2235, title = {Safety Assessment of Oral Lysiphyllum strychnifolium Aqueous Extract in Healthy Volunteers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {235-240}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {235}, abstract = {

Background: Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (LS), widely known as Ya nang daeng in Thailand, is a traditional herbal remedy that has long been used to promote health and treat diverse health conditions, especially detoxification, by alleviating the severity of symptoms and lowering the risks associated with toxic exposures. Although it is extensively used in Thailand, human safety studies have been lacking. Thus, this study aimed to examine the safety of using LS capsules in healthy participants through a Phase I clinical trial. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the safety of aqueous extract of LS in twenty-four healthy Thai participants. Method: The participants were received 1,000 mg of LS aqueous extract each morning before their meals for seven days. All participants were examined safety assessment including history taking, physical examination, and laboratory tests at day 0, 8 and 14 (follow-up). Results: The findings showed that there were no significant side effects or abnormalities found during the history taking, physical examination, or laboratory evaluation. Particularly, when compared to baseline, participants who received LS experienced statistically significant reductions in blood sugar, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, and creatinine (P \< 0.05), but still within normal ranges. Conclusions: Dietary supplementation with 1,000 mg of LS aqueous extract per day may have a beneficial effect on blood sugar and cholesterol management while remaining safe for healthy people.

}, keywords = {Clinical study, Healthy volunteers, Lysiphyllum strychnifolium, Safety, Yanang Daeng}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.34}, author = {Piracha Jumpa-ngern and Parunkul Tungsukruthai and Chuntida Kamalashiran and Somboon Kietinun and Kesara Na- Bangchang and Kusuma Sriyakul} } @article {2418, title = {SCN9A and SCN10A Polymorphism and Therapeutic Effectiveness of Lidocaine Local Anesthetic Injection in Subjects with Diabetic Neuropathy Pain}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1259-1263}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1259}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetic neuropathy pain (DNP) is one of the complications experienced by more than half of the diabetic population. Treatment using lidocaine injection is one of the effective ways to manage pain in patients with DNP. Pain therapy using lidocaine locally targets the SCN9A and SCN10A genes, which encode the sodium receptors Nav1.7 and Nav1.8. The effect of lidocaine inhibits these sodium channels to reduce pain transmission. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the effect of polymorphism of genes encoding Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 on the effectiveness of lidocaine local injection therapy in patients with DNP. Methods: This study was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 63 people with DNP were genotyped for the SCN9A rs 6746030 gene and the SCN10A rs12632942 gene using Real-Time PCR/qPCR and DNA sequencing. Result: The results showed that 91.2\% and 70.6\% of the population who experienced decreased pain had the GA mutant allele in the SCN9A rs6746030 gene and the AG mutant allele in the SCN10A rs12632942 gene. The results showed a significant association of Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 gene polymorphisms with the effectiveness of lidocaine local anesthetic injection therapy in diabetic neuropathy pain patients (p \< 0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that there was an association between Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 gene polymorphisms and the effectiveness of lidocaine local anesthetic injection therapy in patients with DNP. Lidocaine injection therapy that targets the Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 sodium channels involving the SCN9A and SCN10A genes can be a therapeutic alternative for patients with DNP.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Diabetic neuropathy pain, Nav1.7, Nav1.8, Polymorphism}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.204}, author = {I Made Subhawa Harsa and Andiani and Sulistiawati and Lilik Herawati and Hanik Badriyah Hidayati and Kuntaman} } @article {2219, title = {Screening and Identification of Metabolites from Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) Ethanol Extract for Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Inhibitory through In Silico and In Vitro Approaches}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {131-140}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {131}, abstract = {

Objective: Andrographis paniculata has long been a traditional medicinal plant in Indonesia. This study is intended to evaluate the anti-pro-inflammatory cytokines of 98\% ethanol extract of A. paniculata by in vitro and in silico approaches. Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines is also one of the therapies in treating COVID-19. Methods: The molecular docking approach was utilized as a first screening to evaluate the potential for suppression of macrophage cell activation; an ADMET prediction test was performed to determine the pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and toxicity as a therapeutic target. TNF-α, IL-1{\ss}, and IL-6 levels were measured using an ELISA method to investigate anti-cytokine pro-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. LC-MS/MS was used to identify additional metabolite compounds. Results: Ethanol extract containing particular metabolites 14-Deoxyandrographoside and 14-Deoxy-17-hydroxyandrographolide inhibited TNF-α and IL-1β by 100\% and IL-6 by 85.59\%, respectively. While compared to the Dexamethasone molecule as a positive control, preliminary screening and ADMET prediction for the metabolite compound 14-Deoxyandrographoside exhibited relatively high binding stability to the CD14 receptor by -7.5 kcal/mol and was safe against various ADMET indications. Conclusions: This study reveals that the compound 14-Deoxyandrographoside in pure ethanol extract is a potential anticytokine agent candidate for treating pro-inflammatory cytokines, including COVID-19 infection.

}, keywords = {LC-MS/MS, Molecular docking, Pro-inflammatory cytokines, Sambiloto}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.18}, author = {Evul Winoto Lukito and Dyah Iswantini and Budhi Antariksa and Mohamad Rafi and Setyanto Tri Wahyudi} } @article {2310, title = {Serum Trace Element Levels in Type 2 DM Patients and its Correlation with Glycemic Control}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {660-663}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {660}, abstract = {

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder, is known to impact serum trace element levels. Objectives: to investigates the association between serum trace elements (Co, Cr, and Cu) and glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Material and Methods: A 209 type 2 diabetes patients from Dr. H. Abdul Moeloek Hospital in Bandar Lampung and Hasan Sadikin Hospital in Bandung participated in the study. Patients underwent assessments for serum trace element levels (Co, Cr, and Cu) and glycemic control indicators (FBG and HbA1c). Results: Results indicated significantly lower Co levels in uncontrolled diabetes versus controlled cases (P\<0.05). Co, Cr, and Cu levels displayed a significant negative correlation with HbA1c (P\<0.05), while Cr and Cu showed a significant negative correlation with FBG (P\<0.05). Age did not show significant correlations with serum trace element levels. Conclusion: serum trace element levels (Co, Cr, Cu) are inversely linked to glycemic control in type 2 diabetes individuals.

}, keywords = {Fasting blood glucose, glycemic control, HbA1c, trace element serum, Type 2 diabetes mellitus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.104}, author = {Intanri Kurniati and Agustyas Tjiptaningrum and Raja Iqbal Mulya Harahap and Bayu Putra Danan Jaya} } @article {2419, title = {Standardizing Cordia sinensis Lam. Stems: Microscopic Analysis and TLC Fingerprinting of Phenolics and Flavonoids}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1264-1271}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1264}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cordia sinensis Lam., also known synonymously as Cordia rothii, is a small tree from the Boraginaceae family, widely recognized for its therapeutic value in traditional medicine. Although parts like the fruit, bark, leaves, and seeds have been extensively studied; comprehensive pharmacognostic investigations of the stem remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to conduct a detailed microscopic evaluation of Cordia sinensis Lam. stems, establish quality parameters, and perform Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) profiling to identify flavonoids and phenolics. Methods: Authenticated stem samples of Cordia sinensis Lam. underwent thorough pharmacognostic, physicochemical, and phytochemical analyses following established protocols. Additionally, TLC was performed using both ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the stem to detect flavonoids and phenolics. Results: Key microscopic features identified included well-differentiated cork, phellogen, xylem fibers, medullary rays, calcium oxalate crystals, and various wood elements. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and steroids. The TLC profile further revealed distinct bands, indicating the presence of flavonoids and phenolics, with clear visualization under visible light, UV light at 254 nm, and 366 nm. Conclusion: These findings contribute valuable data for the standardization and quality control of Cordia sinensis Lam. stems in herbal medicine applications.

}, keywords = {Cordia sinensis Lam., Pharmacognostical Evaluation, Physicochemical parameters, Phytochemistry, TLC Analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.205}, author = {Pinkey Rawal and Kavitha Jayaseelan and Purnima Ashok} } @article {2314, title = {A Study is Examining How Postpartum Pain after Cesarean Section (SC) Can be Reduced by Boosting Levels of β-endorphin Through Electroacupuncture Stimulation at The Specified Points LI4 and SP6}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {670-676}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {670}, abstract = {

Background: The physical healing process following a cesarean section surgery can induce anxiety and physiological stress due to wound pain, potentially impairing patient mobility and necessitating the administration of analgesic therapy. Pharmacological treatment sometimes proves insufficient or contraindicated for postpartum cesarean section patients, highlighting the need for non-pharmacological alternative therapies. Objective: This study aims to investigate the impact of electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation at specific points SP6 and LI4 using frequencies of 30, 50, and 100 Hz on reducing pain intensity and increasing levels of the hormone β-endorphin in postpartum cesarean section patients. Method: In this research, 144 postpartum cesarean section participants meeting inclusion criteria are divided into 8 groups, comprising intervention and control groups, utilizing a randomized control trial (RCT) technique. Pain intensity is measured using the pain numeric rating scale (PNRS), while levels of β-endorphin are analyzed through blood samples using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method to compare outcomes before and after intervention. Result: The analysis of the intervention group receiving electroacupuncture at specific points LI4 and SP6 has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing pain by increasing levels of the hormone β-endorphin, in comparison to the control group, with significant findings. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that electroacupuncture intervention in postpartum cesarean section patients can stimulate an increase in β-endorphin hormone levels and effectively reduce postpartum cesarean section pain intensity.

}, keywords = {Cesarean section, Electroacupuncture, LI4, Postpartum, SP6}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.112}, author = {Nurul Azizah and Budi Santoso and Abdurachman and Hanik Badriyah Hidayati and Ario Imandiri} } @article {2374, title = {Study of Profile of the Government Programs Implementation Germas and Traditional Medicine between Two Generations in a Rural Area}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1004-1009}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1004}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of the study was to discover the implementation of the government regulations, such as the healthy living community movements (GERMAS) and utilization of jamu (herbal medicine/ traditional medicine) in village communities. Methods: The respondents in study were three groups: village cadres (they represented senior generation), junior high school students, and senior high school students (they represented young generation). All respondents were given the same questions, namely the frequency of eating vegetables and fruits; their favorite vegetable and fruit; knowledge of spices used as jamu. Especially, the senior group was given additional questions regarding what was their purpose in drinking jamu and how they got the jamu. Results: The total frequency of vegetable consumption for 3-7 days/week from three groups of respondents, namely village cadres, senior high school and junior high school students, were 98\%, 88\% and 68\% respectively; the frequency of fruit consumption were 86\%, 92\% and 90\% respectively. The favorite vegetable and fruit were Ipomoea aquatica and Musa paradisiaca, respectively. The knowledge regarding the benefits of spices as traditional medicine, the two spices were mostly known by all respondents were Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale. The percentage knowledge for Curcuma longa were 32.47\%, 23.81\%, 23.45\% respectively; and Zingiber officinale were 23.38\%, 27.89\%, 29.66\% respectively. The purpose of drinking jamu for maintain health and knowledge to make jamu were 91\% and 15.2\%, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results as previously described, the government regulations (Germas and use of jamu) in the village was continuous between the two generations.

}, keywords = {Fruit consumtion, Traditional medicine, Vegetable consumtion}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.162}, author = {Diah Dhianawaty and Resti Gradia Dwiwina and Resti Gradia Dwiwina and Achadiyani} } @article {2249, title = {Study on Factors that Influence the High Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) of Makassar Ethnic Nurses in LANTO Hospital DG Pasewang Jeneponto in 2024.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {312-318}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {312}, abstract = {

Background: Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is behavior carried out by an employee that exceeds formal work obligations, but has a good impact because it supports organizational effectiveness. Culture value is one of the factors for the high level of organizational citizenship behavior in Makassar ethnic nurses. According to the theory that researchers read, it is not only culture values that are a factor in high OCB. There are several factors that influence OCB, including Workplace Variables, HRM Policies \& Practices, Culture, Contextual Factors, Work Centrality, Org Service Orientation, Org Reputation Threat, Dispositional Variables, Org Commitment, Demographic Variables, Personality Variables, Leader Supportive. Researchers became interested because this research only explored cultural values. Researchers want to look for other factors that influence the high OCB of the Makassar tribe at Lanto Dg Pasewang Jeneponto Regional Hospital so that they can be explored in more depth and become input for hospitals and other organizations. Methods: The type of research carried out is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. The informants in the research were 3 key informants consisting of the hospital director, head of nursing and head of the inpatient room and 7 regular informants consisting of several nurses at Lanto Dg Pasewang Jeneponto Regional Hospital. Results: Based on the results of interviews conducted by writers and ethnic Makassar nurses at Lanto Dg Pasewang Jeneponto Regional Hospital, there are several factors that influence the high level of OCB attitudes. Divided into 2 factors, namely internal and external. Internal factors include aspects originating from individual members of the organization, while external factors relate to the organizational environment and culture within it. Internal and external factors are interrelated in increasing OCB. Internal factors include aspects originating from individual members of the organization which include Dispositional Variables, Organizational Service, Organizational Commitment, Personality Variables, and Work Centrality. External factors relate to the organizational environment and culture within it, which include Workplace Variables, HRM Policies \& Practices, Culture Values, Contextual Factors, Organizational Reputation Treats, Demographic Variables, and Leader Supportiveness. Conclusion: These twelve factors influence the high level of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in Makassar ethnic nurses at Lanto Dg Pasewang Jeneponto Regional Hospital.

}, keywords = {Hospitals, Makassar Ethnicity, Nurses, Organizational Citizenship Behavior}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.47}, author = {Sri Yuyun Afrianti and Andi Indahwaty Sidin and Noer Bahry Noor and Syahrir A. Pasinringi and Stang and Ridwan M. Thaha and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2240, title = {Stunting and Family Socio-Cultural Determinant Factors: A Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {268-275}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {268}, abstract = {

Background: Stunting is a major public health problem in many developing countries including Indonesia and several ethnic groups have a very high prevalence of stunting which is caused by socio-cultural factors in the family. Objective: This study aims to review family social and cultural factors in relation to stunting. Method: This research uses a systematic review using the PRISMA method. There are 5 steps in this method namely determining the literature topic, searching for sources, selecting relevant sources, grouping and analyzing, and summarizing published research articles on family social culture on stunting published between 2018-2022 in the online article databases PubMed, Proquest, Scopus, Google Scholar and Sciencedirect. Data collection techniques by entering keywords in the database, keywords used: family social culture, intervention AND family environment risk of stunting*social demographics OR health education OR family empowerment OR maternal nutritional behavior OR family empowerment AND stunting. Screening consists of title, abstract, year of research, and methods used. Next, sorting the articles according to the predetermined inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria in this study are: (1) Quantitative type of research with primary data; (2) Contains research results on socio-cultural factors that influence stunting in children; (3) the year the research was published in the last five years (2018-2022), (4) the sample used was families (children), (5) the text of the article was in English. A total of 18 of 1,544 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review material. Results: This study shows that from the 18 selected articles it was found that stunting is caused by socio-cultural and family demographics, family nutritional behavior, and the family environment at risk of stunting. In addition, a model of health education and family empowerment based on family socio-culture was obtained. Conclusion: This study found that family social culture is a significant determinant of stunting.Therefore, further research needs to be carried out to complete our understanding of the complexity of the stunting problem.

}, keywords = {Family Behavior, Health Education, Social Culture, Stunting}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.39}, author = {Henniyati Harahap and Aminuddin Syam and Sukri Palutturi and Muhammad Syafar and Anto J. Hadi and Haslinah Ahmad and Hapiz Arlanda Sani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2448, title = {Successful Practice of Massive Transfusion in Traumatic Amputation of Digit I-V Manus Dextra: A Case Report}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1436-1438}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {1436}, abstract = {

Introduction: Massive blood is the main cause of mortality and morbidity in trauma patients, in which 6 out of 10 cases are reported to die. Case presentation: A 29-year-old man appears to have experienced an amputation of digit I-V manus dextra. Vital signs are in stable condition and the patient is also conscious (GCS of 15) with ASA PS 1. The patient underwent debridement and replantation for 18 hours. Post-first surgery, we found blood seepage in the surgical wound, which for 4 hours showed 2000 mL of blood. The patient experiences decreased consciousness (GCS of 9), hypotension (77/40 mmHg), HR of 130 {\texttimes}/min, and cold extremities. The patient received resuscitation with 1000 mL of crystalloid, 500 mL of colloid, 800 mL of WB, and 400 mL of PRC transfusion. Abnormal laboratory examination revealed Hb 4.6 g/dL, albumin 1.4 g/dL, and prolongation of hemostasis function 2 times. The patient underwent reoperation and was found to have ruptured muscles and veins for which musculorraphy and venorraphy were performed for 16 hours. On the 3rd day, the patient experienced breathing difficulties (RR of 30 {\texttimes}/ min and SO2 of 95\%) and the chest x-ray showed lung edema. The patient was placed on a ventilator using NIV and furosemide 20 mg/8 h. The patient regained consciousness on the 7th day. Discussion: The principle of managing massive bleeding is to stop the bleeding, restore blood circulation volume, and maintain peripheral vascularization. Conclusion: Massive transfusion is a management strategy for preventing death due to hemorrhagic shock.

}, keywords = {Bleeding, Blood massive protocol, Hemorrhagic shock, Trauma}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.231}, author = {Kashi Ameta Resijiadi Juwono and Maulydia and Prananda Surya Airlangga} } @article {2309, title = {Synergistic Effect of Imperata cylindrica Root Extract and Erlotinib on A549 Lung Cancer Cell Viability}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {656-659}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {656}, abstract = {

Background: Erlotinib is typically used to treat lung adenocarcinoma and Imperata cylindrica extract has been shown to exert anti-cancer effects in various human cancer cell lines. Therefore, this study evaluated the combined anticancer effects of Imperata cylindrica ethanol root extract and erlotinib on the A549 lung cancer cell line. Method: The A-549 lung cancer cell line was treated with various combinations of 1/2 IC50, 3/8 IC50, 1/4 IC50, and 1/8 IC50 of I.cylindrica root ethanol extract and erlotinib for 48 hours. Cell viability was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, analyzed and interpreted using CompuSyn software and a normalized isobologram curve. Result: Of the sixteen combinations, eleven combinations acted synergistically, four were additive, and one was in the antagonist zone. Conclusion: The combination of I. cylindrica root ethanol extract and erlotinib act synergistically to decrease A549 lung cancer cell viability, therefore they are potential lung cancer therapeutics.

}, keywords = {A549, Cell viability, Erlotinib, Imperata cylindrica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.103}, author = {Raden Anita Indriyanti and Eko Fuji Ariyanto and Hermin Aminah Usman and Ristaniah Rose Effendy and Diah Dhianawaty} } @article {2394, title = {Technological Study on The Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts Via Biosynthesis Methods}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1124-1130}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Introduction: Silver nanoparticles are better than other metal nanoparticles in terms of antimicrobial activity and stability. Recently, the biosynthesis method has been widely used, known for being ecofriendly and having lower toxicity compared to other methods of obtaining metal nanoparticles. This method is characterized by the use of active pharmaceutical ingredients contained in medicinal plants as stabilizers or bio reducers to produce silver nanoparticles. Methods: In this study, we synthesized silver nanoparticles using extracts from the upper parts of Cacalia hastata L., Thymus gobicus Czern., and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., which were collected from various provinces from Mongolia. These medicinal plants are used as bio reducing agents. We determined the most sensitive light absorption of each sample with purified silver nanoparticles using a UV-M51 ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Sizes and distributions were analyzed through Nanophox Particle Size Analysis, while morphological structure was examined using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The formations of nanoparticles were determined with instruments such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Results: The appropriate formation times for nanoparticles were 24 minutes with Cacalia hastata L. extract and 16 minutes with Thymus gobicus Czern. extract. XRD analysis revealed characteristic peaks at 38.15{\textdegree}, 44.3{\textdegree}, and 64.55{\textdegree}, indicating the formation of a crystalline structure and confirming the presence of silver nanoparticles. Conclusion: Furthermore, these nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity against both S. aureus and E. coli.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Bio reducing, Eco-friendly, Mongolian plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.183}, author = {Bilguun Enkhbat and Buyankhishig Dorjsuren and Tserennadmid Erdenebaatar and Myagmarsuren Badamtsetseg and Zolbayar Baasanjav and Enkhtuul Bayarsaikhan and Shinezaya Dashbaljir and Khatanbold Otgonbayar and Buyanjargal Erdenebat and Jambaninj Dambiinyam and Otgonsuren Daramzav} } @article {2233, title = {Test of Antihyperuricemia Activity of Methanol Extract of Plantain Peel (Musa Paradisiaca Var. Sapientum) Against Caffeine- Induced Mice (Mus Musculus)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {226-230}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {226}, abstract = {

Background: Hyperuricemia occurs when serum uric acid levels rise above the normal range, typically exceeding 7.0 mg/dl for adults and 6.0 mg/dl for women. This condition can lead to various health issues, including gout, kidney stones, and renal failure. Objective: This study aims to verify the effectiveness of the methanol extract from plantain peel (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum) in reducing uric acid levels in mice (Mus musculus) and to establish the optimal dosage for maximum efficacy. Materials and Methods: This analytical experimental research utilized a paired sample T-test Pretest-Posttest design. The mice were divided into five groups: a Negative Control of Na.CMC 0.5\%, a Positive Control of allopurinol at 100 mg/kg body weight, and groups receiving plantain peel methanol extract at 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg body weight. Uric acid levels were measured initially, post-caffeine induction on day 7, and post-extract induction on day 14. Results: The study found that plantain peel methanol extract exhibited an anti-hyperuricemic effect in male mice. Among the dosages tested, 400 mg/kg body weight of the plantain peel methanol extract was the most effective in reducing uric acid levels, followed by the 200 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg doses. Conclusion: Plantain peel methanol extract is effective in reducing uric acid levels in male mice, with 400 mg/kg being the most efficacious dosage. This suggests potential for further exploration of plantain peels as a treatment for hyperuricemia.

}, keywords = {Anti-hyperuricemic effect, Hyperuricemia, Methanol extract, Mus musculus, Optimal dosage, Plantain peel, Uric acid levels}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.32}, author = {Ratna Umi Nurlila and Jumarddin La Fua and Toto Surianto S and Titi Purnama and Muh Ikhsan Idrus and Armayani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2401, title = {Testing the Effectiveness of Anti-Aging Cream Preparations with Snakefish Extract (Channa Striata)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1164-1169}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1164}, abstract = {

Background: Skin aging is caused by dry, rough, scaly, less elastic skin with wrinkles and fold lines. Snakehead fish extract has high antioxidant activity so it can be used as an active ingredient in antiaging cosmetics. Objective: The aim of this research was to see the effectiveness of snakehead fish extract cream as an anti-aging agent. Methods: This research method includes formulating snakehead fish extract cream preparations with various concentrations including: 2.5\% (F1), 5\% (F2), 7.5\% (F3), 10\% (F4), evaluating the physical preparations in the form of: organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, stability test, irritation test on volunteer skin, and anti-aging effectiveness test on volunteer skin for 4 weeks with 3 parameter tests, namely water content, pores and wrinkles. Results: The results of the study showed that there were changes that occurred in the volunteers as seen in the measurements of water content, pores and wrinkles on the volunteers{\textquoteright} faces. A good increase in changes was found in the F4 formula (10\%) in the wrinkle parameter test, namely 26.80\%. The number of wrinkles in volunteers from some wrinkles to few wrinkles. The conclusion of this research shows that snakehead fish extract ( Channa striata ) can be formulated in the form of a homogeneous cream dosage with a pH of 5.8 {\textendash} 6.7, and is stable when stored for 12 weeks at room temperature and does not cause skin irritation. Conclusions: There are differences in the results of each concentration of snakehead fish extract cream in influencing anti-aging effectiveness. The best concentration of 10\% snakehead fish extract showed better results compared to other creams in reducing the number of wrinkles on volunteers{\textquoteright} facial skin.

}, keywords = {Anti-Aging Cream, Formula, Snakehead Fish Extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.190}, author = {Cory Linda Futri Harahap and Hakim Soleh Harahap and Susi Yanti and Elmi Sariani and Anto J. Hadi and Nefonavratilova Ritonga and Haslinah Ahmad and Hapiz Arlanda Sani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2364, title = {Training Methods of Basic Life Support in Laypeople to Prevent Death Due to Cardiac Arrest: Scoping Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {953-959}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {953}, abstract = {

Introduction: Most major deaths worldwide are caused by cardiac arrest outside the home. Cardiac arrest is a fatal event and is still a major topic of public health. One effort that can be made to increase community knowledge and skills is to provide Basic Life Support (BLS) training using interesting methods. The purpose of this scoping review is to identify methods of BLS training in laypeople to prevent death from heart attacks. Methods: We conducted a Scoping Review to identify BLS training methods in the community with a search process using appropriate populations, concepts, and contexts. The databases used for article searches are Science Direct, SAGE, PlosOne, Pubmed, NCBI, and Google Scholar. The selection process was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method and conducting a Critical Appraisal using The Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Results: From 2,996, 11 articles were selected in this review. Some of the training methods that can be carried out are in-person training, using mobile applications, CPR videos, and Virtual reality compression. Conclusion: The BLS training methods can be used to increase the knowledge and skills of ordinary people.

}, keywords = {Basic Life Support, Laypeople., Training}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.154}, author = {Alamsyah and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Syamsiar S. Russeng and A. Arsunan Arsin and Ridwan Amiruddin and Muh. Tahir Abdullah and Anwar Mallongi and Tut Handayani} } @article {2408, title = {Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 in Acute Pain: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1196-1201}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1196}, abstract = {

Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a protein that functions as a non-selective channel receptor that is widely expressed in skin tissue, including keratinocytes, peripheral sensory nerve fibers, and immune cells. Several structural features of TRPV1 are involved in heat-induced activation, where stimulation of TRPV1 elicits a burning sensation, reflecting the receptor{\textquoteright}s important role in pain. A TRPV1- mediated signalling pathway that functions as an endogenous pain resolution mechanism by inducing nuclear translocation of β-arrestin2 to minimize desensitization of μ-opioid receptors (MOR). TRPV1 agonists can reduce pain primarily by interfering with pain nerve conduction. Several TRPV1 antagonist drug candidates have failed in clinical trials because by interfering with the detection of the above-mentioned stimuli, they triggered serious side effects such as hyperthermia and painful impaired heat detection. In the case of agonists, systemic administration causes more severe side effects such as respiratory damage. Therefore, only topical preparations with limited effectiveness have been developed. The TRPV1 agonist capsaicin is currently the only one approved for the treatment of muscle, bone, neuropathic pain and migraine, and is only available as a low-concentration cream or as a transdermal patch.

}, keywords = {Agonis TRPV1, Capsaicin, Pain, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.196}, author = {Dian Retno Mumpuni and Herdiani Sulistyo Putri and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Christrijogo Sumartono Waloejo} } @article {2259, title = {An Ulcerative Cutaneous Plasmacytosis of the Scalp}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {378-381}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {378}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cutaneous plasmacytosis (CP) is a rare benign disorder characterized by polyclonal proliferation of plasma cells of unknown etiology, with potential for malignant transformation. Clinical manifestations include reddish-brown macules, papules, plaques, or nodules, and, infrequently, ulcerative lesions resembling cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or similar cutaneous neoplasms. Case: Herein we reported a case of ulcerative CP which was initially suspected as SCC in a 77{\textendash}year{\textendash}old male. Physical examination revealed an ulcer with well{\textendash}defined borders, and flat edges, with a granulation tissue base on the scalp which was suggested as SCC. Histopathological features showed infiltration of mature plasma cells in the perivascular area, polyclonal plasma cell population on kappa and lambda chain immunohistochemistry, and hypergammaglobulinemia on protein electrophoresis that supported the diagnosis of CP. Discussion: Cutaneous plasmacytosis requires a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation, which typically includes clinical examination, histopathological analysis, immunohistochemistry, ancillary tests such as protein electrophoresis, and negative results from a diagnostic workup for systemic disease. Conclusion: The complexity of CP manifestations necessitates a rigorous diagnostic approach, enabling the differentiation of this benign condition from malignancies with similar presentations.

}, keywords = {Cutaneous plasmacytosis, Hypergammaglobulinemia, Plasma cell}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.58}, author = {Eva Krishna Sutedja and Eva Yustiana and Yogi Faldian and Hermin Aminah Usman} } @article {2205, title = {Unlocking the Potential of Stingray (Dasyatis sephen) Extract: A Novel Investigation into EPA and DHA Effects on Lipid Metabolism in High-Fat Diet-Fed Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {28-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Introduction: Dyslipidemia is a complex disturbance in lipid metabolism with notable implications for cardiovascular health. Considering the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) on global mortality, lipid regulation should be eminently prioritized. Stingray (Dasyatis sephen) is one of the natural resources believed to be rich in lipid-regulating compounds: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We aimed to investigate the impact of the stingray extract on the lipid metabolism of Wistar rats subjected to a high-fat diet. Methods: We adopted a true experimental design with three experiment groups: a negative control (standard diet and distilled water), a positive control (high-fat diet and distilled water), and a specified treatment group (high-fat diet and stingray extract). Serum samples were collected after 28 days of treatment and analyzed for HDL and ApoB levels as dyslipidemia markers. Statistical analysis included one-way ANOVA for HDL and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests for ApoB levels, followed by post-hoc analysis. Results: The results revealed worsening HDL and ApoB levels in the positive control group compared to the negative control group following a high-fat diet consumption. In contrast, the experiment group showed improvements in HDL and ApoB levels compared to the positive control group following the administration of the extract. However, only the dynamics in HDL level are significant (p\<0.05), while the difference in ApoB levels among all treatment groups was not statistically significant (p\>0.05). Conclusion: This study highlights the potency of D. sephen extract in regulating lipid metabolism despite the complexity of lipid metabolism regulation and the challenges of the conventional reliance on HDL and ApoB as exclusive markers of cardiovascular health.

}, keywords = {ApoB, Dasyatis sephen, HDL, stingray}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.4}, author = {Sihning EJT and Ni Komang Sri Dewi Untari and Dian Maria Pia} } @article {2208, title = {Unveiling Potential Therapies: Molecular Docking Analysis of CAMKK2 and Its Mutant Variants with CAMKK2 Inhibitors in Indonesian Patients with HIV-Sensory Neuropathy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {46-51}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {46}, abstract = {

HIV sensory neuropathy (HIV-SN) is one among many complications that impair patients{\textquoteright} quality of life. Studies in Asian and African populations found that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of calcium/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CAMKK2) influence the risk of HIV-SN. This study attempts to explain the influence of CAMKK2 mutations on HIV SN by studying bioinformatics interactions between CAMKK2, its mutants, and their inhibitors by molecular docking with AutoDock in order to observe their interactions with CAMKK2 inhibitors. Results showed that CAMKK2{\textquoteright}s binding energy with its native ligand (ATP) is stronger than the mutant variant of CAMKK2MT85 and CAMKK2MT363. Conversely, interaction between CAMKK2 and its inhibitors (KN-93, STO-609, and trifluoperazine) have the lowest mean binding energy compared to CAMKK2MT85 and CAMKK2MT363. This indicates that the mutant variants have weaker interactions with the native ligand and the inhibitors, therefore disrupting the normal function of CAMKK2, its interactions with the inhibitors, while increasing the likelihood of HIV-SN.

}, keywords = {CAMKK2 inhibitors, HIV-SN, Molecular docking, mutation, SNP}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.7}, author = {Ahmad Yanuar Safri and Salim Harris and Putera Dewa Haryono and Ariane Benina Budiwan and Eugenia Isadora and Aisyah Fitriannisa Prawiningrum and Fadilah Fadilah} } @article {2331, title = {Vaccinium corymbosum: Phenolic Compound Content and Effect of Fruit Extract on Blood Glucose in Healthy Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {716-725}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {716}, abstract = {

Introduction: In the context of the increasing prevalence of metabolic diseases such as diabetes, the search for natural compounds with potential impact on glycemic regulation has become a crucial area of research. Among the numerous options available, Vaccinium corymbosum extract, commonly known as "blueberry", has emerged as a promising candidate due to its rich composition of phytochemicals with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic properties. The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic content (TPC) and the activity of Vaccinium corymbosum ("blueberry") fruit extract on glycemia in healthy mice. Methods: The Folin-Ciocalteau method was applied in order to quantify the phenolic compounds and the BE was administered to 25 mice distributed in six groups: control, negative control, experimental-D1- D2-D3, which were administered the BE in doses of 40, 80 and 120 mg/kg b.w. respectively; and insulin group; which were subjected to the glucose tolerance test (GTT) taking blood samples after 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes. Results: The total phenolic content (TPC) amount found in the berries was 3.79{\textpm}0.06 GAE/dry weight (mg/g) and 18.96{\textpm}0.28 GAE/solution (mg/L). Statistically significant differences were observed between the three doses of BE and the negative control during GTT as well as induced a significant reduction in area under the curve (AUC) compared to the negative control. Conclusions: the three doses of the BE decreased glucose levels being the dose of 40 mg/kg b.w. the one that produced a statistically significant decrease with respect to the doses of 80 and 120 mg/kg b.w. during GTT.

}, keywords = {Animal studies, Blueberry, Hypoglycemic Effect, Insulin, Phenols, Type 2 Diabetes.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.121}, author = {Susana Rubio-Guevara and Olga Castillo-Medina and Marleni Villacorta-Zavaleta and Marleni Villacorta-Zavaleta and Dan Altamirano-Sarmiento and Elena Caceres-Andonaire and Matilde Farias and Nayly Chinchay and Claudia Guerrero and Josue Flores and Edgar Vilela and Sidny Nunez and Janina Sernaque and Felipe Pacherres and Gabriela Mena and Maria Trillo and Julio Amayo and Karyn Olascuaga-Castillo} } @article {2431, title = {VDR and WNT/β-catenin Expression in Invasive Breast Carcinoma of No Special Type: Role and Prognostic Value}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1349-1354}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1349}, abstract = {

Background: Breast cancer prognosis is closely related to tumor size (T stage). The Vitamin D receptor (VDR), found in about 80\% of breast cancer cases, inhibits tumor growth, promotes differentiation, and enhances apoptosis. The growth of tumor cells is linked to β-Catenin, an essential element of the Wnt signaling pathway. Both β-catenin and VDR affect breast cancer aggressiveness. This study explored their correlation with the T stage of invasive breast carcinoma of no special type. Methods: This research employed a cross-sectional design, applied on paraffin-embedded specimens from patients with invasive breast cancer of no special type (NST) who underwent modified radical mastectomy (MRM) at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital from January 2019 to June 2023. The samples were categorized into four groups based on the T stage. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using VDR and β-catenin antibodies. This study used analytic statistical methods to examine differences and correlations among VDR and β-catenin. Results: VDR expression and T stages were significantly different and negatively correlated. Expression of β-Catenin revealed significant differences and had positive correlations with T stages. VDR and β-catenin expressed no significant negative correlation with T stages. Conclusion: The study found significant differences and correlations between VDR and β-catenin expression with T stages in invasive breast carcinoma of NST. Both β-catenin and VDR play crucial roles in breast cancer cell proliferation.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, Invasive breast carcinoma of no special type, Vitamin D Receptor, β-catenin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.217}, author = {Dewi Sartika Ari Wanda and Willy Sandhika and Ridholia} } @article {2438, title = {Visual Mapping and Future Direction of Marine Products Supplementary and Chemotherapy in The Treatment of Breast Cancer. A Bibliometric}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1379-1388}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1379}, abstract = {

Marine products have gained attention for their potential benefits in the treatment of breast cancer, offering an alternative or supplementary approach to traditional therapies. While they are not intended to replace established medical treatments like chemotherapy or surgery, marine natural products have shown promise in providing symptom relief, enhancing the quality of life, and potentially improving treatment success for breast cancer patients. Studies have explored the use of marine products in conjunction with chemotherapy for their palliative care benefits and as adjuvants to conventional therapies. Marinederived compounds have been investigated for their anticancer properties, including apoptosis induction, anti-proliferative effects, and modulation of signaling pathways involved in breast cancer progression. These natural products offer a complementary avenue for managing breast cancer, potentially enhancing treatment outcomes, and addressing therapeutic challenges. The utilization of marine products in breast cancer therapy dates back to ancient times when various cultures recognized the therapeutic benefits of plants, herbs, and marine resources. The purpose of this study is to visually map and guide future research on supplementary marine products and chemotherapy in breast cancer based on bibliometric analysis

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Bibliometric, Breast cancer, Chemotherapy, Marine products, Visual mapping}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.222}, author = {Herin Setianingsih and Nasywa Zahra Sajida Tsuroyya and Prawesty Diah Utami and Riami and Nanang Wiyono} } @article {2278, title = {Vitamin D and Wound Recovery: Illuminating the Path to Enhanced Healing in Diabetic Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {485-491}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {485}, abstract = {

Wound healing is a highly coordinated biological event as a response to injured skin. It commonly takes 14 days for a wound to be completely healed. However, the duration of wound healing may vary between individuals due to certain factors. One major factor that delays the wound-healing process is Diabetes Mellitus. Delayed wound healing with poor prognosis commonly occurs in diabetic patients. Chronic hyperglycemia may affect macrophage polarisation, which is essential in the wound healing mechanism. The macrophage polarisation enables the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to switch to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Thus, pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype prevails persistently in diabetic wounds, while the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype remains deficient. It results in significantly elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines triggered by the M1 phenotype. Prolonged wound healing times increase the risk of infection, which can lead to more severe complications. Vitamin D is widely recognized for its essential role in regulating calcium levels and supporting bone health, as well as its positive effects on the immune system. This vitamin has the potential to skew macrophages towards the M2 phenotype and promote a regenerative and anti-inflammatory environment.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Macrophage Polarisation, Vitamin D, Wound Healing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.77}, author = {Aditya Chrisdianto and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Belindo Wirabuana and Regina Purnama Dewi Iskandar} } @article {2245, title = {Wound Healing Activity of an Essential Oil-Based Cream of Origanum vulgare L. on Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {292-295}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {292}, abstract = {

Background and Aim: The objective was to evaluate the effect of a cream based on the essential oil of Origanum vulgare on skin lesions induced in Mus musculus Balb/c. Materials and Methods: The experimental animals were divided into four groups of 6 specimens each, in which skin lesions of approximately 1 cm in diameter were induced. Group I (Control) received no treatment, Group II (0.1\% Origanum vulgare cream), Group III (0.5\% Origanum vulgare cream), and Group IV (1\% Origanum vulgare cream) received treatment for eight days. Skin lesions were measured on days 4 and 7. At the end of treatment, they were euthanized using sodium pentobarbital 60 m/kg v.ip. Skin samples were obtained and preserved in 10\% formalin for histopathological analysis. Results: When measuring the size of the skin lesions induced in the study groups, it was observed that in the control group, the decrease in the length of the lesions occurred on the fifth day; in group II, III, and IV, the lesions length decrease occurs on the second day. At the end of the experience, the measurements of the lesions were much smaller for the III and IV groups (0.33 and 0.41, respectively) compared to the control group (0.40 cm). On day seven, statistically significant difference was found on skin lesion measure between Group IV and the Control, with a significance level of p\<0.05. Conclusion: It is concluded that the 1\% Origanum vulgare essential oil-based cream has a healing effect on dermal lesions induced in Mus musculus Balb/c.

}, keywords = {Cream, Essential oil, Origanum vulgare, Skin, Wound Healing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.43}, author = {Laurente-Pachamango Katherine G and Cruzado-Razco Jos{\'e} L and Silva-Correa Carmen R and Villarreal-La Torre V{\'\i}ctor E and Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz William Antonio and Gamarra-S{\'a}nchez C{\'e}sar D and Ricardo M Gomez-Arce and Deivy Y Dionicio-Rosado and Julio A. Casta{\~n}eda-Carranza and Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a Abhel A and Aspajo-Villalaz Cinthya L and Ch{\'a}vez- Flores Juana E} } @article {2131, title = {Accessibility of Mother and Child Health Services to Stunting Incidence in Leti Island, Southwest Maluku District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {856-860}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {856}, abstract = {

One of the nutritional problems that can worsen the quality of life of children in achieving growth and development is stunting. Stunting receives greater attention than other nutritional statuses because in addition to a higher prevalence it can also indicate something more serious than just short body size. This type of research is a quantitative study that uses analytic observational with a case control study design to see the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable. The sampling technique in this study was simple random sampling with a total sample of 164 people, 82 people in the case group and 82 people in the control group. The results of this study indicate that there is an effect between exclusive breastfeeding and health services on the incidence of stunting, while for the basic immunization variable there is no effect on the incidence of stunting. Meanwhile, based on the multivariate test, it was found that the variable that had the most influence on the incidence of stunting was health services. As for suggestions for this research, it is hoped that the Health Service will further improve health services to monitor the growth of toddlers and for mothers of toddlers to visit health services regularly.

}, keywords = {Growth., Health Services, Mother, Stunting, Toddlers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.164}, author = {Apia Unmehopa and Sukri Palutturi and Indar and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Yahya Thamrin and Stang and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2141, title = {Activity of Moringa Oleifera Lam on Liver Function and Histology in White Male Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {913-920}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {913}, abstract = {

Introduction: Moringa oleifera Lam has many pharmacological activities, such as immunostimulants. Aim: This study aims to determine the safety profile of repeated use and routine use of Moringa oleifera Lam on liver function and histology. Material and Method: This study used 36 male white rats as test animals. Moringa leaves were administered orally as standardised ethanol extract at doses of 7, 21, and 140 mg/kg BW for 21 days. The liver function observed was the activity of the ALT enzyme. On days 8, 15, and 22, three animals from each group had their blood collected through the orbital sinuses of the eyes and sacrificed to excise the livers. The parameters observed were ALT enzyme activity, liver ratio value, and histological damage of liver tissue. The two-way ANOVA was used to analyse the data of ALT enzyme activity and organ ratio values, followed by DMRT. In contrast, descriptive analysis was used to describe liver histological damage. Result: Test animals had no toxic symptoms or sudden death during the study. The results showed that ALT enzyme activity was significantly affected by the dose and duration of administration of the ethanol extract of Moringa leaves (p\<0.05). However, on the organ ratio values, there were no significant effects of dose (p\>0.05), but significantly affected by duration of administration (p\<0.05). The liver histological descriptive analysis showed histological differences between the control and treatment groups. The 7 mg/kg BW and 21 mg/kg BW showed liver tissue with average to minimal damage. However, the dose groups at 140 mg/kg BW for 14 and 21 days showed changes in liver histology, although only minimal to mild impairment. Conclusion: It concluded that the administration of extract of Moringa oleifera Lam did not cause severe damage to the liver of white male rats.

}, keywords = {Alanine aminotransferase, Histology., Moringa oleifera L., Subacute toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.174}, author = {Yufri Aldi and Aisyah Aisyah and Rahmad Abdillah and Aditya Alqamal Alianta} } @article {2114, title = {Activity of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) Extracts in Capsule Dosage Form to IgM and IgG Levels in Humans}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {756-760}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {756}, abstract = {

Objective: Traditionally, Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpiodes Lam.) has been used to enhance the immune system. Previous studies confirmed that Hydrocotyle sibthorpiodes Lam. enhanced antibody titers and was practically non-toxic by animal tests. This study aimed to determine the effect of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract on IgM and IgG levels in humans. Methods: The participants involved 20 healthy volunteers aged 20-25 years were divided into two groups with a placebo as a comparison. The capsules containing Hydrocotyle sibthorpiodes Lam extract were in the treatment group at a dose of 67 mg and the placebo group was given capsules containing lactose orally for three days. IgM and IgG levels were measured before and after consuming the capsules. The ELISA method tested IgM and IgG levels and detected them using specific antibodies that form complexes with enzymes and substrates. Results: The results showed the average baseline IgM level of 1.480 mg/mL and after consumption of 1.405 mg/mL for placebo. For Hydrocotyle sibthorpiodes Lam. extract capsules, the baseline was 1.492 mg/mL and 1.854 mg/mL after consumption. For IgG, before given 8.941 mg/mL and after given 8.710 mg/mL for placebo, while before given Hydrocotyle sibthorpiodes Lam. extract capsules 8.946 mg/mL and after given Hydrocotyle sibthorpiodes Lam. extract capsules was 10.234 mg/mL. Statistical results showed a significant increase in IgM and IgG levels after consuming Hydrocotyle sibthorpiodes Lam. extract capsules for three days (p\<0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that 67 mg of Hydrocotyle sibthorpiodes Lam. extract capsules can increase IgM and IgG levels in humans.

}, keywords = {ELISA, Extract, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam, IgG, IgM, Volunteers.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.148}, author = {Afriwardi Afriwardi and Adinny Julmiza and Salman Umar and Yufri Aldi} } @article {1988, title = {Acute and Sub-acute Oral Toxicity Profile of Root Bark Methanol Extract of Carissa Edulis Vahl}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {253-258}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {253}, abstract = {

Background: Carissa edulis is widely used in traditional medicine to manage numerous ailments. However, few studies have assessed its toxicity. Therefore, this study aimed to determine acute and sub-toxicity levels of C. edulis methanol extract. Methods: In the acute toxicity probe, a limit test was conducted whereby the extract was given as a solo dose by gavage. The rats were observed for two weeks. The observations included mortality and changes in the general appearance and behavior of the experimental animals. The body weights of the rats were taken weekly. For the sub-acute toxicity probe, the rats received the extract daily at dosages 300, 520, and 900 mg/kg by gavage for 28 days. Body weights were also taken weekly. On day twenty-nine, the weights of the rats were taken, the rats were sacrificed, and blood was collected for biochemical and hematological analysis. Body organs were harvested, and their weights were taken. Results: The results of the acute toxicity probe showed that the extract didn{\textquoteright}t cause mortality or toxicity signs throughout the study duration. The LD50 of the extract was therefore deemed to be above 2,000 mg/kg. The sub-acute toxicity probe results demonstrated that the extract, at all the tested dosages, didn{\textquoteright}t cause mortality or affect the rats{\textquoteright} organ weights, body weights, or hematological and biochemical parameters throughout the study duration. Conclusions: In conclusion, the methanol extract of C. edulis is not toxic since it didn{\textquoteright}t cause mortality or toxicity signs in both acute and sub-acute toxicity probes.

}, keywords = {Biochemical parameters, Body weights, hematological parameters, Organ weights.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.36}, author = {Jane Wanja Mbiri and Kenneth Ogila and Patrick Kisangau and Michael Gicheru} } @article {2075, title = {Aedes Sp. Mosquito Resistance and the Effectiveness of Biolarvicides on Dengue Vector Mortality}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {541-546}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {541}, abstract = {

Until now, dengue fever is still a public health problem in Indonesia. To control mosquito vectors, various strategic approaches have been promoted such as chemical control, biological control, resource reduction and public education. The four main classes that are widely used for mosquito control are organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids and carbamates. A literature study was conducted to determine the extent of Aedes aegypti resistance to several insecticides in several countries including Indonesia. This study also reviewed the effectiveness of biolarvicides on the mortality of Aedes sp. All research that has been done in the last 10 years is included in this topic. In Brazil, Sri Lanka, China and Peru, there have been reports of resistance to Aedes sp. against delthamethrin, pyrethroid and temephos insecticides. Meanwhile in Indonesia (Semarang, Surabaya, Banten, DKI Jakarta, North Sumatra, Jambi, Bandung, Bogor, Makassar and Palu), Aedes sp. resistance occurs to insecticides of the pyrethroid, temephos, malathion, cypermethrin, and permethrin groups. Continuous monitoring of mosquito vector resistance status is very important in the effectiveness of dengue fever control. In addition, research on plants that can be used as biolarvicides is very useful for alternative control and improving public health. This review also provides better insight into the effectiveness of laboratory-tested plants as larvicides and plans for further research to be applicable to the community.

}, keywords = {Aedes sp mosquito, Biolarvicides., Dengue fever, Insecticide resistance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.116}, author = {Bambang Dwicahya and A. Arsunan Arsin and Hasanuddin Ishak and Firdaus Hamid and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1967, title = {Alkaloids from Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb Leaf as Promising Candidates for Antidyslipidemic Agents: An in silico study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {106-111}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {106}, abstract = {

Introduction: The plant Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb (pandan), has been shown to have antidyslipidemic potency. This study explored the potential of several alkaloids from pandan leaf as antidyslipidemia as well as their safety profile in silico. Methods: Analyses were carried out by studying the binding affinity of the alkaloids to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, peroxisome proliferator activator receptor (PPAR) alpha and Niemann Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1). The structures of the alkaloids were downloaded from the Pubchem database and optimized using the ChemDraw Professional 16.0 to obtain 3D structures in protein data bank (PDB) format. The in silico testing was based on the interactions of the alkaloids with the HMG-CoA reductase (PDB ID 1HW9), PPAR alpha (PDB ID 6LX4) and NPC1L1 (PDB ID 7DFZ) proteins, downloaded from the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RSCB) PDB website (http://www.rcsb.org/pdb). The preparation of protein structures was performed using the Discovery studio 2021 client and Gromacs applications, while optimization of the 3D structure of the alkaloids was carried out with the ChemDraw professional 16.0. Finally, validation was completed using AutoDock application. The safety profile was assessed by pkCSM online tool. Results: The respective root mean square deviation (RMSD) values of the 1HW9, 6LX4 and 7DFZ proteins were 1.677, 0.918 and 1.706, respectively. The alkaloids pandanusine B, pandamarilactonine A, pandamarilactonine B had respective values of binding energy for HMG-CoA of -5.52, -5.51 and -5.46 kcal/mol. The binding energy of pandamarilactonine B, pandamarilactonine A and pandanamine for PPAR alpha were -9.14, -9.10 and -8.48 kcal/mol, respectively, with the corresponding energy for t NPC1L1 of -9.63, -9.71 and -8.54 kcal/mol. The toxicity tests indicated that the alkaloids were safe, pandamarilactonines had the highest LD50 (2.736 mol/ kg). Conclusion: The studied pandan alkaloids have potential antidyslipidemic activity by interacting with HMG-CoA reductase, PPAR alpha, and NPC1L1, with good safety profile.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Dyslipidemia, In Silico., Pandan, Pandanus amaryllifolius}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.14}, author = {Martohap Parotua Lumbanraja and Kusnandar Anggadiredja and Hubbi Nashrullah Muhammad and Neng Fisheri Kurniati} } @article {2166, title = {Alteration of IL-6, BMP-15 and GDF-9 Levels on PCOS Rat Models After Treated with Syzygium Polyanthum (Wight) Walp Leaves Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1084-1090}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1084}, abstract = {

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a global health concern for women in reproductive age women. Numerous studies have been reported an association between chronic inflammation and alteration of cytokine in women with PCOS. Syzygium polyanthum (S. polyanthum) contains antioxidants and has antiinflammation activity. Objectives: This study aims to measure the alteration of IL-6, BMP-15, and GDF-9 in rat PCOS model after treated with S. polyanthum leaves extract. Materials and Methods: The female Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 5), K0 (normal control), K1 (PCOS group), and three treatment groups which received three different doses of S. polyanthum leaves extract. The treatment group consisted of PCOS rat models with S. polyanthum leaves extract supplementation of 150 mg/KgBW (P1), 300 mg/KgBW (P2), and 450 mg/KgBW (P3). Results: IL-6 expression was highest in K1 (4,690 {\textpm} 0.099) and lowest in the P3 treatment, namely (2,370 {\textpm} 0.105). The expression of BMP-15 and GDF-9 was lowest at K1 (2.554 {\textpm} 0.04; 4.502 {\textpm} 0.050) and highest at P3, namely (2.265 {\textpm} 0.072; 4.736{\textpm}0.074). Conclusion: S. polyanthum leaves extract was significantly effective in decreasing IL-6 expressions, as well as a significant increase in BMP-15 and GDF-9 expressions in the PCOS rat model.

}, keywords = {BMP-15, GDF-9, IL-6, Syzygium polyanthum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.198}, author = {Renny Aditya and Budi Santoso and Widjiati} } @article {2020, title = {Analysis Factors Affecting the Utilization of Antiretroviral Treatment Services in HIV Patients in Ambon City Puskesmas}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {424-428}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {424}, abstract = {

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a collection of symptoms that arise due to decreased immunity caused by HIV infection. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a type of virus that infects white blood cells which causes a decrease in human immunity. Efforts are being made at this time for people with HIV namely Antiretroviral treatment (ARV). This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the utilization of ARV treatment services in HIV patients at the Ambon City Health Center. This type of research is a quantitative analytic study with a cross sectional design. Respondents in this study were obtained using the Isaac and Michael method of 156 HIV patients from the Waihaong Health Center and Karpan Health Center in Ambon City using a questionnaire. Data processing was carried out using SPSS and for data analysis using statistical tests using descriptive statistical tests, comparative analysis tests and multivariate analysis tests. The results showed that there was no effect of knowledge on the use of ARV treatment in HIV patients at the Ambon City Health Center. Furthermore, there is an influence on the patient{\textquoteright}s actions, access distance, and peer and community support on the use of ARV treatment in HIV patients at the Ambon City Health Center. The action variable and access distance are the variables that have the strongest influence compared to the other variables.

}, keywords = {AIDS, ARV, HIV, Puskesmas, Utilization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.66}, author = {Faradila Kilkoda and Balqis and Indar and Darmawansyah and Atjo Wahyu and Anwar Daud and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1977, title = {Analysis of Covid-19 Neutralizing Antibody Levels Post Vaccination using Ichroma{\texttrademark} and iFlash Covid-19 Nab}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {171-174}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {171}, abstract = {

Background: One of the efforts to control SARS-CoV-2 infection in health workers is vaccination. In this study, the levels of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody (nAb) in health workers were measured with Ichroma and iFlash. Methods: This study applied an observational analytic design with a prospective cohort and was conducted at Dr. Soetomo Regional Public Hospital, Surabaya, from January to November 2021. The population of this study included a total of 75 health workers after taking the second dose of the SARS-CoV-2 (Sinovac) vaccine. The Covid-19 NAb levels of the population were tested with Ichroma and iFlash on day 0 before vaccination, as well as days 14 and 28, and months 3 and 6 after vaccination. Results: The Friedman test indicated a significant difference in NAb levels according to the iFlash test on day 14, day 28, month 3, and month 6 compared to those before vaccination (p \< 0.05). The Wilcoxon test revealed a significant difference in NAb levels on day 14, day 28, month 3, and month 6. The results of the Cochran test showed a significant difference in the positivity of NAb according to the Ichroma test on day 14, day 28, month 3, and month 6 compared to those before vaccination (p \< 0.05). McNemar{\textquoteright}s test demonstrated that the COI at month 3 was not significantly different from that before vaccination; The COI at month 6 was not significantly different from those at days 14 and 28. The results of the Pearson correlation test and Bland{\textendash}Altman plot indicated a moderate correlation between Ichroma and iFlash (r = 0.592, p = 0.002). Conclusion: Neutralizing antibodies for Covid-19 were formed after day 14 and started to increase on day 28 and started to decrease in months 3 and 6. The levels of NAb for Covid-19 were measured with Ichroma and iFlash in roughly the same pattern and had a moderate positive correlation.

}, keywords = {Ichroma, iFlash., Neutralizing Antibody}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.25}, author = {Hartono Kahar and Sari Prabandari Prasetyaningrum and Munawaroh Fitriah and Aryati and Jusak Nugraha} } @article {2004, title = {Analysis of Deferred Blood Donor Candidates at Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {333-337}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {333}, abstract = {

Background: The selection of blood donor candidates contributes to the safety of donors and donor recipients. An understanding of the characteristics, demographic characteristics, and types of potential blood donors are essential to obtain an accurate picture of the donor donors, thereby guiding recruitment strategies and providing benchmarks to assess the success of blood donation. Objective: This scientific work aims to analyze the deferred blood donor candidates annually based on the required blood donor characteristics at the Blood Transfusion Unit (BTU) of Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, from 2017 to 2019. Method: This observational analytic study applied a retrospective design and was conducted at Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta. The data were collected from the donor registration information system and database in the blood request system for the 2017-2019 period. The statistical analysis was conducted using the Chi-Square test in the SPSS version 22. Results: The deferred blood donor candidates in 2017-2019 amounted to 618 (0.82\%) out of 75,067 total blood donors, most of whom were female, reaching an annual percentage of 50.7\% in 2017, 50.9\% in 2018, and 59.1\% in 2019. The age range of both male and female deferred blood donor candidates was 17-30 years. The Hb levels of \< 12.5 g/dL were mostly found in female blood donors, reaching a peak of 82.4\% in 2017, 83.9\% in 2018, and 85.4.6\% in 2019. Voluntary blood donors accounted for 94.7\% (in 2017), 98.6\% (in 2018), and 100\% (in 2019) of the female deferred blood donor candidates. All analytical tests resulted in a p-value of \< 0.0001. Most of the deferred blood donor candidates had blood type O with a p = 0.026. The most common cause of deferral was high or low Hb levels in female blood donors with an age range of 17-30 years. Conclusions: The deferred blood donor candidates in 2017-2019 amounted to 618 (0.82\%) out of 75,067 total blood donors, most of whom were female with the most common deferral reason of Hb levels \< 12.5 g/dL in the age range of 17-30 years.

}, keywords = {Donors rejected, Hemoglobin., Transfusion}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.50}, author = {Teguh Triyono and Tsaniatul Afifah and Usi Sukorini} } @article {2076, title = {Analysis of Determinants of Midwife Performance in Antenatal Care Services in Allang Care Health Centers Central Maluku District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {547-552}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {547}, abstract = {

Antenatal care (ANC) is an important part of health care for pregnant women. Several studies conducted in high-income countries have shown that antenatal care can improve the care experience and health outcomes for pregnant women and newborns. This study aims to analyze the performance determinants of midwives in antenatal care services at the Allang Nursing Health Center, Central Maluku Regency. This type of research is a quantitative study with a cross sectional study approach. Respondents in this study were obtained by taking the entire population of 23 people using a questionnaire. Data processing was carried out using SPSS and for data analysis using statistical tests using univariate analysis tests, bivariate analysis tests and multivariate analysis tests. The results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between age, employee status and years of service to the performance of midwives in ANC services at the Allang Health Center, Central Maluku Regency and there is no relationship between knowledge and attitudes towards the performance of midwives in ANC services at Allang Health Center, Central Maluku Regency. Suggestions from this study are for the Office of Health and Midwives in Central Maluku District Provide policies in managing human resources for midwives with non-permanent employee status, with incentive arrangements that can improve performance in ANC services and carry out Antenatal care services with full sense of responsibility and seriously bearing in mind that the services provided are related to the scope of the Maternal and Child Health program to be achieved.

}, keywords = {Antenatal Care, Child health., Health Center, Pregnant women}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.117}, author = {Josina Hattu and Darmawansyah and Amran Razak and Sukri Palutturi and Anwar Mallongi and Syamsiar S Russeng} } @article {2129, title = {Analysis of Factors Affecting Exclusive Breast Milk in The Work Area of Waru Puskesmas East Seram Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {846-850}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {846}, abstract = {

At present exclusive breastfeeding is decreasing, the causes of the decline in exclusive breastfeeding are factors of lack of knowledge, social culture, awareness of the importance of breastfeeding, health services, health workers who have not fully supported, and the incessant promotion of exclusive breastfeeding. The low percentage of breastfeeding is probably due to the many factors that cause breastfeeding failure, both internal factors (mother{\textquoteright}s knowledge, mother{\textquoteright}s education, mother{\textquoteright}s occupation, and mother{\textquoteright}s disease) and external factors (promotional infant formula, birth attendants) which cause failure in breastfeeding for 6 months. This study aims to determine the factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding to infants in the work area of the Waru Health Center, East Seram District. This type of research is quantitative research with an analytic observational design with a cross-sectional study to see the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable and observations at the same time. The sampling technique in this study was simple random sampling with a total sample of 81 mothers. The results of this study indicate that there is an influence between employment status and the support of health workers with exclusive breastfeeding, while for the variables of maternal pregnancy distance and knowledge, there is no effect with exclusive breastfeeding. Suggestions for health workers are to improve communication, information, and education. The advice for breastfeeding mothers is to further increase knowledge related to lactation and family support is needed.

}, keywords = {Exclusive breastfeeding, Infants, Puskesmas.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.162}, author = {Sukmawati Rumakur and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Darmawansyah and Balqis and Furqaan Naiem and Suriah and Anwar Mallongi and Muh. Yusri Abadi} } @article {2125, title = {Analysis of Factors Affecting the Behavior of Exclusive Breastfeeding in the Work Area of Werwaru Puskesmas Moa Lakor District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {829-832}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {829}, abstract = {

Exclusive breastfeeding is not only the best food for babies, but is important for the health of breastfeeding mothers and provides optimal growth for babies. Exclusive breastfeeding for babies aged 0 to 6 months and continued until the child is 2 years old can encourage healthy growth and development. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding behavior in the working area of the Werwaru Health Center, Moa Lakor District. This type of research is a quantitative analytic study with a cross sectional design. Respondents in this study were obtained using the proportional sampling method as many as 73 toddlers aged 6-24 months from the Werwaru Health Center, Moa Lakor District, which consisted of 6 villages (Werwaru, Klis, Pakty, Upyour, Syota, and Comfort) using a questionnaire and measuring instruments. anthropometry. Data processing was carried out using SPSS and for data analysis using statistical tests using univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis tests. The results showed that internal factors that had an effect partially were knowledge while simultaneously namely perceptions of exclusive breastfeeding behavior in the Working Area of the Werwaru Health Center, Moa Lakor District. Meanwhile, external factors that have a partial effect are work and those that have a simultaneous effect are the support of the closest people to the behavior of exclusive breastfeeding in the Working Area of the Werwaru Health Center, Moa Lakor District. Suggestions for the government of Southwest Maluku Regency through the Werwaru Health Center, Moa Lakor District, to be able to improve the exclusive breastfeeding program by disseminating information on the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding in the morning for pregnant and lactating women so that mothers{\textquoteright} knowledge increases.

}, keywords = {Exclusive breastfeeding, Health centers., Toddlers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.158}, author = {Magdalena Akse and Indar and Amran Razak and Balqis and Wahiduddin and Syamsuar Manyullei and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2126, title = {Analysis of Knowledge and Skills of Cadres in Early Detection of Stunting Toddler Development in Soppeng Regency, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {833-838}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {833}, abstract = {

Background: About 16\% of Indonesian toddlers experience neuro developmental and brain disorders ranging from mild to severe, every two days 1,000 babies experience motor development disorders. The prevalence of stunting in South Sulawesi is in the 20th lowest ranking, namely 27.4\% based on the provincial level in 2021. Objective: Recognizing the increased knowledge and skill of cadre and mothers and toddlers in early development detection of stunted infants using a Developmental Pre-Screening Questionnaire (DPQ) in the working area of the Panincong Health Center, Soppeng Regency. Method: This study used a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group involving 30 cadres and 30 mothers with 15 children in each group selected by systematic random sampling. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and Independent t-tests. Results: The results showed that there were differences in knowledge (p=0.000) in the intervention group and differences in knowledge levels in the control group (p=0.044). The level of knowledge after treatment was greater in the intervention group (11.8\%), while the knowledge after treatment in the control group was only (2.9\%). There was a difference in the skills of the cadres (p=0.000) after being given the Android-based DPQ intervention. There was a difference in the knowledge (p=0.000) and skills of toddler mothers (p=0.000) after being given the Android-based DPQ intervention applied by the cadres. Conclusion: Android-based DPQ is effective as an educational medium and as an alternative to cadres and parents in monitoring or early detection of child development using Android-based DPQ.

}, keywords = {Cadre, Development Disorders, Questionnaire., Stunting, Survey}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.159}, author = {Hasriani and Andi Ummu Salmah and Masni and Apik Indarty Moedjiono and Healthy Hidayanty and Wahiduddin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1990, title = {An Analysis of Local Knowledge of Phit-Samdaeng in Yang Sisurat District, Maha Sarakham Province and The Medicinal Plants Used to Relieve Its Symptoms}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {259-265}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {259}, abstract = {

Introduction: {\textquotedblleft}Phit-Samdaeng{\textquotedblright} is a Thai term often used to refer to an illness of eating unsuitable foods. However, its use in a diagnosis is limited due to the unclear definition and description. This study aimed to compare knowledge of Phit-Samdaeng symptoms and treatments in Northeastern folk medicine, Thai Traditional Medicine, and medicinal plants in the Yang Sisurat District of Thailand. Methods: Semistructured interviews and participatory observations were used to collect data from 12 folk healers. Questions were designed to obtain local knowledge of Phit-Samdaeng and medicinal plants. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, comparison and interpretation. Results: Some symptoms of Phit-Samdaeng in the nine scriptures of Thai Traditional Medicine, Tumraya Silajaruek Watprachethupon, and of Kin-Phit and Phit-Kaboon, in Tamraya Boran Isan, were similar in Yang Sisurat. However, the names were different. There were also differences in species and the recipes of herbal remedies among folk healers and in the textbooks. The most used plants to treat Phit-Samdaeng by folk healers were Clerodendrum paniculatum L. and Clausena wallichii Oliv. var. guillauminii (Tanaka) Molino. Only nine species had pharmacological effects relating to Phit-Samdaeng treatment. Conclusions: The knowledge of Phit-Samdaeng symptoms in Yang Sisurat District were consistent with the Northeast folk medicine and Thai Traditional Medicine. The most commonly used species were native plants of Thailand. However, information on the medicinal taste and property from scriptures and pharmacological evidence is lacking. Therefore, the pharmacological activity and toxicity of herbal remedies should be further investigated for efficacy and safety.

}, keywords = {Alternative medicine, Folk knowledge, Herbal medicine, Phit-Samdaeng.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.37}, author = {Hatthapan Wipanso and Bhanubong Bongcheewin and Suppachai Tiyaworanant and Suksalin Booranasubkajorn and Natchagorn Lumlerdkij and Pravit Akarasereenont} } @article {2072, title = {Analysis of Lung TB Treatment Strategy in Pangkep District Year 2022}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {524-527}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {524}, abstract = {

Tuberculosis (TB) is still a world concern with morbidity rates that have not been fully recorded but mortality data continues to increase, so strengthening coordination strategies with various related networks is very important in the target of achieving TB eradication nationally and globally in 2035. This research is a qualitative research carried out to identify phenomena and problems related to pulmonary TB management strategies in Pangkep Regency in October 2022. Data were collected through Focus Group Discussions (FGD), which were then analyzed qualitatively through 3 stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, and data verification as well as drawing conclusions. The results of the study show several important points in the strategy for handling pulmonary TB in Pangkep Regency, namely the applicable policies still follow the policies from the center, access for island areas must have a special strategy, the TB control strategy used is TOSS and there is collaboration between cross-sectors, electronic recording is carried out through SITB and manuals, as well as monitoring and evaluation activities carried out by looking through the system, conducting routine monitoring and evaluation, as well as field visits.

}, keywords = {Policy, Pulmonary Tuberculosis., Treatment strategy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.113}, author = {Muhammad Syafar and Ridwan Mochtar Thaha and St. Rosmanely and Rizky Chaeraty Syam and A. Tenri Nurafni Aprilyani} } @article {2140, title = {The Analysis of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Tissue Inhibitor Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Levels in the Amniochorion Membrane Patients on Premature Rupture of Membranes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {910-912}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {910}, abstract = {

Introduction: MMP-9 is essential for extracellular matrix remodeling, which affects the incidence of premature rupture of membranes. In addition, decreased and increased levels of TIMP-1, a preferential MMP-9 inhibitor, have been reported to be associated with premature rupture of membranes because it showed an imbalance in the MMP-9 or TIMP-1 levels. This study aims to analyze MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels in amniochorion membrane patients on premature rupture of membranes. Methods: An analytic observational study was conducted on 70 subjects. The MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels in the amniochorion membrane were determined by ELISA. Results: The results of this study indicate that the amniochorion membrane in the incidence of premature rupture of membranes is characterized by increased levels of MMP-9, while TIMP-1 levels do not differ between the incidence of premature rupture of membranes. Conclusion: Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded that there are differences in protein levels of MMP-9 but there are no differences in protein levels of TIMP-1 in premature rupture of membranes

}, keywords = {MMP-9, Premature rupture of membranes., TIMP-1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.173}, author = {Meidrin Joni and Eryati Darwin and Herlambang Herlambang and Aisyah Elliyanti} } @article {2032, title = {Analysis of Performance Determinants of Health Laboratory Officers in Health Laboratory Centers and Medical Device Calibration in Maluku Province}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {285-289}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {285}, abstract = {

The Center for Health Laboratories and Medical Devices Calibration has the task of planning, coordinating implementation and evaluation of clinical laboratory examinations/public health laboratories, referrals, education, technical training, research and development. Performance is the result achieved by someone according to the standards that apply to a particular job. There are several factors that influence the performance of officers, both individually and in organizations, namely the dimensions of performance, namely ability, motivation and opportunities. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the performance of the staff at the Maluku Provincial Health Laboratory and Medical Device Calibration Center based on factors related to work, related to opportunities, related to infrastructure and related to officers. This type of research is a quantitative research with a survey method to obtain data from the field based on the existing population with a total sample of 56 people. Data processing is done using SPSS. The results showed that the opportunity factor and staff factor had a significant influence on the performance of the staff at the Maluku Province Health Laboratory and Medical Equipment Calibration Center, while the factors that did not give an effect were infrastructure and work factors. Suggestions for related agencies, namely the Health Service must provide motivation, work autonomy, workload according to ability, carry out work effectively and efficiently, communicate regarding access and availability of medical devices and must be able to strengthen the activeness of officers in carrying out tasks with supervision that does not interfere with autonomy health worker job.

}, keywords = {Equipment, Laboratory Hall, Laboratory Officer, Medical devices., Performance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.76}, author = {Herlyn De Fretes and Darmawansyah and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Amran Razak and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Ummu Salmah and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2132, title = {Analysis of Policy Implementation of Minimum Service Standards for Hypertension in Marusu Health Center Maros District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {861-867}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {861}, abstract = {

The Minimum Service Standards (SPM) in the health sector are a reference for Regency/City. Regional Governments in the provision of Health Services that every citizen is entitled to receive at a minimum. The MSS for Hypertension health services is one of the types and quality of basic services in the MSS in the health sector. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the MSS for hypertension services at the Marusu Health Center, Maros Regency. This type of research uses descriptive qualitative which aims to get an in-depth description of the analysis of the implementation of the minimum service standard for hypertension at the Marusu Health Center. The results of the study show that communication has not run optimally, the SPM Hypertension policy contained in PMK No. 4 of 2019 has not been transmitted to the public as a policy target. Human resources are still inadequate and have a double workload so that the achievements are not optimal. Disposition has been going pretty well. commitment and implementation support are quite good, has carried out coordination and commitment involving cross-programs and related cross-sectors. The bureaucratic structure is already running quite well. The implementation mechanism has been running according to the SOP with the guidelines of the Minister of Health Regulation No. 4 of 2019. The implementation of the SPM for hypertension services at the Marusu Health Center has been going quite well. It is hoped that the Maros District Health Office and the Marusu Health Center will improve the aspects of communication, resources, disposition and bureaucratic structure in their implementation.

}, keywords = {Commitment., Hypertension, Minimum services, Policy implementation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.165}, author = {Wafika Aziza Nasir and Sukri Palutturi and Alwy Arifin and Balqis and Wahiduddin and Anwar Daud and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2048, title = {Analysis of Policy Implementation of The First 1000 Days of Life Program in Overcoming Stunting in Maros District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {405-410}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {405}, abstract = {

Stunting is closely related to the first 1000 Days of Life. This 1000 HPK period starts from pregnancy until the age of 2 years. The aim of the study was to analyze the implementation of the First 1000 Days of Life program policy in Stunting Management in Maros Regency. This study uses a qualitative panel research method with a descriptive approach. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Interviews were conducted with 9 informants in several agencies, including 3 key informants and 6 regular informants. Research result: Communication between Organizations and Executing Activities (The process of conveying information about the 1000 HPK program in tackling stunting is carried out in the form of good socialization). Resources (Almost fulfilled in carrying out the 1000 HPK program but the capacity of human resources is still inadequate in this case the understanding and availability of budgets sourced from APBD funds and APBN funds). Characteristics of the Executing Agency (There is an SOP for the implementation of 1000 HPK. In the distribution of tasks and responsibilities to all policy implementers of the 1000 HPK program contained in the SK so that each cross-sector coordinate with each other. Disposition of Executors (Executors have played an active role and have a commitment for the success of the 1000 HPK program). Conclusion: Socialization activities have not gone well; several agencies are still experiencing a shortage of human resources both in quantity and quality and experiencing budget shortages resulting in inadequate facilities. In implementing the 1000 HPK program policies, several agencies used the SOP as a procedure for implementing the program as well as the division of tasks and responsibilities based on the Decree of the Maros Regent. Special suggestions for the health office to pay more attention to and have a high commitment to the nutritional status of children by ensuring specific nutrition interventions and sensitive nutrition interventions are right at the location of the village and at the right target group.

}, keywords = {First 1000 Days of Life, Policy, Stunting.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.92}, author = {Andi Sri Fifi Wahyuni Azis and Darmawansyah and Amran Razak and Alwy Arifin and Muh Syafar and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2196, title = {Analysis of Policy Recommendations in Efforts to Control Positive COVID-19 Cases in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1230-1235}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1230}, abstract = {

Introduction: Inconsistent COVID-19 policies have caused the government to experience a degradation in public trust. So, it is necessary to propose policy recommendations for controlling positive COVID-19 cases that receive support from various multi-sectoral areas. Method: This research was conducted in January{\textendash}May 2023. This type of research is qualitative-exploratory, using case study methods through indepth interviews and literature studies of all informants. Sampling was purposive sampling. This research variable uses Patton and Sawicki{\textquoteright}s alternative policy criteria theory (1986). Results: The proposed policy recommendations are increasing COVID-19 vaccine coverage and surveillance for monitoring coronavirus mutations. The two policy recommendations have met technical feasibility because they have clear outcomes, where the outcome of vaccination is to establish herd immunity. In contrast, surveillance of coronavirus mutations has the outcome of analyzing the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine. From the economic and financial possibility side, a budget is available with the advantage of carrying out normal activities without any restrictions and efficiency in the health budget. Regarding political viability, the government supports the policy, does not violate the rules, and serves the community{\textquoteright}s needs. Regarding administrative operability, the government as the authorized party is considered to have adequate capability, organizational support, and institutional commitment. Conclusion: The policy recommendations proposed by policymakers and epidemiology experts are increasing COVID-19 vaccination coverage and monitoring surveillance of coronavirus mutations, and it is hoped that the South Sulawesi Provincial Government can consider the proposed policy recommendations.

}, keywords = {COVID-19, Health Policy, Policy Analysis, Surveillance, Vaccination}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.223}, author = {Sri Nuriana and Balqis and Sukri Palutturi and Indar and Yahya Thamrin and Stang and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1978, title = {Analysis of Royal Jelly Apis Cerana as Therapeutic Candidate in Cbavd Based on Bioinformatics Studies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {175-182}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {175}, abstract = {

Background: Apis cerana honey bee is a honey bee native to Asia that spreads from Afghanistan, China, and Japan to Indonesia. The productivity of Apis cerana honey bees can produce as much as 2-5 kg of honey per colony in a year. Royal jelly is the queen{\textquoteright}s nourishment, and it is produced by larvae, adult bees, young worker bees, and male bee larvae. CBAVD contributes to 1{\textendash}2\% of the 20{\textendash}25\% of males with subfertility. Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate Royal Jelly Apis Cerana as a potential therapeutic candidate for CBAVD using a bioinformatics approach. Method: This research method consisted of converting nucleotides into amino acids, analyzing the three-dimensional structure of Apis Cerana Royal Jelly Protein, Ramachandran Plot Analysis, Analysis of Epitope and Allergen Proteins, and Analysis of Proteins that were antigens and toxins. Results: The research results were conducted on six three-dimensional Apis Cerana Royal Jelly bee protein structures and had very good validity based on the Ramachandran plot, GQME value, and QmeanDisCo value. In addition, this study also obtained the results of proteins that are epitope, antigenic, non-allergenic, and non-toxic. Conclusion: The findings of this study can be used as a basis for therapy against CBAVD.

}, keywords = {Apis Cerana, Bioinformatics, CBAVD, Public health., Therapeutic Candidates}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.26}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati and Jonathan Makuwia} } @article {1960, title = {Analysis of The Effect of Leptin, AMPK, Adiponectin, and NPY Markers on Changes in Body Weight of Childhood Epileptic Using Valproic Acid Monotherapy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {150-153}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {150}, abstract = {

Introduction: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that occurs due to abnormal neurons in the brain and an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system. The first line of OAE in children is VPA (Valproate Acid). However, long-term use can cause weight gain with a frequency of 10-70\%. The underlying mechanism of weight gain in patients remains unclear. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between levels of biomarkers AMPK, NPY, Leptin, and Adiponectin on changes in body weight in patients with epileptic seizures using VPA monotherapy. Method: This study is an observational cohort design. Data collection in April-June 2019. Inclusion criteria were children aged 2-10 years who used VPA requirement less than two years, not taking any drugs that affect body weight, not diagnose systemic lupus, nephrotic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus. Bodyweight and all biomarkers measurement on subjects who came to the clinic at the time of study and at least after one month of taking VPA. A total of 17 subjects participated in this study. Result: The results of the statistical multivariate analysis test of VPA dosage on changes in body weight and biomarker levels found that Leptin, AMPK, Adiponectin did not significantly increase in body weight (p\>0.05), but NPY significant increase in body weight (p\<0.05). Conclusion: NPY is the most potent for appetite enhancing, preferential effect on carbohydrate intake, weight regulation, energy storage, and expenditure. Increase production of NPY, there is an increase in energy intake and then increases fat storage and body weight.

}, keywords = {Adiponectin, AMPK, Childhood., Epilepsy, Leptin, NPY, Valproic acid, Weight gain}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.21}, author = {Wardah Rahmatul Islamiyah and Nasronudin and Abdulloh Machin and Iin Ernawati and Yunita Dwi Tanti and Nur Jaya and Farah Medina and Fathia Faza Rahmadanita and Paulus Sugianto} } @article {2146, title = {Analysis of the Impact of Heat Stress on Embryo Development of Broiler: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {964-968}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {964}, abstract = {

Temperature is an important factor in embryonic development because temperature plays a role in determining the overall development of the embryo. The effect of high temperature on the embryo will cause the embryo to make a defense by diverting some of its energy to form thermal homeostasis, which is a physiological response. The purpose of this study was to analyze heat stress on embryonic development. This study used a systematic literature review (SLR) following PRISMA guidelines and gathered the sample of papers through the PubMed databases using keywords categorized as heat, stress, and embryo. There were 31 papers used as samples. The result showed that hyperthermia in chickens caused an increase in heart rate per minute as a result of temperature pressure. It affects the hatching percentage, hatching time, weight, and mortality rate in chicken embryos. In summary, heat stress has an impact on embryonic development heat stress gives an impact on the development of embryos.

}, keywords = {Chicken, Embryo Development, Food security, Health risk, Heat Stress.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.179}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati and Nor Hayati Othman and Akhmad Kusuma Wardhana} } @article {2157, title = {Analysis of the Influence of Internal and External Factors on Empowered Pregnant Women Through the Behavior of Pregnant Women in Early Detection of Pregnancy Complications}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1029-1035}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1029}, abstract = {

Objective: Maternal health is still one of the health problems globally, including in Indonesia. Empowering women that allows someone in making decisions about themselves to detect pregnancy complications. This study aims to analyze the influence of internal and external factors on empowered pregnant women through the behavior of pregnant women in conducting early detection of pregnancy complications [KOMPAK] in Bogor Regency. Method: Village in study is an analytical survey with a cross sectional study approach, which takes data related to internal factors (age, education, and parity) and external factors (husband support, family support, community support, and health worker support), behavior (knowledge, attitudes and motivation), and empowered pregnant women. It was analyzed using the spearman correlation test and path analysis with a confidence level of 95\%. The data was analyzed using the SPSS program version 26.0. Results: internal factors that influence empowered pregnant women in Conducting Early Detection of Pregnancy Complications [KOMPAK] in Bogor Regency are education (r: 0.194; p\<0.001) and parity (r: -0.108; p: 0.044) which means that the higher the education and the less parity, the better empowered pregnant women will be with weak correlation strength. External factors affect Empowered Pregnant Women in Early Detection of Pregnancy Complications [KOMPAK] in Bogor Regency where external factors (husband support, family support, culture and community support, and health worker and government support) will cause empowered pregnant women to be better with moderate correlation strength (r: 0.537-0.645; p\< 0.001). Conclusion: Internal factors (education and parity) and external factors (husband support, family support, culture and community support, and health worker and government support) affect (empowered pregnant women in early detection of pregnancy complications. External factors also influence pregnant women through maternal behavior (knowledge, attitudes, and motivations).

}, keywords = {Behavior, Empowered pregnant women, External factors, Internal factors}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.189}, author = {Bintang Petralina and Ridwan Amiruddin and Wahiduddin and Irwandy and Anwar Mallongi and Ummu Salmah and Suriah and Evi Martha} } @article {2046, title = {Analysis of The Influence of The Marketing Mix on The Satisfaction of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Miletus Installation at Hajj General Hospital, Makassar}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {395-399}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {395}, abstract = {

Marketing mix is a set of marketing tools used by companies to achieve marketing objectives. The marketing mix consists of nine components, namely product, price, place, promotion, people, process, physical evidence, performance, and strength. This study aims to determine the effect of the marketing mix on patient satisfaction with type 2 diabetes mellitus inpatient installations in public hospital in the Hajj area of Makassar, the type of research used was an analytical survey with a quantitative approach using cross sectional. The sample in this study was type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the inpatient installation at the Hajj area general hospital as many as 81 people who were obtained by the probability sampling method, collecting data using a questionnaire instrument. Processing data using the Chi-Square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Based on the results of the study, there is an influence between the process (Process). Promotion, Place, and Power on patient satisfaction with type 2 diabetes mellitus in inpatient installations. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that the most dominant variable was placed (exp β = 19,093). The conclusion of several influential variables that are most related to patient satisfaction with the marketing mix, namely the place variable, which is the most important factor in patient satisfaction. It is hoped that the Haji Makassar Hospital will pay more attention to the services needed by the community in general, especially the location in terms of the number of rooms, parking and waiting rooms that are more adequate.

}, keywords = {Place, Power, Price, Process, Product, Promotion, Satisfaction.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.90}, author = {Suci Safwa Salsabila and Indar and Darmawansyah and Amran Razak and Syamsuar Manyullei and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2015, title = {Analysis of the Metabolite Compound of the Ethanol Extract of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium Stem and Activity for inhibition of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) in silico study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {393-398}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {393}, abstract = {

Background: Oral cancer is a deadly disease that is expected to increase yearly. Current cancer treatment methods have side effects. C. cinerariifolium plants have potential as anticancer agents. Objective: To evaluate the anti-OSCC properties of the ethanol extract of C. cinerariifolium stems via an in-silico study. Materials and Methods: Analysis of active compounds in ethanol extracts of C. cinerariifolium stems using TLC and UPLC-QToF-MS/MS metabolic profiling. The data were analysed statistically using principal component analysis (PCA). In silico of C. cinerariifolium compounds on protein (PI3K and Cyclin D) from OSCC. Results: TLC procedures utilizing UV light with λ 366 nm after spraying with H2SO4 revealed multiple-colored spots, indicating that H2SO4 is a specific spray detector for terpenoid and carotene. Metabolic profiling in ethanol extract of C. cinerariifolium stem included Pronethalol (3.96\%), 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-N-(1 naphthylmethyl) methanamine (7.34\%), Orphenadrine (24.27\%), Pentazocine (5.09\%), 4-(Dodecyloxy) aniline (6.30\%), Linoleamide (4.95\%), and Pheophorbide A (8.05\%). Orphenadrine had the highest percentage. Based on the Lipinski rule of five, pronethalol has the potential to be used as a drug-like therapy for OSCC. The anticancer activity profile is predicted by PASS online with a likely range of 0.065 to 0.385. An in-silico study showed that the strongest binding affinity is pronethalol to Cyclin D1 and pheophorbide A to the PI3K protein. Conclusion: The active metabolite of the ethanolic extract of C. cinerariifolium stem exhibits potency against oral squamous cell carcinoma via the downregulation of the cell cycle (cyclin D1) and P13K, especially pronethalol.

}, keywords = {Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium, Cyclin D1, OSCC, P13K.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.61}, author = {Anik Listiyana and Yuanita Lely Rachmawati and Hani Susianti and Nurdiana and Hidayat Sujuti and Roihatul Mutiah and Agustina Tri Endharti} } @article {2124, title = {Analysis of the Phytochemical and Antibacterial Properties of the Indigenous Mizo Medicinal Plant, Helicia Excelsa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {823-828}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {823}, abstract = {

Background: Helicia excelsa (Roxb.) Bl. is a scarcely known medicinal plant and is native to Southeast Asia. It is most notably used for the treatment of gastric problems in the Mizo traditional medicine in India. Method: The leaves of H. excelsa were collected from Aizawl, Mizoram, India. An extract was prepared using chloroform. Qualitative phytochemical tests were performed to detect the important phytocompounds. The antioxidant activity was determined by total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total antioxidant content, DPPH- and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar well-diffusion method. Results: H. excelsa leaf contains amino acids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, phenols, phytosterols, proteins, and tannins. It showed inhibition in selected Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The phenol, flavonoid and total antioxidant contents were 4.52{\textpm}0.09 gallic acid equivalent (GAE mg/g), 64.27{\textpm}1.04 quercetin equivalent (QE mg/g), 11.39{\textpm}0.45 ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE mg/g) respectively. IC50 value of DPPH-scavenging activity was 5.67{\textpm}0.36. The ferric ion-reducing power showed concentration-dependent activity. The plant extract showed growth-inhibitory actions against Gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli, and Gram-positive species, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. :Conclusion H. excelsa leaf contains important bioactive compounds that need to be identified. The antioxidant and antibacterial activities support the basis of its medicinal application.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant, Helicia excelsa, Mizo traditional medicine., Plant extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.157}, author = {Lalbiakngheti Tlau and Lucy Lalawmpuii and P.B. Lalthanpuii and K. Lalchhandama} } @article {1997, title = {Another Mode of Action of Temephos Against Aedes aegypti Larvae: A Stomach Poison Investigation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {298-303}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {298}, abstract = {

Introduction: Aedes aegypti is a key vector for the spread of several severe arboviral infections. The Indonesian Ministry of Health launched Temephos as a national effort to limit the Aedes aegypti larvae population. The old theory has been passed down for generations that the principle of the mechanism of action of temephos as a neurotoxin. The main aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of temephos as a stomach poison by using histopathology study. Method: There are two treatments with three replications: a container containing only 100 ml of water with tween 20 and a container containing 100 ml of water with 1 ppm of temephos 8G. The 20 third-instar Ae. aegypti larvae in containers containing 100 ml of water with 1 ppm of temephos 8G were compared with those in 100 ml of water containing Tween-20. The experiment was done in three replications. The number of dead larvae was recorded after 24 hours of treatment. Histological sections of the larval midgut were prepared and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE). Light microscopy was used to examine changes in the length of the midgut lumen and the epithelium. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA. The appearances of the nucleus of the epithelial cell and the degree of damage were qualitatively observed. Results: The results showed that no dead larvae were found in the control group, however, 100\% mortality was found in the temephos group. The changes in midgut lumen length and in the epithelium length were significantly different from those in the control group (p\<0.05). Nuclei of epithelial cells were lost and midgut cells were damaged in the temephos group. Conclusions: This study reports the first discovery of the mechanism of action of temephos other than a neurotoxin, namely stomach poison

}, keywords = {Ae. aegypti, Histopathology, Midgut, Temephos}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.43}, author = {Hebert Adrianto and Sri Subekti and Heny Arwati and Etha Rambung and Hanna Tabita Hasianna Silitonga and Etik Ainun Rohmah} } @article {1992, title = {Antibacterial and Anti-quorum Sensing Activities of Erianthemum dregei{\textquoteleft}s Leaf Extract and Molecular Docking}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {279-285}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {279}, abstract = {

Background: The increasing incidence of multi-drug resistance among pathogens has propelled researchers to search for novel antimicrobial and anti-quorum sensing agents characterised by different mechanisms and high potency. Objective: The study aimed at investigating the antibacterial and antiquorum sensing properties of compounds from Erianthemum dregei and their molecular interactions with the target proteins. Methods: The methanolic leaf extract from E. dregei was evaluated for its chemical composition and antibacterial activity using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) and micro-dilution method, respectively. The inhibition of violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum (ATCC 07) was assayed as anti-quorum sensing activity using micro-dilution method. The molecular docking of the GC-MS ligands and penicillin-binding protein 2x (PDP2) and CviR was executed using AutoDock Vina. Results: The two volatile compounds namely phytol (93.58\%) and 3-tetradecyn-1-ol (6.42\%) were shown by GC-MS. The extract exhibited antibacterial activity against the selected bacterial strains with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 1.56 to 3.125 mg/mL. The maximum inhibition of violacein production of 53.93\% was observed at 1.56 mg/mL. Both compounds had docking scores of more than -6.0 kcal/mol against the target proteins. Conclusion: The results revealed that the extract is a potential source of antibacterial and anti-quorum sensing compounds and thus can have pharmacological applicability.

}, keywords = {Anti-quorum sensing activity, Antibacterial activity, Erianthemum dregei, Molecular docking}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.39}, author = {Tsolanku Sidney Maliehe and Tlou Nelson Selepe and Nokuthula Nomusa Mthembu and Jabulani Siyabonga Shandu} } @article {1969, title = {Anticancer and Neuroprotective Effects of the Triterpene Glycosides From Sea Cucumber Holothuria imitans}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {119-127}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {119}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sea cucumbers has gained notoriety because possess a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. In this sense, the aim of this work was to evaluate the anticancer and neuroprotective effects of the triterpene glycosides from sea cucumber Holothuria imitans. Methods: Triterpene glycosides were separated and purified by Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Their structures were deduced by spectral analysis and chemical evidence. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated using normal African green monkey kidney epithelial cell line (VERO) and three cancer cell lines: cancer gastric (MKN-28), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and lung carcinoma (A-549). Besides, the neuroprotective effect was studied using the Cath.a-differentiated (CAD) cell line and human glial (Oligodendrocytic) hybrid cell line (MO3.13). Results: Two triterpene glycosides (Fuscocineroside C and Scabraside D) were isolated, which showed low cytotoxic activity against VERO cell line, and high cytotoxic activity against lines MKN-28, MCF-7 and A-549 cells, with IC50 between the ranges of 0.92 μmol/L to 2.61 μmol/L. The isolated triterpene glycosides showed the ability to regain mitochondrial viability in CAD and MO3.13 cells treated with neurotoxin (C2-ceramide) with statistically significant results (p\<0.05). Conclusion: The triterpene glycosides Fuscocineroside C and Scabraside D isolated from sea cucumber Holothuria imitans show anticancer and neuroprotective potential and may be considered promising active principles for anticancer and neuroprotective drugs.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Holothuria imitans, Neuroprotective., Triterpene glycosides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.16}, author = {Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Elda Maritza Rodrigo-Villanueva and Jos{\'e} Gilberto Gavidia-Valencia and Iris Melina Alfaro-Beltr{\'a}n and Bertha Mirella Alfaro-Ttito} } @article {2002, title = {The Antidepressant Effect of Fluoxetine and Mozart K448 Combination Therapy on Hippocampal Serotonin and BDNF Levels}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {325-328}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {325}, abstract = {

Despite the use of fluoxetine as a first-line therapy, some patients do not show a good therapeutic effect. Effective antidepressant therapy will reverse the low serotonin and BDNF levels found in depression. Mozart K. 448 was reported to yield a good therapeutic effect for depression. Based on findings, the combination of Mozart K. 448 and fluoxetine as a therapy for depression is very rare. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of the combined therapy of fluoxetine and Mozart K. 448 on hippocampal serotonin and BDNF levels in an animal model of depression under CUMS conditions. In this study, the animal model of depression was administered three different treatments, i.e. fluoxetine, Mozart, or fluoxetine-Mozart combined therapy, respectively. Hippocampal serotonin and BDNF levels were assessed after 21 days of treatment. Statistical analysis was then carried out using T-test or Mann-Whitney test and ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis. The fluoxetine-Mozart group has higher BDNF levels, but lower serotonin levels compared to other groups with values of 1,694{\textpm}0.215 and 44,533{\textpm}3,275, respectively.

}, keywords = {BDNF, Fluoxetine, Hippocampus, Mozart, Serotonin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.48}, author = {Lisa Pangemanan and Irwanto Irwanto and Margarita M. Maramis} } @article {2040, title = {Antidiabetic and Hypoglycaemic Activities of Commonly Used African Traditional Vegetables}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {339-356}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {339}, abstract = {

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a common and complex metabolic disorder associated with high blood glucose levels leading to complications. Adopting a sedentary lifestyle characterized by low physical activity and consumption of high-energy diets contributes to the development of diabetes mellitus. Lifestyle changes and the use of pharmacological agents that target particular biochemical pathways involved in nutrient metabolism are currently used as management guidelines for managing risk factors associated with diabetes mellitus. The use of prescription medications for an extended period is linked to several negative side effects. Alternative management strategies of risk factors linked to diabetes mellitus involve the use of African leafy vegetables. African leafy vegetables contain a variety of biologically active compounds that provide health benefits. These crops have the potential to be a valuable source of new oral hypoglycemic agents for diabetes management. This review analyses the antidiabetic activities of nine African leafy vegetables whilst also defining the gap areas for future research. Methods: Data was acquired via electronic search engines of which only peer-reviewed papers published in journals were considered. Results: African traditional vegetables showed diverse in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activities. Conclusions: There is an urgent need to document and use the knowledge of African leafy vegetables that have potential in the treatment and management of diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {African traditional vegetables, Antidiabetic, Diabetes mellitus, Hypoglycaemic, Phytochemicals.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.84}, author = {Nolitha Nkobole and Lavhelesani R. Managa and Gerhard Prinsloo} } @article {2044, title = {Anti-Gastritis Activity of Cloves (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunberg) and Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) Leaf Extracts Combination in Absolute Alcohol Induced-Gastric Injury Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {378-384}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {378}, abstract = {

Background: Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunberg) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia) are medicinal plants traditionally used to treat various diseases such as gastritis. Some studies reported that cloves leaf and lime leaf extract showed a gastroprotective effect by decreasing the gastric acid secretion and increasing the gastric mucus. Aim: This study aims to investigate the anti-gastritis activity of the combination of ethanolic extract of cloves leaf and lime leaf extract in alcohol absolute-induced mice. Methods: Mice were treated with the combination extract 0.7 g/kg BW, 1.4 g/kg BW, and 2.8 g/kg BW. Famotidine was used as a positive control, and Na CMC suspension was used as a negative control. After 45 minutes of oral administration, 0.14 ml/20g BW alcohol absolute was given to all mice. All groups were sacrificed one hour later. The evaluation showed that extract combination in all doses significantly decreased ulcer index (UI) compared to a negative control group (p\<0.005) in macroscopic evaluation. Results: In histopathologic evaluation, all doses significantly decreased mucosal edema and epithelial cell loss (p\<0.005), but in gastric bleeding evaluation, only 0.7 and 1.4 g/kg BW doses showed a significant decrease. Conclusion: This study showed that a combination of clove and lime leaf extracts has anti-gastritis activity and could be a possible therapeutic of anti-gastritis. The most effective dose is 1.4 g/kg BW in mice which showed the lowest ulcer index and gastric mucosal edema, bleeding and epithelial cells loss reduction on histopathological observation.

}, keywords = {Citrus aurantifolia, Clove, Eugenia caryophyllata, Gastritis, Lime, Ulcer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.88}, author = {Herra Studiawan and Sukardiman and Indana Lazulfa and Rosita Handayani} } @article {2000, title = {Antihypertensive Choices during Pregnancy in Limited Setting}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {315-318}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {315}, abstract = {

Background: Antihypertensive agents used during pregnancy may vary from institution to institution and depend on resource availability. Objective: This study aimed to determine the profile of antihypertensive drugs used in pregnancy in low-middle-income countries and the impact of these drugs on maternal and fetal outcomes. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study on hypertensive pregnant patients admitted to the emergency unit at a tertiary referral Hospital in Indonesia. The type of hypertension during pregnancy, antihypertensive drugs, side effect, and maternal and perinatal outcomes was extracted from medical hospital records. Results: A total of 762 hypertensive pregnant women were recruited; 61 were diagnosed with preeclampsia, 491 were preeclampsia with severe features and 174 were chronic hypertension superimposed preeclampsia, and 81.54\% of them received antihypertension therapy. The most commonly prescribed antihypertensive drugs were combination therapy of nifedipine and methyldopa (96.7\%), followed by monotherapy of methyldopa (2.3\%), nicardipine (1.1\%), and nifedipine (0.2\%). Most of the patients successfully attained a Systolic blood pressure\<160mmHg. Tachycardia was reported in 47 (7.9\%) pregnant women who received antihypertensive medication; none reported hypotension and arrhythmia. Conclusion: Nifedipine and methyldopa are choices for an antihypertensive agent in limited resources, either monotherapy or combined. Nifedipine{\textquoteright}s immediate release can be used with a low risk of hypotension.

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive agent, Chronic hypertension, Hypertension during pregnancy, Preeclampsia, Side effect.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.46}, author = {Ernawati and Aditiawarman and Salsabila Nabilah Rifdah and Agus Sulistyono} } @article {2085, title = {Anti-inflammatory Potential of Glycoside Flavonoids from Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. (Fabaceae) Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {593-598}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {593}, abstract = {

Background: Chronic diseases have become one of the leading causes of death worldwide in recent years. Despite tremendous advances in the treatments of diseases, several concerns remain. Those with inflammatory components are alternatively treated or completed in Burkina Faso with medicinal plants. The present study was designed to identify and evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of glycoside flavonoids from Pterocarpus Erinaceus leaves. Methods: The flavonoids contained in Pterocarpus Erinaceus aerial parts were extracted, identified, and characterized. Sequential soxhlet extraction was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening, and characterization of isolated flavonoid was done by U.V., I.R., 1H \& 13C N.M.R. and MS. Subsequently, isolates were tested in vitro for their antiinflammatory potential as well as their antioxidant capacities. Results: Five compounds were determined as corresponding to 3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright},5,7-tetrahydroxy flavone (luteolin); quercetin-3-O- sophoroside; quercetin- 3-0-β-glucose (isoquercitrin); Kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside and 3,3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright},5,7-pentahydroxyflavone-3- rhamnoglucoside (rutin). Concentrations of quercetin-3-O- sophoroside and quercetin-3-0-β-glucose that inhibit 50\% of pro-inflammatory enzymes{\textquoteright} activities were expressed in μg/mL. They were respectively 18.07 {\textpm} 0.78 and 32.27 {\textpm} 2.02 for xanthine oxidase, 1.12 {\textpm} 0.018 and 11.53 {\textpm} 0.52 for lipoxygenase, 26.91 {\textpm} 0.34 and 19.54 {\textpm} 0.25 for acetylcholinesterase. Prevention of the degradation of deoxyribose test gave respectively 19.32 {\textpm} 1.08 μg/mL and 26.21 {\textpm} 2.25 μg/mL for quercetin-3-O- sophoroside and quercetin-3-O- β-glucose while the anti-DPPH free radical potential was 3.41 {\textpm} 0.82 and 2.90 {\textpm} 0.18 μg/ mL. Conclusion: These results may justify the traditional uses of P. erinaceus in treating diseases with an inflammatory component.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Compounds, Enzymes, Medicinal plant.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.125}, author = {Noufou Ou{\'e}draogo and W. Leila Marie Esther Belem-Kabr{\'e} and A.M. Emmanuel Thiombiano and Tata Kadiatou Traor{\'e} and Lazare Belemnaba and Moussa Ou{\'e}draogo and Innocent Pierre Guissou} } @article {2116, title = {Anti-Neoplastic and Cytotoxicity Potency Measuring of Five Medicago sativa L. (Alfalfa) Leaf Extracts Towards Melanoma (UACC62), Breast (MCF7), Prostate (PC3), and Colon (HCT116) Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {768-776}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {768}, abstract = {

The National Cancer Registry of the National Department of Health of South Africa confirms that in females, the highest incidence of cancers diagnosed in the year 2019 was breast (10 172 cases), cervical (6 945 cases) and colorectal (1 952 cases) cancers, while in males the most diagnosed cancers were prostate, lung, and colorectal neoplasms. The risk factors that promote cancer development, and metastasis or spreading includes excessive alcohol and narcotic usage, carcinogenic infections (oncoviruses) and genetical predispositions. The global incidence of cancer is much likely to increase because of the increased exposure to risk factors (processed fast foods, industrial toxins in air and water) that promote oxidative stress, low grade chronic inflammation, diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. Because the ancient healer or doctor relied on plants and other natural resources for therapeutic compounds, we wanted to measure the anti-cancer actions induced by our Alfac-facah leaf extracts towards four major cancer cells. The growth inhibitory and cytotoxicity activity that was induced by our extracts was measured using the reliable Sulforhodamine B Assay as per the collaborative research program between the CSIR{\textquoteright}s Biosciences Pharmacology Group and the NCI. Our Alfac-facah leaf test material was extracted using five solvents: Ethanol, Methanol, Diethyl-ether, Acetone, and Water. Medicinal Plants persist to play a key role in medicine, whereby they not only help with treating or preventing diseases, but they also contribute to the general wellbeing of the patient. For this reason, natural resources remain a pivotal ingredient of novel drug development compounds

}, keywords = {AICR (American Institute for Cancer Research), Cancer (malignancy, Carcinoma, CSIR (The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, ECACC (European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Leukemia, lymphoma), Medicago sativa L. (Alfalfa), NCI (National Cancer Institute, neoplasm, sarcoma, South Africa), Sulforhodamine B Assay (SRB), THC (delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol). Rick Simpson oil (RSO)., Tumour, U.S Department of Health and Human Services), UK)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.150}, author = {Makhele Thapelo Simon and Makhoahle Pakiso Moses and Mashele Sitheni Samson} } @article {2115, title = {Antioxidant Activities, Total Polyphenol Profile and Anticancer Activity, of Leaf, Bulb and Root Extracts of Tulbaghia violacea from Bloemfontein}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {761-767}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {761}, abstract = {

In this study, the effects of the home remedy herb Tulbaghia violacea on antioxidants, total polyphenol activity, and cancer were investigated. Using methanol/dichloromethane and aqueous solvents, the extracts were produced. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl assay, and their phenol content by the gallic acid method. The extracts were found to be inactive or weak against the HeLa (cervix), human cancer cell lines TK-10 (renal), and PC3 (prostate). It is suggested that these three human cell lines be tested against extracts of water and methanol/ dichloromethane at higher concentrations. The plant{\textquoteright}s leaf extract would also be the best substance to test against the human cell lines TK-10, PC-3, and HeLa. The IC50 values for two to three cell lines show that T. violacea plant extracts (\>100 g/ml) have no effect on cells. T. violacea extract has greater antioxidant activity than the control. A thorough phenolic analysis showed that water leaf extract had the highest quantity of phenolics whereas bulb methanol/dichloromethane extract had the lowest. Both the methanol/dichloromethane and the aqueous extracts have the same characteristics for antioxidant activity. In order to enhance food{\textquoteright}s nutritional content and quality while also supporting excellent health, it has been found that phenolic compounds alter the color, flavor, and other sensory characteristics of the meal. Additionally, they help plants defend themselves against harm from ROS, molecular damage, microbial invasion, insects, and herbivores.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Antioxidants, Medicinal plants, Polyphenol, Tulbaghia violaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.149}, author = {Pakiso Moses Makhoahle and Dijeng Euginiah Rampana} } @article {2087, title = {Antioxidant, Total Phenolic, and Total Flavonoid of 70\% Ethanol Extract of Avocado Seeds (Persea americana Mill.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {599-605}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {599}, abstract = {

Avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill.) are high in phytochemicals and are utilized in herbal medicine. The objective of this study is to analyze the antioxidant activities, total phenolics and flavonoids of the P. americana seed extract. P. americana seed extraction was obtained through maceration and reflux using a 70\% ethanol solvent. The results obtained were compared in terms of yield productivity, with yields of 43.07 (\%) and 39.58 (\%) respectively. Phytochemical compounds extracted from P. americana seeds were tested using the phytochemical screening method, the antioxidant activity assay, the total phenolic analysis, and the total flavonoid analysis. The phytochemical screening showed that P. americana seeds contain flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, alkaloids, and quinones. The antioxidant activity of the 70\% ethanol extract of P. americana seeds obtained by maceration and reflux method was 77.298 g/mL and 98.626 g/mL, respectively, meanwhile the IC50 values of vitamin C were 12.883 g/mL. The 70\% ethanol extract of P. americana seeds obtained by maceration and reflux method had total phenolic content of 276.96 mgGAE/g and 294.96 mgGAE/g, and total flavonoid content of 1.73 mgQE/g and 12.70 mgQE/g respectively. This simply implies that the 70\% ethanolic extracts from P. americana seeds obtained through maceration and reflux have strong antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Avocado seeds, DPPH, Persea americana Mill., Total flavonoids, Total phenolics.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.126}, author = {Sri Wahyu Ningsih Munthe and Riskianto Riskianto and Denny Juvi and Jessica Novia} } @article {2100, title = {Anxiolytic-Like Effect of Cymbopogon Citratus (Lemongrass) Essential Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {674-679}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {674}, abstract = {

Introduction: Essential oils are complex substances that are widely utilized in the practices of aromatherapy. Certain essential oils are recognized for their potential to alleviate anxiety symptoms. This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil on anxiety. Methods: The chemical composition of the extracted essential oil was analyzed using Gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID) and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). In addition, an experimental study with measures at pretest-posttest was conducted, where 128 participants were divided into two groups, a waiting-list (WL) control group, and an experimental group (EG)treated with aromatherapy based on Cymbopogon citratus essential oil. The anxiety index was evaluated by Zung Self- Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). Results: The chemical analysis identified geranial (52,1\%) and neral (35,2\%) as the principal constituents. Anxiety levels decreased in the experimental group during the posttest phase (p\<0.05). Besides a large effect size was found for anxiety (d = 0.962; Δ= 0.988) with 1-β=0.999 a percentage of change of -10.99\%. Conclusion: Cymbopogon citratus essential oil inhalation showed to be effective in decreasing scores anxiety. Therefore, it has the potential to serve as a supplementary treatment for anxiety.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Cymbopogon citratus., Essential oil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.136}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Luis Enrique Rosales-Cerquin and Santiago M. Benites and Taniht Lisseth Cubas-Romero and Emilio German Ram{\'\i}rez-Roca} } @article {1998, title = {The Aqueous Leaf Extract of Moringa Oleifera had Immunomodulatory Effects on Sheep that had Been Infected by Fasciola Gigantica, Clostridium Novyi Naturally and Impact to Fasciola gigantica Non-Embryonated}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {304-309}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {304}, abstract = {

M., which received a (C), was the study{\textquoteright}s main objective. The whole thing was eaten. a couple of quotes from (C. dispersed in a liquid. has antibacterial properties (E. elegans). It{\textquoteright}s necessary to remove the body. C. Eczema on the face is comparable to this. Sheep and novyi both had organic infections. novyi. Following different combinations of treatments, a heavy dose of treatment, and a light dose, fasciolitis manifested in all three groups of infected sheep. The treatment groups received an oral 150 mg/kg aqueous M. oleifera leaf extract every 48 hours for 21 days. Body mass, fecal egg counts, blood anti-Fasciola IgG levels, cytokines (IL-2, IL-17, and IL-10), and C. the elegans{\textquoteright} bacterial inhabitants jokingly strike up a conversation with everyone there. Sheep with light and heavy infections gained more weight after receiving M. oleifera treatment and had lower fecal egg counts than control groups; sheep with light infection had a 100\% reduction in egg count. The serum concentrations of IL-2, IL-17, and IgG all significantly decreased after M. oleifera treatment. There were significantly higher levels of IL-10 in sheep with both mild and severe infections. C{\textquoteright}s feces contained noticeably fewer bacteria after taking moringa extract. The two novyi groups had varying degrees of infection severity. Fabricio (F. (as well as OleiferaMdot). C. noteworthy and novyi. M. oleifera aqueous extracts showed a concentration-dependent ovicidal effect on F. gigantica non-embryonated.

}, keywords = {Anthelmintic, Antimicrobial, Cytokines, Moringa oleifera, Public health.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.44}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati and Wan Irjani Wan Ismail} } @article {1983, title = {Assessment of Serum Irisin and Vaspin in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Mosul City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {212-215}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {212}, abstract = {

Patients with {\textquotedblleft}polycystic ovary syndrome{\textquotedblright} (PCOS) may have changes in adipokine levels due to obesity rather than PCOS per se. This should be taken into account as there is a correlation between adipokine levels and BMI. The objective of the subsequent investigation was to measure serum levels of irisin and vaspin in women with PCOS. In the following study, overall, 140 sample size was selected for the evaluation. These 140 were divided into two groups in which 70 women were on the one group which was the intervention group, and 70 women were in control group. The control group of the study were the women who reportedly had regular and normal menstrual cycle. The results indicated high values of vaspin and irisin. The results of this study and previously published literature suggest that both adipocytokines are associated with high blood glucose levels and higher BMI, and finally, both values remain higher in women with PCOS. Vaspin and irisin could be considered as a biomarker for prognosis and therapy followup in patients with PCOS.

}, keywords = {FSH, Insulin, Irisin, LH, PCOS., Testosterone, Vaspin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.31}, author = {Saba Khair Alddin Ibrahim} } @article {2145, title = {Biological Properties of Polyherbal Formulations: A Review of their Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Toxicological Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {933-963}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {933}, abstract = {

The use of traditional and folklore systems of medicine has been an important part of healthcare worldwide, and polyherbal formulations, which are combinations of different herbs, are gaining recognition for their medicinal and therapeutic potential. These formulations can be optimized to have stronger therapeutic effects with lower toxicity. The aim of this study was to review research on the antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and toxicological properties of polyherbal formulations around the world, with a view to promoting their use and identifying areas where further research is needed. The author analyzed 99 articles published between 2010 and 2022, using scientific search engines such as Elsevier, BioMed Central, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Scopus, to assess the use of polyherbal formulations in different countries. This article enlists some commercial and non-commercial polyherbal formulations all around the world with India leading in the number of publications on polyherbal formulations, followed by Nigeria, and Pakistan. The various pharmacological studies conducted have shown that polyherbal medicines possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and toxicological properties, hence, validating their traditional use. However, further clinical work is required to fully understand the therapeutic potential of polyherbal formulations. The growing interest in the therapeutic use of non-toxic conventional medicinal plants as low-cost alternatives for disease prevention and treatment has made natural products valuable tools for creating new lead compounds and scaffolds. Plants will continue to play a pivotal role in the discovery of drugs for human diseases, and the development of potent cures derived from plants would represent significant progress in the treatment of diseases.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Polyherbal medicines, Toxicological properties.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.178}, author = {Elizabeth Bosede Aladejana} } @article {2142, title = {Briefly Describe the Traditional Preparation Method of Mercury in Mongolian Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {921-923}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {921}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aims to review the traditional preparation methods and clinical applications of mercury in Mongolian medicine through a literature review. Methods: Ancient and modern literature on the preparation of mercury were reviewed, and the recorded preparation methods in the literature were summarized and organized. The clinical applications were also briefly described. Results: The traditional preparation methods of mercury in Mongolian medicine can be divided into two parts: preparation before processing and specific processing methods. The preparation before processing includes steps such as removing impurities and reducing the weight of mercury. The "Four Parts Ganlu" emphasizes the toxicity of mercury due to its rust (impurities) and weight. Specific processing methods include hot processing, cold processing, slow processing, and quick processing. According to the clinical application records in the literature, hot processing is widely used and still in use today. As a commonly used mineral medicine in Mongolian medicine, mercury is found in various compound formulations recorded in the literature, with a focus on diseases such as "bile", lymphatic, and brain diseases. The proportion of mercury used varies significantly. For example, the preparation of mercury in the Mongen Wusu-18 pill has a higher content and is widely used with significant effects. In addition, mercury is also used in formulations such as Qishiwu Pearl Pill, Ershiwu Songshi Pill, and Ershiwu Coral Pill. Conclusion: The review and study of the traditional preparation methods of mercury in Mongolian medicine can contribute to the standardization and normalization of processing techniques and provide reference materials for the safe application and formulation of mercury processing products.

}, keywords = {Literature research., Mercury, Traditional processing methods}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.175}, author = {Qimuge and Terbish L and Bold Sharavyn} } @article {2086, title = {Cadre Interventions on Health Outcomes of Diabetes Mellitus Patients: Systematic Review of Randomized Control Trial}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {697-702}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {697}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a disease that can cause complications in various organs of the body. There needs to be a strategic effort to improve the health outcomes of diabetes mellitus patients. Research studies show that cadres are able to become liaisons between patients and health care providers and make a positive contribution to the surrounding community. This systematic study aimed to review studies on cadre interventions on health outcomes of diabetes mellitus patients. Methods: The literature search was carried out on the online databases of PubMed, Proquest, and Google Scholar journals published in the range of 2015 {\textendash} 2021. The keywords used included community health worker, intervention, health outcomes, and diabetes mellitus. Meanwhile, the literature criteria used included journal articles, peer-reviewed, written in English, and research studies with the Randomized Control Trial (RCT) design. Result: Based on the results of a review of 15 selected articles, it was found that the overall interventions carried out were providing education, counseling, and group classes. Other activities include home visits, goal setting and action plans, diabetes mellitus diaries, and follow-up phone calls. There were interventions carried out by cadres, in partnership with health care providers and academic partners, involving peers of diabetes mellitus patients and culturally relevant community resources. Conclusion: The results of the review showed that almost all articles found changes in metabolic control, behavior, and psychosocial of diabetes mellitus patients as a result of the interventions. Therefore, there needs to conduct subsequent studies on the effect of cadre interventions on the prevention of disease complications both macrovascular and microvascular.

}, keywords = {Cadres, Diabetes mellitus, Health outcomes., Intervention, Roles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.139}, author = {Tini and Darmawansyah and Ridwan Amiruddin and Masni and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2143, title = {Cardioprotective Effects of Thymoquinone on Myocardial Fibrosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {924-927}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {924}, abstract = {

Introduction: Thymoquinone (TQ) is one of the active ingredients in herbal plants such as Nigella sativa which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties thus may inhibits cardiac fibrosis formation. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Thymoquinone as a cardioprotective agent in suppressing the extent of fibrosis in Wistar rats induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods: This post-test only control study used 30 Wistar rats which were divided into 5 groups: saline, LPS-induced cardiac fibrosis, LPS-induced cardiac fibrosis treated with TQ 10 mg/mL, LPS-induced cardiac fibrosis treated with TQ 20 mg/mL, and LPS-induced cardiac fibrosis treated with TQ 40 mg/mL. Serum IL-6, GSH, and cTnT levels were measured using ELISA, and Mason{\textquoteright}s trichrome staining was used to assess myocardial fibrosis. Results: The LPS10+TQ20 and LPS10+TQ40 groups exhibited significantly lower levels of IL-6 compared to the LPS10+TQ10 group (p \< 0.05). GSH levels did not show a significant decrease in the TQ groups across different doses (p=0.771). The TQ-treated group demonstrated lower cTnT levels compared to the LPS-only group (p\<0.05). Thymoquinone treatment resulted in reduced fibrosis area compared to the LPS10 group (p\<0.05). Conclusions: TQ has a promising cardioprotective effect on the formation of cardiac fibrosis in Wistar rats induced with LPS.

}, keywords = {Cardiac Fibrosis, Lipopolysaccharide, Nigella sativa, Oxidative stress.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.176}, author = {Saugi Abduh and Purwanto Bambang and Dirgahayu Paramasari and Soetrisno} } @article {1966, title = {Characterization, Preclinical Efficacy and Toxicity Evaluations of Flavonoids Glycosides based Standardized Fenugreek Seed Extract (FEFLG)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {90-105}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {90}, abstract = {

Introduction: Fenugreek seeds, a natural food chain raw material, is known to have many flavonoid glycosides. Objective: Characterization, preclinical efficacy, and safety evaluation of flavonoid glycosidebased standardized fenugreek seed extract (FEFLG). Methods: FEFLG was characterized for a group of flavonoid glycoside marker compounds by HPLC. The CD38+ enzyme inhibition efficacy was assessed in vitro. In addition, acute oral toxicity (AOT) and subchronic, 90-day repeated-dose oral toxicity (in vivo), mutagenicity (AMES test, in vitro) and chromosome aberration test (in vitro) of FEFLG were evaluated. Results: The FEFLG was found to have 49.85\% of total flavonoid glycosides content in FEFLG (25.15\% of Group 1: vitexin, isovitexin and vitexin 2-o- rhamnoside and 24.70\% of Group 2 (vicenin derivatives, schaftoside, iso-schaftoside, orientin and iso-orientin). FEFLG showed CD38+ enzyme inhibition in vitro (IC50= 0.96 μg/ml) equivalent to the positive control, apigenin. FEFLG did not show any toxicity at an acute oral dose of more than 2000 mg/kg (median lethal dose, LD50) with a limit dose of 5000 mg/kg. The 90-day repeated-dose oral administration of FEFLG did not induce significant toxicological changes till the maximum dose of 1000 mg/kg in male and female rats, indicating no observed adverse effect level, NOAEL >= 1000 mg/kg. FEFLG did not show mutagenicity (up to a concentration of 5000 μg/plate) or structural chromosomal aberrations (up to 5000 μg /ml). Conclusion: The CD38+ enzyme inhibitor efficacy in vitro, oral safety in vivo and absence of mutagenicity or genotoxicity of FEFLG indicated its potential for anti-aging applications.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, CD38+ enzyme inhibition, Chromosomal aberration., Fenugreek seeds, Flavonoid glycosides, Mutagenicity, Subchronic Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.13}, author = {Prasad A. Thakurdesai and Pallavi O. Deshpande and Mukul P. Pore} } @article {2009, title = {Child Survival Strategies on the Growth and Development of Infants Aged 0-6 Months in Makassar City (A Study on Employed and Unemployed Mothers)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {359-364}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {359}, abstract = {

The South Sulawesi Provincial Government, through the health Office, stated that South Sulawesi currently has a fairly high infant mortality rate. From January to September 2018, a total of 870 infants died. According to these data, the highest mortality rate was recorded in Bone District. High maternal and neonatal mortality rates have a major impact on families and communities. Therefore, it is highly expected that women{\textquoteright}s participation as housewives will directly determine the survival of their infants. This study aims to determine the effect of child survival strategies (CSS) on the growth and development of infants of employed and unemployed mothers aged 0-6 months. It is an observational study with a case-control design. This study involved employed and unemployed mothers who had infants aged 0-6 months. The sample was determined by the simple random sampling method in the case and control groups. The Data was collected through interviews using a questionnaire and then analyzed statistically. This study is expected to provide input for the Indonesian Government (Health Office) as a consideration in formulating policies to reduce infant mortality rates, especially in South Sulawesi. The results indicated a significant correlation between mothers{\textquoteright} occupations and their infants{\textquoteright} fine motor skill development category (p \< 0.05 or = 0.033). The anthropometry of infants of employed and unemployed mothers indicated no significant differences, both in terms of age, body weight, and body length (with p \> 0.05). There was a significant correlation between mothers{\textquoteright} occupations and their infants{\textquoteright} fine motor skill development category. The infants of employed mothers tend to have good fine motor skill development than those of unemployed mothers. The percentage of growth and development of other infants that fall into the good category was found to be higher in employed mothers than in unemployed mothers, although it was not statistically significant. Employed mothers have better CSS than unemployed mothers, although it is not statistically significant.

}, keywords = {Child Survival Strategies, Growth and Development, Infants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.55}, author = {Arifin Seweng and Nurbaeti and Ella Andayani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2160, title = {Comics in Health as Alternative Therapy: An Information and Therapeutic Resource for Post-COVID-19 Patients in Ayacucho, Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1047-1051}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1047}, abstract = {

The aim of this research was to determine the utility of comics, as an informative and therapeutic resource, in post-COVID-19 patients, in the area of influence of the Camisea project, which is delimited to cities such as Huanta, Tambo, and Cangallo, located in Ayacucho, Peru. The methodology included an observational design, with in and out surveys being conducted during the study. The first survey sought to discover the level of approach of post-COVID-19 patients with the use of comics, while the second examined the effectiveness and usefulness after being exposed to a brochure of four comics (Figure 1) that combined humor and information related to the recovery procedures for COVID-19. The research showed that the usefulness of comics as an informative and therapeutic resource in post-COVID-19 patients in the city of Ayacucho is very significant. This was confirmed by 96\% of those surveyed, since they pointed out that the comics contributed to virus infection recovery and prevention.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.192}, author = {Carlos Rodrigo Infante-Yupanqui and Roberta Garc{\'\i}a-de-la-Cruz and Yanibel Hurtado-Vargas and Rosa Mar{\'\i}a Vega-Guevara and Primy Agripina Alca-Chamba and Rod Rosberg Bendez{\'u}-Perez and Pavel Pool Puclla-Pareja} } @article {2035, title = {Community Compliance Regarding No-Smoking Area Policy: Belief Control Analysis and Tobacco Use Habits in Society the Bugis Tribe (Pare-Pare City \& Sidrap Regency) and the Makassar Tribe (Gowa-Takalar Regency) in South Sulawesi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {301-306}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {301}, abstract = {

Introduction: Smoking among the people of Bugis-Makassar has become an inseparable part of a smoker and has become a habit. Community compliance with the No-Smoking Area (KTR) policy is still a problem in various regions, this is because the habits and control of people{\textquoteright}s beliefs are not in line with implementation of KTR implementation. Methods: This study used an explanatory research design, namely to examine the correlation between control beliefs and the habit of using Bugis cigarettes on compliance with the policy of implementing a smoking-free area which is part of tobacco control. The research was conducted in four districts in South Sulawesi, namely Takalar, Gowa, Pare-pare, and Sidenreng Rappang (Sidrap) Regencies. The sample used was 400 respondents using the non-probability sampling method, namely the Accidental Sampling technique. Results: This study shows that control beliefs and respondent compliance obtained a p-value of 0.717 \> 0.05 which means there is no significant correlation between control beliefs of tobacco use and community compliance with KTR policies. The results of the correlation test of smoking habits on public compliance with KTR policies obtained a p-value of 0.015 \<0.05 which means there is a significant correlation between tobacco use habits and public compliance with KTR policies. The results of the study also show that the control variable beliefs and habits have a p-value of 0.001 \<0.05 which means that there is a correlation between control beliefs and smoking habits. Conclusion: Policy makers should focus more on the implementation of KTR policies in all public places and law enforcement related to KTR policies in various contexts, including social and cultural approaches. KTR got easier with time.

}, keywords = {Believe control, Community compliance, Non-smoking area, Smoking cessation, Tobacco use.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.79}, author = {Achmad R. Muttaqien Al-Madin and H. Amran Razak and Darmawansyah and Suriah and HM Alimin Maidin and Pupin Astuti and Mutia Nur Rahmah and Nur Indah Sari} } @article {2091, title = {Community Empowerment with Independent Larva Monitor in Reducing the Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Incidence, in Sidrap Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {622-625}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {622}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of developing a community empowerment model through independent larva monitor with an overlap in controlling dengue disease incidence in Sidrap Regency. Methods: This study used a mix-method conducted in Tanete Village. The number of samples for quantitative data was 70 respondents, and the qualitative data was 12 informants. Data collection was carried out through Focus Group Discussions, observations, and interviews. The data were analyzed using the McNemar test. Results: The results showed that the behavior of the people affected by dengue fever is people who do not maintain the cleanliness of their environment, litter, and people{\textquoteright}s habits do not routinely drain water tanks, and drinking places for livestock become mosquito shelters. The results of dengue counseling showed a significant difference between people{\textquoteright}s behavior related to dengue fever disease before and after counseling. Most people stated that explanations related to how to make and the process of making ovitrap were easy to do. They were interested in making their own because they used materials that were easy to find at home. In addition, the community has been obedient in implementing independent romantic programs. The results of overlap observations show that simple overlap can trap mosquitoes. Conclusion: The development of empowerment models through independent larva monitor can be used to prevent and control dengue disease.

}, keywords = {Community Empowerment, Dengue fever, Independent Larva Monitor, Ovitrap}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.129}, author = {A. Arsunan Arsin and Ridwan Amiruddin and Dian Saputra Marzuki and Rezki Elisafitri and Basir and Anwar Mallongi and Aisyah and Ahmad Yani} } @article {1963, title = {Comparative and Evaluative Study On Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Potential Within Hydromythanol Extracts and Their Fractions from All Parts of Drimia numidica (JORD. \& FOURR.) J.C. MANNING \& GOLDBLATT of Northeastern Algeria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {64-81}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {64}, abstract = {

Introduction: Drimia numidica is a polyphenol-rich species that has antioxidant capacity, which makes it very important. Nevertheless, D. numidica has not been studied in depth. Moreover, its capsules have not been studied so far. This detailed study compared the values of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of all D. numidica parts (scapes, flowers, bulbs, capsules, leaves, roots), from Edough Peninsula, Annaba, Algeria, using hydromethanol extracts and their fractions (cyclohexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol). Methods: The total phenolic content was determined by Folin Ciocalteo assay, and the antioxidant activity by the following methods: DPPH, Reducing Powder, Phenanthroline, Silver Nanoparticles, CUPRAC, and ABTS. Statistical analysis was done using the ANOVA test and a correlation test (between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content). Results: The Ethyl acetate fraction was found the sample with the highest phenolic content. The same was true for the antioxidant activity in all tests except for the silver nanoparticles test in which cyclohexane extracts scored the best. Considering the methods used in general, there is a correlation between phenolic content and the highest antioxidant activity, but there are some methods that have not recorded any correlation. Conclusion: Choosing the appropriate method or extract/fraction type is extremely important. In addition, extracts of D. numidica parts could be an important natural alternative to antioxidants industrial.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Drimia numidica, Hydromythanol extracts and their fractions., total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.10}, author = {Fares Khenniche and Abderachid Slimani and Chawki Bensouici and Ibtissem Magboune and Manel Srief and Hamed Hakkom} } @article {2110, title = {Comparative Evaluation of Microhardness and Color Change of Root dentin using Punica granatum (pomegranate extract), Sodium hypochlorite, Chlorhexidine and Normal saline as an Endodontic irrigant {\textendash} An in vitro study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {732-737}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {732}, abstract = {

Aim: To evaluate the microhardness and change in color of root dentin using Punica granatum, sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine and normal saline as an endodontic irrigant and to implement their use in field of dentistry. Materials and Methods: 60 single rooted anterior teeth extracted due to periodontal and orthodontic reasons were collected. All the samples were decoronated to achieve constant length of 14mm. Patency of root canal was established using 10k file and working length was determined 1mm short of the file length. Each canal was prepared till F3 protaper. After preparation the samples were randomly divided into 4 groups: Group 1: Saline (Control); Group 2: 5\% Sodium Hypochlorite; Group 3: 2\% Chlorhexidine; Group 4: 5\% Punica granatum (pomegranate peel extract). After grouping the samples were longitudinally sectioned. One half of the tooth sample was used for microhardness testing using Vickers microhardness indentor and the other half of sample was used for color change evaluation using spectrophotometer after irrigation with the test solutions on day 1 and day 7th post irrigation. Results: The mean microhardness in all four groups decreased comparatively at post as compared to pre and the decrease was evident highest in sodium hypochlorite followed by chlorhexidine, pomegranate and saline the least. In regard to color change sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine and pomegranate all showed visible color changes after 7 day of irrigation with pomegranate showing the highest color change. Higher lightness was shown in Group 2 i.e., sodium hypochlorite whereas redness was seen more in Group 4 i.e., pomegranate and yellowish tint was more visible in Group 3. Conclusion: 5\% Punica granatum has showed negligible effect on microhardness of dentin but showed maximum color change when compared to chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite and saline.

}, keywords = {Chlorhexidine., Color change, Endodontic irrigant, Herbal, Microhardness, Punica granatum (pomegranate peel extract), UVVIS spectrophotometer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.144}, author = {Ankita singh and Sunil Tejaswi and Kenganora Mruthunjaya and Suneeth Shetty and Ambikathanaya U.K and Sachin B. Manglekar} } @article {2185, title = {A Comparative Study of CFA and MIA Induction Models in Rat Knee Arthritis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1197-1201}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1197}, abstract = {

This study presents another comparative review of knee joint arthritis induction in rats using two distinct methods: Complete Freund{\textquoteright}s Adjuvant (CFA) and monosodium iodoacetate (MIA). Different variables are assessed, including bodyweight changes, knee bend scores, and knee diameter measurements, as well as the quantification of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and C-telopeptide of type II collagen (CTX-II) levels. CFA or MIA induction was used on rats, and 14 days were observed. Our data show that the impact of arthritis induction varies significantly across the two models. Both the CFA and MIA groups showed different changes in terms of bodyweight changes, knee bend scores, and knee diameter variations. Furthermore, the levels of IL-1β and CTX-II, both known indicators of inflammation and cartilage degeneration, were measured. Notably, IL-1β levels in the CFA group were considerably higher than in the MIA-induced rats, although CTX-II concentrations showed a contrary pattern. These findings highlight the need to carefully consider the induction approach when performing arthritis investigations in rats since the model used has a major impact on the reported physiological alterations. This study{\textquoteright}s comparative analysis provides useful information for researchers looking to use rat knee joint arthritis models, laying the groundwork for a better-informed selection of the best induction strategy depending on desired outcome metrics.

}, keywords = {CFA, CTX-II, IL-1β, MIA, Osteoarthritis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.217}, author = {Rena Normasari and Bambang Purwanto and Damayanti Tinduh} } @article {2107, title = {Comparative Study of Polyherbal Formulation for Antiarthritic Activity Having Cockle Shell, Egg Shell, Ginger and Balloon Vein in Gel Form and Oil Form: A Novel Preparation for Anti-Oxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {714-718}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {714}, abstract = {

Inflammatory and chronic disease of the joints and tissues surrounding them, rheumatoid arthritis is known as the most common form of arthritis. Traditional medicines plays major role because of more advantageous like lesser side effects, naturally available and cost effective. A formulation for anti arthritis activity was developed, isolated, and evaluated in this study. Based on the extensive review of the literature, we have formulated three formulation like gel, polyherbal oil formulation with extract of herbs and polyherbal formulation with powders of herbs. We have selected, traditional herbs (Cockle shell, Egg shell, Ginger and Ballon Vein) based on the literature and does a comparative study between gel and the oil formulation to check which has better anti arthritis activity. The selected herbs for formulation of gel are cockle shell and egg shell which has rich calcium content and for oil formulation herbs like ballon vein and ginger were chosen.The chemical constituent present in herbs plays a major role in curing rheumatoid arthritis.Then finally we have done a evaluation like ph measurement, spreadability, specific gravity, antioxidant study etc., between the comparison of DPPH assay of the formulation, clearly reported that the efficacy in the medicated oil in the extract and well in the macerated oil showed significant antioxidant activity when compared to the gel.

}, keywords = {Herb formulation, In vitro studies {\textendash} DPPH., RA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.142}, author = {S. Nithya and S. Dhanalakshmi and S. Anand Babu and S. Nirmala and D. Bharathi and L. Karpagavalli} } @article {2102, title = {Comparison of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Ethanolic Extracts of Four Plant Species Selected from South of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {691-696}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {691}, abstract = {

One of the most ancient human medical techniques is the use of plants to treat, prevent, and cure diseases. These plants can manufacture a wide variety of natural chemicals. The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and antioxidant capacity of ethanolic extract of four plant species (Zizyphus lotus, Lavandula dentata, Ruta graveolens, and Dodonaea viscosa). Using disc diffusion and serial dilution procedures, the antibacterial abilities of these EtPEs were evaluated. The antioxidant properties were evaluated by the FRAP method and the Folin-Ciocalteu technique was used to measure the total phenolic content. Different plant extracts showed different inhibitory effects on the tested bacteria in a dose-dependent manner. Among the tested plant extracts, D. viscose exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against P. vulgaris and S. aureus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 0.5 mg/ml. On the other hand, R. graveolens displayed the highest quantity of phenolic compounds and demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity. Notably, there was a positive correlation observed between the antioxidant activity of the plant extracts and their total phenolic content. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that the tested plant extracts hold potential as promising sources of natural antibacterial and antioxidant agents.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antioxidants, Extraction, Medicinal Plants., Total Phenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.138}, author = {Ali Abdallah Alqudah and Bilal Al Hawamdeh and Dahfer Ali and Ibrahim Alfarrayeh and Bilal Algataitat and Omar Khaled Al-Mobideen and Mohammad Alhawatema} } @article {2154, title = {Comparison of Hb Levels Given Iron Supplements with and Without Vitamin B12 to Anemia Female Industrial Workers in Surakarta Residency Area}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1010-1015}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1010}, abstract = {

Objective: The research objective was to analyze the comparison of Hb levels given iron supplements with and without vitamin B12 in female industrial workers who experience anemia. Method: The study used an experiment with a pretest-posttest control group design. The research respondents were female industrial workers who experienced anemia in the Surakarta Residency Area. The sampling method was carried out by purposive sampling. The number of samples was 33 respondents divided into a treatment group of 17 respondents and a treatment group of 16 respondents. Results: There was no significant difference in hemoglobin levels in the control group and the treatment group as indicated by a p\>0.05. The results of the paired t-test statistic showed that there was a significant change in hemoglobin levels in the treatment group (0,96 {\textpm} 0,40) p 0,000 (p\<0,05). Conclusion: Giving iron supplementation to anemic women workers can increase hemoglobin levels. Handling of anemia in female workers can be done by making iron supplementation programs and policies in all companies that employ female workers.

}, keywords = {Anemia, Iron Deficiency, Iron Supplements, Vitamin B12, Women Industrial Workers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.186}, author = {Niken Pratiwi and Rutmauli Hutagaol and Marwansyah and Muhammad Pahruddin and Erna Fauziah and Parellangi and Anwar Mallongi and Sukri Palutturi} } @article {2164, title = {Comparison of the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Flavonoid Bioactive Compounds Acetone Fraction and Steroid Fraction Ethyl Acetate Sungkai Leaves In Vivo and In Silico Studies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1068-1076}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1068}, abstract = {

One of the medicinal plants that is widely used by traditional communities is sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack), which is known to contain secondary metabolite compounds of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenols. This research aims to isolate secondary metabolite compounds from acetone and ethyl acetate fractions, which act as anti-inflammatory agents in vivo and in silico. Acetone and ethyl acetate fractions were isolated and characterized using UV-Vis and FT-IR. The In Vivo test was carried out on Mus musculus, while the In Silico test was carried out using the IL-10 and IFN-γ receptors, which play a role in inflammation and immunity. Our research results showed that the ethanolic (F1) and n-hexane (F2) fractions of P. canescens extract had good anti-inflammatory activity with percent inhibition values of 58.12\% and 56.59\%, respectively. The characterization results showed that isolate F1 was a flavonoid group, Naringenin compound, while isolate F2 was a steroid group, β-Sitosterol compound. Moreover, from the scoring docking results, β-Sitesterol has tremendous potential as an anti-inflammatory than the compound naringenin.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflamatory; β-Sitesterol; Naringenin, P. canescens Jack}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.196}, author = {Madyawati Latief and Rahmani and Arliangga Fahrezi and Sutrisno and Indra Lasmana Tarigan} } @article {2012, title = {Complete Blood Profile after administration of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract in capsule form}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {375-383}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {375}, abstract = {

Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) has been studied as an immunostimulant, increasing macrophage cell activity and phagocytosis capacity. Based on that circumstance, the study aims to prove the immunostimulating effect by measuring the activity of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract in the capsule for the complete blood profile of healthy volunteers. The number of volunteers used was twenty people, and the volunteers were divided into two groups. The first group was given a placebo capsule without Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract. The second group was given a capsule with Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract with a dose of 67 mg, which was taken once a day for three days. Blood sampling was obtained before and after taking the capsule preparation. Observation of the complete blood profile was conducted by investigating changes in blood parameters such as haemoglobin levels, number of erythrocytes, number of leukocytes, hematocrit values, number of thrombocytes and the percentage of leukocyte types (banded neutrophils, segmented neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes). The second group given Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract showed a significant effect on the increase in haemoglobin levels, number of thrombocytes and hematocrit values (p\<0.05). The percentage of leukocyte type values showed that lymphocytes increased significantly (p\<0.05). In contrast, the segmented neutrophil increased but did not show a significant difference with the percentage of banded neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes (p\>0.05). There was a nonsignificant result in all parameters for the first group, which was administrated with a placebo capsule without Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract.

}, keywords = {Banded neutrophil, Basophils, Eosinophils, erythrocytes, Haematology, Haemoglobin, Hematocrit, Hydrocotile sibthorpioides Lam., Immunostimulants, Leukocytes, Lymphocyte, Monocytes, Segmented neutrophil, Thrombocytes.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.58}, author = {Afriwardi and Adrul Fauzan and Salman Umar and Yufri Aldi} } @article {1981, title = {Computational and Pharmacokinetic Investigation of Some Heterocyclic Amide Derivatives as Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors: An In-Silico Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {194-207}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {194}, abstract = {

The two most significant as well as historically important non-steroidal and anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs), aspirin and ibuprofen, are frequently used to treat fever, pain, and inflammation. By blocking the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX), it can prevent the production of prostaglandin. In an effort to examine the physiochemical and biological properties of some heterocyclic amide derivatives and quantum mechanical computations have been used to analyze the compounds. To clarify the thermochemical, molecular orbital, and equilibrium geometrical features in the gas phase, density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP/6- 31G basis set has been used. Binding affinities and modes of heterocyclic amide analogs have been investigated on human cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) proteins (6Y3C and 5F19) using molecular docking as well as nonbonding interactions. Results from geometry and thermochemical analysis support the chemical sustainability of all the structures. Most of the compounds exhibited a significant affinity for binding to the receptor protein (5F19) than the standard drugs aspirin and ibuprofen. The improved pharmacokinetic features of certain derivatives with reduced acute oral toxicity were revealed by ADMET prediction. Overall, four heterocyclic amide analogs 3-6 were found to be more efficient in inhibiting COX- 2 (5F19) than COX-1 (6Y3C), suggesting that they may be useful as COX-2-related inflammation drug candidates.

}, keywords = {ADMET., Cyclooxygenase (COX), Heterocyclic amide derivatives, Molecular docking}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.29}, author = {Emranul Kabir and M. R. O. Khan Noyon and Monir Uzzaman} } @article {2066, title = {Computational Evaluation of the Potential of Salicylate Compound from Syzygium aromaticum on Carbonic Anhydrase I as a Gastric Acid Stimulant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {489-493}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {489}, abstract = {

This article explores the potential of the salicylate compound (Syzygium Aromaticum) as a stimulant for Carbonic Anhydrase I in gastric acid secretion, using a computational approach. The research methods include molecular modeling with Pymol and Pyrex, determination of compound structure and interactions with Protein Plus, and examination of physicochemical properties using the Lipinski Rule. The results show that the Binding Affinity of salicylate with Carbonic Anhydrase I ranges from -7.3 to -6.5, with RMSD values of 0, 2.102, and 2.212, indicating good modeling quality. The interaction between salicylate and Carbonic Anhydrase I is also supported by the findings from Protein Plus. Furthermore, the salicylate compound complies with the Lipinski Rule, with a molecular weight of 137, 1 hydrogen bond donor, 3 hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 0.34, and a molar reactivity of 34.16. This study highlights the prospect of salicylate as a potential modulator of Carbonic Anhydrase I.

}, keywords = {Carbonic Anhydrase I, Gastric Acid Stimulant, Molecular docking, Salicylate, Syzygium Aromaticum.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.107}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Rauza Sukma Rita and Fadhli Ranuharja and Musa Ghufron and Agariadne Dwinggo Samala and Herland Satriawan and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Devi Purnamasari and Riso Sari Mandeli and Amalia Putri Lubis and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2162, title = {Conformity of Differential White Blood Cell (WBC) Examination Results on the Sysmex DI-60 And Sysmex XN-1000 at Prof. Dr. IGNG Ngoerah General Hospital, Denpasar, Bali}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1059-1063}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1059}, abstract = {

Background: Sysmex DI-60 and Sysmex XN-1000 are automatic analyzers that can be used to check WBC differential counts. Ensuring the suitability of the WBC differential count results from the two tools can help in daily practice. Objective: Knowing the suitability of the WBC differential count examination results on the Sysmex DI-60 and Sysmex XN-1000. Method: Observational analytical research with a cross-sectional design. The data analyzed were differential WBC count data from samples of babies who underwent Complete Blood Count examinations on the Sysmex XN-1000 device and IT Ratio on the Sysmex DI-60 device without intervention (pre-classification results) at the Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Prof. Head overMarch 2023 {\textendash} April 2023. Results: 81 samples were analyzed. The neutrophil value on the Sysmex DI-60 and Sysmex vs 34.15\% {\textpm} 14.83\%, median monocytes 4.00\% (0.00-30.00)\% vs 13.05\% (1.30-34.40) \%, median eosinophils 3.50\% (0.00-31.00)\% vs 3.75\% (0.00-29.90)\%, and median basophils 0.75\% (0.00-16.00)\% vs 0.30\% (0, 00-2.90)\%. The eosinophil variable did not show a significant difference between the results of the Sysmex DI-60 and Sysmex XN-1000 examinations (p=0.081). The results of the correlation analysis showed that there was a significant, strong, positive correlation between Sysmex DI60 and Sysmex. Strong positive significance in the lymphocyte variable (r=0.818). However, no significant correlation basophil variable (r=0.044). Bland-Altman analysis shows that the most appropriate differential count examination is the eosinophil variable. Conclusion: Automatic WBC analyzers apply not only one examination method to detect WBC. The use of the Sysmex DI-60 and Sysmex XN-1000 provides automation for checking the WBC differential count with different working principles. In this study, there was only agreement between the differential count results for the eosinophil variable, so when operating these tools, intervention from a Clinical Pathologist was still required.

}, keywords = {DI-60, Differential Count, WBC, XN-1000}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.194}, author = {I Dewa Komang Agung Cahyadi and I Nyoman Wande and Ni Nyoman Mahartini} } @article {2163, title = {Correlation Between Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Equivalent (RetHe) With Erythrocyte Indices in Predialytic Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in Prof. Dr. I.G.N.G. Ngoerah General Hospital Denpasar}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1064-1067}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1064}, abstract = {

Background: Early detection and monitoring of anemia are important in CKD patients, which significantly increases the effectiveness of clinical treatment, reduce treatment cost and improve quality of life patients. Differential diagnosis of anemia based on conventional erythrocyte indices is limited, therefore it requires to be combined with other indices to determine iron deficiency. Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (RET-He) is an alternative indicator of iron deficiency that is not affected by inflammation, and has been proposed as an additional marker for iron deficiency screening. Objective: To determine the correlation between RET-He and erythrocyte indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC) in predialytic CKD patients. Method: Cross-sectional retrospective study of predialytic CKD patient data in Prof. Ngoerah General Hospital, that were tested for RET-He and erythrocyte indices in January {\textendash} March 2022. Data was collected from laboratory information system (LIS) and medical record. RET-He was measured with lightscatter flow cytometry method and erythrocyte indices was calculated. Result: Sixty and three (63) study subjects were consisted of 37 men (58,7\%) and 26 women (41,3\%), with average of age was 60,68{\textpm}10,52 years. The mean value of RET-He, MCV, MCH and MCHC was 30,55{\textpm}2,86 pg, 89,08{\textpm}7,78 fL, 28,76{\textpm}2,72 pg, and 30,55{\textpm}2,86 g/dL. Result of data analysis showed positive correlation between RET-He and MCV (r = 0,659), MCH (r = 0,734), and also between RET-He and MCHC (r = 0,383), with p \< 0,05. Conclusion: There was a significant positive correlation between RET-He with erythrocyte indices in predialytic CKD patients.

}, keywords = {Erythrocyte indices, Predialytic CKD, RET-He}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.195}, author = {Christina Noviasiata Djawa and Sianny Herawati and Ni Kadek Mulyantari} } @article {2056, title = {Correlation of Apo E Gene Polymorphism with Recurrent Acute Coronary Syndrome}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {450-453}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {450}, abstract = {

Background: Recurrent cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence puts patients at higher risk for mortality and morbidity. One of the CVD symptoms is acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Many genetic polymorphisms are CVD risk factors. This study{\textquoteright}s purpose was to investigate the correlation between recurrent ACS incidence and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene polymorphism. Method: Case-control design was used in this study. About 90 patients who visited the cardiology and internal medicine clinics at UNAIR Hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia, served as the study{\textquoteright}s subjects. There were 30 patients with recurrent ACS, 30 patients with a single ACS, and 30 patients with no history of cardiovascular disease. Afterward, using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length method, the ApoE gene polymorphism examination was carried out. The Tropical Disease Center UNAIR Laboratory conducted all laboratory testing. Results: In the recurrent ACS group, ApoE polymorphism genotype patterns were 5 subjects for ε2ε2 (16.67\%), 23 subjects for ε3ε3 (76.66\%), and 2 subjects for ε4ε4 (6.67\%). Meanwhile, in the single ACS group, ApoE polymorphism genotype patterns were 6 subjects for ε2ε2 (20\%), 22 subjects for ε3ε3 (73.4\%), 1 subject for ε4ε4 (3.33\%), and 1 subject for ε2ε3 (3.33\%). And, in the non- ACS group, ApoE polymorphism genotype patterns were4 subjects for ε2ε2 (13.34\%), 25 subjects for ε3ε3 (83.33\%), and1 subject for ε4ε4 (3.33\%). There was no correlation of ApoE gene polymorphism with recurrent ACS incidence by Chi-square analysis (p \> 0.05). Conclusion: ApoE gene polymorphism cannot significantly affect recurrent ACS incidence.

}, keywords = {Acute Coronary Syndrome, ApoE gene, PCR RFLP, Polymorphism, Public Health}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.100}, author = {Muhamad Robiul Fuadi and Jusak Nugraha and I Gde Rurus Suryawan and Hartono Kahar and Aryati and Gwenny Ichsan Prabowo and Budi Utomo and Reny I{\textquoteright}tishom} } @article {2182, title = {Correlation of Mitotic Index (MI) and Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) to Chemotherapy Response in Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital Medan}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1181-1184}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1181}, abstract = {

Background: The response to chemotherapy depends on the proliferation of cancer cells. The higher the proliferation of cancer cells, the better the response. Mitotic Index and Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes are markers related to the rate of proliferation and cancer immunity. Objectives: to analyze the correlation of Mitotic Index (MI) and Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) to chemotherapy response in Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods: This study used an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. It was conducted at the Division of Oncology Surgical, Department of Surgery, USU Medical Faculty, H. Adam Malik Hospital, Medan, for six months with a sample of 60 people. Results: On average, most respondents are 47 years old, with the youngest age being 27 and the oldest 73 years old. Most respondents have Grade II, with most in stage IIIB. There was no relationship between Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Chemotherapy Response (p\>0.05), with a Positive Predictive Value (NPP) of 47\% and a Negative Predictive Value (NPN) of 50\%. Conclusion: There is no relationship between the mitotic index and clinical response to chemotherapy, and there is no relationship between tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and the response to chemotherapy due to influencing factors such as albumin, T stage, menopausal status, and receptor status.

}, keywords = {Chemotherapy response, Mitotic index, TNBC, Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.214}, author = {Kamal Basri Siregar and Barry Winaldy Siregar and Suyatno} } @article {1959, title = {Correlation of TB LAM Ag (Tuberculosis Lipoarabinomannan Antigen) Results from Urine with Adenosine Deaminase Levels from Pleural Fluid Patients with Pulmonary TB Accompanied by Pleural Effusion}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {47-51}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {47}, abstract = {

Background: One of the newest testing methods for active TB uses TB LAM Antigen, in which lipoarabinomannan (LAM) as the examined substance serves as the main component of the cell wall of M. tuberculosis (MTB) and the degradation product of MTB by macrophages in the human body. Patients with active TB with or without HIV infection may experience a decreased antibody response, which causes LAM not to bind to antibodies so that it can pass through the normal glomerular basement membrane and can be detected in the urine. Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay (LF-LAM) can detect this material with urine samples from active TB patients. Another TB screening method uses the measurement of adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity. ADA has a very important function for the proliferation and differentiation of lymphoid cells, especially T cells, and assists in the maturation of monocytes into macrophages. Objective: This study aims to qualitatively prove the correlation between the pleural fluid ADA levels of pulmonary TB patients with pleural effusion using the LF-LAM test results and examine the potential of TB LAM Ag, which correlates with increased pleural fluid ADA levels, as a diagnostic tool for diagnosing pulmonary TB. Method: It is an observational analytic study with a crosssectional design. Materials for this study included temporary urine from active TB patients at Dr. Soetomo Regional Public Hospital collected in May-August 2022. The descriptive analysis was conducted using SPSS 25.0. The data were tested for normal distribution and with the homogeneity test of Shapiro-Wilk{\textquoteright}s data. The statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test, while the kappa suitability test was carried out to determine the correlation and level of concordance between the ADA cut-off value of pleural fluid and the TB LAM Ag test results. Results: This study involved 50 subjects consisting of 22 (44\%) subjects with ADA test results between 40-100 IU/L compared to 28 subjects (56\%) with ADA test results below 40 IU/L. There were 14 (28\%) subjects with positive TB LAM Ag test results, consisting of 10 (45\%) active TB subjects with a high ADA test cut-off of 40-100 IU/L and 4 (14\%) active TB subjects with a low ADA test cut-off below 40 IU/L, with a p-value = 0.012. Conclusions: There is a correlation between TB Lipoarabinomannan antigen test results of TB patients with pleural effusion. TB LAM Ag can be detected positive on ADA test results of \< 40 IU/L and more positive in active TB patients with high ADA test results of \> 40-100 IU/L. Therefore, the TB LAM Ag test is more sensitive than the ADA test. The cut-off value of the ADA test reached 76.4 U/L, and a positive TB LAM was found.

}, keywords = {Active TB with pleural effusion., Adenosine deaminase (ADA) test, TB Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) Antigen}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.7}, author = {Sari Prabandari Prasetyaningrum and Arief Bakhtiar and Yessy Puspitasari} } @article {2183, title = {Correlation of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) to Apoptotic Index (AI) in Breast Cancer}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1185-1188}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1185}, abstract = {

Background: TILs is higher in breast cancer tissue, especially in the stroma compared to normal breast tissue. There is still no research on the relationship between AI and TILS in breast cancer. Yet another study indicating the presence of lymphocytic infiltration was investigated further by detailed analysis of apoptotic epithelial/tumor cells, using the CytoDEATH M30 antibody. The number of apoptosis was significantly higher. Methods: This study used an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach to analyze the relationship between Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and the apoptotic index (AI) in breast cancer. This research was conducted at H. Adam Malik General Hospital. The study was conducted using a case series model to see the correlation between Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) and Apoptotic index (AI) in Breast Cancer. Results: In this study there were 52 patients where the mean age was 54.8 years with a standard deviation of 9.66 years Based on the characteristics of the TNM, it was found that most of the patients came with T3 (24 patients/46.2\%), N0 (29 patients/55.8\%) and M1 (31 patients/59.6\%). Based on the frequency, there were 35 patients with high TILS or 67.3\% of the total sample and 44 patients with high AI or 84.6\%. In this study, an analysis of the relationship between TILS and AI was carried out where a p value \<0.001 was obtained indicating a significance and relationship between TILS and AI. Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and the Apoptotic index (AI).

}, keywords = {Apoptotic Index, Breast cancer, H. Adam Malik General Hospital, Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.215}, author = {Kamal Basri Siregar and Barry Winaldy Siregar and Suyatno} } @article {1986, title = {Curcumin from Curcuma longa L. as Dual Inhibitors Against Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 Isolates: A Molecular Docking Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {228-232}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {228}, abstract = {

COVID-19 has become a global pandemic since 2020. The search for promising drugs based on the abundant herbal ingredients in Indonesia is one of the breakthroughs. Curcumin is a chemical compound with various potentials such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral. We conducted a molecular docking analysis to determine the potential of curcumin against SARS-CoV-2 non-structural and structural proteins, such as the main protease and spike protein. This study used the compound of curcumin (PubChem CID: 969516) from Curcuma longa L. or turmeric and two Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 isolates that have been deposited in the GISAID database (hCoV-19/Indonesia/JI-PNF-217315/2021 - EPI_ ISL_12777089 or lineage B.1.617.2 and hCoV-19/Indonesia/JI-PNF-211373/2021 - EPI_ISL_6425649 or lineage B.1.470). In addition, we used molnupiravir (PubChem CID: 145996610) as a drug control. We performed molecular docking analysis with PyRx software 0.9.9 (academic license) and visualization of molecular docking results with PyMOL software 2.5.4 (academic license). The results of this study found that curcumin had good potential against main protease and spike protein compared to the drug (control). In summary, we suggested that curcumin is a potential drug candidate against SARS-CoV-2. However, there is a need for future wet laboratory-based pre-clinical research such as in vitro and in vivo.

}, keywords = {COVID-19, Curcumin, Indonesia, Molecular docking, SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.34}, author = {Chairul A. Nidom and Arif N. M. Ansori and Astria N. Nidom and Setyarina Indrasari and Reviany V. Nidom} } @article {2108, title = {Decreased Expression of Endocrine Glands Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (EG-VEGF) in Rat Endometrial After Stimulation with Recombinants FSH Can be Reduce Implantation Rates}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {707-713}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {707}, abstract = {

Background: Decreased expression of EG-VEGF in human endometrium after administration of ovarian stimulators has been reported to adversely affect endometrial receptivity and low implantation rates. Objective: To determine the effect of recombinant FSH administration on EG-VEGF protein in the endometrium of rats taken in the secretory phase and how it relates to endometrial receptivity. Design: A total of 36 female wistar rats with normal estrous cycles were randomly assigned to the natural cycle group (NC) and two stimulation groups (SC) which were injected with recombinant FSH at 12.5 IU and 25 IU intraperitoneally. Uterine necropsy and blood collection were performed on day 1, day 2, and day 3 after hCG administration. A total of 3 female rats from each group were mated with male rats (two males and three females in one cage). A successful marriage is indicated by the presence of a vaginal plug the next day. The level of EG-VEGF protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemical technique and steroid hormone levels were measured by the Elisa technique. Results: ANOVA test, that the expression of EG-VEGF in the endometrial glands showed a significant decrease from the normal cycle group to the stimulated cycle group 1 (SC 1) and SC2 (P = 0.00), as well as the expression of EG-VEGF in the endometrial stroma. (P = 000). Steroid hormone levels did not show a significant decrease between the normal cycle group and the stimulated cycle group (P = 0.48 and P = 0.13). Conclusion: Decreased EG-VEGF expression in rat endometrium after administration of recombinant FSH is associated with decreased endometrial receptivity which can reduce pregnancy rates.

}, keywords = {EG-VEGF, Endometrial receptivity, rFSH, Secretory phase.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.141}, author = {Raden Muharam and Nurhuda Sahar and Kusmardi Kusmardi and Luluk Yunaini and Risqa Novita and Rosalina Thuffi and Conny Riana Tjampakasari and Ponco Birowo and Diyah Kristanty} } @article {2041, title = {Description of Ciplukan Toxicity (Physalis angulata L.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {357-367}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {357}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.) is a plant used by Indonesian people as traditional medicine. Drug sanitization needs to be carried out to guarantee the use and availability of scientifically safe traditional medicines. This study aims to provide information and enrich knowledge about the safety of consuming ciplukan roots and stems. Methods: This study used 8 male mice as test animals, divided randomly into 4 treatment groups, namely mice treated with a dose of 0.56 mg/20 g body weight; mice treated with a dose of 5.6 mg/20 g body weight; mice treated with 56 mg/20 g body weight; and mice treated with 560 mg/20 g body weight. Treatment was given once and then observed for 24 hours to observe the number of deaths of the test animals. Then follow-up observations were carried out in 3 days on individuals who were still alive. Results: Within 24 hours all individuals at the treatment dose of 0.56 mg/20 g body weight survived, whereas all individuals at the treatment dose of 5.6; 56; and 560 mg/20 g body weight died. The observations on individuals treated at a dose of 0.56 mg/20 g body weight showed that the animals were in good condition, with sleeping and eating activities, moving a lot, having clean and nice fur, and not showing toxic symptoms such as disturbances in physical activity, impaired balance, and refusal to eat. Conclusions: The administration of the test extract below is less or equal to 0.56 mg/20 g body weight is relatively safe.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Ciplukan, Condition, Dosage, Traditional medicine.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.85}, author = {Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan and Titin and Yohanes Gatot Sutapa Yuliana} } @article {1991, title = {Development and Evaluation of Bio fabricated Silver Nanoparticles from Blumea lacera for In-vitro Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {266-278}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {266}, abstract = {

Background: Increasing prevalence of microbial resistance and side effects of currently available drugs compels the researchers to look for alternate therapies and formulations to overcome this problem. Plant based formulations have been proved to be most reliable agents in recent times. Objective: In the current study, bio fabricated herbal silver nanoparticles (HSNPs) were prepared by reducing silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution with ethyl acetate fractions (EAF) of Blumea lacera extracts. These bios conjugated HSNPs were then assessed for potential anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities along with in vitro antioxidant effect. Methods and Results: The synthesis was confirmed by absorbance peak at 441 nm due to surface plasmon resonance in UV-visible spectrophotometer. FTIR spectra of HSNPs indicated the phytochemicals having C-O bond responsible for reducing of Ag+ to Ago. Average size of HSNPs was found to be 59.21 nm which was in good agreement with TEM and SEM results. EDS analysis showed the existence of Silver, Nitrogen and Carbon in HSNPs. The antibacterial activity of HSNPs in terms of zone of inhibition (ZOI) via disc diffusion assay and against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was found to be 25.0{\textpm}1.19 mm and 18.3{\textpm}2.08 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of HSNPs was found to be 50 μg/ml and 60 μg/ml against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of the HSNPs was insignificant as compared to EAF but the results of anti-inflammatory activity was significant (p\<0.05). Conclusion: The overall result demonstrated better in-vitro pharmacological potential of HSNPs compared to neat extract/EAF. Key words: Green synthesis, Phytopharmaceuticals, Inflammation, Kukrounda, HPTLC.

}, keywords = {Green synthesis, HPTLC., Inflammation, Kukrounda, Phytopharmaceuticals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.38}, author = {Tarkeshwar Dubey and Kancharla Bhanukiran and Kuna Das and Siva Hemalatha} } @article {2019, title = {Development of Patient Safety Management Learning Model Based on Problem Based Learning Integrated Soft Skill Higher Level Thinking for Health Students in Samarinda}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {418-423}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {418}, abstract = {

Background: Nursing students who participate in clinical practice in hospitals are not ready to provide quality care in maximizing patient safety. This study aims to develop a Problem Based Learning Patient Safety (PBLPS) conceptual model design that stimulates high-level thinking soft skills for students and finds PBLPS learning tools. Method: Research and Development (R\&D), which is a research method that aims to produce new products through a development process. The stages of the research method consist of 3 stages, namely: the preliminary study stage; model development stage; model testing stage. The research subjects were nursing students at tertiary institutions in Samarinda city who had taken patient safety management courses, totaling 162 people. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. Results: Patient safety goals have not been implemented properly by students who practice clinical practice in hospitals. Students state that case-based learning can improve both hard skills and soft skills. The design of the integrated Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model and the integrated PBLPS learning tools developed are RPS and integrated PBL-based modules on patient safety management. The results of the analysis of the soft skills assessment of high-level thinking students who practice in hospitals in the first year and the second-year show that there are differences in the results of the assessment of high-level thinking soft skills in the application of patient safety. Conclusion: The Problem Based Learning Patient Safety (PBLPS) conceptual model can stimulate high-order thinking soft skills for students in patient safety management practices in hospitals.

}, keywords = {Patient Safety, Problem Based Learning, Soft skills.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.65}, author = {Hilda and Supriadi and Hesti Prawita Widiastuty and Arsyawina and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2010, title = {Diuretic Potency of Belalai Gajah Plants (Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.fil.) Lindau)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {365-369}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {365}, abstract = {

Backgrounds: The use of belalai gajah plants (Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.fil.) Lindau) is believed by the Chinese community to be able to treat hypertension, so to prove whether this power exists in belalai gajah plants is to do a diuretic activity test. Objective of Study: to determine the presence of diuretic potency in belalai gajah plants. Methods: This test used male white rats of the Sprague Dawley strain with a body weight of 200-250 grams aged 2-2.5 months as many as 35 rats which were divided into 7 groups. The first group or no treatment, the second group with 2.8 ml/200 g body weight of distilled water, the third and fourth groups with 0.72 mg/200 g body weight of furosemide and 1.44 mg/200 g body weight, the fifth, sixth, and seventh groups with administration of belalai gajah plants extract doses of 75 mg/kg body weight, 150 mg/kg body weight, and 300 mg/kg body weight. This test uses the Cumming method. Urine collection was carried out for 24 hours, then urine volume, urine pH, also sodium and potassium levels in rat urine were measured. Results: The results of this study showed that without treatment, the administration of distilled water at a dose of 2.8 ml/200 g body weight, furosemide at a dose of 0.72 mg/200 g body weight and 1.44 mg/200 g body weight, and belalai gajah plants extract at a dose of 75 mg/kg body weight, 150 mg/kg body weight, and 300 mg/kg body weight resulted in a urine volume of 13.01 {\textpm} 0.07 ml; 13.77{\textpm}0.17 ml; 15.78{\textpm} 0.39 ml; 18.13{\textpm}0.23 ml; 14.05{\textpm}0.06 ml; 16.78{\textpm}0.12 ml; 17.98{\textpm}0.09 ml (p\<0.5). Furthermore, the urine pH was successively 7.02 {\textpm} 0.04; 7.11{\textpm}0.02; 7.21{\textpm}0.02; 7.58{\textpm}0.18; 7.15{\textpm}0.03; 7.37{\textpm}0.03; 7.44{\textpm}0.02 (p\>0.5). The results of sodium levels in urine were respectively 1.06{\textpm}0.03 mEq/ ml; 1.14{\textpm}0.03 mEq/ml; 2.17{\textpm}0.09 mEq/ml; 4.01{\textpm}0.069 mEq/ml; 1.34{\textpm}0.08 mEq/ml; 1.49{\textpm}0.02mEq/ml; 1.77 {\textpm}0.05 mEq/ml (p\<0.5) and urinary potassium levels 0.5{\textpm}0.03 mEq/ml, respectively; 0.57{\textpm}0.018 mEq/ ml; 0.98{\textpm}0.023 mEq/ml; 1.88{\textpm}0.04 mEq/ml; 0.6{\textpm}0.02 mEq/ml; 0.76{\textpm}0.021 mEq/ml; 0.87{\textpm}0.032 mEq/ ml (p\<0.5). Conclusion: Belalai gajah plants extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight has the ability to increase urine volume which is close to the urine volume by administering furosemide 1.44 mg/200 g body weight. Belalai gajah plants extract at a dose of 75 mg/kg body weight had a urine pH close to urine pH by administering distilled water at a dose of 2.8 ml/200 g body weight and 0.72 mg furosemide/200 g body weight. Giving belalai gajah plants extract at a dose of 75 mg/kg body weight has potassium levels in the urine that are close to urine potassium levels by administering distilled water.

}, keywords = {Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.fil.) Lindau, Diuretic Potency, Urine.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.56}, author = {Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan and Afandi and Syarifah Ditha Aprilia} } @article {2074, title = {Diversity of Types of Medicinal Plants and Local Wisdom of the Kaili Tribe in Processing Medicinal Plants Around the Forest Areas of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {535-540}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {535}, abstract = {

The forest area in Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi, is a habitat for various medicinal plant species. Forest areas must be managed appropriately for the local community and society{\textquoteright}s welfare and sustainable use. One of the local people living around the forest is the Kaili tribe. The local wisdom of the Kaili tribe, who inhabit forest areas in Central Sulawesi, in managing forests and forest products, especially using plants as medicine, must be documented in research. This study aimed to identify the species, habitat, habitus, and ways of using the plant as medicine by the Kaili people in the Sigi Regency. Prior to data collection, a literature study was conducted to obtain information regarding the condition of the research location around the forest area and the ethnic/ethnic groups who live permanently around and within the forest area. This stage was then followed by interviews and field surveys. The interviews were conducted by combining purposive sampling and snowball methods. The results showed the high potency of medicinal plants around forest areas used by the Kaili tribe, with the discovery of 113 species in 51 families. Herbs are the most common habitus of medicinal plants. The habitat of medicinal plants is mainly found in the yard. The most used plant part is the leaves, which can be boiled in water and drunk directly.

}, keywords = {Kaili tribe, Local knowledge, Medicinal plants, Species diversity.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.115}, author = {Abdul Hapid and Ariyanti Ariyanti and Erniwati Erniwati and Ni Made Dharma Shantini Suena and Ketut Agus Adrianta and Karnita Yuniarti and Muthmainnah Muthmainnah} } @article {2194, title = {Does Land-Use Associate with Escherichia coli Pollution in Karst Springs? A Review of the Literature}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1250-1253}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1250}, abstract = {

Objective: The presence of Escherichia coli bacteria in karst springs, influenced by land cover conditions and land use activities in rainwater catchment areas, indicates a decrease in water quality. The study aimed to describe the effect of land use on Escherichia coli contamination in karst springs. Methods: This was a narrative review retrieving studies from Scopus and PubMed databases. The keywords used are pollution, Escherichia coli, land use, and karst springs. Of the 52 studies identified in the search phase, ten studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. Results: The concentration of Escherichia coli increases with increasing rainfall in all types of land use, such as forested land, mixed garden land, residential land, and grazing or livestock land. Factors that cause concentration Escherichia coli does not meet water quality standards due to feces from wild animals, feces-contaminated fertilization, construction of non-water impermeable septic tanks, and feces from livestock grazing. Conclusions: Repairing septic tanks and sewage in areas with high population density may reduce Escherichia coli contamination. Further research is needed to formulate strategies and policies for managing springs in the karst areas.

}, keywords = {Escherichia coli, Karst Springs, Land-Use, Pollution}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.226}, author = {Ferdy Salamat and Anwar Daud and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1964, title = {Effect of Butionin-Sulfaximine and Fluphenazine as Trypanothione Inhibitory Drugs on Promastigotes and Axenic Amastigotes of Leishmania Peruviana and Leishmania Braziliensis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {82-85}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {82}, abstract = {

Background: Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the Leishmania parasite, which is difficult to diagnose, causes disfigurement and is difficult to treat. Objectives: To determine the effect of Butionin-Sulfaximine (BSO) and Fluphenazine on trypomastigotes and axenic amastigotes of Leishmania peruviana and Leishmania braziliensis. Methods: A study was performed with Butionin-Sulfaximine (BSO), Fluphenazine, and Glucantime (positive control,) utilizing respective concentrations of 41.7 mg/ml, 4.17 mg/ml, and 50 mg/ml for twenty-four hours on axenic amastigotes. Results: A significant difference (*P \< 0.05) was found between the negative control group, Fluphenazine, and BSO within both the axenic amastigotes of L. peruviana (5.5 X 105 / ml for the negative control, 0.15 X 105 / ml for Fluphenazine, and 0.7 X 105 / ml for BSO) and L. braziliensis (6.9 X 105/ml for the negative control, 0.18 X 105/ml for Fluphenazine, and 0.22 X 105/ml for BSO). Another significant difference (*P \< 0.05) was found in the promastigotes of L. peruviana (5.9 X 105 / ml for the negative control, 0.66 X 105 / ml for Fluphenazine, and 3.1 X 105 / ml for BSO) and L. braziliensis (8.7 X 105/ml for the negative control and 5.68 X 105/ml for Fluphenazine). Conclusions: From this, we conclude Fluphenazine and BSO present promising antiparasitic effects against axenic amastigotes of L. peruviana and L. braziliensis in both pharmacological tests of the in vivo model and their potential future use.

}, keywords = {Axenic Amastigote, Butionin-Sulfaximine, Fluphenazine, Leishmania}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.11}, author = {Jes{\'u}s Rojas-Jaimes and Marco Mes{\'\i}a-Guevara and Alexander Murillo-Zenozain} } @article {2005, title = {The Effect of Cardiac Catheterization Intervention on The Nutritional Status of Children with Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {338-342}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {338}, abstract = {

Background: Intervention is required since malnutrition in children with acyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD) will affect growth, development, and quality of life. Research on the impact of cardiac catheterization on the nutritional health of children with acyanotic CHD is limited, particularly in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the effect of cardiac catheterization on the nutritional status of children with acyanotic CHD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2019 and December 2021. The participants of this study were children aged 1-60 months with acyanotic CHD who had undergone cardiac catheterization. We compare the nutritional status of participants in three observation stages, including pre-intervention of catheterization and the 3rd and 6th months post-cardiac catheterization. The parameters of nutritional status are determined according to the mean of Z-scores of weight-for-age (WAZ), length-for-age (LAZ), and weight-for-length (WLZ) of participants. Results: A total of children with acyanotic CHD who underwent catheterization and 49 children were eligible participants. The mean age of children with acyanotic CHD patients who underwent catheterization was 31.51 months, and 89\% of them were 1-5 years. Fifty-three percent of participants who underwent cardiac catheterization were male. The most common acyanotic CHD defects were the Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) among 55.1\% of participants. Significant differences were found in WAZ, LAZ, and WLZ in the measurement of three observation stages (p\<0.05). Conclusion: Interventional cardiac catheterization affects and enhances the nutritional status of children with acyanotic CHD and may be suggested as an initial therapy to further evaluate the disease.

}, keywords = {Acyanotic CHD, Children, Congenital heart disease, Interventional cardiac catheterization., Nutritional status}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.51}, author = {Muqiemuddin Salim and I Ketut Alit Utamayasa and Roedi Irawan and Irwanto and Azwin Mengindra Putera and Meity Ardiana} } @article {1953, title = {The Effect of Channa striata Extract on Serum Albumin and High Sensitive C-Reactive Protein in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {1-5}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Albumin is a marker of nutritioinal inflammation and mortality. Chronic inflammation, as indicated by the concentration of a proinflammatory cytokine, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was reported to be high in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Channa striata (CS) contains high protein that can increase albumin levels and has anti-inflammatory effects. This study was conducted to determine the effect of CS extract on serum albumin and hs-CRP on ESRD patients. Methods: This study is a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with ESRD on hemodialysis (HD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Subjects were randomized to either a CS or a placebo group and were given a three times daily dosage of 500 mg of CS extract or 500 mg maltodextrin, respectively for 21 days. Serum albumin and hs-CRP were measured at the baseline, and at the end of the study. Result: Forty subjects were randomized into the study with 20 in the Channa striata group and 20 in the placebo group, with HD and CAPD patient evenly distributed among the group. Significant increase in serum albumin levels (p\<0,001) and significant decrease of hs-CRP (p\<0,001) were observed in the treatment group compared to control group at the end of the study. At the end of the study, there was no significant difference between serum albumin, hs-CRP, and their gradient between HD and CAPD patients in the intervention group. Conclusion: CS extract results in higher serum albumin and lower hs-CRP levels compared to placebo in our population.

}, keywords = {Albumin, Channa striata, End-stage renal disease, hs-CRP, Supplementation.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.1}, author = {Wachid Putranto and Septina Hestiningrum and Nur Ismi Mustika Febriani and Kusmardi Kusmardi and Ratih Tri Kusuma Dewi and Santy Ayu Puspita Perdhana and Nurhasan Agung Prabowo and Yeremia Suryo Pratama} } @article {2011, title = {The Effect of Combination between Green Tea Extract and Curcumin Extract from Mt. Lawu on BAX, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 in Cisplatin-Induced Rat Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {370-374}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {370}, abstract = {

Introduction: The study determines effect of Combination between Green Tea and Curcumin Extract from Mount Lawu on BAX, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 in Cisplatin (Cis)-induced rat models. Methods: We treated four rats in each group and randomly distributed them into four groups: group C (-) was the negative control group with no treatment given, group C (+) was the positive control group given Cis only, group A1 was given green tea extract and curcumin extract combination after Cis, and group A2 was given Ginkgo biloba after Cis. Expression levels of BAX, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 were assessed by ELISA. An ANOVA, a parametric test, was used if the data were normally distributed. If there were significant differences between the three groups regarding BAX, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3, a post hoc test was performed to determine the differences between treatments. Results: The results of the study show that combination between green tea and curcumin extract can increase Bcl-2 levels with an average value of 15.42 + 0.76 ng/mL, better than Ginkgo biloba extract with a value of 13.50 + 0.47 ng/mL, reduce BAX and Caspase-3 levels with a value of 6.57 + 0.38 ng/mL and 2.89 + 0.19 ng/mL, better than Ginkgo biloba with a value of 7.34 + 1.06 ng/mL and 3.86 + 0.34 ng/mL. Conclusion: This research shows that Combination between Green Tea and Curcumin Extract can increase Bcl-2 levels and reduce BAX and Caspase-3 in Cis rat models after fourteen days of treatment, better than Ginkgo biloba.

}, keywords = {Antiapoptotic, Antioxidant, Ototoxicity.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.57}, author = {Novi Primadewi and Harijono Kariosentono and Ari Probandari and Budiyanti Wiboworini} } @article {1952, title = {Effect of Combination of Soybean and Phaleria macrocarpa Ethanol Extract on IL6, TNFα, VEGF and Fibroblasts in Mice Exposed to UVB}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {6-13}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {6}, abstract = {

UV exposure causes inflammation and the generation of reactive oxygen species, both of which contribute to skin aging. The purpose of this research was to determine how a combination of Phaleria macrocarpa extract and soybean extract affected the number of fibroblasts, VEGF, IL-6, and TNF alpha expression, and blood levels of IL-6 and TNF alpha in UV-B-exposed mice. In this study, mice were placed into four groups: one control group, three treatment groups, and a combination of Phaleria macrocarpa:soybeans at a 1:1 ratio (com group). The mice were euthanized on days 5 and 21 for histological preparations and then examined under a light microscope. Using an Olympus C-21 microscope with an Optilab Advances camera at 1000x magnification, the fibroblast was studied by counting the number of fibroblast cells per field of view. The immunohistochemical approach was performed to analyze the expression of VEGF, IL-6, and TNF- in skin tissue. The ELISA technique was used to quantify the levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha. SPSS ver 21 was used to analyze the data. On days 5 and 21, the number of fibroblasts and expression of VEGF, IL-6, and TNF alpha were significantly higher in the combination group than in the control, Phaleria macrocarpa, and soybean treatment groups. However, there was no significant change in IL-6 and TNF alpha levels across groups on days 5 and 21 (p \> 0.05). Finally, a 1:1 mixture of Phaleria macrocarpa and soybeans reduced the number of fibroblasts and the production of VEGF, IL-6, and TNF alpha on days 5 and 21, but not in serum levels.

}, keywords = {Inflammation, Skin wound, UV B radiation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.2}, author = {Sumarawati T and Chodidjah and Dina Fatmawati} } @article {1970, title = {The Effect of Drying Methods on Chemical Profiling of Zingiberaceae Herbs Production}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {128-133}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {128}, abstract = {

Background: Drying method is one of the important steps in post-harvesting in herbal production in order to prolong the shelf-life of herbal medicine and to ensure the good quality. Objective: This research aimed to profile and quantify the metabolites changing using metabolomic based on 1H-NMR Spectroscopy on Curcuma and Zingiber genus due to the drying process. Material and Methods: Five species of the Curcuma and Zingiber genus were Curcuma longa L., Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb., Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., Zingiber officinale Roscoe. and Zingiber amaricans BI. The drying method applied were freeze drying and oven drying method at -1080C and 500C, respectively. Samples were extracted using buffer phosphate and deuterated methanol (3:7). The analysis was performed using 1H-NMR spectroscopy 400 MHz with TSP as an internal standard. The 1H-NMR spectra were analysed with multivariate (Principal Component Analysis). Results: The relative concentrations of sucrose and fructose at 5 samples in freeze drying method showed significant higher content than those in oven drying. On the other hands, glucose was mostly significant higher concentration in oven drying at 5 samples. Fructose and sucrose were significantly higher in freeze drying method than those in oven drying in Curcuma and Zingiber genera. Relative glucose content was higher in oven drying at Curcuma genus Conclusion: Therefore, oven drying method which applied heating at 500C is an appropriate method for herbal medicine production, especially in Curcuma and Zingiber genus, for maintaining the major secondary metabolites.

}, keywords = {Curcuma Genus, Freeze drying, Multivariate, Oven drying, Zingiber Genus.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.17}, author = {Dinar Sari C. Wahyuni and Siti A. E. Astuti and Soerya Dewi Marliyana and Yudi Rinanto and Tiara Dewi S. Pratama and Ahmad Fauzi and Ari Satia Nugraha} } @article {2173, title = {The Effect of Elderly Hadrah Gymnastics on Muscle Strength and Scope of Motion of Lower Extremity Joints in Elderly with Osteoarthritis (Martapura River Region, South Kalimantan)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1126-1131}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1126}, abstract = {

Increased life expectancy (UHH) in Indonesia from 71.7 years in 2016 (Novianty, Nodia, 2018). And it is estimated to increase to 72.2 years in 2035 (BPS, 2016). The implication of increasing the number of elderly people with high UHH is expected to be healthy and productive elderly people and free from diseases and health problems, however, the results of a preliminary study in East Banjarmasin, the number of elderlies is 207 elderly (Posyandu, 2018). And almost 70\% experience health problems such as osteoarthritis, so it is necessary to intervene in the form of Elderly Hadrah Gymnastics (SHL) which can increase muscle strength and scope of joint motion of the Elderly, so that the Elder can live healthy and free from osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of SHL on muscle strength and joint range of motion in elderly people with osteoarthritis in the Suburb area, Sungai Martapura Village, South Kalimantan Region. Quasi Experiment research design with The Non-Randomized Control Group Pretest Posttest Design approach, the population of all elderly in the Martapura River area with a total of 110 elderly (Pemko Dinkes, 2016). The research sample was the elderly living in the Martapura watershed who had osteoarthritis, non-random sampling, purposive sampling technique, with a total sample of 68 elderly consisting of the control and treatment groups, each of which was 34 participants. Both groups measured muscle strength and joint range of motion before and after treatment. Data analysis used Paired T-test for paired samples and Independent T-Test for unpaired samples with normal distribution. The results of research show There is an effect of SHL on the Strength of Pelvic and Knee Muscles of the Elderly as well as the effect of SHL on the Scope of Pelvic and Knee Joints in the Elderly. In the elderly who have osteoarthritis, they should do elderly Hadrah Gymnastics regularly at least 2 times a week.

}, keywords = {Elderly Hadrah Gymnastics, Joint Scope, Knee Muscles, Osteoarthritis, Pelvic Muscles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.205}, author = {Bahrul Ilmi and Parellangi and Akhmad Rizani and Hammad and Anwar Mallongi and Sukri Palutturi} } @article {2052, title = {The Effect of Family-Based Empowerment in Preventing Overweight and Obesity in Elementary School Children in Kupang}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {428-434}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {428}, abstract = {

Background: The prevalence of overweight and obesity continues to increase in both developing and developed countries and occurs in all age groups. As well as being the biggest threat to public health, especially non-communicable diseases. Childhood is the most special period in life. It is almost certain that many health problems/illnesses experienced during this period will be carried on into adulthood. The causes of obesity in children are very complex; genetic, biological, psychosocial, behavioral and sociocultural factors. The impact of overweight and obesity on children is related to physical and psychological effects. Lifestyle modification which includes increasing knowledge, diet, physical activity, sedentary behavior, socio-cultural aspects is believed to be a strategy in preventing and controlling overweight and obesity. This study aims to examine the effect of family empowerment on the prevention of overweight and obesity in elementary school children. This research is a quasy experiment that is pre-test and posttest with control group design. Parallel design with one treatment group and one control group. The sample is determined by purposive random sampling. The research sample was overweight/obese children in elementary school grades 4, 5 and 6, totaling 112 people. Data were obtained through a structured questionnaire covering family abilities, knowledge, physical activity and nutritional intake. Nutritional status was measured after measuring body weight and height using digital scales. Eating patterns were measured using a food frequency questionnaire and a 24-hour recall formula. Results: The results showed that there were differences in family ability (p\<0.016), knowledge (p\<0.001), physical activity (p\<0.015) and nutritional intake (p\<0.000) in the treatment group and the control group after implementing the family empowerment intervention. Conclusion: Family-centered empowerment interventions through health education about overweight and obesity management have a positive impact on increasing family capacity, family knowledge, physical activity and changes in family eating patterns. It is necessary to implement lifestyle modifications in preventing and controlling overweight and obesity. Family-centered empowerment interventions through health education about overweight and obesity management have a positive impact on increasing family capacity, family knowledge, physical activity and changes in family eating patterns. It is necessary to implement lifestyle modifications in preventing and controlling overweight and obesity. Family-centered empowerment interventions through health education about overweight and obesity management have a positive impact on increasing family capacity, family knowledge, physical activity and changes in family eating patterns. It is necessary to implement lifestyle modifications in preventing and controlling overweight and obesity.

}, keywords = {Elementary School Children., Empowerment, Family, Obesity, Overweigh}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.96}, author = {Fransiskus Geroda Mado and Nurhaedar Jafar and Masyta Muis and Ida Leida Maria and Muhammad Syafar and Darmawansyah and Muhammad Alwi Arifin and Anwar Mallongi and Toto Sudargo and Agustina} } @article {2186, title = {The Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) on the Histopathological Lung Cells of Male White Wistar Rats Which are Intoxicated with Methanol}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1202-1206}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1202}, abstract = {

Methanol is a liquid that has the characteristics of being light, very easy to evaporate, colorless, flammable, toxic, and has a very distinctive odor like ethanol but lighter. The World Health Organization (WHO) globally states that 320,000 people die every year due to methanol poisoning in the age range of around 15 years to 29 years. Usually, symptoms of poisoning caused by methanol appear within 30 minutes to 2 hours. Based on the phenomenon that occurred, the author wanted to find out more about the effect of HBOT administration on the histopathological appearance of lung cells in mice intoxicated with methanol. This study used 30 male white wistar rat lung samples aged 2 to 3 months weighing around 150 grams to 250 grams, divided into three groups, namely the control group, treatment group I, and treatment group II. The control group was not given methanol treatment and hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT). Treatment group I was given methanol for 14 days without hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Meanwhile, the treatment group was given methanol for 14 days and then given hyperbaric therapy for 10 days. The results show p\<0.0006, which means the data is significant and there are differences between groups. The results of this study can be concluded that administering hyperbaric oxygen therapy to rats intoxicated with methanol had a statistically significant improvement effect on the alveolar membrane, alveolar lumen, and connections between the alveoli.

}, keywords = {Histopathological Lung Cells, Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Methanol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.218}, author = {Djatiwidodo Edi Pratiknya and Risma and Ariyo Sakso Bintoro} } @article {1972, title = {Effect of Hypnoanesthesia on Endogenous Opioids (Beta Endorphin and Enkephalin)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {141-145}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {141}, abstract = {

Background: Hypnoanesthesia is a state of anesthesia achieved through hypnosis techniques. Meanwhile, hypnosis is a condition in which the mind receives information without analyzing it. Hypnoanesthesia has been empirically utilized in surgery since the 18th century, but the mechanism remains unclear. Objective: This study aims to prove nociceptive pain relief due to hypnoanesthesia in minor surgery, with indications of changes in the serum levels of several excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the physiological mechanism of pain. Methods: The study subjects included patients with benign soft tissue tumors consisting of 40 people who were divided into 2 groups (treatment and control). The treatment group underwent minor surgery using hypnoanesthesia, while the control group underwent minor surgery using 2\% lidocaine local anesthesia. Pain in both groups was measured by FPS (Face Pain Scale) and monitored by a vital sign monitor. Changes in the serum levels of glutamic acid, substance P, beta-endorphin and enkephalin neurotransmitters in both groups before and after the intervention were analyzed using ELISA. Results: There were no significant changes in serum levels of neurotransmitters, pre and post intervention in both groups, both excitatory neurotransmitters Glutamic Acid and Substance P and inhibitory neurotransmitters Beta Endorphins and Enkephalin (p \> 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of the data analysis, it can be concluded that the empirical nociceptive pain relief occurred in patients who underwent minor surgery with hypnoanesthesia and there was no significant change in betaendorphin, enkephalin, glutamate acid, and substance P serum levels before and after hypnoanesthesia

}, keywords = {Beta-Endorphin, Enkephalin, Glutamic Acid, Hypnoanesthesia, Substance P.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.19}, author = {Ihyan Amri and Abdul Hafid Bajamal and David S. Perdanakusuma} } @article {1973, title = {The Effect of Hypnoanesthesia on Serotonin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {146-149}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {146}, abstract = {

Background: Every minor and major surgical procedure requires anesthesia to relieve pain during surgery. The neuro-biomolecular mechanism of pain relief in hypnoanesthesia remains uncomprehended. Objective: This study aims to observe the effect of hypnoanesthesia on several neurotransmitters, including serotonin, glutamic acid, and substance P, which play a role in the mechanism of pain. Methods: The study subjects included patients with benign soft tissue tumors consisting of 40 people who were divided into two groups, namely treatment and control groups. Minor surgery with hypnoanesthesia was performed in the treatment group, whereas in the control group, minor surgery was performed with 2\% lidocaine local anesthetic. Pain in both groups was measured by FPS (Face Pain Scale) and monitored by a vital sign monitor. The processes of the study were recorded with a camcorder. Changes in serum levels of excitatory (glutamic acid and substance P) and inhibitory (serotonin) neurotransmitters before and after the intervention were analyzed using ELISA (Enzym-Link Immunosorbent Assay) in both groups. Results: The control and treatment groups had the same end result, which was pain relief. The results of regression and ANOVA analysis indicated that serotonin simultaneously had a significant effect on substance P at 98.4\% and glutamic acid at 98.2\%. Conclusion: There was no statistically significant change in serotonin levels before and after hypnoanesthesia. Serotonin, as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, simultaneously has a significant effect on both excitatory neurotransmitters, namely Glutamate Acid and Substance P, in the mechanism of nociceptive pain relief with hypnosis.

}, keywords = {Glutamate Acid, Hypnoanesthesia, Serotonin, Substance P.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.20}, author = {Ihyan Amri and Abdul Hafid Bajamal and David S. Perdanakusuma} } @article {2177, title = {The Effect of Jelly Candy Snake Fruit and Banana With Ferrous Fumarat Fortified using Nano Technology in Adolescent Female at Junior High School}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1150-1155}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1150}, abstract = {

Aim: Adolescent Female are a population at risk for anemia. Nutritional factors such as calories, protein, iron, dietary fiber, and folic acid induce this disease. Furthermore, fishy odor and nausea are two factors that contribute to adolescent females{\textquoteright} lack of iron consumption. Jelly candy formulations of snake and banana fruit with ferrous fumarate fortification using nanotechnology also decrease these diseases as an alternative to food consumption. Young adolescents ought to embrace this jelly formulation, considering its reasonable pricing. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of jelly candy formulations of snake and banana fruit with ferrous fumarate fortification using nanotechnology on the increase in hemoglobin levels. Materials And Methods: A quasi-experimental approach was adopted with a Pretest-Posttest Control Group design. The study included a cohort of 150 adolescent girls hailing from Tamansari District, Tasikmalaya City, within the age range of 12 to 18 years. Additionally, the subjects were divided into three distinct groups, namely the treatments (involving jelly, snack fruit, banana, and ferrous fumarate supplementation, abbreviated as JEPISA), control group 1 (comprising jelly and ferrous fumarate supplementation, denoted as JFumarate), and control group 2 (receiving iron and folic acid supplementation as part of the Programme), each consisting of 50 participants. The sample selection process employed the purposive sampling technique and the collected data were subjected to analysis using T-Test, Chi-square and Multiple Logistic Regression methods. Results: The results of the T-Test analysis showed that the mean rise in hemoglobin after lean period of 13 week after giving treatments increased hemoglobin levels by 0.65 {\textpm} 0.39 g/dl (95\% CI 0.53-0.75 g/dl), significantly (p-value=0,000). Their mean post intervention haemoglobin of three group was 12.10 {\textpm} 0.80 g/dl, 12.42 {\textpm} 0.70 g/dl and 11.73 {\textpm} 0.90 g/dl respectively. The results of statistical test were obtained, the treatment and control group 1 (p=0,044) and the treatment and control group 2 (p=0,33). The result of the multivariate analysis showed that complaince (p=0,000), nutritional status (p=0,000) and menstrual duration (p=0,000) variable were confounding variables for the incidence of anemia (Exp(B)=17,769). Conclusion: There were differences in Hb levels before and after administering the treatment. However, there was statistically significant difference between treatment with controls 1 and 2. Weekly supplementation of treatment{\textquoteright}s in Iron Deficiency Anemia patients is as good as weekly supplementation of control 1 and but higher than control 2. Adolescent female who did not adhere to consuming iron had a chance of experiencing anemia 17,769 times compared to obedient adolescents after controlling for the variable nutritional status and length of menstruation.

}, keywords = {Adolescent female, Anemia, Fortified, Hemoglobin, Jelly Candy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.209}, author = {Meti Megawati and Toto Sudargo and And Susetyowati} } @article {2144, title = {Effect of Lactobacillus Plantarum IS-10506 on Paneth Cell Regeneration in the Ileum of Sprague Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {928-932}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {928}, abstract = {

Background: Pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most common infectious agent among children in developing countries. Indigenous probiotics are not widely used to treat diarrhea and intestinal infections. This study aims to investigate the cell regeneration process of paneth cells after administration of Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 due to damage caused by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) E. coli O55:B5, through the expression of MATH-1 and DEFA-6. Methods: This study used 64 paraffin blocks from Rattus norvegicus strain Sprague-Dawley divided into four groups. There were three treatments, KN, KL, KP and KPR groups, The KN group represent the administration of placebo. The KL group received LPS E. coli O55:B5 on day one. The KP group received LPS E. coli O55:B5 on the first day and Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 on the second day until six-day. The KPR group were administered Lactobacillus plantarum IS- 10506 six days prior to receiving LPS E. coli O55:B5, respectively. All groups, except KN, received LPS at a dose of 250 μg/kg body weight once, and Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 at a dose of 2.86x1010 CFU/ day. Evaluating paneth cell regeneration, DEFA-6, and MATH-1 expression immunohistochemistry was conducted on all tissues. Results: The expression of DEFA-6 and MATH-1 in the KP and KPR groups on day three of observation was significantly higher from the KL group. Even though the KL group achieved significant growth, the results of this expansion were significantly smaller than KP and KPR groups. Conclusion: After mucosal injury caused by LPS E. coli O55:B5, administration of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 may increase paneth cell regeneration through differentiation and cell number.

}, keywords = {DEFA-6, Escherichia coli O55:B5, Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506, Lipopolysaccharide, MATH-1., Paneth cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.177}, author = {Rasio Putra Hutama and Alpha Fardah Athiyyah and I.G.M. Reza Gunadi Ranuh and Andy Darma and Khadijah Rizky Sumitro and Wibi Riawan and Ingrid S. Surono and Subijanto Marto Sudarmo} } @article {1999, title = {The Effect of Moringa Leaf Extract Intervention Since Preconception Period on the Prevention of Oxidative Stress in Pregnant Women and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {310-314}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {310}, abstract = {

Background: Oxidative stress occurs due to an imbalance of oxidants and anti-oxidants and is often associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, additional supplementation is needed since the preconception period to prevent oxidative stress and poor pregnancy outcomes. This study aims to examine the effect of supplementing Moringa leaf extract on the prevention of oxidative stress in pregnant women and poor pregnancy outcomes. Methods: This study is an observational study with a prospective cohort study design. The research subjects were third trimester pregnant women consisting of 2 groups, namely the control group who only received Iron-Folic Acid (IFA) supplements (n = 30) and the group that received moringa leaf extract and IFA supplements (n = 26). Then an examination of Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as a biomarker of oxidative stress was carried out using the ELISA (enzyme-link immune sorbent) method, followed by pregnancy outcomes including birth weight and birth length. Data were analyzed by unpaired t test. Results: The results showed that there were no significant differences in the levels of MDA, birth weight and birth length in the two groups with a p value \> 0.05. Nevertheless, MDA level in IFA group was 49.25 nmol/ml higher than Moringa + IFA group which was 47.58 nmol/ml. Likewise, the average of birth weight and birth length in Moringa group were 3042.3 grams and 48.62 cm higher than IFA group which were 2993.7 grams and 48.23 cm. Malondialdehyde levels were also higher in women who had babies with birth weight \< 2500 grams was 49.48 nmol/ml and birth length \< 48 cm was 49.13 nmol/l compared to birth weight >= 2500 grams was 48.50 nmol/ml and birth length >= 48 cm was 48.62 nmol/ml but there was no significant difference in the two groups (p\>0.05). Conclusion: Oxidative stress in pregnant women tends to be associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. Moringa leaf extract supplementation since preconception can prevent increased oxidative stress and improve pregnancy outcomes.

}, keywords = {Malondialdehyde, Moringa oleifera, Oxidative stress, Pregnancy outcomes.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.45}, author = {Rahma and Veni Hadju and A. Arsunan Arsin and Aminuddin Syam and Anwar Mallongi and Abd. Farid Lewa and Haerani Harun and Miranti} } @article {2079, title = {Effect of Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NAA) and 6-Benzylamino Purine (BAP) on In-Vitro Propagation of "Mashua" (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ru{\'\i}z \& Pav{\'o}n) Morphotypes from Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {563-568}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {563}, abstract = {

Background: Tropaeolum tuberosum Ru{\i}z \& Pav{\'o}n {\textquotedblleft}mashua{\textquotedblright} is a native species of the central Andes and different propagation methods in vitro have been evaluated. However, this research has studied the in vitro propagation of 15 mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ru{\'\i}z \& Pav{\'o}n) morphotypes from the Ayacucho and Apur{\'\i}mac regions (Peru) Objective: To evaluate the effect of the additives naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzylamino purine (BAP) on the micro-propagation rate of T. tuberosum. Material and Methods: For in vitro establishment, seedlings were used after disinfection with sodium hypochlorite, propagated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. For the evaluation of the effect of NAA and BAP additives, nodes were isolated from in vitro seedlings after 30 days of cultivation and transferred to MS medium supplemented with 3\% sucrose, pH 5.6 and 7 g/L of agar according to T1 (MS + NAA 1ppm) and T2 (MS + BAP 1ppm) treatments. The samples were cultivated for 28 days at 19 {\textdegree}C {\textpm} 2 {\textdegree}C with photoperiods of 16 h/light and 8 h/darkness. Results: After evaluating 20 repetitions for each of the three treatments, the addition of NAA or BAP does not improve the micropropagation rate of practically all the morphotypes studied. Furthermore, BAP behaved as an inhibitor of the development of mashua seedlings. Conclusion: The best micropropagation medium of Tropaeolum tuberosum Ru{\'\i}z \& Pav{\'o}n (mashua) is the basic Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium without the NAA or BAP additives.

}, keywords = {BAP., Mashua, Micropropagation, NAA, Tropaeolum tuberosum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.120}, author = {Gilmar Pe{\~n}a-Rojas and Luz Quispe-Calle and Vidalina And{\'\i}a-Ayme and Alex Pereda-Medina and Rolando Estrada- Jimenez and Josefa Bertha Pari-Olarte and Elizabeth Julia Melgar-Merino and Jos{\'e} Santiago Almeida-Galindo and Oscar Herrera-Calderon} } @article {2158, title = {Effect of Plant Stage and Solvent Extraction on Catechin Contents in Borrasus flabellifer L. Male Flower}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1036-1041}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1036}, abstract = {

Borrasus flabellifer L. is a plant in the Arecaceae (Palmae) family with numerous bioactivities such as diuretic promotion, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. In this study, we are interested in the phytochemical compounds present in B. flabellifer L. male flowers. We investigated the effects of plant stage and solvent used for extraction. Initially, both the young and mature male flowers of this plant were extracted using water or ethanol. Several standard compounds, including gallic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, and quercetin, were utilized to screen the phytochemicals in these plant flowers. After analyzing the samples using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method, only catechin was detected in all extracts, while the others were not detected (did not match the peak spectrum pattern compared with standard). Using a detection wavelength and curve parameters with an R2 value of 0.9999, catechin detection via HPLC was performed at 280 nm within the range of 13.12 to 210.00 {\textmu}g/mL detection. Regarding the stage of the male flower, the young ones extracted with water provided the highest catechin content at 6.65 {\textmu}g/mg extract, while the others fell within the range of 4.02 to 4.44 {\textmu}g/mg extract. Therefore, it has been confirmed that catechin can be found in B. flabellifer L., and water should be used as the solvent for extraction for further applications of this plant.

}, keywords = {Borrasus flabellifer L., Catechin, HPLC, Male flower, Mature, Young}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.190}, author = {Chayut Fongsuk and Patnaree Wongmanit and Kanoktip Pansuksan} } @article {1985, title = {Effect of Platelet Concentrates (PCs) Leucodepletion on the Activation and Efficacy of Platelet Transfusion}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {223-227}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {223}, abstract = {

Platelet concentrates (PCs) are blood components transfused in thrombocytopenic patients, including patients with blood malignancies. PCs contain leukocytes, which can pose potential side effects and activate platelets, reducing the efficacy of platelet transfusion. The leucodepletion process can be carried out by filtration to reduce the leukocyte count. This study aims to determine the difference between the CD62P expression of nonleucodepleted and leucodepleted PCs and to determine the difference between the Corrected Count Increment (CCI) of patients transfused with nonleucodepleted and leucodepleted PCs. This analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design was carried out on PCs obtained from platelet-rich plasma (PRP-PC). PCs were transfused into 48 blood malignancy patients, Yogyakarta, consisting of two groups i.e the group transfused with nonleucodepleted PCs (24 patients) and the group transfused with leucodepleted PCs (24 patients). CD62P expression in PCs was measured by flow cytometry method, and the CCI of the patients was calculated based on the CCI formula. The difference between the median CD62P expression and CCI of the two groups was analyzed using the Mann- Whitney Test with a significance of p\<0.05. The median CD62P expression of the nonleucodepleted and leucodepleted groups were 34.4\% (16.8{\textendash}94.4\%) and 21.7\% (6.2{\textendash}34.0\%), respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the CD62P expression of the two groups (p = 0.00). The group transfused with nonleucodepleted, and leucodepleted PCs showed respective median CCI of 18.8 x 109/L (2.4{\textendash}94.8 x 109/L) and 14.7 x 109/L (2.4{\textendash}124.0 x 109/L). There was no statistically significant difference between the CCI of the two groups (p = 0.42). It can be concluded that the CD62P expression in the PCs of the leucodepleted group was significantly lower than those of the nonleucodepleted group and that there was no significant difference between the CCI of both groups.

}, keywords = {CD62P, Corrected count increment, Platelet concentrates}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.33}, author = {Teguh Triyono and Zelly Dia Rofinda} } @article {1995, title = {The Effect of Preconcenption Moringa Leaf Extract Supplementation on Cotinine Serum Levels in Pregnant Women Exposed to Tobacco Smoke}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {290-293}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {290}, abstract = {

Background: Moringa oleifera is known for its nutrition content, antioxidant and medical benefit. Tobacco smoke contains various toxic substance and can affect the pregnancy. To reduce the tobacco smoke effect on pregnancy outcome good nutrition is needed. Objective: This study aims to assess the effect of Moringa leaf extract on serum cotinine levels in pregnant women exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke. Method: This is an observational study with a prospective cohort study design the study population was pregnant women which were divided by 2 groups, first group received IFA supplements only (n = 30) and the second group receive IFA and Moringa leaf extract supplements (n = 26). The tobacco smoke exposure data collected with questionnaire, and cotinine serum by blood sample. The tobacco smoke exposure and cotinine serum levels were compered between the two groups. Results: The tobacco smoke exposures at home were higher in MO+IFA group pregnant women then the IFA group pregnant women (p\<0,05). The cotinine serum levels in both groups were found not significantly different (p=0,535). These results indicate that pregnant woman with high exposure of tobacco smoke who MO receive have similar cotinine serum levels with the pregnant woman with lower exposure of tobacco smoke. Conclusion: Moringa leaf extract supplementation to pregnant women with high tobacco smoke exposure has serum cotinine levels similar to pregnant women with lower exposure to tobacco smoke.

}, keywords = {Cotinine, Moringa oleifera., Preconception, Tobacco smoke}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.41}, author = {Haerani Harun and Anwar Daud and Ridwan Amiruddin and M Sabir and Veni Hadju and Anwar Mallongi and Rahma and Miranti and Tamrin Talebe and M. Faris} } @article {2198, title = {The Effect of Ramania Leaves Extract Gel (Bouea macrophylla Griff) on the Number of Osteoblast (in vivo Study of Post Extraction in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus))}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1219-1223}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1219}, abstract = {

Ramania leaves extract contains secondary metabolite compounds such as flavonoids, steroids, phenols and terpenoids which can be used as an alternative medicine for socket wound healing. Flavonoids have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that can accelerate wound healing and can stimulate the formation of osteoblasts. Analyzing the differences in the number of osteoblasts in the negative control group, positive control given aloe vera gel 15\% and ramania leaf extract gel 15\% on day 5, 7 and 14. This study used true experimental design with posttest-only control design, using 27 rats divide into 3 groups. The experimental animals were sacrificed on days 5, 7 and 14 for histopathological observations. Two-Way ANOVA test results obtained p value = 0.013 \<0.05, which indicates that there is a significant difference between the use of 15\% ramania leaf extract gel 15\% and the number of osteoblasts on days 5, 7 and 14. Bonferroni{\textquoteright}s Post Hoc test showed a difference. The number of osteoblasts was significant among the negative control group with ramania leaf extract gel 15\%. Ramania leaf extract gel 15\% was proven to be able to increase the number of osteoblasts and has the potential as an alternative medicine for socket healing after tooth extraction.

}, keywords = {Bouea macrophylla Griff, Flavonoids, Osteoblast, Ramania leaf extract gel, Secondary metabolite, Tooth extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.221}, author = {Irham Taufiqurrahman and Siti Hajar Norma Gupita and Beta Widya Oktiani and Isyana Erlita and Andi Zulkifli and Veni Hadju and Anwar Mallongi and Eko Suhartono} } @article {2006, title = {Effect of Rosmarinus Officinalis Essential Oil On Anxiety, Depression, And Sleep Quality}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {343-349}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {343}, abstract = {

Introduction: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil on anxiety, depression, and sleep quality. Methods: The essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and the chemical composition was performed by Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Furthermore, a quasi-experimental study was conducted, where 81 participants were divided into two groups, comprising a waiting list control group and an experimental group treated with essential oils. Anxiety and depression indexes were evaluated using the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and sleep quality was measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI). Results: Chemical analysis showed that 1,8 cineole (37.6\%), α-pinene (19.9\%), and linalool (15.8\%) were the main components. Anxiety, depression, and sleep quality scores showed a decrease in the post-test study phase compared to the pre-test in the experimental group (p\<0.05). A large size effect was found in the case of anxiety (d = 1.491; g= 1.490) with 1-β=0.996, while medium size effects were observed for depression (d = 0.581; g= 0.582) with 1-β=0.585; and sleep quality (d = 0.586; g = 0.588) with 1-β=0.638. Conclusion: Essential oils extracted from Rosmarinus officinalis are more effective in calming anxiety and show moderate changes in depression and sleep quality.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Depression, Essential oils, Rosmarinus officinalis, Sleep quality}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.52}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Luis Enrique Rosales-Cerquin and Santiago M. Benites and Taniht Lisseth Cubas-Romero and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Jos{\'e} Gilberto Gavidia-Valencia and Iris Melina Alfaro-Beltr{\'a}n} } @article {2049, title = {The Effect of Safety Climate on Safety Behavior with Safety Motivation as An Intervening Variable on Contractor Workers in PT X}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {411-416}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {411}, abstract = {

Safety climate in the workplace and safety behaviour of workers need attention to be able to assess what factors are the causes of safe action for workers. This study aims to determine the effect of safety climate on safety behaviour with safety motivation as an intervening variable on contractor workers at PT X. The type of research is analytical observational with a cross sectional design. Questionnaires were given to 380 respondents. The data were analyzed using path analysis to see the direct and indirect effects of safety climate on safety behaviour. The results showed, 361 respondents (95\%) with good safety climate, 367 respondents (96.9\%) with good safety motivation, and 348 respondents (91\%) with good safety behaviour. The path analysis showed that there was no direct influence of safety climate on safety behaviour in contractor workers at PT X (p value \>0.05). However, the safety climate indirectly affects safety behaviour through safety motivation (p value = 0.001). It is recommended to workers that they need to maintain and increase their motivation so the safe work behaviour will still create.

}, keywords = {Contractor workers, Path analysis., Safety behaviour, Safety climate, Safety motivation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.93}, author = {Darius Tandiabang and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Atjo Wahyu and Yahya Thamrin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1994, title = {The Effect of Sapodilla Leaf Extract (Manilkara zapota L.) on Lipid Profiles of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {286-289}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {286}, abstract = {

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of sapodilla leaf extract on lipid profiles of alloxan-induced diabetic mice. This research method are 30 male mice were used as experimental animals, which were randomly divided into five groups, each group consisting of 6 mice. The division of the group is as follows: Treatment of non-diabetic mice, diabetic mice, diabetic mice by administering pioglitazone at a dose of 2 mg/kg BW, extracts of manila sapodilla leaf (M. zapota L.) dose 100 mg/kg BW and 300 mg/kg BW. Observations were made on the 14th day, after administration of sapodilla leaf extract, mice were given light anesthesia and serum lipid profiles Total Cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) were measured using diagnostic kits (Pars Azmoon Kit) and automatic analyzer (Abbot, model Alcyon 300). The results of this study are in TC, there was a significant difference in pioglitazone and 100 mg leaf extract against all treatment groups. In TG, there was a significant difference in pioglitazone and 300 mg leaf extract against all treatment groups. In LDL, there were significant differences in the 100 mg, 300 mg leaf extract and pioglitazone, against negative control, and diabetes control. In HDL, there was a significant difference in negative control and 300 mg leaf extract, against 100 mg leaf extract, pioglitazone, and diabetes control. The conclusions of this study exhibited the ethanol extract of M. zapota leaves contains several phytochemical compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, tannins, quinones, and steroids. M. zapota leaves extract (100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) exhibited a significant effect on improvement in lipid protein.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Diabetes, Lipid Protein, Manilkara zapota}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.40}, author = {Tridiganita Intan Solikhah and Tania Anggreani Wijaya and Salsabila and Daffa Alice Pavita and Ragil Kusnandar Miftakhurrozaq and Hartanto Mulyo Raharjo and Maya Nurwartanti Yunita and Faisal Fikri} } @article {2055, title = {The Effect of Service Quality and Patient Satisfaction Toward Patient Loyalty in Special Regional Hospitals of South Sulawesi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {443-449}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {443}, abstract = {

The improvement and guarantee of hospital Service Quality in Indonesia should always be in the best interest of any hospital as regulated in Article 40 of Hospital Law No. 44 of 2009. Adequate Service Quality in a hospital would result in emotional bonds and positive experiences felt by patients and family, eventually strengthening loyalty in the long run. Thus, Service Quality is a critical aspect and indicator to achieve patient satisfaction hence behavioral intention to build loyalty towards the hospital and future visits. The aim of this study is to identify the effect of Service Quality and patient satisfaction in relation to patient loyalty in Special Regional Hospitals of South Sulawesi. This is a quantitative study with a crosssectional model. The sample in this study were all patients who had been registered in the database, namely patients who had visited the outpatient service at Dadi Special Regional Hospital (RSKD), Siti Fatimah Regional Special Hospital for Mother and Child (RSKDIA), and Pertiwi Special Regional Hospital for Mother and Child (RSKDIA) in 2017-2019 with a total sample of 269 from the outpatient care, respectively. The inclusion criteria in this study are as follows: (1) Patients from the outpatient care. (2) Patients who had received hospital services twice. (3) Not suffering from any mental illness and sensory disturbances. (4) Patients who are willing to be respondents and consented to fill out research questionnaires. (5) The patient is conscious and is able to communicate. The results that were obtained show that Service Quality holds a significant effect on patient satisfaction. Service Quality has no significant effect on patient loyalty, while patient satisfaction has a significant effect on patient loyalty. The output of this study should be taken into consideration for hospitals to commit to improving the Service Quality in order to achieve patient satisfaction. Increased patient satisfaction in turn will develop loyalty, thereby accommodating the implementation of the hospital strategy and achieving hospital goals.

}, keywords = {Patient Loyalty, Patient Satisfaction, Regional Special Hospital., Service Quality}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.99}, author = {Rara Armita Arman and Syahrir A Pasinringi and Fridawaty Rivai and Andi Indahwaty Sidin and Irwandy and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1958, title = {The effect of Sinensetin and Imperatorin on A-549 lung cancer cell viability in vitro}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {38-46}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {38}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, so research is ongoing to discover new therapeutics, such as plant-derived bioactive compounds. For example, Sinensetin, a plant-derived polymethoxylated flavonoid, and Imperatorin, a natural furanocoumarin, have anti-cancer properties. This study assessed the effects of sinensetin and imperatorin separately and in combination on A-549 lung cancer cell viability. Method: The A-549 lung cancer cell line was treated with sinensetin (60 μM), imperatorin (30 M), or a combination of both compounds (Sin:Imp 30:30 μM; 50:50 μM and 60:30 μM) for 48 hours. Cell viability was then assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and apoptosis was determined using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) Annexin-V/Propidium iodide staining. Results: The combination treatment of Sin:Imp 50:50 and Sin:Imp 60:30 μM reduced cell viability more than the individual treatment of sinensetin and imperatorin, with the lowest cell viability observed for the combination treatment of Sin:Imp 50:50 μM. Likewise, the combination treatment of Sin:Imp 50:50 μM induced the most apoptosis compared to individual treatment. Conclusion: Sinensetin and imperatorin can decrease A-549 lung cancer cell viability and are potent apoptotic inducers, especially when they are used in combination, therefore they are potential lung cancer therapeutics.

}, keywords = {A549, Apoptosis, Cell viability, Imperatorin, Sinensetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.6}, author = {Raden Anita Indriyanti and Eko Fuji Ariyanto and Hermin Aminah Usman and Ristaniah Rose Effendy and Diah Dhianawaty} } @article {2034, title = {Effect of Single-Bulb Garlic (Allium sativum Var. Solo Garlic) Extract on The Hematological Profile In E-Cigarette-Induced Male Sprague Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {296-300}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {296}, abstract = {

Garlic and its derivative preparations have long been used in traditional medicine for good health. Garlic is known to act as an antioxidant, antitumor, antibacterial, and antifungal. The antioxidant compound in singlebulb garlic is considered to be better than the antioxidant content in other species of garlic. This research aimed to study the effect of hematological profile in oral administration of single-bulb garlic extract in e-cigarette-induced male Sprague Dawley rats. The method used in this study was randomized post-test only control group design. Twenty-four rats were randomly distributed into six groups. The group consisted of C (-) as normal rats{\textquoteright} control; C (+) only exposed to e-cigarette smoke; T1 exposed to e-cigarette smoke and treated with vitamin C; T2 exposed to e-cigarette and treated with single-bulb garlic extract 75 mg/kg BW; T3 exposed to e-cigarette and treated with single-bulb garlic extract 100 mg/kg BW; and T4 exposed to e-cigarette and treated with single-bulb garlic extract 125 mg/kg BW. Exposure to e-cigarette smoke is conducted by evaporating the liquid into a gas chamber with a nicotine dose of 3.6 mg/ml. All treatments were given for 14 days. On the 15th day, the rats were sacrificed. Blood samples were collected by the cardiac puncture method and were examined using a hematology analyzer. Data obtained were white blood count (WBC), platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocytes that were analyzed with one-way ANOVA. The result of this study is that garlic extract may boost immunity in the body. However, higher doses can be toxic to erythrocytes.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, E-cigarette, Good health, Hematology profile}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.78}, author = {Maya Nurwartanti Yunita and Julia Calvina Fauzi and Zahra Defitra Rahmania and Bella Safinda and Tridiganita Intan Sholikhah and Bodhi Agustono and M. Gandul Atik Yuliani and Shekhar Chhetri and Reina Puspita Rahmaniar} } @article {2120, title = {The Effect of Syzygium Polyanthum (Wight) Walp. Extract on Glutathione, Tumour Necrosis Factor-Alpha, Spdl1, And Degraff Follicles Expression in PCOS Rat Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {791-800}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {791}, abstract = {

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine and reproductive disorder affecting 5\% to 13\% of women of reproductive age. Approximately 80\% of women with PCOS underwent infertility cases. Many studies have shown an association between PCOS and low-grade inflammation. Syzygium polyanthum (S. polyanthum) contains antioxidants and has antiinflammation activity. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of S. polyanthum leaf on glutathione, tumour necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α), sPDL1, and DeGraff follicle expression in PCOS rat models. Materials and Methods: The female Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 5), K0 (normal control), K1 (PCOS group), and three treatment groups which received three different doses of S. polyanthum extract. The treatment group consisted of PCOS rat models with S. polyanthum extract supplementation of 150 mg/KgBW (P1), 300 mg/KgBW (P2), and 450 mg/KgBW (P3). Results: S. polyanthum leaf extract significantly decreased TNF-α expression in the treatment group. The highest TNF-α, GSH, and sPDL1 concentration was found in the P3 group (3.83{\textpm}0.123, 273.12{\textpm}12.4 ng/ml, and 3.25 ng/ml, respectively). Moreover, the number of follicles was statistically significant in the P1, P2, and P3 groups (2.0, 3.0, and 3.50, respectively). The number of follicles in the P1, P2, and P3 groups was higher than in the positive control; however, it was lower in the negative control (K0) (p\<0.05). Conclusion: S. polyanthum extract was significantly effective in decreasing TNF-α expression, as well as a significant increase GSH, sPDL1 and DeGraff foliclle count in PCOS rat model.

}, keywords = {DeGraff follicle count, GSH, sPDL1, Syzygium polyanthum, TNF-.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.154}, author = {Renny Aditya and Budi Santoso and Widjiati} } @article {2014, title = {Effect of Thiamine on Serum Glutamate in Ischemic Stroke Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {390-392}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {390}, abstract = {

Background: Thiamin or vitamin b1 is a therapy that has been widely used in neurology cases such as alcohol-induced encephalopathy and neuropathy. Thiamin has the ability to penetrate the blood brain barrier so that it is expected to be used as an additional therapy in stroke cases. Stroke is currently an emergency neurology case that causes high mortality and disability. Among the causes is because damage to large areas of the brain will cause the release of neurotransmitters such as glutamate which has excitotoxicity effects to the brain when excessive. Method: This study used animal models of carotid artery occlusion stroke. Divided into 4 groups: control, thiamin dose of 100mg/kg, Thiamin 200mg/kg, and 400mg/kg. Serum glutamate was collected on day 7 post-action. Then evaluated by ELISA method. Results: There was a significant difference in the form of a decrease in the average serum glutamate level between the control and the sample that received a dose of thiamine 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg. Conclusion: High-dose thiamine may be considered as an additional therapy in cases of carotid artery occlusion model stroke.

}, keywords = {Animal model, Glutamate, Ischemic, Stroke., Thiamine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.60}, author = {Mohammad Saiful Ardhi and Muhammad Hamdan and Achmad Chusnu Romdhoni} } @article {2167, title = {The Effect of Zamzam Water and ProShieldR Varnish on Microhardness of Eroded Primary Enamel Teeth Induced by Ironplus Syrup: An In Vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1091-1097}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1091}, abstract = {

Background: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the erosive adverse effect of paediatric Ironplus syrup and the remineralization effectualness of Zamzam Water and ProShieldR Varnish on microhardness of primary teeth. Materials and method: Forty primary anterior teeth were randomly distributed into five groups, each group has eight samples (N=8) assigned as: group1: control negative, group2: control positive, group3: 5\% Sodium Fluoride Varnish, group4: Zamzam water and group5: Zamzam water and 5\% Sodium Fluoride Varnish. Excluding the control negative group from them, all samples were immersed in 100ml of Ironplus syrup and agitated for 2 min once a day for 14 days. Then those groups were treated with remineralizing agents of: 5\% Sodium Fluoride Varnish for 24 hours, Zamzam water for 30 min every 12 h for 12 days and the combination therapy initiated by Zamzam water then after 30 min, 5\% Sodium Fluoride Varnish was applied for 24hrs. Vickers Microhardness test and Polarized Light Microscope were two adopted tests that this study dependent upon. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in microhardness mean values when making a comparison between the baseline and Ironplus tested groups, furthermore ANOVA and Duncan{\textquoteright}s Multiple Range test showed that there was a highly significant statistical difference in microhardness mean values among baseline, demineralization and remineralization groups at P-Value <= 0.01. Conclusion: The surface microhardness of the primary enamel was reduced owing to the potential erosive efficacy of the used paediatric pharmaceutical preparations. On the other extreme, the previous readings had increased after being treated with remineralizing agents meaning that they have the capacity to battle against erosive potential reaching its highest capability in terms of reminerlization with the combination treatment group.

}, keywords = {Erosion, Ironplus Syrup, Microhardness, Polarized Light Microscope, ProShieldR Varnish, Zamzam water}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.199}, author = {Isra{\textquoteright}a JA. Altaee and Aisha A. Qasim} } @article {2029, title = {The Effect Supplementation of Microbiota Inoculant in the Early Laying Hens Feed on High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and Low- Density Lipoprotein (LDL) in Egg Yolk}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {270-273}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {270}, abstract = {

Laying hens (Gallus gallus) are one of the poultries kept for their eggs. Eggs produced by chickens are used as a source of human food that contains a lot of nutrition and is affordable. Eggs also contain high levels of cholesterol in the yolk, so if consumed in large quantities, they will pose a risk of disease. This study aims to determine the effect of giving probiotics in the early layer laying hen feed on the levels of high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein in egg yolks. This study has four treatments, namely P1 = control, P2 = feed + AGP, and P3 and P4 = feed + probiotics. The probiotic used is a combination of three bacteria, namely Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium sp. The sample used in this study was egg yolk, which was collected in the last week of the study. Testing for HDL and LDL levels in egg yolks was carried out using the Quantitative Colorimetric/Fluorometric Determination of HDL and LDL/VLDL method. Testing HDL and LDL levels in this study showed that the administration of probiotics had an effect in the form of increasing HDL levels but did not have an effect in the form of a significant decrease in egg yolk LDL levels during the four-week treatment period in laying hens in the early layer phase, aged 18{\textendash}22 weeks. The best probiotic dose used among the three probiotic doses is 3 ml/kg of feed.

}, keywords = {High Density Lipoprotein, Laying hens, Low Density Lipoprotein, Probiotics.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.73}, author = {Bodhi Agustono and Rini Apriliawati and Sunaryo Hadi Warsito and Maya Nurwartanti Yunita and Widya Paramita Lokapirnasari and Sri Hidanah and Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum and Mohammad Anam Al-Arif and Mirni Lamid and Gandul Atik Yuliani and Shekhar Chhetri and Sarasati Windria} } @article {2050, title = {Effectiveness of Ketapang (Terminalia cattapa L.) Extract Against Avian Pathogenic Eschericia coli (APEC) Infections in Layer Performance}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {417-422}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {417}, abstract = {

This study aimed to determine the activity of Ketapang extract (Terminalia cattapa L.) in layers infected with APEC. In vitro study that was conducted dilution methods using Ketapang extract at 5\%, 10\%, 15\%, 20\%, 25\% and 30\% concentrations. In vivo study was conducted by randomly dividing 20 layers into five treatment groups, four per group. The chickens (except in group P0-) were infected with APEC aged 24 weeks. Then, the treatment was conducted according to the divided groups in one week. The said treatments are P0- (uninfected APEC and unadministered with Ketapang extract), P0+ (infected with APEC and unadministered with Ketapang extract), and P1, P2, and P3 (infected with APEC and administered with Ketapang extract with 5\%, 10\%, and 20\% concentrations, respectively). The data from layers{\textquoteright} performance were analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan{\textquoteright}s test. The dilution method (MIC and MBC) exhibited the antibacterial ability of Ketapang extract against APEC at 5\% dose. The Ketapang extract administration in layers exhibited improved performance of chickens infected with APEC, with the administration of 10\% dose of Ketapang extract showing the best result. In summary, about 10\% concentration Ketapang extract can serve as an antibacterial agent and showed the best results in layers infected with APEC.

}, keywords = {Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli., Food security, Layer chicken performance, Terminalia cattapa L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.94}, author = {Kadek Rachmawati and Rochmah Kurnijasanti and Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum and Sin War Naw} } @article {2133, title = {The Effectiveness of SI-DINI Mobile App (an Education and Early Detection of Leprosy App) on Changes in Community Behavior}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {868-872}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {868}, abstract = {

Most leprosy case detection in Indonesia is based on passive surveillance. This condition impacts the high number of new cases of leprosy and the disability rate of leprosy. Data from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia stated that for 2021, there were 7,201 new cases of leprosy with a disability proportion of 84.6\%. The community{\textquoteright}s reluctance to make early contact is due to low knowledge and fear of stigma. SI-DINI is an android-based application that contains information about leprosy, videos on identifying the characteristics and symptoms of leprosy, and reporting suspected leprosy so that it is hoped that it can change people{\textquoteright}s behavior in a positive direction. This study aims to see the effectiveness of the SI-DINI App in changing people{\textquoteright}s behavior. This study used a quasi-experimental design with a pre and post-test design with intervention and control groups. The use of the SI-DINI App has been proven effective in changing people{\textquoteright}s behavior in terms of knowledge, attitudes and actions. There is a significant increase in the knowledge aspect with p-value = 0.000 (p\<0,05), the attitude aspect p-value = 0.000 (p\<0,05), and the action aspect p-value = 0.000 (p\<0,05). It is hoped that the application of education and surveillance for early detection of leprosy (SI-DINI) can be applied on a broader scope and can be used sustainably and in the future.

}, keywords = {Attitude, Behavior., knowledge, Leprosy, SI-DINI App}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.166}, author = {Maspa Lapui and Wahiduddin and Ida Leida Maria and A Arsunan Arsin and Ridwan M Thaha and Syamsuar Manyullei and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2147, title = {Effectiveness of the Aedes aegypti Mosquito Vector Control Program in Southeast Asia {\textendash} A Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {969-975}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {969}, abstract = {

Background: Dengue is still a major vector-borne disease problem in the world. It is caused by infection with the Dengue virus, which can be spread through a vector in the form of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. One of the ways to reduce the incidence of dengue infection is by controlling vectors. Aim: This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of vector control of the Aedes aegypti mosquito on the dengue incidence in Southeast Asia. Methods and findings: This study was a systematic review that examines articles with experimental research designs and cluster randomized controlled trials. The scope of this research area is limited to Southeast Asian countries during 2012-2021. There are 333 articles obtained from two sources: PubMed and ScienceDirect, by using certain keywords. Furthermore, articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, so that 31 articles were obtained. A total of 6 articles that met the inclusion criteria were then selected for further analysis. Three journals that discussed the output in the form of the Larva Density Index (LDI) showed a decrease with significant results. Two journals that discussed biological control (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis) got significant results in decreasing Pupal Density (PD). The two journals on chemical control (permethrin) that discussed the outcome of the presence or absence of IgG seroconversion show insignificant results. Conclusion: All control methods are considered effective. However, among the three vector control methods studied, the control with Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis is the most effective method.

}, keywords = {Aedes aegypti, Dengue, Dengue Control Program, human and health, Medicine, Tropical Disease.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.180}, author = {Sulistiawati and Miranda Jemyma Mas{\textquoteright}ulun and Anggita Kanza Ramadhany and Afiel Nadhifa Hanafie and Rani Fitri Alfiani and Sarah Evita Husnah and Agnes Ilene Suprapto Puteri and Anisa Novia Mahestari} } @article {2080, title = {The Effectiveness of the Si-DBD Application in Increasing the Number of Households in Conducting Periodic Larvae Examination at the Health Center in Bantaeng Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {569-574}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {569}, abstract = {

Background: Vector-borne diseases, namely DHF, are estimated to infect 100-400 million people each year. Until now there is no specific drug or vaccine for DHF that can be done to avoid or prevent mosquitoes, which focuses on prevention efforts by eradicating mosquito nests. This study aims to see the effectiveness of the application system in carrying out periodic inspections by households. Method: Quasi-experimental research type with design "The Nonrandomized Control Group Pretest Posttest Design{\textquotedblright}. There are 112 samples with a ratio of 1:1 treatment (application system) and control (manual). Data collection using observation sheets (secondary data) and data from larvae inspection results through the application. Seeing the difference before and after the Mc test. Nemar and Chi-Square to see the difference between the treatment and control groups. Results: Periodic larvae inspection by the household before and after manually had no difference, while the system with the application had a significant difference with a value of P=0.000. The comparison between the treatment and control groups with a value of P = 0.000 indicates that there is a difference in the number of households that carry out periodic larva inspections through an application compared to the manual method. The system with the Si-DBD application is simpler, more acceptable, and timelier in carrying out periodic larvae inspections by households with a value of P=0.000. Conclusion: The implementation of periodic larvae inspections that is modeled by an application-based information system via a smartphone has an influence on the number of households that carry out larvae inspections compared to the manual system that is running. Follow-up testing can be carried out on a large scale of household respondents covering the entire work area of the health center and with a cohort research design.

}, keywords = {Application, DHF., Periodic larva inspection}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.121}, author = {Muhammad Firdaus and Ida Leida Maria and Ansariadi and Andi Zulkifli and Nurhaedar Jafar and Shanti Riskiyani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2058, title = {Effectivity of Patch Herbal Mixture Composed of Mangosteen Peel Extract and Bacterial Cellulose for Wound Healing}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {461-466}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {461}, abstract = {

Indonesia has a very abundant production of mangosteen, which places at the 14th largest mangosteen production in the world. High mangosteen production affects the amount of mangosteen peel waste. On the other hand, mangosteen peel has been identified as a rich source in health benefits and has proven to be antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and anti-carcinogenic. Traditionally, one of the conventional medicines used in wound dressings or infection medicine. It can be a possibility for patch wound healing development, especially for diabetic ulcers with an open wound, wetness, chronic infections, and high inflammation. This research aims to innovate wound dressings (patch) that contain active compounds from mangosteen peel as herbs with many active compounds to enhance the wound healing process with low toxic side effects. The patch developed from organic material from bacterial cellulose. The research was carried out with the initial process of making patches from bacterial cellulose (BC), then adding mangosteen peel extract as patch dressing with different concentrations (0\%, 1\%, 2\%, 5\%, and 10\% v/v). Furthermore, the patch was applied to the injured Wistar rat, for 15 days. The wound area was measured using Image-J. The results of measuring the wound area showed significant wound improvement every day at each dose of the mangosteen patch compared with the control group. The optimum dose that appears to be different from the control is 10\% v/v mangosteen peel extract which has been able to leave 3\% of the wound area on the 15th day.

}, keywords = {Bacterial cellulose, Herbal compound, Mangosteen peel extract, Patch dressing, Wound treatment.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.102}, author = {Marisca Evalina Gondokesumo and Yulanda Antonius and Yuana Elly Agustin} } @article {2027, title = {Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Kidney Function and Phosphate Levels in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease and Hyperphosphatemia: A Double-blind Randomized Clinical Trial}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {253-257}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {253}, abstract = {

Background: Pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who have hyperphosphatemia may experience further deterioration in kidney function. This study aims to investigate the effect of magnesium supplementation on the reduction of phosphate levels and improvement of kidney function in children with CKD and hyperphosphatemia, compared to a placebo. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial was conducted at Pediatric Ward in our setting during March-July 2022. We compared oral magnesium supplementation (6 mg/kg body weight/day for two months) with a placebo in children with CKD and hyperphosphatemia (ages 1-18 years old). Patients who were on dialysis and had serum magnesium levels of \<1.6 mg/dL and \>2.4 mg/dL, and were allergic to magnesium supplementation were excluded. A paired T-test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used for statistical analysis. Results: We collected 31 children in the experimental group and 29 children in the placebo group. Phosphate levels were decreased in both the magnesium supplementation and placebo groups (5.4 {\textpm} 0.9 to 4.8 {\textpm} 1.1 mg/dL; p-value = 0.001 and 5.1 {\textpm} 0.6 to 4.3 {\textpm} 1.2 mg/dL; p-value=0.003). However, when compared between groups, the reductions were not significantly different (0.7 vs 0.8; p-value=0.935). A significant improvement was found in kidney function in both groups using estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) (83.4{\textpm}25.3 to 118.8{\textpm}52; p-value=\<0.001 and 86.3{\textpm}28.1 to 96.9 {\textpm} 35.8; p-value=0.004), and the reductions were significantly different (35.4 vs 10.7; p-value=0.045). Conclusion: Magnesium supplements have considerably lower phosphate levels and markedly improved kidney function in children with CKD and hyperphosphatemia.

}, keywords = {Children, Chronic Kidney Disease, Hyperphosphatemia, Kidney Function., Magnesium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.71}, author = {Glabela Christiana Pandango and Bambang Purwanto and Risky Vitria Prasetyo} } @article {2057, title = {Effects of Melissa officinalis essential oil on state and trait anxiety}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {454-460}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {454}, abstract = {

Introduction: Essential oils are complex substances used extensively in aromatherapy and phytotherapy, some of them as anxiety and stress-relieving agents. In order to evaluate the effects of Melissa officinalis essential oil on state and trait anxiety, this study was conducted. Methods: The essential oil was extracted by steam distillation and the chemical composition was investigated by Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). In addition, a Quasi experimental study with measures at pretest-posttest was conducted, where 58 participants were divided into two groups, a waiting-list (WL) control group, and an experimental group (EG)treated with aromatherapy based on Melissa officinalis essential oil. The anxiety index was evaluated by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Measures were taken at two times: pretest and posttest. Results: The chemical analysis showed that β-cubebene (26.3\%), β-caryophyllene (25.4\%) and geranial (12.5\%) were de main components. Both state and trait anxiety levels decreased in the experimental group during the posttest phase; however, only state anxiety demonstrated statistically significant differences (p\<0.05). A moderate size effect was found for state anxiety (d = 0.799; g= 0.797) with 1-β=0.803; but none for trait anxiety. Conclusion: Melissa officinalis essential oil was moderately effective on state anxiety but has no effect on trait anxiety.

}, keywords = {Essential oil, Melissa officinalis., State anxiety, Trait anxiety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.101}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Francisco Mercedes Infantes Gomez and Natalia Mavila Guzm{\'a}n Rodr{\'\i}guez and Yolanda Elizabeth Rodr{\'\i}guez de Guzm{\'a}n and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Roger Antonio Rengifo-Penadillos and Jos{\'e} Gilberto Gavidia-Valencia and Iris Melina Alfaro-Beltr{\'a}n} } @article {2179, title = {Elucidating the Use of the Plant Paeonia Anomala from the Ancient Medical Books Kept in Mongolia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1163-1165}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1163}, abstract = {

Background: It is important to determine and study in detail the action of the main chemical and secondary components contained in Paeonia anomala against diseases. In particular, it is of great practical significance to clarify the use of the plant from ancient medical books and scriptures and to determine which of the six main diseases were used in traditional medicine. Purpose: To compare the information of the ancient medical books written by Mongolian doctors and scientists, who wrote about Paeonia anomala L. and to clarify the taste, potency, strength, and quality. Research materials and methods: Research materials: Sumbe khamba Ishbaljir. {\textquotedblleft}gso dpyad bdud rtsi {\textquoteright}i chu rgyun gyi cha lag gi nang tshan gyi sman so so{\textquoteright}i mngon brjod dang ngos {\textquoteright}dzin shel dkar me long{\textquotedblright}. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. Toin Jambaldorj. {\textquotedblleft}gso byed bdud rtsi{\textquoteright}i {\textquoteright}khrul med ngos {\textquoteright}dzin bzo rig me long du rnam par shar ba mdzes mtshar mig rgyan zhes bya ba bzhugs so{\textquotedblright}. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. Research methods: Methods of textual analysis for ancient medical books and checklists were used in the study. Conclusion: The use of Paeonia anomala has been enriched with indications for use in traditional Mongolian medicine, Mongolian folk medicine, Russian folk medicine, and Chinese, Japanese, and Korean traditional medicine. In his book "ngos {\textquoteright}dzin shel dkar me long", the ancient medical scientist Sumbe khamba Ishbaljir wrote the name of the Paeonia anomala plant in Sanskrit as shogandha and in Tibetan as baspru. On the other hand, Toin Jambaldorj noted in his book "mtshar mig rgyan" wrote Paeonia anomala has a warm and equable quality, thus it can create potency. Therefore, it is appropriate to note that this plant in traditional Mongolian medicine is mainly used to treat back pain caused by cold conditions, chronic kidney disease, arthritis, uterine benign tumors, and bladder stones.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.211}, author = {Ariunjargal Tudev and Sansarkhuyag Enkhtur and Khurelbaatar Luvsan and Odontuya Gendaram and Bold Sharav and Ulambayar Lkhamsuren} } @article {2138, title = {Elucidating the Uses of the Plant Veronica Incana from the Ancient Medical Books}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {901-904}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {901}, abstract = {

Background: Medicinal plant research has been successfully carried out in the field of pharmacy and pharmacology in Mongolia, and dozens of research projects are still being carried out. However, there are still fewer studied medicinal plants of practical importance growing in Mongolia. Therefore, there is a need to register and study the ancient medicinal books written by ancient Mongolian doctors about the relatively little-studied Veronica Incana plant. In addition, taking into account that scientific research on Veronica Incana, which grows in Mongolia, has not been done in the field of medicine. Therefore, the topic was selected for research in this field. Purpose: Comparing the information of the ancient medical books written by Mongolian doctors and scientists, who wrote about Veronica Incana, to clarify the taste, power, and quality. Research materials and methods: 1. Research materials: Sumbe khamba Ishbaljir. gso dpyad bdud rtsi {\textquoteright}i chu rgyun gyi cha lag gi nang tshan gyi sman so so{\textquoteright}i mngon brjod dang ngos {\textquoteright}dzin shel dkar me long. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. Toin Jambaldorj. gso byed bdud rtsi{\textquoteright}i {\textquoteright}khrul med ngos {\textquoteright}dzin bzo rig me long du rnam par shar ba mdzes mtshar mig rgyan zhes bya ba bzhugs so. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. 2. Research methods: Methods of textual analysis for ancient books and checklist methods were used in the study. Conclusion: Gandhabhatra plant is used in traditional Mongolian medicinal practices from ancient times, the plant is called Veronica Incana in Latin. Also called Buural gandbadraa in Mongolian. On the other hand, the traditional medical doctors of China{\textquoteright}s Inner Mongolia and Tibet use Gandbadraa, the Latin name Gnaphalium affine D. Don. The appearance, shape, and color of the flowers of these two plants are different. According to the research of the source, the main instruction and usage of the plants are the same: to destroy benign tumors, to remove poison, to treat colds, and to stop cough.

}, keywords = {Ancient medicinal books., Medicinal plants, Traditional Mongolian medicine, Veronica Incana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.171}, author = {Sansarkhuyag Enkhtur and Ariunjargal Tudev and Tungalag Dagdanbazar and Selenge Erdenechimeg and Odontuya Gendaram and Ulambayar Lkhamsuren and Bold Sharav} } @article {2176, title = {Emilia Sonchifolia-A Critical and Comprehensive Review of its Diverse Medicinal Potential and Future as Therapeutic}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1143-1149}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1143}, abstract = {

Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC, it belongs to the family Asteraceae or Compositae, is conventionally used in ethnomedicine, and acquires various medicinal properties. This plant has been regarded as one of the widespread traditional vegetable salads in Malaysia, Bangladesh, and India. In addendum to its avail as a vegetable, the plant has been documented with several medicinal benefits in the extravagance of night blindness, epilepsy, malaria, asthma, burns, breast abscesses, and inflammatory diseases. On scrutinization of their pharmacological properties, it has been revealed that they possess numerous notable biological properties such as antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antianxiety, and anticataract, as well as anticonvulsant activities. Concrete evidence suggests the presence of potential phytochemicals in this plant with a wide range of unknown applications. In this current review, we discuss the phytochemicals present in the plant Emilia sonchifolia and emphasize the therapeutic and pharmacological activities reported so far concerning this plant.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anti-tumour, Emilia sonchifolia, Medicinal plant, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.208}, author = {Sardar Hussain and Komal KP and Guruvayoorappan C} } @article {2181, title = {Ethanolic Extract of Propolis from Tetragonula laeviceps: Selective Cytotoxicity for MCF-7 Breast Cancer cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1177-1180}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1177}, abstract = {

Introduction: Many patients with breast cancer fail to respond to conventional chemotherapeutic agents; these agents are also associated with numerous adverse events and toxicities. These concerns have led to the ongoing search for natural ingredients with antitumor effects. As such, the aim of this study was to explore the anti-cancer properties of an ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP), a natural product derived from the stingless bee, from Tetragonula laeviceps. Methods: Bioactive components of EEP were identified by gas chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS) and antioxidant capacity was tested by 2.2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) analysis. Selective cytotoxic actions of EEP on both MCF-7 and Vero cells were then evaluated using the MTT assay. Polyphenols were identified as the major components of EEP from T. laeviceps. Results: our results indicated that EEP was selectively toxic for human MCF-7 breast cancer cells and had only limited impact on African Green Monkey kidney Vero cells. Conclusion: EEP from T. laeviceps has bioactive components that may selectively inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. As such, EEP may be useful source material to be used for the development of novel anti-cancer agents.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells, Proliferation, Propolis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.213}, author = {Rina Masadah and Savira Ekawardhani and Ramadani Eka Putra and Dzul Ikram and Muhammad Faruk} } @article {2109, title = {Ethnobotanical Study of the Traditional Use and Maintenance of Medicinal Plant Species and Indigenous Knowledge by the Konso People, Southern Ethiopia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {719-731}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {719}, abstract = {

Background: For thousands of years, indigenous people have developed their own localized knowledge of plant use, management, and conservation. However, this rich traditional knowledge on plant utilization was not well documented, and most of the indigenous knowledge acquired by the local people was verbally passed from generation to generation. The people of Konso in South Ethiopia use and maintain traditional medicinal plant species, according to their specific ethnobotanical pharmacopeia. Methods: A total of 80 informants aged 25 to 87 years old were chosen (10 individuals of which 5 healers and 5 clients) from the 24 key informants were identified representing 6 from each kebele. The present study explores the unique indigenous knowledge that enables the community to identify medicinal plants, prepare medications, and then apply the cures used to treat a variety of human diseases as dangers to their long-term use. This study was carried out from September 2018 to July 2019. Results: Some medicinal plant species are more popular than others Lepidium sativum, Hagenia abyssinica and Allium sativum were cited by all the 80 informants for their medicinal value. Powdered form was directly used from 40.0\% of the medicinal plant species, while 51.4\% are chewed, extracted with water, and / or with butter (17.1\% each) and 8.6\% are extracted with local beer. Of the herbal remedies used in the study area, 68.6\% were applied orally and 31.4\% were applied externally. Roots are the parts mostly used (35.7\%), followed by leaves (32.9\%), combination of parts (18.6\%), root bark (5.7\%), fruit (2.9\%), in that order, respectively. It was known that highest source of the medicinal plants was the forest (45.3\%). Conclusions: Home gardens and agro forests together contribute 41.86\% of the medicinal plants. This study was undertaken to bring awareness towards community-based in-situ and ex-situ conservation actions, attracting younger generations to grab the indigenous knowledge from the parents and ancestors and strengthening home gardens and other agro-forestry systems be used as repositories of medicinal plant species and alternative conservation sites to preserve the traditional medicinal plant species of the study area.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotany, Indigenous knowledge, Medicinal plant species., Traditional healers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.143}, author = {Tizazu Gebre and Bhaskar Rao Chinthapalli and D. S. Vijaya Chitra} } @article {1957, title = {Evaluation of Antidiarrheal, Antispasmodic, and Antisecretory Activities of Extract and Fractions of Castanopsis costata Leaves in Animal Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {31-37}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {31}, abstract = {

Background: The use of traditional medicinal plants Castanopsis costata in the management of diarrhea is an ancient practice in North Sumatra, Indonesia, but its safety and efficacy have not been examined scientifically in animal models. Therefore, this study aims to determine the antidiarrheal effect of C. costata leaf extract and fractions in vivo. Methods: The antidiarrheal activity was evaluated against animal models of diarrhea induced by castor oil, charcoal meal, and entero-pooling test. The extract group received doses of 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, while the fraction groups was treated with WFCC, EAFCC, and nHFCC, in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. The negative control received 10 mL/kg of the dissolving vehicle, while the positive was treated with loperamide 3 mg/kg. Results: The results showed that EECC doses of 200 mg/kg, WFCC, and EAFCC at 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively significantly delayed the onset of diarrhea, while WFCC and EAFCC at 100 mg/kg significantly reduced the amount of wet feces output and total feces output. In addition, only WFCC and EAFCC (at 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively) significantly reduced the mean weight of wet feces and total feces. The percentage of maximum diarrhea inhibition was observed at the EAFCC dose of 100 mg/kg. Based on the charcoal meal test results, only EAFCC significantly inhibited the distance traveled by charcoal meal and reduced the peristaltic index at a dose of 100 mg/kg, while the percentage decrease in gastrointestinal motility was 46.87\%. Similarly, in the entero-pooling test, WFCC and EAFCC significantly reduced the volume and weight of intestinal contents at a dose of 100 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusion: The results confirm that the extract and fractions of C. costata have antidiarrheal activity. Therefore, this study provides scientific support for the traditional use of C. costata in treating diarrhea.

}, keywords = {Animal models, Castanopsis costata, Diarrhea, North Sumatra., Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.5}, author = {Maulana Yusuf Alkandahri and Mally Ghinan Sholih and Nitya Nurul Fadilah and Maya Arfania and Surya Amal and Dedy Frianto and Lina Aliyani Mardiana and Diany Astuti and Dadang Muhammad Hasyim} } @article {2051, title = {Evaluation of Electronic Medical Record System in Outpatient Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar Central General Hospital in 2022}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {423-427}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {423}, abstract = {

The Electronic Medical Record System in Indonesia is currently a concern of the government of the Republic of Indonesia by requiring every health facility including hospitals in Indonesia to implement an Electronic Medical Record System. To find out that this system is beneficial for health services in hospitals, an evaluation is needed. This study aims to evaluate the Electronic Medical Record System that has been running in the Outpatient of Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar Central General Hospital from a user perspective using the Human Organization Fit Model. The type of research used is quantitative using an analytical observational design with a cross sectional study approach. The sample in this study were users of electronic medical records in the Outpatient Department of Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar Central General Hospital, totaling 174 respondents. Hypothesis testing in this study using path analysis. The results of this study indicate that technology has a direct and significant effect on humans (\<0,001) \<0,05. Technology has a direct and significant effect on the organization (\<0,001) \<0,05. Humans have a direct and significant effect on the organization (\<0,001) \<0,05. Human has a direct and significant effect on benefits (\<0,001) \<0,05. Organization has a direct and significant effect on benefits (\<0,001) \<0,05. Technology has an indirect effect on benefits through people (ρ Value 0,007 \< 0,05, path coefficient = 0,179). Technology has no indirect effect on benefits through organizations (ρ Value 0,051 \> 0,05). This means that humans as intermediaries from technology to benefits have a significant effect while organizations as intermediaries from technology to benefits have an insignificant effect.

}, keywords = {Electronic Medical Record System, Hot-Fit, Outpatient., System Evaluation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.95}, author = {Asriani Usman and Irwandy and Noer Bahry Noor and Alimin Maidin and Fridawaty Rivai and Indrabayu and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2123, title = {Evaluation of In vivo Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Oroxyulum indicum, Baicalein, Chrysin with Phytochemical Analysis and Molecular Docking Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {811-822}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {811}, abstract = {

Background: Oroxyulum indicum (OIE) is a native medicinal plant that has been widely employed in Ayurvedic medicine for thousands of years. Though studies have been published citing the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Oroxyulum indicum and chrysin and Baicalein, there has been no comparative study comparing their activittes and confirming them with molecular docking results. Molecular docking study of two phytochemicals Chrysin (PubChem CID 5281607) and Baicalein (PubChem CID 5281605) into the active sites of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Evaluation and validation of Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic effects of a methanolic extract of the stem bark of Oroxylum indicum and its two constituents Chrysin and Baicalein in Charles foster rats with analysis of the phytoconstituent of Oroxyulum indicum through HRMS analysis. Methodology: UHPLC-HRMS/MS analyses were performed on a Dionex Ultimate 3000 RS Series UHPLC system combined with a Q Exactive Plus High-Resolution Accurate Mass Spectrometry System. Hot plate and Tal flick model are used for screening of analgesic activity. TNF-alpha and IL-6 inflammatory markers were examined. Carrageenan model is used for antiinflammatory analysis. Result: Interesting results has been obtained in the docking studies of Chrysin and Baicalein with COX-1 (PDB ID: 1EQG). The hydrogen bond interaction established between the Chrysin and Baicalein with the important amino acid, includes Arg 120, Tyr 355, Ser 530, Met 522 (Figure 1). The binding free energy of the Chrysin and Baicalein with target COX-1 was found to be -7.88 and -7.26 Kcal/mol. Conclusion: There is marked reduction in the TNF Alpha expression in the OIE group which is followed by Baicalein and Chrysine. The Baicalein group shows the most marked cumulative increase in reaction time for tail flick among all the groups of the intervention group followed by Chrysine and OIE.

}, keywords = {Baicalein, Chrysine, Molecular docking, Oroxylum indicum, TNF alpha.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.156}, author = {Bhairav Kumar Pathak and Kamlesh M. Palandurkar and Meenakshi Singh and Anshuman Trigunayat and Amit Singh and Reena Giri and Kiran Rajendra Giri} } @article {2043, title = {Evaluation of Neuroprotective Efficacy of Indian Shankhpushpi Varieties in Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease {\textendash} North Vs South}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {372-377}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {372}, abstract = {

Background: Shankhpushpi is a well-known Ayurvedic memory enhancing medicine associated with controversy. Among the various varieties, Convolvulus pleuricaulis and Clitorea ternatia are widely used in commercial memory enhancing formulations under the name of Shankhpushpi. Convolvulus pleuricaulis is recognized as true shankhpushpi in North side of India, however in southern part of India, Clitorea ternatia is accepted as Shankhpushpi. Objectives: The present study aims to compare neuroprotective efficacy of C. pleuricaulis and C. ternatea by in vitro, in vivo methods and establish scientifically validated data to choose appropriate shankhpushpi variety for commercial use. Materials and Methods: Both herbs were extracted in the Soxhlet apparatus with 70\% ethanol for 5 - 6 hours at 60 - 65̊ C. The presence of neuroprotective principles - taraxerol and scopoletin in extracts was confirmed by the Thin Layer Chromatography. The preliminary screening for neuroprotective efficacy of extracts was done by in vitro free radical scavenging, Acetyl cholinesterase enzyme inhibition and LOX enzyme level estimation. Invivo study of extracts included behavioral assessment of adult rats by Y maze, Morris water maze using scopolamine induced Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease like model. Result: Extracts of both C. pleuricaulis and C. ternatea significantly scavenged free radicals, inhibited acetyl cholinesterase and LOX enzyme in vitro. But in in-vivo study, significant retention of spatial and working memory was observed in rats administered with C. pleuricaulis as compared to C. ternatea. Conclusion: C. pleuricaulis more significantly shields against memory loss and dementia by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and memory impairment. Hence should be used in commericial neuroprotective formulation as chief source of Shankhpushpi instead of C. ternatea.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Dementia, Scopolamine, Scopoletin., taraxerol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.87}, author = {Sharada L. Deore and Anjali A. Kide and Bhushan A. Baviskar and Somshekhar S. Khadabadi and Bhavana A Shende} } @article {2178, title = {Evaluation of the Economic Impact of Implementing National Health Insurance (JKN) on Hospitals at RSUD Tenriawaru Kab. bone}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1156-1162}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1156}, abstract = {

The National Health Insurance Program (JKN) through the Social Security Administering Body has been running since January 1 2014, the Tenriawaru Regional General Hospital in Bone Regency is one of the hospitals under the auspices of the local government that works closely with BPJS Kesehatan. The Bone Regency Government has registered 237,381 people into the National Health Insurance (JKN) program. In general, this study aims to analyze the economic impact of the implementation of the National Health Insurance (JKN) on hospital income, hospital financing and financial compensation for hospital employees at Tenriawaru Hospital, Kab, Bone. This study uses a qualitative descriptive research method that aims to obtain an in-depth evaluation study on evaluating the economic impact of the implementation of the National Health Insurance (JKN) program on hospitals. The informants in this study totaled 5 people consisting of the Head of Finance Subdivision, the JKN case mix officer, the Head of Service Subdivision, the Head of HR Subdivision and the Head of Public Relations Subsection. The results of the study show that the implementation of the National Health Insurance (JKN) program has an impact on hospital income. The implementation of JKN provides great benefits for the hospital. the implementation of the National Health Insurance (JKN) program also has an impact on hospital financing, JKN covers hospital operational costs, JKN claims have their respective portions for hospital human resources, drug resources and BHP in hospitals. The implementation of the National Health Insurance (JKN) program has no impact on the financial compensation of employees in hospitals, salaries, bonuses and semi-annual incentives that employees get have no effect on the implementation of JKN in service hospitals that get a portion each for the operational needs of the hospital not for employee financial compensation.

}, keywords = {Compensation, Financial, Financing, Income, JKN}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.210}, author = {Karmilasari and Sukri Palutturi and Darmawansyah and Muh. Syafar and Indar and Citrakesumasari and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2190, title = {An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Pharmacognosy Research and a Pharmaceutical Resource Management in Hospitals}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1224-1229}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1224}, abstract = {

Objective: This research paper aims to evaluate the relative efficacy of pharmacognosy research on the top 40 tertiary hospitals and its pharmacy in India according to Newsweek{\textquoteright}s 2021 ranking. Purpose: India{\textquoteright}s pharmaceutical market is now estimated to be worth $50 billion. India is a significant pharmaceutical exporter, reaching more than 200 nations with its exports. This study will help to identify whether the pharma industry is working efficiently in selected Indian hospitals or not. Thus, to create a bench marking for the hospital pharmacies in India. Design/methodology/approach: Data for the study came from public and private hospitals{\textquoteright} official websites, financial records, and government notifications. Cross- sectional data analyses were done using a Slack-Based model and data envelopment analysis (DEA). STATA was the software used to scrutinize the results effectively. Results: Thirteen hospital pharmacies out of a total of 40 are judged to be relatively technically efficient overall, according to the research. The findings of the slack analysis demonstrate that government hospitals and pharmacies are better able to handle slack and effectively manage input and output. Conclusion: The researchers also set upped a benchmarking hospital both for private and government healthcare settings for pharmacognosy research. Thus, it can be utilized for the betterment of the pharmacies.\ 

}, keywords = {Data envelopment analysis (DEA), Efficiency, Hospitals, India, Pharmacognosy research, Pharmacy, SBM model}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.222}, author = {Suresh Chandra Akula and Pritpal Singh and Prikshat Kumar Angra and Gagandeep Singh Cheema and Anup Sharma and Mohd Farhan} } @article {2060, title = {Experiences and Expectations of Post-Partum Mothers Toward Psychosocial Nursing Services for Mothers Who Have Experienced Postpartum Blues in City of Balikpapan}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {471-478}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {471}, abstract = {

After giving birth, the mother feels happy to finally be able to meet her beloved baby. However, some mothers actually do not feel happy but appear feelings of sadness, anxiety, and depression after giving birth. As many as 30-75 present of women can experience baby blues after giving birth and one in seven women can experience postpartum depression. Health Education needs to be improved and Nutrition for pregnant women needs attention Micronutrients prevent postpartum depression so that babies are born healthy. Based on the above problems that are still untouched by promotion and prevention health for women overcome the level of emotional anxiety from pregnancy to post-delivery which can be experienced by mothers from mild, moderate to severe. Nurses play a key role related to providing physical and psychological care to support the improvement of the mother{\textquoteright}s condition towards more positive. Mothers are at risk for natural emotional problems requiring someone to be able to give him an understanding of the process he is going through and help him to remain in a more stable condition. This study involved seven participants with diverse characteristics and provided an overview and the high need of postpartum mothers to feel comfortable so that their coping efforts could be achieved so that they did not experience emotional problems after giving birth.

}, keywords = {Baby Blues, Depression, Postpartum, Psychosocial Services.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.104}, author = {Ns. Grace C Sipasulta and Indah Nur Imamah and Genevieva E Tanihatu} } @article {2174, title = {Experimental Study of Development Food Safety Booklet using Local Language}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1132-1135}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1132}, abstract = {

To prevent food poisoning in Indonesia, it is necessary to have health promotion efforts in the field of food safety using appropriate media. Therefore, this study aims to develop food safety information media, namely local language booklets. For this reason, this study examines the validity and feasibility of local language food safety booklet. The research was conducted in Gorontalo Province from August to October 2022. The development of booklet is done by validating and trial. Validation was carried out using the DELPHI technique with experts in a qualitative descriptive research type. After that, a trial of the booklet was carried out with 20 Village Food Safety Cadres by distributing trial questionnaires and short interviews. Data analysis in this study used content analysis techniques. The results of the validity and feasibility of the local language food safety booklet show that the booklet is very feasible to use. Furthermore, it is hoped that further research can examine the effectiveness of using booklets to convey food safety messages to the wider community.

}, keywords = {Booklet, Cadre, Food Safety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.206}, author = {Ridwan Mochtar Thaha} } @article {2077, title = {Expressions of Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 and Tissue Inhibitor Metalloproteinase-1 in Corneal Tissue Post Alkali Burn Treated with Topical Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and Doxycycline}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {553-557}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {553}, abstract = {

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the effects of topical Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and Doxycycline in inhibiting the expression of MMP-3 and TIMP-1 in ocular alkali burn models in animals. Methods: A total of 18 New Zealand Rabbits were divided into 3 groups based on their post-alkali-burn treatment: PBS (G1/ control group), topical Doxycycline 1mg/ml (G2), and topical MPA 1\% (G3). Alkali burn models were made by exposing 1N NaOH solution to the central cornea for 30 seconds. MMP-3 and TIMP-1 expression were evaluated using immunohistochemistry after 14 days of treatment. Results: Statistically significant differences in the mean MMP-3 expression were found between the three groups (p=0.010). There was a significant difference in MMP-3 expression between the control group with MPA (p=0.017) and Doxycycline (p=0.028) but was not found between the MPA and Doxycycline groups (p=1,000). The mean differences in TIMP-1 expression between the three treatment groups were statistically significant (p=0.005), with a significant difference between the control group with Doxycycline (p=0.022) and MPA (p=0.007). There was no significant difference in TIMP-1 expression between the Doxycycline and MPA groups (P=1,000). Conclusion: This study indicated that topical administration of Doxycycline or MPA in ocular alkali burn reduces the expression of MMP-3 and TIMP-1.

}, keywords = {Corneal alkali burn, Doxycycline., Medroxyprogesterone acetate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.118}, author = {Daya Banyu Bening and Reni Prastyani and Nurwasis and Evelyn Komaratih and Ismi Zuhria and Hari Basuki Notobroto and Dyah Fauziah and Chrismawan Ardianto} } @article {2171, title = {Extract of Torbangun (Coleus amboinicus Lour) Leaves Inhibits the Expression of PEPCK and G6Pase in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1116-1120}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1116}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the anti-hyperglycemic activity of Torbangun leaf extract (TLE) in hyperglycemic rats by observing its effect on blood glucose levels and PEPCK and G6Pase gene expression. Method: This post-test-controlled group design study used a completely randomized design (CRD). Seven rats were separated as a normal group (N) and other rats were injected with streptozotocin (STZ). Hyperglycemia was characterized by fasting blood glucose (FBG) \>126 mg/dl. Hyperglycemic rats were divided into three groups: H-IM (control drug metformin hydrochloride dose 62.5 mg/kg BW), H-IT (TLE dose 620mg/kg BB), and NG (negative control, hyperglycemic rats). Rats were given intervention for 14 days. Result: The results showed a significant difference between initial and final FBG of the HI-IM group (p = 0.002, α = 0.01) and the H-IT group (p = 0.005, α = 0.01) and effect on the key gene expression of gluconeogenesis in the liver. The H-IT group showed a decrease in PEPCK gene expression 0.80 times and decreased G6Pase gene expression by 0.65 times compared to NG group. Conclusion: The findings suggested the administration of TLE in STZ-induced hyperglycemic rats was able to reduce blood sugar levels and was involved in inhibiting the expression of PEPCK and G6Pase expression genes in the liver.

}, keywords = {G6Pase, hyperglycemia, PEPCK, Rats, Torbangun}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.203}, author = {Meilla Dwi Andrestian and Rizal Damanik and Faisal Anwar and Nancy Dewi Yuliana and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2045, title = {Factors Affecting the Long-Term Protection Against Hepatitis B Immunization in Infancy: A Meta-Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {385-394}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {385}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health issues and one of the most dangerous viral infections with a high mortality rate. Newborns and infant vaccination against chronic HBV infection are crucial for preventing mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis to investigate the factors affecting long-term protection against Hepatitis B Immunization in infancy. Material and Methods: Our literature searches are from PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and ProQuest publications between January 2000 and December 2021. The included literature assessed the risk of bias using the Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. We identify Hepatitis B surface antibodies (anti-HBs) >= 10 mIU/mL as being protective against HBV infection. The results are combined with a random effect or fixed effect model. Results: Eighteen eligible observational studies with a total of 16,642 participants were included. Analysis of factors affecting long-term protection status by assessing anti-HBs titers showed significant results on several factors, including gestational age for anti-HBs titers (OR 2.5; 95\% CI 1.62-3.85; p\<0.0001), weight for age to anti-HBs titers (OR 1.36; 95\% CI 1.06-1.75; p=0.02), length for age to anti-HBs titers (OR 0.01; 95\% CI 0.01-0.02; p\<0.00001), and immunization status based on the number of vaccine doses (4 doses vs 3 doses) to anti-HBs titers (p\<0.00001). Conclusions: Anti-HBs titers of hepatitis B immunization were significantly affected by gestational age, weight for age, length for age, and vaccine doses. Parents of newborns must be informed about basic immunization and provide adequate nutritional intake to the mother and babies to prevent HBV infection.

}, keywords = {Hepatitis B antibodies, Hepatitis B vaccines, Immunity, Immunization, Infant.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.89}, author = {Aldila Pratiwi and Bagus Setyoboedi and Citrawati D. K. Wungu} } @article {2156, title = {Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Diarrhea in Infants Aged 7-12 Months in Puskesmas Alak Kupang City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1024-1028}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1024}, abstract = {

Diarrhea is a disease characterized by changes in the consistency of stools to liquid accompanied by an increase in the frequency of defecation more than usual \> 3 times / day accompanied by changes, with or without blood and or mucus. Factors that cause diarrheal disease are infections, infections can be caused by bacteria, parasites and viruses. Busy parents often pay less attention to health and the impact of an unhealthy environment. The three children have digestive problems, which are still considered a habit and can be cured without having to go to a health facility. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the factors that influence the incidence of diarrheal disease in infants aged 7-12 months at the Alak Health Center, Kupang City. The type of research used is an analytical survey with a case control design. The population in this study was divided into case populations, namely all infants aged 7-12 months totaling 137 infants and controls were infants aged 7-12 months who did not experience diarrhea totaling 8,868 infants. Determination of the size of the control sample using a ratio of 1:1 with the case sample so that the number of control samples is the same as the case sample, namely 37 infants and the total sample is 74 infants. The sampling technique is simple random sampling. Analysis of the data used is the chisquare test. The results showed that there was a significant relationship with a history of premature birth (p-value = 0.015 with an odds ratio = 3.434), low birth weight (p-value = 0.015 with an odds ratio = 4.563), exclusive breastfeeding (p-value = 0.015 with an odds value ratio = 3.434), immunization status (p-value = 0.004 with odds ratio = 4.265) and history of allergies (p-value = 0.004 with odds ratio = 4.083) with the incidence of diarrheal disease at the Alak Health Center, Kupang City. Suggestions that health center health workers need to be able to increase prevention efforts from an early age by approaching the community and providing concrete education related to the incidence of diarrhea.

}, keywords = {BBLR, Diarrhea, Exclusive breastfeeding, Immunization Status, Premature}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.188}, author = {Deviarbi Sakke Tira and Sonyalin Buifena and Sigit Purnawan and Maria Magdalena Dwi Wahyuni and Marni Marni and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2139, title = {Generation of Multinucleated Giant Cells due to Leishmania (V.) braziliensis Infection}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {905-909}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {905}, abstract = {

Background: Multinucleated giant cells were first described by Langhans(MGCs), these MGCs have a role in innate immunity that includes extracellular matrix remodeling associated with granuloma formation; another function of them is to participate in the removal of cellular debris in apoptosis during certain infections. Objective: Generate multinucleated giant cells due to Leishmania (V.) braziliensis infection. Methods: For infection macrophage/parasite ratio of 1 to 10 using the RAW 264.7-line (5 x105/mL) and Leishmania (V.) braziliensis metacyclic promastigotes (50 x105/mL) was a strain maintained in culture Schneider liquid medium, supplemented with 20\% fetal bovine serum and 10 000 U/10 mg/mL penicillin streptomycin at pH 7 and 25 {\textdegree}C in the laboratory. Incubation was continued for 4 days, and microscopic observation at 1000X was performed at 24 hours and 96 hours, respectively. Results: In our study an MGC conversion was observed at 96 hours (50\% {\textpm} 28.2). Conclusions: In vitro MGC model could be used to study the physiopathology of MGC generation by Leishmania (V.) braziliensis infection.

}, keywords = {Immunity, Infection, Leishmania (V.) braziliensis, Macrophage, Multinucleated Giant Cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.172}, author = {Jes{\'u}s Rojas-Jaimes and Luis Casta{\~n}eda Pelaez} } @article {2033, title = {Habitat Characteristics of Aedes Sp Larval Containers and Density of Container Index (CI) In the Area Endemic and Non-Endemic to DHF In Makassar City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {290-295}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {290}, abstract = {

Aedes sp has breeding habitats in water reservoirs or containers with relatively clear water, both inside and outside the house and in public places. The existence of containers as a breeding habitat for Aedes sp mosquitoes can increase the population density of Aedes sp mosquitoes, triggering high transmission of the dengu virus in the city of Makassar. The purpose of the study is to determine the characterisitic relationship of containers with the index of aedes sp larvae in dengue endemism areas in Makassar city in 2022. This study is an analytical observational study. Quantitative analysis with a cross-sectional approach. The sample sampling technique is a technique with simple purposive sampling. The sample was 600 houses in endemic and non-endemic areas in makassar city. The results of this study are container types with CI density in endemic areas, namely bucket 242 (CI = 9.5), while in non-endemic areas namely bucket 298 (CI = 5.4), container materials with CI density in endemic areas namely plastic 422 (CI = 10.9), while in non-endemic areas namely plastic 482 (CI = 5.6), and container locations with CI materials and densities namely in indoor locations with plastic material 398 (CI = 8.0), while in non-endemic areas with CI materials and densities, namely in indoor locations with plastic material 455 (CI = 5.5). The results of the chi-square test in the endemic area obtained a value of p = 0.478 which means that there is no relationship between the container type and the presence of aedes sp larvae in Tamamaung, Chi-square test results in non-endemic areas obtained a value of p = 0.217 which means that there is no relationship between the container type and the presence of Aedes sp larvae in the new Malimangan Village. The results of the chi-square test in the endemic area obtained a value of p = 0.000 which means that there is a relationship between the location and the presence of aedes sp larvae in tamamaung, and Meanwhile, the results of the Chi-Square test in non-endemic areas obtained a value of p = 0.631 which means that there is no relationship between the location and the presence of Aedes sp larvae in the new malimongan. There is no relationship between CI density and endemic and nonendemic regions. All six regions fall into the moderate category. His advice for the Makassar City Health Office, especially in Tamamaung, Pisang Utara, Pampang, Malimongan Baru, Kalukuang and Rappojawa villages, is that it is necessary to conduct counseling / information about the importance of environmental cleanliness and mosquito breeding sites to residents evenly and distribute abate, so that the community can be vigilant and avoid the transmission of dengue fever

}, keywords = {Characteristics of Container Habitats, Endemic and Non-Endemic., Larval Density}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.77}, author = {Muh Ichsan and Hasanuddin Ishak and Erniwati Ibrahim and Hasnawati Amqam and Isra Wahid and Syahribulan and Rusdiyah Sudirman and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2042, title = {Hand Hygiene Awareness and Knowledge Among Healthcare Personnel in The Dawadmi Region of Saudi Arabia: A Cross- Sectional Survey Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {368-371}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {368}, abstract = {

Introduction: The outcome of patient care in healthcare settings is influenced predominantly by healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Hand hygiene is the single most essential component in avoiding HAIs. Objectives: The aim of the study is to evaluate the awareness and knowledge about hand hygiene among the healthcare personnel in the Dawadmi Region of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional survey study was carried out between May till September 2021. The tool (Questionnaire) was adopted from World Health Organization{\textquoteright}s Hand Hygiene Knowledge and awareness Questionnaire (revised in 2009), validated according to CROSS (Checklist for Reporting of Survey Studies) check list. Results: A total of 300 participants were randomly enrolled, 60 were nursing assistants, 140 nurses, and 100 residents, were enrolled in this study. With respect to years of experience in hand washing, 123 participants had 1{\textendash}5 years (41\%), 6{\textendash}10 years (80\%), 11{\textendash}20 years (77\%), and greater than 30 years of participation (6.67\%). Concerning the education of hand washing and hygiene, training programs were attended by 230 participants (76.67\%), and 70 participants (23.33\%) did not attend the latest training program conducted by each institution. Most of them (83.33\%) were using alcohol for hand hygiene. Conclusions: This study has clearly shown the requirement of an in-depth appraisal of important issues of compliance and patient safety. Educational interventions to recognize the hand hygiene opportunities, improved availability of hand hygiene facilities and multifaceted approach to tackle various barriers (poor attitude, workload, etc) of adherence are needed to be accorded priority.

}, keywords = {awareness, Cross infection, Hand hygiene, Healthcare workers, Knowledge.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.86}, author = {Prasanna Mohana Bhaskaran and Mohammed Nawar Alotaibi and Inbaraj Susai Domnic and Bhaskaran Ashokan and Sudharshan Reddy Dachani and Semmal Syed Meerasa and Osama Mohammed Alruways} } @article {2054, title = {Health Behavior and Social Support in Postpartum Mothers Treatment in Ba{\textquoteright}ukup Tradition in Maluku}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {438-442}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {438}, abstract = {

The maternal mortality rate is still high in Indonesia and one of the priorities of government agendas to decrease, one of them is giving good treatment to Postpartum Mothers. This is very important because in the Postpartum periode, there is a risk to get bleeding and infection that has an impact on maternal death. Many Postpartum Mothers{\textquoteright} treatment is based on local wisdom, but not all give benefits to Postpartum Mothers. The aim of this study was to analyze Ba{\textquoteright}ukup Tradition as a Postpartum Mothers Treatment Based on Local Wisdom in Negeri Luhu, Huamual, Maluku. This study used Qualitative method with ethnographic approach. The informants were 8 people which consisted of 1 supporting informant (Traditional Midwife/ Mama Biang), 1 Midwife as a key informant and 6 ordinary informants were selected purposively with the criteria of Mothers who are carrying out Ba{\textquoteright}ukup. Thematic data analysis and data validity used triangulation technique. The results showed that Ba{\textquoteright}ukup tradition is an ancestral heritage felt psychically and beneficially by Postpartum Mothers such as feeling more relaxed, sleeping better, sweating and helping to increase breast milk production. Meanwhile, Ba{\textquoteright}ukup tradition is a local wisdom in Postpartum Mothers treatment so that in its implementation, it requires the assistance of health workers because during the Postpartum period, there is a risk to get bleeding and other complications. It is suggested that there are persuasive approach and communication between health workers and the society in order to build a harmonious trust in local traditions and health services.

}, keywords = {Ba{\textquoteright}ukup, Health., Postpartum, Tradition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.98}, author = {Andi Asrina and Rizal Payapo and Fairus Concerned Idris and Sukri Palutturi and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2022, title = {Health Literacy Brisk Walking Exercise on Clinical Outcomes of Blood Sugar in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {433-438}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {433}, abstract = {

Background: Regular Physical activity (PA) is recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes because it has a beneficial effect on metabolic risk factors for the development of diabetic complications. This study was designed to determine the effect of health literacy (HL) brisk walking on clinical outcomes (HbA1c) and PA in patients with DMT2. Method: In using the Quasi Experimental method using the Two group pre-posttest design approach. Research subjects were allocated for the provision of Health literacy Brisk walking (n-30, 30 completed) and the usual care group (n = 30,30 completed). Health literacy brisk walking participants received weekly scheduled information via WhatsApp group with monitoring to walk 3-5 times for 150 minutes/week, while the control group only received regular care from the Chronic Disease Management (Prolanis) program. Results: Sixty T2DM patients (thirty in the intervention group and thirty in the control group) were examined. The results showed that Health literacy Brisk walking with Whatsapp Group Monitoring in the intervention group was significantly higher than usual care from the Chronic Disease Management program (Prolanis) in the control group towards changes in HbA1c and PA after 3 months (p\<0.05). Conclusion: Health literacy brisk walking related to diabetes can be a modifiable factor related to HbA1c for DMT2 patients. The findings indicate the need for health care providers to be able to consider brisk walking PA as a solution in controlling blood sugar (HbA1c).

}, keywords = {Blood Sugar (HbA1c)., DMT2, Health Literacy Brisk walking, Physical Activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.68}, author = {Zainuddin and Andi Zulkifli Abdullah and Nurhaedar Jafar and Suriah and Nursalam and Darmawansyah and Syahrul Syahrul and Wahiduddin and Widiantoro and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2105, title = {Hepatitis E Inhibited by Rosmarinic Acid Extract from Clove Plant (Syzygium Aromaricum) through Computational Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {518-523}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {518}, abstract = {

This study aims to evaluate the potential of Rosmarinic Acid as an inhibitor against Hepatitis E by interacting with the active site of the Tyrosine FYN protein. Computational approaches were employed to predict the molecular interactions between Rosmarinic Acid and Tyrosine FYN. The research methodology involved the use of software such as Pymol, Pyrex, Protein Plus, and the Lepinski Rule. Docking analysis was conducted using Pymol to obtain information about the binding energy between Rosmarinic Acid and Tyrosine FYN. The results of the analysis showed that Rosmarinic Acid exhibited a Binding Affinity of -8.3, -8, and -7.9, indicating a strong affinity towards the target protein. Additionally, Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) values of 0, 15.905, and 17.014 were used to assess the stability of the formed protein-ligand complex. Analysis using Protein Plus revealed interactions between Rosmarinic Acid and Tyrosine FYN. Furthermore, analysis using the Lepinski Rule to examine the physicochemical properties of Rosmarinic Acid indicated that the molecule had a mass of 360, 5 hydrogen bond donors, 8 hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 1.76, and a molar reactivity of 89.8. These findings highlight the potential of Rosmarinic Acid as an inhibitor of Hepatitis E through its interaction with the Tyrosine FYN protein, providing a basis for the development of potential new therapies in the treatment of this disease.

}, keywords = {Hepatitis E, Molecular Docking., Rosmarinic acid, Syzygium aromaricum, Tyrosine FYN}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.112}, author = {Sunadi and Saddam Al Aziz and Fadhilah Fitri and Devni Prima Sari and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Rismi Verawati and Nita Yessirita and Oski Illiandri and Riso Sari Mandeli and Devi Purnamasari and Putri Azhari and Rahadian Zainul and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2088, title = {HPLC Isolation of Rutin, Hesperidin and Quercetin from Ruta Chalepensis Extract Growing in Iraq}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {606-611}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {606}, abstract = {

Background: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Ruta chalepensis L For years, various portions of this plant have been utilized in traditional medicine to treat a number of illnesses, including nervous disorders, rheumatism, menstrual issues, fever, convulsions, mental disorders, dropsy, and neuralgia. Objection: In this study, we aim to characterize three flavonoids extracted from Ruta chalepensis L.\ Material and Methods: In this study, various concentrations (80\% and 100\%) of methanol and ethanol in water were used as solvents in the extraction of flavonoids (rutin, hesperidin, and quercetin) from Ruta chalepensis L. by using conventional extraction methods (reflex and maceration). Result: HPLC results confirm Using maceration with 80\% methanol was recommended for extracting flavonoids from Ruta chalepensis L. to obtain the highest yields, whereas reflex with 80\% ethanol showed a slight increase in quercetin amount. The phytochemical screening of Ruta chalepensis L. exhibited the presence of flavonoids. Conclusion: The highest amount of the three flavonoids was found in maceration with 80\% methanol.

}, keywords = {Ethanol, Extraction., Maceration, Methanol, Reflex}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.127}, author = {Ali Mohammed Zaki Al-Jaberi and Sabaa Ali Mohammed Al-Fadal and Thukaa Zuhair Abdul-Jalil and Haider Al-Wafi} } @article {2008, title = {HPTLC Comparision Studies with Marker Compound and Isolation of Rutin Anti Inflammatory Agent from Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Rivea Hypocrateriformis (Desr.) Choisy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {353-358}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {353}, abstract = {

Introduction: To extract the leafy parts with ethanol and perform the HPTLC studies with marker compounds Quercetin, Rutin, and gallic acid then a compound was isolated and susceptible to spectroscopic analysis Background: Rivea hypocrateriformis (Desr.) Choisy holds Convolvulaceae family the leafy parts underwent a Soxhlet extraction with ethanol which was then subjected to a phytochemical investigation that shows the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, glycosides saponins, sterols, and carbohydrates. Material and Methods: Firstly, the ethanolic leaf extract is treated with petroleum ether to remove excess lipids, sterols, and impurities. TLC was performed by toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid and the same solvent system was used for column chromatography. The bands getting separated into the column were collected separately in a test tube. Once the solvent toluene ends, the next solvent system with 18 ml of toluene and 2 ml of ethyl acetate, is introduced into the column, and continues the separation procedure. Collect separated bands and perform TLC of each separate band by using the same solvent system in a concentration of 5:4:1. A single component on a TLC plate with a solvent system of 12 ml toluene and 8 ml ethyl acetate was obtained whose characterization was done by IR, NMR, and mass. Results: The RF value of Rutin is 0.17 which correlates with the Retention factor of ethanolic leaf extracts of RH by HPTLC comparative studies and a compound was isolated by column chromatography. Conclusion: These studies have concluded that a compound is separated by means of HPTLC and spectroscopic interpretation and identified as Rutin.

}, keywords = {Column chromatography, HPTLC studies, Marker compound, Rivea hypocrateriformis ethanolic leaf extract, TLC plates.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.54}, author = {Shanthini Nachiar G and Thirumal M} } @article {2136, title = {Hydrocephalus Mice Model: Choroid Plexus Aquaporin-1 Dynamics Following Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {891-896}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {891}, abstract = {

Background: Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of membrane proteins that act as channels for water, facilitating its movement across the plasma membrane of cells. Aquaporin1 (AQP1), located in the choroid plexus, is thought to be involved in the process of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production. Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the impact of hydrocephalus and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage on the expression of AQP1 in a mice model of hydrocephalus. Material and Methods: Laboratory experimental study with six groups. Five test groups, one control group, and a rat model of hydrocephalus caused by kaolin were used in the experiment. Results: Hydrocephalus in mice model induced by kaolin, and CSF drainage was performed on the 7th and 14th days group. Immunohistochemical analysis was conducted to examine the presence of AQP1 in the choroid plexus using microscopes. The findings revealed a noticeable decrease in AQP1 expression levels in the choroid plexus, which exhibited a semi-quantitative decline in correlation with the duration of hydrocephalus (p = 0.01). This decrease was observed when comparing the normal group with the hydrocephalus groups on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days following induction. However, after cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage, there was a significant increase in AQP1 expression (p \< 0.05). Conclusions: This study shows the significant role of AQP1 in CSF production by comparing of AQP1 expression in the choroid plexus of hydrocephalus mice model, with and without CSF drainage. AQP1 expression experiences downregulation in hydrocephalus mice model and upregulation after CSF drainage.

}, keywords = {AQP1, Aquaporin 1, Choroid plexus, Hydrocephalus.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.169}, author = {Yusuf Baktir and Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi and Wihasto Suryaningtyas and Dyah Fauziah and I Ketut Sudiana and Budi Utomo} } @article {2039, title = {Identification of Family Adaptive Behavior in The Dayak Tribe in An Effort to Prevent Stroke}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {334-338}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {334}, abstract = {

The Dayak tribe inhabits a large part of West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province. Hypertension is a major health problem in the West Kutai region. The family plays a role as a facilitator in reducing hypertension and preventing the risk of Stroke in family members. The purpose of this study was to identify the adaptive behavior of Dayak families in an effort to prevent Stroke. This research method is qualitative research with in-depth interviews and FGD (focus group discussion). FGDs were conducted on 7 participants with tingkat 1 and tingkat 2 hypertension patients and 3 people from traditional leaders/ culturalists. This study obtained four main themes, namely 1) Understanding health problems, 2) Utilization of medicinal plants, 3) Disease control, 4) Driving factors in reducing Stroke risk. Suggestions for health workers to be able to improve educational methods and digital health promotion not only using print media.

}, keywords = {Family Adaptive Behavior., FGD, Stroke, The Dayak Tribe}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.83}, author = {Parellangi and Muhammad Syafar and Sukri Palutturi and Agus Bintara Birawida and Anwar Mallongi and Oedojo Soedirham and Pawennari Hijjang} } @article {2153, title = {Immunization During the Covid-19 Pandemic}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1005-1009}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1005}, abstract = {

Objectives: This Study Aims to Analyze the Determinant Factors Associated with Basic Immunization Services for Infants Aged 1-12 Months in Banjarbaru City During the Covid 19 Pandemic. Methods: The Research Design Is an Analytic Research with A Cross Sectional Approach. The Independent Variables Are Mother{\textquoteright}s Knowledge, Mother{\textquoteright}s Anxiety, And Accessibility to Health Facilities, And the Dependent Variable Is Basic Immunization Services. The Research Sample Consisted Of 100 Respondents Who Had Babies Aged 1-12 Months in The Cempaka Health Center, Sungai Ulin Health Center, Sungai Besar Health Center and South Banjarbaru Health Center. The Sampling Technique Was Non-Probability Sampling, Namely Purposive Sampling. The Instruments Used Were A Knowledge Questionnaire, An Anxiety Questionnaire (Dass) And an Accessibility Questionnaire in The Form of a Google Form. Analysis Using the Chi Square Statistical Test. Results: The Results Showed That 58 People (58.0\%) Had Basic Immunization Services According to Age, 44 People (44.0\%) Had Good Knowledge And 55 People (55.0\%) Had Accessibility to Health Facilities. Variables Related to Basic Immunization Services in Banjarbaru City Were Knowledge (P=0.03) And Anxiety (P=0.01). Another Variable in This Study, That Is Accessibility to Health Services, Was Not Related to Basic Immunization Services in Banjarbaru City (P=0.80). Conclusions: It Is Recommended That Basic Immunization Information and Services Be More Proactive. Health Promotion Uses an Interpersonal Approach in The Community to Increase Knowledge, Attitudes and Change People{\textquoteright}s Behavior.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, Anxiety, Health Center, Immunization, knowledge}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.185}, author = {Yuniarti and Rusmilawaty and Tri Tunggal and Norlaila Sofia and Nur Rohmah Prihatanti and Ahmad Rizani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2165, title = {Immunomodulatory and Acute Toxicity Tests of Rhizome Ethanol Extract of Etlingera Flexuosa Poulsen (Zingiberaceae) on Male Mice (Mus Musculus)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1077-1083}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1077}, abstract = {

Introduction: Immunomodulators are molecules of synthetic or biological origin that help to regulate the immune system. Many studies have focuses on exploring for phytochemical compounds that used as immunomodulatory properties in Indonesia, as well as in Sulawesi. The immunomodulatory activity of rhizome extract of E. flexuosa, an endemic flowering plant of Sulawesi on male mice were studied. Methods: 25 male mice (Mus musculus) used were randomly divided into 5 groups and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) was used as inducer. The negative control group was given 0.5\% Na-CMC (Carboxymethyl Cellulosa Sodium), positive control group was given stimuno{\textregistered} and treatment groups were an ethanol extract of E. flexuosa with successive doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight (BW) respectively. Each group was given the preparation orally for 7 days and on the 8th day the test animals were induced by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria intraperitoneally. The mice were dissected and the peritoneal fluid was taken to determine the activity of the macrophage cells. Meanwhile, Thomson and Weil method was used to study the acute toxicity test and determine the lethal dose 50 (LD50). Results: The percentage of macrophage activity in each group of negative control, positive control, extract doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg BW respectively were 40.40\%, 82.65\%, 53.05\%, 69.38\% and 82.06\%. Based on the results obtained, it was shown that the E. flexuosa rhizome extract has an optimum dose of 800 mg/kg BW, which was not significantly different from the positive control. Meanwhile, the symptoms of toxicity began to appear from a dose of 600 mg/kg BW to a dose of 2400 mg/kg BW including decreased motor activity, tremor, ataxia, lids and writhing. LD50 expressed in LD50 within the criteria of being practically non-toxic. Conclusions: The E. flexuosa rhizome ethanolic extract showed the immunomodulatory activity at optimum dose of 800 mg/kg BW by the increasing of macrophage phagocytosis activity. Moreover, the extract was also practically non-toxic based on LD50 value.

}, keywords = {Etlingera flexuosa, Immunomodulators, Immunostimulants, Lethal Dose 50, Macrophages, Phagocytosis, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.197}, author = {Ramadanil Pitopang and Nadhirah Nur Azizah Lubis and Mifthahul Jannah Tahapary Zubair and Puti Andalusia Sarigando Banilai and Nurhaeni and Ihwan} } @article {2180, title = {Immunomodulatory and Antiallergic Potentials of the Bioactive Compounds of Ginger}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1166-1176}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1166}, abstract = {

Background: Allergy is an ever-increasing immune disorder and is often fatal under certain circumstances. Lack of total curative medication prompts the search for various compounds as the lead molecules. Ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, is a well-established medicinal plant in different traditional practices. Its use as antiallergic or anti-inflammatory agent has been vindicated but the underlying mechanism of action is yet unknown. Method: In this study, we analyzed the phytocompounds characterized from ginger for their binding affinities on cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLTR1) and histamine H1 receptor (H1R) by molecular docking. The molecular interactions were compared against known agonists and antagonists of the two receptors. Results: The data indicate that ginger compounds have high binding affinity for both LTR1 and H1R comparable to those of antiallergic medications. The highest binding affinities were recorded for gingerenone-A (-7.3 kcal/mol) and zingiberol (-7.2 kcal/mol) on LTR1; and gingerenone-A (-8.7 kcal/mol) and α-curcumene (-8.0 kcal/mol) on H1R. Conclusion: In addition to antiallergic activity, molecular predications on the probable biological activities of the ginger compounds show that they can have a variety of medicinal applications including immunomodulatory and anticancer activities.

}, keywords = {Allergy, Ginger, Histamine Receptor; Leukotriene Receptor, Molecular Modelling}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.212}, author = {B. Lalruatfela and P. B. Lalthanpuii and C. Lalrinmawia and K. Lalchhandama} } @article {2111, title = {Immunostimulating Activity of Sungkai Leaf Stigmasterol Isolate against Cluster Differentiated 8+ T (CD8+T) from Covid 19 Disease Exposure}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {738-742}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {738}, abstract = {

Objective: Covid 19 is a disease that infects cells in the airway lining the alveoli. This disease is caused by a virus named SarsCoV2. One way to handle it is to increase immunity. The body itself consists of immune system organs. One component of the immune system that is very important in protecting the body against the SARS-Cov-2 virus attack is Cluster of Differentiation 8+ T (CD8+T). CD8+T is one of the components of the adaptive immune system or often known as the specific immune system and is cytotoxic, so it is called Cluster of Differentiation8 +T. One of the plants used by the community to increase endurance is Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.). This study aims to see its activity against Cluster of Differentiation 8+ T (CD8+T). Methods: Sungkai leaf powder was extracted using 70\% ethanol solvent and evaporated using a rotary evaporator to obtain ethanol extract and fractionated with n-hexanes and isolated to obtain active isolates of sungkai leaves against the immune system. Isolates obtained from the isolation of the active fraction of n hexanes that have been tested as immunostimulants in previous studies. This study used test animals, namely male white mice of the wistar strain as many as 30 mice consisting of 5 heads for each group. Group I is a control group that is not given treatment and groups II, III, IV, V and VI are given exposure to the Sars CoV2 virus antigen that causes Covid 19 disease, namely using one of the Covid19 vaccines, namely the 0.0013 mL Moderna vaccine which is given Intra Muscular. Groups II, III, IV, V are treatment groups induced with Sars CoV2 antigen and given a test preparation, namely sungkai leaf isolate with 3 dose variations, namely 1, 10 and 100 mg/kg bw given orally, and group VI was given stimuno 50 mg/kgbw as a comparison. Results: From the results of immunostimulant testing of sungkai leaf isolate, it was found that stigmasterol has an immunostimulant effect in increasing Cluster of Differentiation 8 + T (CD8 + T) in the body given SARS-CoV-2 virus antigen. Significant results were seen in the 100 mg/kg bw dose group which increased CD8+T by 53.93 ng/dl. Based on statistical tests conducted in the form of ANOVA tests, CD8+T also showed significant differences with a significance value of \<0.05. Conclusion: Stigmasterol isolate of sungkai leaf has the effect of increasing Cluster of Differentiation 8+ T (CD8+T) levels in the body given exposure to SARS-CoV 2 virus antigens.

}, keywords = {Cluster of Differentiation 8+ T (CD8+T), Immunostimulant., SARS-CoV-2, Stigmasterol, Sungkai}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.145}, author = {Dwisari Dillasamola and Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Rauza Sukma Rita and Yufri Aldi} } @article {2199, title = {The Impact of Kaempferia galanga L. Extract on Nerve Growth Factor Expression in A Rat Model of Traumatic Brain Injury}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1236-1243}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1236}, abstract = {

Introduction: Head injuries contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality globally, and there is need of effective treatment. This study focuses on evaluating NGF (Nerve Growth Factor) expression in a rat model of traumatic brain injury, exploring the potential therapeutic effects of Kaempferia galanga L. extract. Methods: Male Wistar rats were used in the experiment, and traumatic brain injury was induced using Marmarou{\textquoteright}s weight drop model. Four groups of rats were studied: a negative control group, a group with traumatic brain injury without Kaempferia galanga L. extract, and two groups with traumatic brain injury treated with different doses of Kaempferia galanga L. extract. Rats were divided further based on the time of decapitation, either 24 or 48 hours post-injury. NGF expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Results: The study confirmed NGF expression variations among groups, with stronger expression observed 48 hours post-injury in rats receiving 1200 mg/kgbb of Kaempferia galanga L. extract. This suggests a potential impact of the extract on NGF expression, likely attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Discussion: Kaempferia galanga L. extract has known anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which may contribute to increased NGF expression observed in this study. Conclusion: This study sheds light on the potential benefits of Kaempferia galanga L. extract in promoting NGF expression and improving outcomes in traumatic brain injury, emphasizing the need for further investigation to translate these findings into clinical practice.

}, keywords = {kaempferia galanga, Nerve Growth Factor, Traumatic Brain Injury}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.224}, author = {Muhammad Fauzan Jauhari and Lucia Yovita Hendrati and Agus Turchan and Asra Al Fauzi and Budi Utomo and Eko Agus Subagio} } @article {2128, title = {Implementation Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccination Policy in Southwest Maluku Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {843-845}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {843}, abstract = {

The implementation of the COVID-19 vaccination policy can be influenced by several factors, including communication, available resources, task disposition, and organizational structure. This study aims to analyze the factors affecting the implementation of these policies. This study employed a qualitative descriptive design, with data collection techniques including observation and interviews. The research was conducted in Southwest Maluku Regency in October-November 2022, with a total of 5 informants consisting of key informants, such as the Regent of Southwest Maluku as the chairman and spokesperson of the Task Force, ordinary informants, such as the Head of the Regional Disaster Management Agency, the head of Surveillance and Immunization at the District Health Office of Southwest Maluku, and the Coordinator of the COVID-19 Task Force Expert Team, as well as ordinary informants, such as community leaders. The results of the study revealed that the implementation of the COVID-19 Vaccination Policy in Southwest Maluku Regency has been well executed. The government has actively conducted health promotion and socialization, and has adequate resources equipped with specific competencies and expertise. However, there were several challenges during the implementation, such as the spread of misinformation, the difficult geographical terrain, and limited communication access to all areas. The findings of this study are expected to serve as an evaluation material for the government in the implementation of the COVID-19 vaccination program.

}, keywords = {COVID-19 Vaccine, Health promotion, Policy, Task Force., Vaccination Policy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.161}, author = {Joska Rap Rap and Balqis and Sukri Palutturi and Indar and Masni and Atjo Wahyu and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2103, title = {Improving the Quality of Assessment and Diagnosis in Nursing Care: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {703-706}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {703}, abstract = {

Nursing care involves a series of interactions between nurses with clients and the environment to meet their needs and ensure independence in caring for themselves. Therefore, this research aimed to examine how to improve the quality of assessments and diagnoses in nursing care. Several articles were obtained from Google Scholar, Pubmed, and ProQuest databases, while the research questions were structured using the PICO method and search keywords. The inclusion criteria included articles focused on the quality of assessments and diagnoses in nursing care, applied to health institutions and services, and published in English from 2018-2022. A total of six articles were included after thorough identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion. The results obtained can be used to improve the quality of assessments and diagnoses in nursing care.

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.140}, author = {Brajakson Siokal and Ridwan Amiruddin and Tahir Abdullah and Yuliana Syam and Sukri Palutturi and Hasnawati Amqam and Rian Adi Pamungkas and Wahyuningsih and Samsualam and Sudarman and Akbar Asfar and Andi Mappanganro}, editor = {Yahya Thamrin} } @article {2175, title = {In silico ADME and Drug-likeness Evaluation of Phytochemicals from the Leaves of Tabernaemontana divaricata Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1136-1142}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1136}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tabernaemontana divaricata is a traditional plant from the family of Apocynaceae, which has wider medicinal activities such brain tonic, anti-epileptic, anti-mania and anti-oxidant. The current predictive study was aimed to know pharmacokinetics and drug likeness of selected phytochemicals present in T.divaricata by using online tool Swiss-ADME. Methods: The air-dried leaves were pulverized and subjected to Soxhlet extraction and percolation using the solvents, namely, ethanol, hydroalcoholic solvent (50:50 and 70:30 ethanol: water) and water to obtain four different extracts. Aqueous extract was made through percolation. Subsequently, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze each extract further. All the bioactive compounds were subjected to in silico ADME and drug-likeness studies and the finalized compounds were undergone cell cytotoxicity activity. Results: All the four extracts have distinct physicochemical properties linked to the chemicals naturally present in large amounts in T. divaricata leaves. The compound 4,4,7a-Trimethylhexahydro-1-benzofuran-2(3H)- one and 2-(4-methylphenyl) indolizine having good drug likeness of 4.50 and 3.50 respectively and good lipophilicity which has the log P value of 2.51 and 3.73 appropriately. IC50 values of compounds were found to be 312.1 {\textpm} 0.2μg/ml for 4,4,7a-Trimethylhexahydro-1-benzofuran-2(3H)-one and 393.7 {\textpm} 0.2μg/ ml for 2-(4-methylphenyl) indolizine. Conclusion: Major bioactive chemicals were found in the aqueous extract and based on the calculated ADME parameters they are anticipated to serve as cytotoxic lead compounds. It is advocated that current predictive results should be authenticated by in vitro and in vivo toxicological and pharmacological assay.

}, keywords = {Apocyanceae, Cell cytotoxicity studies, GC-MS analysis, In silico study}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.207}, author = {Ayda Cherian and Velmurugan Vadivel} } @article {2104, title = {In Silico Study of Rhamnocitrin Extract from Clove Syzygium Aromaricum in Inhibiting Adenosine A1 Adenylate Cyclase Interaction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {512-517}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {512}, abstract = {

This study aims to analyze the potential of Rhamnocitrin, a compound found in clove extract (Syzygium aromaticum), as an inhibitor of Adenylate Cyclase through an in-silico approach. The research method involves the use of software such as Pymol, PyRx, Protein Plus, and Lipinski Rule for molecular interaction analysis and physicochemical characterization of Rhamnocitrin. The analysis results show that Rhamnocitrin has significant affinity towards Adenosine A1 with Binding Affinity values of -6.1, -5.8, and -5.7. RMSD analysis indicates good stability of the formed protein-ligand complexes, with RMSD values of 0, 3.129, and 3.696. Analysis using Protein Plus software reveals the interaction between Rhamnocitrin and Adenosine A1, while the lipinski analysis shows physicochemical characteristics of Rhamnocitrin that meet important criteria, such as a mass of 300, 3 hydrogen bond donors, 6 hydrogen bond acceptors, log P of 2.6, and molar reactivity of 77.27. These findings provide new insights into the development of potential therapies involving clove extract and Rhamnocitrin as inhibitors of Adenylate Cyclase, and further research is needed to validate their effectiveness and safety.

}, keywords = {Adenosine A1, Adenylate Cyclase inhibition, Molecular Docking., Rhamnocitrin, Syzygium aromaricum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.111}, author = {Nita Yessirita and Rismi Verawati and Devi Purnamasari and Rollando Rollando and Riso Sari Mandeli and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Putri Azhari and Rahadian Zainul and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2081, title = {In Silico Study on the Inhibition of Sitogluside from Clove Plant (Syzygium aromaticum) on Interleukin 2 in B and T Cell Proliferation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {575-580}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {575}, abstract = {

This research discusses an in-silico study of sitogluside found in the clove plant (Syzygium aromaticum) as a potential inhibitor of B and T cell proliferation through interaction with Interleukin-2. This study utilizes methods such as Swiss Target Prediction, Pymol, Pyrex, Protein Plus, and Lipinski{\textquoteright}s Rule to predict the biological activity and pharmacokinetic characteristics of sitogluside. From the docking simulation results, sitogluside exhibited strong interactions with interleukin-2 with RMSD values of 0, 1.637, and 2.299, and Binding Affinities of -5.7, -5.5, and -5.5, indicating its potential effectiveness as an inhibitor. In addition, sitogluside fulfills Lipinski{\textquoteright}s rule with a molecular mass of 520, 4 hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, a log P value of 2.3, and a molar reactivity of 133, indicating a high potential for good bioavailability in biological systems. These results suggest that sitogluside from the clove plant holds potential as a new therapy in inhibiting B and T cell proliferation, however further research is needed to validate these findings and explore its potential in clinical treatments.

}, keywords = {Cell Proliferation, Interleukin-2, Molecular docking, Sitogluside, Syzygium.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.122}, author = {Linda Rosalina and Devi Purnamasari and Rismi Verawati and Okta Suryani and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Rahadian Zainul and Riso Sari Mandeli and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2067, title = {In Silico Study on the Potential of Guaiacol Extract from Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) as a Stimulant for Carbanoic Anhydrase II in Renal Tubular Acidosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {494-499}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {494}, abstract = {

This study explores the potential of Guaiacol, a green tea extract from Camellia sinensis, as a stimulant in renal tubular acidosis through in-silico investigation on the Carbanoic Anhydrase II enzyme. Utilizing comprehensive computational tools including PyMOL, PyRx, Protein Plus, and the Lipinski{\textquoteright}s Rule of Five, a detailed examination of the molecular structure and its interactions with the target enzyme was conducted. The results from Protein Plus revealed interactions between Guaiacol and Carbanoic Anhydrase II. Quantitative parameters were determined with Binding Affinity values of -5, -4.7, and -4.5, along with RMSD values of 0, 0.956, and 1.412. The Lipinski{\textquoteright}s Rule of Five was employed to evaluate the compound{\textquoteright}s drug-like properties, with the findings indicating a molecular weight of 124, one hydrogen bond donor, two hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P of 1.4, and a molar reactivity of 34.65. Overall, these findings suggest that Guaiacol holds promising therapeutic potential in the treatment of renal tubular acidosis.

}, keywords = {Camellia sinensis., Carbanoic Anhydrase II, Guaiacol, Molecular docking, Renal Tubular Acidosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.108}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Agus Suprijono and Riso Sari Mandeli and Asri Peni Wulandari and Dony Novaliendry and Ritmaleni and Linda Rosalina and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {1980, title = {Inflammatory Thyroid Changes Following Serotonin Receptor Blocking in Experimental Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {189-193}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {189}, abstract = {

According to studies, a pathophysiological feature of schizophrenia may be a dysregulation of the inflammatory immune response. Conversely, antipsychotic medications have been found to have an immunosuppressive effect in patients with schizophrenia; however, this has not been consistently observed in different studies. The purpose of the following study is to compare the effects of risperidone with aripiprazole on thyroid function as it relates to inflammatory markers (CRP). This study was based on a randomized controlled trial. A total of thirty rats were recruited for the experiment and were kept in the artificial, and optimal environment. The rats were divided into three groups; each group has an equal number of rats which was 10 rats each. The first group was the control group which received the placebo, in the second group, there were 10 rats too, which was known as the risperidone group. Each rat received 20mg/kg/day through I/V. The third group is known as the aripiprazole group which received the drug from the intravenous route, 10mg/kg//day. In the results, the summarized values represented that all the mean values before and after the treatment remained less than 3.0. From the results and other evidence, it can be said that although the subjects who receive the following results do not require regular or frequent monitoring of thyroid hormones in long-term use and in the use of the drug in higher concentration there must be a check as long term use is associated with hyperthyroidism.

}, keywords = {Aripiprazole, FT3, FT4, Risperidone., Thyroid, Thyroxine, Tri-iodothyronine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.28}, author = {Muthear N Dawood and Karam A. Aldabbagh and Zahraa Alsarraf} } @article {2061, title = {The Influence of Effective Nurse Communication Application on Patient Satisfaction: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {479-483}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {479}, abstract = {

Communication is an important element for building trust and comfort in nursing, and it is the foundation of the nurse-patient relationship. The purpose of this study is to find out how effective communication influences nurses{\textquoteright} perceptions of patient satisfaction. A recent literature review was conducted using the Pubmed, Wiley Online, and Science Direct electronic databases. The review method uses the terms and expressions of the keywords "effective communication," "nurse," and "patient satisfaction." Based on the screening results for inclusion and exclusion criteria, a literature search turned up 10 studies. Effective communication provided by nurses greatly affects patient satisfaction; the better effective communication is carried out, the greater the patient satisfaction will be. With patient satisfaction, nurse communication can improve service by creating good cooperative relationships and fostering trust so as to improve patient recovery. Not only with patients, but effective communication must also be carried out with colleagues and other professions by applying several methods such as ISBAR, PCC, and MCA communication methods. Therefore, health services, especially nurses, should pay more attention to effective communication with patients and implement this effective communication in nursing care activities.

}, keywords = {Effective communication, Nurses, Patient satisfaction.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.105}, author = {Brajakson Siokal and Ridwan Amiruddin and Tahir Abdullah and Yahya Thamrin and Sukri Palutturi and Erniwati Ibrahim and Yuliana Syam and Rian Adi Pamungkas and Samsualam and Andi Mappanganro and Wahyuningsih and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2001, title = {The Influence of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Nurse Performance with Work Motivation as a Mediating Factor at I Lagaligo East Luwu Hospital In 2022}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {319-324}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {319}, abstract = {

Nursing performance is an important thing that needs to be studied in order to maintain and improve the quality of hospital services. There are many factors that affect nurse performance. This study aims to analyze the effect of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on the performance of nurses with work motivation as a mediating factor at I Lagaligo East Luwu Hospital. The type of research conducted is quantitative research using an analytic observational study with a cross sectional study design. The sampling technique is proportional random sampling with the number of samples in this study being 130 nurses. Testing the hypothesis in this study using path analysis. The results showed that job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on work motivation (β= 0,264; T statistic= 2,433). Organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on work motivation (β= 0,347; T statistic= 3,742). Work motivation has a positive and significant effect on performance (β= 0,160; T statistic= 2,533). Job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on performance (β = 0,179; T statistic= 2,510). Organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on performance (β= 0,151; T statistic= 2,163). Job satisfaction has no direct effect on performance with work motivation as a mediating factor (β= 0,042; T statistic = 1,888). Organizational commitment has no direct effect on performance with work motivation as a mediating factor (β= 0,056; T statistic = 1,911). Hospitals are expected to be able to maintain job satisfaction, organizational commitment and work motivation of nurses so that every nurse is willing to provide the best productivity and performance for the realization of improving the quality of nursing services.

}, keywords = {Hospital., Job satisfaction, Nurse performance, Organizational commitment, Work motivation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.47}, author = {Maria Ulfha Ibrahim and Alimin Maidin and Irwandy and Indahwaty Sidin and Fridawaty Rivai and Khalid Shaleh} } @article {1984, title = {Influence of the Environment on Biofilm Formation Candida albicans of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Isolate Patient}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {216-222}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {216}, abstract = {

Context: Candida albicans is a type of fungus that can produce biofilms and may cause Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) disease. We investigated the effect of environment on biofilm formation of C. albicans patient isolates and ATCC 14053. Biofilm formation is influenced by several factors such as environments and nutrients. Objectives: To investigated the effect of environment on biofilm formation of C. albicans patient isolates and ATCC 14053. Methods: The samples using C. albicans ATCC 14053, C. albicans, which may form biofilms, was isolated from patient Dermatology and Venereology and Obstetrics and Gynecology from a hospital in Malang. TCP (A tissue Culture Plate) is the biofilm formation method used. Results: Biofilm formation took 48-72 hours at 25 {\textdegree}C and 96-120 hours at 37 {\textdegree}C. Based on the result biofilm formation of C. albicans is influenced by environmental factors and characterized by a high OD value. Conclusions: Biofilm formation is accelerated in temperature incubation needed at 25 {\textdegree}C for 48-72 hours, using biomass 107 CFU/mL, nutrition using Potato Dextrose Broth media and 1\% glucose, and the solvent of 30\% acetic acid to obtain acid condition.

}, keywords = {Biofilm formation; Candida albicans; sabourau dextrose broth; potato dextrose broth; vulvovaginal candidiasis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.32}, author = {Wirda Anggraini and Djoko Agus Purwanto and Idha Kusumawati and Isnaeni3, Suryanto} } @article {2161, title = {The Influence of Vitamin D3 Administration on the Levels of CGRP, Glutamate, and NLRP3 during the Ictal Phase in Chronic Migraine Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1052-1058}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1052}, abstract = {

Background: Migraine is a primary headache disorder that ranks as the third leading cause of disability. Various prophylactic therapies have been developed for migraine treatment, including vitamin D3 supplementation. The mechanism of action of vitamin D3 supplementation in the pathophysiology of migraine has not been extensively studied. Objective: This study assesses the impact of vitamin D3 administration on the levels of the biomarkers CGRP, Glutamate, and NLRP3 and its effect on reducing the frequency and intensity of migraine attacks in chronic migraine patients. Methods: This experimental study (single-blind clinical trial) observes two groups: a group given vitamin D3 at 2000 IU for 12 weeks and a placebo group. This study involved 61 chronic migraine subjects. At the end of the study, after excluded 31 subjects, there were 12 subjects in each of the two groups. Results: A significant relationship was found between vitamin D3 administration and the reduction in the frequency and duration of migraine attacks in both the vitamin D3 group (p\<0.001) and the placebo group (p=0.078). No significant relationship was found between vitamin D3 administration and changes in CGRP levels (p=0.633), but there were significant changes in glutamate (p\<0.001) and NLRP3 (p=0.016) levels following vitamin D3 administration. Conclusion: Vitamin D3 supplementation has an impact on reducing the frequency and duration of migraine attacks in chronic migraine patients, and there is a significant association with changes in glutamate and NLRP3 levels, but not with changes in CGRP levels.

}, keywords = {CGRP, Chronic Migraine, Glutamate, NLRP3, Vitamin D3}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.193}, author = {Restu Susanti and Yuliarni Syafrita and Afriwardi and Rauza Sukma Rita and Eryati Darwin and Nur Indrawaty Lipoeto and Hirowati Ali and Fika Tri Anggraini} } @article {2097, title = {The Influence of Work Engagement on Job Satisfaction and Human Resource Performance in South Sulawesi Provincial Hospital 2022}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {650-654}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {650}, abstract = {

One of the most important factors for an individual to have at work is work engagement which is a concept that can reflect that an individual has passion, focus, and also strong dedication to work at the company. Work engagement is also defined as a positive and satisfying mental state related to work that is characterized by vigor, dedication, and absorption.1 An HR can be said to be work engagement when an HR is able to make his work a priority for himself and personally for the organization besides that work engagement is personal HR who are proud to have been part of an organization so that they are able to work according to the jobdesk given (Rohana Manalu et al., 2021). This study aims to analyze the effect of Work Engagement on Job Satisfaction and HR Performance at the South Sulawesi Provincial Hospital. This type of research is quantitative research using an analytic observational design with a cross sectional study approach. The sample in this study were health workers using a stratified random sampling technique of 316 people. The samples taken in this study were 152 employees at Laburan Baji Hospital, 122 Haji Hospital and 42 people at Sayang Rakyat Hospital. Data analysis used univariate, bivariate \& path analysis. The results showed that there was a direct effect of work engagement on job satisfaction and HR performance with a coefficient of 0.525 and 0.267 for each with a p value (0.000) \< 0.05 (significant). In addition, there is a direct effect of job satisfaction on HR performance, namely a coefficient value of 0.620 with a p value (0.000) \<0.05. Meanwhile, the effect of work engagement on HR performance through job satisfaction obtained a coefficient value of 0.326 with a p value (0.000) \< 0.05. which means Work Engagement has an influence on HR Performance through Job Satisfaction.

}, keywords = {Performance., Satisfaction, Work engagement}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.133}, author = {Nurfhadila Utami Husain and Syahrir A Pasinringi and Fridawaty Rivai and Noer Bahry Noor and Khalid Saleh} } @article {2083, title = {Interaction of Cynaroside from Orthosiphon Aristatus Plant Extract on TNF Alpha as a Stimulant in Malaria and Asthma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {581-586}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {581}, abstract = {

This research aims to investigate the interaction between cynaroside, a natural compound found in Orthosiphon aristatus plant extract, with TNF Alpha as a stimulant in the context of malaria and asthma. The research method involved an in-silico approach using software such as Pymol, PyRx, Protein Plus, and the Lepinski Rule. The results of the study showed that cynaroside has a significant interaction with TNF Alpha, as indicated by high Binding Affinity values of -9.6, -9.3, and -9.2. Analysis using Protein Plus confirmed the interaction between cynaroside and TNF Alpha. Additionally, evaluation using the Lepinski Rule of Five revealed that cynaroside has physicochemical characteristics suitable as a potential drug compound, with a mass of 448, hydrogen bond donors of 7, hydrogen bond acceptors of 11, log p -0.401, and molar reactivity of 105.2. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the potential of cynaroside in regulating the immune response to malaria and asthma through its interaction with TNF Alpha. These results can serve as an important basis for further research in the development of more targeted and effective therapies for both of these diseases

}, keywords = {Asthma., Cynaroside, Malaria, Molecular docking, Orthosiphon aristatus, TNF Alpha}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.123}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Gemini Alam and Khoirun Nisyak and Trisna Kumala Sari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Ritbey Ruga and Putri Azhari and Romadhon and Himmatul Barroroh and Riso Sari Mandeli and Devi Purnamasari and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2063, title = {Interaction of Masilinic Acid from Clove Plant (Syzygium aromaticum) with CD81 Antigen in Inhibiting HIV Virus Regulation In Silico}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {484-488}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {484}, abstract = {

This research explores the interaction of Masilinic Acid from the clove plant (Syzygium aromaticum) with the CD81 antigen to inhibit HIV virus regulation in silico. Using computational methods such as Pymol, Pyrex, and Protein Plus, we demonstrate that Masilinic Acid can significantly interact with the CD81 antigen. The obtained data shows binding affinities of -6.4, -6.2, and -5.7, and RMSD values of 0, 1.885, and 1.952. Further detailed interaction analysis with Protein Plus strengthens these findings, providing evidence of a strong interaction between Masilinic Acid and the CD81 antigen. This study also includes the testing of the Lepinski Rule of Five to assess the potential of Masilinic Acid as a drug candidate, with results indicating a mass of 472, three hydrogen bond donors, four hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 6.2, and a molar reactivity of 134. These results indicate that Masilinic Acid has the potential as an inhibitor of the CD81-HIV interaction, which can be utilized as an effective antiviral strategy. Key words: Masilinic Acid, Clove plant, CD81 antigen, HIV virus, In silico.

}, keywords = {CD81 antigen, Clove plant, HIV virus, In Silico., Masilinic Acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.106}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Elsa Yanuarti and Siti Amiroch and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Rismi Verawati and Amalia Putri Lubis and AAA Murtadlo} } @article {2192, title = {Interpolation Pedicle Flap Technique in Wound Defect with Tibial Bone Exposed: A Case Report}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1268-1271}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {1268}, abstract = {

Interpolation flap is a flap constructed from nonadjacent donor tissue that carry an inherent blood supply (vascular pedicle). They are ideally suitable for reconstruction of large or deep defect. These flaps have their own blood supply therefore they are more likely to survive on exposed bone or cartilage. The use of these technique should result in a bridge of tissue, or pedicle, between the flap base and the surgical defect. A 61-years-old man admitted to the emergency unit 2 hours ago after a traffic accident. Physical examination shows crush injuries on the right lower limb with open wounds exposing the muscles, tendons, and bone. In the distal neurovascular (NVD) obtained capillary refill time \< 2 seconds, limited active movement due to pain, and good sensory. After the initial treatment of external fixation and debridement, a week follow up found a wound defect on the medial side of the leg around 10 x 15 cm with tibial bone exposed as a base of wound defect. The usage of Pedicle Interpolation Flap Technique is a better choice to delayed treatment for soft tissue defect with bone exposed. The anatomy of artery is essential as a requirement to obtain the flap needed. Fine and holistic care of the flap shall increase the success rate of regaining and retaining anatomical and physiological, as well as cosmetic, and exponentially lower the probability of complications occurrence by accurate planning and hand in hand care to better strength, motion and functional outcome.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.230}, author = {Zainarda and Andi Asadul Islam and Muhammad Sakti} } @article {2018, title = {Intervention of Giving Moringa Biscuits (Moringa Oliefera) Mix Sori Fish Flour to Increased Blood Hemoglobin Levels in Young Girls, Kendari, INDONESIA}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {414-417}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {414}, abstract = {

Adolescents are the next generation and national development assets, one of the nutritional problems in adolescents is anemia, namely the lack of hemoglobin levels below normal (12 mg/dl). Efforts to deal with anemia are making food in the form of Moringa biscuits and sori fish which are rich in nutrients. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving Moringa mixed sori biscuits on blood hemoglobin levels in adolescents. The type of research is a quasi-experimental conducted in June- September 2021 at Coastal Region Public Middle Schools throughout Kendari City in 2021, namely at SMPN 4 Kendari, SMPN 5 Kendari, SMPN 10 Kendari, SMPN 15 Kendari and SMPN 16 Kendari. The sample is anemic adolescent girls in the coastal area of Kendari City. The intervention sample was anemic adolescent girls who were given moringa biscuits mixed with sori fish flour as many as 36 people and the control sample was anemic adolescent girls who were not given moringa biscuits mixed with sori fish flour as many as 36 people. The case sampling technique used cluster random sampling and the control sample used matching. Data collection of blood hemoglobin levels using a portable device brand Easy Touch Meter. Data were analyzed using independent t-test test. The results of the study found blood hemoglobin levels before and after Moringa biscuits were given, namely in the case group before the intervention the average Hb level reached 10.51 mg/dl and after the intervention it reached 12.45 mg/ dl, while in the control group before the intervention it was 12.79 mg/dl and after intervention 13.49 mg/ dl. The results of the independent t-test obtained p value 0.000. The conclusion is that there is an effect of giving Moringa fish biscuits mixed with Sori fish flour on hemoglobin levels. Suggestions for young women are expected to increase the intake of protein sources of nutrients such as fish, eggs, tofu and tempeh and iron (Fe) which can be obtained from green vegetables such as Moringa to prevent and treat anemia.

}, keywords = {Adolescents., Blood Haemoglobin, Moringa Biscuits, Sori Fish}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.64}, author = {Fatmawati and Suriana Koro and Nadimin and Kameriah Gani and Hasan and Ellyani Abadi and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2187, title = {Intravitreal Resveratrol as Anti Apoptotic Agent Against Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss in Ischemic Reperfusion Injury}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1207-1212}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1207}, abstract = {

Background: Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy caused by the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells and results in progressive retinal ganglion cell injury. A decrease in intraocular pressure (IOP) is a modifiable risk factor for slowing the progression of the disease, and can be accomplished through medication, laser therapy, or surgery. Even though the intraocular pressure has decreased and attained normal levels, the injury to the retinal ganglion cells continues in some cases. It is believed that neuroprotective administration has a positive effect on preventing the loss of retinal ganglion cells. Methods: Bax and Caspase-3 expression were measured involving 20 eyeballs of Rattus Norvegicus by immunohistochemistry examination. I-R injury was developed by increasing intraocular pressure (IOP) through the intracameral balanced salt solution (BSS) injection, then lowered after 60 minutes. Samples were divided into 4 groups: control, no further injection group, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-injected group and resveratrol-injected group. Each group was enucleated at days 7, 0, 7, and 7, respectively. Data with a non-normal distribution were examined using the Kruskal-Wallis test, and if the outcome was significant, the Mann-Whitney test. Results: The highest mean Bax and Caspase-3 expression was found in PBS injected and enucleated at day 7 group (G2), 0.96{\textpm}0.40 and 0.72 {\textpm} 0.30, respectively. When compared to PBS injection, the expression of Bax and Caspase-3 was lower in the resveratrol-injected group. Conclusion: Bax and Caspase-3 expressions were lower in the intravitreal injection of Resveratrol in the dose of 100 {\textmu}M following the I-R injury group compared to the group without intravitreal Resveratrol injection.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Glaucoma, Ischemic-reperfusion injury, Neuroprotective, Resveratrol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.219}, author = {Amelia Shinta Prasetya and Evelyn Komaratih and Wimbo Sasono and Mercia Chrysanti and Maria Debora Niken Larasati and I Ketut Sudiana} } @article {2135, title = {The Investigation of The Network Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action of Centella Asiatica Extract on The Atopic Dermatitis Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {881-890}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {881}, abstract = {

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin condition which has a negative impact on children health. The well-known medicinal plant Centella asiatica extract (CE) is used in herbal skin care products to produce various pharmacological effects in dermatology. However, the molecular target of CE in suppressing inflammatory is largely unknown. Objective: the aim of this study was to examine anti-inflammatory properties and network pharmacology of CE in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induced AD in vitro model. Method: RAW264.7 cells were pre-treated with CE and then were stimulated with LPS and then were investigated cell viability, NO production, and the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. In addition, the Search Tool for Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING), SwissTargetPrediction and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were used to construct the defined mechanism of action and network pharmacology. Results: CE showed the potent inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO. In addition, CE significantly suppressed the expression of iNOS and COX-2, as well as the production of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF- α. Furthermore, the network pharmacological analysis revealed the potential role of CE in biological processes such as regulating JAK/STATs pathway and inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines both of which were linked to AD pathogenesis. Conclusion: Our findings confirm our hypothesis that CE could be developed as a therapeutic therapy for atopic dermatitis due to its pharmacological action and signaling mechanism in the modulation of allergic skin inflammation.

}, keywords = {Atopic dermatitis, Centella asiatica, Network pharmacology, Skin inflammation.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.168}, author = {Sucharat Tungsukruthai and Runtikan Pochairach and Aungkana Krajarng and Piracha Jumpa-ngern and Parunkul Tungsukruthai} } @article {2122, title = {Knowledge and Perception of the Risk of Respiration Disorders in COVID-19 Pandemic in COPD Patient: A Mixed-Method Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {801-810}, chapter = {801}, abstract = {

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a higher risk for COVID-19-related complications. Knowledge and perception will greatly influence the behavior of a COPD patient in dealing with a problem, such as the risk of COVID-19 infection. The purpose of the study was to determine knowledge and perceptions about the risk of respiration disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic in COPD patients. This research was a mixed methods research with an explanatory sequential research design. The location was conducted in Rungkut District in Surabaya City, East Java, from May-October 2022. Sampling by purposive sampling method, and analyzed descriptively. The research sample was 116 people. On the knowledge, the most correct answers were the COVID-19 virus was contagious (112 of 116). On the perception, the answer with the most positive level is a question regarding the use of masks. Some respondents had a low knowledge category (54 of 116), and the most positive perception category (57 of 116). The respondents{\textquoteright} knowledge of the COVID-19 virus showed COVID-19 virus was a contagious disease and was transmitted through air. But many respondents didn{\textquoteright}t know about the type of COVID-19 virus. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a strategy to increase knowledge about COVID-19 and related COPD treatment.

}, keywords = {COPD, COVID-19, knowledge, Perception.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.155}, author = {Amelia Lorensia and Rivan Virlando Suryadinata and Dita Sukmaya Prawitasari} } @article {1982, title = {Lisinopril-Induced CD34 Bone Healing Marker}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {208-211}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {208}, abstract = {

Background: Lisinopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is commonly used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. While it is generally well-tolerated, some studies have suggested that it may affect bone healing, suggesting that lisinopril treatment was associated with an increase in the CD34 bone healing marker in patients with tibial fractures. CD34 is a protein that is involved in the formation of new blood vessels and has been shown to play a role in bone healing. Methods: The study used 24 rabbits with artificially induced tibial bone fracture divided into 4 groups (6 rabbits each), the control group treated with distilled water and 3 groups treated with lisinopril. Each group were sacrificed for immunohistochemical study on 3 timepoints at day 7, 14, and 21. Results: Indicated that the lisinopril group had significantly higher levels of CD34 than the control group. Conclusion: While the results of this study suggest that lisinopril may have a positive effect on bone healing, more research is needed to confirm these findings and to determine the mechanisms by which lisinopril may affect bone healing. It is also important to note that lisinopril may have other potential side effects, and patients should discuss any concerns with their healthcare provider

}, keywords = {Bone healing, Bone injury, CD34., Inflammation, Lisinopril}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.30}, author = {Omar M. Alsaffar and Maha T. Al-Saffar and Abdulsattar S. Mahmood} } @article {2118, title = {Male and Female Rosy Barb Fish (Pethia conchonius) Predation Time Against Aedes aegypti Mosquito Larva and Pupa Stage in the Morning}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {781-785}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {781}, abstract = {

Introduction: The control program for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) outbreaks prioritizes controlling the mosquito vector population. One way of biologically controlling mosquitoes that is safer and more environmentally friendly is fish as natural predators of larval and pupae stage mosquitoes. One fish tested in this study was Rosy Barb (Pethia conchonius). Objective: This study aimed to compare the male and female fish predation ability of rosy barb (P. conchonius) in Aedes aegypti larval and pupal stages. Methods: This study is a laboratory experiment with a post-test-only design and five replications. One aquarium holds one litre of water, one fish, and 25 Ae. aegypti larval/pupa tails. Fish testing begins at 09.00 WIB in the morning. Fish predation was timed until the fish consumed all larvae and pupae. Results: The mean time of predation of male P. conchonius to larvae was 12.03 minutes, and pupae were 2.83 minutes. The mean time of predation of female P. conchonius on larvae was 11.70 minutes, and pupae were 4.28 minutes. The results of the independent sample t-test equal variance assumed statistical test showed that male and female fish had mosquito larvae feeding times that were not significantly different (p\> 0.05). Male and female fish had mosquito pupa feeding times that were not significantly different (p \> 0.05). Conclusions: Rosy barb fish (P. conchonius) has the potential as a natural predator of Ae. aegypti larval and pupal stages.

}, keywords = {Aedes aegypti, Female fish, Larvae, Male fish, Pethia conchonius, Pupae.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.152}, author = {Hebert Adrianto and Sri Subekti and Heny Arwati and Etha Rambung and Natalia Christiani} } @article {2168, title = {Marginal Leakage Evaluation of Bioactive Bulkfill Restorative Materials in Class II Cavities: An In Vitro Comparative Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1098-1104}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1098}, abstract = {

The goal of this study was to estimate the gingival marginal leakage of two types of bioactive composite restorative materials of class II box cavities regarding of the storage in PBS. Methods: Forty sound molars with compared size, each tooth were prepared with two independed class II box cavities (mesially and distally). The teeth were divided into four major groups each of (n=10) according to type of restorative materials. After cavities restorations and samples thermocycling, each group was further separated into two subgroups (n=5); first subgroup does not undergo storage, while the second subgroup was stored for 28 days in PBS. After that all teeth samples were subjected to microleakage analyses to estimate the sealing ability of each restorative material. Statistical analyses were be done with IBM SPSS Statistics version 20, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test were be used to compare the results at 5\% significant level. Results: The study outlined a statistically significant difference at (P<=0.05) among groups regarding marginal leakage at the interface between restoration and gingival enamel for non-storage and storage groups, and the Cention N and the Predicta bioactive showed reduction in the marginal leakage after storage in PBS. Conclusion: Different types and qualities of resin restorative material can influence the marginal leakage between restoration and gingival enamel margin. The storage of bioactive composite material in the PBS can be reduced the marginal leakage.

}, keywords = {Bioactive bulkfill materials, Cention N, Marginal leakage, Predicta bioactive}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.200}, author = {Hadeer Sh Ibrahim and Raghad A Al-Askary} } @article {2030, title = {Mechanism of High Dosage Vitamin D Supplementation on The Lung Function and Quality of Life of Stable COPD Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {274-278}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {274}, abstract = {

Background: Oxidative stress results from the amplification mechanism of COPD, which leads to decreased lung function and the quality of life of the sufferers. Vitamin D has a function in reducing oxidative stress levels through several mechanisms, which can be revealed by analyzing several biomarkers to determine the role of vitamin D on lung function and the quality of life of stable COPD patients. Methods: The subjects included GOLD 2 and 3 stable COPD patients who had 25(OH)D levels of \< 32 ng/ml and were receiving bronchodilator Indacaterol maleate therapy. The biomarkers examined included Nrf2, HDAC2, MDA, MMP-9, pulmonary function tests 6MWT, and QOL. The patients in the control and treatment groups were administered with vitamin D at a dose of 1,000 and 5,000 IU, respectively, for three months. Results: The administration of vitamin D to the patients in the control and treatment groups can significantly reduce oxidative stress, as evidenced by reduced MDA (p-value \< 0.01) and MMP-9 levels (p-value \< 0.01). Vitamin D affects exercise tolerance, as evidenced by 6MWT (p-value = 0.01). Vitamin D affects the quality of life, as evidenced by 6MWT (p-value = 0.01). Vitamin D affects Nrf2 levels (p-value = 0.08) and HDAC2 (p-value = 0.01). Conclusion: The pathway analysis through the study of the Nrf2, HDAC2, MMP-9, and MDA levels does not prove that vitamin D can prevent decreased lung function and quality of life in patients with stable COPD.

}, keywords = {6MWT, COPD, FEF25-75, FEV1, FVC, HDAC2, MDA, MMP-9, Nrf2, Oxidative stress, QOL., Vitamin D}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.74}, author = {Adyan Donastin and Muhammad Amin and Yulistiani} } @article {2172, title = {The Mediating Role of Perceived Value on the Relationship between Quality Assurance and Student Satisfaction in Nursing Education}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1121-1125}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1121}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aimed to examine the connections between quality assurance, perceived value, and nursing student satisfaction. Methods: A survey was conducted with 200 nursing students in Indonesia. Data on quality assurance, perceived value, and satisfaction was gathered. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to assess the measurement and structural models. Results: PLS-SEM showed a significant positive link between quality assurance and perceived value (β=0.239, p=0.002), and between perceived value and satisfaction (β=0.510, p\<0.001). However, no direct relationship was found between quality assurance and satisfaction (β=0.042, p=0.571) in the structural model. Perceived value exhibited a mediating role. Conclusion: Enhancing quality assurance in nursing schools is essential for improving students{\textquoteright} perceived value, subsequently leading to higher satisfaction levels. However, it{\textquoteright}s crucial to note that quality alone doesn{\textquoteright}t directly impact satisfaction. Nursing schools should prioritize both quality assurance and increasing perceived value to maximize student satisfaction.

}, keywords = {Nursing education, Perceived value, Quality assurance, Student satisfaction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.204}, author = {Hammad and Parellangi and Kelana Kusuma Dharma and Anwar Mallongi and Sukri Palutturi and Ainun Sajidah and Naning Kisworo Utami and Khairir Rizani and Reza Fauzan and Heru Santoso Wahito Nugroho and Muhammad Rasyid} } @article {2017, title = {Medicinal Plants Adopted as Aphrodisiacs by Traditional Gynecologists in the Souss Massa Region}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {406-413}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {406}, abstract = {

The population of southern Morocco particularly that of Souss Massa uses traditional empirical care, several specialties of traditional medicine exist in the region including women healers considered traditional gynecologists, these women used medicinal plants to treat female genital disorders. This study was carried out in order to collect information on the therapeutic practices and medicinal plants adopted and used by women healers named locally by "ferraga" or "tachrift" and "tagouramt" in the Souss Massa region (Agadir Idaoutanan, Inzegane Ait Meloul and Chtouka Ait Baha), in order to preserve and protect this invaluable inheritance from loss and overlook. Using questionnaires, a series of surveys were conducted during the years 2020-2021, on the one hand, among the population (sample of 279 people) to determine the importance of these women healers in the health sector of the region of these women healers, and on the other hand, a survey was conducted among these women healers to collect the recipes adopted in the treatment of female genital disorders especially infertility and sterility in these situations they prescribe aphrodiasitic plants. we recorded 59 species, divided into 28 botanical families, of which the Lamiaceae (15\%) and the Apiaceae (12\%) are the most widespread, and generally Leaves (35.38\%) and seeds (18.48\%) are the most used plant parts. These results show that the women healers have a very important place in the health service, especially they have a very interesting knowledge of the treatment of female genital disorders. The plants identified in this study could constitute a data base for further research in the field of phytochemistry and pharmacology.

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.63}, author = {Taleb Ali Khalid and Aarab Ahmed} } @article {2038, title = {Metabolite Profiling of Compounds from Sargassum polycystum using UPLC-QToF-MS/MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {321-333}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {321}, abstract = {

Background: There are many types of seaweed that have high economic value. Brown seaweed (Sargassum polycystum) can be used as a raw material in the industry and as a medicinal plant. Maintaining the quality of a compound requires an analytical method that can identify the diversity of metabolome profiles. Objective: This investigation seeks to discover the metabolite profile of S. polycystum from Sumenep, Madura Island, Indonesia, utilizing the UPLC-QToF MS/MS equipment. Materials and Methods: The extract was further fractioned using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. The metabolite profiling of extract and fractions used the UPLC-QToF-MS/MS instrument. It was produced with SPE and then introduced into the MS Xevo G2-S QToF detector of the ACQUITY UPLC{\textregistered} H-Class System. The findings of the UPLC-QToF-MS/MS analysis were processed with the MassLynx 4.1 software to obtain chromatogram data and m/z spectra of each observed peak, which were then validated using the ChemSpider and MassBank databases. Results: Based on the results of metabolite profiling using UPLC-QToF-MS/MS, the 96 \% ethanol extract of S. polycystum indicated a total of 61 compounds, the n-hexane fraction indicated a total of 55 compounds, the ethyl acetate fraction indicated a total of 67 compounds, and the water fraction indicated a total of 49 compounds. Conclusion: There are 232 compounds in the extract and a fraction of S. polycystum consisting of 168 known compounds and 64 unknown compounds.

}, keywords = {Metabolite profiling, Sargassum polycystum, Seaweed, UPLC-QToF-MS/MS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.82}, author = {Pramudita Riwanti and Intan Kris Prasetyanti and Burhan Ma{\textquoteright}arif} } @article {2188, title = {Metrics to Catch on Innovation Culture in Hospital: A Scoping Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1213-1218}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1213}, abstract = {

Objective: This scoping review aimed to map measurement instruments of innovation culture in hospital. Introduction: A culture of innovation can reveal the strengths and opportunities of hospitals in driving strategic innovation and creating an organizational culture; however, suitable measurement instruments for depicting innovation culture are still being discussed. Inclusion criteria: This review considered studies that reviewed the measurement of organizational innovation culture, specifically in a hospital setting. Methods: This review adopted the JBI methodology for scoping review. Search strategies used PCC elements, and the terms "Metric OR Measure OR Questionnaire" AND "Culture of Innovation OR Innovation Culture" AND "Hospital OR Healthcare" were used as the main keywords, limited by quantitative research types in English. The data was extracted from qualified articles, compiled in a spreadsheet, and then imported into Microsoft Word to be combined into a table containing a grid synthesis and a summary of the main concepts. Results: Eight articles published from 2015 to 2022 were eligible for review. The mapping results obtained five metrics that depicted the innovation culture in the hospital. Groups of various dimensions and the measurement results also varied, including innovation tendency, value, climate, flexibility, and focus on being characteristic of innovation. Resource, process, role and involvement of health workers, technology support, and leadership were components of innovation. Reflexivity, behavior, and teamwork are essential to achieving a successful culture of innovation in the hospital. Conclusions: The measurement of innovation culture in hospitals consists of three main keys, namely the characteristics of innovation, the components of innovation, and teamwork: innovation in action.

}, keywords = {Innovation Culture in Hospital, Metrics, Team Work}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.220}, author = {Asnany and M. Alimin Maidin and Syahrir A. Pasinringi and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2195, title = {The Miracle of Moringa Oleifera Leaves for the Prevention of Anemia: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1258-1261}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1258}, abstract = {

Background: Moringa oleifera leaves contain very rich compounds that include nutrients, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and many other compounds with numerous benefits for humans. This literature review discusses the benefits of Moringa oleifera leaves in preventing anemia. Methods: This review is a narrative review using the research of international journal sources from databased, national journals in the last ten years. The keywords anemia, hemoglobin, and Moringa oleifera/M. oleifera leaves were used. Based on the 35 journals reviewed, 12 studies were included in this review. Results: The literature results show a positive relationship between Moringa leaf extract and an increase in the value of hemoglobin levels, with a p-value \<0.05. However, this review found other benefits of Moringa oleifera leaf extract, such as improving the morphology of damaged red blood cells and antioxidants. It has become an alternative in the treatment of anemia. Conclusions: The nutrient content in Moringa leaf extract plays a significant part in increasing hemoglobin levels in the blood. Other factors that can increase the risk of anemia are micronutrient deficiency, infectious diseases (HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria), worm infections, and genetic disorders. (25) We recommend conducting an experimental study to compare two groups given Moringa leaf extract and multi-micronutrient tablets to get more effective results in lowering the prevalence of anemia.

}, keywords = {Anemia, Moringa oleifera leaf extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.228}, author = {Dwi Wahyu Balebu and Ridwan Aminuddin and Veni Hadju and Arsunan Arsin and Nurhaedar Jafar and Herawati and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2047, title = {Model Prediction of Potential Disease Effects from PM2.5 Emission Among School Children in Coming 30 years in South Tangerang}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {400-404}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {400}, abstract = {

Background: The largest global environmental health risk factor is the ambient of air pollution, that largely attributed to transportation emissions. One of the main causes of PM2.5 emissions is thought to be onroad transportation. PM2.5 has an impact on health, especially on children that relate to the respiratory system such as asthma, lung cancer, and decreased intelligence. Objective: The research objective was to predict the risk potential disease due to PM2.5 in children from vehicle emissions in South Tangerang City. Method: This research is an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional study design using a dynamic model approach using STELLA software. The environmental and human samples aare used to calculate the exposure level to PM2.5 taken from 32 points in 7 sub-districts of South Tangerang City (North Serpong, Serpong, Pondok Aren, Ciputat, East Ciputat, Pamulang, and Setu). then, meteorological data was also collected. Results: The number of vehicles in the city of South Tangerang is quite high, especially between 11:00 and 15:00 with the majority of vehicles passing by are cars and motorbikes. PM2.5 pollution levels will fluctuate until 2053. The effects of temperature, weather, and humidity might cause an increase in PM2.5 pollutants at specific times. According to the modeling calculation results, even though there are occasions when PM2.5 pollution levels fall, acute respiratory infection (ARI) incidence in children will continue to rise over time. Although PM2.5 emissions fluctuate, exposure to PM2.5 in low concentrations poses a risk to human health.

}, keywords = {Acute respiratory infection., Children, Particulate matter, Transportation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.91}, author = {Ernyasih and Anwar Mallongi and Anwar Daud and Sukri Palutturi and Stang and Razak Thaha and Erniwaty Ibrahim and Wesam Al Moudhun} } @article {2013, title = {Molecular Docking and ADME Studies of Centella Asiatica as Anti Hyperuricemia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {384-389}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {384}, abstract = {

Centella asiatica is a traditional natural medicine used in a number of Southeast Asian nations. (also known as Centella asiatica L., Urb., or Gotu Kola). The aim of this study is to determine the antihyperuricemia properties of Centella asiatica extract and the possibility that they will interact with the XDH enzyme. The XDH enzyme is one of three enzymes that can influence the onset of hyperuricemia with the other two are SLC22A12 and ABCG2. In this research, we employ a computational method in collaboration with a number of applications and databases. ADME analysis was carried on for some Centella asiatica constituents to determine their similarities to the drug and bioavailability components. The analysis continued on with molecular docking between the chemical compounds and several enzymes related to hyperuricemia. According to the findings, Centella asiatica contains active constituents that can be used as an alternative therapy for hyperuricemia.

}, keywords = {Centella asiatica, Hyperuricemia, Molecular Docking.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.59}, author = {Ahmad Shobrun Jamil and Prayogi Galie Saputro} } @article {2068, title = {Molecular Docking of Thaflavine from Camellia sinensis in Inhibiting B-Cell Lymphoma Through BCl2 Apoptosis Regulator: An In Silico Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {500-505}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {500}, abstract = {

This study aims to analyze the potential of Thaflavine, a compound found in green tea (Camellia sinensis), as an inhibitor in inhibiting B-cell lymphoma through its interaction with the BCl2 apoptosis regulator using an in-silico approach. The research methodology involved the use of software tools such as PyMOL, PyRx, Protein Plus, and the Lepinski Rule. Through molecular docking analysis using PyMOL and PyRx, the findings of this study demonstrate significant interactions between Thaflavine and BCl2, with Binding Affinity values of -5.5, -4.6, and -4.6, and RMSD values of 0, 1.436, and 2.292. The analysis using Protein Plus indicates the presence of interactions between Thaflavine and BCl2. Additionally, the analysis using the Lepinski Rule of Five reveals that Thaflavine meets the criteria as a potential drug compound, with a molecular weight of 549, 9 hydrogen bond donors, 12 hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of -2.5, and a molar reactivity of 119.17. The findings of this study provide important contributions to the development of therapies for B-cell lymphoma through an in-silico approach. However, further research is needed for in vitro and in vivo validation.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis Regulator BCl2, B-cell Lymphoma, Camellia sinensis., In-Silico Thaflavine, Molecular docking}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.109}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Herland Satriawan and Teresa Liliana Wargasetia and Devi Purnamasari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Bahrun and Riso Sari Mandeli and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2037, title = {Nonmotoric Symptoms Scale (NMSS) Validity and Reliability Test in Patients with Parkinson{\textquoteright}s Disease in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia: A Questioner Validation Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {316-320}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {316}, abstract = {

Background: Nonmotor symptoms are common but less reported in Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease. it{\textquoteright}s the cause of decreased quality of life and disability in many patients with Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease compared to the motor symptom. Our study aimed to translate the original English-language version of the nonmotor symptom scale (NMSS) into the Indonesian version of the NMSS. And also to evaluate its validity and reliability for use in Indonesian-speaking Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease patients. This for better and valid usage of NMSS scale in the Indonesian patient and health care provider Material and Method: This was descriptive-analytic study. Cross-cultural adaptation of NMSS and psychometric analysis of the Indonesian version of NMSS was carried out from 2 Teaching Hospital centers in Surabaya, East Java. Several other scales were also examined, including MMSE, ESS, BDI, and Scopa-Aut. A reliability test was performed using Alpha Cronbach. Results: A total of 35 patients were included in this study. the average age was 64.03{\textpm}12.92 with the female sex 42.9\% (n=15) and the male 57.1\% (n=20), and Hoehn and Yahr stage II 57.1\% (n=20). The total average NMSS is 11.64. The validity of contents and constructs of the NMSS on each domain has been proven valid. Internal reliability of internal consistency in these tools with an alpha Cronbach value of 0.836. Each domain correlates with several other scores including MMSE, BDI, ESS, and Scopa-aut. Conclusion: The Indonesian version of NMSS has good validity and reliability in assessing nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease patients in Indonesia.

}, keywords = {Nonmotoric Symptoms Scale, Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease, Validation, Validity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.81}, author = {Muhammad Hamdan and Priya Nugraha and Pramitha Nayana Librata and Cindy Cecilia} } @article {2169, title = {Novel Coumarin-Indole Hybrids as Cytotoxic Candidates: Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1105-1111}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1105}, abstract = {

Cancer is regarded as a nightmare for humanity and a challenging task for medical professionals. Twelve hydrides (2a-2l), made of trifunctionalized coumarin and various substituted indoles, were created in an effort to realize the hope of a cancer cure. The 4,5-dimethoxysalicylaldehyde and ethyl acetoacetate were combined in a Knoevenagel reaction to create the coumarin component. The construction of the indole component involved converting various aminoindoles through diazotization and Sandmeyer reactions to twelve substituted indoles (1a-1l). These two components were combined through a Michael addition reaction to create the desired hybrids. Investigating their spectra released from various spectroscopical instruments allowed researchers to determine the 2D molecular frameworks of these hybrids. Studying the survival of nine tumor cell types after treatment with the synthesized hybrids enabled researchers to estimate there in vitro impact as cytotoxic candidates. By checking the cell viability using an MTT marker, it was possible to see that this effect was antiproliferative. The cytotoxicity measurements, IC50 scores, revealed a number of intriguing facts. To start, the synthetic hybrids displayed a relatively similar cytotoxic pattern against the cancerous cell lines under investigation. Second, compared to hybrids with chloride, hydroxyl, or methoxy substituents, fluorinated hybrids are more toxic to cancerous cells. Finally, hybrids with indole substituted at position-6 (2i-2l) have the highest cytotoxicity among those with indole functionalized at position-4 (2a-2d) or position-5 (2e-2h). From these facts, the authors concluded that hybrids with indole substituted at position-4 can represent potential candidates as antiproliferative applicants. Moreover, hybrid 2i may serve as a valuable model for creating potent anti-breast cancer therapies.

}, keywords = {Anti-breast cancer, Coumarin, Cytotoxicity, Indole, Michael addition, MTT}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.201}, author = {Sarah S. Ismael and Noor Ahmed M. Waheed and Seema Mahmood Kasim and Yasser Fakri Mustafa} } @article {2036, title = {Novel Point Mutations of the ace-1 Gene of Aedes aegypti Larva Treated with Methanolic Extract of Citrus hystrix}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {307-315}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {307}, abstract = {

Introduction: The mosquito species of Ae. aegypti is a vector of arthropod-borne diseases such as dengue haemorrhagic fever. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme in Ae. aegypti that encoded by the ace-1 gene. Damage in the ace-1 gene as target of insecticide lead to the loss of the normal structure and function of AChE. However, damage in the ace-1 gene remains uncharacterised. The main aim of this study was to find out the point mutations of ace-1 gene in Ae. aegypti larvae treated with methanolic extract of Citrus hystrix leaves. Method: This experiment using a completely randomized design with two treatment groups. A container containing lethal concentration 50 of methanolic extract of C. hystrix leaves, and a control group containing only water with 0.5\% Tween-20. Each group contained 50 third instar larvae of Ae. aegypti, and each group was repeated four times. Observation was performed for 24 h for the number of survived and dead larvae. Survived and dead larvae were collected prior to the DNA extraction, PCR, electrophoresis, and sequencing. The sequences of those two groups were then compared to determine the point mutations using genetyx ver 12. Results: The PCR products of both groups showed clear bands of 500-600 bp long. Furthermore, the presence of the mutation was confirmed by sequencing the PCR product of ace-1 between each treatment group. The survived larva in the extract-treated group showed more point mutation compared with that of dead larvae. Conclusions: This first report indicated that many mutations in the form of deletions and insertions in nitrogenous bases and different amino acid variations of the ace-1 gene of third instar larvae of Ae. aegypti after 24 h treated with methanolic extract of C. hystrix leaves than those in control group.

}, keywords = {ace-1 gene, Aedes aegypti, Citrus hystrix, Point mutation., Sequence}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.80}, author = {Hebert Adrianto and Heny Arwati and Sri Subekti and Etik Ainun Rohmah and Reviany Vibrianita Nidom and Setyarina Indrasari} } @article {2099, title = {Optimization of Osteopontin Recombinant Protein as a Candidate Supplementation for Semen Preservation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {668-673}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {668}, abstract = {

The recombinant protein of heterologous proteins in Escherichia coli strains K12 has various and different systems tested and demands a detailed insight into the multiple factors affecting the encoded protein. One of the crucial factors is the acceptable quality of the DNA copies inserted inside the bacteria. Firstly, the amplification procedure needed to be performed well; thus, designing the primer and selecting the optimum annealing temperature are the focus indicators in this study. This study obtained a reference gene from the NCBI data bank with Reference Sequence: NM_174187.2. Two types of primers (SPP1FSPP1R and OPN1F - OPN1R) with different targeted bands were designed and selected after being reconstructed using the software. Online software such as addgene.org is also used to identify the right restriction site. The annealing temperature distinguished the PCR system used to amplify each primer. The result of this study revealed the best annealing at 65{\textordmasculine}C successfully amplified 820 bp of the targeted band. The phenomenon not following the theory of blue-white screening is the empty plasmid control, where not a single colony grows on the media. Competent cells inserted with empty plasmids should still be able to expand on LB-Amp agar media because the presence of these plasmids is capable of providing resistance to antibiotics (in this case, ampicillin). This discrepancy is thought to have been caused by the improper insertion of the empty plasmid so that the plasmid did not enter the competent cell.

}, keywords = {DNA clone, Osteopontin, PCR amplification., Primer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.135}, author = {Tatik Hernawati and Tita Damayanti Lestari and Suzanita Utama and Rimayanti} } @article {2028, title = {Optimization of Xanthine Oxidase Activity, Phytochemical Screening, Toxicity Assay, and Antigout Activity of Spatholobus littoralis Hassk. Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {258-269}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {258}, abstract = {

Introduction: A medicinal plant from Central Kalimantan, Spatholobus littoralis Hassk., with a local name bajakah tampala, has long been used to treat gout or uric acid disease. This study aimed to develop the optimum conditions of xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, phytochemical screening, and to obtain the antigout activity of S. littoralis Hassk. Methods: Before performing the phytochemical screening, we performed a simplicia maceration with water and 70\% ethanol solvents. The development of the optimum conditions for XO was carried out using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) combined Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Toxicity assay (LC50) on both extracts was assessed by BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test). The two extracts were then evaluated for antigout activity. Results: The yield of 70\% ethanol extract (11.24\%) was higher than the aqueous extract (7.29\%). The phytochemical screening on the simplicia and the two extracts positively contained steroids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The optimum conditions of XO activity were temperature of 20 {\textcelsius}, pH of 8.0, and xanthine concentration of 1.40 mM. The toxicity of the 70\% ethanol extract (LC50 662.25 mg/L) was stronger than the aqueous extract (LC50 774.68 mg/L). Moreover, the 70\% ethanol extract (IC50 224.14{\textpm}8.62 mg/L) showed higher XO inhibition than the water extract (IC50 348.83{\textpm}4.85 mg/L). Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis showed that 70\% ethanol and water extracts inhibited XO competitively with the inhibition constant (KI) of 272.68 mg/L and 378.44 mg/L, respectively. Conclusion: This preliminary study can be a reference that S. littoralis Hassk. is potentially an antigout.

}, keywords = {Box-Behnken Design, Gout, Lineweaver-Burk plot, Spatholobus littoralis Hassk, Xanthine Oxidase.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.72}, author = {Min Rahminiwati and Rut Novalia Rahmawati Sianipar and Komar Sutriah and Dyah Iswantini and Trivadila and Suminar Setiati Achmadi and Ibnu Hari Sulistyawan} } @article {2184, title = {Performance Comparison of Urine Sediment Analytical Tool by Flowcytometry and Digital Imaging with Standardized Manual Microscopic Testing}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1189-1196}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1189}, abstract = {

Background: Urine sediment examination provides numerous information about patient{\textquoteright}s kidney condition. Flowcytometry and digital imaging system could conduct automatic urine sediment analysis. Therefore, determining the diagnostic performance of the examination is very important in the management carried out by the clinician. This study aims to determine the diagnostic performance of urine flowcytometry and digital imaging sediment examination tools compared to manual microscopes that are standardized as gold standards. Methods: This study is an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional approach on 92 urine samples of patients who attended the Internal Medicine Nephrology Polyclinic of Dr. Soetomo Academic Hospital Surabaya. The performance of flowcytometry and digital imaging methods is assessed by calculating sensitivity and specificity. Analysis of the suitability of each urine sediment parameter used Cohen{\textquoteright}s kappa. Urine sediment analysis with a light microscope was conducted with the Shih-Yung method as a gold standard. Results: The erythrocyte parameters revealed a very favorable result with the concordance of the flowcytometry with the Shih-Yung method (κ=0.82) and fair results for WBC (κ=0.25), Epithelium (κ=0.57) and Cast (κ=0.27). At the same time, yeast had substantial conformity (κ=0.63). The digital imaging method showed substantive fit for WBC (κ=0.676), RBC (κ=0.621), fair for SEC (κ=0.42) and NSE (κ=0.24), moderate for Yeast (κ=0.45), and slight for Hyaline Cast (κ=0.074) and Path Cast (κ= 0.134) Conclusion: The urine flowcytometry demonstrates better performance compatibility with a standardized manual microscope compared to urine digital imaging. However, pathological samples should still be verified with a manual microscope

}, keywords = {Digital imaging, Flowcytometry, Microscopic, Urine sediment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.216}, author = {Nur Fitri Hayati Melida Ritonga and Ferdy R. Marpaung and Hartono Kahar and Nunuk Mardiana and Yessy Puspitasari} } @article {2003, title = {Pharmacognostic Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Gendola Stem (Basella Rubra L.) Ethanol Extract from South Kalimantan}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {329-332}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {329}, abstract = {

Background: Gendola (Basella rubra L.) is a medicinal plant native to South Kalimantan. Therefore, this research aims to determine the antioxidant activity of B. rubra and the specific as well as nonspecific parameters of its ethanolic stem extract through pharmacognostic tests. Objective: The specific parameters comprise of the extract composition, phytochemical screening, TLC profile, organoleptic, and microscopic variables. Meanwhile, drying shrinkage and ash content were the non-specific parameters. Materials and Methods: The Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia was used as a reference for the pharmacognostic test method. Also, the antioxidant activity was determined through the DPPH method, which was based on the IC50 value. Results: A tasteless, brownish-purple powder with a characteristic smell, was obtained from the simple organoleptic assay while the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pith, xylem, phloem, cambium, cell walls, stoma, epidermal, guard, and neighboring cells were observed through microscopic examinations. The B. rubra stem contains phenolic compounds, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, and saponins. A good TLC profile was shown by the eluents of n-hexane: ethyl acetate (3:7) and chloroform: methanol (9:1). The B. rubra simplicia stem had a water- and ethanol-soluble extract, drying shrinkage, total ash, and acid insoluble ash contents of 16.433\% {\textpm} 0.252, 10.5\% {\textpm} 0.173, 8.467\% {\textpm} 0.153, 6.5\% {\textpm} 0.1, and 0.517\% {\textpm} 0.115, respectively. Conclusion: Moreover, the pharmacognostic test results were acceptable. The B. rubra stem ethanol extract had an antioxidant activity of 344,096 ppm based on the IC50 value.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant., Basella rubra L., Gendola, Pharmacognostic, Stem}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.49}, author = {Arnida Arnida and Dian Kurnia and Sutomo Sutomo} } @article {2159, title = {Physicochemical and antistaphylococcal evaluation of two herbal ointments from Mikania micrantha Kunth and Tridax procumbens Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1042-1046}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1042}, abstract = {

Objectves: This present work was carried out to formulate and evaluate herbal ointments using Mikania micrantha and Tridax procumbens. Materials and Methods: The extracts were prepared using maceration technique. A simple ointment base was prepared using white soft paraffin and liquid paraffin. The extracts were incorporated into the ointment base following levigation method. The amount of extract to be incorporated into the ointment base was determined according to their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 87. The formulated ointments were evaluated for several physicochemical characteristics like colour, odour, homogeneity, washability, spredability, irritation potential etc. Antistaphylococcal assay was conducted using well diffusion method. Ointment base containing white soft paraffin and liquid paraffin was used as negative control and Supragent containing Gentamicin sulphate was used as a positive control. Results: The formulated ointments showed satisfactory results for tested physicochemical parameters. Both ointments showed moderate antistaphylococcal activity with reference to the activity showed by Supragent. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the formulated ointments can be incorporated into India{\textquoteright}s medicine system for treating Staphylococcus aureus induced skin ailments in future.

}, keywords = {Herbal ointment, Mikania micrantha, Skin disease, Tridax procumbens}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.191}, author = {Arnab Bera and Nilanjana Banerjee} } @article {1979, title = {Phytochemical Comparative Studies, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial of Artemisia and Star Anise}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {183-188}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {183}, abstract = {

The tradition of investigating plants and extensively scrutinizing their biologically or pharmacologically active compounds has markedly increased due to their fewer adverse effects compared to synthetic drugs. Through this study, we aim to establish a phytochemical screening and analyze and compare the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Artemisia and star anise. The antioxidant characteristics of plant extracts we assessed, the chemical bonds and components composition were analyzed in the sample and further experiments were done to assess the antimicrobial activities. On the results, we found that all the extracts of both the species were very impactful in the inhibition of E. coli, C. Albicans, and S. aureus. However, S. aureus was more sensitive to star anise and E. coli and C. albicans were inhibited better through the alcoholic extracts of Artemisia vulgaris. Star anise has a higher and more effective antioxidant activity against DPPH with a calculated value of 78.3 \% at a concentration of 750 ppm, at a concentration of 500 ppm it was 65.3\% and in the least concentration of 250 ppm, it was 23.3\% compared to Artemisia vulgaris. Additionally, both extracts possessed marked antifungal action.

}, keywords = {Anise, Antibacterial., Antioxidant, Artemisia, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.27}, author = {Khadeeja Y. Abid and Faris T. Abachi} } @article {2073, title = {Phytochemical Compounds Identification From 70\% Ethanol Extract of Arcangelesia Flava (L.) Merr Stems Using LC-MS/MS and In-Silico Molecular Docking Approach as Inhibitor Interleukin-1β}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {528-534}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {528}, abstract = {

Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr has been traditionally used to treat jaundice, liver disease, diarrhea, fever, and inflammation. Judging from its potential, scientific evidence of this plant extract as an inhibitor of interleukin-1β is still lacking. This study aims to investigate the phytochemical compounds present in the 70\% ethanol extract of Arcangelesia flava stems by LC-MS/MS and to elucidate the ligand-protein interactions through in-silico studies. The extract was found to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, furanoditerpene, hydroxyquinoline, phenylpropanoid, phenol, and fatty acids. According to molecular docking of the 15 compounds analyzed by LC-MS/MS, the compounds 3-hydroxy-3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright},5{\textquoteright}-trimethoxyflavone (ΔG=-7.72 kcal/mol), fisisaine (ΔG=-6,91 kcal/mol), and demethyleneberberine (ΔG=-6.85 kcal/mol), which demonstrated the highest affinity for binding to the protein target. In addition, active amino acids contribute to this interaction by creating strong hydrogen bonds, such as MET148, LYS 103, and THR300. Phytochemical compounds from Arcangelesia flava may serve as adjunctive therapy or a promising source of advanced structures in drug discovery for treatments targeting interleukin-1β

}, keywords = {Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr, Inhibitor interleukin-1β, LC-MS/MS, Molecular Docking.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.114}, author = {Rizki Rahmadi Pratama and Irawati Sholikhah and Sukardiman and Ram Kumar Sahu and Retno Widyowati} } @article {2117, title = {Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Luma Chequen (Molina) A. Gray from Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {777-780}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {777}, abstract = {

Background: Luma chequen belongs to Myrtaceae family and it is known as {\textquotedblleft}arrayan{\textquotedblright}. In the traditional medicine from Peru, L chequen is used as aromatic plant, anti-inflammatory and hypocholesterolemic. Objective: To determine the phytochemical profile, evaluate the antioxidant and the antibacterial activity of L. chequen essential oil. Material and Methods: In the analysis of the volatile components a Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the content of terpenes and sesquiterpenes. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was the method used to determine the antioxidant activity and obtain the half inhibitory concentration (IC50). For the antibacterial activity, a colorimetric macrodilution method was carried out to evaluate the effect of the essential oil of L. chequen against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Results: The analysis by GC-MS showed two major components alpha-pinene (62.89\%) followed by 1,8-cineole (11.94\%), and propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-methylpropyl ester with 8.67\%. In the antioxidant activity against DPPH radical, the essential oil of L. chequen showed an IC50 equivalent to124.60 {\textpm} 2.0 μg/mL. In the antibacterial activity, L. chequen had an MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 of 4.35 {\textpm} 0 μg/mL and 8.71 {\textpm} 0 μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: L. chequen presented monoterpene compounds as main phytoconstituents as well as antioxidant and antibacterial activity in vitro. The essential oil might be used as antimicrobial agent in the future overall against S. aureus.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial., Antioxidant, Aromatic plant, Essential oil, Luma chequeen, Medicinal plant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.151}, author = {Julio Luis D{\'\i}az-Uribe and Mar{\'\i}a Elena Salazar-Salvatierra and Julio Reynaldo Ruiz-Quiroz and Oscar Herrera- Calderon and Eddie Loyola-Gonzales and Freddy Emilio Tataje-Napuri and Jos{\'e} Francisco Kong-Chirinos} } @article {2119, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antiinflammatory Activity of the Extract from the Leaves of Desmodium molliculum (Kunth) DC (Fabaceae) in Rats with Acute Inflammation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {786-790}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {786}, abstract = {

Inflammation and pain are the initial response mechanisms to environmental aggression on the human body. The traditional use of plants such as Desmodium Molliculum (Kunth) DC, among the Peruvian population for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, has occurred since ancient times. The objective of this research was to determine the presence of secondary metabolites and evaluate the antiinflammatory activity of Desmodium molliculum (EDM) leaves in rats with acute inflammation induced using carrageenan. The phytochemical profile was performed for the main secondary metabolites with biological activity. Subsequently, 25 rats were divided into 5 groups and treated as follows: Group I and II: Physiological Saline Solution (PSS) by oral administration. Group III: Sodium Diclofenac (25 mg/kg body weight) by intraperitoneal administration. Group IV and V: EDM at 250 mg/kg bw and 500 mg/kg bw by oral administration, respectively; 30 minutes after administration, acute inflammation was induced in Groups II, III, IV, and V using the subplantar edema technique with 1\% w/v carrageenan. The volume displaced by the hind paw was evaluated in all 5 groups using a digital plethysmometer every 60 minutes for 5 hours. The results were obtained from the displaced volume (Mean {\textpm} SD), with the most representative values obtained at 240 minutes, where EDM at 250 mg/kg (0.57 {\textpm} 0.07 ml) bw and 500 mg/kg bw (0.578 {\textpm} 0.051 ml) showed significant anti-inflammatory activity (ANOVA p\<0.05). We concluded that Desmodium Molliculum has anti-inflammatory activity at doses of 250 mg/kg bw and 500 mg/kg bw.

}, keywords = {Acute inflammation, Carrageenan, Desmodium, Dog{\textquoteright}s Paw, Edema Subplantar, Fabaceae.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.153}, author = {Karyn Olascuaga-Castillo and Olga Castillo-Medina and Marleni Villacorta-Zavaleta and Dan Altamirano- Sarmiento and Elena Caceres-Andonaire and Maria Llontop and Fatima Malca and Sebastian Noe and Cyntia Blanco-Olano} } @article {2152, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity in Dragon Fruit Plant Extracts as Immunomodulators in Pregnant Women}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {999-1004}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {999}, abstract = {

Introduction: Dragon fruit contains many organic acids, proteins, and minerals such as potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, and vitamin C. Several natural compounds can increase the activity of the immune system, namely flavonoids, curcumin, limonoids, vitamin C, vitamin E, and catechins. Objective: to analyze the levels of phytochemicals and active ingredients from the fruit, skin, stem, and roots of dragon fruit plants. Methods: This research was carried out experimentally, carried out at the Pucuk Sirih Jamu Factory. This study used fresh and ripe Dragon Fruit Plants directly taken from the Tanah Laut District garden (South Kalimantan), carried out extract preparation, phytochemical screening, and determination of phytochemical levels of red dragon fruit plants. Results: The study found the highest secondary metabolite levels in red dragon fruit for Flavonoids in the stem (0.74\%), Alkaloids in the stem (4.21\%), Saponins in fruit flesh (0.45\%), and Steroids in roots (2.54\%). Antioxidant activity in red dragon fruit flesh (78.23\%), stem (79.13\%), root (8.64\%), and skin (11.24\%). The highest antioxidant activity in red dragon fruit stems.

Conclusions: There are groups of secondary metabolites and antioxidants contained in dragon fruit plants (fruit, skin, stems, and roots) from Kalimantan Selatan (Indonesia).

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Dragon fruit plant, Immunomodulator, Phytochemical screening, Pregnant Women}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.184}, author = {Rubiati Hipni and Isnaniah and Noorhayati Maslani and Hapisah and Megawati and Isrowiyatun Daiyah and Ahmad Rizani} } @article {2007, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial Activity and Fatty Acids from Heliotropium Indicum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {350-352}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {350}, abstract = {

Heliotropium indicum are used in ethnomedicine for treating skin rashes, inflammation, tumors and various diseases of microbial origin. Previous work focused on phytochemical constituents, antibacterial activities and isolated compounds. The whole plant was air dried and pulverized (600 g). It was extracted with ethanol and concentrated to dryness in vacuo (20 g). Screening for phytochemical groups was performed using qualitative methods. The antibacterial activity was performed using agar diffusion and antifungal activity using ditch plate method. Compounds were characterized using Gas-chromatography Mass Spectrometry. The results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenols, saponins, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides. The results further showed the crude extract of the plant to be moderate to strong antibacterial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 12.0 + 1.6 mm and 25 +1.7 mm. the crude extracts of Heliotropium indicum demonstrated antibacterial properties which confirmed the traditional use of this plant in treating skin rashes and boil. In addition, the presence of Palmitate and Linoleic acid I the plant as revealed in this study justified the use of this plant in treating hypertension.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Gas-Chromatography Mass Spectrometry, Heliotropium indicum, Phytochemical.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.53}, author = {Idowu and Olajumoke Tolulope} } @article {1956, title = {Phytotherapy for Sexually Transmitted Infections In ThabaNchu, Free State Province, South Africa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {21-30}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {21}, abstract = {

Medicinal plants have been prescribed by traditional healers for the treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI{\textquoteright}s) for years. This study documents therapeutic plants used against STI{\textquoteright}s in Thaba {\textquoteleft}Nchu, South Africa. Information was gathered through semi-structured interviews with traditional medical practitioners between March and December 2017. Information on medicinal plants, their local names, and their uses against STI{\textquoteright}s was gathered. The use value (UV) of the plant species, frequency of citation (FC) and the informant consensus factor (ICF) were calculated for the plants and STIs included in the study. Plants were used to treat infections such Herpes zoster (ICF=0.4) as gonorrhoea (ICF=0.11), vaginosis (ICF=0.2), symptoms of HIV/AIDS (ICF=0.1) and pubic lice (ICF=0.1). A total of 35 plant species were identified for the treatment of STIs. Most medicinal plants in the study area came from the families Asteraceae (21\%), Fabaceae (17\%), Solanaceae (13\%) and Hyacinthaceae (13\%). Bulbinenarcissifolia, Pentanisiaprunelloides, Hypoxishemerocallidea, Scabiosa columbaria, Xysmalobiumundulatum Rumex lanceolatus, Eucomisautumnalis, Dicomaanomalaand Salvia runcinatawere frequently used. The preferred method for preparation of remedies were decoctions made from the roots (72\%), whole plant (17\%), leaves (7\%), fruits (2\%) and bark (2\%) which were consumed orally.This study contributes to the documentation of plants used for STIs to conserve the information for future generations. A selection from the most frequently mentioned plants for treatment of STI{\textquoteright}s may be used for further phytopharmacological investigations and subsequently be used for the development of new antimicrobial agents for global use and for the socioeconomic development of local communities.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, Sexual transmitted infections, Thaba {\textquoteleft}Nchu, Traditional Healers.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.4}, author = {Brian Ngobeni and Idah Tichaidza Manduna and Ntsoaki Joyce Malebo and Samson Sitheni Mashele} } @article {2095, title = {Policy Implementation of Hypertension Prevention and Control Program in Banjarmasin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {641-649}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {641}, abstract = {

The Ministry of Health launched the Policy Implementation for the Prevention and Control of Hypertension Program with the goal of addressing the needs of national and regional public health development through minimal service standards. The goal of this study was to look at how hypertension prevention and control programs were implemented in the city of Banjarmasin. This study uses a qualitative descriptive-explorative analysis method with multiple case study approaches. Data collection was carried out by in-depth interviews, observation, documentation and literature study to all research informants. Informant selection technique used purposeful sampling. Research variables included communication, resources, bureaucratic structure and dispositions/attitudes. The research findings indicated that communication between policymakers, implementers, and program targets was effective. Despite the fact that human resources have reached the criterion for personnel, certain officers continue to have an excessive burden, and the number of health cadres was insufficient. Although facilities and infrastructure were available, several Public Health Centers were still having difficulty channeling demands and budgets. The bureaucratic structure had been implemented through SOPs and the delegation of authority, however numerous agencies still lacked complete documentation and archives. Even though the overall objectives were not attained, all parties exhibited a strong commitment and determination to continue the program. It can be concluded that the implementation of hypertension prevention and control policies in Banjarmasin had been quite successful, though there were still some challenges, such as differences in program target participation methods, the need for systematic equalization of authority tasks, and more equitable budget management in terms of resources. Furthermore, in terms of bureaucratic structure, it is vital to develop organized documentation standards in each agency.

}, keywords = {Control, Hypertension., Implementation, Policy, Prevention, Program}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.132}, author = {Sally Pobas and Balqis Nazaruddin and Sukri Palutturi and Wahiduddin and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2031, title = {Preliminary Exploration of Traditional Medicine Formulas as A Basis of Effort and Support Toward Traditional Medicines Developing Use and Implementation in The Government Healthcare Program}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {279-284}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {279}, abstract = {

Introduction: Develop the healthy living communities with enhance ability of community in using herbs or traditional medicine in the family health system was supported by the government regulations. Materials and Method: The study only took point 3 out of 10 points Essential Public Health Services. The point was to inform and educate the public about health, the factors that influence it, and efforts to improve it. This point was realized by collecting and selecting the formulas that have been published by the government to be summarized based on the indication of disease, quantity of herbs and water (including the parts of herb), processing of formulation and drinking rules, etc. Results: 17 Formulations of traditional medicinal herbs are valuable for the indication of diseases: arthritis, reduce blood fat /blood cholesterol, reduce blood glucose, reduce body weight, maintaining the health conditions of cancer patient, cough, diabetes mellitus, gastritis, gout, hemorrhoids, reduce high blood pressure, liver problem, nausea and vomiting, uric acid, increase urine volumes, urinary stone/kidney stone, and physical fitness. Conclusion: The formulas could be used and was introduced to the community for encouraging health literacy, empowering the community to build a family health system. Finally, the exploration of traditional medicine formulas could support the developing use and implementation of traditional medicines in the Government Healthcare Program.

}, keywords = {Healthy living communities., Traditional medicine, Traditional medicine formulations}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.75}, author = {Diah Dhianawaty and Resti Gradia Dwiwina and Wulan Mayasari and Achadiyani} } @article {2016, title = {Preliminary Identification and Quantification of Quercetin Concentration and Its Comparison in Psidium Guajava L. (Guava) Fruit Ethanol Extract 50\% and 70\%}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {399-405}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {399}, abstract = {

In 80 \% of developing countries as stated by official fact sheets and report a large proportion of the society still relies on traditional practitioners and their armamentarium of medicinal plants in order to meet health care needs. The study on Psidium Guajava L. fruit ethanol extract from Dukuhwaluh village, Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia showed its potential in increasing the number of megakaryocytes, followed by the rise of thrombocyte values. The study{\textquoteright}s objective was to compare the quantity of the quercetin content in 50\% and 70\% ethanol. This study was of experimental design and began by determining the effective concentration of two groups of guava fruits ethanol extract. The percentage of quercetin content dissolved within 50\% ethanol was 54.7344 mg/kg, and 70\% ethanol was 28.8420 mg/kg respectively. Quercetin content of Psidium Guajava L. fruit ethanol extract fruits in 50\% hydroethanolic was higher than that of 70\% hydroethanolic extract.

}, keywords = {Ethanol extract., Psidium Guajava L., Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.62}, author = {Resti Gradia Dwiwina and Achadiyani and Dyah Dhianawaty and Irma Ruslina Defi and Nur Atik} } @article {1968, title = {Preparation of Face Mask from Microalga Chlorella sp. and Its Potential as Antiaging}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {112-118}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {112}, abstract = {

The mask with natural extracts is more acceptable by consumers at present. The Chlorella sp. is one of the microalgae which contain the antioxidant compound. The research aimed to obtain the best concentration of Chlorella sp. in the manufacturing of masks and to evaluate the sensory, physical properties, chlorophyll a b, carotenoid and its antioxidant compound. Non-factorial Completely Randomized Design with 4 level treatments was used in this study with different concentrations of Chlorella sp. powder whereas MW0 (without chlorella powder), MW1 (0.4\% chlorella powder), MW2 (0.5\% chlorella powder), MW3 (0.6\% chlorella powder), triplicated. The parameter assay was observed for sensory (color, texture, and odor), physical properties (homogeneity, pH, spreadability, drying time), chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid and antioxidant activity. Based on the result of this study shows that the MW3 with 0.6\% of chlorella powder was the best treatment with sensory value (8.28, 7.08, 7.37); physical properties (homogenous, 5.3, 7.5 cm, 24-30 minutes), respectively. Meanwhile, chlorophyll a 0.67 mg/L, chlorophyll b 0.89 mg/L, total chlorophyll 1.63 mg/L, carotenoid 0.84 mg/L, the antioxidant activity of Chlorella sp. mask was 246.70 mg/L. Therefore, the present study suggested that the Chlorella sp. mask could be used in cosmeceutical products, and potentially as an antiaging.

}, keywords = {Antiaging, antioxidant activity, Chlorella sp, Face mask.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.15}, author = {Dian Iriani and Bustari Hasan and N Ira Sari and Vivi Alfionita} } @article {2150, title = {Prevalence of Legionella pneumophila in a Variety of Environmental Water Systems}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {987-994}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {987}, abstract = {

The purpose of the current study is to isolate and identify Legionella pneumophila by bacteriological and molecular methods from water and swab samples collected from a variety of water systems in Fallujah City, Iraq. A total of 227 samples were collected, including 146 swab samples and 81 of 1 L water samples. Bacteriological and molecular assays were performed compromised cultural, gram stain, a set of biochemical tests, and serological tests. The phenotypically validated isolates underwent a 16s rRNA gene by conventional PCR assays. The results showed 28 (12.33\%) were positive with the presence of legionella pneumophila isolates. including 5 (17.86\%) positive isolates from water samples and 23 (82.14\%) positive isolates from swabs. The current study showed that the majority of the water and swab samples were detected to be negative, but there is an appropriate exposure to this pathogen in the community. The diversity of the presence of these bacteria in several water systems, as well as the diversity in the use of multiple sources of water and exposure to them, leads to an increase in the potential risks of infection by L. pneumophila.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.182}, author = {Mohammed I. Khalid and Ibrahim A.A Rahmaan} } @article {2151, title = {Profile Hemoglobin and Ferritin of Rattus Wistar with Iron Deficiency Anemia After Consumption of a Snack Bar from Cowpea Flour (Vigna Unguiculata) And Haruan Fish (Ophicephalus Melanopterus)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {995-998}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {995}, abstract = {

Background: In 2019, the prevalence of anemia in children under 5 years of age was 39.8\%, while the prevalence of anemia in women of childbearing age was 29.9\%, and in pregnant women of childbearing age, the prevalence of anemia ranged from 34.0\% to 39.1\%. The purpose of this research is to investigate the hemoglobin and ferritin of rattus wistar with iron deficiency anemia after consumption snack bar from cowpea flour and haruan fish. Methods: Pre-posttest group design was used in this experiment, consisting of 2 groups. Groups P0 was given commercial feed for 30 days dan group P1 was given snack bar from cowpea flour and haruan fish for 30 days. Before to treatment, all rattus were made into iron deficiency anemia by given commercial feed free iron. Results: The results this study increased the high hemoglobin levels ranged from 2.83 to 3.35 g/dl and ferritin levels ranged from 30.61 to 37.45 {\textmu}g/l in the rattus was given snack bar from cowpea flour and haruan fish in comparison with the rattus was given commercial feed that hemoglobin levels ranged from 0.22 to 0.48 g/dl and ferritin levels ranged from 0.55 to 5.98 {\textmu}g/l. Conclusions: The hemoglobin and ferrin profiles in Wistar rattus increased after receiving a snack bar of cowpea flour and haruan fish.

}, keywords = {Cowpea flour, Ferritin levels, Haruan fish, Hemoglobin levels, Snack bar}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.183}, author = {Zulfiana Dewi and Sajiman} } @article {2155, title = {Qualitative Study on Adolescent Marriage and The Risk of Stunting in South Kalimantan}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1016-1023}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1016}, abstract = {

Objective: An exploratory qualitative investigation to determine the causes of adolescent marriage, analyze the effect of early marriage on stunting, and analyze the food patterns of toddlers in adolescent marriage in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Method: The method used is phenomenology using the FGD system and in-depth interviews. Participants include the FGD informants from the Family Planning Regional Apparatus Organization, the Office of Women{\textquoteright}s Empowerment and Child Protection and the Office of Religious Affairs from 13 Regencies/ Cities in South Kalimantan. In-depth interview informants were adolescent marriage offenders and their parents, adolescent pregnant women, midwives, integrated health service post cadres, and community leaders each taken from three Regencies/ Cities. Results: There are not many formal adolescent marriages because they have to get a recommendation from the Religious Courts. Adolescent marriages mostly occur through informal marriages. The high rate of early marriage in South Kalimantan Province is caused by culture and weak enforcement of the rules. The incidence of adolescent marriage is caused by promiscuity and information. Meanwhile, adolescent marriage is mostly due to economic motives and limited education facilities in rural areas. Adolescent marriage is not closely related to the incidence of stunting, but low education can be a factor in the inability of parents to provide good parenting, especially feeding pratice. Conclusions: Adolescent marriages appear to be triggered by economic motives and teenagers{\textquoteright} desires, as well as driven by economic conditions, social influences, and a lack of encouragement to complete formal education. It was observed that stunting is more common among toddlers with adolescent mothers than toddlers with adult mothers. There is a poor feeding parenting pattern of toddlers with adolescent parents.

}, keywords = {Adolescent marriage, Qualitative investigation, Stunting, Toddler feeding pattern}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.187}, author = {Meilla Dwi Andrestian and Meitria Syahadatina Noor and Resa Ana Dina and Ayunina Rizky Ferdina and Zulfiana Dewi and Niken Widyastuti Hariati and Purnawati Hustina Rachman and Muhammad Irwan Setiawan and Windy Tri Yuana and Ali Khomsan} } @article {2094, title = {Quality of Health Services of Non-Accredited Health Centers on Patient Satisfaction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {633-640}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {633}, abstract = {

Introduction: Health Centre a health service facility that organizes public health efforts and first-level individual health efforts, by prioritizing promotive and preventive efforts in its working area. Health Center as a first-level health facility is required to always improve service quality and patient safety, improve health center performance, protect health human resources, the community and the environment. The purpose of this study was to explore or describe the quality of health services on patient satisfaction at the Tiakur Health Center, Southwest Maluku Regency. Methods: This research is a type of qualitative research with a descriptive phenomenological approach. Key informants in this study were patients who had undergone treatment at the Tiakur Health Center from January to December 2022 and supporting informants were the head of the health services facility field, the head of the Tiakur Health Center, the head of Tiakur administration and the head of the Tiakur Health Center working group. The technique of determining informants using purposive sampling method. The instruments used were in-depth interview guidelines and focus group discussions. Results: The results showed that the dimensions of service quality, namely effective, efficient, patient-focused and safe, have not been fulfilled properly while the dimensions of accessible and fair have been fulfilled properly. The Tiakur Health Center needs to make improvements to health services so that service quality and patient satisfaction can be realized properly. Conclusion: This qualitative study of patient satisfaction with non-accredited Health Center as health services can be used as evaluation material to be able to improve and improve the health services of Tiakur Health Center to the community.

}, keywords = {Health, Patient., Quality, Satisfaction, Service}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.131}, author = {Sohordinatus Ifan Unkelefta and Amran Razak and Sukri Palutturi and Balqis and Aminuddin Syam and Andi Ummu Salmah and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2098, title = {Quantitative Analysist of Ethnomedicinal Practice and Used by the Banceuy Tribe in Subang Village of Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {655-667}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {655}, abstract = {

Background: The people of Banceuy, Indonesia have used plants for traditional medicine treatment for generation to generation. However, this local knowledge has not been recorded until today. The quantitative approach of ethnomedicinal documented show the usefulness of plant. More application medicinal plant, more pharmacological reported, more drug discovery potential development. This study aims to understanding the utilization of plants for medicinal treatment by the people of Banceuy tribe, Subang village, Indonesia. Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with a total of 35 informants that representative 10\% of the total family units in Banceuy. The data has been analysed within species use value (SUV), family use value (FUV), plant part use (PPU), and the relative frequency of citation that was calculated based on fidelity level (FL). Result: We found 91 identified species and 3 unidentified species belonging of 41 group of families to treat 26 types of diseases. Among the recorded, Zingiberaceae and Piperaceae were the most abundant. The plant specieses with the highest SUV were Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. (0.74) and Ageratum conyzoides L. (0.71). The leaves were found as the most used plant part and decoction was the dominant plants in medicinal administration. There were several unique traditional medicine treatments in Banceuy, such as tuak for cough ailment and post-partum treatment by mixed leaves concoction. Finally, all the data documented would be importance for new drug discovery, dried herbal market, as well as improving the society local income.

}, keywords = {Banceuy tribe, Plant part use, Species and family use value, Traditional medicine treatment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.134}, author = {Marisca Evalina Gondokesumo and Silmi Qurrotu Aini and Siti Rahmadani} } @article {1965, title = {The Relationship Between Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition on Body Weight, Incidence of NEC, Sepsis and Length of Care for Preterm Infant in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {86-89}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {86}, abstract = {

The incidence of preterm birth in Indonesia still accounts for the highest mortality rate. Failure to provide adequate nutrition will have an impact on growth failure, risk of infection and longer duration of care for preterm infant. This study aims to analyzing the relationship between enteral and parenteral nutrition on body weight, the incidence of NEC, the incidence of sepsis and the length of care at Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya. A total 106 subjects were enrolled, 78 infants were LBW, 19 infants were VLBW. Gestational age between 32-\<37 weeks as many as 96 subjects. 68 infants were female. A total of 49 patients (46.2\%) received parenteral nutrition. There is a relationship between enteral nutrition and the incidence of sepsis (p= 0.03), parenteral nutrition and body weight (p= 0.005), parenteral nutrition and the incidence of sepsis (p= 0.001), and parenteral nutrition and the length of care for preterm infants (p= 0.001). There is a relationship between enteral nutrition with the incidence of sepsis and parenteral nutrition with body weight, incidence of sepsis and length of care in preterm infants.

}, keywords = {Enteral, Hospitalization., Neonatal sepsis, Parenteral nutrition, Preterm infant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.12}, author = {Aldila Pratiwi and Martono Tri Utomo and Risa Etika and Kartika Darma Handayani and Dina Angelika} } @article {1996, title = {Relationship Between Individual Characteristics and the Risk of Exposure to Heat Stress in Indonesian Fishermen}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {294-297}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {294}, abstract = {

Background: Fishermen who go to sea during the day are classified as informal sector jobs that have heavy activities and are at risk of becoming dehydrated because the work climate is in a hot environment due to exposure to sunlight. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between individual characteristics and the risk of heat stress exposure to fishermen in Surabaya Coastal Area. Materials and Methods: This research is a cross sectional study with a sample of 100 people using accidental sampling technique. The research was conducted in the Surabaya Coastal Area from February to June 2022. The variables of this study include age, exercise habits, water drinking consumption, and risk of heat stress. The relationship analysis test used Spearman correlation and chi square. Results: Based on cross tabulation, the age interval that experienced the most heat stress was 41-50 years of age, followed by 51-60 years of age group. Respondents who exercise more are at risk of heat stress than respondents who do not exercise. Workers who consume 1-2 liters of water per day are the group that has the highest risk of heat stress. Conclusion: No one variable has a relationship with the risk of heat stress exposure to fishermen in Surabaya, but it is still important to increase the consumption of fisherman{\textquoteright}s water and doing exercise habits among fishermen in Surabaya.

}, keywords = {Age, Exercise Habits, Heat Stress, Water Drinking Consumption.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.42}, author = {Putri Ayuni Alayyannur and Dani Nasirul Haqi and Fatimatuz Zahroh and Tazkia Azrielda Munib and Moh. Malik Alhakim and Diah Pramesthi Ningrum} } @article {2137, title = {The Relationship of the Gene Allele Apolipoprotein E with Height in Down Syndrome 21}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {897-900}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {897}, abstract = {

Background: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a form of polymorphic protein located on the long arm of chromosome 19 at position 13.2 (19q13.2), translated into three alleles of the gene, namely normal allele 3 and dysfunctional allele 2 and 4. Patients with Down{\textquoteright}s Syndrome Trisomy 21 may have different allele frequencies and combinations of APOE gene genotypes with controls, which can result in decreased cognitive function and inhibition of bone growth. This study aims to analyze the relationship of the Apolipoprotein E Gene Allele with the height of patients with Down Syndrome Trisomy 21. Methods: This research is a cross sectional study with a comparative cross-sectional study design. Results: The sample used was the result of DNA extraction of patients with Down{\textquoteright}s Syndrome Trisomy 21 as many as 33 samples and 33 controls stored in the Biomedical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia. The next step is to examine the APOE gene polymorphisms using PCR and sequencing techniques. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the APOE gene allele and height (p=0.009). Conclusion: This study concluded that there was a significant relationship between the APOE gene allele and the height of patients with Down Syndrome Trisomy 21.

}, keywords = {Apolipoprotein E, Down{\textquoteright}s Syndrome, Height.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.170}, author = {Malinda Meinapuri and Arni Amir and Eva Chundrayetti and Efrida Efrida and Susmiati Susmiati} } @article {2092, title = {RETRACTED: Human Sperm for Basic Embryo Research And 3D Treatment of Patient-Representative Ovarian Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {626-632}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {626}, abstract = {

The article has been retracted based on the authors{\textquoteright} request.

}, keywords = {3D treatment, Basic embryo research, Human sperm, Ovarian cancer cells, Public health.}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati and Wan Irjani Wan Ismail} } @article {2089, title = {RETRACTED: The Effects of Andrographolide on Apoptosis in PC-3 Cell Line Via the Involvement of Caspases 3, 8 And 9}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {612-621}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {612}, abstract = {

The Article has been Retracted based on the Authors{\textquoteright} Request.

}, keywords = {Andrographolide, Anti-cancer, Apoptosis, Caspase., PC-3 cell line}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.128}, author = {Janany Manimaran and Daruliza Kernain Mohd Azman} } @article {2024, title = {Review on Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants Documented for the Treatment of Low Sperm Count in Oluponna, Nigeria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {439-446}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {439}, abstract = {

According to the literature, approximately 32\% of adult males in developing countries suffer from infertility, however, majority of them use herbal remedies with reported benefits such as improved sperm quality, sexual functions, libido and testosterone levels. Recently, the World Health Organization emphasized the importance of documenting active medicinal plants used in various continents. Therefore, this present review focused on the phytochemistry of medicinal plants reported for the treatment of low sperm count in Oluponna area of Osun state, documented in an ancestral local record. Thirteen medicinal plants were documented to be used for management of low sperm count among men in this community. The plants listed in the document belong to ten families and 12 genera. The most cited family in this record is Apocynaceae with three species of plants namely, Alstonia boonei, Laidolphia dulcis, and Rauwolfia vomitoria respectively. Since this is the first review on the documentation of an ancestral knowledge and application of medicinal plants as means of passing the knowledge from a generation to another in Oluponna, additional toxicological and pharmacological studies are hereby recommended in order to provide scientific rationale for the long-term knowledge and use of these plants.

}, keywords = {Ancestral medicinal plants records, Drug development., Infertility, Low sperm count, Phytochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.69}, author = {Akingbolabo Daniel Ogunlakin and Oyindamola Esther Awosola and Gbenga Temidayo Ajayi and Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo} } @article {2078, title = {Risk Analysis of Microplastic Exposure Through Consumption of Anadara Granosa at Coastal Area}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {558-562}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {558}, abstract = {

Plastic waste is starting to threaten marine waters, especially microplastics. This micro-sized plastic can be consumed by marine biota. The accumulation of microplastics in the bodies of marine biota can threaten humans who consume them. The purpose of this study was to analyze the risk level of microplastic (polystyrene) exposure through the consumption of blood clams in the coastal area of Pao Village, Tarowang District, Jeneponto Regency. This type of research is a descriptive analysis with the Environmental Health Risk Analysis (EHRA) approach. The samples in this study were 30 respondents and 125 blood clams (anadara granosa). Data were obtained by interview using a questionnaire, identifying MPs in shells in the laboratory, and identifying polymer types using FTIR-spectroscopy. The results showed that 68 MPs of microplastics were found in blood clams (anadara granosa) samples. The dominant shapes were lines and blue. The types of polymers from the FTIR results are Polystyrene (PS), Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and Polyethylene (PE). The average non-carcinogenic daily intake (Intake) is 0.00012 mg/kg/day, the average risk level (RQ) is 0.0006, and the daily intake value is <=0.2 (RfD Styrene), so it is said to be safe and the risk level value (RQ) <= 1, then categorized as the risk of exposure to MPs in humans through consumption of blood clams is still categorized as safe. The route of exposure to MPs in humans is not only through blood clams, so efforts to control the risk of exposure to MPs in humans are still needed.

}, keywords = {Anadara Granosa., Blood clams, Microplastic, Polystyrene, Risk analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.119}, author = {Nurhayati Namira and Anwar Daud and Anwar Mallongi and Hasnawati Amqam and Atjo Wahyu and Irwandy} } @article {2021, title = {The Risk Analysis of Patient Transfer Practice Events to Safety of Nurses and Patients of the TNI AU Dodi Sardjoto Hospital}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {429-432}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {429}, abstract = {

Work accidents can occur due to unsafe action and unsafe condition factors. This type of research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative research (mix method) with a phenomenological approach that aims to determine the risks of patient transfer practices to the safety of nurses and patients. This research was conducted at the TNI AU Dody Sardjoto Hospital with a total sample of 51 people, the sampling technique is simple random sampling. Then in-depth interviews will be conducted on key informants, ordinary informants, and additional informants. Quantitative data analysis using chi square test and multiple linear regression. The results of the study found that the history of disease (p = 0.010), physical activity (0.026), facilities and infrastructure (0.011), SOP (p = 0.000), and the environment (p = 0.000) influenced the safety of nurses. The results also showed that compliance with SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) was the most influential variable with B of 0.675. It is also known that the results of the path test have an indirect influence between nurse safety and patient safety is E2 = 0.887 or 88.7\%. It is hoped that the results of this study can be a reference to reduce the risk of patient transfer practice events to the safety of nurses and patients.

}, keywords = {Accident, Patient Transfer, Work safety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.67}, author = {Muh. Nur Amal Sali and M. Furqan Naiem and Masyitha Muis and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Atjo Wahyu and Erniwati Ibrahim and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2130, title = {Risk Factors of Stunting in Children Aged 0-23 Months in Katumbangan Health Center, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {851-855}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {851}, abstract = {

The results of Indonesian nutritional status study at the regency level in 2021 showed that Polewali Mandar Regency had the highest prevalence of stunting in West Sulawesi Province at 36\% with the highest percentage of stunted toddlers being reported by Katumbangan Health Center (42.6\%). This study aims to determine the most dominant risk factors for stunting in children aged 0-23 months. This study was conducted in the working area of Katumbangan Health Center with a case-control study. The number of samples was 236 infants (0-23 months) with a ratio of cases and controls of 1:1. This study used secondary data sourced form e-PPGBM application, then analyzed by odd ratio test and logistic regression on Stata. The results showed that CED in pregnancy (OR=3.142 with 95\% CI, 1.122-10.072), LBW history (OR=5.963 with 95\% CI, 1.251-56.216) and exclusive breastfeeding (OR=2.099 with 95\% CI, 0.984-4.613). The dominant risk factor for stunting in children aged 0-23 months, namely LBW history (OR=5.092 with 95\% CI, 1.08-23.94). It is recommended for mothers to put more attention to the fulfillment of nutrition during in order to reduce the risk of LBW and also to assure that children nutritionl intake are adequate to their needs during the golden period of growth, especially infants with LBW.

}, keywords = {Infant, Risk Factors., Stunting}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.163}, author = {Nurul Iffa Safitri and Nur Nasry Noor and Wahiduddin and Ridwan Amiruddin and Nurhaedar Jafar and Balqis and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2170, title = {Role of 1,25(OH)2D On Cytochromes CYP27A1 and CYP27B1 in Periodontitis: A Clinical Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1112-1115}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1112}, abstract = {

Background: Vitamins have a great impact on metabolis. Aims: To determine the role of 1,25(OH)2D On Cytochromes CYP27A1 and CYP27B1 in Periodontitis. Material and Method: The investigation was carried out on 45 participants of ages within the range of (30-45 years) who were attending the private dental clinics. Diagnosis of chronic periodontitis was established depending on dental history, clinical examinations (periodontal indices). All participants were examined by the same dentist. They were classified into three groups: Group 1 (control negative): (15) participants with normal serum vitamin D3 level and with pocket depth <=3 mm, good oral health and normal periodontal tissues and no previous history of periodontal diseases. Group 2 (control positive): (15) participants with normal serum vitamin D3 level and periodontitis with pocket depth >=5 mm, they received placebo medication orally, Group3(treatment): (15) participants with vitamin D3 deficiency (below 30 IU), and periodontitis with pocket depth >=5 mm, they received oral Vitamin D3 fast acting liquid soft gel capsule 2000 IU /day for 3 months. 3 blood samples were taken from each participant at 0,45,90 days, for research examinations. CYP27A1, CYP27B1 serum levels was measured for each sample in three groups by ELISA kit. Result: there was a highly significant reduction in CYP27A1 serum level in the treatment group at the ninety days of the study while there was no significant elevation CYP27B1 serum level in all groups during 45,90 days of the study. Conclusion: The present study suggested that the 1,25(OH)2D has effects on serum levels of both Cytochromes CYP27A1 and CYP27B1 and this was associated with periodontitis.

}, keywords = {CYP27, Cytochrome, Periodontitis, Vitamin D}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.202}, author = {Asmaa Y Thanoon and Faehaa Azher Al-Mashhadane} } @article {2025, title = {The Role of Cyclooxigenase-2 Inhibitor in Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {233-238}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {233}, abstract = {

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin malignancy worldwide. It has low mortality but can cause significant morbidity primarily due to local destruction. The incidence and associated cost are rising in recent years causing a burden in healthcare system. BCC incidence are continue to increase due to lack of effective chemopreventive option. Several risk factors are associated with the pathogenesis of BCC. One of the major risk factors of BCC is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays, hence the prevention strategy for this malignancy include avoidance of natural and artificial sources of UV radiation. However, these methods are still less than optimal in inhibiting the emergence of basal cell carcioma. In recent years, there is accumulating evidence that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), may be involved in the pathogenesis of BCC. Several recent studies have shown that the use of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor drugs can prevent the development of nonmelanoma skin tumors including BCC. In this review, we described the potential of COX-2 inhibitors as chemoprevention for BCC.

}, keywords = {Basal cell carcinoma., Cancer, Chemoprevention, Cox-2 inhibitor, Cyclooxygenase, Skin malignancy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.15.35}, author = {Maylita Sari and Kartika Misalina and M. Yulianto Listiawan} } @article {2059, title = {The Role of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 Polymorphism on Amiodarone Responses: Review Article}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {467-470}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {467}, abstract = {

Introduction: Amiodarone is one of drug with narrow therapeutics index. This medicine was metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2C8. The changes in the activity of this enzymes by CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 polymorphism will affect the effect. The study aimed to determine the impact of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 polymorphism on amiodarone responses. Method: the study is review article with search article in PubMed with keywords: {\textquoteleft}amiodarone{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}polymorphism of CYP3A4{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}polymorphism of CYP2C8{\textquoteright}. Results: We collect 46 references to determine of impact polymorphism of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 on amiodarone responses. Conclusion: Individual with CYP3A4*22 (rs35599367, 15389C\>T); CYP2C8*2 (A805T), CYP2C8*3 (G416A, A1196G), and CYP2C8*4 (C792G) and CYP2C8*4 polymorphism have lower activity of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 enzymes and potentially cause adverse effect.

}, keywords = {Amiodarone responses., CYP2C8, CYP3A4, Polymorphism}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.103}, author = {Em Sutrisna} } @article {1955, title = {The Role of Indian Magical Herb Selaginella bryopteris L. (Selaginaceae) in Pharmacotherapeutic Perspective: An Overview}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {14-20}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {14}, abstract = {

This review involves the medicinal as well as therapeutic applications of Sanjeevni (Selaginella bryopteris L.) in curtailing different types of acute and chronic maladies. The magical herb (Selaginella bryopteris) is utilized for its resurrecting and medicinal properties in various regions of the world. S. bryopteris based formulations have been widely used in folk medicine to treat spermatorrhoea, colitis, epilepsy, leucorrhoea, urinary tract infections, fever, venereal illnesses, constipation, beri-beri, cancer, and many other ailments. The medicinal and pharmacological effects of S. bryopteris have been extensively studied in recent years, employing a variety of in vivo and in vitro models and clinical studies. Many biochemical and pharmacological studies on Selaginella bryopteris have been conducted, and many of its traditional applications have been validated scientifically. Different biological activities are concerned with it, like anti-bacterial, growth-promoting, anti-protozoan, relief from heat stroke and the burning sensation during urination, anti-stress cell death, memory improvement, relief from stomach-aches, anti-hyperglycemic activity, and anti-depressant activity. S. bryopteris is undeniably one of the most significant plants owing to its enormous pharmacological and therapeutic potential. On the other hand, several information gaps found in this article might spur fresh academic and R\&D efforts to produce S. bryopteris-based herbal medications and nutraceuticals.

}, keywords = {Biflavonoid, S. bryopteris L., Sanjeevni, Selaginaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.3}, author = {Arti Gautam and Lal Chand Pal and Ch. V Rao and Vikas Kumar} } @article {2149, title = {Safety Assessment of Supplementation with Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. (Lemongrass) Extract in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3: A Preliminary 90-Days Prospective Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {976-986}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {976}, abstract = {

Background: Chronic kidney disease is a major public health issue, and due to resource constraints, many can{\textquoteright}t access dialysis. C. citratus, lemongrass is globally prevalent and known to increase urine output without toxicity. Objective: To examine the safety of C. citratus in patients with CKD stage 3. Materials and Methods: The major compound of C. citratus was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 64 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to control or C. citratus groups. The control group received a placebo, whereas the C. citratus group received 900 mg of C. citratus daily for 90 days. All participants were examined BUN, Scr, Cys-C, and eGFR, liver functions, RBC, HCT, Na+, K+, Cl-, and HCO3, and other biochemical parameters. Results: HPLC showed C. citratus contains of phenolic compounds. Clinically, C. citratus group had no notable side effects on T-Bil, AST, ALT and ALP. Also, maintained eGFR, SCys-C, K+ and Cl level. The level of blood Na+ was significant increase at day 30 (p \< 0.05). The control group had a significant decrease in eGFR and HCO3 levels (p \< 0.05) and a significant increase of Cl- and SCys-C. In addition, no statistical differences had found between groups in eGFR, BUN, Cr, Na+, K+, HCO3, PO4, RBC and HCT levels. Throughout the 90 days, no drug allergies or side effects were reported. Conclusion: Dietary supplementation with C. citratus may have a favorable effect on delaying the course of CKD and is safe to use for patients with CKD stage 3.

}, keywords = {Chronic Kidney Disease, CKD stage 3, Cymbopogon citratus Stapf., Lemongrass, Safety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.181}, author = {Patnaree Wongmanit and Parunkul Tungsukruthai and Pratya Phetkate and Daraporn Rungprai and Sucharat Tungsukruthai and Ouppatham Supasyndh and Kusuma Sriyakul} } @article {2101, title = {Spatial Distribution of Microplastic Contamination in Blood Clams (Anadara granosa) on the Jeneponto Coast, South Sulawesi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {680-690}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {680}, abstract = {

Plastic waste in oceans will threaten of marine biota. There is a very high degree of plastic pollution in Indonesia, however the distribution of microplastic contamination in seafood, particularly that ingested by the general populace as a daily meal from seas, is quite low. The purpose of this investigation is to map the distribution of microplastic contamination in blood clams (Anadara granosa) throughout the South Sulawesi coast. Observational study employing a spatial analysis exploratory design. Blood clams (Anadara granosa) and information on wind, currents, and tides are used to map the distribution of microplastic pollution. The Kriging model was used for their geographical analysis. Purposive sampling was used to collect a total of 25 samples of blood clams (Anadara granosa) from offshore locations, residential waterways, mangrove ecosystems, rivers, and river estuaries. The results showed that the highest distribution of microplastic contamination was found in mangrove ecosystem areas and residential waters, while the lowest was found in river areas. Blood clams (Anadara granosa) have high levels of microplastic contamination because of sources of plastic pollution that come from waste disposal activities. It became stuck in the fisheries and mangrove ecosystems along the coast. Oceanography has an impact on how currents and winds migrate from the northeast (where mangrove habitats are) to the north (where residential waters are), carrying microplastic particles. Provision of waste management facilities by the local government and using the depuration method to eliminate microplastics in blood clams (Anadara granosa) consumed by the community needs to be done to reduce the impact on ecology and health.

}, keywords = {Blood Clams (Anadara granosa), Coastal Coast., Microplastic Contamination, Spatial Analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.137}, author = {Rachmat Saleh and Anwar Daud and Hasanuddin Ishak and Hasnawati Amqam and Atjo Wahyu and Stang and Agus B. Birawida and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2134, title = {Standardization Study of Trunks and Branches of Xanthoceras Sorbifolia Bunge}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {873-880}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {873}, abstract = {

Introduction: Although there is a wide range of studies on phytochemistry and pharmacology, there currently needs to be a standard quality control method or index for assessing the components of X. sorbifolium Bunge to ensure quality. Objectives: This study aimed to determine some quality parameters of the standardization of trunks and branches of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge. Methods: The cellular diagnostic structures of trunks and branches of the plant were defined by {\textquotedblleft}Olympus{\textquotedblright} light microscopy. Biologically active compounds were identified using TLC and HPLC, and the main biologically active compounds{\textquoteright} contents were determined by HPLC methods. Some quality parameters of trunks and branches of X. sorbifolium Bunge were determined by Chinese Pharmacopoeia methods. Results: Microstructure of trunk and branch of the X. sorbifolia Bunge was defined. Some quality parameters of trunks and branches of X. sorbifolia Bunge collected from seven locations in Inner Mongolia were defined as: moisture 4.8-6.1\%, total ash 5.57-7.3\%, acid-insoluble ash 1.3-2.7\%, alcohol-soluble extractive 8.97- 11.63\%. The fingerprints of TLC to reveal epicatechin and HPLC to reveal epicatechin, dihydromyricetin, dihydroquercetin, myricetin, quercetin, and naringenin were defined. Some flavonoid contents in trunks and branches of X. sorbifolia Bunge collected from seven locations in Inner Mongolia were determined according to the developed and validated method as: epicatechin 6.39-11.687 mg/g, dihydroquercetin 1.02-1.833 mg/g, and myricetin 0.02-2.693 mg/g. Conclusion: The standardization criteria for the trunk and branches of X. sorbifolia Bunge were defined. Quality parameters and contents of epicatechin, dihydroquercetin, and myricetin were different in Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge collected from seven locations in Inner Mongolia.

}, keywords = {Dihydroquercetin, Epicatechin, Mongolian medicine., Myricetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.167}, author = {Qirigeer and Bagenna and Laxinamujila and Munkhzol Malchinkhuu and Purevsuren Sodnomtseren} } @article {2084, title = {Stimulation of Emodin from Aloe Vera on Protein Kinase PIM1 in the Central Nervous System Through In Silico Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {587-592}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {587}, abstract = {

This study aims to investigate the potential of Emodin, a compound found in Aloe vera, as a stimulator of Protein Kinase PIM1 in the central nervous system using an in-silico approach. The research method involves the use of software such as Pymol, Pyrex, Protein Plus, and Lepinski Rule. Firstly, the protein structure of the target Protein Kinase PIM1 was obtained from a protein database and prepared using Pymol. Next, the molecular structure of Emodin was imported into Pyrex and subjected to geometry optimization. Docking analysis using Pymol was performed to predict the molecular interactions between Emodin and Protein Kinase PIM1. Additionally, RMSD analysis was conducted to evaluate the stability of the protein-ligand complex formed. The docking analysis results showed that Emodin exhibited significant Binding Affinity, with values of -8.4, -8.3, and -8.2, indicating a strong affinity between Emodin and Protein Kinase PIM1. The RMSD analysis indicated the stability of the protein-ligand complex, with RMSD values of 0, 1.101, and 1.122. Furthermore, analysis using Protein Plus revealed the presence of interactions between Emodin and Protein Kinase PIM1 through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic contacts. The results of the Lepinski Rule analysis demonstrated that Emodin fulfilled several important criteria in drug design, including a molecular weight of 270, 3 hydrogen bond donors, 5 hydrogen bond acceptors, a log p value of 1.887220, and a molar reactivity of 64.480385. These findings indicate the potential of Emodin as a stimulator of Protein Kinase PIM1 in the central nervous system and provide an important foundation for the development of potential therapies for central nervous system-related disorders.

}, keywords = {Central Nervous System, Emodin, Molecular Docking., PIM1 Kinase, Stimulation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.124}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Ritbey Ruga and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Devi Purnamasari and Putri Azhari and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2112, title = {Strategy for Service Quality Improvement Based on Patient Experience Using Importance Performance Analysis in Inpatients General Hospital in South Sulawesi Province}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {743-749}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {743}, abstract = {

Background: Over the past few years, patient satisfaction surveys have been used to provide an indication of patient experience. However, patient satisfaction surveys do not accurately describe the feelings and experiences that are actually felt by patients. Using patient experience measurements can provide information on what events occur when getting services at health facilities, measure aspects that are important to patients and see their point of view that can improve the quality of health services. Objective: The study aimed at analyzing the best strategy to be implemented to improve the quality of service for Provincial General Hospital at South Sulawesi based on patient experience. Methods: The study design was quantitative with descriptive analysis approach. A sample of 382 patients was determined and selected with the certain criteria. Data were collected using a measuring instruments in the form of a patient experience questionnaire which contains 48 questions. Results: In these three hospitals, admission to hospital and hospital ward environment are two dimensions of the patient experience that have had unsatisfactory outcomes. Meanwhile, at the Sayang Rakyat Hospital, they have unsatisfactory care and treatment dimensions. Conclusions: This study highlights the relevance of utilizing IPA to evaluate patient perspectives of hospital services and suggest opportunities for improvement. Hospitals can improve patient experience and overall service quality by concentrating on the most critical dimensions in which the hospital is performing poorly (Quadrant A). The study{\textquoteright}s findings can help hospital stakeholder to identify the methods in order to improve patient experience and satisfaction.

}, keywords = {Importance Performance Analysis, Patient Centered Care, Patient Experience, Quality Improvement.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.146}, author = {Asvika A. Anwar and Syahrir A. Pasinringi and Andi Zulkifli and Fridawaty Rivai and Andi Indahwaty Sidin and Irwandy} } @article {1962, title = {Study of Triterpene Saponin Compounds from Centella asitica as Renin Inhibitor with Pharmacophore Modeling, Molecular Docking and In-vitro Evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {57-63}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {57}, abstract = {

Hypertension is a silent killer that causes kidney, heart, and stroke damage if not handled properly. In Indonesia, the prevalence of the population with high blood pressure is 34.11\% with women 36.85\% higher than men 31.34\%, this shows a fairly high value so that special attention is needed on hypertension therapy. It is known that currently there are 6 types of pharmacological therapy for hypertension and one of the newest is the renin inhibitor class (Aliskiren). Indonesia has diverse natural wealth in the form of flora and fauna, with a wealth of more than 30,000 types of medicinal plants with 9500 potential herbal medicines that have not been utilized optimally, with the largest exporter of herbal medicines in the world. Centella asiatica plants containing triterpenoid saponins have high renin inhibitor activity, namely the content of Asiaticoside and Madecasoside. The research method was carried out in silico using molecular simulation and in vitro with fluorometry (328/552 nm) to test the activity of asiaticoside and madecasoside compounds as well as a mixture of asiaticoside and madecasoside in Centella asiatica plants. This is supported by the docking outcome. The docking results show that madecososide compounds have a gibbs energy close to the positive control aleskiren (-8.356 kcal/mol) and aleskiren (-9.44 kcal/mol). The experiment results showed that the triterpenoid saponin compound (madecassoside) contained an IC value of 0.71, at a concentration of 5 μg/μl, and absorbance of 1.35 A in the first minute. The strongest renin inhibition was Madecasoside compound with a concentration of 5 μg/μl with an average value of fluorescent adsorption and an average percent inhibition of 135\% with the best renin inhibition at Madecasoside 5 ug/ul the first minute with absorbance values 1.19 A. Finally, the in silico result corresponded to the in vitro experiment. Centella asiatica plants have renin inhibitor activity as antihypertensive, especially in secondary metabolites of triterpene saponins with pure madecasoside compounds compared with aliskiren as a renin inhibitor. So that the compound madecasoside has renin inhibitor activity as an antihypertensive.

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive., Asiaticoside, Centella asiatica, In-vitro, Madecasoside, Renin inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.9}, author = {Rangki Astiani and Mohamad Sadikin and Aprilita Rinayanti and Wawaimuli Arozal and Ani Retno Prijanti and Fadilah Fadilah and Firdayani Firdayani and Piter Piter and Guntoro Halim and Franciscus D. Suyatna} } @article {2069, title = {Study on the Inhibition of Sinensetin Extract from Cat{\textquoteright}s Whiskers Plant (Orthosiphon aristatus) on ATP Binding Cassette Sub-Family G Member 2 in Uric Acid}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {506-511}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {506}, abstract = {

This study aims to investigate the potential of sinensetin, a compound found in the Cat{\textquoteright}s Whiskers plant (Orthosiphon aristatus), as an inhibitor in inhibiting uric acid through its interaction with ATP Binding Cassette Sub-Family G Member 2 (ABCG2). The in-silico approach was employed using software tools such as Pymol, PyRx, Protein Plus, and Lepinski Rule. The results of molecular docking analysis using PyRx demonstrated significant interactions between sinensetin and ABCG2, with Binding Affinity values of -6.8, -6.6, and -6.6, and RMSD values of 0, 0.785, and 1.379. The analysis using Protein Plus confirmed the interaction between sinensetin and ABCG2, supporting the previous docking findings. Furthermore, the evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters using the Lepinski Rule of Five revealed that sinensetin meets the criteria as a potential drug compound, with a molecular weight of 372, no hydrogen bond donors, seven hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 3.345, and a molar reactivity of 98.5. This research provides new insights into the development of uric acid therapy through an in-silico approach, and these findings can serve as a basis for further research involving in vitro and in vivo validation.

}, keywords = {ATP Binding Cassette, Molecular docking, Orthosiphon aristatus, Sinensetin, Uric Acid.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.110}, author = {Anni Faridah and Rismi Verawati and Budhi Oktavia and Musa Ghufron and Devi Purnamasari and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Linda Rosalina and Putri Azhari and Rahadian Zainul and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {1975, title = {Sub Chronic Toxicity Study of Coumacines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {160-164}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {160}, abstract = {

Coumacine is a brand-new heterocyclic molecular nucleus that was discovered in 2018. In addition to the unique heterocycle known as coumacine, the designer has developed two variants known as coumacine I and II. Coumacine derivatives had been evaluated for their antibacterial effects in vitro against a variety of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria using conventional bacterial strains, using ciprofloxacin and metronidazole as positive controls. The purpose of this research is to look into the relationship between the anticoagulant activity and hepatotoxicity of coumarin and coumacine because the former is a synthetic precursor of the latter and many natural and synthetic coumarins involving warfarin have anticoagulant activity. Thirty male mice were used in this study and exposed to a subchronic dose of 250 or 500 mg/kg of coumacine I or coumacine II. The results of histochemistry showed dramatic changes in hepatocellular morphology that were dose-dependent for both coumacine I and II. Traditionally, higher doses of Coumacine I and II resulted in a significant increase in liver enzymes. Coumacine I or II did no effect on bleeding time. In conclusion, coumacines at subchronic high doses might have hepatotoxic effects through a mechanism that does not affect the coagulation process

}, keywords = {Bleeding, Clotting., Coumacine, Hepatotoxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.23}, author = {Wejdan Al-Shakarchi and Yasir Saber and Marwan M. Merkhan and Yasser Fakri Mustafa} } @article {1971, title = {Sun Protection Factor Activity of Jamblang Leaves Serum Extract (Syzygium cumini)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {134-140}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {134}, abstract = {

Background: The development of serum preparations containing natural ingredients for sun protection is growing rapidly. Jamblang (Syzygium cumini) leaves are rich in phenolic compounds that can inhibit free radicals causing premature aging. Therefore, this study aims to determine the potential of S. cumini serum extract as sun protection. Methods: The extract was prepared and included in the serum base. The formulations were evaluated for rheological, pH, dispersion coefficient, and stability examinations. Furthermore, Sun Protection Factor was tested using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Results: The test of phytochemical compounds showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, quinones, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, triterpenoids, and steroids. The result also showed that all serum formulations met the predetermined requirements. Furthermore, the extract has protective activity against ultraviolet rays, which was indicated by the SPF value. The higher the dose of S. cumini extracts in the serum formulation, the higher the value obtained. Formulations 1, 2, and 3 have SPF of 9.35{\textpm}0.11, 13.26{\textpm}0.16, and 26.05{\textpm}0.31, respectively. This indicates that they all met the Indonesian National Standard, that a sun protection preparation must have a minimum protection factor of 4. Conclusion: S. cumini extract serum has the potential to be developed as a new sun protection agent against ultraviolet radiation. However, further studies are still needed to determine the mechanism of its constituent active compounds.

}, keywords = {Serum, Sun protection factor, Syzygium cumini, Ultraviolet.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.18}, author = {Himyatul Hidayah and Surya Amal and Nia Yuniarsih and Farhamzah and Anggun Hari Kusumawati and Neni Sri Gunarti and Ermi Abriyani and Iin Lidia Putama Mursal and Adinda Khansa Sundara and Maulana Yusuf Alkandahri} } @article {2113, title = {Supplementation of Caesalpinia Sappan L. Extract to Increase Superoxide Dismutase Activity and Suppress Malondialdehyde Levels in Sprague Dawley Exposed to Inhaled Formaldehyde}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {750-755}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {750}, abstract = {

Introduction: It is not yet known how Caesalpinia sappan L. extract (CSE) affects the activity of SOD and MDA levels in rats exposed to inhaled formaldehyde. Method: This true experimental study in vivo uses a randomized post-test-only control group design. The subjects were male Sprague Dawley, 2-4 months old, weight 200-300 grams, a total of 30 heads divided into 6 experimental groups. The treatment group was given CSE at doses of 0, 100, 400, and 1000 g/kg BW for 28 days, and exposed to inhaled formaldehyde for 2 weeks, and 8 hours/day. SOD and MDA were measured using the ELISA kit. Statistical analysis used Kruskall Wallis, Mann Whitney, and rank spearman tests with α= 5\%. Results: The highest average SOD was in the CSE 1000 group and the lowest was in the negative control group. The highest average MDA levels were in the negative control group and the lowest was in the positive control group. The difference in SOD levels between groups with a p-value = 0.016, while the difference in MDA between groups has a p-value of 0.915. the p-value of the relationship between SOD levels and MDA levels is 0.02 (correlation coefficient = -0.422). Conclusion: Caesalpinia sappan L. extract can increase the activity of superoxide dismutase enzymes but has not been able to suppress malondialdehyde levels. There was an association of increased superoxide dismutase enzyme activity with decreased malondialdehyde levels in Sprague Dawley exposed to inhaled formaldehyde

}, keywords = {Caesalpinia Sappan L. Extract, inhaled formaldehyde, Sprague Dawley., Superoxide Dismutase Activity, Suppress Malondialdehyde Levels}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.147}, author = {Ulfa Nurullita and Neni Susilaningsih and Ari Suwondo and Suhartono and Kisdjamiatun Retna Mustika Djati} } @article {2053, title = {Tanacetum Parthenium (L.) Sch Bip From Peru: Antioxidant Profile and The Antinociceptive Effect in An Experimental Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {435-437}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {435}, abstract = {

Background: Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch Bip known as {\textquotedblleft}santa mar{\'\i}a{\textquotedblright} (Asteraceae family) is used in Peru for inflammatory diseases and also in colic, stomachache, headaches, diarrhea, among other. Objective: The aim was to determine the antioxidant profile, and analgesic effect of ethanolic extract of flowers and leaves of T. parthenium Material and Methods: Leaves and flowers of T. parthenium were soaked in 96\% ethanol and the obtained extract was analyzed using chemical reactions for identifying each secondary metabolite, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to determine the antioxidant capacity, and the antinociceptive effect was determined by using tail flick method. Results: Qualitative phytochemical study indicates the presence phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and steroids in both extracts. In DPPH assay IC50 showed in leaves and flowers extract 452.10 {\textpm} 10.2 μg/mL and 270.70 {\textpm} 20.6 μg/mL respectively. The antinociceptive effect was better in leaves at doses 300 mg/ Kg than flower extract. Conclusions: The ethanolic extract of flowers of T. parthenium showed a high antioxidant activity and antinociceptive effect in mice.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Antioxidant, Medicinal Plants., Polyphenols, Tanacetum parthenium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.97}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Wilfredo Bulege-Guti{\'e}rrez and Luz Alexandra Javier-Silva and Melva Iparraguirre- Meza and Victor Guillermo Sanchez-Araujo and Elizabeth Julia Melgar-Merino and Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo and Jos{\'e} Santiago Almeida-Galindo and Josefa Bertha Pari-Olarte} } @article {1976, title = {Tectona Grandis Leaves: Determination of Total Flavonoid Content, Phenolic Content, Characterization of the Leaves, and Compound Identification in GC-MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {165-170}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {165}, abstract = {

Nowadays, traditional plant study has grown in importance as their use has been increased. Tectona grandis (teak) is one of several plants that have been studied for its phytochemical and pharmacological properties. This plant includes a number of secondary metabolites, which may explain its diverse pharmacological properties. Although teak leaf compounds have been examined in the past, there is still little information on the diversity of teak leaf compounds. As a result, we are employing several methodologies to determine the total flavonoids content, phenolic content, water extractable matter, ethanol extractable matter, total ash content, and other component analysis of teak leaves. We found that the average of total flavonoid content in the teak leaves is about 3.93 {\textpm} 0.008\%w/w, while the average total phenolic concentration in teak leaves is about 4.3{\textpm}0.15\%w/w. The Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry GC-MS study of the methanol extract of T. grandis leaves also found twenty-three active chemical compounds (phytochemical components)

}, keywords = {Ash content, Flavonoids content, GC-MS., Moisture content, Phenolic content, Teak, Tectona grandis, Water content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.24}, author = {Pepi Budianto and Suroto Suroto and Brian Wasita and Diah Kurnia Mirawati} } @article {2127, title = {Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents, Anti-tyrosinase and Antioxidant Activities of Pachyrhizus erosus Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {839-842}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {839}, abstract = {

Background: The storage roots of Pachyrhizus erosus (PE) have been traditionally used as a skin whitening agent in Indonesia and are also consumed fresh in many Southeast Asian countries, including Thailand. However, research on the biological activities of PE is limited. Objective: This study aimed to measure the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and to test the anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities of PE extracts. The Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric, the Aluminium chloride colorimetric, the DPPH scavenging, and the Dopachrome assays were used for the experiments. Results: The dichloromethane extract had the highest anti-tyrosinase activity (IC50= 2.08 {\textpm} 0.40 mg/mL), total flavonoid content (9.93 {\textpm} 0.02 mg QE/g extract), and antioxidant activity (IC50= 40 {\textpm} 0.02 μg/mL). The largest total phenolic concentration was found in the 80\% ethanol extract, albeit (11.97 {\textpm} 0.55 mg GAE/g extract). Conclusion: Based on its remarkable activities, the dichloromethane extract is recommended for future development in skinlightening products. The study{\textquoteright}s findings conclude that PE extracts may be used as an alternate source of antioxidants and anti-tyrosinase agents

}, keywords = {Anti-tyrosinase, Free radical scavenging., Pachyrhizus erosus, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.160}, author = {Pornpun Laovachirasuwan and Methin Phadungkit} } @article {2191, title = {Transmission of Four Serotypes of Dengue Virus in Several Asian Countries Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1244-1249}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1244}, abstract = {

Background: The serotype of the virus that causes infection in a person can influence the severity of the dengue disease experienced so it is necessary to monitor and understand the dengue virus serotypes circulating in an area. Method: We searched for studies through two electronic databases (Pubmed and Scince direct). In the first stage, database search, 74 studies were obtained. The criteria for including studies were four human dengue virus serotypes published in 2013 {\textendash} 2023. In the final search there were 10 studies included. Results: Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in Singapore but DENV1 and DENV-2 are the main causes of dengue cases in this country. Serotypes DENV- 1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in Indonesia but the prevalence of certain serotypes can vary from year to year and between regions in the country. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 have been reported in Nepal but DENV-2 is found in high altitude and cold weather areas. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in Pakistan but serotype DENV-1 is the main cause of dengue cases in this country. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in India, however serotype DENV-4 was found to be the main cause of dengue cases both alone and in combination with dengue causes in this country. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in Thailand but serotype DENV-2 is the main cause of dengue cases in this country. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in Sri Lanka but serotype DENV- 2 is the main cause of dengue cases in this country. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in China but serotype DENV-2 is the main cause of dengue cases in this country. Conclusion: Countries in Asia remain endemic for all four DENV serotypes, although some genotype- related evolution has been found in certain strains.

}, keywords = {Asian Countries, Dengue virus, DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4, Serotypes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.225}, author = {Nismawati Natsir and A Arsunan Arsin and Hasanuddin Ishak and Ilham Alimuddin and Masni Masni and Muhammad Nasrun Massi and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1961, title = {Uterocervical Angle Anterior, Posterior, and Cervical Length Ultrasound as a Predictors for Successful Delay in Labor of Pregnant Women with Threatened Preterm Birth (PTB)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {52-56}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Introduction: To determine whether the examination of the uterocervical angle anterior, posterior, cervical length, and combination can be used as a predictor of successful delay in labor in patients with threatened preterm birth (PTB). Methods: This is a prospective cohort analytical observational study of 44 women admitted to our hospital gestational age 28-36 weeks diagnosed with threatened preterm birth. Cervical length, anterior uterocervical angle, and posterior uterocervical angle examinations were performed. Patient then observed for 2x24 hours whether there was a delay in labor or not. If there is a delay, the patient followed until delivery. Results: CL cut off value \> 2.66 cm delaying labor for 2x24 hours and \> 2.81 cm delaying labor until term. UCA posterior cut off value \< 113.2o delaying labor for 2x24 hours and \< 107.8o delaying labor until term. Anterior UCA cut off values \< 103.2o delaying labor for 2x24 hours and \< 93.1o delaying labor until term. Statistical Analysis showed that CL was significant as a single tool for predictor of delayed labor either 2x24 hours or up to term, while posterior and anterior UCA was not. But if this 3 single tools combinate, CL, anterior UCA, and posterior UCA was statistically significant as a predictor of delay in labor either 2x24 hours or until term, with the best predictive value is a combination of CL and posterior UCA of 25.2\% for predicting delay of labor 2x24 hours and the combination of CL, posterior, and anterior UCA was 24.6\% for predicting delay labor until term. Conclusion: Cervical length ultrasound examination and the combination of CL, anterior UCA, and posterior UCA can be predictors of delayed labor in patients with threatened preterm birth but not for anterior and posterior uterocervical angle as a single tool.

}, keywords = {Cervical Length, Preterm Delivery, Threatened Preterm Birth (PTB), Uterocervical Angle Anterior, Uterocervical Angle Posterior.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.8}, author = {Qurrata Akyuni and Agus Sulistiyono and Hermanto Tri Joewono and Lilik Djuari} } @article {2193, title = {Utilization of Rainwater as Consumable Water with Rainwater Harvesting Methods: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1254-1257}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1254}, abstract = {

Background: Water demand is expected to increase in all sectors. Rainwater can be a solution to the lack of the clean water crisis. The quality of rainwater harvested is highly dependent on the rainwater harvesting system. Methods: This literature review is a narrative review using sources from the Scopus and Pubmed databases. The keywords used were utilization, rainwater, and rainwater harvesting methods. Of the 30 references identified in the search phase, ten were eligible for inclusion in this review. Results: Harvested rainwater can be used for multiple purposes such as watering plants, washing, bathing, and even cooking if the water quality meets health standards. There are three fundamental components that should be present within the rainwater harvesting system: 1) a rainwater pipe that traps water, e.g., utilizing the shape of the roof surface, 2) a water distribution system, i.e., a system that transports water from the roof to the superficies through a gutter, and 3) a reservoir that stores rainwater such as barrels, tubs, or ponds. Conclusions: Water conservation efforts are needed to meet the demand for water in the face of increasingly limited supply. Harvesting rainwater is one of the methods of water conservation that can be carried out by each household of the community to collect raw rainwater for consumption and use. If rainwater harvesting is practiced in a sustainable manner, it will help maintain water and environmental sustainability, thus supporting the livelihood of present and future generations.

}, keywords = {Consumable, Harvesting, Rainwater, Utilization, Water Quality}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.227}, author = {Sandy Novryanto Sakati and Anwar Mallongi and Erniwati Ibrahim and Budimawan and Stang and Sukri Palutturi and Maria Kanan and Herawati} } @article {2197, title = {Why Preconception Treatment is Important? A Literature Reviews}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1262-1267}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1262}, abstract = {

Objective: Conceptional care is a concept that has been proposed to address maternal health problems and environmental risk factors during pregnancy to improve the health of both mother and fetus during pregnancy. This article provides an overview of several studies relating to preconception care that are useful for preparing for a healthy pregnancy and fetus. Methods: This narrative review uses several sources from the Elsevier database. Key search terms such as preconception, iron status, pregnancy and fetus were used in this review. Of the 50 studies identified, 20 were eligible for inclusion in this review. Results: Preconception care is getting an increased focus as an effective way to prevent complications during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum as well as preventing fetal abnormalities by estimating nutritional status in the preconception period. Preconception care is aimed at supporting the health of women before pregnancy, which is useful for improving the health of a pregnancy and preventing stunted fetal growth due to poor nutritional status in the mother. Low preconception iron status will have an impact on preconception gynecological morbidity, which will cause complications in pregnancy and cause low birth weight. Conclusion: Preconception care when given regularly will affect the health of a pregnancy and the baby when born. Preconception care teaches women of reproductive age to minimize potential health risks from an early age so that if they have a baby, the baby is born in better health. Considering that a healthy baby is very late if it is prepared during pregnancy but must be prepared from the preconception period, that is why preconception is so important.

}, keywords = {Fetus, Iron status, Preconception, Pregnancy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.229}, author = {Darmin Dina and Nurhaedar Jafar and Veny Hadju and Hasnawati Amqam and Wahiduddin and Ridwan Amiruddin and Anwar Mallongi and Yulianah Sulaiman} } @article {1760, title = {The Activities of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) on TNF-α, Macrophages and Leukocytes Male White Mice Exposed by H5N1 Virus Antigens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {253-261}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {253}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) has been known to have immunostimulatory activity, it can increase the activity and capacity of mice macrophage phagocytosis at optimum dose of 200 mg/kgbw. Aim: This study aims to determine the activity of the ethanol extract of pegagan embun on TNF-α levels, total macrophages, total leukocytes, and percentage of leukocytes types. Methods: Mice were divided into four groups, one group as control was given 0.5\% Na CMC suspension, three groups were given pegagan embun extract at a dose of 10 mg/kgbw, 50 mg/kgbw and 200 mg/kgbw orally for 7 days. On the 8th day, all mice were induced with 0.3 mL H5N1 vaccine subcutaneously, then left for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the mice were sacrificed and then TNF-α levels, total macrophages, total leukocytes, and percentage of leukocytes types were determined. The research data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (significance was taken at p\<0.05) and continued with the Duncan test. Results: The results showed that pegagan embun extract significantly reduce TNF-α levels and total macrophages, also significantly increase total leukocytes and percentage of leukocyte types in mice (p\<0.05). Significant increases and decreases occurred on average at doses of 50 mg/kgbw and 200 mg/kgbw. Conclusion: Based on these results, it can be concluded that pegagan embun extract have immunomodulatory activity.

}, keywords = {Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam., Immunomodulators, Leukocytes, Leukocytes types, Macrophages, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.31}, author = {Salman Umar and Nengsyih Putri Erman and Armenia and Elsa Badriyya and Yufri Aldi} } @article {1861, title = {Acute Oral Toxicity Assessment of Freeze-Dried Lipote Fruit Extract (Syzygium polycephaloides (C. B. Rob.) Merr.) in ICR Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {490-503}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {490}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lipote (Syzygium polycephaloides (C. B. Rob.) Merr.) has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine due to its nutritional and bioactive contents. Methods: An acute oral toxicity test was conducted following the OECD 425 guidelines to investigate the toxic effects of freeze-dried lipote fruit extract (LFE) in male and female ICR mice at doses of 55, 175, 550, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg BW. Results: At the end of the 14-day experimentation period, no physical, behavioral, neurologic, or cardiorespiratory signs of toxicity nor mortalities were recorded in LFE-treated mice. Also, physiologic parameters such as body weight, and feed and water intake registered normal throughout the study. Hematologic values such as total RBC, total WBC, and differential WBC for both sexes remained normal, apart from the male mouse administered with 2000 mg/kg LFE dose which presented erythrocytopenia, leukocytopenia, and lymphocytopenia after the end of the experimentation period, most likely due to extraneous factors unrelated to treatment. Meanwhile, the blood creatinine and blood urea nitrogen values remained within their respective normal reference ranges. Conclusion: It can be inferred from results of this acute oral toxicity study that LFE is relatively non-toxic, has an LD50 above 5000 mg/kg, and like other closely related Syzygium berries, does not elicit any adverse effects on the physiologic, hematologic, and blood chemical levels of kidney-filtered substances in mice. Sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies must be conducted to determine the safety of continuous oral ingestion of lipote fruit.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Lipote, Mice, Philippine berry, Safety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.126}, author = {Mark Joseph M. Desamero and Liezl M. Atienza and Maria Adrianna Isabella G. Claravall and Roxanne P. Gapasin and Jonna Rose C. Maniwang and Dianne Jane A. Sunico and James Ryan D. Aranzado and Joan I. Delomen and Loraine C. Bainto-Ancheta and Katherine Ann T. Castillo-Israel and Rohani B. Cena-Navarro and Maria Amelita C. Estacio} } @article {1821, title = {Alpha-glucosidase and DPP-IV Inhibitory Activities of Ethanol Extract from Caesalpinia sappan, Andrographis paniculata, and Syzygium cumini}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {702-709}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {702}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes is one of the fastest-growing global health problems of the 21st century. Antidiabetic medicine has been widely marketed with various mechanisms of action. However, there are side effects from these drugs. Therefore, most diabetic patients consume herbal as complementary. Plants that have been shown to have potential as an antidiabetic are Caesalpinia Sappan, Andrographis Paniculata and Syzygium Cumini. Objective: This study aims to examine the in vitro antidiabetic activity of single and combined ethanol extract of those three plants by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase and DPP-IV (Dipeptidyl peptidase IV) enzymes. Materials and Methods: The alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity was determined using the paranitrofenil alfa-D-glukopiranosida (pNPG) reaction at a wavelength of 405 nm. Acarbose was used as the positive control. The DPP-IV inhibitory activity using H-Gly-Pro-AMC substrate and detected by fluorescence at λex = 365 nm and λem=415-445 nm. Sitagliptin was used as the positive control. LC-MS analysis was performed to identify the compounds contained in the combined extract. Results: Caesalpinia sappan showed better activity to inhibit alpha-glucosidase enzyme than acarbose at IC50 of 9,29 μg/mL. The combined extract obtained higher inhibition as DPP-IV inhibitor than single extract at 63, 69\%. The highest compound in the combined extract were 5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4{\textquoteright}-hydroxybenzyl) chromone, Protosappanin E-1, Saurufuran B and candidate mass C36H38N4O5. Conclusion: These results indicate that single extract or combined extract potential as antidiabetic.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, Andrographis paniculata, Caesalpinia sappan, DPP-IV Inhibitor, Syzygium cumini.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.89}, author = {Sabila Robbani and Berna Elya and Raditya Iswandana} } @article {1805, title = {Alpha-Mangostin Enhances Proliferation in Sorafenib-Surviving HepG2 Liver Cancer Cells by Increasing Anti-Apoptosis and Antioxidant Markers Expressions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {584-590}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {584}, abstract = {

Background: Sorafenib is the first-line systemic option for treatment in advanced liver cancer. However, sorafenib resistance may develop rapidly, which may involve apoptosis and oxidative stress dysregulations. Several alternative treatments have been suggested to alleviate the delayed resistance of cancer cells to sorafenib, including alpha mangostin (AM). According to an earlier study, AM might be able to overcome doxorubicin resistance in hepatocellular cancer cells. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of AM in sorafenib-surviving HepG2 cells, a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line. Methods: Sorafenib 10 μM was used to treat HepG2 to obtain sorafenib-surviving cells. Subsequently, sorafenib surviving cells were treated with DMSO -(vehicle) or sorafenib (SF) 10 μM or AM 20 μM, or SF 10 μM + AM 20 μM. Afterward, the cells were counted, collected and extracted for RNA. The mRNA expressions of Ki-67, c-Jun, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3 and -9, GPx, and MnSOD were then quantified using qRT-PCR. Results: Treatment of alpha-mangostin, alone or in combination with sorafenib combined enhanced the expressions of proliferation markers, Ki-67 and c-Jun. In addition, there was a marked increase in mRNA expressions of Bax and BCl2, but not Caspase-3 and -9. There were amplifications of antioxidant markers expressions, GPx, and MnSOD after AM or a combination of sorafenib and AM. Conclusion: Treatment of alpha mangostin in sorafenib-surviving HCC cells caused an increase in proliferation markers, which might be explained by the reduced expressions of apoptosis markers and enhancement of antioxidant markers.

}, keywords = {Anti-cancer drug resistance, Caspase, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Ki-67, Oxidative stress.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.75}, author = {Melva Louisa and Meuthia Faralita Annisa and Pamela Basuki and Brigitta Cindy Lauren and Syarinta Adenina} } @article {1920, title = {Ameliorative Effects of Moringa (Moringa Oleifera Lam.) Leaves Extract on Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress, Hepcidin and δ-Alad Levels in Rat{\textquoteright}s Blood}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {856-862}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {856}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal that cause a lot health problem. Blood, especially hemoglobin and erythrocyte, is the main target of lead poisoning. Literatures explain that moringa has phytochemical contents to reduce heavy metal poisoning. This study aimed to examine ameliorative effects of moringa leaves extract on oxidative stress, hepcidin increasement and δ-alad level decline induced by lead poisoning in the blood of rat model. Methods: This study was completely randomized posttest-control group design. Forty-eight males Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain rat were divided into 4 groups. The control group or G0 (given Pb orally doses of 750 mg/kgBW/day for 7 days and was not given 50\% ethanol extract of moringa leaves/MLEE). Three treatment groups (G1, G2 and G3), all were given Pb at a dose of 750 mg/kgBW/day orally for 7 days, followed by administration of MLEE for 14 days at a dose of 250 mg/kgBW/day, 500 mg/kgBW/day and 1,000 mg/kg/day orally, respectively. Blood samples were taken one day after 14 days of MLEE treatment. Pb levels was examined by AAS and δ-ALAD levels, GSH levels, MDA levels and hepcidin levels examined by ELISA. Results: MLEE doses 1,000 mg/kgBW/day for 14 days increased δ-ALAD levels, GSH levels, hepcidin levels and reduce MDA levels significantly compared to the control group. Conclusion: Moringa leaves ameliorate lead-induced poisoning by reducing oxidative stress, declining hepcidin, and increasing δ-ALAD in the blood of male Rattus norvegicus Wistar strains rats. Moringa leaves is beneficial to address Pb poisoning in the blood through antioxidants, anti-inflammation, and improving δ-ALAD level in the blood of Wistar strain rats.

}, keywords = {Blood, Hepcidin, Lead poisoning, Moringa, Oxidative stress., δ-ALAD}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.179}, author = {Agung Saprasetya Dwi Laksana and Harianto Notopuro and Arifa Mustika} } @article {1842, title = {Amino Acid and Proximate Analysis of Type-1 Collagen from Sea Cucumber and Tilapia-Skin and its Potential Application as Artificial Tendon}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {358-361}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {358}, abstract = {

Tendon injury is a medical indication that requires surgical therapy and prolonged recovery. Collagen plays a crucial role in the wound healing process. Collagen maintains homeostasis, interacts with platelets, and enhances cellular components. Most living organisms consist of collagen components as fibrillar proteins. In this study, the potential properties of type-1 collagen from sea cucumber and Tilapia-skin were evaluated depend on proximate analysis, amino acid composition, and moisture-absorption ability. The result showed that Tilapia-skin has a higher protein and fat composition compared to the sea cucumber. In contrast, moisture, ash, and yield composition showed higher for sea cucumber compared to Tilapiaskin. Meanwhile, based on amino acid analysis was revealed that proline, alanine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine were lower on sea cucumber compared to Tilapia-skin. In conclusion, both type-1 collagen material from sea cucumber and Tilapia-skin might be developed as a biomaterial for tendon injury. It is crucial that further studies be carried out to emphasize the potential of biodegradable and bio-replaceable materials using the in vivo model.

}, keywords = {collagen, Key words: Artificial tendon, Marine biodiversity, Sea cucumber, Tilapia-skin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.107}, author = {Arifia Safira and Cinta Atsa Mahesa Rani and Roro Ayu Puspitasari and Anindyta Kirana Putri Ayuningtyas and Yayang Amru Mahendra and Agus Purnomo and Faisal Fikri and Shekhar Chhetri and Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama} } @article {1858, title = {Analysis of LH Receptor Expression in the Testes of Infertile Azoospermic Non-Obstructive (NOA) Men at High Serum Prolactin Concentrations}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {462-468}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {462}, abstract = {

Background: Hyperprolactin is one of the endocrine disorders that causes male infertility (11\%). The mechanism is not widely known; it is thought to occur through disruption of LH receptor activity on germ cells. Objective: The aim of study to compare the level of prolactin secretion with receptor expression in non-azoospermic infertile men (NOA). Methods: During the period from July 2019 to July 2021, 40 samples of testicular tissue and serum were obtained from infertile NOA men, aged 25-50 years who were recruited from Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) Jakarta, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia and Bunda Hospital Jakarta. Subjects were divided into 4 groups based on prolactin levels (20 ng/ml, 20-50 ng/ml, 50-100 ng/ml and 100ng/ml). This group was tested for significance between groups and continued with a correlation test with the level of LH receptor expression. Results: ANOVA test showed a significant decrease in LH receptor expression between prolactin levels \< 20 ng/mL with levels of 50-100 ng/ml and prolactin levels \> 100 ng/ml (P \< 0.05). Furthermore, the results of the correlation test showed a significant decrease between prolactin levels and LH receptor expression (P \< 0.05). Conclusion: The higher the level of prolactin secretion in this sample, there is a decrease in LH receptor expression, so that testosterone production decreases and the spermatogenesis process will be disrupted.

}, keywords = {Hyperprolactinemia, LH receptor expression, Male infertility, Non obstructive azoospermia (NOA).}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.123}, author = {Ponco Birowo and Nurhuda Sahar and R. Muharam and Dwi Ari Pujianto and Rosalina Thuffi and Kusmardi Kusmardi and Conny Riana Tjempakasari} } @article {1880, title = {Analysis Protein APOB and TroponinT in Obese Mice (Musmusculus) Induced by Static Magnetic Field as a Marker of Coronary Heart}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {627-631}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {627}, abstract = {

Obesity is closely related to cardiovascular disease. APOB protein was a better predictor of LDL particle count. Increased troponin T protein is also indicated as an indication of the risk of CHD disease. Static Magnetic Field (SMF) is an electromagnetic applied in therapy because only a simple magnetic disk is used to generate it both in vitro and in vivo. The use of SMF is considered to affect the biological state of cells so that it can affect weight loss in mice. The method used was male c57bl/6j mice with groups of Obes0, Obes2, Obes7, Obes 14, and Obes21 fed high-fat diet and then exposed to SMF with an intensity of 2mT for 1 hour. The results obtained were that there was a significant difference p=0.015 (p\<0.05) in the protein concentration of APOB and there was no significant difference in the concentration of cTnT taken from the blood serum of mice. The increase in APOB protein levels in each control group was not found to have an increase in cTnT protein so that the two proteins did not have a linear correlation between the two proteins 0.598 (p\>0.05). Most of the protein concentrations of APOB and cTnT decreased in concentration at longer days. It can be seen morphologically in the heart there is a decrease in the number of adipose cells.

}, keywords = {Cardiovaskular, Electromagnetic, Obesity, Protein.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.145}, author = {Puji Sari and Luluk Yunaini and Dwi Anita Suryandari and Widia Bela Oktaviani and Rahma Nur Istiqomah and Umiatin} } @article {1739, title = {Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibition Activity by Syzygium polyanthum Wight (Walp.) Leaves: Mechanism and Specificity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {76-84}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {76}, abstract = {

Introduction: One of the potential antihypertensive mechanisms include angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. So far, there is no in-depth study on the ACE inhibition activity of S. polyanthum, an ethnomedicinal plant used in treating hypertension. Thus, we aimed to study the ACE inhibition activity of S. polyanthum leaves by evaluating its potency, mechanism, and specificity. Methods: S. polyanthum leaves were macerated in a bath-sonicator with either water, methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane producing aqueous (ASP), methanolic (MSP), ethyl acetate (EASP) and hexane (HSP) extracts. Each extract (100 μg/mL) were initially screened for ACE inhibition activity and then compared with standard drug, captopril (2.06 ng/mL), then the most active extract was further tested at 1 to 1000μg/ml. Inhibition mechanism was studied using zinc chloride and bovine serum albumin (BSA), while inhibition specificity was determined upon screening for α-chymotrypsin and trypsin inhibition activity. Results: ASP at 100 μg/ mL exhibited the highest inhibition activity (69.43 {\textpm} 0.60 \%) compared to MSP (41.63 {\textpm} 0.15 \%), EASP (9.62 {\textpm} 1.60 \%), and HSP (45.40 {\textpm} 0.15 \%). ASP showed dose-dependent ACE inhibition activity with IC50 of 41 μg/mL. ASP{\textquoteright}s ACE inhibition activity was significantly reduced in the presence of BSA, but not upon the presence of zinc chloride. ASP did not significantly inhibit α-chymotrypsin and trypsin. Conclusion: This study showed that the enzyme inhibition activity by S. polyanthum leaves was specific towards ACE. The ACE inhibition possibly occurs via protein precipitation and was non-dependent to the chelation with zinc at ACE active site.

Key words: Antihypertensive, ACE, Angiotensin converting enzyme, Hypertension, Syzygium polyanthum

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.11}, author = {A Ismail and TAFT Anuar and IFM Suffian and AA Abdul Hamid and MN Omar and BE Mustafa and WAN Wan Ahmad} } @article {1743, title = {Antibacterial Activity and Active Fraction of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiber montanum (J.Koenig) Link ex A., and Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. Against Propionibacterium acnes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {103-111}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {103}, abstract = {

Background: Propionibacterium acnes is a commensal bacteria that play a role in developing acne vulgaris on the skin. Antibacterial activity assay in the last decades have shown that Propionibacterium acnes is resistant to several antibiotics. Potential zingiber genera such as Z. officinale, Z. montanum, and Z. zerumbet have potential as antibacterial. Objective: This study aims to compare the antibacterial activity of Z. officinale, Z. montanum and Z. zerumbet against Propionibacterium acnes, the active fraction, and the components of the active fraction of the plant. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial activity test using agar diffusion method, extracts with high antibacterial activity were partitioned with water: n-hexane, n-hexane: methanol, water: ethyl acetate. The fraction was tested for antibacterial activity against P. acnes. The active fraction obtained was identified for its phytochemical content using TLC and GC-MS methods. Results: The results of the antibacterial activity test of Z. officinale extract had a larger inhibition zone. The test results of the active fraction Z. officinale had a higher activity than the extract. The results of screening using the GC-MS method obtained that the main components identified from Z. officinale were volatile oil components (α-curcumene, α-zingiberene and zingerone) and oleoresin (6-shogaol). Conclusion: Extracts of Z. officinale, Z. montanum and Z. zerumbet had antibacterial activity against P. acnes. The highest antibacterial activity in Z. officinale both extract and ethyl acetate fraction which is known to contain terpenoids and oleoresin compounds (6-shogaol).

Key words: Antibacterial, Zingiber officinale, Zingiber montanum, Zingiber zerumbeth, Propionibacterium acnes.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.15}, author = {N Aji and S Kumala and E Mumpuni and D Rahmat} } @article {1765, title = {Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activity of Selected Raw-Consumed Vegetables in West Java, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {289-295}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {289}, abstract = {

Raw-consumed vegetables, known as lalapan, is famous among Sundanese community in West Java because of their heath benefits. In the present study, nine selected raw-consumed vegetables, namely Vigna unguiculata, Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, Etlingera elatior, Abelmoschus esculentus, Oenanthe javanica, Centella asiatica, Pluchea indica and Pilea trinervia were screened for their antibacterial and cytotoxic activity. Antibacterial activity test were conducting using disc diffusion method against Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae. Whereas, the cytotoxic activity were examined using WST assay against lung cancer cell line A549. For the antibacterial activity, this study finds that Ocimum tenuiflorum, Etlingera elatior and Pluchea indica have highest inhibition zone against tested bacteria. Furthemore, the results of the cytotoxicity assay indicated that among the nine plants tested, five plants showed IC50 \< 20 μg/mL, including Vigna unguiculata, Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn, Etlingera elatior, Centella asiatica and Pilea trinervia with the IC50 value 13.71 μg/mL, 7.43 μg/mL, 12.45 μg/mL, 5.51 μg/mL and 18.84 μg/mL respectively.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Cytotoxicity, Edible plants, West Java}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.36}, author = {Tiana Milanda and Raden Maya Febriyanti and Arif Satria Wira Kusuma and Ajeng Diantini} } @article {1945, title = {Antibacterial Effect of Nigella sativa L. Seed from Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {1029-1032}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {1029}, abstract = {

Nigella sativa L. was allegedly to has antibacterial effect. The aim of this research is to investigate antibacterial effect of ethanolic extracts of 96\% Nigella sativa L. from Indonesia toward Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus epidermidis. The Antibacterial activity of of Nigella sativa L toward Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus epidermidis using the well method. The 96\% ethanolic extract of 12,5; 25;50 and 100\% (mg/ml)inhibit growth of Staphylococcus aureus (with inhibition zone 11.06; 29.58; 28.22; 30.84 mm respectively) and Streptococcus epidermidis (20.90; 31.90; 29.93; 33.07 mm respectively). Ethyl acetate fraction of 96\% ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa concentration of 6,25; 12,5; 25;50 and 100\% (mg/ml) inhibit growth of Staphylococcus aureus (12.91; 15.06; 19.19; 37.48; 46.18 mm respectively and Streptococcus epidermidis (19.07; 19.21; 20.22; 21.62; 40.00 mm respectively). Ethanolic 96\% extract and ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa have antibacterial effect toward Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus epidermidis invitro.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Nigella sativa L., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus epidermidis.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.206}, author = {Em Sutrisna and Sri Wahyuni and Aris Fitriani} } @article {1797, title = {Antihypercholesterolemic Power of Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Peel Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {518-523}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {518}, abstract = {

Background: The decoction of red dragon fruit peel contains chemical components with antioxidant activity of lowering blood LDL cholesterol levels. Objective: This research aimed to evaluate the antihypercholesterolemic power of red dragon fruit peel ethanolic extract. Materials and Methods: A total of 24 mice were divided into four treatment groups, each receiving distilled water at dose 0.39 ml/20 g body weight (A), red dragon fruit peel extract at dose 5.40 mg/20 g body weight (B) and 10.80 mg/20 g body weight (C), also simvastatin at dose 0.026 mg/20 g body weight (D). All experimental animals were given high fat intake in cow brain suspension for 60 days to increase LDL cholesterol levels in the blood. For 14 consecutive days, hypercholesterolemic mice were given test preparations. Mice were sacrificed on day 75 for blood and aortic samples. Results: The average blood LDL cholesterol levels in mice were 91.67 mg/dl, 63.23 mg/dl, 43.52 mg/dl, and 32.94 mg/dl (p\<0.05\%). Meanwhile, the average aortic score was 1.09, 0.79, 0.76, and 0.91 in the groups A, B, C and D, respectively. Conclusion: Red dragon fruit peel extract at a dose of 5.4 mg/20 g and 10.8 mg/20 g body weight reduces blood LDL cholesterol levels and the risk of atherosclerosis

}, keywords = {Atherosclerosis, Hylocereus polyrhizus, LDL cholesterol levels, Red dragon fruit peel.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.65}, author = {Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan and Syafira Amelia} } @article {1754, title = {Anti-inflammatory Effects of Astaxanthin Extracted from Microalgae Hematococcus pluvialis and Combinations with Palm Tocotrienol Rich-Fraction in RAW 264.7 Macrophages}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {205-215}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {205}, abstract = {

Astaxanthin and tocotrienols, known as antioxidants derived from natural compounds and shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to investigate the effects of a combination of astaxanthin extracted from Hematococcus pluvialis microalga and palm tocotrienols rich-fraction (TRF) on inflammatory reaction in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages cells. MTT assay was used to test cell viability and nitrite oxide (NO) was determined using Griess assay. Isobologram confirmed that the combined treatment produced synergistic effect and measurement of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 12 (IL-12) through ELISA assay. Our results showed that the combination of astaxanthin and TRF exhibited inflammatory markers such as NO production. The concentration of astaxanthin ranging from 10 to 100 μg/mL and TRF at 4-25 μg/mL had no toxicity and achieved higher cell viability. The combination treatments led to more potent inhibition of NO production compared to single treatments. Combination Index (CI) was achieved from the combination treatments at IC80, resulting in synergism at a CI value of 0.81. Furthermore, ELISA showed that the combined treatment significantly further reduced the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-12. Our findings suggest that the combination of astaxanthin and TRF enhanced anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in stimulated macrophages and may act synergistically to produce health effects reducing inflammation.

Key Words: Inflammation, Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction, Astaxanthin, Antioxidant, Combination, Macrophages

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.26}, author = {KA Radzun and MHH Rusmidi and Aini and I Norisam and N Iran and F Pardi and A Ismail and WRWA Razak and SRA Hafid} } @article {1758, title = {Antimalaria Activities of Several Active Compounds from Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {245-252}, type = { Review Article}, chapter = {245}, abstract = {

The growth and spread of resistance to all first-line antimalarial drugs used in the treatment of malaria today has caused many problems in eradicating malaria in various countries in the world. Researchers have begun to look for candidates for new antimalarial drug compounds derived from natural products that have been scientifically proven to have antimalarial activity. This is done to replace antimalarial drugs that are currently experiencing resistance. Some active compounds that have been successfully isolated from various plants, including curcumin, kaempferol, piperine, andrographolide, α-mangostin, catechin, luteolin and betulinic acid, have been scientifically tested to have antimalarial activity with different mechanisms of action.

Key words: Malaria, Antimalarial, Curcumin, Kaempferol, Piperine, Andrographolide, α-Mangostin, Catechin, Luteolin, Betulinic acid.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.30}, author = {Maulana Yusuf Alkandahri and Nia Yuniarsih and Afiat Berbudi and Anas Subarnas} } @article {1751, title = {Antimicrobial Compound from Endophytic Pseudomonas azotoformans UICC B-91 of Neesia altissima (Malvaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {172-181}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {127}, abstract = {

Centrifugated extract of endophytic Pseudomonas azotoformans strain UICC B-91 has been observed for its antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6583, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 25241, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 19659 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231, with minimum concentration in the range 250 μg/mL. But, the novel compound of the bioactive substances which relevant for antimicrobial activity have not been described. Further fractionation and identification of the extract by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and liquid chromatography mass spectrophotometry (LCMS-MS) detected several compound as futoamide (C18H23NO3), gentialutine (C9H11NO), gentiabetine (C9H11NO2), 1-[(2E,4E)-2,4-decadienoyl]pyrrolidine (C14H23NO), lycopodine (C16H25NO) and dihydrolycopodine (C16H27NO). The majority compounds containing CHON elements with molecular weight approximately 100-450 Da.

Keywords: Alkaloid, Antimicrobial compound, Extraction, P. azotoformans.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.23}, author = {Rina Hidayati Pratiwi and Eva Oktarina and Wibowo Mangunwardoyo and Iman Hidayat and Endang Saepudin} } @article {1863, title = {Antioxidant Activity of DPPH, CUPRAC, and FRAP Methods, as well as Activity of Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibiting Enzymes from Tinospora crispa (L.) Stem Ultrasonic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {511-520}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {511}, abstract = {

Aims: The goal of this work was to get the stem extract of Tinospora crispa (L.) using ultrasoundassisted extraction (UAE) with duration and amplitude changes to achieve optimal extraction conditions. The antioxidant potential of the extract as measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), CUPRAC (Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma), and its antidiabetic potential. Results: The third test of antioxidant methods showed that the measurement of antioxidant activity with, DPPH, CUPRAC, and FRAP gave significantly different results, but CUPRAC and FRAP gave the same response to the ethanol extract of Tinospora crispa stems, it can be concluded that the extract of Tinospora crispa stems in all treatments had strong antioxidant activity using either the CUPRAC or methods FRAP. In addition, it is very active as an antidiabetic by inhibiting alpha glucosidase. The optimum extract selected was extract B (extraction time was 35 minutes and amplitude 65\%) with IC50 values for antioxidant activity in the CUPRAC method of 72.53 {\textpm} 0.18 mg/L and the FRAP method of 152.29 {\textpm} 2.16 mg/L, while the inhibition of alpha glucosidase was 0.30 {\textpm} 0.006 mg/L.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Tinospora crispa (L.), Ultrasound-assisted extraction.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.128}, author = {Candra Irawan and Imalia Dwi Putri and Maman Sukiman and Andita Utami and Ismail and Ratna Komala Putri and Anisa Lisandi and Andrean Nur Pratama} } @article {1801, title = {Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) Seed Fractions on HeLa Cell Line an In Vitro}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {559-564}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {559}, abstract = {

Introduction: Medicinal plants have been investigated for possible anti-cancer effects. One of them is Gnetum gnemon L (melinjo). This study aims determined in vitro antioxidant activity and the cytotoxic effects of polar, semipolar and non polar melinjo seed fractions againts HeLa cell line. Methods: The melinjo seed were extracted with ethanol as a solvent. Then, the fractionation was done using liquidliquid extraction method with three different polarity solvent. Cytotoxic activity was carried out using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay in HeLa cell lines at concentrations ranging from 25 to 400 μg/mL. Antioxidant activity was determined by the diphenyl picryl hidrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging method. Results: Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of phyto-constituents like flavonoids, terpenoid and tanin. The DPPH scavenging activity by the melinjo seed aqueous, ethyl acetate and N-hexane fraction was 733,12 {\textpm} 18,95 μg/mL; 68,40 {\textpm} 1,9 μg/mL and 2035,70 {\textpm} 65,59 μg/mL, respectively. The cytotoxic activity of the melinjo seed fractions showed that the ethyl acetate was the most active fraction against HeLa cell line with IC50 value 45,27 μg/mL. Conclusion: In this study, we have observed that the melinjo seed fractions exhibited antioxidant and cytotoxic activity against HeLa cell lines. This is presumably due to the content of phytochemicals and stilbenoids such as resveratrol and gnetin C. Melinjo seeds are more potent as anticancer Compared with other plants that also contain RSV such as grape extract (Vitis vinifera L.) against lung cancer cells (A549). From the three fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest antioxidant and cytotoxic effect compared to the water and n-hexane fractions. Gnetum gnemon L. can be considered as a potential source of anticancer agents. However, more research is needed to determine the mechanism of action.

}, keywords = {Anti-cancer, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, HeLa., Melinjo}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.71}, author = {Asep Sukohar and Suharyani and Sutyarso and Hendri Busman and Nuning Nurcahyani and Evi Kurniawaty} } @article {1941, title = {Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antiplasmodial Activities of Sonchus arvensis L. Leaf Ethyl Acetate Fractions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {993-998}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {993}, abstract = {

Infection is one of the health problems and a disease that mainly causes death. Malaria is a parasitic infection that is transmitted through the Anopheles sp. The female then causes infection and besides malaria, other contaminants that caused infection are bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This study aims to determine the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiplasmodial activity of Sonchus arvensis L. ethyl acetate fractions. In vitro antiplasmodial activity was carried out by Rieckman methods against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7. In vitro antioxidant activity was conducted by Prieto method against (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Then antimicrobial activity was performed using well diffusion method against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Maceration of S. arvensis L. dried leaves used n-hexane and ethyl acetate successively. Then the ethyl acetate extract was fractionated by vacuum column chromatography, using n-hexane and ethyl acetate as mobile phases. There are five fraction groups based on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis. The IC50 of antioxidant and antiplasmodial activity showed that fraction IV was the lowest value and categorized as active for antioxidant (IC50=22.56 μg/mL), for antiplasmodial (IC50=12.07 μg/mL). Fraction IV also had antimicrobial activity, with diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) of 19.22 mm against Escherichia coli and 17.167 mm against Staphylococcus aureus.

}, keywords = {Biological activities, Escherichia coli., Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, Sonchus arvensis L., Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.202}, author = {Dwi Kusuma Wahyuni and Anindya Nariswari and Agus Supriyanto and Hery Purnobasuki and Hunsa Punnapayak and Wichanee Bankeeree and Sehanat Prasongsuk and Wiwied Ekasari} } @article {1837, title = {Antioxidant Capacity and Potential as an Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor in Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl Fruit Peel Ultrasonic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {305-312}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {305}, abstract = {

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl is native to the tropical region of Papua Island, Indonesia, and has traditionally been used as a herbal drink, either alone or in combination with other medicinal plants, to treat diseases such as cancer, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to obtain the fruit peel extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The potential of the extract as an antioxidant using the cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods, and its potential as an antidiabetic through alpha glucosidase inhibition. The optimum extract selected was extract C (extraction time was 45 minutes and amplitude 60\%) with IC50 values for antioxidant activity in the CUPRAC method of 39.63 {\textpm} 0.009 mg/L and the FRAP method of 77.37 {\textpm} 0.8 mg/L, while the inhibition of alpha glucosidase was 0.45 {\textpm} 0.007 mg/L. It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit peel has the potential as a source of antioxidants and anti-diabetic.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.100}, author = {Candra Irawan and Maman Sukiman and Ismail and Imalia Dwi Putri and Andita Utami and Andrean Nur Pratama and M. Ilham Kumala Zalni} } @article {1882, title = {Antioxidants, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content and Toxicity Assay of Ampelas (Tetracera macrophylla Wall.Ex Hook.F.\& Thoms) From Kalimantan-Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {642-648}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {642-648}, abstract = {

Background: High Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) contribute to disease pathogenesis. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids are effective as antioxidants. Objective: This research aimed to measure the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content and leaf toxicity of Tetracera macrophylla. Methods: DPPH and FRAP were used to determine antioxidants, and the Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu method was used for total phenolic content, total flavonoid content with AlCl3 and toxicity with MTT assay against RAW 264.7 cells. Results: Methanol extract has antioxidant activity with IC50 = 81.582 μg/mL (DPPH) and 11840 mol/g (FRAP), total phenolic content of 353.781 mg GAE/g dry weight, and flavonoid content of 279.2 mg QE/g dry weight. The ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts had weaker antioxidant activity than the methanol extracts. The IC50 toxicity assay methanol extract and ethyl acetate extract respectively showed 288.792 μg/mL and 541.472 μg/mL. Conclusion: The methanol extract of Tetracera macrophylla showed the highest yield, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content and had the highest antioxidant activity. Methanol extract has low toxicity to RAW 264.7 cells.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Tetracera macrophylla, total flavonoid, total phenolic, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.147}, author = {Vera Ladeska and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Kusmardi} } @article {1937, title = {Antiparasitic effect of Psidium guajava on promastigotes and axenic amastigotes of Leishmania}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {973-977}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {973-977}, abstract = {

Background: Leishmaniasis is a stigmatic and mutilating disease due to pathogenic species of the genus Leishmania which, depending on the species and the individual{\textquoteright}s immune status, may vary clinically from a cutaneous, mucosal, and visceral form, and for which there is no suitable treatment without significant side effects. Objectives: To measure the effect of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Psidium guajava against axenic promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania spp. Methods: The method of [3- (3,4 -dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide] was used to study the antiparasitic effects of ethanolic (100mg/mL) and aqueous (100mg/mL) extracts of Psidium guajava on axenic amastigotes cultures (8.1 x103 parasite/mL) and promastigotes (12 x 104 parasite/mL) obtained from a patient with cutaneous\ leishmaniasis, and the percentage of parasite death was evaluated in comparison with Glucantime (300mg/mL) and untreated parasite cultures. Results: Regarding parasite death in promastigotes, the ethanolic and aqueous extracts had a percentage of 22.58\% and -45.16\%, respectively, with no significant difference between treatments (N=3) (p= 0.058). In contrast, the ethanolic and aqueous extracts had an antiparasitic percentage of 91.67\% and -70.83\%, respectively, with a significant difference between treatments (N=3) (p\<0.05). Conclusions: Our study showed high and significant effectiveness in parasite death (91.67\%) of Leishmania axenic amastigotes of the ethanolic extract (100mg/mL) of Psidium guajava, being this result promising and the basis for in vivo studies, using the ethanolic extraction of P. guajava

}, keywords = {Amastigote, Leishmania, Promastigote, Psidium guajava}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.198}, author = {Jes{\'u}s Rojas-Jaimes and Marco Mes{\'\i}a-Guevara and Maria Rojas-Puell and Luis Casta{\~n}eda- Pelaez} } @article {1763, title = {Anti-Ulcer Activity of Spray-dried Powders Prepared from Aerial Parts Extracts of Ampelopsis cantoniensis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {276-281}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {276}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ampelopsis cantoniensis is called {\textquotedblleft}Che day{\textquotedblright} in Vietnam and has been used as a traditional treatment for inflammatory diseases. Methods: Plant material and hydroalcoholic extract were processed and analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics. A method using HPLC was validated to quantify ampelopsin. Hydroalcoholic extract was spray dried and the powder obtained was characterized in terms of its physicochemical parameters and potential for antiulcerogenic activity. Results: The analytical method proved to be selective, linear, accurate, sensitive. A. cantoniensiss pray dried extract (ACP) was obtained using colloidal silicon dioxide as adjuvant and was shown to possess 25.94 \% ampelopsisn. It showed significant antiulcer activity in a model of an indomethacin-induced gastric lesion in rats and also produced a gastroprotective effect.

}, keywords = {Ampelopsis cantoniensis, Antiulcer, Spray drying, Vitaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.34}, author = {Duc Minh Nguyen and Quang Canh Tran and Minh Trung Do and Duc Thinh Pham and Thi Hong Hanh Le and Duy Bac Nguyen and Van Thu Nguyen} } @article {1876, title = {Antiurolithiatic Activity of Aqueous Extract of Ziziphus lotus on Ethylene Glycol-Induced Lithiasis in Rats }, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {596-602}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {596}, abstract = {

In Morocco, Ziziphus lotus is commonly used as an urolithiatic agent in the traditional medicine. To confirm this effect, an aqueous extract of Ziziphus lotus (AEZL) has been studied in ethylene glycolinduced urolithiasis model of rats. 30 male rats were randomly divided into five groups of six animals each. Group I served as a vehicle control and received distilled water (0.5 ml/100 g p.o.). All remaining groups received calculi inducing treatment for 28 days, comprised of 0.75\% v/v ethylene glycol with 1\% w/v ammonium chloride in drinking water ad libitum for 3 days followed by only 0.75\% v/v ethylene glycol for 25 days. Group II served as lithiatic control and received distilled water (0.5 ml/100 g p.o.). Group III served as curative treatment group and received AEZL at doses of 150 mg/kg from 14th day to 28th day. Group VI served as preventive treatment group and received AEZL at doses of 150 mg/kg from 1st day to 28th day. Group V served as therapeutic and received a drug {\textquotedblleft}Cystone{\textquotedblright} at dose of 750 mg/kg from 14th day to 28th day. The extract treatment decreased the levels of oxalate and calcium in urine. Crystalluria analysis showed that untreated rats excreted large CaOx monohydrate and few dihydrate crystals while treated animals excreted mostly small CaOx dihydrate crystals. Significant similarity was observed between preventive and therapeutic anti-urolithiatic effect of AEZL and anti-urolithiatic effect of cystone (P\<0.001). These results demonstrated that AEZL have an anti-urolithiatic effect with preventive and therapeutic treatments in this experimental condition.

}, keywords = {Ethylene glycol, Rats, Urinary parameter, Urolithiasis, Ziziphus lotus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.141}, author = {Miloud Chakit and Rezklah Boussekkour and Aboubaker El Hessni and Youssef Bahbiti and Redouan Nakache and Hicham El Mustaphi and Abdelhalim Mesfioui} } @article {1850, title = {Anti-Wrinkle Activity of Clausena harmandiana Essential Oil and Development of a Bioactive Nano-Drug Delivery System for Cosmetic Applications}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {416-422}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {416}, abstract = {

Background: Clausena harmandiana (Song Fa) leaves are a source of essential oil, in which the dominant compound is trans-anethole and reported the high antioxidant activity but the inhibition of biological enzymes related to anti-wrinkle activity is limit. Objectives: The objectives of this study are to investigate the ability of Song Fa leaf essential oil (SFEO) to inhibit enzymes that cause skin wrinkles and then to develop a bioactive ingredient in a nano-drug delivery system for anti-ageing cosmetic products. Methods: Fresh leaves of Song Fa were distilled and their essential oil obtained. Then, the anti-collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase activities were investigated and compared with those of an oleanolic acid standard. Then, SFEO was developed into a microemulsion by using Tween 80 as a surfactant and ethanol as a co-surfactant in a ratio of 1:1. Results: SFEO presented the highest inhibitory activities against hyaluronidase and collagenase (IC50 10.94{\textpm}1.06 and 19.06{\textpm}0.06 μg/ml, respectively), which were close to those of oleanolic acid (IC50 7.43{\textpm}0.58 and 16.75{\textpm}0.14 μg/ml), followed by elastase (IC50 121.47{\textpm}2.80 μg/ml). Two microemulsion formulas with different amounts of essential oil, 1\% and 5\% w/w, were formulated and evaluated for their enzyme inhibitory activities. The results showed that 5\% Song Fa microemulsion inhibited collagenase and elastase (35.78\% and 99.35\%, respectively) by more than 1\% Song Fa microemulsion (34.22\% and 92.67\%, respectively) and only the 5\% Song Fa microemulsion formula exhibited anti-hyaluronidase activity. Conclusion: This information will benefit the development of essential-oil-based products and increase the utilization of medicinal plants in the cosmetic industry.

}, keywords = {Anti -hyaluronidase, Anti-collagenase, Anti-Elastase, Anti-wrinkle, Clausena harmandiana, Microemulsions}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.116}, author = {Napapat Rattanachitthawat and Sirichet Rattanachitthawat and Nichakan Peerakam} } @article {1783, title = {Anxiolytic and Antidepressant-like Effects of Foeniculum vulgare Essential Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {425-431}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {425}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this research was to determine the anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects of the essential oils from Foeniculum vulgare aerial parts and seeds. Methods: The oils were extracted by hydro-distillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and chemical composition was performed by Gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID) and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Furthermore, an experimental trial was conducted, where 117 participants were divided into three groups, comprising a waiting list control group and two experimental groups treated with essential oils. The anxiety and depression indexes were evaluated by Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). Results: chemical analysis showed that trans- Anethole was the main component, both in the essential oil from aerial parts (35.5\%) and seeds (79.2\%). Anxiety and depression scores showed a decrease in posttest study phase in comparison with pretest in all experimental groups (p\<0.05), except for depression scores in the group treated with essential oil from aerial parts (p\>0.05). Small changes were found in the case of anxiety for group treated with essential oils from aerial parts (d = 0.41; Δ= 0.40) while moderate (d = 0.86; Δ = 0.85) and small (d = 0.38; Δ = 0.39) changes were found for anxiety and depression respectively, in the group treated with essential oil from seeds. Conclusion: The essential oil from Foeniculum vulgare seeds is more effective to relief anxiety than depression while the essential oil from Foeniculum vulgare aerial parts only exhibit small changes for anxiety.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Depression, Essential oils, Foeniculum vulgare}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.54}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Luis Enrique Rosales-Cerquin and Elda Maritza Rodrigo-Villanueva and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Lurdes Tuesta-Collantes} } @article {1948, title = {Aquaporine 4 Expression on End Feet Astrocyte Before and After Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage of Hydrocephalus Mice Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {1054-1060}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {1054}, abstract = {

Background: Aquaporin (AQP) is a family of integral membrane proteins that function as water channels. AQP facilitates the transport of water across the plasma cell membrane. AQP lining the periventricular wall in the presence of edema may impair the function of the AQP to prevent or facilitate proper movement of water. Result: We analyze the effect of hydrocephalus and CSF drainage on the expression levels of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) end feet astrocytes in a hydrocephalus mice model. The test was carried out using a mice model of hydrocephalus induced with kaolin, then CSF drainage was performed on the 7th and 14th day, and compared the levels of AQP4 expression in each group. Data showed an increase in AQP4 excretion levels in astrocyte end feet along with the duration of hydrocephalus (p = 0.001) in comparison between hydrocephalus mice on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days. AQP4 before and after CSF drainage, comparison of the hydrocephalus group on day 21 with the group of mice undergoing CSF drainage (p\<0.05). The results showed that the CSF drainage treatment was proven to reduce the level of AQP4. Conclusion: This is the first study to describe immunohistochemical distribution of AQP4 after drainage hydrocephalus model in mice end feet astrocyte. The AQP4 expression and distribution in after drainage hydrocephalus model was comparable 14th and 21st day of hydrocephalus but 7 days after drainage. Larger studies are needed to substantiate the influence of breed and ageing on AQP4 expression after drainage of hydrocephalus model.

}, keywords = {AQP4., Aquaporin 4, CSF, Drainage, Hydrocephalus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.209}, author = {Mustaqim Apriyansa Rahmadhan and Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi and Wihasto Suryaningtyas and Dyah Fauziah and I Ketut Sudiana and Budi Utomo} } @article {1870, title = {Artificial Sweeteners Perturbed Liver Enzymes in Rat Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {553-557}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {553}, abstract = {

In the recent time there has been an increased demand of low-fat or low calorie diet universally. In the mean while the availability of low calorie products has also increased like sugar free drinks, beverages, biscuits, jams and jellies. On contrary to this, some studies suggest that the prolong use of non-nutritive sweeteners alters the homeostasis of glucose and insulin. It results in fluctuation of glucose level in blood and increase in bodyweight. This study intends to evaluate the effect of non-nutritive sweeteners on the liver function test and record the alteration in the levels of ALP, AST and ALT. Seventy rats were divided into seven equal groups, controlled group received distilled water and the rest six were given NNS Sucrose, Stevia, Sucralose, Saccharine Aspartame and Acesulfame-k, respectively. On the evaluation of Alanine aminotransferase ALT, saccharine and aspartame markedly increased the level of ALT from 40U/L to 80 U/L. Both of these NNS have shown the most raised level of Alanine aminotransferase. This represents the stress on the liver associated with the use of NNS and suggests the use to be controlled in humans.

}, keywords = {Albumin, Artificial Sweeteners, Bilirubin, Liver Enzyme}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.135}, author = {Muthear N Dawood and Shaymaa AH. Jassim and Maab Azmi Fadel and Imad A. Thanoon} } @article {1794, title = {Azadirachta indica Hexane Extract: Potent Antibacterial Activity Against Propionibacterium acne and Identification of its Chemicals Content}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {489-496}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {489}, abstract = {

Background: Acne is a skin surface disease that appears when the excessive fat deposits clogged the skin pores, causes the growth of acne-causing bacteria and stimulates inflammation. Propionibacterium acnes is one of common acne-causing bacteria which usually manage by synthetic chemical-based drug. However, the presence of its long- used side effects pointed the urgent need of new anti P. acne drug discovery. Azadirachta indica is a medicinal plant which empirically used as antibacterial. A. indica leaves has been reported to exhibit activity against P. acne but limited to ethanol extract. Thus, the evaluation of other extract- and identification of active compound(s) against P. acne is needed to be explore. Methods: First, the microscopic morphology of A. indica leaves were observed using Scanning Electron Microscope. The leaves were then extracted sequentially by hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvent using the ultrasonic assisted extraction method, followed by its in vitro anti- P. acne activity evaluation. The most active extract was further evaluated for its chemical(s) content by LC-MS. Results: Scanning Electron Microscope identified the presence of oxalate in the leaves of A. indica. Evaluation of the anti-P. acne activity showed that the hexane extract had highest anti-P. acne compared to others. Further chemical identification showed that hexane extract contains three steroids, one saturated acids and one phenolic compounds. Conclusions: A. indica hexane extract leaf is prospective to be developed as an acne antibacterial.

}, keywords = {Anti-Propionibacterium acne, Azadirachta indica, Chemical content., Hexane extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.62}, author = {Annysa Ellycornia Silvyana and Ratika Rahmasari and Berna Elya} } @article {1803, title = {Azasterol Inhibition and Pharmacokinetic Effects on Thymidylate Synthase-Dihydrofolate Reductase from T. gondii: In Silico Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {571-575}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {571}, abstract = {

Toxoplasmosis is a disease that causes health problems and can be found worldwide with a percentage of more than 60\%, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia. Pyrimethamine-resistant strains of T. gondii have been found, and it may contribute to reducing therapeutic failure in the future. Azasterol is a synthetic analog of solacongestidine, which can potentially be used as a new anti-toxoplasma drug. Resistance to the anti-toxoplasma drug, Pyrimethamine, makes Azasterol a very profitable discovery as a new anti-toxoplasma drug. This study aimed to determine the inhibitory and pharmacokinetic effects of Azasterol compounds on the development of T. gondii based on in silico studies. This oneshot experimental study analyzed the predicted inhibitory effect of Azasterol on Thymidylate synthasedihydrofolate reductase (TS-DHFR) from T. gondii to observe the pharmacokinetic prediction and toxicity test of the Azasterol compound. Besides, this one-shot experimental study utilized the in silico method. According to the results of molecular docking, Azasterol had an interaction with the TS-DHFR protein in the same binding area as the Pyrimethamine {\textendash} TS-DHFR and Sulfadiazine {\textendash} TS-DHFR complexes. Azasterol binding energy was higher than that of Pyrimethamine and Sulfadiazine. Azasterol had a good pharmacokinetic effect and had minimal toxic effects on the body.

}, keywords = {Azasterol, in silico, Toxoplasmosis, TS-DHFR.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.73}, author = {Alan Dharmasaputra and Risma and Annisa Ullya Rasyida} } @article {1740, title = {Bioactive Compounds from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) as an Antiviral Agent via Dual Inhibitor Mechanism against SARSCoV- 2: An In Silico Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {85-90}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {85}, abstract = {

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus that causes COVID-19 which is responsible for respiratory illness infection in humans. The virus was first identified in China in 2019 and later spread to other countries worldwide. This study aims to identify the bioactive compounds from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) as an antiviral agent via dual inhibitor mechanisms against two SARS-CoV-2 proteases through the in silico approach. The three-dimensional structure of various bioactive compounds of mangosteen from the database was examined. Furthermore, all the target compounds were analyzed for drug, antiviral activity prediction, virtual screening, molecular interactions, and threedimensional structure visualization. It aimed to determine the potential of the bioactive compounds from mangosteen that can serve as antiviral agents to fight SARS-CoV-2. Results showed that the bioactive compounds from mangosteen have the prospective to provide antiviral agents that contradict the virus via dual inhibitory mechanisms. In summary, the binding of the various bioactive compounds from mangosteen results in low binding energy and is expected to have the ability to induce any activity of the target protein binding reaction. Therefore, it allows various bioactive compounds from mangosteen to act as dual inhibitory mechanisms for COVID-19 infection.

Key words: Antiviral agent, COVID-19, Garcinia mangostana L., In silico approach, SARS-CoV-2.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.12}, author = {ANM Ansori and VD Kharisma and AA Parikesit and FA Dian and RT Probojati and M Rebezov and P Scherbakov and P Burkov and G Zhdanova and A Mikhalev and Y Antonius and MRF Pratama and NI Sumantri and TH Sucipto and R Zainul} } @article {1841, title = {Bioactive Compounds from Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook) as SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Agent via Dual Inhibitor Mechanism: In Silico Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {352-357}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {352}, abstract = {

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the COVID-19 pandemic that infects humans and attacks the body{\textquoteright}s immune system. The purpose of the study was to identify the potential of bioactive compounds in purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and star anise (Illicium verum Hook) via a dual inhibitor mechanism against SARS-CoV-2 proteases with an in silico approach. The samples were obtained from PubChem and RSCB PDB. Antivirus probability prediction was performed on PASS Online. Virtual screening was performed with PyRx via molecular docking. Visualization was used by PyMol and Discovery Studio. Compounds with the best antiviral potential are indicated by the low binding affinity value to the target proteins, namely SARS-CoV-2 TMPRSS2 and PLpro. The results showed that purslane luteolin has the best antiviral potential. However, further studies are required to validate this computational prediction.

}, keywords = {Antiviral agent, Illicium verum Hook, in silico, Portulaca oleracea L., SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.106}, author = {Nur Sofiatul Aini and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Dony Novaliendry and Riso Sari Mandeli and Budhi Oktavia and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Saddam Al Aziz and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Okta Suryani and Putri Azhari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Devi Purnamasari and Agariadne Dwinggo Samala and Mirella Fonda Maahury and ANM Ansori and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1947, title = {Bio-Evaluation, In-Vitro and In-Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activity, Therapeutic Efficacy, and Genotoxicity of the Potentials of the Green Seaweed Valoniopsis Pachynema using Zebra Fish Larvae (Danio Rerio) as an Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {1037-1053}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {1037}, abstract = {

Advancement in the medical sectors to treat regular diseases are increasing day-by-day. Yet, there is a considerable growth in the demand for the natural/herbal products as well due to their low level of side effects, cost efficiency and their multiple inhibition properties. Based on this, the present research works with an objective to examine the bioactive components, in vitro anti-inflammatory and in vivo antiinflammatory behaviour of the green marine macro algae Valoniopsis pachynema using zebra fish (Danio rerio) larvae as a skin inflammation model. In this study, the secondary metabolites are extracted using methanol solvent from the marine green seaweed, V. pachynema using the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and these are further evaluated for their anti-inflammatory effects. Further screening process is accomplished for the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by the albumin-denaturation inhibition. Results from concentration-dependent analysis is documented. The efficacy, therapeutic efficacy, and genotoxicity of the compound Valp at various concentrations are determined by recapitulating the pathophysiology of Skin inflammation in Zebrafish larvae. In evaluating the efficiency of the study, Valp at 1 pg, 10 pg, 100 pg are observed and progressed for the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and genotoxicity. In the assessment of genotoxicity, the gene expression of mgmt gene is observed to be in control level at Valp 100 pg treated group confirming no genotoxicity. According to the results obtained, the green seaweed V. pachynema can be potentially explored as an effectual anti-inflammatory agent for its bio-functionalities

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Bioactive compounds, GC-MS, Marine algae, V. pachynema, Zebra fish larvae drug toxicity.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.208}, author = {Bhuvaneshwari. J and Thirumalai Vasan. P} } @article {1891, title = {Chemical Profiling and In Vitro α-amylase Antidiabetic Assessment of Carissa Macrocarpa Flower Extract Cultivated in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {759-765}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {759}, abstract = {

Carissa macrocarpa is commonly known as Natal plum. Its fruits are palatable and used in manufacture of jams while other parts of the plant are used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases. The main objective of current study was to screen the presence of and isolate the various phytochemicals applying standard procedures and to evaluate the in vitro antidiabetic activity using α-amylase inhibitory assay. The total methanol extract of flower (TMEF) of Carissa macrocarpa was subjected to several chromatographic procedures. Results demonstrated that TMEF of Carissa macrocarpa is characterized by the content of different constituents such as flavonoids, steroids, saponins, tannins and carbohydrates at different levels. Chromatographic isolation led to the isolation of kaempferol-3-O-robinobioside and caffeic acid, which were confirmed via using 1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY, HMQC and HMBC NMR spectroscopic analyses. TMEF exhibited α-amylase inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 65.4 μg/ml when compared to that of the acarbose (standard) (IC50 = 39.6 μg/ml). In conclusion, current investigation endorses the traditional use of Carissa macrocarpa as antidiabetic herb. Hence, the studied TMEF of Carissa macrocarpa may have the potential being nutraceuticals products for pharmaceutical applications as antidiabetic herbal remedy.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Apocynaceae, Caffeic acid., Carissa macrocarpa, α-amylase inhibitory}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.164}, author = {Duaa Adnan Alghafli and Zeneb Ali Albahrani and Fatemah Hussain Alnasser and Aldanah Ibrahim Alnajdi and Gharam Mohammed Alanazi and Hussein Ali Burshed and Marwan Mohamed Alshawush and Hany Ezzat Khalil} } @article {1826, title = {Chemical Profiling, Antioxidant and Lipoxygenase Enzyme Inhibition Activities of Wild Edible Truffle (Terfezia boudieri) from Northern Borders of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {319-326}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {319}, abstract = {

Truffles are natural food product very famous for its health benefits for being significant biosource of essential fatty acids, proteins and other antioxidant and phenolic compounds. The current study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemicals, antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibition activities of Terfezia boudieri of Saudi origin. Various phytochemicals were screened applying standard procedures. The total methanol extract (TME) of the truffle was subjected to several chromatographic procedures. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH antioxidant procedure, comparing results with trolox as standard. Results demonstrated that Terfezia boudieri chemically characterized by the availability of various constituents such as flavonoids, steroids, saponins, tannins and carbohydrates at different levels. Phytochemical investigation led to the isolation of β-sitosterol and gallic acid that were identified using 1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY, HMQC and HMBC NMR spectroscopic data. Results demonstrated high antioxidant activity with IC50: 50.4 μg/ml and 31.4 μg/ml for TME and gallic acid, respectively. TME and gallic acid exhibited lipoxygenase inhibitory activity with IC50 values 4.59 and 0.53 μg/ml for TME and gallic acid, respectively. The higher lipoxygenase inhibitory activity was presumably correlated to the high antioxidant activity. In conclusion, current investigation confirms the folklore use of Terfezia boudieri as antinflammatory food. Hence, the studied Terfezia boudieri may have a great potential as antioxidant and antinflammatory functional food and nutraceuticals products for pharmaceutical applications.

}, keywords = {DPPH, Gallic acid, Lipoxygenase inhibition, Terfezia boudieri, Truffle, β-sitosterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.109}, author = {Marwan Mohamed Alshawush and Hussein Ali Burshed and Abdullah Jalal Alasoom and Abdullah Abdulhamid Altaweel and Hany Ezzat Khalil} } @article {1940, title = {Chemical Profiling of Nonpolar Compounds of Onopardum Acanthium using GCMASS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {989-992}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {989}, abstract = {

The purpose of this study is to identify the oily and non-polar compounds of Onopardum acanthium emerged in south of IRAQ and to prepare them for further biological and chemical study once their identity was affirmed. The extraction done using cold maceration with petroleum ether solvent. After that, the extracts send for chromatographic analysis to characterize the chemical present in the extract.

}, keywords = {Aerial parts., GC-MASS investigation, Onopardum acanthium, Petroleum ether extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.201}, author = {Amjad I. Oraibi and Hayder M. Abdulhamza} } @article {1895, title = {Cichorioside a biocoumarin modulates lipid and glucose storage on 3T3-L1 cell lines: In vitro and in silico approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {933-937}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {933}, abstract = {

Natural coumarins are reputed to demonstrate several biological effects to improve adverse health conditions including; obesity. This study was conducted to explore the potential in vitro lipid and glucose modulatory activity of cichorioside on 3T3-L1 cell lines . Methods: The 3T3-L1 cell lines were cultured and cell viability was assessed. Glucose content in medium of cultured cells was measured. Differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells from pre-adipocytes to adipocytes was evaluated upon addition of cichorioside. Expression of mRNA of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) was estimated. Results: Survival of around 90\% of cultured cells was observed at 10μM cichorioside. Cichorioside inhibited glucose uptake from the medium by the 3T3-L1 cell lines. Cichorioside considerably inhibited pre-adipocyte differentiation and the lipid content in intercellular storage. Cichorioside demonstrated an upregulation of the mRNA expression of PPARγ. Moreover, the docking studies supported the results via the deep interaction of cichorioside with amino acids residue of PPAR-γ. Taken together, these findings are the first report on in vitro evaluation of cichorioside to modulate the lipid storage and glucose uptake of cultured 3T3-L1 cell lines

}, keywords = {3T3-L1cell lines, Cichorioside, Oil red O staining, PPARγ}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.192}, author = {Shahad Mohammed Nasser Alqahtani and Dalya Ramzi Alsuliman and Abdullah Jalal Alasoom and Hussein Ali Burshed and Marwan Mohamed Alshawush and Abdullah Abdulhamid Altaweel and Hany Ezzat Khalil} } @article {1775, title = {Clinical Studies of Silymarin as a Protective Agent Against Liver Damage Caused by Anti-TB Drugs, Methotrexate, and in Cases of Chronic Hepatitis C and Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {358-368}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {358}, abstract = {

The liver is the organ in charge of homeostasis and metabolism of sundry substances (endogenous and exogenous, including drugs); but when these are metabolized, they generate more toxic and/or reactive metabolites, that can damage the liver causing cirrhosis, steatosis and/or hepatocarcinoma. Human have been used several medicinal plants (MP) since ancestral times to treat their ailments, diseases and liver disorders, including Sylibum marianum. This MP is used in the treatment of jaundice and other biliary diseases, as well as in support therapy for edible mushrooms poisoning and in the treatment of some hepatic diseases. From this medicinal plant, silymarin (SLM, mixture of flavonoids) is obtained, it has an important antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotector effect. The last activity has been demonstrated through several preclinical and in some clinical studies. To date, a few clinical studies describe the hepatoprotective and/or nephroprotective effect of SLM against the damage caused by anti- TB drugs, methotrexate and in cases of type II diabetes mellitus or chronic hepatitis C. Nevertheless, this type of research is more frequent in preclinical trials (using rats or mice) or in vitro assay.

}, keywords = {Anti-TB drugs, Diabetes mellitus, Hepatoprotector, Hepatotoxicity, Methotrexate, Nephroprotector, Silybin, Silymarin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.46}, author = {Jimenez-Arellanes Maria Adelina} } @article {1785, title = {Coleus atropurpureus (L) Benth. Leaves as a New Promising Drug for Abscesses Caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus aureus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {439-443}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {439}, abstract = {

Background and Objective: Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can cause an abscess, a skin condition with a build-up of pus due to a fluid or pus-filled tissue covering. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract and its fraction from jawer kotok (Indonesian), Coleus atropurpureus (L) Benth.) against abscess-causing bacteria, S. aureus and MRSA. Materials and Methods: Laboratory Experimental Design. C. atropurpureus was collected, macerated using 96\% ethanol extract, then fractionated using ethyl acetate and n-hexane. Antibacterial properties of ethanol extract and its fraction using S. aureus ATTC 25923 and MRSA. Statistical analysis used: descriptive statistics. Results: It was found that the MIC values for S. aureus ATTC 25923 and MRSA were in the range of 0.78\% - 1.56\% w/v and the MBC value for the two test bacteria was 1.56\% Conclusions: Ethanol extract and n.hexane fraction from C. atropurpureus were new drugs for abscess treatment. It is necessary to research the formulation and evaluation of the ethanolic extract and the n-hexane fraction from C. atropurpureus against the two bacteria that cause abscesses first.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Coleus atropurpureus (L) Benth., Maceration, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus aureus ATTC 25923}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.56}, author = {Resmi Mustarichie and Yoppi Iskandar and Nyi Mekar Saptarini} } @article {1747, title = {Comparative Effects of Amlodipine and Candesartan on Blood Pressure and Metabolic Profile in Non-Diabetic Hypertensive Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {141-147}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {141}, abstract = {

Introduction: The present study aimed to compare the effects of the angiotensin II receptor blocker candesartan and the calcium channel blocker amlodipine on blood pressure and metabolic profile in nondiabetic hypertensive patients. Methods: The study involved non-diabetic patients with mild to moderate hypertension. They were randomly assigned to receive candesartan or amlodipine for 24 weeks, parameters were evaluated at baseline and after 12 weeks and 24 weeks for each patient group. Results: Candesartan and amlodipine both reduced blood pressure and the HOMA-IR index significantly (P \< 0.05, 24 weeks vs. baseline). Candesartan was more effective than amlodipine in lowering blood pressure and HOMA-IR, although the difference was not significant statistically. Conclusion: Both candesartan and amlodipine are extremely effective at reducing blood pressure in moderate hypertension patients. Candesartan cilexetil has a major benefit in terms of tolerability, as it reduces the risk of developing metabolic dysregulation.

Key words: Amlodipine, Candesartan, Hypertension, Insulin resistance.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.19}, author = {Zeina A Althanoon and Imad AJ Thanoon} } @article {1897, title = {Comparison of Powdered Active Compounds Made from Tender Coconut Water Fortified with Vitamin E, Processed by Spray Drying and Freeze Drying}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {682-686}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {682}, abstract = {

Background: Tender coconut water contains antioxidants vitamin C, amino acids, L-arginine, polyphenols, selenium, and minerals that prevent oxidative stress, anemia, and inflammation. It also lowers lipid profiles, increases enzyme antioxidant status, and controls lipid peroxidation. Previous investigations have shown that tender coconut water provides health benefits but is difficult to store. This is due to its short shelf life, which can be extended by drying to obtain a dry or powdered form. A special drying method to acquire dry materials and maintain the characteristics of the raw materials is spray or freeze drying. Objective: This study aims to develop tender coconut water into a powder fortified with vitamin E and to differentiate the active compound content of the powder processed by spray and freeze drying. Method: This study used a randomized block design and the sample used was green tender coconut water (Viridis variety) aged about 5-7 months from the Bogor area. The procedures include the purchase of tender coconut water, followed by spray and freeze drying, while the content of active compounds that are beneficial to health was also analyzed. Drying was carried out at the Seafast Center Laboratory of Research and Community Service Institute, Bogor Agricultural Institute (IPB), while the active compound content was analyzed at the Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory, Gadjah Mada University (UGM), Yogyakarta. Result: The active compounds analyzed from powder made from tender coconut water fortified with vitamin E were vitamin C, phenol, L-Arginine, L-Histidine, L-Lycine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Isoleucine, L-Leucine, L-Valine, and minerals consisting of Cu (Copper), Fe (Iron), Mg (Magnesium), Zn (Zinc), Na (Sodium), K (Potassium), and P (Phosphor). Conclusion: There are differences in the content of active compounds in tender coconut water powder fortified with vitamin E between freeze and spray-drying methods.

}, keywords = {Freeze drying., Spray drying, Tender coconut water}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.154}, author = {Siti Thomas Zulaikhah and Ratnawati Ratnawati and Atina Hussaana and Tjahja Muhandri} } @article {1933, title = {Correlation Between the Suitability of Empirical and Definitive Therapies According to Culture Results with the Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Bacteremia Due to Carbapenem- Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) at Dr. Soetomo Tertiary Referral Hosp}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {942-947}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {942}, abstract = {

Carbapenem administration is an important therapy for nosocomial infections due to MDRO, especially Acinetobacter baumannii. The global increase in carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) that causes this pathogen has significantly threatened public health due to the lack of adequate treatment options due to the very few currently available antimicrobial agents that actively fight CRAB. Antimicrobial resistance is a major negative impact of inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing. Ineffective empiric treatment (initial antibiotic regimen not sensitive to identified pathogens based on in vitro sensitivity test results) is associated with a higher rate of deaths compared to effective empiric treatment. In this study, we analyzed the correlation between the suitability of empiric and definitive antibiotics and the clinical outcomes of patients with bacteremia due to CRAB treated in the inpatient ward of Dr. Soetomo Tertiary Referral Hospital, Surabaya. There were 227 isolates of bacteremia due to CRAB, consisting of 156 carbapenem-resistant A. baumanni and 71 carbapenem-sensitive A. baumannii. There were 88 isolates that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and all of them were resistant to ceftriaxone, cefepime, and ciprofloxacin. A total of 29.5\% of the isolates were sensitive to cotrimoxazole, 3.4\% of the isolates were sensitive to tigecycline, and 2.3\% of the isolates were sensitive to amikacin, levofloxacin, and cefoperazone sulbactam. Adequate empirical antibiotics and definitive antibiotics (sensitive based on culture sensitivity test) amounted to 12.5\% and 27.3\%, respectively. There is no significant correlation between the suitability of empiric and definitive therapies with the patients{\textquoteright} clinical outcomes (death and length of stay).

}, keywords = {Acinetobacter baumannii, Bacteremia, Carbapenem-resistant, Clinical outcomes., Definitive antibiotics, Empirical antibiotics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.194}, author = {Nafdzu Makhmudatul Muna and Ni Made Mertaniasih and Pepy Dwi Endraswari} } @article {1913, title = {Correlation of the Presence of Non Structural-1 (NS1) Antigen Dengue Virus with Severity of Dengue Infection}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {813-816}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {813}, abstract = {

Dengue is a major public health threat worldwide, affecting approximately 3 billion people. More than 100 countries in the world located in tropical and subtropical areas, there are at least 100 to 400 million people infected with the dengue virus which causes dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Soluble Non Structural Protein (sNS1) DENV is a soluble NS1 protein that is secreted and found in the serum of patients during acute infection. Because of its presence early in infection, sNS1 is used as a diagnostic indicator of acute dengue infection. NS1 can directly activate platelets through TLR4 and can further increase platelet aggregation, endothelial cell adhesion, and phagocytosis by macrophages that can cause thrombocytopenia so that high sNS1 levels are associated with disease severity. From the results of the study showed p \<0.05. This indicates that there is a correlation between the presence of NS1 and the severity of dengue infection.

}, keywords = {Dengue virus, NS1 antigen, Thrombocytopenia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.172}, author = {Ichwan Baihaki and Beti Ernawati Dewi and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Devi Purnamasari and Nunuk Hariani Soekamto and ANM Ansori and Kuswati and Riso Sari Mandeli and Kawther Ameen Muhammed Saeed Aledresi and Nur Farhana Mohd Yusof and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and Pavel Burkov and Marina Derkho and Pavel Scherbakov and Rahadian Zainul and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Asmi Citra Malina AR Tasakka and Tengku Siti Hajar Haryuna} } @article {1731, title = {Correlation Pattern of oxLDL, cortisol, hsCRP, and Adiponectin Levels in Atherosclerosis Risk Population-Based on Framingham Risk Score}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {14-20}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {14}, abstract = {

Background: The central pathology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is atherosclerosis. Therefore, it is necessary to examine proteins involved in the and CVD disease mechanism to predict the occurrence of cardiovascular disease due to atherosclerosis. Purpose: This study analysed the correlation pattern of hsCRP, oxLDL, cortisol, and adiponectin levels in atherosclerotic risk population based on the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) to determine the risk of atherosclerosis. Methods Participants were selected using the purposive sampling method,158 participants classes were fired into three risk groups according to FRS. Blood samples were collected, a hsCRP, oxLDL, cortisol, and adiponectin levels were measured using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results and Discussion: Using the inner model test result, four significant direct relationships are formed, indicated by p-value\< 0.000. It was FRS to oxLDL, cortisol adiponectin, cortisol to oxLDL, and oxLDL to adiponectin. Based on the indirect effect analysis, it is known that the indirect effect of FRS on Adiponectin through the increase in hs-CRP levels (0.211), FRS on Adiponectin increases in OxLDL levels is significant (-0.224). The coefficient of the effect of the FRS on Adiponectin levels through an increase in OxLDL levels is negative, and also FRS on Adiponectin. The indirect effect of FRS on Adiponectin is that the indirect effect and is not significant (4.083) through the increase in cortisol levels. Conclusion: All variables used in this study are correlated with each other. FRS with hsCRP and adiponectin form a relationship that directly affects each other. Meanwhile, FRS affect adiponectin through OxLDL and cortisol.

Key words: Adiponectin, Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular disease, Framingham Risk Factor, hsCRP.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.3}, author = {Kumboyono Kumboyono and Indah Nur Chomsy and Fitria Nugraha Aini and Titin Andri Wihastuti} } @article {1777, title = {Cytotoxic Effects of Kirinyuh Herb (Austroeupatorium inulaefolium (Kunth) R. d. King \& H. Robinson) Extracts and Fractions on BSLT, MCF-7 Cells and T-47D Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {374-378}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {374}, abstract = {

Breast Cancer is the second-highest prevalence of cancer disease in Indonesia, with the number of new cases and deaths continues to increase. Kirinyuh or Austroeupatorium inulaefolium (Kunth) R. D. King \& H. Robinson is a shrub plant, which are widely grown in Indonesia. Traditionally, it is used for woundhealing and information about anticancer potential of A. inulaefolium is still very limited. This study aims to assess the potential of cytotoxic activity of A. inulaefolium on MCF-7 and T-47D breast cancer cells. Tests that carried out in this study were phytochemicals screening, Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) and Cytotoxicity assay. The phytochemicals screening showed that EA (leaves extracts levels 1-3), EB (leaves extracts levels 4-6) and EC (stalk extracts) contained tannin, steroids/triterpenoids, flavonoids and phenols. The BSLT results showed that the EB has the smallest LC50 value of 12.86 μg/mL. MTT assay results showed the smallest IC50 value of the extract and the fraction on MCF-7 cells were EA 204.96 μg/ mL and FEA 205.43 μg/mL and T-47D cells were EB 217.03 μg/mL and FEA 192.36 μg/mL. The conclusion of toxicity and cytotoxicity of the herb (leaves and stalks) ethanol 96\% extracts of A. inulaefolium had a very toxic effect on BSLT however had less potential cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells and T-47D cells.

}, keywords = {BSLT, Cytotoxicity, Kirinyuh (Austroeupatorium inulaefolium (Kunth) R. D. King \& H. Robinson), MCF-7, T-47D}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.48}, author = {Riskianto and Andreanus Andaja Soemardji and Marselina Irasonia Tan} } @article {1827, title = {Description of Acute Toxicity of Ketepeng Root Extract (Senna alata (L.) Roxb.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {393-401}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {393}, abstract = {

Introduction: People in Indonesia, especially in the West Kalimantan region often use the root of ketepeng as a medicine to treat jaundice, but they lack knowledge regarding the appropriate dosage. Therefore, this study aims to determine the acute toxicity of ketepeng root extract. Methods: The sample population consists of 8 male mice, which were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups, namely P1, P2, P3, and P4 with dosages of 0.56 mg, 5.6 mg, 56 mg, and 560 mg/20 g body weight, respectively. The extract was administered once, after which the samples were observed for 24 hours to record the number of deaths. Follow-up observations were then carried out for 3 days on the mice that survived the test. Results: The results showed that within 24 hours of administration, the samples in P1 were alive, while all animals in the other groups died. Furthermore, the follow-up observations on animals that survived showed that they were in good condition with no toxic symptoms, such as balance disorders, refusal to eat, and lack of physical activity. Conclusion: Based on the results, the administration of 0.56 mg/20 g body weight of the extract was relatively safe, while higher doses can cause death. However, further testing must be carried out to complete the toxicity information as well as to determine the exact dosage range to avoid mortality during the treatment.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Fabaceae, Roots of Senna alata (L.) Roxb}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.113}, author = {Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan and Titin and Yohanes Gatot Sutapa Yuliana} } @article {1772, title = {Determination Antioxidant Activity of Coffea Arabica, Coffea Canephora, Coffea Liberica and Sunscreens Cream Formulation for Sun Protection Factor (SPF)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {335-342}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {335}, abstract = {

Coffee is a highly consumed and popular beverage consumed in many countries. Its ingredients have a powerful antioxidant capacity and have the potential as sunscreen to protect the skin. This study aimed to examine the antioxidant activity of Arabica, robusta and liberica coffee extracts and the SPF activity of the coffee extract cream formulation. Coffee were macerated with three types of solvents with polarity gradients. The fraction of each coffee was analyzed for antioxidant activity using DPPH and formulated into the cream. Furthermore, the cream was analyzed for its SPF activity. The results of this study indicated that the methanol fraction of Robusta and Arabica coffee has the best antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 8.98 (ppm) and 13.13, respectively. Meanwhile, Liberica coffee has the best antioxidant in the ethyl acetate fraction, IC50 = 10.90 (ppm). In addition, the best SPF values for Robusta, Liberica and Arabica coffees were found in F3 cream with the category of Very Good Protection; 36.087 {\textpm} 0.0005; 35.007 {\textpm} 0.0005; 36,867 {\textpm} 0.0005 respectively.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Coffee, Cream, SPF}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.43}, author = {Madyawati Latief and Muhaimin and Heriyanti and Indra Lasmana Tarigan and Sutrisno} } @article {1737, title = {Determination of Phytochemical Constituent, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenol and Total Flavonoid of Extract Ethanol Phyllanthus emblica Fruit}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {63-67}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {63}, abstract = {

Introduction: Phyllanthus emblica (PE) is a plant that grows widely in Indonesia, particularly on Sumatra island. In India, it is known as Indian gooseberry and is frequently used in ayurvedic medicine. PE fruit is well-known for its high antioxidant activity and a variety of pharmacological properties. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, total phenol, and total flavonoid concentrations. Methods: The fruits were harvested in the Indonesian town of Padang Sidimpuan. Up to 700 g of dry PE fruit powder was dissolved in 96 percent ethanol and macerated for seven days, with periodic steering daily. The solution was then filtered using Whatman paper no 1, and the filtered result was evaporated under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator until a crude extract/ethanol extract of PE (EEPE) was obtained, and the phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity, total phenol, and flavonoid were analysed. Results: The result shows that EEPE contains some flavonoids such as quercetine, betaine, Trigonelline, Myricitrin, Myricetin, Leucine, and Kaempferol. EEPE as an antioxidant of 7.626 {\textpm} 0.41 μg/dL. It shows that the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of Phyllanthus emblica is strong ethanol extract of Phyllanthus emblica contains Total Flavonoid was 5.816 {\textpm} 2.81(mg QE/g extract) and total phenol was 274.590 {\textpm} 13.61(mg GAE/g extract). Conclusions: In summary, extract ethanol of Pyllanthus emblica contains flavonoid and have antioxidant activity and high total phenol and flavonoid levels.

Key words: Antioxidant, Total flavonoid, Total phenol, Phyllanthus emblica..

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.9}, author = {B Halim and RA Syahputra and I Adenin and HP Lubis and F Mendrofa and S Lie and SE Nugraha} } @article {1943, title = {DFT and Pharmacokinetic Study of Some Heterocyclic Aspirin Derivatives as The Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors: An In-Silico Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {1005-1021}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {1005}, abstract = {

Ibuprofen and aspirin are frequently used to relieve inflammation, pain, and fever. These are the two most significant non-steroidal and anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). They prevent the development of prostaglandin by blockampounds have been assessed by ibuprofen as well as quantum mechanical computations. Density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP/6-31G+ basis function has been used to elucidate the thermo-chemical, molecular orbital, and optimum geometrical aspects in the gas phase. Using molecular docking and non-bonding interactions, the binding affinities and behaviors of some heterocyclic aspirin analogs have been studied on human cyclooxygenase (COX-1 as well as COX-2) proteins (6Y3C and 5F19). The chemical stability of all structures is supported by geometry and thermo-chemical findings. In contrast to aspirin and ibuprofen, almost all tested analogs exhibited a substantial binding score to the receptor protein (5F19). The ADMET prediction revealed the enhanced pharmacokinetic properties of some derivatives with less acute oral toxicity. Overall, eight heterocyclic aspirin analogues 2-9 were shown to be more effective in inhibiting Cyclooxygenase-2 (5F19) than Cyclooxygenase-1 (6Y3C), indicating that they may be effective as COX-2-related inflammation therapeutic candidates.

}, keywords = {ADMET., Aspirin, DFT, Heterocyclic compound, Molecular docking}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.204}, author = {Emranul Kabir and M. R. O. Khan Noyon and Md. Amjad Hossain and Pranta Acharjee} } @article {1925, title = {Differences in interleukin-6 and interleukin-17 expression in covid-19 post-mortem lung tissue biopsy compared with noncovid- 19}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {887-892}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {887}, abstract = {

Background: COVID-19 has spread rapidly around the world. It is necessary to study lung tissue of postmortem COVID19 patients to determine the molecular alteration particularly the role of IL-6 and IL-17 in causing fatality. Objective: This study aims to determine the differences in the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in lung tissue of post-mortem COVID-19 patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients. This study also aimed to analyze the correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in lung tissue of post-mortem COVID-19 patients. Methods: This research is an observational analytic study with crosssectional approach. The samples were 15 paraffin blocks of post-mortem lung tissue biopsy of COVID-19 patients, and 15 paraffin blocks of inflammatory lung tissue biopsy or surgery of non-COVID-19 patients. IL-6 and IL-17 expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemical procedure. Result: There was a significant difference in the expression of IL-6 in the COVID-19 group and the non-COVID-19 group with a p-value = 0.001 (p \< 0.05). There was a significant difference in the expression of IL-17 in the COVID-19 group and the non-COVID-19 group with p-value = 0.001 (p \< 0.05). There was a significant correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in the COVID-19 group, with the Spearman coefficient value (rs) of 0.548 with p = 0.034 (p \< 0.05). Conclusion: There are differences in the expression of IL-6 and IL-17 between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 lung tissue. There is a significant correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in post-mortem lung tissue of COVID-19 patients.

}, keywords = {Biopsy, COVID-19, IL-17, IL-6, Post mortem lung tissue.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.184}, author = {Etty Hary Kusumastuti and Priangga Adi Wiratama and Grace Ariani and Stephanie Natasha Djuanda and Alphania Rahniayu and Nila Kurniasari and Dyah Fauziah and Anny Setijo Rahaju and Isnin Anang Marhana and Alfian Nur Rosyid and Dwi Wahyu and Gilang Muhammad Setyo Nugroho and Adhitri Anggoro and I Komang Rusgi Yandi and Bambang Pujo Semedi and Jilientasia Godrace Lilihata and Ummi Maimunah and Supriadi and Achmad Lefi and Lalu Galih Pratama Rinjani and Edi Suyanto and Ricardo Ardian Nugraha} } @article {1746, title = {Does Soybean (Glycine max) Supplementation Increase Oocyte Viability, Decrease Oocyte Apoptosis and Improve Embryo Development Quality? An Experimental Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {133-140}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {133}, abstract = {

Introduction: One of the important factors in Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) is embryo quality that depends on oocyte quality. Maternal nutrition in form of soybean supplementation is thought to have benefits in oocyte quality. To determine the effect soybean supplementation to the embryo quality from oocyte side. Methods: This experimental study involved female mice from Swiss strain aged 6 weeks that were divided into two groups, group with soybean (soybean group/SG) and group without soybeans (pellet group/PG). Follicles were collected and denuded to get oocytes. The oocytes were stained with MitoTracker for assessing the mitochondrial membrane potential and TUNEL for assessing the apoptotic level. Colour intensity was assessed using a confocal microscope and determined using ImageJ software. Sperms were extracted surgically from the epididymis-vas deferens and performed preparation prior to intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) procedure. Then, the embryos were cultured and observed for the quality. Result: In TUNEL test, the average colour intensity of the SG was lower compared to the PG, significantly (p=0.03). While in the Mito Tracker test, the average colour intensity for the SG was higher compared to PG, not significantly (p=1.08). In addition, the embryo development on Day-1 and Day-3 showed more good embryo quality of SG compared to PG, significantly (p=0.03). Conclusion: Soybean supplementation improved embryo quality at the cleavage stage by decreasing apoptosis of the oocytes rather than increasing the viability the oocytes.

Key words: Oocyte, Soybean, Apoptosis, Embryo development, Embryo quality.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.18}, author = {Silvia W Lestari and Khairunnisa F Ilato and M. Iqbal A Pratama and Husna Qonitah and Gito Wasian and Amandanu Bramantya and Firda A Husna and Ria Margiana and Gita Pratama} } @article {1770, title = {The Effect of Antioxidant activity, Total Phenols and Total Flavonoids on Arginase Inhibitory Activity on Plants of Genus Sterculia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {322-328}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {322}, abstract = {

Background: The genus of Sterculia has the main compound of phenol and flavonoids. The secondary metabolites which have an arginase inhibitory activities were phenol and flavonoids. The aim of this study was to investigate the arginase inhibitory activity from genus Sterculia. The Plant of Sterculia: Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. ex Miq., Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb., Sterculia parkinsonii F. Muell, Sterculia macrophylla Vent, Sterculia Stipulata Korth. The simplisia were leaves and woods. Materials and Methods: The simplisia were extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The ethyl acetate and methanol extract determined the arginase inhibition activity. The active extracts as an arginase inhibitory, determined the total flavonoids, total phenols and antioxidant activity, and the chemical content. Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb., Sterculia macrophylla Vent, Sterculia Stipulata Korth., have arginase inhibitory activity. Results: The ethyl acetate extracts of Sterculia Stipulata leaves is an active extract. The methanol extract which have an arginase inhibitor activity were Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb. wood and leaves, Sterculia macrophylla Vent., wood and leaves, Sterculia stipulata Korth., wood, and leaves. The methanol extract of Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb. Woods has the highest content of total phenols, antioxidant activity, and arginase inhibitory activity. The methanol extract of Sterculia macrophylla Vent. has the highest content of total flavonoids, but this extract as an arginase inhibitory activity more lower than Sterculia comosa. The active extract as an arginase activity was methanol extract of Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb. Conclusion: The total phenols were more contributed for the response of the arginase inhibitory activity much more than antioxidant activity and total flavonoids.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Arginase, Enzyme, Flavonoids, Phenols, Sterculia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.41}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Ema Dewanti and Rani Sauriasari} } @article {1898, title = {Effect of Bajakah Tea Extract (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) on High Density Lipoprotein, Triglyceride and Total Cholesterol Levels in Male Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {687-691}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {687}, abstract = {

Hyperlipidemia is the high concentrations of low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, and triglycerides in the blood. Furthermore, hyperlipidemia has a risk factor for cardiovascular complications through atherosclerosis that triggers coronary heart disease (CHD). Spatholobus littoralis Hassk known as Bajakah tea is a plant with high antioxidant content and acts as an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor to suppress lipid metabolism disorders, increase HDL levels, and reduce triglycerides and total cholesterol. Experimental and posttest control group design methods were used to obtain 24 male Wistar rats. Furthermore, the experimental animals were randomly divided into 4 groups, namely K1 (normal rats), K2 (hyperlipidemia rats), K3 (hyperlipidemic rats + pirated tea extract dose 9 mg/200gramBW/day), and K4 (hyperlipidemic rats + simvastatin dose 0.18 mg/200 gBW/day). The study was conducted at the Center for Food and Nutrition Studies Laboratory, Gajah Mada University, Yogyakarta. Data levels of HDL, triglycerides, and total cholesterol were analyzed using the One Way Anova test and LSD post hoc to determine between groups. The results showed that an increase in triglyceride and total cholesterol and a decrease in HDL levels in the K2 group compared to the K1. Triglyceride and total cholesterol decreased in groups K3 and K4 compared to K2, and HDL levels increased in groups K3 and K4 compared to K2. Meanwhile, the results of the analysis obtained p value \<0.05. This study concluded that the administration of Bajakah tea extract at a dose of 9 mg/200gram BW/day for 14 days increase HDL, reduce triglyceride and total cholesterol levels (p\<0,05).

}, keywords = {HDL levels, Hyperlipidemia, Pirated tea extract, Total cholesterol., Triglycerides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.155}, author = {Sampurna and Andin Putri Aulia and Eka Puji Liashari and Happy Hapsari and Syafrie Sahrul Gibran and Siti Thomas Zulaikhah} } @article {1875, title = {Effect of Crataegus aronia on the Biochemical Parameters in Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {587-595}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {587}, abstract = {

Crataegus aronia is widely known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic properties, and it has traditionally been used to treat cardiovascular disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Crataegus aronia extract on the liver enzyme markers, blood glucose levels, lipid profiles, and kidney function biomarkers as well as hematological parameters in induced diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups: normal Control; Diabetic; and Diabetic animals treated with two doses of Crataegus aronia extract (5 and 10mg/kg) (DM + extract), Control treated with the extract ( 5 and 10mg/ kg) and induced diabetic treated with insulin. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (50 mg/kg, ip)and normal were orally administrated with Crataegus aronia extract once a day for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the biochemical and hematological parameters were measured in all groups. Also, the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of the Crataegus aronia extract were evaluated. According to findings, the total phenols, total flavonoid, and flavonol contents were 538.3 mg Galic acid equivalent /g extract, 149.3 mg Rutin equivalent / g extract, and 79.3 mg Rutin equivalent / g extract), respectively. The antioxidant activity according to 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) IC50 and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were 28.02 μg/ml and in the range of 0.273 {\textendash} 0.960 μmol Fe+2/g dw, respectively. Crataegus aronia extract significantly (p \<0.05) affects red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cells, lymphocytes, and platelets values. Also, Crataegus aronia had a significant (P \< 0.05) effect on serum biochemical parameters, including glucose, total proteins, albumins, triglycerides, creatinine, bilirubin, and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST). However, Crataegus aronia treatment had no significant effects (p \< 0.05) on serum alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and cholesterol levels. Crataegus aronia exerts antioxidant activity and significantly improves the biochemical and hematological biomarkers in induced diabetic rats.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Biochemical parameters, Crataegus aronia, Diabetes mellitus, Insulin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.140}, author = {Omar Khaled Al-Mobideen and Ali Abdallah Alqudah and Ahmed Al-Mustafa and Fuad Alhawarat and Hussam Mizher} } @article {1755, title = {The Effect of Curcumin and Virgin Coconut Oil Towards Cytokines Levels in COVID-19 Patients at Universitas Sebelas Maret Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {216-225}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {216}, abstract = {

Introduction: To date, no specific therapeutic drug has been approved to target SARS-CoV-2. Hence, it remains a major challenge to decide what potential therapeutic regimens to treat COVID-19 patients. This study aims to investigate curcumin and virgin coconut oil (VCO) effects on cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α, and IFN-β) in COVID-19 patients. Methods: This study was a single-center, controlled trial with a parallel Arm or a Randomized Clinical trial design. A total of sixty COVID-19 patients admitted to the Universitas Sebelas Maret Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia, were divided into two groups. The first group, consisting of 30 patients, was treated with Azithromycin 500 mg + Oseltamivir 2{\texttimes}75 mg + Hydroxychloroquine 400 mg/day for 5 days. The second group, comprising 30 patients, was treated with Azithromycin 500 mg + Oseltamivir 2{\texttimes}75 mg + Hydroxychloroquine 400 mg/day for 5 days, added with VCO 30 mL and curcumin 3{\texttimes}1 g/day for 21 days. The cytokine profiles of the serum samples were analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on days 1, 14, and 21. Results: Our study showed that the second group had a significant reduction in IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-β levels after being treated with standard therapy added with curcumin and VCO on day 21 (p\<0.05). Conclusion: These results suggested that curcumin and VCO might benefit the treatment of COVID-19 patients.

Key words: COVID-19, Curcumin, Cytokines, Virgin coconut oil.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.27}, author = {Hartono and B Suryawati and Y Sari and A Avicena and Maryani and C Sukmagautama and H Apriningsih and L Shofiyah and RGH Novika and NJ Wahidah and NY Rahmawati and ANM Ansori and L Sumarno} } @article {1831, title = {The Effect of Omega-3 Rich Fish Oil on the Kidney Changes in Mice Induced by Azoxymethane and Dextran Sodium Sulfate}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {259-266}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {259}, abstract = {

Background: The study aimed to investigate the effect of omega-3 rich fish oil to kidney of mice induced by Azoxymethane (AOM) and DSS using histopathology parameters. Method: The experimental mice were induced using 10 mg/kg AOM and 2\% DSS for 2 weeks randomly allocated randomly into four groups as follows; Control Group: mice that not received fish oil, Low Dose Group: mice that received 1.5 mg/day fish oil, Medium Dose Group: mice that received 3 mg/day fish oil, and High Dose Group: mice that received 6 mg/day fish oil. The omega-3 rich fish oil was given for 12 weeks. Result: The administration of high dose omega-3 rich fish oil was able to reduced necrosis and inflammation foci compared to the control group (p\<0.05). Furthermore, the administration of low, medium, and high dose omega-3 rich fish oil was able to significantly reduced vascular edema and cell degeneration foci (p\<0.05). The administration of medium and high dose of omega-3 rich fish oil were able to reduce the amount of fibrosis foci compared to the control group (p\<0.05) compared to the control group. Conclusion: The result suggested anti-nephrotoxic effect of omega-3 rich fish oil in mice induced by azoxymethane and DSS.

}, keywords = {Azoxymethane, Dextran sodium sulfate, Fish oil, Histopathology, Kidney, Mice, Omega-3}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.94}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Paulus Anthony Halim and Wachid Putranto and Aryo Tedjo} } @article {1927, title = {Effect of Pomegranate Extract On N-Terminal Pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide and Asymmetric Dimetylarginine Levels in Children with Pulmonary Artery Hypertension in Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {898-904}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {898}, abstract = {

Background: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is one of the complications due to acyanotic congenital heart disease. New treatment approach using natural ingredients from plants has been demonstrated in vitro to prevent and improve vascular remodeling in PAH. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of pomegranate extract on N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT pro BNP) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels in children with PAH in acyanotic CHD. Method: This study is a double-blind, quasi-experimental text with pre-test, post-test, and control group approach to children aged one month to 10 years old in Outpatient Department of Pediatric Cardiology Department/Pediatrics Department RSUD Dr. Soetomo in the period of February-October 2022, alongside met the inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney test with 95\% CI. Result: The study cohort included 15 subjects in the placebo group and 15 subjects in pomegranate extract group. The study was predominantly female (53,3\%) with a mean age of each group, i.e., placebo group was 49 months, and pomegranate extract group was 58 months. The mean level of NT pro-BNP in the pomegranate extract group was 29.31 {\textpm} 33.55 ng/L (p= 0.008) and its mean ADMA level was 5619 {\textpm} 6166 ng/L (p= 0.173). As for the difference of NT pro-BNP and ADMA level changes after the intervention did not show a significant difference (p-0,330; p=0,885, respectively). Conclusion: No significant effect towards NT pro- BNP and ADMA levels found with giving pomegranate extract to children with PAH due to acyanotic CHD.

}, keywords = {Asymmetric dimetylarginine, Congenital heart disease, Pulmonary artery hypertension, Punica Granatum., Terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.186}, author = {Sari Yunita Sukmawati Noer and Mahrus A Rahman and Budi Utomo} } @article {1793, title = {The Effect of Pomegranate Peel Ethanol Extract to TNF-α Expression of Mice Colonic Epithelial Cells Induced Using Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {480-488}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {480}, abstract = {

Introduction: The conventional drugs for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have many side effects that impact patient{\textquoteright}s quality of life, leading to the emergence of alternative therapies such as pomegranate peel ethanol extract (PPE). This study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of PPE by observing TNF-α expression in mice induced chronic inflammation of the colon using dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Methods: 28 Swiss Webster mice samples were taken and divided into five groups, the control group (6 mice), the negative control group (5 mice), the group that was given DSS and aspirin (6 mice), the group was given DSS and a high dose of PPE (5 mice), and the group was given DSS and a low dose of PPE (6 mice). In mice, distal colonic tissue was taken and then stained immunohistochemically against TNF-α and observed with light microscopy at 400x magnification, and TNF-α expression was assessed using the H-Score. Results: TNF-α expression was significantly lower in the group given a high dose of PPE than the negative control group (p \<0.05), with mean rank scores of 3.00 and 8.00. There was no significant difference between the group given PPE with a high dose and aspirin (p\> 0.05). Conclusion: TNF-α expression in colonic epithelial cells of mice given DSS decreased upon treatment of a high dose of PPE, indicating a mechanism of decreasing inflammation. PPE also has the same effect as aspirin in reducing inflammation.

}, keywords = {Colonic epithelial cells, Dextran sodium sulfate, Mice., Pomegranate peel ethanol extract, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.61}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Raja Yasmin Khalilah and E Zuraidah and Ari Estuningtyas and Aryo Tedjo} } @article {1830, title = {Effect of Seahorse Extract (Hippocampus comes L.) on Caspase-3 and TUNEL assay in Rats After Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Induction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {253-258}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {253}, abstract = {

Seahorse (Hippocampus spp) is marine fish and have pharmacological activity, such as an antiinflammatory, antioxidative, antifatigue and improve the fertility. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is a contraception drug for male and affect the endocrine system by inhibiting pituitary gonadotropin with reduce testosterone levels in 12 weeks. There are limited studies reported the effects seahorse extract (SE) on Caspase-3 and TUNEL assay in rats induced by DMPA. Thirty Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats that were induced by 1.25mg/kgbw DMPA in 0 and 12 weeks. The animals were randomly into five groups, following: aquadest (G1), CMC 1\% (G2), SE dose of 150 mg/kgbw (G3), SE dose of 225 mg/kgbw (G4), SE dose of 300 mg/kgbw (G5). The rats were gavage every day from seven until week eighteen. On the last week, we taken the right and left testis to observed the apoptotic on Caspase-3 and TUNEL assay. Apoptotic marker was observed through immunohistochemistry from testicular tissue and analysed with plugin ImageJ IHC profiler, which is H-score as the results. Data were analysed using One-Way ANOVA and Bonferroni{\textquoteright}s post hoc tests. The SE decrease the Caspase-3 and TUNEL assay expression in rats induced by DMPA until eighteen weeks, with dose 150 mg/kgbw given the significant difference with p=0.028; \<0.05 and p=0.000; \<0.01. These results suggest that SE decreased germ cells apoptotic in DMPA induced rats.

}, keywords = {Apoptotic, Caspase-3, DMPA, Seahorse, TUNEL assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.93}, author = {Trisnawati Mundijo and Yurnadi Hanafi Midoen and Franciscus D. Suyatna and Agung Eru Wibowo and Kusmardi Kusmardi} } @article {1885, title = {Effect of Vitamin C and E Supplementation and Combination of Both in Egg Yolk Tris Diluter on the Quality of Sapera Goat Spermatozoa in the 5 {\textdegree}C Cooling Process}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {661-665}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {661}, abstract = {

This study was aimed to determine the effect of vitamin C, E supplementation and both combination in the egg yolk tris diluent on the quality of Sapera goat spermatozoa in 5oC cooling process. The samples were fresh semen collected from Sapera goat. It was divided into four different treatment groups. The control treatment or P0 contained semen sample + egg yolk tris diluent, P1 contained semen sample + egg yolk tris diluent + vitamin C 0,9 mg/ml, P2 contained semen sample + egg yolk tris diluent + vitamin E 1 mg/ml, P3 contained semen sample + egg yolk tris diluent + vitamin C 0,9 mg/ml + vitamin E 1 mg/ ml. The least decrease of spermatozoa motility, viability and membrane integrity was found in P3, which was significantly different to P0 (p\<0,05). However, P1 and P2 did not show significant difference in the results of motility and viability evaluation (p\>0,05). It can be concluded that the combination of vitamin C and E supplementation can be an optimal antioxidants supplement in egg yolk tris diluent on the quality of Sapera goat spermatozoa in 5oC cooling process.

}, keywords = {5oC Cooling Process, Quality of Spermatozoa, Sapera Goat, Vitamin C, Vitamin E}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.150}, author = {Amung Logam Saputro and Uliy Ba{\textquoteright}sin Syadid and Rimayanti and Suherni Susilowati and Ragil Angga Prastiya and Bodhi Agustono and Fauzan Mumtazi and Marifatunnisa{\textquoteright}romadhona and Anastasya and Muhammad Riesta Farhan} } @article {1796, title = {Effective Enzyme-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Diversified Thai Rice and Native Thai Bees (Cavity Nesting Honey Bees) and their Potential for Production of Protease Enzymes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {506-517}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {506}, abstract = {

Background: Thailand is one of the most bio-diversified countries in Southeast Asia, especially regarding plants, animals and microbes that impact directly on human and animal life. Methods: Of the 201 bacterial isolates that were screened from Thai rice and bees in Ratchaburi and Chiang Mai provinces, Thailand, most were classified in the genus Bacillus. Result: From the morphological test and 16S ribosomal DNA sequence study, three strains, Bacillus flexus KRptI_S2, Microbacterium paraoxydans C13HN2 and Paenibacillus hunanensis KRrb_T2, could produce amylase and protease enzyme and non-hemolytic activity at higher temperature. The highest enzymatic activity of protease was produced by P. hunanensis KRrb_T2 (378.9967{\textpm}1.335 U.mL-1) at 36 h. Conclusion: In summary, the bacteria from Thai rice and bees could be potential suitable sources of protease production for development by the food and beverage industries globally.

}, keywords = {Bacteria, Bees, Biodiversity, Protease Enzyme, Rice.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.64}, author = {Thapakorn Chumphon and Yaowanoot Promnuan and Sujinan Meelai and Saran Promsai} } @article {1901, title = {Effects of Acalypha indica L. Extract on Inflammatory Response in The Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: An Overview of TLR9, NFκB and TNFα Expression in Hepatocytes and Macrophages of Sprague-Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {710-719}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {710}, abstract = {

Background: Complications of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) include 67\% of the criteria for metabolic syndrome. Acalypha indica L., (AI) which is one of a herbal plant had been known as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The effect of AI for therapy investigated by looking of the immune defense mechanisms. This researched was assessed by molecular docking approached on TLR9, NFκB, TNFα expression and liver morphological changes. Methods: Animal models of steatohepatitis were collected from high-fructose and cholesterol diet (HFCD) of Sprague-Dawley rats for 12 weeks and followed by therapy for 8 weeks. There were 5 groups from twenty five researched rats, include normal group (K1), HFCD group (K2), HFCD group supplemented with 400 mg Acalypha indica L. (K3), combination between 400 mg AI+Gemfibrozil (Gem) 31 mg (K4) and Gem 31 mg/kg (K5) in kgBW, respectively. Results: The results of molecular docking were carried out by assessing the interaction between hydrogen molecules of AI compounds and amino acid residues in TLR9, NFκB, TNFα. Morphological changes were assessed by scoring system. Statistical analyzed used Kruskall Wallis with post hoc Mann Whitney test continued by Spearman correlation test. Conclusion: The molecular docking analysis showed that, an alkaloid compounds were found besides the flavonoid compounds that can bind to the binding pocket of inflammatory markers with the best binding energies. Other compounds, there are dasycarpidan-1- methanol, acetate (ester), fenofibrate and quinine. Supplementation of AI would reduced hypertrophy (p=0.031), macrovesicular steatosis (p=0.018), inflammation foci (p=0.005) and also decreased of TLR9 (p=0.009), NFκB (p=0.009), TNFα (p=0.009) expression, but not as good as the combination of AI+Gem.

}, keywords = {Acalypha indica L., NAFLD, NFκB, TLR9, TNFα}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.158}, author = {Novianti Supriatna and Nurjati Chairani Siregar and Erni Hernawati Purwaningsih and Linda Erlina} } @article {1834, title = {Effects of Golden Sea Cucumber Extract (Stichopus hermanni) on Hyphae, Neutrophils and TNF-α in BALB/c Mice Inoculated with C. albicans Intravaginally}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {278-285}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {278}, abstract = {

Introduction: Candidal vaginitis is an inflammatory disease that caused mainly by Candida albicans. Yeast transitions to filamentous hyphae considered the most important virulence factor. Neutrophils are the first line of defense of the immune system, but in patients with Candidal vaginitis the recruitment of neutrophils into the vaginal lumen is positively correlated with symptoms of the disease. This is supported by the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α. Standard treatment is considered less effective in relieving symptoms, so other alternative/adjunctive treatments are needed. Golden sea cucumber (Stichopus hermanni) extract has been widely studied, especially for anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory. This study aims to analyze the mechanism of decreasing number of hyphae and neutrophils, and proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α in BALB/c mice inoculated intravaginally with C. albicans after administration of golden sea cucumber extract (S. hermanni). Methods: Experimental research uses a post-test only control group design. The experimental unit consisted of 36 BALB/c mice that were inoculated intravaginally with C. albicans and divided into 4 groups, group that did not receive treatment (K-), group that received standard treatment fluconazole (K+), group that received treatment with golden sea cucumber extract (S. hermanni) (P1) and group that received standard treatment with fluconazole plus extract of golden sea cucumber (S. hermanni) (P2). The hyphae and neutrophils number were seen microscopically on vaginal mucosal tissue. Cytokine levels of TNF-α were seen from the ELISA blood samples. Results: Results showed from the vaginal mucosal tissue of mice, there was significant difference in the number of hyphae (p = 0.001) between groups and no significant difference in the number of neutrophils (p = 0.070) between groups. From the blood serum of mice, there were significant differences in TNF-α levels (p=0.001) between groups. From the path analysis obtained a significant relationship from the number of hyphae to the number of neutrophils (p = 0.034) and the number of neutrophils to TNF-α levels (p = 0.021). The strength of the pathway from number of hyphae to number of neutrophils (β= 0.354) and number of neutrophils to TNF-α levels (β= 0.382) with positive interactions all. Conclusion: In summary, the administration of S. hermanni extract was able to reduce the number of hyphae, neutrophils and TNF-α levels through the hyphae, neutrophil and TNF-α pathway.

}, keywords = {Candida vaginitis, Hyphae, Neutrophils, Stichopus hermanni extract, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.97}, author = {Varidianto Yudo and Widjiati and Harianto Notopuro and Yulianto Listiawan and Budi Utomo and Purwo Sri Rejeki and Prawesty Diah Utami and Aryati} } @article {1798, title = {Effects of High Intensity Swimming on Heat Shock Protein 70, Superoxide Dismutase and Malondialdehyde of Rattus norvegicus Male Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {524-530}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {524}, abstract = {

Introduction: This study aims to analyze relationship between physical activity with high intensity swimming by proving the difference in the mean levels of HSP-70, SOD levels and MDA levels in male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) who perform vigorous-intensity physical activity compared to male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) who do not engage in strenuous physical activity. Method: This research is a laboratory experimental research. This research is a True Experimental Research type that uses a Post Test Only Control Group Design research design. The experimental unit consisted of 28 white rats (Rattus norvegicus). The study was started by dividing the rats into 2 groups. Group 0 who did not receive heavy physical activity treatment and group 1 who received heavy intensity physical activity treatment 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Results: The results of the Shapiro-Wilk test showed that the HSP-70 data were normally distributed (p\<0.05). SOD and MDA data for all groups were normally distributed (p\>0.05). The results of the Kruskal Wallis test showed that there was a significant difference in HSP-70 between groups (p \> 0.05), the results of the Mann Whitney test showed that the HSP-70 of the K0 group was significantly different from the K1 group. The results of the analysis of variance with Brown-Forsythe showed that there was a significant difference in SOD between groups (p \< 0.05). The results of the Games Howell test showed that the SOD of group K0 was significantly different from that of group K1. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference in MDA between groups (p \< 0.05). The results of the LSD test showed that the MDA of the K0 group was significantly different from the K1 group. Conclusion: There is a difference in the mean levels of HSP-70 in white male rat (Rattus norvegicus) whoperform strenuous physical activity, lower than male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) who do not engage in strenuous physical activity. There is a difference in the mean SOD levels in male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) which perform strenuous physical activity, lower than male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) who do not do strenuous physical activity. There is a difference in the mean MDA levels in male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) after doing strenuous physical activity, higher than male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) who do not engage in strenuous physical activity.

}, keywords = {HSP-70, MDA., SOD, Strenuous physical activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.66}, author = {Dody Taruna and Bambang Purwanto and Harianto Notopuro and Widjiati and Budi Utomo and Lilik Herawati and Reny I{\textquoteright}tishom and Aryati} } @article {1817, title = {Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on the Expression of FGF, MMP-9 and Occludin in the Repair of Gastric Mucosal Erosions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {660-671}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {660}, abstract = {

This study was conducted to evaluate the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and occludin in the repair of gastric mucosal erosions in Wistar rats was induced by administration of aspirin, one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These expressions are associated with changes in histopathological features. This experimental research used a posttest only control group design. The research sample was 28 male Wistar rats that met the inclusion criteria, but not met the exclusion criteria. The samples were randomly allocated into four groups. Group 1 as negative control and group 2 as positive control. Group 3 as treatment 1, which was given HBOT (hyperbaric oxygen therapy) 2.4 ATA for 3 x 30 minutes/day (air break 5 minutes) for 5 days, after aspirin induction at 30 mg/kgBW/day for 10 days. Group 4 as treatment 2, which was given HBOT 2.4 ATA for 3 x 30 minutes/day (air break 5 minutes) for 10 days, after aspirin induction at 30 mg/kgBW/day for 10 days. Each group was evaluated the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of FGF, MMP-9 and occludin, using the Remmele scale index, immune reactive score (IRS). The expressions were correlated with histopathological changes, using the HAI (Histology Activity Index) method. The results show that the HBOT 2.4 ATA for 3 x 30 minutes/day (air break 5 minutes) for 5 days and for 10 days, it can improve FGF (p=0.016) and occludin (p=0.021) expression significantly. The HBOT can also reduce inflammation (p=0.005), epithelial defects (p\<0.001) and MMP-9 expression (0.042). There is a significant difference in occludin expression (p=0.034) between 5-day HBOT and 10-day HBOT. However, there was no significant difference between the 5-day HBOT and the 10-day HBOT for reduce inflammation (p=0.845), epithelial defects (p=0.469), FGF expression (0.054) and MMP-9 expression (0.470). The provision of HBOT at 2.4 ATA significantly improved gastric mucosal erosion in NSAID-induced gastric mucosal erosion Wistar rats model, by decreasing MMP-9 expression, as well as increasing FGF and occludin expression. There is a significant difference in occludin expression between 5-day HBOT and 10-day HBOT.

}, keywords = {FGF, Gastric mucosal erosions, HBOT, MMP-9, Occludin.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.85}, author = {M. Fathi Ilmawan and Soetjipto and M. Guritno Suryokusumo and M. Miftahussurur} } @article {1907, title = {The Effects of Leaves Extract of Toddalia aculeata on Body Weight, Body Mass Index, Body Fat Content and Resistive Index in Male Rats with High-Fat Diet}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {771-777}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {771}, abstract = {

Introduction: Dictamine is found in the Toddalia aculeata plant and is able to interact with Flavin- Containing Monooxygenase-3 (FMO3) in silico, which mediates endogenous atherosclerosis formation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of T. aculeata extract (TAE) administration on Body Weight (BW), Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Fat Content (BFC), and Resistive Index (RI) in rats with a high-fat diet. Methods: Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the negative control (NC), positive control (PC) + 2.98 μg/kg BW dictamine and treatment (TAE1-3) + 200, 400, and 800 mg/ kg BW TAE respectively. All rats were given a high-fat diet (HFD) for 28 days. The data were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA, repeated-measured ANOVA, and Friedman{\textquoteright}s tests with p\<0.05. Results: The average of rats{\textquoteright} BW in TAE2 (270{\textpm}13.78 g) and TAE3 (276.62{\textpm}40.31 g) was lower than that of the NC (304.12{\textpm} 4.16 g) but only the TAE2 group was significantly different (p=0.032). Rats in the TAE 1-3 groups had the average BMI (26.03{\textpm}5.61; 21.84{\textpm}0.81; 20.78{\textpm}2.17 g/cm3) significantly lower than the NC (29.61{\textpm}2.28 g/cm3) and the PC (28.67{\textpm}1.68 g/cm3) for TAE2 and 3. The same pattern was also observed in BFC. All treatment groups had significantly lower RI compared to the NC group (0.62{\textpm}0.07 cm). Conclusion: Administration of 400 and 800 mg/kg BW TAE for 28 days decreases BW, BMI, BFC, and RI in rats with a high-fat diet. Dictamine in the ethanol extract of T. aculeata leaves might contribute to the reduction of RI in rats with a high-fat diet.

}, keywords = {Body Fat Content, Body Mass Index, Obesity, Resistive Index, Toddalia Aculeata Extract.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.166}, author = {Prasetyo Sarwono Putro and Dono Indarto and Bambang Purwanto and Widyastuti Soewondo and Sulistyani Kusumaningrum and Khim Yatul Nguzum} } @article {1949, title = {Effects of Pomegranate Extract Supplementation (Punica granatum L.) on Clinical Manifestations of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Children with Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {1061-1066}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {1061}, abstract = {

Background: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in congenital heart disease (CHD) mechanism includes vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. In Indonesia, sildenafil as a vasodilator is the only standard treatment for PAH. Research on pomegranate extract showed its potential as an anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative agent that could work synergically with sildenafil in reducing pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) Objective: To investigate the effect of pomegranate supplementation in the clinical manifestation of PAH in children with acyanotic CHD. Methods: This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial that compared the clinical manifestation of PAH in children with acyanotic CHD who received standard therapy for PAH and pomegranate extract supplementation with the placebo group. Observations were carried out over three months, and pre-and post-test evaluations were conducted to assess changes in PAP, functional classification of PAH, body weight, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation in both groups. Statistical analysis was undertaken using the Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, and Spearman correlation tests. Results: There was no significant difference in PAP reduction between the pomegranate and placebo groups (p = .44) and no significant difference in the functional classification of PAH in the placebo and pomegranate groups (p = .55). There was a considerable reduction in the respiratory rate in the pomegranate group (p = .017). Respiratory rate was positively correlated with the functional classification of PAH (p = .011). Conclusion: There was a significant reduction in the respiratory rate in the pomegranate group that correlated with the functional classification of PAH.

}, keywords = {Heart disease, Pomegranate, Pulmonary hypertension, Sildenafil.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.210}, author = {Audylia Hartono and Mahrus A. Rahman and Budi Utomo} } @article {1903, title = {Effects of Satureja brevicalyx essential oil inhalation on coping premenstrual syndrome}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {728-735}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {728}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of Satureja brevicalyx essential oil inhalation on premenstrual syndrome. Methods: The oils were extracted by hydro-distillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and chemical composition was performed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Furthermore, a quasi-experimental study was conducted, where 61 participants were divided in two groups, comprising an experimental with essential oils and a control group with no treatment. Main psychological symptoms were assessed with the used of Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) as well as total score of premenstrual syndrome was evaluated with Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS). Results: chemical analysis showed that linalool (17.6\%) was the main component. All variables showed a decrease in posttest study phase in comparison with pretest in experimental group (p\<0.05). A large size effect was observed for anxiety (d = 1.25; Δ = 1.35). Besides, moderate changes were found for depression (d = 0.79; Δ= 0.81) and premenstrual syndrome total score (d = 0.62; Δ = 0.56). Conclusion: The essential oil of Satureja brevicalyx exerts a potencial use, especially for the treatment of psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Depression, Essential oils, Premenstrual syndrome, Satureja brevicalyx}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.160}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Francisco Mercedes Infantes Gomez and Yolanda Elizabeth Rodr{\'\i}guez de Guzm{\'a}n and Taniht Lisseth Cubas Romero and Natalia Mavila Guzm{\'a}n Rodr{\'\i}guez and Olga Gessy Rodr{\'\i}guez Aguilar and Ana Mar{\'\i}a Honores Alvarado and Elsa Roc{\'\i}o Vargas D{\'\i}az and Lesly Alexandra Cabrera Cabrera and Klersy Almendra Truyenque Rom{\'a}n and Edwar Guido Brice{\~n}o Esquivel} } @article {1867, title = {Efficacy and Tolerability of Intravenous Paracetamol Compared to Oral Paracetamol for the Treatment of Childhood Fever}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {537-541}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {537}, abstract = {

Introduction: Paracetamol is widely used as antipiretic in children and has complete rute. The use of enteral rute is limited because of high variability of bioavailability. Intravenous paracetamol commonly used as accessible analgetic in adult. There are limited data about efficacy and tolerability intravenous paracetamol compares to oral paracetamol as antipiretic in children. The aim of the study is to analyse efficacy and tolerability intravenous paracetamol compared to oral paracetamol for treating fever in children. Methods: A randomized, controlled, and open labelled clinical trial was conducted at pediatric ward Soetomo hospital Surabaya. Eligible patients received either intravenous paracetamol or oral paracetamol 10 mg/kgBW and were examined for temperature at 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180 and 240 minutes. Tolerability evaluations included adverse event (AE), physical exam and laboratory assessments. Results: Of 104 patients, 52 received intravenous paracetamol intravena and 52 received oral paracetamol. Mean temperature intravenous group were lower than oral groups, with higher degree of decrease. The difference were achieved at 30, 45, and 60 minutes with p=0.005, 0.002, and 0.006 respectively. Maximum decrease from baseline were achieved at 120-minute for intravenous grup and 180-minute for oral groups. Normal temperature achievement were higher in intravenous group than oral. The adverse event were comparable between the intravenous and oral groups. Conclusion: Intravenous paracetamol is more effective and as safe as oral paracetamol in reducing fever in children.

}, keywords = {Accessible, Efficacy, Fever, Intravenous paracetamol, Tolerability}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.132}, author = {Prastiya Indra Gunawan and Darto Saharso} } @article {1902, title = {Efficacy of Combined Relaxed Deep-Breathing with Chest Mobilization Exercise and Vernonia cinerea-Hard Candy on Smoking Cessation and Oxidative Stress in Active Teenage Smokers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {720-727}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {720}, abstract = {

Background: Smoking cessation is very important worldwide. Chronic smoking can induce oxidative stress and inflammatory status and induce dangerous diseases such as hypertension and lung cancer. Standardized counseling is an important process in a routine program for smoking cessation. Withdrawal symptoms from smoking cessation are a significant barrier to a successful result, and they can be relieved by relaxed deep-breathing exercise. At present, the Thai herb, Vernonia cinerea (VC), has been claimed to reduce cigarette smoking because of its antioxidant compounds and nicotine that are modified and used as lozenges, gum, and hard candy. However, its efficacy in smoking cessation has not been confirmed. Furthermore, the efficacy of relaxed deep-breathing (rDB) during the chest mobilization exercise (CME) with VC hard candy on smoking cessation and oxidative stress is unclear. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of rDB/CME and VC-hard candy on smoking cessation and oxidative stress status in active teenage smokers. Methods: Hard candy with honey and VC powder from whole mixed parts of the stem, flowers and leaves was developed industrially under the spray dry technique. Thirty active smokers were randomized into three groups; product group (rDB/CME+ product) (aged 25.0 {\textpm} 3.0 years, n = 10), placebo group (rDB/CME + placebo) (aged 26.9 {\textpm} 3.7 years, n = 10), and a control group with no product or placebo administered (aged 25.6 {\textpm} 2.7 years, n=10). All of the groups received consultation on specific smoking cessation and two weeks of strict observation, which was followed up for 8 weeks. The 7-day point prevalence abstinence rates (7-day PAR) and continuous abstinence rate (CAR) were reported at week 2, 4, 6 and 8. In addition, the oxidative stress status with lipid peroxide and glutathione (GSH) in blood was evaluated before the program and after 2 weeks. Results: The results of 7-day PARs in the control group showed no statistical changes at week 2 (0\%), 4 (10\%), 6 (20\%) and 8 (20\%), which was the same in the rDB/CME + placebo group (10\%, 20\%, 30\% and 40\%, respectively). Whereas, a significant difference was presented in the rDB/CME+ product group (20\%, 60\%, 80\% and 90\% respectively). When comparing between the groups, 7-day PARs at week 2 was not statistically different, but it was in the follow-up period at week 4, 6 and 8. There was no statistical difference at week 4 between the three groups, but there was between the rDB/CME+ product, control and rDB/CME+ placebo groups at week 6 and 8. The results of CAR showed no statistical difference between the control and rDB/CWE+ placebo group in any of the periods. Whereas the rDB/CWE+ product group showed a significant difference after week 4. The CAR was statistically different between the groups after week 6 and 8. At week 6, the CAR of the rDB/CWE+ product group was different to the control group. There was no difference between the control and rDB/CWE+ placebo groups, or between the rDB/CWE+ product and placebo groups. At week 8, the CAR of the rDB/CWE+ product group was different from that of the control, but not from the rDB/CWE+ placebo group. Finally, the GSH level increased significantly in the rDB/CWE + product group when compared to the rDB/CWE+placebo group. Moreover, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased significantly in both the placebo and product groups. In addition, MDA levels showed a significant difference between baseline and after 2 weeks in the rDB/CWE + placebo and product groups. Conclusion: Integrating relaxed-deep breathing with chest mobilization exercise and VC hard candy for 2 weeks can help smoking cessation during consultation, and possibly reduce oxidative stress status among active teenage smokers.

}, keywords = {7-day point prevalence abstinence rate, Chest mobilization exercise, Continuous abstinence rate, Oxidative stress, Relaxation deep-breathing, Smoking cessation, Vernonia cinerea-hard candy.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.159}, author = {Rungtiwa Kanthain and Jirakrit Leelarungrayub and Surinporn Likhitsathian and Surapol Natakankitkul} } @article {1806, title = {Efficacy of Probiotic on Duodenal TNF-α Expression and the Histological Findings in the Liver and Lung in Animal Model Canine Coronavirus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {591-597}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {591}, abstract = {

Currently, Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is an enteric pathogen of the Alphacoronavirus-1 species that causes mild to severe diarrhea in puppies. The pathogenesis of this infection will cause severe lymphopenia and lead to death in puppies. This study aimed to determine the administration of probiotics on TNF-α expression, histological findings of the liver and lung in mice infected with CCoV. A total of 28 mice were randomly assigned into seven treatment groups, i.e. (C-) placebo; (C+) active CCoV vaccine induction; (T1) CCov + Isopronosin; (T2) CCoV + Lactobacillus acidophilus probiotic; (T3) CCoV + Lactobacillus Acidophylus and Bifidobacterium probiotics; (T4) CCoV + colustrum fermentation probiotic; (T5) CCoV + ginger, turmeric and ginger probiotics. Thereafter, the expression of TNF-α in the duodenum was stained using immunohistochemistry, liver and lung were stained using hematoxylin eosin. The data were analyzed using the ANOVA test followed by the Tukey test with a significance level (p\<0.05). TNF-α expression on T4 and T5 decreased significantly (p\<0.05) compared to C+, T1, T2 and T3. Histologic findings of the liver in the C- and T4 groups showed normal features in the central vein. On the other hand, glycogen accumulation was found in hepatocyte cells, hemorrhage with sinusoid dilation, lymphocyte infiltration in centro lobular area in group C+. Lung histology showed normal features of sinusoids and alveolar septa in groups C- and T4. Meanwhile, intra-alveolar hemorrhage was found with neutrophil cell infiltration and fibrin plasma accumulation in group C+. In conclusion, colostrum fermentation probiotics can reduce TNF-α expression in the duodenum and improve the liver and lung physiology in mice infected with CCoV.

}, keywords = {Biodiversity, Canine coronavirus, Liver, Lung, Probiotic, TNF-α.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.76}, author = {Iwan Sahrial Hamid and Juni Ekowati and Rondius Solfaine and Shekhar Chhetri and Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama} } @article {1916, title = {Erlenmeyer-shaped Heart in a Patient with Giant Left Atrium due to Mixed Mitral Valve Pathology: A Neglected Case in a Rural Area in Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {829-832}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {829}, abstract = {

Giant left atrium (GLA) is a rare condition typically found in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease. On chest radiographs, this condition often mimics another cause of cardiomegaly. A 52-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with complaints of shortness of breath and orthopnea. Mid-diastolic and grade IV pansystolic murmurs could be heard at the apex radiating to the axilla on cardiac auscultation. The electrocardiogram showed a junctional tachycardia rhythm, while the chest radiograph displayed extreme cardiomegaly with Erlenmeyer-shaped heart. Massive pericardial effusion was suspected. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was then performed, revealing GLA with a left atrial volume index (LAVi) of 1101 ml/m2. Meanwhile, transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) confirmed calcification of P2 and P3 extending to the border of the mitral leaflet up to one third of the chordae tendineae, with moderate mitral stenosis and eccentric mitral regurgitation jet due to prolapse of A2. The patient was treated with optimal medical therapy while awaiting cardiac surgery. GLA is a rare complication of mitral valve disease and an almost forgotten cause of cardiomegaly. Diagnostic imaging procedures with echocardiography are a less invasive and readily available modality to establish the diagnosis of cardiomegaly.

}, keywords = {Erlenmeyer-shaped heart, Giant left atrium, Junctional tachycardia., Mitral regurgitation, Mitral stenosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.175}, author = {Aprilia Romdiyana and R. Mohammad Budiarto and Evelyne Chandra} } @article {1918, title = {The Essential Oils Constituent of Etlingera flexuosa (Zingiberaceae), An Endemic Plant from Central Sulawesi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {842-846}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {842}, abstract = {

Introduction: The essential oils from rhizomes, pseudostems, and leaves of Etlingera flexuosa, an endemic ginger species of Sulawesi, were studied. Methods: The essential oils were extracted using solvent extraction and hydrodistillation methods and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: The percentage yield of volatile compounds obtained from solvent extraction method was higher than hydrodistillation. By solvent extraction, sesquiterpenes were found abundantly in rhizomes, pseudostems, and leaves with the percentage of 34.16\%, 35.20\% and 32.70\%, respectively. The rhizome and pseudostems were found to contain spathulanol with the high percentage of 3.91\% and 3.46\%. Meanwhile, by hydrodistillation, the compounds were dominated by fatty acid compunds with the percentage of 82.26\%, 82.79\% and 76.1\% on rhizome, pseudostems and leaves. Glycerol tricaprylate has the high percentage of 66.76\% and 82.12\% on rhizome and pseudostems, while in leaves, fatty acids 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester-decanoic acid was the highest with the percentage of 61.81\%. Sesquiterpenes was the second with the percentage of 10.36\%, 11.15\%, and 11.61\% in rhizomes, pseudostems, and leaves, respectively. Conclusion: The most essential oils of E. flexuosa was obtained from the solvent extraction method.

}, keywords = {Essential oils, Etlingera flexuosa, Extraction, GC-MS, Hydrodistillation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.177}, author = {Ramadanil Pitopang and Ihwan and Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair and Nurhaeni} } @article {1921, title = {The Ethanolic Extract of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz Flower has Antioxidant, Anti-Gout, and Antibacterial Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {867-872}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {867}, abstract = {

The goal of this research was to explore the potential of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz (RnLK) flower extract as an antioxidant utilizing the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method; the possibility that it might be used as a treatment for gout by employing the 2,4,6-tribromo-3-hydroxybenzoic acid (TBHBA) technique, as well as the possibility that it could be used as an antibacterial agent against E. coli and B. subtilis. Results: The IC50 value for the extract{\textquoteright}s ability to serve as an antioxidant is 8.62{\textpm}0.006 mg/L, indicating that it is quite effective. In addition, the extract of ethanol possesses highly potent anti-gout properties, being capable of bringing about a 81.95{\textpm}0.1\% reduction in uric acid levels. In spite of this, the antibacterial properties of E. coli as well as B. subtilis bacteria were not particularly robust. Conclusion: The RnLK flower has the potential to produce alternative chemicals with the ability to reduce blood uric acid levels, but according to the results of the test, the antibacterial activity has little impact on E. coli and B. subtilis.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, FRAP, RnLK, TBHBA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.181}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1868, title = {Ethnobotanical Study of Plants Used for the Treatment of Urolithiasis in Morocco }, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {542-547}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {542}, abstract = {

Urolithiasis (UL) is a frequent pathology which affects between 5 and 20\% of the population according to the countries and areas. The aim of this study was to determine the medicinal plants used traditionally by patients with UL in the Kenitra and Sidi Kacem cities (Morocco). From January 2012 to February 2015, 50 herbalists and 166 patients with urolithiasis who live in the area under study were interviewed by using structured questionnaire. The following data were recorded: name of the patients or herbalists with their age, sex name of the plant (s) (vernacular name), parts used mode of preparation and administration. A total of 42 plant species belonging to 24 families, mostly from the Apiaceae (16.66\%) Lamiaceae (11.9\%) were used to treat the UL in the area. All the plants were prepared by decoction which are taken orally for a period of one week. Herniaria hirsuta (Hh) and Ziziphus lotus (Zl) were repeatedly mentioned by the patients and herbalists as most used for the management of UL in this area. It{\textquoteright}s concluded that the traditional remedies are the first line to treat the UL in this area. Hh and Zl were the most commonly used plants in this treatment which a study of antiurolithiatic characteristics seem to be necessary to evaluate its use in therapy.

}, keywords = {Medicinal plants, Morocco., Questionnaire, Traditional medicine, Urolithiasis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.133}, author = {Miloud Chakit and Aboubaker El Hessni and Abdelhalim Mesfioui} } @article {1771, title = {Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from CAPSICUM ANNUUM L. and ALLIUM CEPA L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {329-334}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {329}, abstract = {

Objective: The aims of this study were to identify the endophytic fungi from Capsicum annuum L. and Allium cepa L., to determine antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi isolated from C. annuum and A. cepa. Methods: Endophytic fungi was isolated with potato dextrose agar (PDA) from fruits of C. annuumand bulbs of A. cepa. Isolate of endophytic fungi was molecular identified to know the species or genus. Cultivation was carried out on rice media, 4 weeks on room temperature and the extraction by maceration using ethyl acetate. Antioxidant activity were tested by DPPH method. While antibacterial activity was tested by disk diffusion methods and microdilution methods. Results: Five isolates of endophytic fungi from red and green fruits of C. annuum and bulb of A. cepa have been isolated and the species or the genus have been confirmed. KCM 1 and KCM 2 isolates endophytic fungi from the red fruits of C. annuum were confirmed as Diaporthe sp and Chaetomium globosum. The KCH 1 isolate from green fruits of the C. annuum was confirmed as Trametes hirsuta. The KBM 1 and KBM 2 isolates from A. cepa were confirmed as Schizophyllum commune and Phlebia sp. The highest antioxidant and antibacterial activity was exposed by ethyl acetate extract of S. commune. Conclusion: Five isolates endophytic fungi from C. annuum and A. cepa were Diaporthe sp, C. globosum, T. hirsuta, S. commune and Phlebia sp. Ethyl acetate extract of S.commune gave highest antioxidant and antibacterial activity.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Chaetomium globosum, Endophytic fungus, Onion, Red chili, Schizophyllum commune}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.42}, author = {SYLVIA RIZKY PRIMA and ELFAHMI and ELIN JULIANTI and Irda Fidrianny} } @article {1819, title = {Evaluation of Antiviral Effects and Toxicity of Herbal Medicine Vipdervir Capsules}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {681-689}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {681}, abstract = {

Background: Antiviral vaccine is not effective, synthetic antiviral drugs are highly toxic, leading to increased interest in herbal medicines as promising antiviral drugs. Recently, Vipdervir has been developed from medicinal herbs with the aim to support and treat diseases caused by viruses such as H5N1 and SARSCoV- 2. In the present study, we assessed Vipdervir{\textquoteright}s antiviral activity against H5N1 and SARS-CoV-2. In addition, we also evaluated the acute toxicity and repeated dose toxicity of Vipdervir in mice and rabbits, respectively. Methods: H5N1 inhibitory effect of Vipdervir was assessed using hemagglutination inhibition assay. Vipdervir{\textquoteright}s SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory effect was evaluated by Plaque Reduction Neutralization assay. Acute and repeated dose oral toxicities of Vipdervir were determined according to OECD 423 and OECD 407 guidelines, respectively. Results: Data show that Vipdervir is effective against both H5N1 and SARSCoV- 2. At concentrations of 3 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL Vipdervir completely inhibits H5N1. At a concentration of 50 μg/mL Vipdervir showed an inhibitory effect on SARS-CoV-2. Acute toxicity data revealed that the LD50 of Vipdervir is greater than 35200 mg/kg, b.wt. in mice. Repeated toxicity data indicated that Vipdervir did not induce significant differences in body weight gain, hematology and clinical biochemistry in compared to the control group. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level of Vipdervir is greater than 613.8 mg/kg b.wt./day in rabbits. No delayed toxicity effects of Vipdervir were observed. Conclusion: Vipdervir capsules were found to be antiviral effective and relatively safe in the tested doses and experimental conditions.

}, keywords = {Antiviral, COVID-19, H5N1, Herbal, SARS-CoV-2.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.87}, author = {Thi-Lien Nguyen and Huong Ha Thi Thanh and Kiet Ngo Tuan and Doan Cao Son and Thao Le Quang and Hang Nguyen Thi and Tien Vuong Duy and Quyen Doan Thi Tam and Huan Le Quang} } @article {1928, title = {Evaluation of Experimental Cerebral Malaria of Curcumin and Kaempferol in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-Infected Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {905-911}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {905}, abstract = {

Background: Cerebral malaria (CM) is one of the most severe complications of Plasmodium falciparum infection and the leading cause of death from malaria in endemic areas. Natural products with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities have become valuable alternative therapeutic options in CM treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of curcumin and kaempferol in experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA). Methods: After PbA infection, mice were divided into 9 groups, namely Group I (negative control (NC)) with 0.5\% HPMC, Group II received chloroquine 20 mg/kg, Group III (normal) with aquadest, Groups IV, V, and VI received curcumin at doses of 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg, respectively, Groups VII, VIII, and IX received kaempferol at doses of 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg, respectively. The antimalarial activity was evaluated using Peter{\textquoteright}s four-day suppressive test. This was conducted to determine the \% parasitemia, survival rate, AST and ALT, blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage, and neurobehavioral disorders in mice with CM. Results: The results showed that all treatments had significant antimalarial activity, with the \% suppression depending on the dose. It also indicates that PbA-infected mice had a survival rate of 11-19 days after infection, which was higher than those in the NC group. This suggested that curcumin and kaempferol have a protective effect on the survival of PbA-infected mice. Furthermore, they significantly reduced the AST and ALT concentrations in the sample compared to the NC group. The same was observed in cerebral vessel extravasation, where the Evans Blue stain assay showed significantly less dye extravasation in the brains of PbA-infected mice treated with curcumin and kaempferol. This indicated better-protected integrity of the BBB. Additionally, the results also demonstrated a decrease in neurological disorders arising during ECM in the group treated with curcumin and kaempferol. Conclusion: Considering these results, it is concluded that treatments with curcumin and kaempferol could improve animal survival, prevent AST and ALT elevations, as well as protect the BBB and neurobehavioral disorders associated with CM in PbA-infected mice.

}, keywords = {Blood-brain barrier., Cerebral malaria, Kaempferol, Kurkumin, Plasmodium berghei Anka}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.187}, author = {Maulana Yusuf Alkandahri and Afiat Berbudi and Anas Subarnas} } @article {1752, title = {Extraction, Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Compounds from Moroccan Satureja nepeta L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {182-192}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {182}, abstract = {

Satureja nepeta is an aromatic medicinal plant, widely used by the Moroccan population. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of extraction methods on total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total flavonoid compounds (TFC). The phytochemical characteristics are subsequently analyzed to determine the components constitution as well as the evaluation of antioxidant activity. The extraction optimization and the extraction of total polyphenols was carried out using three methods (decoction, infusion and hydroethanolic). The antioxidant capacity was evaluated using the DPPH free radical trapping method, reducing power assay and the ABTS radical reduction test. Polyphenols were identified by the HPLCUV method. The optimal hydro-ethanol extraction conditions defined from the experimental design are: ethanol/water, 60/40 (v/v), 15 hours, 42.5 {\textdegree}C TPC and TFC of the infused extract were the highest. The evaluation of the antioxidant capacity showed that the infused extract had a good antioxidant efficacy. HPLC-UV and GC-MS has been used to identify some phenolic compounds in various extracts. In conclusion, optimizing the extraction of S. nepeta seems to be an efficient and quick method to establish the best extraction conditions. Also, Satureja.

Key words: Moroccan Satureja nepeta, Antioxidant activity, Total polyphenol, Total flavonoids, Total tannins.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.24}, author = {A EZAOUINE and M R SALAM and Y SBAOUI and B NOUADI and S ZOUHIR and M ELMESSAL and F CHEGDANI and F BENNIS} } @article {1944, title = {Fingerprint and Multivariate Analysis of Apium Graveolens L. From Different Geographic with Spectroscopic ATR-FTIR}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {1022-1028}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {1022}, abstract = {

Background: Apium graveolens L. or widely known as celery is a plant that comes from the Apiaceae family. Apium graveolens L. is found in the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia as a nutritious plant. Plants that spread throughout Indonesia, both highlands and lowlands, contain 3-n-butylphthalide, D-limonene, Linalool, Luteolin, Apigenin and Apiin compounds. Differences in geographical location of growth resulted in differences in the content and concentration of Apium graveolens L. Aim and Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the differences of Apium graveolens L. based on its distribution in Indonesia. Indonesia does not yet have a standard for Apium graveolens L. Material and Methods: this research uses Apium graveolens provided by the Center for Research and Development of Traditional Medicinal and Medicinal Plants (B2P2TOOT) Tawangmangu. 10 samples from different regions in Indonesia will be read using the ATR-FTIR instrument in the finger print area as well as PCA (principal principal) multivariate analysis. component analysis) and HCA (Hierarchical Clustering Analysis). Results: The PCA results show the highest number of variants on PC 1 91,98\% and PC 2 variants at 4,71\%. In the quadrant 4 score plot, it was found that there was a closeness between the standard sample and the S2 sample (Materia Medika Batu). Conclusion: The result of this study is that there is a mutually supportive relationship from spectrum readings, sample location (temperature, soil moisture content, height (m a.s.l) with multivariate analysis (PCA, HCA results) when compared to the geographic location of each sample.

}, keywords = {Apium graveolens L, ATR-FTIR fingerprint area, Multivariate analysis.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.205}, author = {Wendy Nora Martian and Dini Kesuma and Rima Via Angraini} } @article {1776, title = {Formulation and Characterization of Meniran (Phyllanthus Niruri Linn) Extract Nanoparticle on Antibacterial Activity Against Salmonella Pullorum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {369-373}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {369}, abstract = {

This study aims to examine the results of meniran extract (Phyllanthus niruri Linn.) on antibacterial activity. Salmonella Pullorum is capable of causing huge economic losses. The misuse of antimicrobials has resulted in the evolution of multidrug-resistant strains. Meniran has potential as an antibacterial because it contains many bioactive components such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. Nanoparticles help in the bioavailability of plant extracts. The research was conducted by making a meniran extract nanoparticles formulation with ionic glass method using chitosan and TPP sodium with a dose difference of 5\%, 10\% and 20\%. Each dose of meniran nanoparticles then were characterized by PSA, SEM and TEM. The result on PSA showed that size range from 192.67 nm to 385.16 nm and 5\% meniran extract nanoparticles have the best homogeneity and stability. EE value showed that the increase in the dose was directly proportional to the increase in the EE value. The result on SEM showed that the overall production of nanoparticle samples, it looks like they are nano-sized. The result on TEM showed small sample morphology with a good distribution. After that, the antibacterial activity test was then carried out using the MIC and MBC tests. The results showed that 5\% of meniran extract nanoparticles had the best antibacterial activity against Salmonella Pullorum.

}, keywords = {Nanoparticle, Phyllanthus niruri, Salmonella Pullorum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.47}, author = {Sri Hidanah and Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum and Sri Agus Sudjarwo} } @article {1744, title = {FTICR/MS Analysis of Micromeria Fruticosa and Teucrium Polium Growing in Lebanon}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {112-127}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {112}, abstract = {

Micomeria fruticosa and Teucrium polium are Lamiaceae plants found throughout the Mediterranean, including Lebanon. Aerial parts of both plants were taken from a rocky mountain in Lebanon{\textquoteright}s Bekaa region and alcoholic extraction and chromatographic separation were performed. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) was used to examine crude extracts of both plants A and B, as well as their fractions. The mass spectra of both plants revealed great chemical complexity with a total of 6352 ions (peaks) for crude extract of plant A and 5147 ions (peaks) for extract B. The majority of chemicals found in both plants are condensed aromatics, particularly polyphenols which could explain the previously documented anticancer effects of both plants.

Key words: Micromeria, Teucrium chromatographic analysis, FTICR-MS.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.16}, author = {Mohamad Al- Hamwi and MahaAboul Ela and Abdalla El-Lakany and Youssef BAKKOUR and Ziad Mahmoud} } @article {1860, title = {Functional Beverages from Blends of Ficus Deltoidea Leaves and Brown Rice Powders: Physico-Phytochemical Properties, Antioxidant Activities, Sensory Evaluation and Acute Toxicity Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {477-489}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {477}, abstract = {

Background: Ficus deltoidea (Ficus: Moraceae) has great potential as a functional food. Administration of F. deltoidea has been reported to reduce hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and increase insulin secretion in diabetic rats and humans. However, the poor bioavailability and intestinal absorption of F. deltoidea impede its therapeutic effectiveness at a lower dosage, thus integrating F. deltoidea into brown rice will provide additional advantages. This study aimed to examine the phyto-physicochemical profile, antioxidant properties, consumer acceptance, and safety of beverages formulated from fine powder mixtures of F. deltoidea leaves and brown rice. Methods: The new beverage formulations were prepared by mixing the fine powders of F. deltoidea leaves with brown rice at ratios of 1:6 and 1:13, respectively. Physicochemical, phytochemical, and antioxidant analyses were performed to characterize the prepared beverages. Consumer acceptance was assessed utilising a 9-point hedonic scale and an acute toxicity study was employed to determine the safety of F. deltoidea-added formulations. Results: F. deltoidea decreased the pH and increased the moisture content, ash, and viscosity of a brown rice beverage. The total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content as well as antioxidant activities increased significantly in both F. deltoidea-added formulations. The oral LD50 of the F. deltoidea-added formulation was higher than 2000 mg/kg body weight. Conclusions: These results suggest that adding F. deltoidea leaves to brown rice beverages is safe to consume and improves the phyto-physicochemical profile, antioxidant activities, and consumers{\textquoteright} acceptance of the formulation.

}, keywords = {9-point hedonic scale., Animal study, DPPH assay, FRAP assay, Functional beverages}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.125}, author = {Nur Ain Sabrina Azmi and Nurdiana Samsulrizal and Siti Aimi Sarah Zainal Abidin and Noor Syaffinaz Noor Mohamad Zin and Norol Hamiza Zamzuri and Yong Meng Goh and Ana Sharmila Shafie and Rohaizad Abdul Raoof} } @article {1934, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Volatiles Present in Pappea Capensis Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {948-954}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {948}, abstract = {

The use of medicinal plants played a crucial role in human survival for many years. Papea capensis is used mostly in the Northern part of South Africa and neighboring countries. The woody part of the tree was collected, shade dried, and powdered. The extraction experiments (ethanolic extract, methanol extract, and water extract) were done at Synexa Life Sciences. For the purpose of identifying the biochemical elements present in the wood portion of Pappea capensis, the extracts were concentrated and analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy at Central Analytical Facilities (CAF), University of Stellenbosch, South Africa. GC-MS identified 41 compounds which included 4-ethylbenzaldehyde, 2, 4-diter- butyl phenol, acetic acid, and butanoic acid, have a role in antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, and antifungal effects. Regardless of their quantities, seven (7) unidentified phytochemical substances were discovered; their existence may have a favourable effect on therapeutic agents and be a source of the biological activities ascribed to them by conventional healers. Furthermore, it is a holistic plant for use in traditional medicine and aesthetic value among the indigenous communities in Limpopo due to the several varied chemical components that have been found. The three extracts must be fractionated according to bioassay-guidance to identify the pure components and establish which ones are physiologically active. The medicinal plants, being the only sources that traditional healers rely on for the treatment of their patients, have received tremendous attention in drug therapy, discovery, and development. These studies have demonstrated that Pappea capensis is a plant with potential for use in phytopharmaceuticals.

}, keywords = {GC-MS, Medicinal plant, Pappea capensis, Phytochemical compounds.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.195}, author = {Makhoahle PM} } @article {1761, title = {GC-MS Profiling, Antioxidants and Antimicrobial Activity of Prickly Pear (Opuntiaficus-indica) Pulp Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {262-267}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {262}, abstract = {

The objective of this study was to evaluate phytochemical screening, antioxidants and antimicrobial activity of prickly pear pulp extract. Phytochemical screening was performed on the methanolic extract of the sample followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS).The antioxidant activity was determined by measuring total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The antibacterial activity was determined using paper disc method against two bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Total of 36 compounds belonging to phenolics, anhydrides, aldehydes, fatty acids and hydrocarbons were identified in the extracts. The highest content of total phenol and antioxidant activity (FRAP and DPPH) were found in methanol extract228.50 {\textpm} 3.67. mg GAE/100g DW, 118.63 {\textpm}3.86 mg TE/100g DW and 92.81\% respectively. The maximum zone of inhibition observed was 14.45 {\textpm} 0.67 mm against Staphylococcus aureus at methanol extract. It was concluded that fractions solvent plays important roles on the bioactive compound of prickly pear pulp extract and it can be used to control infectious diseases and prevent oxidative damage.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Antioxidants, Fraction, GC-MS, Prickly pear pulp}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.32}, author = {Zuhair Radhi Addai and Meethaq Satter Abood and Shrrog Hammed Hlail} } @article {1846, title = {Genetic Diversity in Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari (Guggul): An Assessment of Populations in Conservation Sites of Kachchh Region (Gujarat) of India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {379-387}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {379}, abstract = {

Introduction: Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari (Guggul) is native to semi-arid to arid zones. Its oleoresin gum is used for both medicinal and non-medicinal applications. Reportedly, the species faces high degree conservation threats. A network of Four Medicinal Plants Conservation Areas (MPCA) was carved out in Kachchh region- under financial support from National Medicinal Plants Board. The species also occurs in sanctuary and protected by default. It is considered important to assess genetic diversity of these conserved populations. Methods: A total of 38 accessions of Guggul leaves were collected from five study sites and the whole genomic DNA was extracted for each sample. Genetic study was carried out using ISSR technique. Scorable bands were obtained for 14 out of 40 primers tested. A total of 49 bands were obtained of which 20 were polymorphic in nature. UPGMA dendrograms were constructed for individual sites and also a collective dendrogram for all the study sites. Results: All the 8 accessions of Tharawada MPCA were observed to share a high similarity coefficient. Among rest of three sites, genetic diversity was seen to be narrow. The accessions obtained from NSWS displayed good diversity. These accessions were also noted to be distant to the populations captured in the MPCA sites. Conclusions: Established MPCA sites capture the available gene pool of Commiphora wightii of Kachchh region. Since NSWS populations are distant to rest of the region, it is suggested to create another site for this purpose. It is desirable to assess the genetic diversity in rest of the MPCA sites.

}, keywords = {Gene Pool, Guggulu, In-situ conservation, Medicinal Plants Conservation Area, MPCA, UPGMA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.111}, author = {Narasimha Baba Brindavanam and Gurinderjit Singh Goraya and Santosh Pal Singh and Amandeep Kumar and Ankita Tiwari and Badari Narayan Sarvepalli and Pankaj Prasad Raturi} } @article {1733, title = {Green and Optimum Extraction of Total Polyphenols Content from Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil Leaves using Microwave- Assisted Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {29-38}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {29}, abstract = {

The current study mainly aims to apply and optimize the microwave-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent extraction (MANDESE) method of total polyphenol content from Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil leaves using response surface methodology (RSM) and its extraction mechanism using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. The extraction process was performed using the maceration and MANDESE method. Total polyphenols content was examined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and spectrophotometer UV-Vis. The extraction mechanism was performed using SEM imaging. The extraction condition as experimental design variable factors for optimization using RSM included NADES composition ratio, the liquid-solid ratio, extraction time, and microwave power. The results show that the MANDESE with some different combinations of NADES composition is more effective than a maceration. SEM imaging result shows that the levels of damage of cells and cell walls were more severe after extraction. The optimum extraction condition has obtained the NADES composition ratio of 3 g/g (choline chloride/sorbitol) and the liquid-solid ratio of 20 mL/g for 20 min extraction time with 60\% Watts microwave power. The scale-up confirmation test was obtained the total polyphenols content of 526.12 μg GAE/g sample. This finding demonstrated the optimum condition of the MANDESE method and performed efficiently, rapidly, safely, and environmentally friendly.

Key words: Microwave-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent extraction, Mitragyna speciosa (Kort.) Havil, Response surface methodology, Total polyphenols content.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.5}, author = {Wisnu Cahyo Prabowo and Risna Agustina and Yuspian Nur and Ramila Hidayati and Dewi Rahmawati and M. Arifuddin and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Reza Yuridian Purwoko and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {1745, title = {Herbal Medicines Intended for Correction of Digestive System Diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {128-132}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {128}, abstract = {

Purpose: Studying the assortment of herbal medicines (HMs) available in the Russian Federation, and generalizing the use experience of them in gastroenterological practice. Methods: Information and analytical. Results: The analysis of the State Register of Medicines Permitted for Use in Medical Practice, as well as foreign and domestic publications from authoritative international databases, has been carried out. The limited range of drugs prescribed for diseases of the digestive system was revealed. The advantages of using complex drugs in comparison with monopreparations are shown. Conclusion: It is necessary to develop new multicomponent HMs of high therapeutic efficacy and low toxicity for prevention and treatment of digestive system diseases.

Key words: Herbal medicines, Digestive system diseases, Correction.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.17}, author = {EV Ferubko and TD Rendyuk and TD Dargaeva and SM Nikolaev} } @article {1951, title = {Histopathological Perspectives of Multiple Organs in a Red- Footed Tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria) with Suspected Metabolic Bone Disease: A Case Report}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {1075-1078}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {1075}, abstract = {

Introduction: Exotic pet lovers{\textquoteright} interest in keeping tortoises is increasing all over the world, including Indonesia. However, this trend cannot be separated from the potential emergence of various health problems in tortoises. One of the problems that often affects tortoises is metabolic bone disease. Metabolic bone disease (MBD) is a disorder related to the mechanisms of vitamin D and calcium metabolism, which generally occurs in reptiles, especially Chelonia and Lizards. Case Presentation: A 3-month-old redfooted tortoise, which was clinically suspected to have a MBD, was necropsied as an effort to support the provisional diagnosis through histopathological evaluation. The purpose of this examination was to analyze the impact of the disease on various organs microscopically in patients with suspected MBD. The results showed a decrease in the number of trabeculae and hematopoietic cells in the metatarsal bones; moderate myonecrotic changes and atrophy in the skeletal muscle; inflammation of the perineuron; acute tubular necrosis and mild edema of the renal cortex; congestion and an increase in the number of melanomacrophages in the liver; as well as epicarditis and myocarditis in the heart. Conclusion: Several forms of the histopathological changes seem to indicate a pathophysiological relationship between the suspected metabolic bone disease and the multiple organs examined.

}, keywords = {Hematoxylin-eosin, MBD, Septicemia., Tortoise}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.212}, author = {Hani Plumeriastuti and Annise Proboningrat and Djoko Legowo and Bilqisthi Ari Putra and Gracia Angelina H and Agung Budianto Achmad} } @article {1742, title = {Identification of CF Mutations and Clinical Symptoms in CBAVD Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {98-102}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {98}, abstract = {

CBAVD has a prevalence or morbidity rate of 1-2 percent and has an association with low sperm count and damage, including being associated with recessive inherited genetic disorders. In 1971, several men with CBAVD were identified and had an association with mild cystic fibrosis. The classic clinical symptoms of cystic fibrosis are chronic diseases of the lungs, exocrine disorders of the pancreas, increased electrolyte levels in the sweat glands. It is based on various studies that the mutation frequency in CFTR is very high in patients with CBAVD compared to non-CBAVD patients. The 5 T allele on intron 8 causes changes in amino acids that is elevated when there is translation in the mRNA. The 5 T variant is a common mutation associated with the CBAVD phenotype and clinical symptoms. The method used in writing this review article is online literature studies obtained by accessing national and international scientific journals as well as scientific articles related to CF mutation and clinical symptoms. From the results of research that has been done, mutations in CBAVD patients have differences in clinical symptoms and require further study, especially with regard to the immunological expression profile in patients using animal models.

Key words: Mutations, Clinical symptoms, CBAVD, Infectious Disease

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.14}, author = {M Mafruchati and Jonathan Makuwira} } @article {1840, title = {Immunostimulating Study of Active Agent Fraction from Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.) Leaf from SARS-COV-2 Virus Antigen Exposure to NK and CD8+T Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {344-351}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {344}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.) plant had been used as an immune system enhancer. Aim: In this study, the effect of Sungkai leaf extracts from 4 different fractions, namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and residual water with 3 variations in doses of 1,10 and 100 mg/kg bw on the activity of NK and CD8+T cells in male white mice that have been exposed to SARS-Cov-2 virus antigen was investigated. Methods: The experimental animals used were 60 animals divided into 12 groups with 14 days of treatment which had previously been induced with SARS-Cov-2 virus antigen (Moderna) and given with Sungkai leaf extracts for 14 days and evaluated on day 15. The evaluation results of NK cells concentrations sequentially were 2.96; 4.66; 5.38; 5.43; 4.05; 2.89; 3.56; 4.21; 2.88; 1.99; 2.07; 4.40; 3.21; 3.40; and 6.93 ng/ml. On the other hand, the evaluation results of CD8+T cells concentrations sequentially were 27.47; 28.96; 29.19; 27.90; 21.85; 25.79; 27.98; 23.50; 23.39; 26.56; 22.62; 25.19; 23,55; 26,75; and 29,69 ng/ml. One-way ANOVA and Duncan test were used for the data analysis. Results: The results showed significant increase of concentration (p\<0.05) towards concentration of NK cells in the butanol fraction at a dose of 1 mg/kg BW and CD8+T cells in the residual water fraction at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW. Conclusion: It can be concluded that fraction from sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.) at doses of 1,10 and 100 mg/kg bw shows immunostimulatory activity.

}, keywords = {CD8+T Cells, NK Cells, Peronema canescens Jack., SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.105}, author = {Dwisari Dillasamola and Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Rauza Sukma Rita and Dachriyanus and Yohanes Alen and Salman Umar and Yufri Aldi} } @article {1748, title = {Imperata cylindrica and Moringa oleifera: Antithrombotic Effect on Pulmonary Thromboembolism in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {148-153}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {148}, abstract = {

Background: Imperata cylindrica and Moringa oleifera have been used widely as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases. These plants also have some compounds that are proven in vitro for their action to reduce platelet aggregation which has a major role in thrombosis pathogenesis. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extracts from I. cylindrica and M. oleifera as an antithrombotic agent in mice. Methods: The effects of I. cylindrica and M. oleifera on the pulmonary thrombosis in vivo and bleeding time parameters were examined. The two extracts were given orally for seven days prior to thrombosis induction. Survival rate was observed by the calculation of dead or paralysed mice and bleeding time was observed on amputated mice tails. Results: I. cylindrica and M. oleifera prevented paralyse and death caused by collagen-epinephrine induced pulmonary thrombosis in mice after 7 days pre-treatment in dose-dependent manner. The mouse tail bleeding time was significantly prolonged by administration of the extract, where I. cylindrica showed the most potent. Conclusion: These results suggest that the extract of I. cylindrica and M. oleifera have a potential activity as an antithrombotic agent in vivo.

Key words: Antithrombotic, Imperata cylindrica, Moringa oleifera, Survival rate, Pulmonary thromboembolism, Bleeding time.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.20}, author = {Fadlina Chany Saputri and Arini Andriani and Nuriza Ulul Azmi} } @article {1732, title = {Improving Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Brazilin from Sappanwood (Caesalpinia Sappan L.) Extract by Fungal Cellulase}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {21-28}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {21}, abstract = {

Brazilin was one of phytoconstituent from sappanwood that widely used as textile-colouring agent and found in traditional concoction for therapeutic purposes. Due to obtain its maximum level in sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) extract, the extraction method of brazilin has been developed. Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) is one of green chemistry methods to achieve that outcome. This study aims to enhance brazilin level by optimize the EAE condition with fungi cellulase. The cellulase are produced by monoculture Aspergillus niger UICC371 in carboxymethyl cellulose submerged fermentation{\textquoteright}s media. Sappanwood extracted with fungi cellulase through variation conditions: enzyme concentrations (2.0; 4,0; 6.0\%); temperature (45, 50, 55{\textcelsius}); and time (1, 2, 3 hrs). The optimization are provided by response surface method-BoxBehnken design and brazilin level was carried out through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with asetonitril : 0,3\% acetic acid in water (14.5 : 85.5) as eluents. The study showed that cellulase from monoculture of Aspergillus niger UICC371 showed optimum condition of cellulase-EAE method at 6.0\% concentration enzyme at 50{\textcelsius} for 3 hours extraction time which provide an increase in brazilin level to 5.014\% compare to reflux method.

Key Words: Caesalpinia sappan L., Cellulase, Enzyme assisted extraction, Fungi, Response surface method.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.4}, author = {Dia Septiani and Herman Suryadi and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {1904, title = {In Silico Analysis and ADMET Prediction of Flavonoid Compounds from Syzigium cumini var. album on α-Glucosidase Receptor for Searching Anti-Diabetic Drug Candidates}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {736-743}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {736}, abstract = {

Background: One of the causes of death is diabetes. Anti-diabetic drugs currently available do not work optimally because some have been reported to have side effect and resistance. Objective: This study aimed to flavonoid compounds from Syzygium cumini var. album with the greatest anti-diabetic activity and lower toxicity than acarbose. Materials and Methods: This research is an in silico study of nine flavonoid compounds from Syzygium cumini var. album, starting with PASS online was used to predict the activity spectrum of substances, drug-likeness prediction using DruLiTo, ADMET prediction (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) using pkCSM online. Molecular docking was carried out by the AutoDock 4.2.6 program on α-glucosidase targeting. Visualization is done with the Discovery Studio Visualizer software. Results: From the data obtained, D-(+)-Catechin has a high affinity for α-glucosidase with a free energy of binding (ΔG) -5.94 kcal/mol and an inhibition constant (Ki) of 44270 nm. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the flavonoid compounds from Syzygium cumini var. album has the potential as a promising anti-diabetic drug candidate, where the best candidate is D- (+)-Catechin. However, further studies of flavonoid compounds from Syzygium cumini var. album are needed.

}, keywords = {Flavonoid., Molecular docking, PASS, Pharmacokinetics, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.161}, author = {Yanu Andhiarto and Suciati and Ersanda Nurma Praditapuspa and Sukardiman} } @article {1813, title = {In silico Analysis of the Polyphenolic Metabolites of Zea mays L. "Purple Corn" on HMG-CoA Reductase}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {549-558}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {549}, abstract = {

This research aims to identify the polyphenolic metabolites, reported in ears and grains of Zea mays L. "purple corn" according to the current literature, with more significant interaction on HMG-CoA reductase, through in silico assays. Using the keyword combination {\textquotedblleft}Zea mays L{\textquotedblright} AND {\textquotedblleft}polyphenols{\textquotedblright}, a search was made in Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus databases, identifying 22 polyphenolic compounds. Polyphenolic ligands and control molecules were prepared with the OpenBabel program and parameterized with AutoDock Tools. In addition, the crystallized structure of HMG-CoA reductase (1DQA) was downloaded from the Protein Data Bank database, then prepared in PyMOL and parameterized with AutoDock Tools. Molecular docking was performed in AutoDock Vina with a 100-time repetition for each ligand-target interaction. The results show that the hydrogen bonds with amino acids of importance in HMG-CoA reductase are ASN 658, ARG 590, and GLU 559. Protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid presented lower affinity energy (ΔG{\textdegree}). The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of the molecules with the best pharmacodynamic interaction were analyzed with the SwissADME and pkCSM servers, showing that protocatechuic, caffeic, vanillic, ferulic, p-coumaric and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids have the best physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profile. Therefore, this study gives us a clearer idea of the action of polyphenols on HMG-CoA reductase, which will allow obtaining new drug candidates for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, HMG-CoA reductase., in silico, Polyphenols, Zea mays L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.70}, author = {Horna-Rodriguez Alexsandra M and L{\'o}pez-Gamboa July A and Silva-Correa Carmen R and Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz William Antonio and Gamarra-S{\'a}nchez C{\'e}sar D and Villarreal-La Torre V{\'\i}ctor E} } @article {1735, title = {In Silico Modelling, Regulation of Cell Viability and Anti Atherosclerotic Effect in Macrophage by Decaffeinated Coffee and Green Tea Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {46-55}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {46}, abstract = {

Background: The evidence of decaffeinated coffee and green tea extract (DCGTE) in amelioration of atherosclerosis through foam cell formation inhibition has not been established. This study tried to predict the potential role of coffee and tea in foam cell inhibition through in silico modelling and to investigate the effect of DCGTE on the viability and regulation of foam cell inhibition effect in macrophage cell. Methods: Prediction of physicochemical properties of secondary metabolite of coffee and tea was computed with Swiss ADME. Simulation of molecular docking was performed using PyRx Autodock Vina. Prediction of biological activities was done with PASS SERVER and analyzed the suitability with KEGG Pathway: lipid and atherosclerosis. The effect of DGCTE on macrophage viability was assessed with WST-1 assay then synergistic score was calculated with Synergy Finder. The effect of DCGTE in foam cell formation was examined with light microscope after stained with ORO on oxLDL-stimulated Raw264.7. Results: Molecular docking analysis revealed a strong affinity binding between all active compound of tea or coffee with CD36, but not with PPARγ. Except EGCG, the active compound of tea and coffee fulfil the criteria of drug-likeness. The online prediction function demonstrated that secondary metabolites of coffee and tea potentially inhibit foam cell atherosclerosis. No cytotoxicity effect was obtained after the 24 hours treatment of serial dose of DGCTE 10-640 μg/ml (p=0.000). Moreover, the DGCTE (320/320 μg/ml) had a synergistic effect (Loewe score = 17.26417) and significantly reduced the foam cell number in oxLDL-stimulated Raw264.7 compared to control (p=0.000). Conclusion: The DCGTE exhibit potential benefit as candidate agent for the prevention of atherosclerosis-based diseases.

Key words: Atherosclerosis, Coffee polyphenol, Foam cells, Molecular docking, Tea flavonoid.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.7}, author = {Ermin Rachmawati and M Saifur Rohman and Lintang Widya Sishartami and Djanggan Sargowo and Umi Kalsum} } @article {1808, title = {In Silico Phytochemical Compounds Screening of Allium sativum Targeting the Mpro of SARS-CoV-2}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {604-609}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {604}, abstract = {

The global pandemic of coronavirus disease is still widely spread across the world causing catastrophic effect in both human life and global economy. By the end of year 2021, it has caused a total of 5.437.636 deaths across the world. Indonesia has rich plant biodiversity including medicinal plants that may be used for combating the virus. One of the commonly used medicinal plants comes from Allium species and it has been proved to have antiviral activity. Conducting an in silico study, we screened bioactive compounds that came from Allium sativum to fight against coronavirus through the inhibition of 3CL-Pro, one of the major protease that have an active role for viral replication. Molecular docking of compounds from Allium sativum to 3CL-Pro resulting in the discovery of 5 compounds that have the best binding affinity to 3CL-Pro, which are squalene, 1,4-dihydro-2,3-benzoxathiin 3-oxide, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, trans-13-octadecenoic acid and methyl-11-hexadecenoate with binding affinity of -7, -6.5, -5.9, -5.7 and -5.6 kcal/mol, respectively. It is very likely that these compounds can be candidates for therapeutic agents and these candidates need to be studied further.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.78}, author = {Priscilla Listiyani and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Md. Emdad Ullah and Vikash Jakhmola and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1873, title = {In Silico Screening of Bioactive Compounds from Garcinia mangostana L. Against SARS-CoV-2 via Tetra Inhibitors}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {575-579}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {575}, abstract = {

The global COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been the resulted of massive human deaths since early 2020. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) as an inhibitor of RBD spike, helicase, Mpro, and RdRp activity of SARS-CoV-2 with an in silico approach. The samples were obtained from PubChem and RCSB PDB. Analysis of the similarity of the drug was carried out with the Swiss ADME on the basis of Lipinski rule of five. Prediction of antivirus probabilities was carried out using PASS Online. Molecular screening was performed using PyRx through molecular docking. Discovery Studio was used for visualization. The bioactive compounds with the highest antiviral potential were indicated with the lowest binding affinity to the targeted proteins RBD spike, helicase, Mpro, and RdRp of SARS-CoV-2. The results indicated that mangiferin has the greatest potential as a potential antiviral. However, more research is required to validate the results of these computational predictions.

}, keywords = {Antiviral agent, Garcinia mangostana L., in silico, SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.138}, author = {Nur Sofiatul Aini and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Elsa Yuniarti and Saddam Al Aziz and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Riso Sari Mandeli and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Devi Purnamasari and Budhi Oktavia and Amalia Putri Lubis and Fajriah Azra and Fadhilah Fitri and ANM Ansori and Maksim Rebezov and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1832, title = {In Silico Screening of Bioactive Compounds from Syzygium cumini L. and Moringa oleifera L. Against SARS-CoV-2 via Tetra Inhibitors}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {267-272}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {267}, abstract = {

The global pandemic of COVID-19 has caused disastrous consequences for both humans and the economy. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of juwet (Syzygium cumini L.) and moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) as inhibitors of RBD spike, helicase, Mpro, and RdRp activity of SARS-CoV-2 with an in-silico approach. Samples were obtained from PubChem and RSCB PDB databases. The drug similarity analysis was determined using Swiss ADME and the Lipinski rule of five. Prediction of antivirus probabilities is carried out with PASS Online. Molecular screening is performed by molecular docking using PyRx. Visualization was used using PyMol and Discovery Studio. The bioactive compounds with the best antiviral potential had the lowest affinity bonds to the target proteins against RBD spike, helicase, Mpro, and RdRp of SARS-CoV-2. Results show that ellagic acid from java plum and myricetin from moringa have the best potential as potential antivirals. However, more research is required to validate the results of these computational predictions.

}, keywords = {Antiviral agent, in silico, Moringa Oleifera L, SARS-CoV-2, Syzygium cumini L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.95}, author = {Nur Sofiatul Aini and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Devni Prima Sari and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Devi Pernamasari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Riso Sari Mandeli and Muhardi and Budhi Oktavia and Trisna Kumala Sari and Titi Sriwahyuni and Putri Azhari and Mirella Fonda Maahury and ANM Ansori and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1741, title = {In Silico Studies of Sesquiterpene Lactones from Vernonia amygdalina Delile on the Expression of EGFR and VEGFR as a New Anticancer Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {91-97}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {91}, abstract = {

Objective: To assess the inhibition activity of sesquiterpene lactones from Vernonia amygdalina Delile as a new anticancer potential on the expression of cancer therapeutic target-proteins, namely: epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR). Methods: The in silico screening, target-based approach (docking) was performed by the Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) website and AutoDock Vina program. The therapeutic cancer target proteins model of EGFR and VEGFR were downloaded from Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB) protein data bank (PDB) with 5HG7 and 4AG8 as their respective codes. Results: The test compounds have anticancer activity as predicted by the Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) website and AutoDock Vina program. The molecular docking analysis of the test compounds showed strong interactions and good inhibition activity with the targeted proteins with a low docking score value predicted by the AutoDock Vina program. Conclusion: The test compounds have the potential to be used in anticancer drugs through the inhibitory qualities of EGFR and VEGFR.

Key words: In silico, Sesquiterpene lactones, EGFR, VEGFR, Vernonia amygdalina Delile.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.13}, author = {N Nerdy and P Lestari and F Fahdi and EDL Putra and SAB Amir and F Yusuf and TK Bakri} } @article {1872, title = {In Silico Study of Entry Inhibitor from Moringa oleifera Bioactive Compounds against SARS-CoV-2 Infection}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {565-574}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {565}, abstract = {

The aim of this study is to screen the content of bioactive compounds of Moringa oleifera and to identify its potential as an antiviral against COVID 19 through an entry inhibitor mechanism using bioinformatics tools. The sample was obtained from PubChem database. Amino acis sequences were obtained from the NCBI. Protein modeling is made through the SWISSMODEL site. The target proteins for this study were SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and RdRp. The protein-inhibitory interaction of the drug from M. oleifera bioactive compounds to SARS-CoV-2 was predicted by molecular docking with PyRx software. The result shows that M. oleifera was a potential antiviral candidate for SARS-CoV-2 with an entry inhibitor mechanism through a compound, especially quercetin. The RFMS value of both interactions between Mpro and quercetion and RdRp with quercetin were not higher than 1.05. This result still needed further research to prove this prediction.

}, keywords = {Active site, COVID-19, Moringa oleifera, Mpro, RdRp}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.137}, author = {Nala Mawaddani and Ekris Sutiyanti and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Syamsurizal and Bayu Ramadhani Fajri and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Dony Novaliendry and Dwi Hilda Putri and Fadhilah Fitri and Devni Prima Sari and Alexander Patera Nugraha and ANM Ansori and Maksim Rebezov and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1773, title = {An In Silico Study of Examining Bioactive Compounds from Azadirachta indica Juss. (Neem) as Potential Death Receptor 5 Inductor in Hepatoma Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {343-349}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {343}, abstract = {

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a disease that occurs due to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal hepatocytes. While cancer cells will not die by itself, due to resistance to death receptors 5 (DR5)-mediated apoptosis. This study is aimed to investigate Azadirachta indica Juss. leaves compound, such as gedunin and nimbolide, in binding DR5 and stimulated the TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), native ligand binding to DR5, which has a role of pro-apoptotic by docking simulation. The ligand and protein preparations were done using Discovery Studio 2016 and Hex 8.0.0 for docking. Visualization was done using Discovery Studio 2016. The docking studies revealed that nimbolide has a lower binding energy with the DR5-TRAIL complex than gedunin. According to the findings, nimbolide is a more effective DR5-TRAIL binding inducer than gedunin and has a higher binding affinity for DR5-TRAIL. This interaction has the potential to significantly reduce DR5-TRAIL binding resistance. Nimbolide and gedunin can be considered as drugs that can sensitize TRAIL binding to DR5 and increase the activation of one of hepar cancers signaling apoptosis pathways.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Azadirachta indica Juss., Cancer, Death receptor 5, in silico}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.44}, author = {Ricadonna Raissa and Anna Safitri and Masruri Masruri and Ma Asuncion Guiang Beltran5 and Aulanni{\textquoteright}am Aulanni{\textquoteright}am} } @article {1919, title = {In Silico Study of Naringenin as Melanogenesis Inducer in Vitiligo}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {847-857}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {847}, abstract = {

Introduction: Vitiligo is a pigmentation disorder characterized by loss of skin color (depigmentation) due to melanocyte dysfunction and loss. Melanocytes produce melanin pigment through a melanogenesis process. Melanocyte survival and melanogenesis process are influenced by Microphthalmia Associated- Transcription Factor (MITF) and several proteins, including WNT, β-catenin, tyrosinase, Tyrosinase- Related Protein-1 (TRP1), and Tyrosinase-Related Protein-2 (TRP2). The current therapy for vitiligo is still unsatisfactory. Naringenin is one of Rhizophora mucronata compound, one type of mangrove plant often found in the eastern coastal area of Surabaya City. Objective: To investigate the naringenin{\textquoteright}s potency in melanogenesis and to predict the pharmacokinetics or toxicity of naringenin by in silico study. Methods: This is a computational study using a molecular docking method to observe the interaction of naringenin with WNT, β-catenin, MITF, tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 proteins. Pharmacokinetic or toxicity prediction of naringenin using the pkCSM method. Psoralen was used as a control. Results: Naringenin binds to all these proteins in the same region as psoralen, indicating that naringenin can stimulate melanogenesis. Naringenin has lower binding energy than psoralen on all proteins (except β-catenin), indicating that naringenin{\textquoteright}s interaction with these proteins is stronger than psoralen. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity predictions show that naringenin has good absorption or permeation, is not mutagenic, is not hepatotoxic, and does not cause skin sensitization. Conclusion: This computational study concludes that naringenin has melanogenesis inducer potency and good pharmacokinetics.

}, keywords = {Mangrove, Naringenin, Rhizophora mucronata, Vitiligo, WNT}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.178}, author = {Dian Ardiana and Lestari Dewi and Renata Prameswari} } @article {1912, title = {In Silico Study of the Potential of Endemic Sumatra Wild Turmeric Rhizomes (Curcuma Sumatrana: Zingiberaceae) As Anti-Cancer}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {806-812}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {806}, abstract = {

Cancer is one of the diseases that is the highest cause of death in humans. Most human cancer cells are formed as a result of over-expression of anti-apoptotic proteins. Thus, the activation of these proteins can inhibit pro-apoptotic proteins, then apoptosis will be inhibited so that other apoptotic pathways need to be activated to prevent cancer cells from developing. Current cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy using synthetic compounds, have various side effects, so research on natural based therapies can be used as an alternative in cancer treatment. Curcuma sumatrana is one of the plants of the Zingiberaceae family which is an endemic plant from Sumatra which is found along the Bukit Barisan. The research was carried out in silico by analyzing the potential bioactivity of the compounds, testing the bioavailability, toxicity, and molecular docking of the bioactive compounds from the ethanol extract of the rhizome of C. sumatrana which had been previously identified through gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS) analysis. The results obtained that the compound 9-Acetyl-S-octahydrophenanthrene and 3-Oxoandrosta- 1,4-dien-17.beta.-spiro-2{\textquoteright}-3{\textquoteright}-oxo-oxetanecontained in C. sumatrana has the potential to be developed as an anticancer where the compound has good bioavailability value and is not toxic and potentially can trigger apoptosis. However, the results of this study need to be analyzed further with an in vitro or in vivo approach.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, C. sumatrana, in silico}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.171}, author = {Aldi Tamara Rahman and Rafia and Aiken Jethro and Putra Santoso and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Devi Purnamasari and Nunuk Hariani Soekamto and ANM Ansori and Kuswati and Riso Sari Mandeli and Kawther Ameen Muhammed Saeed Aledresi and Nur Farhana Mohd Yusof and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and Maksim Rebezov and Rahadian Zainul and Kiran Dobhal and Tarun Parashar and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Deffi Ayu Puspito Sari} } @article {1914, title = {An In Silico Study to Explore the Role of EGFR in Ovarian Cancer}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {817-821}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {817}, abstract = {

EGFR is a tyrosine kinase receptor that has a role in the tumorigenesis of many types of solid tumors. Aberrantly phosphorylated or overexpressed EGFR is associated with cellular proliferation, prevention of apoptosis, activation of invasion and metastasis, and stimulation of tumor-induced neovascularization. EGFR{\textquoteright}s hyperactivity has been observed in ovarian cancer. Although conventional chemotherapy and surgery for advanced ovarian cancer have improved over the years, still there is a critical need for the development of molecular targeted therapies. The major challenge for this approach is the complete understanding of the protein structure of this mega receptor. In this study, we explored this receptor using in silico tools. The protein structure of the EGFR kinase domain (PDB ID: 1M17) and co-crystal containing EGFR and PTP1B kinase domain fragment (PDB ID: 3I7Z) were obtained from the RCSB Protein Data Bank. We performed protein-protein docking using BioLuminate. It was found in this study that the DADEYL segment of EGFR (position 988-993) which includes autophosphorylated tyrosine at position 992, is the segment that is responsible for the overexpression of this receptor in ovarian cancer. There are currently two main classes of clinically-approved drugs which downregulate EGFR activity; tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). However, treatment with both type of therapies has been met with shortcomings. Therefore, there is a need for further studies to explore the suitable ligands that can downregulate its activity.

}, keywords = {EGFR, In silico study, Protein-protein docking, Tyrosine kinases}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.173}, author = {Vikash Jakhmola and Tarun Parashar and Pallavi Ghildiyal and ANM Ansori and Rajeev Kumar Sharma and N. G. Raghavendra Rao and Kapil Kalra and Nishan Singh and Nidhi Nainwal and Rajeev Kumar Singh and M. P Singh and Vishwadeepak Kimothi and Alok Bhatt and Ashish Dimri and Ravi Kumar and Amit Semwal and Nur Sofiatul Aini and Maksim Rebezov} } @article {1836, title = {In vitro Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities as well as Phytochemical Content of the Fresh Stem Juice from Montrichardia arborescens Schott (Araceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {296-304}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {296}, abstract = {

Background: Montrichardia arborescens Schott (Araceae) is traditionally used for treating, among others, inflammatory conditions, but so far without scientific evidence. In this study, the fresh stem juice was assessed for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and phytochemical content. Methods: The stem juice{\textquoteright}s anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using a heat-induced bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation assay and a hypotonicity-induced human erythrocyte membrane lysis assay. Its antioxidant activity was determined by a DPPH free radical-scavenging assay and a FRAP assay. Diclofenac and Trolox were used as reference compounds. Its phytochemical content was qualitatively explored by standard methods. Data (means {\textpm} SDs; n >= 3) were evaluated for statistically significant differences (p \< 0.05) using ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc adjustments. Results: At >= 12.5\% (v/v), the stem juice inhibited BSA denaturation by 50\%-75\% and membrane lysis by roughly 90\%. At 0.20-7.0\% (v/v), it did not affect BSA denaturation but stabilized membranes by \> 50\%. The juice scavenged DPPH free radicals at an EC50 of 2.0 {\textpm} 0.2\% (v/v) and achieved at that dilution an antioxidant power of 2,616 {\textpm} 16 μM Fe2+ equivalents. All the effects were in the range of those found with diclofenac 50 μg/mL and Trolox 1.0-6.0 μg/mL. The stem juice contained phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, and glycosides. Conclusion: The M. arborescens stem juice exhibited appreciable anti-inflammatory activities that might mainly be associated with the inhibition of the release of inflammatory mediators, along with notable antioxidant activity, which might be attributable to phytochemicals with known anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity, In vitro studies, Montrichardia arborescens Schott, Phytochemical content, Stem juice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.99}, author = {Dennis R.A. Mans and Priscilla Friperson and Meryll Djotaroeno and Vinoj Sewberath Misser and Jennifer Pawirodihardjo} } @article {1807, title = {In Vivo Studies of Combined Probiotics on IFN-γ, Ig-E and Bronchial Muscular Layer of Rats with Allergic Asthma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {598-603}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {598}, abstract = {

Background: Leuconostoc mesenteriodes and Lactobacillus brevis are being used as probiotic to improve the immune system. The effect of probiotic containing combination of the 2 bacteria on enhancing innate and adaptive immune responses is not fully understood. Objective: This was conducted to analyse the effect of probiotic containing in single or combination content of L. mesenteriodes (Lm) and L. brevis (Lb) on IFN-γ concentration, Ig-E concentration, and histopathology of bronchial muscular layer of ovalbumininduced allergic asthma. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 male Sprague Dawley rats (6{\textendash}8 weeks, 200-300 g) were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (non-induced control group); NgC (OVA-induced control group), Lm (OVA +probiotics containing L. mesenteriodes), Lb (OVA + probiotics containing L. brevis), and Lm + Lb (OVA+probiotics containing combination of L. mesenteriodes and L. brevis). On 64-day, concentration of IFN-γ and Ig-E in serum were measured. Histology of bronchus was performed. Results: IFN-γ concentration, Ig-E The administration of single or combined probiotics increased IFN-γ (p\<0.001), yet decreased IgE (p\<0.001) of all treatment groups, but only a combination of both probiotics reduced the thickness of the bronchial epithelium. Conclusion: The combination of Lm and Lb single or combined probiotics improve systemic and local anti-inflammation effects and ameliorate airway remodelling in the ovalbumin-induced chronic asthma rat model.

}, keywords = {Asthma, Bronchus histopatology, IFN-γ, Ig-E, Lactobacillus brevis, Leuconostoc mesenteriodes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.77}, author = {Pujiati Pujiati and Soetrisno and Dono Indarto and Reviono} } @article {1908, title = {Increased Risk of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Levels in Adult Patients with Malignancy Receiving Non-Leucodepleted Packed Red Cells Transfusion}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {778-781}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {778}, abstract = {

Background and Objectives: Blood transfusion in patients with malignancy may evoke transfusion reactions. Leukocyte, as a major producer of cytokines, including Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), is considered to correlate to transfusion reactions. This study aims to determine the risk of increased TNFalpha in adult patients with malignancy who received non-leucodepleted (nLD) erythrocyte transfusion compared to those receiving leucodepleted (LD) Packed Red Cells (PRC) transfusion. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on adult patients with malignancy who required PRC transfusion and underwent outpatient treatment. The patients were divided without randomization into nLD and LD groups, and then their pre-transfusion TNF-alpha levels and the post-transfusion changes were examined. Results: This study included thirty-one patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria. The TNFalpha levels in nLD and LD groups after transfusion increased significantly (p \< 0.05), i.e., from 0.81 (0.2 - 4.2) pg/mL and 1.7 (0.15 - 6.3) pg/mL to 10.1 (1.4 - 28.9) and 5.9 (0.95 - 12.9) pg/mL. There was no significant difference in the pre-transfusion median TNF-alpha levels between the nLD and LD groups (p = 0.122). However, the post-transfusion median TNF-alpha levels of the nLD group were significantly higher (p = 0.024). It indicated that the increase in TNF-alpha levels is associated with nLD blood products transfused. The Relative Risk of the increased TNF-alpha levels in nLD-PRC transfusion was 2.01 (95\% Confidence Interval: 1,153-3,502). Conclusion: nLD-PRC transfusion poses a 2.01 times risk for increased TNF-alpha levels compared to LD-PRC transfusion.

}, keywords = {Malignancy, Non-leucodepleted, PRC transfusion, Relative risk, TNF-Alpha}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.167}, author = {Teguh Triyono and Bambang Hendriawan Prasaja Jati and Usi Sukorini} } @article {1852, title = {Indonesian Medicinal Plants with Anti-inflammatory Properties and Potency as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Herbal Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {432-444}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {432}, abstract = {

Indonesia is a tropical country with mega-biodiversity. Several medicinal plants locally have been recognized for their anti-inflammatory properties and are traditionally used to help treat respiratory diseases. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the diseases known as the high cause of death globally, and one of the treatment efforts is by using anti-inflammatory drugs. In developing alternative remedies for COPD, this review summarizes the potential of Indonesian medicinal plants and their ingredients known to have an anti-inflammatory activity to develop alternative remedies for COPD. Primarily, we focus on the medicinal plants that have been scientifically proven to pose some biological activities, such as legetan warak (Adenostemma lavenia), celery (Apium graveolens), pegagan (Centella asiatica), kenikir (Cosmos caudatus), and kersen (Muntingia calabura). This review is expected to provide more information about Indonesian medicinal plants and their potencies to be developed as COPD herbal medicine and, further, as a treatment to help patients suffering from coronavirus disease (COVID-19).

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Bioactive compounds, Biological activity, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Indonesian medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.119}, author = {Min Rahminiwati and Trivadila and Dyah Iswantini and Hiroshi Takemori and Mamoru Koketsu and Rut Novalia Rahmawati Sianipar and Suminar Setiati Achmadi and Ahmad Sjahriza and Betty Marita Soebrata and Armi Wulanawati} } @article {1900, title = {Influence of Chitosan Concentration on Characteristic of Microspheres Delivery System Prepared from Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr. Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {702-709}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {702}, abstract = {

Background: Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr. (E.palmifolia) is a medicinal plant containing naphthoquinone, isoliquiritigenin, and oxyresveratrol compound. This study aims to formulate and characterize the E. palmifolia microspheres delivery system using chitosan variation as the polymer. Methods: The preparation method was the solvent evaporation method. The microspheres delivery system was performed by variation of chitosan concentration in each formulation 0.637\% (F1), 1.275\% (F2), and 1.912\% (F3). The physical and chemical characterizations include Entrapment Efficiency (EE), yield percentage, particle size, particle morphology, FTIR analysis, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) had been evaluated. Results: The results showed that chitosan concentration variation affected the microsphere{\textquoteright}s physical and chemical characteristics. Variations in the concentration of chitosan polymer (0.637\%, 1.275\% and 1.912\%) had an effect on the physical characteristics of the microspheres of the resulting Dayak onion bulb extract. The higher the concentration of chitosan used, the higher the entrapment efficiency and the yield yield will increase. Meanwhile, in observing the particle size, the higher the concentration of chitosan used, the smaller the particle size produced. The optimal concentration of chitosan as a polymer at concentration variations of 0.637\%, 1.275\% and 1.912\% to provide good physical characteristics of the Dayak onion bulb extract microspheres was shown in formula 3 with a chitosan concentration of 1.912\%. Conclusion: The better characteristic was obtained upon higher chitosan concentration. The best physical characteristics of E.palmifolia extract microspheres were obtained from chitosan concentration at 1.912\% (F3).

}, keywords = {Characteristic, Chitosan, Delivery system., Eleutherine palmifolia, Microspheres}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.157}, author = {Roihatul Mutiah and Wirda Ardania and Arief Suryadinata and Dewi Sinta Megawati and Anik Listiyana and Abdul Wafi and Rahmi Annisa} } @article {1789, title = {Inhibitory Capacity of Xanthine Oxidase in Antigout Therapy by Indonesian Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {470-479}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {470}, abstract = {

The traditional medicine has been used in Indonesia since the days of the Ancient Mataram Kingdom (about 12 centuries ago). Indonesia is rich in medicinal plants. For this reason, it is necessary to inform the broader community regarding medicinal plants in Indonesia that have the potential as antigout. The prevalence of gout in Indonesia is in the range of 1.6-13.6 per 100,000 people and will increase with age. There are 25 species of Indonesian plants that have more than 50\% xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme inhibitory activity. XO is responsible for catalyzing hypoxanthine to xanthine then producing uric acid, accompanied by the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during catalysis. The magnitude of the inhibitory power to XO ranged from 50.00{\textpm}1.16\% to 97.53\%. The lowest inhibitory power of 50.00{\textpm}1.16\% was in Phaleria macrocarpa, while Orthosiphon aristatus had the highest inhibitory power of 97.53\%. The major compounds that inhibit xanthine oxidase are flavonoids. The structural similarity of flavonoids in rings A and C with xanthine as a substrate causes hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals forces between flavonoids and XO. It means that flavonoids bind to the XO active site, thereby preventing the formation of uric acid. The type of inhibitory kinetics that occurs between flavonoids and XO is competitive inhibition. Five plants with competitive inhibition kinetics against XO are Sida rhombifolia, Syzygium polyanthum, Cyperus rotundus, Ruellia tuberosa and Phaleria macrocarpa.

}, keywords = {Competitive inhibition kinetics, Flavonoid, Gout, Indonesia, Xanthine Oxidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.60}, author = {Rut Novalia Rahmawati Sianipar and Komar Sutriah and Dyah Iswantini and Suminar Setiati Achmadi} } @article {1884, title = {Inhibitory Effect of Carallia Brachiata Extract Through Regulation of Adipogenesis Pathways in 3T3-L1 Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {655-660}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {655}, abstract = {

Background: Pharmacological effects of Carallia brachiata Merr. has been reported to show antioxidant effects against the development of diabetes. However, the mechanism underlying antiadipogenic activity have not been investigated. Objective: Effect of Carallia brachiata ethanolic extract was determined on inhibition of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Materials and Methods: Adipose tissue development was performed in preadipocyte 3T3-L1 cells culture. Carallia brachiata leaf (CL) and stem (CS) part were selected for measuring cytotoxicity, accumulation of lipids, and genes involved in adipogenic differentiation. Results: During the adipogenic differentiation, CS down-regulated gene expression of adipogenic transcription factors (PPARγ, C/EBPα, aP2, FAS, LPL and SREBP1c). However, CL only suppressed SREBP1c and aP2 genes. The accumulation of lipids was suppressed by CS, but CL could not show this effect. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that ethanol extract of Carallia brachiata stem has a better anti-adipogenesis effect than the leaf part by suppressing adipogenesis-related gene expression. Moreover, inhibition of lipid storage could be decreased insulin resistance risk.

}, keywords = {3T3-L1 adipocytes, Adipogenesis, Carallia brachiata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.149}, author = {Linda Chularojmontri and Urarat Nanna and Rawiwun Kaewamatawong and Sudarat Homhual and Wanwisa Suwannaloet} } @article {1825, title = {Insight into Screening of Secondary Metabolites, Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Raphanus sativus L. Cultivated in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {313-318}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {313}, abstract = {

Medicinal plants and vegetables are promising source of antioxidant products. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of leaves and roots of Raphanus sativus of Saudi origin. Various phytochemicals were screened in n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of leaves and roots of Raphanus sativus using standard protocols and IR screening method. Total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents were assessed by Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride methods respectively. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH antioxidant protocol, using trolox as standard. Results demonstrated that Raphanus sativus chemically characterized by the availability of various constituents such as flavonoids, steroids, saponins, tannins and carbohydrates at different levels in fractions of leaves and roots of Raphanus sativus and the absence of cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones and alkaloids which was further confirmed using FTIR analysis. TPC was ranged from (8.92{\textpm}1.01) and (211.80{\textpm}1.57) mg GAE/g extract and TFC was ranged from (0.036{\textpm}0.03) and (11.57{\textpm}0.60) mg QE/g extract for leaves and roots extracts respectively. Due to the high phenolic and flavonoid content in aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions of leaves and roots extracts , results demonstrated high antioxidant activity with IC50: (56.3{\textpm}1.3) and (69.7{\textpm}1.8) for aqueous fractions and (47.2{\textpm}1.5) and (58.7{\textpm}0.7) for ethyl acetate fractions of leaves and roots extracts respectively Study revealed that ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of leaves and roots of Raphanus sativus could develop a potential natural antioxidant herbal remedy. The study recommends future investigation to isolate and identify the bioactive secondary metabolites in Raphanus sativus.

}, keywords = {DPPH, Folin-Ciocalteau, Raphanus sativus, total flavonoid., total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.101}, author = {Abdullah Abdulhamid Altaweel and Abdullah Jalal Alasoom and Hussein Ali Burshed and Marwan Mohamed Alshawush and Hany Ezzat Khalil} } @article {1899, title = {The Interactive Antimicrobial Activities of Selected South African Terminalia spp. Extracts in Combination with Conventional Antibiotics against Gastrointestinal Pathogens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {692-701}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {692}, abstract = {

Background: Recent declines in new antibiotic discovery and the increase in antibiotic resistance have resulted in failing against bacterial pathogens. To develop novel antibiotic therapies, medical researchers have begun to focus on traditional therapies. Combinational therapies consisting of medicinal plants and conventional antibiotics may reactivate current drugs that are otherwise ineffective against antibioticresistant bacteria. Terminalia sericea Burch. Ex DC, Terminalia prunioides Laws. and Terminalia gazensis Bak. f. are native South African plants with antimicrobial properties. However, combinations of Terminalia sericea, Terminalia prunioides and Terminalia gazensis with conventional antibiotics are yet to be evaluated for growth inhibitory activity against gastrointestinal pathogens. Methods: Terminalia spp. leaves were extracted with solvents of varying polarity. Antimicrobial screening was performed using disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Toxicity was measured using Artemia franciscana nauplii lethality assays. Results: All extracts (except the T. sericea extracts) showed low to moderate inhibitory activity against B. cereus and E. faecalis, A. faecalis, A. hydrophilia, S. sonnei and S. newport in both the disc diffusion and liquid dilution assay. Twenty-three extract/antibiotic combinations produced synergy, 26 were additive, 24 were non-interactive and seven were antagonistic. Most of the antagonist interactions occurred in combinations containing gentamicin. All extracts were either non-toxic or of low toxicity in the Artemia bioassay. Conclusion: Terminalia spp. extracts may mimic the actions of a resistance modifying agents, enhancing the activity of several antibiotics that are relatively ineffective alone. Further studies are required to identify the bioactive and potentiating components and their mechanisms of action.

}, keywords = {Antibiotic potentiation, Antibiotic-resistant pathogens, Combretaceae, Diarrhoea., Synergy, Terminalia gazensis, Terminalia prunioides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.156}, author = {Muhammad Jawad Yousaf Zai and Matthew James Cheesman and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {1862, title = {Isolation and Characterization of Neuroglobin and The Reducing Enzyme Metneuroglobin (Neuroglobin Fe3+) From Bovine Brain Tissue}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {504-510}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {504}, abstract = {

Background/Aim: The brain uses 20\% of the O2 consumed by the body for energy metabolism. In 2000, found a protein that is thought to be a binding O2 in the brain, namely neuroglobin (Ngb). Ngb is a member of the hemoprotein which has a heme group. The iron ion in the haem group can be oxidized, so a reducing enzyme is needed. In this study, the isolation, purification, and characterization of Ngb protein and the reducing enzyme from oxidized neuroglobin (neuroglobin Fe3+) were carried out. Materials and methods: Ngb protein was isolated by fractionation technique using ammonium sulfate 90\% saturation, purified by anion exchange chromatography (DEAE Cellulose) and immunoaffinity chromatography, confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The metneuroglobin-reducing enzyme was isolated by RIPA lysis buffer, purified by Affi gel blue chromatography, and confirmed by SDS-PAGE. Results: The isolated Ngb obtained has a molecular weight of 17.26 kDa. Spectrum analysis in the wavelength range of 350- 500nm, showed the afternoon peaks of deoxyNgb, oxyNgb, carboxyNgb and metNgb were 415 nm, 405 nm, 405 nm, and 420 nm, respectively. The results of the isolation of the reducing enzymes obtained consisted of 2 parts, namely the matrix-bound eluate (eluate-1) and matrix-bound eluate (eluate-2). SDSPAGE results of eluate-1, eluate-2 and Ngb-free fraction (byproduct of Ngb purification) showed the same 3 bands at a molecular weight of 72.45; 26.84 and 16.33 kDa were suspected as reducing enzymes. Conclusion: The reduction kinetics was tested by reacting the fraction and metNgb and measuring the deoxyNgb uptake formed per unit time. The results of the measurement of the ratio of NgbFe3+ to NgbFe2+ from the free fractions Ngb, eluate-1 and eluate-2, which has the best reducing activity is eluate-1 because it has the best regression value of 0.8769.

}, keywords = {Bovine brain tissue, Neuroglobin, Neuroglobin absorption spectrum, Reductase enzyme}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.127}, author = {Ninik Mudjihartini and Dewi Pratiwi Purba and Fadilah Fadilah and Mohammad Sadikin and Sri Widia A. Jusman} } @article {1866, title = {Isolation and Characterization of Snakehead Fish Meal Extract with Fresh, Boiled, and Steamed Treatments and Its Potential for Health Drinks and Immunomodulators}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {532-536}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {532}, abstract = {

Albumin is one of the proteins that currently have an important role for the organism{\textquoteright}s body. This study aims to determine the characteristics of albumin with several treatments which will later be applied to cendol drinks. The treatments for extraction and albumin flour were fresh, boiled, and steamed, which were tested for extract yield, amino acids, and molecular identification using SDS-Page. The results showed that the steam treatment of the extract produced the highest yield of 0.42g/dL. The highest amino acid was in albumin flour with boiled treatment, namely each essential amino acid, namely leucine and non-essential amino acid, namely leucine. Identification of albumin molecular weight showed that albumin was found only in fresh and flour conditions when fresh. Other results indicate the possibility of processing factors affecting the presence of albumin which is easily soluble in water. albumin isolation from snakehead fish can potentially be developed into immunomodulatory health products

}, keywords = {Albumin, Extract, Food product, Immunomodulator, Sds page.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.131}, author = {Dewita and Desmelati and Santhy W. Sidauruk and Taufik Hidayat} } @article {1905, title = {Isolation of a Flavone Apigenin and a Steroids Squalene from Peronema canescens Jack Leaves with Anti-Inflammatory Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {744-752}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {744}, abstract = {

The leaves of the P. canescens are ethnobotanically used by the community as a remedy for bruises and fever. This study aims to isolate both of ethanol and n-hexane fractions of P. canescens Jack leaves. Isolate then characterized and determined their anti-inflammatory activity with male white mice. Anti- Inflammatory was determined by the volume of exudate and \% inflammation inhibition. The isolates with good anti-inflammatory activity were characterized using UV-Vis and IR spectrophotometry. Our findings showed that the ethanolic (F1) and n-hexane (F2) fractions of P. canescens extract had a good anti-inflammatory activity with percent inhibition values of 58.12\% and 56.59\%, respectively. The characterization results showed that isolate F1 was a flavonoid group, Apigenin compound, while isolate F2 was a steroid group, Squalene compound.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory., Apigenin, P. canescens, Squalene}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.162}, author = {Indra Lasmana Tarigan and Sutrisno and Rumaida and Indah Pramana Sari Aini and Madyawati Latief} } @article {1738, title = {Isolation of White Rot Fungi from Rotten Wood from Bogor Botanical Garden in Indonesia and its Ligninolytic Enzymes Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {68-75}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {68}, abstract = {

Background: White rot fungus is one of the microorganisms that can naturally decompose lignocellulosic biomass. Indonesia{\textquoteright}s nature with its tropical forests has enormous potential for the development of white rot fungi that can be used as biological resources, one of which is in the bio delignification process. This paper aims to study the isolation and qualitative and quantitative screening of ligninolytic enzymes from white rot fungi found on rotten wood. Methods: In this study, white rot fungus was isolated from rotten wood from Bogor Botanical Gardens area, Indonesia. The isolated fungus were screened qualitatively by the Bavendamm test and decolorization of Remazol Brilliant Blue R test. Furthermore, the activity of laccase enzymes, manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase were measured by UV-Vis Spectroscopy. Laccase enzyme as an enzyme that has the highest activity is produced in liquid media containing rice husks and purified and its activity is measured. Result: The results showed that of the 5 isolates that were positive for Bavendamm test and decolorization of RBBR test, they were KRB1, KRB8, KRB9, KRB10 and KRB12. The highest laccase activity was produced by isolates KRB 12 at 8244.72 U/ml. Laccase was purified by precipitation of ammonium sulfate at a saturation level of 0-80\%. Laccase was precipitated optimally in ammonium sulfate saturation 0-20\%. The overall yield of the purification was 44.92\%, with a purification fold of 1.72 and a specific activity of 5579.95 U/mg protein. Conclusion: The result for isolate KRB12 laccase as compared of the reported laccases suggests isolate KRB12 is a potential isolate for the production of laccase enzymes.

Key words: White rot fungi, Isolation, Bavendamm test, Decolorization of RBRR, Laccase, Manganese peroxidase, Lignin peroxidase.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.10}, author = {T Sumiati and H Suryadi and Harmita and Sutriyo} } @article {1939, title = {Job fulfilment and its related variables among pharmacy certificate holders in Jordan: A Cross-sectional Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {983-988}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {983}, abstract = {

Background: The feeling of contentment one has with their job is referred to as job satisfaction. The quality of health care, processes, and services are directly impacted by pharmacists{\textquoteright} job satisfaction, which is a key factor in influencing their motivation. Nevertheless, there hasn{\textquoteright}t been much research done to evaluate the employment satisfaction of Jordanian pharmacists working in various professions and locations. This study assessed the job satisfaction level among all pharmacy certificate carriers (Doctor of pharmacy, pharmacists, clinical pharmacists, industrial pharmacists, academic pharmacists, and assistant pharmacists) in Jordan and the elements that influence their level of job satisfaction which finally affect their job performance and employee turnover. Methods: This cross-sectional inquiry comprised Jordanian pharmacy certificate holders. Online national surveys on job satisfaction were conducted using a reputable, well-designed questionnaire. The questionnaire has 22 criteria for measuring job satisfaction. Logic regression analyses were utilized in order to examine the relationship between sociodemographic variables, work satisfaction indicators, and overall job satisfaction levels. Results: The study received responses from 236 pharmacy certificate holders. The mean introducing age was middle age (30-39yrs) (52.6\%), with the majority being females (87.5\%). The overall job satisfaction level reported by participants had a mean score of 2.97, with 14.4\% of them being satisfied with their jobs. Salary and a lack of promotion opportunities were found to be significantly related to overall job satisfaction (p = 0.001, p=0.011 respectively). Conclusion: The majority of Jordanian pharmacy certificate holders were dissatisfied with their jobs. Increasing salary and advancement opportunities would increase job satisfaction among pharmacy certificate holders in the country. There is a need for effective human resource management and policy revision in the pharmacy sector in Jordan.

}, keywords = {Employee turnover., Job satisfaction, Pharmacy certificate holders}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.200}, author = {Noha Abd Alkareem Younis Younis} } @article {1926, title = {Kaempferia galanga L. Extract Administration Attenuate Aquaporin-4 Expression in Traumatic Brain Injury: An Experimental Study in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {893-897}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {893}, abstract = {

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still a major health problem in the world. It might cause long-term disability that affect socio-economic life and become nation health burden. Post-traumatic cerebral edema might develop and commit to an unfavorable prognosis. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is water channel protein and a key regulator of water metabolism in the brain. Although the mechanism of AQP4 in the regulation of post-traumatic brain edema remains controversial, AQP4-lacking mice show better survival and decreased brain edema. Thus, novel strategies that suppress AQP4 become a potential field. We hypothesized that Kaempferia galanga L. may suppress brain expression of AQP4 following TBI and possibly limit the development of cerebral edema due to its neuroinflammation properties. Method: We conducted TBI to experimental rats, then given Kaempferia galanga L. extract at a dose of 600 mg/kg BW and 1200 mg/kg BW. Evaluation intensity of AQP4 expression by immunohistochemistry was performed 24 and 48 hours later to see its therapeutic effect. Results: Administration of Kaempferia galanga L. extract at a dose of 1200 mg/kg BW showed weak expression of AQP4 in all samples, both 24 and 48 hours following traumatic brain injury treatment. Conclusions: Intensity of AQP4 expression in rats{\textquoteright} brain was lower at 24 and 48 hours after TBI in rats receiving Kaempferia galanga L. extract with dose 1200 mg/ kg BW compared to the other groups. Our result indicates that Kaempferia galanga L. might affect the expression of brain AQP4 in a dose-dependent manner.

}, keywords = {Ayuverdic medicine, Neuroinflammation, Neurotrauma, Post-traumatic cerebral edema}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.185}, author = {Fajar Herbowo Niantiarno and Agus Turchan and Myrna Adianti and Budi Utomo and Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi and Abdul Hafid Bajamal} } @article {1844, title = {Knowledge and Awareness about Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine Among the Students of College of Medicine, Shaqra university in Dawadmi, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {367-372}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {367}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine are the two rapidly emerging areas in medical field which will determine the drug therapy of the future. It is very important for current medical students to be aware of these medical fields and apply these principles in their medical practice. There is huge scope for research in this area, hence an awareness study was conducted among medical students of college of medicine, Shaqra university, Dawadmi. Methods: A cross sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among the medical students of Shaqra university, Dawadmi by self-administered questionnaire. 150 students participated in the study. Results: Out of the 150 students participated in the study Pharmacogenomics is relevant to my education 25\% strongly agree. 45\% agreed to recommend pharmacogenomic testing. Familiarity with genetics is only 16\% and only 14\% are familiar with interpreting results of pharmacogenomic tests. Knowledge testing showed overall less percentage. Only 16\% can identify drugs that require pharmacogenomic testing. But 36\% are confident to use the results of pharmacogenomics tests to make an appropriate adjustment to a patient{\textquoteright}s drug therapy. Knowledge about personalized medicine is 31\% with scale of 3 out of 7.40\% of students agreed to undergo genetic testing. 52\% of the participants agreed to know about their risk for developing genetic based chronic diseases. Conclusion: There is genuine interest and awareness about Pharmacogenomics and Personalized medicine among the medical students but the knowledge is lacking. Hence including these areas in the undergraduate medical curriculum will impart valuable knowledge to the future medical students.

}, keywords = {Personalized medicine, Pharmacogenetic testing, Pharmacogenomics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.109}, author = {Inbaraj Susai Domnic and Faisal Fahad Al Otaibi and Noureldaim Elnoman Elbadawi and Prasanna Mohana Bhaskaran and Mohammad Azhar Rashikh and Dinesh Dimri} } @article {1849, title = {Leaf Effect of C. Trifolia L. as Nf-B and Tnf-Α Inhibitor Compounds with In Silico Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {407-415}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {407}, abstract = {

Introduction: Infection H. pylori causes inflammation through various pathways to induce proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. The transcription factor NF-kB is a crucial regulator of the immune response and inflammation and regulates many cellular processes that are important in carcinogenesis, including transformation, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Antiinflammatory plant C. trifolia L was shown to inhibit the activity of NF-B and several pro-inflammatory cytokine mediators. This study proved that the active compound from the plant{\textquoteright}s leaves, C. trifolia L has potential as an inhibitor of NF-B and TNF-α. Method: This study used a docking method with a grid box mimicking the bond between the receptor and the inhibitor control complex. Results: The bioactivity of Cayratria trifolia compounds as anti-inflammatory was shown in the inflammation parameters used, namely Interleukin 10 agonist, Interleukin agonist, Interleukin antagonist, Interleukin 6 antagonist, Interleukin 4 antagonist, Interleukin 2 agonist, Interleukin 1 antagonist, Interleukin 1b antagonist, Interleukin 10 antagonist, Interleukin 12 agonist, and Interleukin 1a antagonist. Interleukin 2 agonists showed the highest activity of all compounds. Piceid compounds showed high anti-inflammatory activity with interleukin 10 agonists, interleukin agonists, interleukin 6 antagonists, and interleukin 2 agonists. The compounds stilbenes, piceid, resveratrol, cyclopentadecane, and hentriacontane showed potency higher interleukin-6 inhibition than the other 22 compounds. These five compounds were continued for molecular docking analysis. The low bond energy is correlated with the number of bonds and the variety of interactions. The higher the number of bonds and the type of interaction, the lower the bond energy. The lower the bond energy, the stronger the interaction between the ligand and protein. Conclusion: Based on the prediction of anti-inflammatory bioactivity, five potential compounds were identified, namely cyclopentadecane, resveratrol, stilbenes, piceid, and hentriacontane. The five compounds bind to NFkB on the active site of the binding site with DNA, and this inhibition causes DNA to be unable to restrain NFkB transcription factors, and transcription does not occur. This proves that the active compound from the leaves of the plant C. trifolia L has potential as an inhibitor of NF-κB compounds. Inhibition of 6 compounds on TNF at the TNF receptor proves that the active compound from the leaves of the plant C. trifolia L has potential as a TNF-α inhibitor compound. The active ingredient Piceid exhibits predominant anti-inflammatory potential with lower binding energy and stronger interactions than other complexes.

}, keywords = {C. trifolia L, H. Pylori, in silico, NFkB, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.115}, author = {Judya Sukmana and Widjiati and Siswandono and I Ketut Sudiana and Hari Basuki Notobroto and Iswinarno Doso Saputro and Yoes Prijatna Dachlan and Endang Joewarini} } @article {1930, title = {Left Atrial Myxoma Presented with an Obstructive Shock, Right Ventricle Dysfunction and Pulmonary Hypertension}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {917-920}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {917-920}, abstract = {

Myxoma is a benign primary cardiac tumour, mostly located in the left atrial. A 43 years old woman was referred with a difficulty of breathing for 3 months. The patients also complained about weakness, swollen legs, enlarged abdomen, and blood-tinged cough. The patient appeared weak with blood pressure of 80/50 mmHg and grade III/IV systolic and diastolic murmurs were found. Transthoracic echocardiography and pathology evaluation conclude a cardiac myxoma. The patient was diagnosed with a LA myxoma with an obstructive shock, right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension, thus a surgical approach was done immediately to prevent embolism and sudden death. Cardiac features are most likely a consequence of obstructed LV inflow. Transthoracic echocardiography is a useful modality to determine the size, location, and mobility of the mass. The persistence of RV dysfunction post-surgical may be due to the chronicity of the myxoma.

}, keywords = {Myxoma, Obstructive shock, Pulmonary hypertension., Right ventricle dysfunction, Transthoracic echocardiography}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.189}, author = {Wisda Medika Valentidenta and Agus Subagjo and Dandy Hertriwibowo} } @article {1736, title = {Liposome Preparation of Tekelan Leaf (Chromolaenaodorata L.) Extract: Manufacturing and Evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {56-62}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {56}, abstract = {

Background: Liposomes are biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-immunogenic due to their phospholipid composition which is similar to cell membranes. Active chemicals that are contained in liposomes preparation has a goal in improving solubility, minimizing adverse effects, extending release, protecting drugs, targeting drugs, and increasing efficacy. Objective: The purpose of this study was to formulate the ethanol extract of tekelan leaves into liposome preparations and to determine differences in particle size, polydispersity index (PI) and stability. Materials and Methods: This research begins with making extract by maceration. The extract formed was then formulated into liposome preparations with the composition of F1 (30 mmol), F2 (40 mmol) and F3 (50 mmol) ingredients. The formulation was carried out by thin layer hydration with variations in sonication time of 10 minutes, 20 minutes and 30 minutes. Evaluation of liposomes was carried out organoleptically, testing pH, particle size, polydispersity index (PI), and physical stability at room temperature. Data analysis was carried out statistically using SPSS 20.0 One Way ANOVA method to see if there were differences in each group. The average pH test results of the three formulations were 6.2{\textpm}0.3. The particle size results in the 30th minutes obtained particle sizes of F1 (293.63{\textpm}1.6 nm), F2 (201.9{\textpm}1.5 nm) and F3 (143.17{\textpm}0.6 nm). Results: The results of the polydispersion index (PI) were F1 (0.307{\textpm}0.03), F2 (0.275{\textpm}0.06) and F3 (0.229{\textpm}0.02). The results of the observation of room temperature stability obtained that the organoleptic results formed two layers, namely a clear layer and a cloudy layer. In the One-Way ANOVA test, a significance value of p\>0.05 (0.068) was obtained. Conclusion: Liposomes produced from ethanol extract of tekelan leaves are stable when stored at low temperatures (4{\textpm}0.5oC) with an organoleptic state of odorless, dark green color and thick consistency.

Key words: Liposomes, Tekelan, pH, Stability, Particle size.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.8}, author = {S Rahmi and Rosidah and T Widyawati and Sumaiyah} } @article {1814, title = {Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.): Evaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {633-640}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {633}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), is an evergreen of the Guttiferae family that carries antioxidant activity. Objectives: to examine the antioxidant activity of the leaves, branches and rinds of the mangosteen using DPPH and CUPRAC methods, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), analyze the correlation between TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity, the correlation between two methods, and found the levels of flavonoid compounds. Methods: Extraction was performed by reflux method using solvents with graded polarity, namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. Determination of antioxidant activity with DPPH and CUPRAC, TPC and TFC were performed by UV-visible spectrophotometer. The correlation between TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity of DPPH and CUPRAC as well as the correlation between two methods were conducted by Pearson{\textquoteright}s method. The level of flavonoid compounds was performed by HPLC. Results: Mangosteen leaves, branches and rinds extracts had antioxidant activity of DPPH in the range of 39.920 {\textendash} 489.708 mg AAE/g and antioxidant activity of CUPRAC in the range of 116.360 {\textendash} 570.400 mg AAE/g. The highest TPC was given by the ethanol leaves extract (49.525 {\textpm} 4.263 g GAE/100 g) and the highest TFC was given by the n-hexane rinds extract (13.859 {\textpm} 1.451 g QE/100 g). The ethanol rinds extract contained rutin 0.0327\% and kaempferol 0.0049\%. Conclusions: TPC and TFC correlated positive and significant with the value of antioxidant activity, except for the n-hexane leaves extract using the DPPH method. The DPPH and CUPRAC methods gave linear results in determining the antioxidant activity of mangosteen extracts.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Branches, CUPRAC., DPPH, Leaves, Mangosteen, Rinds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.82}, author = {Defri Rizaldy and Nisrina Khairunnisa Ramadhita and Trishna Nadhifa and Irda Fidrianny} } @article {1854, title = {Massive Pleural Effusion with Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Test Positive and COVID-19 Confirmed: A Case Report}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {450-454}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {450}, abstract = {

A 26-year-old man complained of shortness of breath for 3 days before the hospital admission. The patient had a history of coughing up blood and had consumed alcohol and drugs. Decreased vesicular auscultation and dull percussion in the left lateral pulmo. Laboratory result showed increased neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio C-reactive protein, D-dimer, procalcitonin, ferritin, and decreased albumin level. Pleural fluid analysis indicated the presence of exudate, SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive, and increased ADA level to 43 U/L. Based on the examination results, we suspected that the etiology of the massive pleural effusion was tuberculous pleurisy, particularly due to increased ADA levels. The patient was diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia with massive pleural effusion and tuberculous pleurisy. Massive pleural effusion in SARS-CoV-2 infection is rare. Thus, laboratory modalities for massive pleural effusion diagnosis are needed to determine the etiology and effective treatment for the patient. ADA analysis could be considered as an initial examination in patients with pleural effusion during the wait for pleural fluid culture results.

}, keywords = {ADA test, COVID-19, Infectious disease, Pleural effusion, Pneumonia, Tb pleuritis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.120}, author = {Dewintha Airene Novianti and Puspa Wardhani} } @article {1779, title = {Mechanism of the Bioactive Sargassum cristaefolium in Inhibiting Inflammatory Mediators in a Nitroglycerin-Induced Migraine Model in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {388-396}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {388}, abstract = {

Background: Migraine headaches are a form of sterile neurogenic inflammation. The sterile inflammatory process of the trigeminal nerve releases the vasoactive neuropeptide CGRP which stimulates the release of inflammatory mediators. In the incidence of migraine there is an increase in TNF-α and IL-10. Sargassum cristaefolium ethanol extract contains flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids, steroids, and tannins, which has analgesic and anti-inflammatory function. Method: Sargassum cristaefolium was extracted using maceration method with 70\% ethanol as solvent. Animal models were divided into 5 groups and given NTG induction 5 times with 1 day intervals, treated for 3 weeks. All data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 26.0. Results: Sargassum cristaefolium ethanol extract - CGRP levels β: -0.26, p: 0.17; Sargassum cristaefolium ethanol extract - CGRP expression β: -0.04, p: 0.85; Sargassum cristaefolium ethanol extract - TNF-α levels β: -0.63, p: 0.01; Sargassum cristaefolium ethanol extract - TNF-α expression β: -0.40, p: 0.04; Sargassum cristaefolium ethanol extract - IL-10 levels β: 0.77, p: 0.00; Sargassum cristaefolium ethanol extract - IL-10 expression β: 0.45, p: 0.01. Conclusions: A significant path between the administration of Sargassum cristaefolium ethanol extract and a decrease in TNF-α and an increase in IL-10. But the effect of giving Sargassum cristaefolium ethanol extract on CGRP levels did not have a significant relationship.

}, keywords = {Inflammatory mediator, Migraine, Nitroglycerin, Sargassum cristaefolium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.50}, author = {Olivia Mahardani Adam and Jusak Nugraha and Muhammad Hamdan and Agus Turchan} } @article {1924, title = {Medicinal Plants Adopted to Treat Children{\textquoteright}s Diseases by Traditional Pediatrics {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}Women Healers{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} In The Souss Massa Region (Agadir Idaoutanan, Inzegane Ait Meloul and Chtouka Ait Baha) Morocco}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {880-886}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {880}, abstract = {

The population of southern Morocco, particularly that of Souss Massa, uses traditional empirical care, several specialties of traditional medicine exist in the region including women healers considered traditional pediatricians, these women used medicinal plants to treat diseases of infants and children. this study was carried out in order to collect information on the therapeutic practices and medicinal plants adopted and used by women healers named locally by "ferraga" or "tachrift" and "tagouramt" in the Souss Massa region (Agadir Idaoutanan, Inzegane Ait Meloul and Chtouka Ait Baha), in order to preserve and protect this invaluable inheritance from loss and overlook.Using questionnaires, a series of surveys were conducted during the years 2018-2019 and 2019-2020, on the one hand, among the population (sample of 279 people) to determine the importance of these women healers in the health sector of the region of these women healers, and on the other hand, a survey was conducted among these women healers to collect the recipes adopted in the treatment of children{\textquoteright}s diseases. The population that uses traditional medicine frequently resorts frequently to these women healers to treat digestive and respiratory diseases and the incessant crying. The population that uses traditional medicine resorts to these women healers to treat digestive (30\% of population) and respiratory diseases and the incessant crying (24\% of population). The floristic analysis of the adopted recipes has revealed 56 plant species divided into 35 botanical families. The most used families are Lamiaceae (12,5\%) and Apiaceae (10,71\%). the leaves constitute the part more used 32.26\% followed by the seeds 22.58\%, the infusion is the mode of preparation most used by 35\% and the dose is generally by pinch, spoonful or by handful These results show that the women healers have a very important place in the health service, especially they have a very interesting knowledge of the treatment of digestive and respiratory disorders and especially of the effects attributed to sorcery. The plants identified in this study could constitute a data base for further research in the field of phytochemistry and pharmacology.

}, keywords = {Children{\textquoteright}s diseases, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine, Women healers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.183}, author = {Taleb Ali Khalid and Aarab Ahmed} } @article {1929, title = {Molecular Docking Estrogen Receptor Alpha Antagonist and P53- MDM2 Inhibitor, ADMET Prediction of Alkaloid Compound from Mitragyna speciosa for Breast Cancer Therapy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {912-916}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {912}, abstract = {

Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the major universal health problems affecting more than two million cases per year. Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and P53 are common targets for the treatment of breast cancer and are primarily involved in cell proliferation. The function of p53 protein is regulated by direct binding to MDM2 protein. Therefore, inhibition of p53-MDM2 interaction leads to reactivating p53 activity. Alkaloid compounds generally have potential anticancer effect. Alkaloid compound from Mitragyna speciosa have the potential for anticancer. Methods: The method used is molecular docking with AutoDockTools 1.5.6 program. Predict the properties of physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and toxicity prediction tests (ADMET) using pkCSM. Results: The results showed that speciophylline, corynoxine A, and corynoxine B have the best values in free binding energy (ΔG) for estrogen receptor (ERα) alpha receptor. Meanwhile, mitraphylline, mitrafoline, and corynoxine B have the best values for protein P53. Predict ADMET using the pkCSM, the alkaloid compound has strong lipophilicity and good permeability so it predicts the ability to penetrate intestinal cell membranes and the skin membrane. Spesiofilin, mitraphylline, and mitrafolin are not expected hepatotoxic. Conclusion: Speciophylline and mitraphylline have potential as anticancer drugs through the inhibitory of estrogen receptor alpha and MDM2 reseptor.

}, keywords = {ADMET, Alkaloid, Breast cancer, Docking, Mitragyna speciosa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.188}, author = {Puja Adi Priatna and Rizki Rahmadi Pratama and Retno Widyowati and Sukardiman} } @article {1764, title = {Molecular Docking, Physicochemical and Drug-likeness Properties of Isolated Compounds from Garcinia latissima Miq. on Elastase Enzyme: In Silico Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {282-288}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {282}, abstract = {

Garcinia latissima Miq. belongs to the Clusiaceae family that has been studied with activity as an antibacterial and anti-elastase in vitro. The inhibitory ability of the elastase enzyme from the G. latissima extract. This needs to be tested further by an in silico molecular docking study of the compound. Previous studies have shown that 4-oxo-β-lactam crystals are selective against the human neutrophil elastase (an enzyme protease). It has a structural relationship with its activity to become the basis for inhibiting the elastase enzyme. The purpose of this in silico study was to test whether the isolated compounds from G. latissima (including friedelin, 6-deoxyjacareubin, amentoflavone, and Robusta flavone). The in silico molecular docking method used was Autodock 4.2.6 molecular docking software. This protocol is used to test friedelin, 6-deoxyjacareubin, amentoflavone, and Robusta flavone as ligands for the elastase enzyme receptor. The protocol{\textquoteright}s output was analyzed using the Accelrys Discovery Studio Visualizer 4.0 post-docking analysis method. The results showed that isolated compounds, including amentoflavone, friedelin, and 6-deoxyjacareubin, are active ligands against porcine pancreatic elastase with the free binding energy of -10.94, -7.17, and -6.72 kcal/mol, respectively, and form hydrogen bonds, van der Walls, alkyl, electrostatic, and hydrophobic interaction. In silico physicochemical, lipophilicity, water-soluble, pharmacokinetics, and drug-likeness properties prediction showed characteristics prediction of isolated compound. This study provides an overview of the molecular interactions of isolates compounds from G. latissima against the elastase enzyme.

}, keywords = {Drug likeness, Elastase enzyme, Garcinia latissima Miq., Molecular docking study, Physicochemical properties}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.35}, author = {Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Azminah Azminah and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {1804, title = {Molecule Attachment and Prediction of ADMET Compounds in Cinnamomum burmannii on Orexin Receptor as Anti-insomnia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {576-583}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {576}, abstract = {

Background and Objectives: Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by a person{\textquoteright}s dissatisfaction with the quantity or quality of sleep. Suvorexant is a sedative and hypnotic drug that has been shown to be useful for the treatment of insomnia and can act more centrally and selectively on the orexin system. However, suvorexant has quite a lot of side effects. According to research, cinnamon has pharmacological benefits, one of which is anti-insomnia. The aimed this study to determine the interaction between the compounds contained in the cinnamon plant and the Orexin receptor with the molecular anchoring method and to determine the prediction of the ADMET properties of cinnamon compounds which have the potential as anti-insomniac. Material and Methods: The research method was in-silico study consisted of validation, bonding of cinnamon compounds and prediction of ADMET properties. Results: The results showed that cinnamon compounds, namely Cinnamic acid and Methylhidroxy calcone, had the best interactions with lower Gibbs bond energy values (ΔG) and inhibition constants (Ki). From the results of the prediction of ADMET properties, the Methylhydroxy calcone compound obtained positive results on the hepatotoxicity parameter and the Cinnamic acid compound obtained negative results, which means that the compound does not have toxic properties. Conclusion: The Cinnamic acid could be used as a new promising anti-insomnia agent.

}, keywords = {ADMET, Cinnamic acid, Cinnamomum burmanii, Insomnia, Orexin.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.74}, author = {Resmi Mustarichie and Nyi Mekar Saptarini and Sandra Megantara} } @article {1848, title = {Multi Bacterial Infection in Immunocompromised Patient}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {402-406}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {402}, abstract = {

Infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised cancer patients due to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or anti-inflammatory therapy. Approximately 0.9\%-39\% of cancer patients with febrile non neutropenia has bacteremia and about 7.3\% of cancer patients hospitalized have positive bacterial blood cultures. Multi-bacterial infection with Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) in immunocompromised cancer patients complicates therapy and is often fatal. A 6 years old boy diagnosed with left orbital tumor intracranial infiltration. Physical examination: lump in the left eye {\textpm} 8 x 10 cm, solid, reddish in color, there was a wound on the left eye {\textpm} 12 x 10 cm; Temperature 390C. Hematology examination Hb 10.3 g / dL; PLT 156 x103 / uL; WBC 28.92 x103 / uL. Blood culture results: Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) resistant to Gentamicin, Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid, Ampicillin, Penicillin G, Oxacillin and Enterococcus faecium resistant to Gentamicin, Ampicillin, Cotrimoxazole, Trimetoprim, Erythromycin, and Clindamycin. Results of pus culture from the left eye wound was Staphylococcus intermedius resistant to Gentamicin, Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid, Ampicillin, Penicillin G, Oxacillin, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin. Based on the results of blood and pus culture, all bacterial isolates included multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO). Multidrug resistant organisms are microorganisms, especially bacteria that are resistant to at least 1 antibiotic of three or more categories. Cancer patients are susceptible to infection with multi-drug resistant bacteria because of their decreased immune system, especially after undergoing chemotherapy. Appropriate antibiotic treatment determines patient morbidity and mortality. Infection due to multi-bacteria accompanied by multi-drug resistance in immunocompromised patients is a condition that has to be treated immediately since the onset of the disease to reduce morbidity and mortality.

}, keywords = {Immunocompromised, Multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR), Sepsis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.114}, author = {Ummi Nafi{\textquoteright}atil Ilmi and IGAA Putri Sri Rejeki} } @article {1910, title = {Nano Transdermal Delivery Potential of Fucoidan from Sargassum sp. (Brown Algae) as Chemoprevention Agent for Breast Cancer Treatment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {789-795}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {789}, abstract = {

Conventional chemotherapy substances are associated with mild to severe side effects that affect both healthy and cancer cells. It is presumed to improve therapeutic efficacy in coexistence reducing chemotherapy{\textquoteright}s side effects. Fucoidan is an anticancer bioactive compound derived from Sargassum sp. that has low cytotoxic activity. The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of anticancer activities of fucoidan from Sargassum sp. against breast cancer then analyze the suitability of nano transdermal patch of fucoidan and blueprint the long-term research design of nano transdermal patch as a chemoprevention agent in the chemotherapeutic management of breast cancer. This research was performed through a literature study and in silico study by imposing carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) as a marker of hypoxia and metastatic state of cancer cells. The results showed that the fucoidan from Sargassum sp. effectively induced apoptosis and prevented metastasis of breast cancer cells through the Bcl-2, Bcl-w, and bad pathways. Fucoidan, in addition, was predicted to inhibit CA IX by Glu4 Glu5, Leu7, Pro8, and Asp6 residues. Therefore, the delivery of fucoidan is favored to have a local effect on the site of breast cancer cells by nano transdermal patch preparations using fucoidan nanoparticle polymer. Further nano transdermal patch development as a treatment for breast cancer is suggested through the stages of formulation optimization, optimum formula activity testing, patent filing, and distribution in health services.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Breast cancer, Fucoidan, Nano transdermal, Sargassum sp. .}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.169}, author = {Syeftyan Muhammad Ali Hamami and Michelle Fai and Ahmad Fariduddin Aththar and M Nizam Zulfi Zakaria and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Maksim Rebezov and Nikolai Maksimiuk and Nataliya Kulmakova and Evgeniya Latynina and ANM Ansori and Rahadian Zainul and Riso Sari Mandeli and Devi Purnamasari and Oski Illiandri and Khoirun Nisyak and Ernarisa Fitri} } @article {1856, title = {Nephrotic Syndrome with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Histological Feature: A Case Report}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {459-461}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {459}, abstract = {

Introduction: Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical syndrome of heavy proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia or hypoproteinemia. Renal biopsy is fundamental to assess not only the type but also the degree of disease activity. The overall prognosis and response to treatment often depend on the severity of histological lesions and their reversibility.1,2 Case Presentation: An eighteen years old man with nephrotic syndrome and planned for a kidney biopsy. This case showed a patient with swollen face (especially on the cheek). On Biopsy results showing the glomerulus proliferation of cells and mesangeal matrix, adhesions in (50\%) glomerulus, focal sclerosis in some glomeruli, erythrocyte cells visible in the urinary space and thickening of the basement membrane in some glomeruli, partially atrophic tubules, visible erythrocytes in the tubular lumen. Conclusion: An eighteen years old man with nephrotic syndrome with cushing syndrome and hypokalemia who had a renal biopsy. The histological feature from the renal biopsy was focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The underlying cause of FSGS is still unclear. Assessing the diagnosis and etiology become important to direct the subsequent clinical approach and therapy

}, keywords = {Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Nephrotic syndrome, Renal biopsy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.122}, author = {Dian Samudra and Widodo and Nunuk Mardiana and Artaria Tjempakasari and Pranawa and Aditiawardana and Anny Setijo Rahaju} } @article {1780, title = {Optimization of the Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. Fruit Peel and its Antioxidant and Anti-Gout Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {397-405}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {397}, abstract = {

Aims: This study aimed to obtain the skin extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The extract{\textquoteright}s potential as an antioxidant with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition parameters, and its potential as an anti-gout. Results: The yield of crude ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl rind obtained from the UAE process ranged from 18 to 21\%. The phytochemical test results of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit peel extract contain phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids. Extract B was treated for 35 minutes and had an amplitude of 65\% with an antioxidant activity IC50 of 52.01 {\textpm} 0.06 mg/L and a reduction of uric acid level of 90.49 {\textpm} 0.08. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the fruit peel of Phaleria macrocarpa from the UAE has the potential as a source of antioxidants and anti-gout.

}, keywords = {Anti-gout, Antioxidant, Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl., Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.51}, author = {Candra Irawan and Maman Sukiman and Ismail and Imalia Dwi Putri and Andita Utami and Avisani Dewanta and Aulia Noviyanti} } @article {1784, title = {Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Andrographis paniculata Nees Leaves, Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Content and Anti-Gout Potential Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {432-438}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {432}, abstract = {

Gout is a type of arthritis that causes painful inflammation in one or more joints. In gout, an increase in uric acid in the blood triggers the formation of crystals, causing joint pain. Indonesia is a country rich in the biodiversity of medicinal plant species. Therefore, its flora offers promising therapy for gout, one of which is Andrographis paniculata Nees. This study aims to obtain the leaf extract of A. paniculata through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. Then the extract obtained was subjected to phytochemical screening, a total phenolic content test and uric acid test. The results of phytochemical screening of A. paniculata leaf extract using UAE contained saponins, phenols, tannins and alkaloids. The high total phenolic content has an effect on the high potential for reducing uric acid levels. Sample B with a time variation of 35 minutes and an amplitude of 65\% showed the highest total phenolic content and potential for reducing uric acid levels compared to the other samples, which were 1104.53 {\textpm} 0.5 mg GAE/g extract and 72.81{\textpm}0.2 \%, respectively. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the UAE extract from the leaves of A. paniculata has good potential as an anti-gout agent.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata Nees, Anti-gout, Phytochemical screening, total phenolic content, Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.55}, author = {Ismail and Candra Irawan and Maman Sukiman and Imalia Dwi Putri and Andita Utami and M. Ilham Kumala Zalni and Ratna Komala Putri} } @article {1768, title = {Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Tinospora crispa Stem, Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Content and Anti Gout Potential Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {308-314}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {308}, abstract = {

Aims: This study aimed to obtain the stem extract of Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f \& Thomson through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The extract{\textquoteright}s potential as an anti-gout. Results: The yield of crude ethanol extract of Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f \& Thomson obtained from the UAE process ranged from 4.49\% to 10.60\%. The phytochemical test results of Tinospora crispa stem extract contain saponins, tannins and alkaloids. Extract C was treated for 45 minutes and had an amplitude of 60\% with a total phenolic content of 981.37 {\textpm} 0.7 mg/L and a reduction of uric acid level of 53.22 {\textpm} 0.1\%. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the Tinospora crispa stem from the UAE has the potential as a source of anti-gout.

}, keywords = {Anti-gout potential activity, Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f \& Thomson Stem, total phenolic content, Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.39}, author = {Maman Sukiman and Candra Irawan and Ismail and Imalia Dwi Putri and Andita Utami and Avisani Dewanta and Wira Aditia Septian} } @article {1892, title = {Parathyroid Carcinoma Mimicking Multiple Myeloma: A Tale of Refractory Hypercalcemia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {863-866}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {863}, abstract = {

Primary hyperparathyroidism yields various symptoms, including hypercalcemia, pathological fracture, and renal impairment. Parathyroid carcinoma is the rarest cause of primary hyperparathyroidism, accounting for \<1\% of the cases. We reported a case of a 46-year-old male with closed fractures at the humerus and femur. Further findings revealed severe refractory hypercalcemia, renal impairment, anemia, and bone lytic lesion (CRAB). No palpable cervical mass was identified. Surprisingly, the serum protein electrophoresis was normal, and urinary Bence-Jones protein was negative along with normal bone marrow aspiration. Hence, multiple myeloma was unlikely. The intact parathyroid hormone level was very high, along with a suspicious nodule on the left thyroid lobe (TIRADS 4). Total thyroidectomy and total parathyroidectomy were performed. The post-surgical pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of parathyroid carcinoma. After the surgery, the patient was in stable condition with normal intact parathyroid hormone and serum calcium levels. In this case, primary hyperparathyroidism was caused by parathyroid carcinoma with {\textquotedblleft}CRAB{\textquotedblright} symptoms, mimicking multiple myeloma. Primary hyperparathyroidism should be considered in the patient with refractory hypercalcemia.

}, keywords = {Case report, Hypercalcemia, Multiple myeloma, Parathyroid tumor, Primary hyperparathyroidism}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.180}, author = {Christian Jonatan and Sony Wibisono} } @article {1769, title = {Pasuchaca (Geranium ruizii Hieron.): A Medicinal Plant of the Geraniaceae Family with Hypoglycemic Effect on Alloxan-Induced Hyperglycemia in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {315-321}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {315}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study aims to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Geranium ruizii on alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in albino mice. Material and Methods: Geranium ruizii was collected in Huancayo, Junin, Peru. A phytochemical analysis was carried out to confirm the chemical groups. In the pharmacological study, hyperglycemia was induced with alloxan at doses of 170 mg/kg in male albino mice, animals with blood sugar levels above 250 mg/dL were included in the protocol. Mice were randomized into five groups (I: Alloxan 170 mg/Kg; II, III and IV (Geranium ruizii extract: 50; 150 and 300 mg/Kg body weight); and V: glibenclamide, 5mg/Kg B.W. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, saponins and phenolic compounds. It is observed that at doses of 50, 150 and 300 mg/kg reduced blood glucose at 14 days of treatment. Conclusion: The hypoglycemic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Geranium ruizii, administered orally in mice with alloxan-induced hyperglycemia was effective with 150 mg/Kg body weight.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic drugs, Antioxidants, Geranium ruizii, Herbal therapy, Medicinal plants, Pasuchaca}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.40}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Renan Dilton Ha{\~n}ari-Quispe and Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo and Josefa Bertha Pari-Olarte and Luz Josefina Chacaltana-Ramos and Eddie Loyola-Gonzales and Melva Iparraguirre-Meza and Mildred Hilda C{\'o}ndor- Privat and Beatriz Lilian Galdos-Vadillo and Jenny Mendoza-Vilcahuaman and Rossibel Juana Mu{\~n}oz-de-la-Torre} } @article {1869, title = {Pathophysiological Electrolyte Changes Connoted via Antagonism of Serotonin Receptor in Experimental Animals}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {548-552}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {548}, abstract = {

Background: Atypical antipsychotics are a subclass of antipsychotics that have emerged primarily since the 1970s for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. They are sometimes referred to as second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs). Several atypical antipsychotics have received regulatory approval for the treatment of disorders such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, irritability in autism, and as adjunctive treatment for major depressive disorders. Objectives: The purpose of the following study was to evaluate the effect of two widely known atypical antipsychotics, aripiprazole, and risperidone, on pathophysiological fluctuations in electrolytes. Several other studies were based on the following ideas, which brought a variety of different perspectives. As can be seen in the following evaluation, although atypical antipsychotics reduce the chance of extrapyramidal symptoms, it leads to impairment of renal function and destruction of renal histo-morphology. Materials and Methods: Thirty rats (10 per group) were used for this study, control group received normal saline, aripiprazole group received 10mg/kg//day, and risperidone group received 20mg/kg//day. The duration of therapy was long up to 3 months. Results: the results confirmed that both drugs reduced plasma sodium and chloride concentration with no effects on plasma potassium and calcium concentration. Moreover, the histomorphology at microscopic level shown no defects after 3 months of therapy. Conclusion: the outcome confirmed no deleterious defects associated with aripiprazole and risperidone when used for 3 months.

}, keywords = {Aripiprazole, Calcium, Chloride, Electrolyte, Potassium, Risperidone, Sodium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.134}, author = {Mohammed D Mahmood and Mohammed A. Younes and Mohammed Saarti} } @article {1802, title = {Peel-off Mask Formulation from Stem of Sempeng (Nepenthes gracilis) as Anti Acne Against Propionibacterium acnes Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {565-570}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {565}, abstract = {

Introduction: Stem of Sempeng (Nepenthes gracilis), which contain saponin and tannin has been known had antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes that usually improve severe of acne. Acne is a skin disease characterized by chronic inflammation in the polisebasca that often occurs in adolescence. Aims and Objective: The aims of this research are to develop and test a peel-off mask prepared from stem of Sempeng extracts, which has antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes. Materials and Methods: Stem of Sempeng was extracted with soxhletation method by ethanol 96\%. The extract was formulated into peel-off mask with different extract concentration (0, 1, 5, 10, 15) \%. Then the inhibition test of the extract and peel-off mask was measured against bacteria Propionibacterium acnes. The data analysis technique used in this study was to measure the zone diameter on a petri dish using a caliper with a millimeter (mm) unit and presented in tables and photos, the results of the inhibition zone measurement were compared with the classification of the response of the extract barrier to the growth of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CSLI) standard bacteria. Results: The result showed that the inhibition zone of the peel off mask preparation of sempeng stem extract in F1 and F2 formulations with extract concentrations of 1\% and 5\% are categorized as resistant, which means that the Propionibacterium acnes bacteria has a low level of sensitivity so that a large inhibition zone is not formed. Whereas in the F3 formulation with a concentration of 10\% is categorized as an intermediate, which means in this concentration, the mask can inhibit the growth of the inhibition zone Propionibacterium acnes bacteria which is formed quite well, but in this category it will require repeated use or with high doses of use. Then in the F4 formulation with a concentration of 15\%, it is categorized as susceptible, which means the mask have a good inhibitory resistance zone, this shows that the increase in high concentration, the greater the inhibition zone as well. Conclusion: The peel off mask from ethanol extract of Sempeng stem is able to inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. The peel mask preparation with concentration 1\%, 5\%, 10\% and 15\% forms a clear zone around the disc which means that this peel off mask formulation has activity to inhibits Propionibacterium acnes bacteria and is included in the category of susceptible interpretation according to the CLSI standard.

}, keywords = {Nepenthes gracilis stem extract, Peel-off mask, Propinibacterium acnes.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.72}, author = {Rezqi Handayani and Nurul Qamariah} } @article {1810, title = {Pharmacobotany, Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-inflammatory effect of the Ethanolic Extract of Luffa operculata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {622-628}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {622}, abstract = {

Background: Luffa operculata is a vegetable species well known in the traditional peruvian medicine for its many medicinal properties and cosmetic applications. Objective: The aim objective was to determine the pharmacognostic characteristics of L. operculata as well as observing the pharmacological effect of the ethanol extract of L. operculata fruit on chronic inflammation in rats. Materials and Method: Phytochemical analysis was carried out by using specific chemical reagents for each constituent chemical, the pharmacobotanical study was done with a histological tinction (fruit, steam and leaves), which were stained with Safranin 1\% and Toluidine blue 1\%; the chronical inflammation was assessed by air bag method in Holztman male rats. Doses of 100, 250 and 500 mg/Kg were tested in order to determine the anti-inflammatory effect, which was demonstrated with histopathological evaluation and lymphocytes reduction. Results: The main findings indicate that the ethanolic extract presented saponins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, terpenes and steroids. The efficiency of lymphocyte reduction per field in the histopathological study of the granuloma was 58.4\% with the middle dose of 250 mg/kg (p \< 0.0001), which gives a dose-independent anti-inflammatory effect in rats. Conclusion: Luffa operculata presented anti-inflammatory effect at 250 mg/Kg by oral administration in a chronical experimental model of inflammation in rats.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory., Luffa operculata, Pharmacobotany, Saponins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.80}, author = {Jorge Alejandro Arroyo-Sandoval and Manuel Jes{\'u}s Marin-Bravo and Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Hugo Jes{\'u}s Justil-Guerrero and Roberto Jes{\'u}s Ch{\'a}vez-Asmat and Josefa Bertha Pari-Olarte and Javier Hern{\'a}n Ch{\'a}vez-Espinoza and Jaime David Torres-L{\'e}vano and Eddie Loyola-Gonzales and Jos{\'e} Santiago Almeida-Galindo and Oscar Herrera-Calderon} } @article {1753, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Acute Toxicity Test of the Formulated Tisane Powder of Gallant Soldier (Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Asteraceae) Aerial Parts from Benguet, Philippines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {193-204}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {193}, abstract = {

Background: Galinsoga parviflora is a medicinal plant traditionally used to manage and treat various health conditions though the dearth of its scientific report on its pharmacognostic and safety profile remains. Objective: This study is designed to delineate the pharmacognostic and safety parameters of G. parviflora to ensure its authenticity, purity, quality, and safety. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative analysis, including physicochemical evaluation, macroscopic and microscopic characterization, phytochemical screening, and acute toxicity test, were carried out to establish the plant{\textquoteright}s diagnostic features and safety needed for its identification and standardization. For the Acute toxicity test, male and female rats were orally administered with aqueous extract at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg (n=5/sex) and 5000 mg/kg (n=3/sex). All experimental animals were critically observed individually for overt signs and symptoms of toxicity, behavioral changes, body weight changes, and mortality for 14 days. Results: The physicochemical characterization, macroscopic evaluation, morphometric determination, surface tissue examination, and powder analysis of the intact and powdered drug material revealed key diagnostic features and properties based on the stem, leaf, flower architecture, and pharmaceutical properties. The aqueous extract primarily contains alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, phytosterols, and tannins as its phytoconstituents. During the acute toxicity test, no toxicological response and mortality were observed on both doses. Conclusion: The present study provides vital architectural features and chemical characteristics of G. parviflora essential for establishing pharmacopoeial standards, especially in plantbased medicine. Additionally, the aqueous extract{\textquoteright}s oral dose of up to 5000 mg/kg is relatively safe as no significant evidence of treatment-related toxicity and mortality is seen.

Key Words: Acute toxicity, Microscopic, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Standardization.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.25}, author = {JG Badilla and MLC Fiangaan} } @article {1878, title = {Pharmacognostic Profile of Simplicia and Ethanolic Leaves Extract from Indonesian Piper betle var. nigra}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {610-618}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {610}, abstract = {

Piper betle var. nigra has potency as an herbal medication. Thus it can be used as a source of medicinal raw materials. Piper betle var. nigra simplicia and extracts must be controlled to obtain unswerving quality and ensure their pharmacological effects by standardizing them through several specific and non-specific parameters. Specific parameters were analyzed organoleptically in the ethanol extract, namely having a thick consistency, brownish-green or blackish-green color, a mild peculiar odor, a bitter, cherish taste, and a slightly spicy flavor. The microscopic simplicia powder profile is as follows: the lower epidermis with idioblasts in oil cells contour and upper epidermis, sclerenchyma, covering hairs, and transport bundles ladder-type thickening, and idioblasts in oil cells contour. Extract content analysis of simplicia and black betle leaves ethanol extract showed water-soluble extract content of 2.77\% and 12.45\% and ethanolsoluble extract content of 1.38\% and 19.1\%. Secondary metabolites in the ethanol extract are flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and steroids. The non-specific parameters of the simplicia and extract are as follows; total ash content of 12.1\% and 7.43\%; acid insoluble ash content of 4.45\% and 1.57\%; drying shrinkage of 14.5\% and 15.85\%; total lead (Pb) contamination 47.5 ppm and 1.2 ppm; and the total cadmium (Cd) contamination \<0.2 ppm. The total bacterial contamination in the extract was 4.3x105 colonies/g. The total yeast contamination was 8.3x105 colonies/g and volumetric mass density of the water-soluble extract of 0.96 g/mL and the volumetric mass density of the ethanol-soluble extract of 1.01 g/mL.

}, keywords = {Black betle, Non-specific parameters, Piper betle var. nigra, Specific parameters, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.143}, author = {Herman and Fajar Prasetya and Supriatno Salam and Hifdzur Rashif Rijai and Hadi Kuncoro and Rolan Rusli and Agung Rahmadani and Hady Anshory Tamhid and Kuswandi and Dewanto Harjunowibowo and Islamudin Ahmad and Laode Rijai} } @article {1935, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Water Hyacinth Flowers (Eichhornia Crassipes) Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {955-957}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {955}, abstract = {

The purpose of this research was to know about phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity of water hyacinth flowers extract and its potential use as a natural antioxidant. Data analysis was performed descriptively. Research consisted of several stages including sampling, sample preparation, sample extraction, yield of extract, phytochemical analysis (phenols, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins), antioxidant activity test with DPPH method and reducing power. The results showed that extracts yield of water hyacinth flowers with n-hexane solvent was 4.95\%, ethyl acetate solvent was 1.69\%, and highest extracts yiled obtained from methanol was 26.06\%. Results of phytochemical compounds analysis showed positive results for phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. Result of antioxidant activity with DPPH method interpreted within parameters of IC50. IC50 of Hyacinth flower extract were 1085.31 ppm for n-hexane, 950.71 ppm for ethyl acetate and 35.83 ppm for methanol. Small IC50 showed that higher antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Phytochemical, Reducing ability., Water Hyacinth Flowers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.196}, author = {Ace Baehaki and Shanti Dwita Lestari and Wiwira Agustina and Sintya Dwika Putri} } @article {1877, title = {Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Helichrysum acutatum DC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {603-609}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {603}, abstract = {

Helichrysum acutatum from the Asteraceae family is a shrub indigenous to Southern Africa. The plant is used in traditional medicine as an enema for newborn babies. This study aimed to isolate and identify the bioactive constituents from H. acutatum. In addition, the crude extracts and isolated compounds were tested for their antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. The phytochemical investigation afforded the known compounds stigmasterol, stigmasterol glucoside, and caffeic acid. The antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate extract showed higher activity compared to other extracts, ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene. Antibacterial profiling of all the extracts showed no activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains. The cytotoxic activity of the crude extracts was assayed in vitro against two human cancer cell lines, liver hepatoblastoma (HepG2) and colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2). The human embryonic kidney cell line (Hek-293) was used as the non-transformed control. The plant extracts showed insufficient antiproliferative or cytotoxic activity to the tumour and regular cell lines tested, which signifies suitable for human consumption. Overall, this plant has better antioxidant activity than other plants in the genus, which needs further exploration.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Caffeic acid, Cytotoxicity, Magnetic resonance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.142}, author = {Funsho Oyetunde-Joshua and Roshila Moodley and Hafizah Cheniah and Rene Khan} } @article {1874, title = {The phytochemical and pharmacological activity of extract Kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata L.) leaves: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {580-586}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {580}, abstract = {

C. odorata L. is considered to be a plant weed that is scattered in various climates. As a weed, this plant contains a variety of beneficial secondary metabolites. Several studies have shown the benefits of C. odorata L. leaf extract. This study reviews the metabolite content and the pharmacological activities of C. odorata L. leaf extract. A literature search was carried out to obtain various studies related to the use of this plant extract. Secondary metabolites identified in C. odorata L. are alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. Several reports have also shown that even though it is considered a weed, C. odorata L. leaf extract also provides many benefits due to its pharmacological activities. Various pharmacological activities include anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, antidyslipidemia, hematologic agent, antidiabetic and anti-cataract, analgesic and antipyretic, wound healing, anti-malaria, mosquito larvicidal, antihypercholesterolemia, and antifungal.

}, keywords = {Characterization, Chromolaena odorata, Kirinyuh, Pharmacological activity, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.139}, author = {Erna Harfiani and Yudhi Nugraha and Citra Ayu Aprilia and Feda Anisah Makkiyah and Ratna Puspita and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Riso Sari Mandeli and Mirella Fonda Maahury and Devi Purnamasari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Asmi Citra Malina A. R. Tasakka and Alexander Patera Nugraha and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1894, title = {Phytochemical Approach Including Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents and Evaluation of in vitro ABTS Antioxidant Capacity and Lipoxygenase Inhibition of Anisosciadium lanatum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {928-932}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {928}, abstract = {

Anisosciadium lanatum Boiss is commonly known in Bedouins as besbas. Traditional, it is palatable plant and used in medicine of livestock to treat skin conditions . The main objective of current approach was to screen the presence of different kind of metabolites applying standard procedures followed by assessment of total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) contents. In addition, the in vitro ABTS antioxidant and lipoxygenase activities were evaluated. Different organs (leaves, stems and flowers) of Anisosciadium lanatum were extracted using 70\% methanol to yield total methanol extracts of leaves (TML), stems (TMS) and flowers (TMF). Results demonstrated that TML, TMS and TMF are characterized by the content of different constituents such as flavonoids, phenolics/tannins, steroids, saponins, and carbohydrates at different levels. Ethyl acetate (EA) and butanol (BT) fractions of TML and TMS demonstrated the highest percentage of TPC and TFC. The results demonstrated the competence of EA and BT as free radical scavenger fractions compared to other fractions and its opportunity to contain bioactive antioxidant metabolites . TML, TMS and TMF exhibited Lipoxygenase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 4.88, 5.40 and 6.05 μg/mL, respectively when compared to that of the positive control baicalein (IC50: 0.27 μg /mL). In conclusion, present investigation highlighted the potential of Anisosciadium lanatum to be promising candidate with activity against wide range of inflammatory-related diseases.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Anisosciadium lanatum, Lipoxygenase, total flavonoid, total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.191}, author = {Mohammed Wasel Matar and Shahad Mohammed Nasser Alqahtani and Duaa Adnan Alghafli and Abdullah Abdulhamid Altaweel and Abdullah Jalal Alasoom and Hussein Ali Burshed and Marwan Mohamed Alshawush and Hany Ezzat Khalil} } @article {1791, title = {Phytochemical Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity of Virginia tobacco Leaves (Nicotiana tabacum L. var virginia) Fractions with DPPH and FTC Methods}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {544-548}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {544}, abstract = {

Introduction: Virginia tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum var. Virginia) is one of the most extensive varieties of tobacco plants. Nicotiana tabacum var. Virginia leaves known to contain alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenol, flavonoids, triterpenoids and glycosides. In addition to cigarette raw materials, tobacco is also able to be efficacious as an antibacterial, antifungal and bioinsecticide. Objective: The aim of this study to determine the total phenol and total flavonoids and also antioxidant activity of Virginia tobacco leaves fractions. The fraction with the largest compound content was evaluated further for its antioxidant activity. Methods: Virginia tobacco leaves was fractioned into dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate, butanol and water fractions. Phenol levels were determined with Follin-Ciocalteu reagent using the UV-Vis spectrophotometer method measured at 743.50 nm and gallic acid as a reference compound. Total flavonoid levels were determined with AlCl3 reagent using the UV-Vis spectrophotometer method measured at 434.50 nm and quercetin as a reference compound. Antioxidant activity was evaluated with DPPH and Ferric Thiocyanate (FTC) method and the standard used was quercetin. Results: Total phenol levels in Virginia tobacco leaves of DCM, ethyl acetate, butanol and water fractions respectively were 191.2386 mgGAE/g, 201.2913 mgGAE/g, 180.5714 mgGAE/g, 212.8692 mgGAE/g. Total Flavonoid levels respectively were 6.0927 mgQE/g, 6.9659 mgQE/g, 5.1112 mgQE/g, 8.3346 mgQE/g. Antioxidant of water fraction was evaluated further using DPPH and FTC method with IC50 respectively were 75.9148μg/ml and 67.8972 μg/ml. Conclusion: Overview of total phenol and flavonoid levels fractions and antioxidant can be used as an additional initial reference for Virginia tobacco leaves development as source of medicinal substances.

}, keywords = {Atherosclerosis, Hylocereus polyrhizus, LDL cholesterol levels, Red dragon fruit peel}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.69}, author = {Kori Yati and Misri Gozan and Mardiastuti and Vivi Anggia and Rini Prastiwi and Mahdi Jufri} } @article {1756, title = {Phytochemical Investigation and Biological Screening of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Salvia hispanica L. Aerial Parts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {226-234}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {226}, abstract = {

Introduction: Salvia hispanica L. is an annual herbaceous plant commonly known as "Chia", native of southern Mexico and northern Guatemala. The aim of this study is isolation, identification of secondary metabolites and evaluation of biological activities of ethyl acetate fraction of Salvia hispanica L. aerial parts. Methods: Air dried powdered of Salvia hispanica L. aerial parts was extracted by maceration and fractionated using light petroleum, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate solvents. Ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to column and thin layer chromatography for isolation of secondary metabolites that are characterized by UV-Vis, FT-IR, EI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectral analyses. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS technique was used on the same fraction. In-vitro biological evaluation of the fraction carried out for anti-oxidant activity using DPPH assay, anti-obesityactivity using pancreatic lipase inhibitory assay,anti-diabetic activity usingα -amylase inhibition assay andanti-cancer activities usingcell viability assay. Results: Six compounds were isolated including 1,2,4,5 tetrahydroxy benzene (1), leucantho flavone (2), rhamnetin (3), apigenin-7-O-β- D-glucoside(4), rosmarinic acid (5) and kaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucoside (6). The identification of thirty seven compounds byUPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. A strong DPPH scavenging activity with IC50 13.11compared to ascorbic acid, anti-obesity activity with IC50 59.3 compared to orlistate, anti-diabetic activity with IC50 95.2 compared to acarbose. High cytotoxic activity against lung carcinoma, colon carcinoma and moderately cytotoxic activity against prostate carcinoma cell lines. Conclusions: Salvia hispanica L. is a strong antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic against lung and colon cancer.

Key words: Anti-oxidant, Anti-obesity, Leucantho flavone, Salvia hispanica, 1,2,4,5-tetrahydroxy benzene, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.28}, author = {Ehsan M. Abou Zeid and Afaf E. Abdel Ghani and Marwa Y. Mahmoud and Rehab H. Abdallah} } @article {1864, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Activity, and Anti- Inflammatory Potential of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz Flower Ethanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {521-526}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {521}, abstract = {

Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the content of the secondary metabolite compound in the flower extract of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz (RnK); The potential of the extract as a radical scavenger of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); and its potential as an anti-inflammatory by inhibiting protein denaturation with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Results: Phytochemical screening results on the ethanolic extract of R. nasutus flowers revealed the presence of steroid glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins. The extract has a strong ability to scavenge DPPH radicals with an IC50 value of 77.07 {\textpm} 0.05 mg/L. Besides that, the ethanol extract has very strong anti-inflammatory activity, with an IC50 value of 13.88 {\textpm} 0.2 mg/L. Conclusion: According to these findings, the ethanolic extract of R. nasutus flower can be used as an alternative anti-inflammatory drug.

}, keywords = {2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Anti-inflammatory., BSA, RnK}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.129}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1820, title = {Phytochemical Screening, In vitro Antioxidant Activities and Zebrafish Embryotoxicity of Abelmoschus esculentus Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {690-701}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {690}, abstract = {

Background: Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (A. esculentus) commonly known as okra is being used as a medicinal plant traditionally, due to its phytochemical content that exhibits significant biological activities. Objective: The present study was undertaken to determine phytochemicals, antioxidant activity and embryotoxic effects of hexane extract (HE), chloroform extract (CE), methanol extract (ME), and aqueous extract (AE) of A. esculentus cultivated in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: A. esculentus extracts were screened for the phytochemicals while in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated by performing 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) assay and reducing power assay. Meanwhile, the embryotoxicity were accessed by exposing zebrafish embryos to the extracts and developmental endpoint recorded with median lethal concentration (LC50). Results: The phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, anthraquinones, alkaloids and reducing sugars. The highest phenolic content was obtained in the CE at 143.85 μg (GAE)/mg extract. Whereas the HE depicted the highest flavonoid content at 63.76 μg (QE)/mg extract. At 1000 μg/mL, ME showed the highest free radical scavenging activity at 28.86 \% and reducing power at 0.271, in both DPPH and reducing power assay, respectively. While the CE presented a significant embryotoxic effect on zebrafish with the LC50 at 236.07 μg/mL. The morphological malformation of embryos, scoliosis and pericardial oedema were observed at 500 μg/mL of HE and ME treatment. Conclusion: As a result, with various ranges of phytochemical compounds, antioxidant capacities and lower toxic effects of A. esculentus extracts may be efficient in reducing the inflammation precursors that drive chronic inflammatory illnesses.

}, keywords = {Abelmoschus esculentus, Antioxidant Capacity, Phytochemicals, Zebrafish embryotoxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.88}, author = {Veshalini K and Daryl Jesus Arapoc and Zainah Adam and Rosniza Razali and Noor Azuin Suliman and Noor Azlina Abu Bakar} } @article {1883, title = {Phytochemical Test and Acute Safety Evaluation of Oral Purple Leaves (Graptophyllum Pictum L. Griff) Extract in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {649-654}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {649}, abstract = {

Background: Purple leaves (Graptophyllum pictum (L) Griff) is a native plant from Indonesia (Polynesia) which is empirically common used to treat hemorrhoids, diabetes, and many other diseases. Despite its massive development globally, there are few studies have written about the toxicity of this herbal medicine. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the acute toxicity of this herbal medicine, as the basic ground of the further safe development of this medicine. Method: Each purple leaf dry powder (2 kg) was extracted with 15 L of 70\% ethanol and 15 L of hexane by maceration method for 3 days at room temperature and then filtered to obtain macerate liquid. The study was conducted on 36 male 6-8 weeks, Sprague{\textendash}Dawley (SD) rats. The result was presented as the mean value {\textpm} standard deviation (SD). Data were evaluated for homogeneity using Saphiro Wilk. The comparisons between pre dan post treatment body weight were measured by paired student t test and hematological measurements were analyzed by ANOVA. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Acute toxicity of ethanol and hexane extract were assessed following a single dose administered by gavage at a dose of 50, 2000 and 3000 g/kg bw. The mean body weight of rats increased from 150 {\textpm} 2.22 g to 161 {\textpm} 6.68 g during the 14 days. The difference of body weight between before and at 14 days amongs groups were significantly different with P value \<0.01. Conclusion: The present study showed that hexane extract contains more valuable components for medical treatment purposes. The acute toxicity on 50, 2000,3000 kg/BW oral ethanol and hexane extract of Graptophyllum pictum showed no significant influence on hematological blood parameters of rats. It is safe to administered orally ethanol or hexane extract of G. pictum below 3000mg/kgBW rats.

}, keywords = {Acute, purple leaves, Safety, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.148}, author = {Feda Makkiyah and Eldiza Puji Rahmi and Yuni Setyaningsih} } @article {1729, title = {Phytochemistry, Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Black-White Fungus Auricularia sp. against Breast MCF-7 Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {01-07}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {01}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cancer is a non-communicable disease with over 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million deaths annually according to WHO. Breast cancer is the number two highest count type of cancer trailing behind lung cancer. Treating cancer is expensive and have various side effects. Active components found in plants or fungi that have antioxidant and cytotoxic activity towards cancer cells, could be an alternative for anticancer. One of the fungi that is potentially developed as an anticancer, are the genus of Auricularia sp. also known as black-white fungus. This study aims to determine the phytochemicals components, antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effect of the Auricularia sp. towards MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Methods: Dried black-white fungus of Auricularia sp. grinded into a fine powder. Then, multilevel maceration is done with the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol as solvents. The extracts of black-white fungus undergo phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography (TLC), followed by measuring antioxidant and evaluating the cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Results: black-white fungus of Auricularia sp. contained secondary metabolites of flavonoids, alkaloids, and triterpenoids and a total of 17 other phytochemical components. Ethyl acetate extract of black-white fungus showed a weak antioxidant activity towards DPPH free radical with IC50 of 215.51 μg/mL and a very active cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 cells with IC50 of 0.21 μg/mL. On the other hand, ethanol and n-hexane extracts of black-white fungus are categorized with an active cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 cells with IC50 of 29.28 μg/mL and 50.39 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Black-white fungus Auricularia sp. that had anticancer activity towards breast MCF-7 cells should be considered as an alternative treatment for breast cancer therapy.

Key words: Phytochemistry, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Black-white fungus Auricularia sp., MCF-7 cells.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.1}, author = {Ade Arsianti and Arfi Rabbani and Anton Bahtiar and Norma Nur Azizah and Lince Dameria Nadapdap and Ajeng Megawati Fajrin} } @article {1781, title = {Potency of Antidiabetic Effects of the Combination of Syzygium cumini and Andrographis paniculata in Rats with High-Fat Dietand Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {406-412}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {406}, abstract = {

Andrographis paniculata (AP) and Syzygium cumini (SC) are known for their antihyperglycemic effects. However, the combined effects of these plants have not yet been assessed. This study evaluated the oral acute toxicity and in vivo antihyperglycemic effects of the extract combining AP and SC (SCAP) in rats with high-fat diet- and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Thirteen female DDY mice for toxicity test were divided into three groups and orally administered one dose SCAP (0, 300, or 2000 mg/kg). On day 15, animals were euthanized, their internal organs were observed, and blood samples were collected for clinical biochemistry analyses. In vivo antihyperglycemic activity was examined in male Sprague- Dawley rats-induced diabetes. Diabetic rats were assigned to once-daily oral treatment with metformin, AP, SC or SCAP for 1 week. Concerning toxicity, SCAP had no effects on liver and kidney and histology of these organs displayed no abnormalities. Blood glucose levels had a tendency to reduce in treatment groups compared with the findings in the diabetic control group. SCAP treatment protected rats against pancreatic damage. These results illustrated that the combined SCAP treatment had beneficial effects on blood glucose levels and pancreatic β-cell function, in rats-induced diabetes.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Combination, Diabetes, Syzygium cumini}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.52}, author = {Gumilar Adhi Nugroho and Febrika Wediasari and Zahra Fadhilah and Berna Elya and Heri Setiawan and ELFAHMI} } @article {1749, title = {The Potency of Cinnamon Bark Oil (Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees \& T. Nees) Blume) from 5 Regions in Indonesia as Anti- Inflammatory}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {154-164}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {154-164}, abstract = {

Introduction: An alternative anti-inflammatory with milder side effects is needed. One of them can be sourced from plants such as Cinnamomum spp. Indonesia is the largest producer of cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees \& T. Nees) Blume) in the world. Thus, research is needed to increase the benefits and database of C. burmannii bark, especially as an anti-inflammatory. This study aims to determine the metabolite profile of the essential oil of C. burmannii bark (CBO) from 5 regions in Indonesia as an anti-inflammatory. Methods: The location of the sampling was carried out by fulfilling 3 criteria, namely the difference in the island, province, and the area that produces the bark of C. burmannii. Analysis was performed using GC-MS Agilent 7890B GC and 5977B MSD. A total of 40 male rats (Rattus novergicus) Wistar strain were divided into 8 groups, each group consisted of 5 rats. Group 1 as negative control treated with 1\% CMC-Na solution, group 2 as positive control treated with ibuprofen at a dose of 27 mg/kg BW, Group 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 treated with CBO from 5 locations. After 30 min of treatment, experimental animals were injected left paw with carrageenan1\%/100μl/paw. Measurements of left paw swelling were carried out at 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours and the animals were sacrificed. Edema inhibition percentage, number of inflammatory cells, and TNF-α expression were analyzed. Result: The results of this study indicate that CBO from 5 regions in Indonesia has anti-inflammatory properties. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in anti-inflammatory activity CBO from 4 regions, namely from Kerinci, Lombok Timur, Karanganyar, and Gorontalo areas.

Key words: Anti-inflammatory, Cinnamon bark Oil, Metabolite profile, Essential oil.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.21}, author = {Budiastuti and Rosy Dwi Nurcholida and Riesta Primaharinastiti and Sukardiman} } @article {1816, title = {Potential Anticancer Activity of Bioactive Compounds from Ipomoea batatas}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {650-659}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {650}, abstract = {

Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.) known as "sweet potato" is a plant species of great importance in the human diet due to the contribution of nutrients and also for its bioactive compounds that have various medicinal properties. Its anticancer activity is one of the properties that attract the attention of researchers in the study of plant species. This review aims to make a critical compilation of current information on research that evaluated the antitumor and antiproliferative activity of Ipomoea batatas. The studies included in this review show a diversity of bioactive compounds present in Ipomoea batatas such as phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, flavonoids, coumarins and sterols; also isolated compounds such as pectin, peptides and glycoproteins that can be related to their biological activity. It is concluded that there are positive results about Ipomoea batatas and its anticancer activity evaluated through in vitro and in vivo tests. In humans, safety and efficacy trials are still lacking to support its future use and allow drug development. Further research evaluating the safety and efficacy of reported bioactive compounds in Ipomoea batatas is important for the development of this promising area.

}, keywords = {Antiproliferative, Antitumoral., Cancer, Sweet potato}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.84}, author = {Carmen R. Silva-Correa and Julio Hilario-Vargas and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Anabel D. Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco} } @article {1762, title = {The Potential Effect of Nigericin from Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. Hygroscopicus Against the Syndemic of Malaria and COVID-19 through Molecular Docking Perspective}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {268-275}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {268}, abstract = {

Background: Malaria is a constantly challenging problem, notably in the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. The syndemic condition, malaria-COVID-19 co-infections, had been reported. Our previous study successfully revealed several compounds from Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. Hygroscopicus, including nigericin that has both antimalarial and antiviral effects. In malaria infection, Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Transporter (PfCRT) is the potential target for eliminating Plasmodium. Meanwhile, for SARS-CoV-2 infection, MPro is an essential protein for SARS-CoV-2 survival. This research aims to examine the potential effect of nigericin towards Plasmodium and SARS-CoV-2 by assessing its molecular interaction with PfCRT and MPro through molecular docking study. Methods: The protein target PfCRT and MPro were obtained from Protein Data Bank. Nigericin and the control ligand (chloroquine and N3) were obtained from PubChem. The pharmacokinetic analysis was done using SwissADME. Specific molecular docking was conducted using PyRx 0.9 and was visualized using LigPlot and PyMOL. Results: Nigericin has a large molecular weight, leading to the non-fulfillment of the Lipinski rule for oral administration. Through molecular docking study, the binding affinity of the Nigericin-PfCRT complex was -8.1 kcal/mol, and Nigericin-MPro was -8.6 kcal/mol. These binding affinities were stronger than the control ligand. The interaction between Nigericin-PfCRT and Nigericin-MPro share a similar pocket-site and amino acid residues as the control ligands. Conclusion: Nigericin has potential antimalarial and anti-coronavirus effects through molecular docking perspective by assessing the binding affinity and similarity of amino acid residues compared to control. Administration of systemic route can be an option in giving nigericin.

}, keywords = {COVID-19, Malaria, Molecular docking, Nigericin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.33}, author = {Faratisha IFD and Cahyono AW and Erwan NE and Putri AM and Ariel DG and Yunita KC and Nugraha RYB and Mardhiyyah K and Fitri LE} } @article {1871, title = { The Potential Effect of Silymarin Against Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {558-564}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {558}, abstract = {

Background: Being the main metabolic organ, liver stays in touch with toxicity of introduced materials including, drugs. Protection is priceless to avoid complication of liver toxicity. Objectives: This research aimed to assess the protective impact of silymarin (SIL) on hepatotoxicity based on acute paracetamol (APAP) intoxication in rats in comparison with N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Methods: To do so serum was collected and the liver was analyzed for histological findings on rat model-paracetamol toxicity whether alone or in combination with SIL or NAC. The scenario was based on either preconditioning with SIL/NAC before induction of toxicity or afterwards. Serum liver function tests, pro-oxidant/antioxidant status, and proinflammatory markers were detected alongside liver histological study. Results: The results showed that liver function indices, oxidative state, and pro-inflammatory parameters were significantly changed, and histopathological alterations were detected in the liver of the intoxicated group. These modifications were inverted in groups treated with either SIL or NAC. The results of the current study suggested that SIL might be employed as a hepatoprotective drug against liver damage induced by APAP because of its ability to reduce lipid peroxidation, improve antioxidant defense status, and have anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusion: These results are equivalent to NAC therapy which is a standard drug against APAPrelated hepatotoxicity.

}, keywords = {APAP, Hepatotoxicity, NAC, Paracetamol, Silymarin, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.136}, author = {Noor Ahmed Abed and Musab Mohammed Khalaf and Mohammed Khalid Jamaludeen Alnori} } @article {1911, title = {The Potential of Antivirus Compounds in Gletang (Tridax procumbens Linn.) in Inhibiting 3CLpro Receptor of SARS-CoV-2 Virus by In Silico}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {796-805}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {796}, abstract = {

SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused pandemic disease since the end of 2019. Virus transmission occurs through droplet and infects the host{\textquoteright}s respiratory tract rapidly. Viral propagation occurs through translation process of genome +ssRNA, then it being replicated forming some new body parts of virus and assemblied into virions that ready to infect. During the replication process, the translated viral genome in the form of polyprotein will be cut into smaller components by proteases, which one is 3CLpro. The presence of the 3CLpro receptor is used in drug development through in-silico molecular docking process to minimize failures before laboratory test. The antivirus compounds that used to inhibit the 3CLpro receptor are from gletang plant (Tridax procumbens Linn.). This study aim is to determine the value of binding affinity, the interaction between compounds and receptor, and the effect of drug components. The research was conducted by in-silico through the molecular docking process of 3CLpro receptor and antivirus compounds of gletang (Tridax procumbens Linn.), including betulinic acid, kaempferol and lignan. The results showed that the binding affinity of betulinic acid was -6.6 kcal/mol, kaempferol was -5.6 kcal/ mol and lignan was -5.4 kcal/mol. The interaction form of compounds and receptor was hydrogen bond, electrostatic, hydrophobic, and van der Waals. Compared to baicalein compound as a positive control with the value of binding affinity was -6.7 kcal/mol and its interaction with 3CLpro receptor, showed betulinic acid, kaempferol and lignan have smaller ability but they have the potential to inhibit the 3CLpro receptor.

}, keywords = {3CLpro receptor, Antivirus, Gletang, In-silico, SARS-CoV-2.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.170}, author = {Yuna Islamiati and Yani Suryani and Ayuni Adawiyah and Opik Taufiqurrohman and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Devi Purnamasari and Nunuk Hariani Soekamto and Anny Setijo Rahaju and Kuswati and Riso Sari Mandeli and Kawther Ameen Muhammed Saeed Aledresi and Nur Farhana Mohd Yusof and Maksim Rebezov and Shimanovskaya Yanina and Belyakova Natalia and Dmitriy Kulikov and Gulnara Mullagulova and Rahadian Zainul and Muhammad Thoriq Albari} } @article {1778, title = {The Potential of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lamk) Seed Oil as Anti- Alopecia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {379-387}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {379}, abstract = {

Objective: This review article aimed to examine the potentiality of moringa seed oil as anti-alopecia. Method: The data was collected by studying national and international journal articles using several search engines, namely Google and Google Scholar websites, Research Gate, Sciencedirect and Scimagojr. The keywords for this article include moringa seed oil, fatty acids, phytosterol, and anti-alopecia. Results: The result was tabulated in a table and described according to the mechanism of action of the active compounds found in moringa seed oil, fatty acids, phytosterol, and anti-alopecia. Moringa seed oil contain the phytosterol compounds (β-sitosterol, ergosterol and campesterol) show the activities that obstruct the formation of the dihydrotestosterone (DHT) compound known to be the cause of alopecia. The fatty acid compounds found in moringa seed oil (lauric acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid) reinforce its potential to be an anti-alopecia. Conclusion: The phytosterol and fatty acid compounds supported the growth of hair to be fertile and healthy.

}, keywords = {Anti-alopecia, Fatty Acids, Moringa Seed Oil, Phytosterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.49}, author = {Yulius Baki Korassa and Nyi Mekar Saptarini and Resmi Mustarichie and Rini Hendriani} } @article {1845, title = {Potential of Rhinachanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz Leaves Extract as an Antioxidant and Inhibitor of α-Glucosidase Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {373-378}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {373}, abstract = {

Aims: The goal of this study is to learn more about the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz (RnLK) leaf extract. The Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) technique was used to extract the leaf material, and the solvent used was ethanol with a 70\% concentration. The total phenol content (TPC) of the extracted material was determined. The Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) method was used to examine antioxidant activity, whereas α-glucosidase activity was used to test antidiabetic action. Results: The ethanol extract of RnLK leaves yielded 8.36\%, with a TPC of 607.1{\textpm}0.2 mg GAE/g sample. The IC50 value for leaf extract antioxidant activity was 19.1{\textpm}0.1 mg/L. Furthermore, the leaf extract inhibits α-glucosidase activity and has an IC50 value of 81.3{\textpm}3 mg/L, making it an antidiabetic. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of RnLK leaves can be used as an alternative antioxidant and antidiabetic material, according to the findings of this study.

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic, CUPRAC method, RnLK, UAE, α-glucosidase activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.110}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1766, title = {Potential of Stem Cells in Overcoming Infertility Problems in Women}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {296-300}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {296}, abstract = {

Stem cells are characterized as cells with undifferentiated kinds that have the ability to differentiate into a variety of various cell types in response to the environment in which they are growing and develop (niche). Stem cells are classified into three broad categories based on their origin: extra-embryonic stem cells, which are derived from the amniotic fluid, umbilical cord and placenta; adult stem cells, which are derived from adult tissues such as blood, fat, bone marrow and skin; and embryonic stem cells, which are derived from the blastocyst. Stem cells exposed to certain suitable conditions will differentiate into 3 germ layers and also primordial germ cells. This is the basis for the latest research to obtain mature haploid gametes capable of developing into normal embryos and fetuses. Somatic Nuclear Cell Transfer (SNCT) technique is used to produce mature gametes so that the resulting cells contain cell nuclei with new genetic material. Infertility is a common problem that occurs with a prevalence of 10-15\% of couples of reproductive age. Causes of infertility in women include metabolic and hormonal disorders accompanied by interactions with environmental factors that reduce oocyte quality. This results in an increased rate of aneuploidy in the resultant oocytes and impairs the human implantation process. The main objective of this research is to enhance the understanding of stem cells in women{\textquoteright}s infertility. The method used in writing this review article is online literature studies obtained by accessing national and international scientific journals as well as scientific articles related to stem cells (Stem cells), infertility, women. From the results of this study, it can be seen the potential of stem cells (stem cells) in treating infertility in women. Further studies are needed, especially pre-clinical and clinical trials so that they can be widely applied.

}, keywords = {Health risk, Infertility therapy, Public Health, Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SNCT), Stem Cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.37}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati and Jonathan Makuwia} } @article {1757, title = {Potential Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) Drug-Herbs Interactions (DHI) from Metformin and Traditional Medicines: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {235-244}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {235}, abstract = {

Introduction: Metformin given together with herbs in order to optimizing its mechanism of actions. The effect might be positive and vice versa. Interaction might occur pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamically. The study aimed to review potential interaction of metformin and some herbs with various pharmacological activities. Methods: This literature review was conducted by collecting articles with keywords Metformin, Herb-drug Interaction, drug interaction, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacology from international databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, Springer Link, and Scopus up to 2021. Results: Metformin with its various uses such as antidiabetic agent, an agent for reducing weight for patients that sensitive or even resistant to insulin, patients with obesity, anti-tumor agent, anti-cancer potential agent, and also has anti-aging potential. Metformin could interacted with drugs, herbs, and also some bioactive isolate. The interaction might occurs pharmacokinetically or pharmacodynamically. Pharmacokinetics interactions occurred during distribution and also excretion via transporters that metformin transported with. This was shown as the elevated or lowered metformin levels in blood. Pharmacodynamic interactions can be seen as the lowering or elevated levels of glucose, HbA1c and even the lipid profile in blood or plasma. Conclusion: According to this literature review, Metformin have potential interaction with drugs, herbs, and also some bioactive isolate. The interactions occur pharmacokinetically or pharmacodynamically. This study can be used as a established familiarity with and understanding the potential HDIs from Metformin and herbal products.

Key words: Drug-Herbs Interactions (DHIs), Metformin, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.29}, author = {Asri Dwi Endah Dewi Pramesthi and Endang Lukitaningsih and Agung Endro Nugroho} } @article {1865, title = {Potential Role of Mitragynine as Lipolysis Stimulator via Adrenergic Signalling: Docking Model Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {527-531}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {527}, abstract = {

Backgrounds: Mitragynine is the most popular of the more than 50 alkaloids contained in M.Speciosa. In particular, the Mitragynine alkaloid has the potential to increase lipid (fats) metabolism through specific pathways such as adenylyl cyclase signaling via adrenergic receptors. In this case, Asp Amino acid and Ser are the types of residues that can activate adenylyl cyclase to initiate a series of activities in cells. Methods: This study used Mitragynine ligand and adrenergic receptors (α1b, α2a, α2b, α2c dan β1). The receptor candidates were tested using Autodock whose test results were presented in the form of tables and 3-dimensional images using the Biovia Discovery Studio. Results: Hydrogen bonds were formed between Mitragynine and the amino acids Asp and Ser at the β1-adrenergic receptor. The binding amino acids were found in Ser20 and Asp21 with energy bond of -5.26 kcal/mol and IC50: 111.35 ppm. Meanwhile, at the adrenergic receptor α2b there was only Asp residue that formed hydrogen bond with Mitragynine namely Asp218A. The energy bond formed between the two was -5.19 kcal/mol and IC50: 125.04 ppm. Conclusion: Mitragynine has the potential to stimulate lipolysis through the pathways of α2b and β1-adrenergic receptors.

}, keywords = {Adrenergic, Docking, Lipolysis, Mitragynine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.130}, author = {Khoirul Rista Abidin and Ronny Lesmana and Mas Rizky Anggun Adipurna Syamsunarno and Kelana Kusuma Dharma} } @article {1812, title = {Potential Roles of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) as Antimetabolic Syndrome: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {710-714}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {710}, abstract = {

The number of cases of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is part of the metabolic syndrome case. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is a plant that has been clinically tested and has the potential to prevent and treat metabolic syndrome as well as pathogenic and pathophysiological activities that cause disease. The aim of this study is to discuss and conclude information regarding the activity and use of purslane (P. oleracea) as an antimetabolic. This review article is based on scientific publications found on Google Scholar and PubMed databases using the keywords of {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca obesity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca overweight{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca dyslipidemia{\textquotedblright}, and {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca metabolic syndrome{\textquotedblright}. This plant acts on numerous pathways in the metabolic syndrome such as reduction of lipids, blood sugar, body weight and total cholesterol. Purslane (P. oleracea) can be used as a candidate for a new herbal plant as an anti-metabolic syndrome.

}, keywords = {Body weight, Insulin resistance, Metabolic syndrome, Obesity., Portulaca oleracea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.90}, author = {Nur Sofiatul Aini and Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Farraz Syadzha and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Md. Emdad Ullah and Sin War Naw and Vikash Jakhmola and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1917, title = {Prediction of MMP-9 Polymorphism Impacts on MDR-TB by Molecular Simulation and Network Interaction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {833-841}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {833}, abstract = {

MMP-9 overexpression is associated with a poor outcome in MDR-TB patients, indicating that MMP-9 is a suitable target for MDR-TB therapy. MMP-9 also includes SNPs that occur at inhibitor binding areas as well as zinc ions. As a result of polymorphisms, the usage of MMP-9 inhibitors for MDR-TB might vary. Through molecular simulation, it has been found that the mutant MMP-9 has a larger cavity and a more lipophilic surface. The docking tests revealed that EGTA had the least amount of binding energy to both wild-type and mutant MMP-9. The wildtype MMP-9 can bind zinc when EGTA is in the active site. This shows that using EGTA to chelate Zn is only partially successful. However, the binding energy of EGTA at the active site suggests that it may be a competitor to MMP-9 substrates. On the other hand, Zn is not involved in the interaction of the mutant MMP-9-EGTA complex.

}, keywords = {Gene polymorphism, Matrix metalloproteinase 9, Molecular simulation., Multidrug resistant TB}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.176}, author = {Anse Diana Valentiene Messah and Sawitri Darmiati and Cleopas Marthin Rumende and Retno Ariza Soemarwoto and Joedo Prihartono and Asmarinah and Fadilah Fadilah and Aisyah Fitriannisa Prawiningrum} } @article {1782, title = {Preliminary Data on the Antibacterial Activity of Coffea Arabica, Coffea Canephora and Coffea Liberica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {413-424}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {413}, abstract = {

The continuous use of synthetic antibiotics will not only kill bacteria but also can accelerate the emergence of resistant pathogenic races. In addition, it can also cause the death of normal flora. Coffee extract is reported to have the potential as a naturally active and non-toxic antibacterial compound suitable for biomedical applications. Extraction using methanol was carried out on green coffee and which had been roasted for three types of Jambi coffee, namely Arabica, Robusta and Liberica coffee and continued with fractionation using hexane and ethyl acetate. The results of the analysis using FTIR showed that OH, C-H, C = C, C = O, C-O, C-N and N-H groups were detected. These functional groups are probably the functional groups that belong to caffeine, trigonelline, nicotinic acid and dehydrocafestol, which are believed to have bacteriostatic effects on some bacteria. The SEM-EDX analysis results of the three types of coffee showed that the dominant elements were O, K and Mg. Potassium and magnesium minerals bind with chlorogenic acid to form salt complexes of chlorogenic acid and magnesium chlorogenic acid complex. The antibacterial activity of the coffee extract and fraction was still low with the diameter of the inhibition zone was still low (0-10 mm). Furthermore, further characterization and tests are needed to confirm the antibiotic potency of the Arabica, Robusta and Liberica coffee ethanol extracts.

}, keywords = {Antibiotics, Coffee, E. coli}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.53}, author = {Madyawati Latief and Heriyanti and Indra Lasmana Tarigan and Sutrisno} } @article {1774, title = {Preliminary Identification and Quantification of Four Secondary Metabolites, Total Tannin and Total Flavonoid Contents in Guava Fruit Ethanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {350-357}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {350}, abstract = {

Introduction: The study on guava fruit ethanol extract from Dukuhwaluh Village, Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia showed increased megakaryocytes and platelet numbers in thrombocytopenic mice model. The study of acute oral toxicity of the extract did not show toxic effects in the kidney and liver at doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg b.w. The aim of the study was to determine the profile and quantity of four metabolite compounds and total tannin and flavonoid in the extract. Materials and Method: gallic acid, ellagic acid, rutin and kaemferol in the extract were identified and quantified by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with column LiChroCART 250-4,6 RP 18E, isocratic mobile phases with the composition of mixture:0.1\% acetic acid, acetonitrile and methanol (40:50:10) respectively, and at temperature 300C. The total tannin and flavonoid were determined using the by spectrophotometry method, Fe(III) chloride and 1.10-phenanthroline at wavelength 510 nm for tannin and aluminium chloride and rutin at wavelength 422 nm for flavonoid, respectively. Results: Percentage of gallic acid, ellagic acid, rutin and kaempferol were 0.77\%, 1.37 \%, 0.41 \% and 0.35 \%, respectively. Total tannin and flavonoid contents were 1.20\% (TAE) and, 1.18\% (RE) respectively. Conclusion: The guava fruit ethanol extract contained gallic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, kaempferol, tannin and flavonoid.

}, keywords = {Flavonoid, Guava fruit, Psidium guajava, Tannin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.45}, author = {Diah Dhianawaty and Nur Atik and Resti Gradia Dwiwina and Iskandar Muda} } @article {1896, title = {Preparation, Evaluation of Propolis Extract Gel and exploring its Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {675-681}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {675}, abstract = {

Background: Propolis is a wax-like resin which is produced by different types of bees by mixing resinous secretions of plants with beeswax and other products of bees{\textquoteright} metabolism. However, this natural product contains a group of compounds that are responsible for various propolis activities including antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, and others. This study aims to prepare different gel formulae that contain various concentrations of propolis extract using two different polymers and to evaluate their physical properties, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. Method: Propolis was extracted depending on the hydroalcoholic method; six different gel formulae (P-1 to P-6) were prepared with different concentrations of propolis extract (0.5, 1, and 1.5\%) using two different polymers; carbopol-934 and poloxamer-407, in concentrations of 0.5 and 25\% respectively. The formulae were evaluated physically for their visual appearance, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and physiological compatibility with the skin. The anti-microbial activities were investigated by well diffusion method against various bacterial species including Staphylococcus aureus (gram+), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-), Enterococcus fecalis (gram+) and against one fungal species which is Candida albicans. Also, the antioxidant activity was determined utilizing 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Finally, a stability test was carried out for the chosen formula. Results: The six formulae (P-1 to P-6) were successfully prepared and evaluated and they were acceptable in their physical appearance and consistency, pH reading was in the range of 5.33{\textpm}0.08 to 5.72{\textpm}0.02 (p\>0.05), a study of the skin irritation revealed no undesirable side effect, while the viscosity was in the range of 128.99{\textpm}0.07 to 248.54{\textpm}1.04 Pa.s (p\>0.05), also the carbopol-934 containing formulae revealed good spreadability (1.495{\textpm}0.075 to 5.15{\textpm}0.35 mg.cm/s, p\>0.05), in comparison to poloxamer-407 containing ones. Both carbopol-934 and poloxamer-407 containing formulae exhibited antimicrobial activity but the P-3 formula had the largest inhibition zone against C. Albicans (16.1mm), and only P-2, P-5 and P-6 were active against pseudomonas aeruginosa (12mm in all), while P-2 had the largest inhibition zone against enterococcus fecalis (13.2 mm), P-2 and P-5 showed the largest activity against staphylococcus aureus (15.5 and 14.6 mm respectively). The carbopol-934-containing formulae exhibited higher antioxidant activity than those with poloxamer-407, and the best-calculated IC50 belonged to P-2 (1.19 mg/ml). Conclusion: All the prepared formulae showed antimicrobial and antioxidant activities with some controversial results. However, P-2 (1\% propolis extract and 0.5\% carbopol-934), was active against all types of the tested microorganism, and had the best-calculated IC50, in addition to that it was a stable formula.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, Carbopol-934, Poloxamer-407, Propolis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.153}, author = {Shahad Myasar Alfaris and Rasha Khalid Dhahir and Amina Mudhafar Al-Nima} } @article {1851, title = {Preparation of Karkataka Taila, an Edible crab Rasayana, and assessment of its toxicological effects on SH-SY5Y cell line and on Drosophila melanogaster embryos}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {423-431}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {423}, abstract = {

Background: Karkataka Taila (KT) is a virgin coconut oil (VCO) based Rasayana formulation that is enriched with the flesh of freshwater edible crab, Scylla serrata, used to treat Parkinson{\textquoteright}s Disease (PD) or Kampavata by local Ayurveda practitioners of Kerala state. There is no scientific study carried out on its toxicological effects so far. Objective: To understand the ayurvedic preparation method for KT and assessment of the toxicological effects of the KT and VCO on SH-SY5Y cell lines and Drosophila melanogaster embryos. Materials and methods: The SH-SY5Y cell lines treated with different concentrations of KT and VCO range from 6.25 μg/ml to 100 μg/ml and Drosophila melanogaster embryos fed with food containing different concentrations of KT and VCO, ranging from 0.005 \% to 10 \%. Results: KT and VCO did not show any significant cytotoxicity effect on SH-SY5Y cell lines up to a dose concentration of 25 μg. But, at 50 μg and 100 μg concentrations, KT has shown a cytotoxic effect and it was higher than the VCO. The toxicological analysis in Drosophila has shown that the survival rate of the KT treated group at concentration ranges from 0.005 \% to 10 \% is significantly decreased from 78.8 \% to 27.7 \%, compared to the control group, whereas in VCO treated group, at 0.005 \% to 10 \%, the survival rate has decreased from 76.2 \% to 66 \%, which is marginally higher than the KT treated group. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that as the concentration of Rasayana in the medium increases, there is a noticeable adverse effect on the percentage viability in SH-SY5Y cell lines and in the number of offspring in Drosophila. The effect of vehicle, VCO, at the same concentration has shown a protective effect on cell lines and flies. It can be concluded that the toxic effect has been observed only at higher concentrations of KT and at the lower concentration, the toxic effect has been minimal.

}, keywords = {Drosophila melanogaster, Rasayana, SH-SY5Y, Toxicology, Virgin coconut oil.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.117}, author = {Deepika NP and Shyamala Baragur and Mudavath Ravi Naik and Shanker Kalakotla and Muhasina KM and Puja Ghosh and Basavan Duraiswamy} } @article {1890, title = {Profound Assessment of Phytochemical, Botanical and Antioxidant Characteristics Including Determination of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Stem Bark of Cordia obliqua L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {753-758}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {753}, abstract = {

Cordia obliqua is known as Bumber. Its fruits and leaves are popularly used because of antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity as well as botanical features of stem bark of Cordia obliqua. Chemical components were preliminary screened in various fractions based on the polarities including; n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fractions of using standard procedures. Total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents were assessed by Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride methods respectively. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by ABTS antioxidant procedure, using ascorbic acid as standard. Results confirmed that stem bark of Cordia obliqua chemically is characterized by the presences of flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, tannins and carbohydrates at different levels in various fractions and the absence of cardiac glycosides and anthraquinones. Microscopically, the plant is characterized by presence of big Ca oxalate clusters, various types of xylem vessels and big amount of cork cells. TPC was ranged from 13.6{\textpm}1.4 and 220.5{\textpm}3.4 mg GAE/g dry plant extract and TFC was ranged from 0.029{\textpm}0.12and 15.46{\textpm}0.33 mg QE/g dry plant extract. Due to the high phenolic and flavonoid content in butanol and ethyl acetate fractions; results of antioxidant using ABTS assay showed high antioxidant activity with IC50 valued 11.84{\textpm}1.2 μg/ ml for butanol fraction and 14.81{\textpm}1.1 μg/ml for ethyl acetate fraction. Taken together, the research work demonstrated the potential natural antioxidant value of the waste product stem bark of Cordia obliqua. The study endorses forthcoming work to isolate and identify the chemical constituents in stem bark of Cordia obliqua.

}, keywords = {ABTS., Boraginaceae, Cordia obliqua, DPPH, Folin-Ciocalteau, Total phenolic and flavonoid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.163}, author = {Dalya Ramzi Alsuliman and Zainab Mohammed Al Sultan and Maryam Khalil Almajhad and Nour Kamal Alhajri and Abdullah Abdulhamid Altaweel and Abdullah Jalal Alasoom and Hany Ezzat Khalil} } @article {1915, title = {Prostate Cancer: Causes and Medicinal Plants Used in Africa for Twenty Years (2001-2021)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {822-828}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {822}, abstract = {

Prostate cancer is one of deadliest cancers in the universe especially in Africa. A lot of work has been done on the treatment and control of breast cancer, colon/colorectal cancer, skin cancer, etc. Only a few works on prostate cancer has been published in literature. The conventional method of treatment used is almost not affordable by many cancer patients due to high cost of drugs and therapy. Also, the cumulative side effects arising from the treatment is enormous to patients. Hence, there is need to exploit local herbs that contain active anticancer ingredients that are readily available and affordable with little or no side effects. The present review was carried out to evaluate published works on medicinal plant species used for treatment and control of prostate cancer in Africa for twenty years (2001-2021). A total number of 48 plant species with 40 families were retrieved from database using ScienceDirect, Google scholar, Web of Science, Springerlink, Scopus, PubMed, and BioMed. All the plant species were reported to possess cytotoxic activity against prostate cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. The most cited plant species according to literature sources are Hypoxis hemerocallidea, Plumbago zeylanica, Gongronema latifolium and Mangifera indica. Plant families that were used more in treating prostate cancer were Apocynaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Bignoniaceae, Lamiaceae. We conclude that more research be carried out on the medicinal plants{\textquoteright} usage on the treatment of prostate cancer and further bio-prospecting drugs from the enlisted plants should explored by the pharmaceuticals in Africa.

}, keywords = {Cure, Death, Ethnobotany, Families, Phytomedicine, Tumour}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.174}, author = {Oludare Oladipo Agboola and Samuel Bawa Ijimbili and Gift Onyinyechukwu Ofuasia and Joseph Anejo-Okopi and Jasini Alexander Wahedi and Joshua Oluwole Olowoyo} } @article {1839, title = {Protein Analysis of Royal Jelly Bee Apis Mellifera Carpatica as Candidates for Immunotherapy in Reproductive Disorders}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {338-343}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {338}, abstract = {

Background: The honey bee of the Apis mellifera species is the main type of bee cultivated in almost all countries in the world, including Indonesia. Honey has benefits in various aspects, including food, health, and beauty. Royal jelly is a daily food menu as a food supplement to maintain and increase health and vitality. Purpose: Analyzing the immunogenic and toxinogenic proteins of Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica as immunotherapy. Method: Conversion of nucleotides into amino acids. Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica, analysis of the three-dimensional structure of Protein of Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica, Analysis of Ramachandran Plots of Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica, Analysis of epitope and allergen proteins, Analysis of antigens and toxins. Research result: The research results found that six proteins of Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica were epitope, antigenic, and non-toxic. Allergens and three Royal jelly proteins, Apis mellifera carpatica, are non-allergenic. In this study, the three-dimensional structure has not been found and opens opportunities for proteomic studies of the Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica protein, including protein isolation. Conclusion: The findings of this study can be used as a basis for the use of immunotherapy materials against the protein Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica against reproductive disorders.

}, keywords = {Analysis, Apis mellifera carpatica, Immunotherapy, Protein, Royal jelly}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.104}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati and Jonathan Makuwia} } @article {1734, title = {Protein from Phaleria macrocarpa Fruit Aqueous Extract Inhibits Early and Late Replication Phases of Human Herpes Virus Type-1}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {39-45}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Background: Phaleria macrocarpa fruit is known to have protein but the antiviral activity potential has not been explored. Objective: To determine the antiviral activity of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit protein aqueous extract (PMFPAE) and the fractions against human herpesvirus type 1 (HHV-1). Methods: Protein from P. macrocarpa fruit aqueous extract was precipitated using ammonium sulphate and followed by fractionation on Sephadex G-25. Cytotoxicity was determined in Vero cells and followed by determination of antiviral activity by plaque reduction assay against a clinical strain of HHV-1. Effect of PMFPAE on virus replication was determined in pre-treatment, time-addition and time-removal assays. Results: PMFPAE and its fractions were non-cytotoxic to Vero cells with 50\% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) values ranged between 96 {\textpm} 1.3 to 1450 {\textpm} 2 μg/mL. PMFPAE have good anti-HHV-1 activity with Selective Index (SI) of 80.6 but reduces in fractions P1 to P6 ranging between 4.2 and 67.9. Fractions with high SI were P1 and P2 contained high molecular weight (MW) proteins and P6 has the lowest MW suggestively peptides. Treatment with PMFPAE to host cells prior to virus infection had little effect on inhibiting HHV-1 replication. Treatment with PMFPAE affects virus early and late replication phase with plaque inhibition percentage increased during 10th to 16th hour post-infection. Conclusion: PMFPAE contained non-cytotoxic proteins that affects HHV-1 early and late replication phases. Proteins with high antiviral activity resides in fractions with high MW and very low MW peptides.

Key words: Phaleria macrocarpa fruit protein, Fractionation, Cytotoxicity, Anti-Human herpes virus type-1.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.6}, author = {Mahmud Yusef Yusef Ismaeel and Herryawan RE Dyari and Nazlina Ibrahim} } @article {1838, title = {Quantification of total polyphenols and flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and Sinensetin and Imperatorin contents of Imperata cylindrica root ethanol extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {327-337}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {327}, abstract = {

Introduction: Imperata cylindrica, commonly known as cogon grass, is currently widely distributed and used as a medicinal plant. The major compounds that have been isolated and identified are polyphenols and flavonoids, which have many biological activities such as antioxidant, and anticancer. Polyphenols and flavonoids are mostly found in the roots and leaves. This study aimed to perform phytochemical screening on I. cylindrica root ethanol extract from Sragen, Central Java, Indonesia and determine the total polyphenol, flavonoid, antioxidant activity and quantify Sinensetin and Imperatorin contents of the extract. Method: Quantification of all parameters were measured using visible spectrophotometric methods. Total polyphenol, total flavonoid contents, as well as antioxidant activity were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, aluminum chloride reagent, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, respectively, and quantification of Sinensetin and Imperatorin were measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Results: I cylindrica root ethanol extract had a total polyphenol content of 1.109\% gallic acid equivalent, total flavonoid content of 0.1\% quercetin equivalent, and antioxidant activity IC50 824.30 μg/ml. Sinensetin and Imperatorin were also identified in Fractions 1 to 11 with concentrations of 0.0157 and 0.0178 mg/kg extract, respectively. Conclusion: I. cylindrica root ethanol extract from Sragen had active phytochemical compounds of polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidants as well as Sinensetin and Imperatorin.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoid, Imperata cylindrica, Polyphenol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.103}, author = {Raden Anita Indriyanti and Eko Fuji Ariyanto and Hermin Aminah Usman and Ristaniah Rose Effendy and Diah Dhianawaty} } @article {1847, title = {Radiographic and Histological Evaluation in Canine Femur after Implantation of 304 Stainless-steel-based Plate}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {388-392}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {388}, abstract = {

Fractures are known to be high-risk traumatic cases in domestic animals. Surgery was performed to reposition and immobilize bone using a plate as a biomaterial component. This study aimed to evaluate the radiographic and histological findings in canine femur after implantation of a 304 stainless-steel-based plate. A total of six male dogs aged 3-4 months were used in this study. Dogs were acclimatized for a week and then randomly assigned to 2 groups and 3 replication, respectively. The left femoral diaphysis was cracked and fixed by (A) commercial plate; (B) 304 stainless-steel plate. Radiographic observations were performed at 24 h and 28 d postoperatively during the recovery period. Histological figures were evaluated at 28 d postoperative descriptively. As a result, physical examination of muscle tissue in both groups did not reveal discoloration, swelling, and fluid accumulation around the plate. The radiographic figures presented a slight callus production around the crack and a decrease in the gap between cracks after 28 d. The histological figures observed the proliferation of osteoblasts, osteocytes, connective tissues, and bone trabeculae. It can be concluded that no significant difference between 304 stainlesssteel plate compared to commercial plate. A 304 stainless-steel-based plate is recommended for bone immobilization in canine femoral fractures.

}, keywords = {304 stainless-steel, Domesticated animal, Femur, Fracture, Radiograph}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.112}, author = {Agus Purnomo and Hartiningsih and Setyo Budhi and Dhirgo Adji and Devita Anggraeni and Dito Anggoro and Sitarina Widyarini and Shekhar Chhetri and Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama} } @article {1932, title = {Relationship Histopathology Grading of Meningioma with the Use of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA) as A Hormonal Contraceptive}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {938-941}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {938}, abstract = {

Introduction: Meningioma is a common brain tumor with an incidence of more than 30\% of all primary brain tumors in adults. The incidence of meningiomas increases with increasing age, women suffer more from meningiomas with a ratio of 3:1. Meningiomas are known to have steroid receptors in the form of progesterone (88\%), estrogen (40\%), and androgen (40\%). Therefore, the use of hormonal therapy is suspected to affect the incidence and histopathological degree of meningioma. One of the widely used hormonal therapy is medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). However, there is not enough literature to explain the relationship between MPA and the incidence of meningioma. Objective: To identify the relationship between the duration of the use of Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) hormonal contraceptives and the histopathological degree of meningioma. Methods: This study is an analytic observational with a retrospective design of meningiomas patients based on the duration of use of MPAtype hormonal contraception who performed surgery at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital during the period January 2015 to December 2019. We determined the inclusion criteria for meningioma patients: a history of using MPA hormonal contraceptives or 3-month injectable contraceptives; and the control group: meningioma patients without a history of hormonal contraception. Results: There were 452 cases of meningioma and 101 patients met the inclusion criteria. Based on the results of statistical analysis, it was found that there was no difference relationship between the grade of meningioma and meningioma patients either using MPA or without using MPA. There was no difference in duration of use between the group using MPA \<10 years or more than 10 years with the non-hormonal control group on meningioma grading (p = 0.772). There was also no difference relationship between the group that did not use hormonal contraception and the MPA group on the age of the patient (p = 0.217), both using contraception for \<10 years and more than 10 years. Conclusion: There was no relationship found between histopathological degree of meningioma with the patients who use MPA contraceptives, both duration of use \<10 years and >=10 years compared with meningioma patients who do not use MPA contraception.

}, keywords = {Contraception, Grading, Hormonal contraceptive, Medroxyprogesterone acetate, Meningioma, MPA, Neoplasm., Progesterone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.193}, author = {Shafhan Dustur and Joni Wahyuhadi and Budi Utomo and Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi and Abdul Hafid Bajamal and Sri Ratna Dwiningsih} } @article {1936, title = {Research on External Signs and Chemical Composition of Medicinal Plant Raw Material -Leaves of Ficus Elastica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {958-972}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {958}, abstract = {

Ficus elastica is a species of the plant in the genus Ficus, from the family Moraceae. Ficus elastica, which is the object of our study, has been used for many years in phytodesign, however in terms of medicine, it remains a poorly studied plant. While studying the external signs and chemical composition of medicinal plant raw materials of leaves F{\'\i}cus elastica, chromato-mass spectrometry was used. During the process of studying, some diagnostic signs of Ficus elastica were identified. Chromato-mass spectrometry was used to identify 68 compounds. The maximum amount was accounted for б-D-Glucopyranoside, methyl (28,99\%), Phytol (9,90\%), 2-Hydroxy-3-methylsuccinic acid (6,93\%), Lanosterol (6,13\%), Hydroquinone (5,55\%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- (4,86\%), Lup-20(29)-en-3- one (4,17\%), 1,2-Benzenediol (3,33\%), Lupeol (2,95\%), 16-Allopregnene-3б,9а-diol-20-one 3-O-acetate (2,77\%), 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)- (2,67\%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)- (2,05\%), з-Sitosterol (1,84\%), а-d-Lyxofuranoside, methyl (1,57\%), Dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate (ester) (1,52\%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (1,45\%), Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (1,33\%), 1,8-Dioxacyclohexadecane-2,10- dione, 5,6:12,13-diepoxy-8,16-dimethyl- (1,15\%), Vitamin E (0,64\%). Identified morphological features of the leaves of Ficus elastica can be used in diagnosis of this species and may help to develop indicators of authenticity for promising medicinal leaves. As mentioned earlier, by means of chromato-mass spectrometry were identified 68 compounds, and the relative percentage of identified compounds was determined using a simple normalization method.

}, keywords = {Chromato-mass spectrometry, Ficus elastic, Methyl, Phytol, Vitamin E., б-D-Glucopyranoside}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.197}, author = {Angelina V. Strelyaeva and Anna G. Kharitonova and Larisa B. Vaskova and Alexander N. Luferov and Dmitry O. Bokov and Alina A. Bondar and Natalia V. Bobkova and Nevena Jeremic and Yulia B. Lazareva and Alla M. Antsyshkina and Tatiana V. Prostodusheva and Roman M. Kuznetsov} } @article {1815, title = {RETRACTED: Phytochemical Screening, Gc-Ms Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Marine Algae Obtained from Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {641-649}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {641}, abstract = {

The Article has been Retracted based on the Authors{\textquoteright} Request.

}, keywords = {DPPH, GCMS analysis, Physicochemical., Spongomorpha indica, Superoxide}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.83}, author = {Swathi Priya K and Rajasekaran S} } @article {1787, title = {A Review of an Important Plants: Annona squamosa Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {456-463}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {456}, abstract = {

Plants have been utilized extensively in traditional medicine by a range of nations since ancient times, and more research into their safety, efficacy, and quality value is needed. One of the plants that have been widely used by society in traditional medicine is Annona squamosa L. A. squamosa is commonly cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. Based on previous research, all parts of A. squamosa including bark, leaf, and roots have proven biological activities such as antioxidant, antifungal, and anticancer, especially on the leaves. Indian people have long history used young leaves of A. squamosa for antidiabetic, besides in South China, they use seeds to decrease the cancer effect in the human body. The pharmacological activities of A. squamosa leaves are antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiulcer, antidiabetic, antidiarrheals, antiplatelet, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and cytoprotective. Phytochemicals in A. squamosa leaves include coumarins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and saponins. Meanwhile based on nutritional analysis shows that the A. squamosa leaves are water, protein, lipids, Fiber Ash and Calcium.

}, keywords = {Annona squamosa, Medicine, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, Traditional medicinal plant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.58}, author = {Arifia Safira and Prasita Widayani and Dhiya An-Najaaty and Cinta Atsa Mahesa Rani and Mela Septiani and Yan Arengga Syah Putra and Tridiganita Intan Solikhah and Aswin Rafif Khairullah and Hartanto Mulyo Raharjo} } @article {1922, title = {Review on Bioactive Potential of Indonesian Forest Essential Oils}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {873-879}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {873}, abstract = {

Essential oils are composed of some natural, volatile, as well as aromatic compounds extracted from plants. In recent years, several studies have shown that some of their benefits can be attributed to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and also immunomodulatory properties. So, essential oils have been proposed as a common elective to anti-microbials or for utilize in combination with other antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant microscopic organisms. Most of the potential data about essential oils were obtained with in vitro and in vivo studies. Several types of essential oils are available in Indonesia which are reported to have biological activity such as antioxidants and antiaging are essential oils of pine (Pinus merkusii), kilemo (Litsea cubeba), agarwood (Aquilaria spp), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora), and cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii). The major chemical compound of pine oil is alpha pinene. Kilemo oil contains geranial. chemical marker compound of agarwood is chromone and sesquiterpenes. Eucalyptus contains citronella. The chemical component of cinnamon oil is cinnamaldehyde. Some essential oils have shown remarkable antioxidant activities when used at specific concentrations which can be due to their richness in phenolic compounds. However, toxicological studies are needed before any recommendation for application can be given. Preformulating and formulation studies will be needed to develop suitable dosage forms in order to introduce optimized pharmaceuticals (high active, low toxic) as alternative of current pharmaceutical dosage forms

}, keywords = {Bioactivity, Chemical compound, Essential oil, Indonesian forest, Pharmaceutics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.182}, author = {Yelfi Anwar and Gunawan Pasaribu and M. Nazari V} } @article {1822, title = {Review on Literature of the Plant Elephantorrhiza Elephantine on its Healing Properties and Recent Acquired Knowledge of its Medicinal Activities (2000-2020)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {715-721}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {715}, abstract = {

Background: The current review article outlines current findings in literature from undertaken studies and review articles on the plant Elephantorrhiza elephantine from the past 20 years to date. The information presented in this article will include the following aspects of the plant. The plant description and taxomony, ethnomedical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Elephantorrhiza elephantine. The article looks to discuss existing hurdles in research found on this plant and how to integrate any previous research with what is currently done in research on the plant. It aims on guiding the path of future research direction on the plant Elephantorrhiza elephantine. Methods: A total of 40 articles were selected and read through. The articles selected had included literature publications with the keywords such as; Elephantorrhiza elephantine, plant description, taxonomic of the plant, ethno medicinal usages, phytochemicals, pharmacological properties and plant toxicity, which were published between the years 2000 {\textendash} 2021. There were 32 articles relevant for this review article and 2 dissertation that were written between the criteria of years. Results: The ethomedicinal uses of Elephantorrhiza elephantine have been investigated by various authors on the anti-microbial activities, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and in ethnoveterinary medicine on how the plant provides relief to individuals with illnesses/disease through its traditional uses. These studies have been conducted on both animals and humans. The experiments performed used the crude extract derived from parts of the plant such as the roots and leaves. These plant parts have phytochemical compounds that are extracted using varying polar solvents. In the animal studies, acetone extracts of E. elephantine roots demonstrated significant activity against a tick-borne disease in cattle livestock and parasite worms in goats. In humans, the dried leaf extracts of E. elephantine was also subjected to various polar solvents and water, investigated for phytochemical content, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and cytotoxic activities, using standard methods. It was reported that the ethanol extract yielded the highest phytochemical content. Conclusion: The gap in knowledge has narrowed on medicinal plants effects of healing properties. This lead by extensive research carried out trying to understand the benefits of traditional medication and why majority of the population uses it as they primary healthcare choice. Investigating the mechanism of action of E. elephantine on its antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory and wound healing could lead to an enhanced understanding on the medicinal properties of the plant extracts and a commercialisation of a product in future.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Medicinal plants, Phytochemical content, Plant extracts.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.91}, author = {Radebe Tlotlo and Polo-Ma-Abiele Hildah Mfengwana and Dedr{\'e} Olivier} } @article {1931, title = {Risk Factors for Hepatotoxicity From L-Asparaginase Chemotherapy In Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {921-927}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {921}, abstract = {

Introduction: L-asparaginase chemotherapy often causes hepatotoxicity and affects complete remission in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This study aims to investigate the risk factors that affect the incidence of hepatotoxicity caused by L-asparaginase chemotherapy in ALL children. Methods: An observational study with prospective sampling was conducted at Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya. The inclusion criteria included ALL children aged 1-18 years, undergoing ALL Induction phase chemotherapy based on the 2018 Indonesian Children{\textquoteright}s ALL protocol as evidenced by bone marrow aspiration, receiving L-asparaginase chemotherapy, and obtaining written consent from parents or guardians. Each child had 3 ml of blood drawn from a peripheral vein to assess their complete blood count, alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, and albumin level. Results: Thirty-two children with ALL were collected. Two of them were excluded due to allergic reaction and enable to continue the L-asparaginase chemotherapy. Thirty of them were eligible participants. Approximately 53.3\% of ALL children aged <= seven years. Fourteen (47\%) children with ALL were included in the standard-risk group and 16 (53\%) of them included high-risk group. There were significant differences in ALT levels between the four stages of observation (p=\<0.001). Twenty-two ALL children had hepatotoxicity (73.3\%), while 8 had non-hepatotoxicity (26.7\%). Two risk factors had a significant influence on the occurrence of hepatotoxicity due to L-asparaginase chemotherapy including age and hypoalbuminemia (p=0.045, p=0.028). Conclusion: Age and hypoalbuminemia were the risk factors that might affect the incidents of hepatotoxicity. Clinical monitoring before and after treatment needs to be done to prevent poor outcomes.

}, keywords = {Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Children, Hepatotoxicity, L-asparaginase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.190}, author = {Agniya Ali Fahmi Hikmat and Mia Ratwita Andarsini and Bagus Setyoboedi and Maria Christina Shanty Larasati and Andi Cahyadi and I Dewa Gede Ugrasena} } @article {1906, title = {Risk Factors of Acute and Chronic Erythema Nodosum Leprosum in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital Surabaya}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {766-770}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {766}, abstract = {

Background: Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infection and is one of the neglected diseases caused by Mycobacterium leprae. ENL is a complex syndrome, that caused inflammation of the skin, nerves, and other organs due to an inflammatory immune response to Mycobacterium leprae antigens. Acute ENL was defined as the first episode of ENL with a duration of less than 24 weeks. Chronic ENL was defined as ENL that persisted for more than 24 weeks. These types of ENL can have different risk factors and require different therapeutic interventions. Purpose: The onset of ENL is acute, but may progress to a chronic or recurrent phase and require long-term therapy. Early detection of leprosy is very important, because the infection is curable and prompt treatment can reduce nerve damage and associated stigma. Chronic ENL patients require prolonged high doses of corticosteroids to control inflammation in ENL and cause severe complications and side effects associated with morbidity and mortality. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted using a non-probability sampling technique consecutively using a casecontrol formula in leprosy patients with ENL in the Leprosy Division of the Outpatient Dermatology and Venereology Unit RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya for the period 2015 {\textendash} 2020, using secondary data in the form of medical record data. Result: The results of this study obtained leprosy patients with ENL as many as 234 patients, 56 patients with acute ENL and 89 patients with chronic ENL. 45 patients with acute ENL and 45 patients with chronic ENL were obtained from the case-control minimal sample size formula. Conclusion: The results of the bivariate analysis test showed that there was a relationship between risk factors for coinfection and steroid therapy with the type of ENL. The presence of coinfection and steroid therapy showed that patients tend to be chronic ENL, conversely, in the absence of coinfection and without steroid therapy, patients tend to be acute ENL. The multivariate logistic regression analysis test showed a significant association between risk factors for ENL onset before MDT and the presence of coinfection with chronic ENL, whereas ENL onset after MDT and absence of coinfection were associated with acute ENL.

}, keywords = {Acute ENL, Chronic ENL, ENL, Leprosy, Neglected disease., Risk factors}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.165}, author = {Ditya Indrawati and Linda Astari and Afif Nurul Hidayati and Sawitri, Damayanti and Budi Utomo and Bagus Haryo Kusumaputra and Medhi Denisa Alinda and Cita Rosita Sigit Prakoeswa and M. Yulianto Listiawan} } @article {1811, title = {Role of Alkaloid on Platelet Aggregation and Serotonin in Migraine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {629-632}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {629}, abstract = {

Migraine is a sterile neurogenic inflammation of the trigeminal nerve which releases vasoactive neuropeptides and activates platelets to release vasoactive substances such as serotonin (5-HT). Platelet hyperaggregation occurs in the pathogenesis of migraine caused by one of the stimulatory factors 5-HT. Platelet aggregation is increased and 5-HT levels are elevated in the blood and brain in the early stages of migraine. Alkaloid β-carbolin alkaloids can increase monoamines in brain regions through inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and inhibition of 5-HT reuptake. Alkaloids in the ethanolic extract of SCE function as analgesics and anti-inflammatory which can reduce pain and improve blood circulation. Sargassum cristaefolium extract (SCE) was measured for its bioactive substance content. The extract was administered to an animal model of intraperitoneal nitroglycerin-induced migraine and examined for platelet levels, platelet aggregation and 5-HT. The results of statistical tests showed an increase in platelets (p\<0.05), an increase in platelet aggregation (p\<0.05) and a decrease in 5-HT (p\<0.05). The relationship between alkaloids and platelets; platelets and platelet aggregation; platelet aggregation and 5-HT and 5-HT levels and migraine incidence (p\<0.05). The alkaloids found in SCE can lower platelet count, decrease platelet aggregation and increase 5-HT levels in migraines.

}, keywords = {Alkaloid, Migraine, Platelet, Platelet aggregation, Serotonin.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.81}, author = {Olivia Mahardani Adam and Widjiati Widjiati} } @article {1950, title = {The Role of Breast Milk on Reducing the Risk of Neonatal Sepsis in Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {1067-1074}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1067}, abstract = {

Background: High mortality and morbidity rates are associated with neonatal sepsis in preterm and low birth weight infants. Aside from controlling the nosocomial infection, intervention for reducing the risk of sepsis is demanded. The best nutrition for preterm infants is breast milk. Bioactive compounds found in it, such as antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities not only for immunity against the infection but also for growth, and development. Objective: To investigate the effect of breast milk against the risk of neonatal sepsis in preterm and low birth weight infants. Methods: We conducted an electronic search through several databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus. We performed an analysis on nutritional feeding and volume of breast milk and late-onset sepsis from ten potential observational studies. Results: Breast milk significantly reduced the risk of sepsis in preterm and low birth weight infants (pooled RR 0.70; 95 \% CI 0.55 - 0.88, p = 0.002). In addition, when we performed subgroup analysis, we found that breast milk volume \> 50ml/kgbw/day also reduce the risk of sepsis with pooled RR 0.61(95\% CI 0.46-0.8, p=0.0004). Conclusion: Low birth weight and preterm infants had a lower risk of neonatal sepsis when they got breastmilk. To preserve the supply of breastmilk, health professionals should support and encourage mothers who were breastfeeding.

}, keywords = {Breast milk, Low birth weight, Neonatal sepsis, Preterm infant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.211}, author = {Tita Natalia Manurung and Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu and Martono Tri Utomo} } @article {1909, title = {Role of Gender in the Protection Against Doxorubicin-Induced Oxidative Stress}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {782-788}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {782}, abstract = {

Background: There are gender differences in the oxidation-reduction reactions. Doxorubicin (Dox) is a chemotherapeutic drug that can produce oxidative stress which may require prevention by antioxidants. Aim: The study aimed to investigate the gender-dependent changes in Dox-induced oxidative stress, and the protective effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). Materials and Methods: Rats were administered CoQ10 orally for 17 days. On day 13, some rats receiving CoQ10 received a single intraperitoneal dosage of Dox, whereas other rats received normal saline. Glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total anti-oxidant capacity (T-AOC) were measured in both genders of albino rats. Results: Dox significantly reduced both GSH and T-AOC levels and caused a significant increase in MDA. The administration of CoQ10 significantly prevented these changes. Dox caused a larger reduction in GSH in males than in females, while CoQ10 caused more protection in females. Dox caused a higher increase in MDA levels in males. Conclusion: Pre-treatments with CoQ10 may protect against Dox-induced oxidative stress, with gender-dependent variations in the extent of these Dox/CoQ10 effects.

}, keywords = {Coenzyme Q10, Doxorubicin, Gender difference, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.168}, author = {Akram A Hammo and Abdulla A Ahmad and Zeina A Althanoon} } @article {1767, title = {Screening of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Wild Edible Termite Mushroom}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {301-307}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {301}, abstract = {

Wild edible mushrooms produce a variety of bioactive compounds that are known to have antioxidant properties. Natural antioxidants can protect against oxidative induced free radicals without any side effects. Thus, they are consumed by people for food and nutraceutical values. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of three wild edible termite mushrooms (Termitomyces albuminosus, T. eurhizus and T. robustus). Different phytochemicals were screened in the 50\% ethanol, methanol and water extracts of three termite mushrooms. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride method respectively. The antioxidant activity of three termite mushrooms was evaluated by DPPH assay. Qualitative screening of phytochemicals has revealed that alkaloid, steroid, fatty acid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, carbohydrate and protein are found in the 50\% ethanol, methanol and water extracts of three species of termite mushroom. A high amount of total phenolic and flavonoid content was found in the 50\% ethanol extract of T. albuminosus, T. eurhizus and T. robustus (TPC: 50.28, 54.56 and 57.63 mg GAE/g extract; TFC: 16.30, 18.43 and 18.80 mg QE/g extract respectively). Due to high phenolic and flavonoid content, 50\% ethanol extract of three termite mushrooms has shown high antioxidant activity (i.e., lowest IC50: 710.00 - 714.05 μg/ml). These termite mushrooms have antioxidant properties due to the presence of bioactive secondary metabolites that can potentially be used as a source of natural antioxidants in the form of food and nutraceutical.

}, keywords = {DPPH assay, Flavonoid, phenolic, Phytochemical, Termite mushroom}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.38}, author = {Anita Kumari Tharu and Mukti Ram Paudel and Ananda Prakash Joshi and Laxman Bhandari and Hari Prasad Aryal} } @article {1942, title = {Senna Siamea Hexane Extract: Potent Antifungal Activity Against Candida albicans, Candida Krusei and Identification of Its Chemicals Content}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {999-1004}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {999}, abstract = {

Background: Senna siamea contains several chemical: flavonoid, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloid, and tanin which is as an antifungal againts of Candida sp because interfere function of the fungal cell membrane and inhibit syntesis of chitin. Candida albicans and Candida krusei could causing oral candidiasis, vulvovaginal infections, life threatening candidiasis, such as candidemia and internal organ infections. S. siamea is a medicinal plant which empirically used as antifungal. S. siamea leaves has been reported to exhibit activity against Candida sp but limited to ethanol extract. Thus, the evaluation of other extract- and identification of active compound(s) against C. albicans and C. krusei is needed to be explore. Methods: First, the microscopic morphology of S. siamea leaves were observed using Scanning Electron Microscope. The leaves were then extracted sequentially by hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvent using the ultrasonic assisted extraction method, followed by its in vitro antifungal activity evaluation. The most active extract was further evaluated for its chemical(s) content by LC MS. Results: Scanning Electron Microscope identified the presence of oxalate in the leaves of S. siamea. Evaluation of the antifungal activity showed that the hexane extract had highest antifungal compared to others. Conclusions: S. siamea hexane extract leaf is prospective to be developed as an antifungal. Further in vivo research are needed.

}, keywords = {Antifungal, Chemical content., Hexane extract, Senna siamea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.203}, author = {Diny Kamilah and Berna Elya and Robiatul Adawiyah and Annysa Ellycornia Silvyana} } @article {1938, title = {The Serum Formulation of Hati Tanah Tuber Ethanol Extract from Central Kalimantan}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {978-982}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {978}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lately, the use of natural cosmetics can have a good effect on the skin. One of them is traditional beauty treatments. The Serum is a preparation with low viscosity, because of its low viscosity serum is categorized as an emulsion preparation. From the results of research that has been carried out, ethanol extract of Hati Tanah tuber has great potential as an anti-acne because it can inhibit the growth of acne-causing bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes. With the innovation of serum ethanol extract of Hati Tanah tuber, it can be an option for the community later in the treatment of acne. Methods: The formulation is made in 4 (four) formulas with different concentrations of the main ingredients used. Next is to weigh all the ingredients needed according to each formula. Then physical properties test performed. a) Organoleptic test; b) Homogeneity Test; c) pH test; d) Spreadability Test and e) Adhesion Test. Results: The organoleptic test was carried out directly by looking at the shape and color and smelling the serum preparation of the ethanol extract of Tanah Hari tubers. The test results show that at F0 (0\%) the color is clear, for F1 (0,5\%) it is quite pale pink, F2 (1\%) is bright pink and F3 (5\%) is dark red. For scent organoleptic, F0 indicates no scent, for F1 and F2 there is a distinctive scent from the Hati Tanah tuber which is slightly pungent, while F3 shows a pungent aroma typical of the Hati Tanah tuber. The resulting serum has a thick texture at F0 and F1, a watery texture at F2 and a thinner texture at F3. All of the formulas have met the physical test requirement of organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, and adhesion test. Conclusion: The simplicia of Hati Tanah tuber can be made into an innovative cosmetic preparation in the form of serum with a concentration of 0,5\%, 1\% and 5\%. From the results of testing the physical properties of the formulations, all of the formulas have met the physical test requirement of organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, and adhesion test.

}, keywords = {Formulation, Hati Tanah Tuber Ethanol Extract., Serum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.199}, author = {Nurul Qamariah and Rezqi Handayani and Jessika Maretania} } @article {1809, title = {Standardization Study of Khurtsiin deed-6 Traditional Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {610-621}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {610}, abstract = {

Introduction: Although traditional medicines are widely used, quality and safety of some of them are not ensured due to lack of suitable quality controls and inadequate labeling. he diagnostic cellular structures and cell content for all powdered ingredients in Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine were defined by {\textquotedblleft}Novel{\textquotedblright} light microscopy. Biologically active compounds were identified by using TLC and HPLC. Main biologically active compounds contents were determined by UV spectrophotometer methods. Some quality and safety parameters of Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine were determined by Mongolian National First Pharmacopoeia methods. Results: Some quality and safety parameters of the traditional medicine were determined as: moisture 9.63{\textpm}0.09\%, total ash 4.725{\textpm}0.22\%, and water-soluble extractive 21.28{\textpm}0.11\%, Alcohol soluble extractive total 46.30{\textpm}0.09\%, aerobic microbial count 5x103, total yeast and mold count 3x102. The fingerprints of TLC and HPLC to reveal gallic acid, apigenin, costunolide, E-guggulsterone were defined. The total contents were measured for phenolic compounds as 65.95{\textpm}1.05 mg/g and for flavonoids as 10.55 {\textpm}0.16 mg/g. Conclusion: The standardization criteria for Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine were defined and Mongolian National Pharmacopeia Monograph{\textquoteright}s draft for Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine was developed.

}, keywords = {Gallic acid, Herbal medicine, High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography, Thin layer Chromatography.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.79}, author = {Myadagbadam and Purevsuren S and Chimedragchaa CH and Tserenkhand G and Norovnyam R} } @article {1881, title = {Study of Sericin Sequences from Bombyx mori as Antiaging through ROS with Molecular Simulation and DPPH Evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {632-641}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {632}, abstract = {

The presence of ROS is associated with aging, which is damage caused by free radical reactions. ROS causes oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL), which builds up in plaque and contributes to inflammation. With aldehyde secondary products of lipid peroxidation such as Malondialdehyde (MDA), lipoxygenase, and xanthine oxidase as markers of oxidative stress, oxidized LDL causes endothelial dysfunction and cell apoptosis. The antioxidant 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) sericin from Bombyx mori was tested in silico and in vitro in this study. The Bombyx mori peptide sequences QAYADYHSDPNGGSA (SP4) and ASSSFDASSA (SP7) had lower Gibbs energy for lipooxygenase (LOX) than native ligands, with values of -23.1044, -21.0056, and -10.3275 kcal/mol, respectively. hydrogen bonding to Gln289, Asp293, and Gly569. While ASSSFDASSA (SP7) has a higher Gibbs energy for xanthine oxidase (XOX), SEASSSTQATTVS (SP 5) has a lower Gibbs energy with values of -20.1839, -17.8952, and -11.8921 kcal/mol, respectively. While the cavity binding of the xanthine oxidase peptide binding SP5 and SP7 is located at the Glu802, Asp872, and Ser876 binding sites, the DPPH test confirmed in vitro that the 10\% sericin Gel had an IC50 of 19.7394 ppm compared to 3.71 ppm ascorbic acid. The findings of the preceding study demonstrate that sericin, as an antioxidant, is one of the candidates for antiaging.

}, keywords = {DPPH., LOX, ROS, Sericin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.146}, author = {Fitria Agustina and Fadilah Fadilah and Wimpie Pangkahila and Anak Agung Gde Putra Wiraguna and I Gusti Ayu Sri Mahendra Dewi} } @article {1879, title = {Subacute Toxicity Test of Hydrocotyle Sibthorpioides Lam. Extract on Histopathological Images of Liver and Kidney of White Male Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {619-626}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {619}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. in Indonesia known as pegagan embun. It has been used to increase the immune system and has been shown to have immunostimulating, anti-inflammatory and hematopoietic effects. However, there is no scientific evidence that shows this plant is safe for long-term use. Based on that circumstance, this study aimed to measure the safety of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) ethanol extract activities on liver and kidney histopathology. Aim: The study aimed to measure the safety of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) ethanol extract activities on liver and kidney histopathology. Material and Method: Ethanol extract used because all the active compounds in plants extracted as a whole, and it cheaper and more efficient in the extraction process. Determine as many thirty-six white male mice as test animals and separate them into eight treatment groups. The administrated ethanol extract of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) at doses of 7, 35, and 150 mg/kg BW for 7, 14, and 21 days. On days 8th, 15th, and 22nd, three white male mice collected from each treatment group and collected their liver and kidney. The data analysed used a T-test with IBM SPSS type 24. Result: LD50 of ethanol extract of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. \> 15,000 mg/kg means practically not toxic. The results showed that the administration of extract Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. for 7, 14, and 21 days showed a non-significant effect on any histological damage to the liver of male white mice at doses of 7 and 35 mg/kg BW (normal histology). The non-significant effect also occurs at150 mg/kg BW for 7 days; however, it caused mild damage at a dose of 150 mg/kg BW for 14 days and moderate damage at 150 mg/kg BW for 21 days. In renal histopathology, doses of 7 mg/kg BW. for 7, 14, and 21 days showed normal histology and doses of 35 mg/kg BW for 7, 14, and 21 days showed minimal damage. The administration at doses of 150 mg/kg BW for 7 days showed mild damage, while a dose of 150 mg/kg BW for 14 and 21 days showed moderate damage. Conclusion: It concluded that the administration of extract of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. did not cause severe damage to the histology of the liver and kidneys of white male mice.

}, keywords = {Histopathology, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam., Kidney, LD50, Liver, Subacute.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.144}, author = {Afriwardi and Rahmad Abdillah and Elidahanum Husni and Hafifah Hardini and Khalila Tri Syahbani Zuler and Aditya Alqamal Alianta and Yufri Aldi} } @article {1799, title = {Subchronic Toxicity Studies of a Combined Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Syzygium cumini (L) Skeels, and Caesalpinia sappan L Extract in Sprague-Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {531-535}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {531}, abstract = {

Introduction: Andrographis paniculata, Syzygium cumini and Caesalpinia sappan (ASC) are plants that are widely used as traditional medicines in treating diabetes. The acute toxicity test results of the combination of these three plants were safe up to 5000 mg/Kg BB. Objectives: To evaluate subchronic toxicity of a combined ASC extract. Methods: Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were acclimatized for 14 days and then fed a normal diet with ASC extract at doses of 150, 575 and 1000 mg/kg BW daily for 135 days. At the end of the study, the rats were sacrificed and then blood, heart, pulmonary, liver, kidneys, spleen and pancreas were collected. Result: The results showed no abnormality in the experimental group compared with the control group. All values of other parameters assessed remained within the normal range. Conclusions: The combination of ASC extract given orally for 135 days to male and female rats did not show any subchronic toxicity.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Caesalpinia sappan, Rats., Subchronic yoxicity, Syzygium cumini}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.67}, author = {Atini Solawati and Berna Elya and Heri Setiawan and Raysa Yunda Pratiwi} } @article {1946, title = {Successful Intrapericardial Fibrinolysis on Acute Recurrent Purulent Pericarditis with Impending Cardiac Tamponade during Pandemic Situation: A Rare Case Report}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {1033-1036}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {1033}, abstract = {

Introduction: Acute recurrent purulent pericarditis is an uncommon pericardium infection that can be life-threatening due to pus production, leading to cardiac tamponade. Case presentation: We report a 36-year-old man referring to our hospital with impending cardiac tamponade who needed urgent pericardiocentesis. The patient{\textquoteright}s complaints were worsening dyspnea and palpitations in the last two days. The patient had been hospitalized for the same complaint and had pericardiocentesis due to cardiac tamponade approximately three weeks earlier. Physical exam, ECG, and CXR suggest impending cardiac tamponade. Echocardiography indicated massive right and left pericardial effusion and right atrial collapse. The Covid-19 screening test was positive; however, RT-PCR revealed a negative result. The patient was diagnosed with recurrent acute purulent pericarditis with impending cardiac tamponade requiring urgent pericardiocentesis. After the procedure, 1.5 million units of intrapericardial fibrinolytic were administered to patients. His improved hemodynamic and clinical symptoms indicate a successful procedure. Conclusion: This case highlights the challenges of managing an acute recurrent purulent pericarditis patient due to Staphylococcus A. infection in the current pandemic era, including distinguishing it from other contagious diseases due to nonspecific dyspnea, limited therapeutic options, and the effectiveness of intrapericardial fibrinolytic in improving the overall patient conditions, and reducing the mortality rate.

}, keywords = {Intrapericardial fibrinolysis, Purulent pericarditis, Rare Case Report, Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.206}, author = {Muhammad Dedy Pratama and Budi Baktijasa Dharmadjati and Muhammad Rafdi Amadis and Ahmad Faisal Dwi Raharja and Muhammad Ramadhan and Dwika Rasyid Firmanda} } @article {1886, title = {Survey on Aromatherapy Among Healthcare Professionals in Morocco}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {666-670}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {666}, abstract = {

Background: Herbal remedies and more particularly essential oils are increasingly used throughout the world. In Morocco, the practice of aromatherapy is becoming more and more important, but the knowledge, attitudes, and expectations of healthcare professionals towards essential oils have never been studied. Aim: To assess the attitudes, knowledge, and expectations towards essential oils and aromatherapy of Moroccan healthcare professionals. Methods: We conducted a survey among 205 Moroccan healthcare professionals from different categories using an anonymous electronic questionnaire. Results: The participants to our survey have a good general knowledge and 47.8\% of the them have already prescribed or advised essential oils. However, only 10.2\% of them considered essential oils as widely available. Moreover, only 3.9\% of the respondents judged their theoretical knowledge of essential oils and aromatherapy as perfect, 36.6\% considered the lack of information in this field as the limiting factor in prescribing and advising essential oils, and 88.3\% were in favor of integrating aromatherapy into their basic training course. The prescription or advice of essential oils are statistically correlated with age, profession, factors mentioned as limiting the prescription and advice of essential oils, and the theoretical knowledge. Conclusion: Empowering healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} capacities could help them overcome their fears and enable them to offer aromatherapy advice to their patients with confidence. This could also help to expand the use of essential oils in Moroccan healthcare facilities.

}, keywords = {Aromatherapy, Essential oils, Healthcare professionals, Morocco, Survey}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.151}, author = {Asmae Alaoui Belghiti and Mohamed Yafout and Soukaina Bennis and Amal Ait Haj Said} } @article {1786, title = {Ten Commonly Available Medicinal Plants in Malaysia with Potential Sun Protection Factor and Antioxidant Properties {\textendash} A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {444-455}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {444}, abstract = {

Background: Malaysia has a diverse range of medicinal plants that utilized to make effective nutritional, folk medicine, and cosmetic preparations. Natural antioxidants obtained from medicinal plant extracts have recently gained popularity as protective ingredients in sunscreen formulations due to their safety, wide range of biological effects on skin, and environmental sustainability in absorbing Ultraviolet (UV) radiation and preventing skin damage. Prolonged exposure to UV rays may cause skin damages like sunburn, photoaging, erythema, edema, wrinkle, and skin cancer. Natural sunscreen products are becoming more popular among consumers who are becoming more aware of the risks of excessive UV and chemicals in beauty and personal care products. Objective: This review aimed to provide brief information about ten commonly available medicinal plants in Malaysia with potential sun protection factor and antioxidant properties. Methods: In the present review, the relevant literatures were an extensive search from various scientific database including Pubmed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Scopus. Ten commonly available medicinal plants in Malaysia such as Graptophyllum pictum, Moringa oleifera, Mangifera indica, Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Andrographis paniculata, Sonneratia caseolaris, Camellia sinensis, Morinda citrifolia, Nephelium lappaceum and Murraya koenigii were included based on its potential sun protection factor (SPF) and antioxidant properties. Results: All the ten medicinal plants reported in this review found to have potential antioxidant activities due to the presence of phenolic and flavonoid content in the extracts. All of these findings well correlated to their potential SPF. The M. indica extracts had the highest SPF value among the ten plant extracts reported in this review, with a value of >=30. This is considered high sun protection action. Extracts of A. paniculata, M. citrifolia, C. sinensis, and G. pictum have a moderate photoprotective effect (SPF value of >=15). Sun protection activity was low in M. oleifera and S. caseolaris (SPF value <= 2). Conclusion: The identification of natural antioxidant and photoprotective ingredients from medicinal plants has demonstrated as a potential natural sunscreen product in protecting UV radiation against damaging UV rays, and therefore recommended to utilize them to replace synthetic chemicals in cosmetics development in the future.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Medicinal plants, Sun protection factor, total flavonoid, Total phenol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.57}, author = {Noor Diyana Ibrahim and Lay Jing Seow and Mahendran Sekar and Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani and Pei Teng Lum} } @article {1859, title = {Tender Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) Can Increase Antioxidant Enzymes and Decrease MDA Levels: Experimental Study on Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {469-476}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {469}, abstract = {

Background: Cigarette smoke exposure increase free radicals in the body in the form of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Excessive levels of ROS can cause an imbalance between the amount of oxidants and antioxidants that trigger oxidative stress. The state of oxidative stress can be seen from the decrease in antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). Tender coconut water contains a variety of substances that are beneficial to the body, including L-arginine and Vitamin C which can increase antioxidant enzymes and reduce oxidative stress. Aim and Objectives: This study aims to determine the effect of giving tender coconut water on increasing antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and CAT and decreasing MDA in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Material and Methods: Experimental research by Post-Test Only Control Group Design study used 24 rats divided into 4 groups, K1 was the control, K2 was the negative control exposed to cigarette smoke, K3 the positive control was given vitamin E and K4 the treatment group. Furthermore, sampling was continued by examining the levels of SOD and CAT using ELISA (Enzyme- Linked Immunosorbent Assay), while MDA using spectrophotometry. The SOD, CAT, and MDA data were processed using SPSS with the One Way Anova. Results: The administration of tender coconut water at a dose of 8mL/200grBW/day and vitamin E at a dose of 1.8 mg/200gBW/day for 14 days increasing SOD levels, CAT levels and reduce MDA levels. Conclusion: It can be concluded that tender coconut water can increase antioxidant enzymes and reduce MDA in rats exposed to cigarette smoke.

}, keywords = {Catalase, Cigarette smoke, Malondyaldehyde, Superoxide dismutase, Tender coconut water}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.124}, author = {Siti Thomas Zulaikhah and Helmia Fitri Nurul Aini and Anisa Setyo Rini and Bagus Hidayaturrahman Abiyyu and Elvita Apriska Tiara Dewi and Arrizki Azka Pratama} } @article {1853, title = {Thalassemia β Major in Confirmed Covid-19 Patient: A Case Report}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {445-449}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {445}, abstract = {

The incidence of Thalassemia with confirmed Covid 19 is very rare. The aim of this study is to know the prognosis and evaluate the management of therapy in thalassemia β Mayor patients with COVID-19. This case study describes the progression of Thalassemia β Mayor with COVID 19 starting from how to establish the diagnosis of Thalassemia β Mayor and COVID 19 until how to treat thalassemia β Mayor patients with COVID-19 This case study result describes that COVID 19 aggravates thalassemia β Mayor. Infection can adversely affect thalassemia. Giving Blood transfusions must be done due to anemia in Thalassemia, but it will have an impact on the accumulation of iron in the body which will increase the severity of the infection. The administration of iron-chelation drugs is beneficial for Covid but on the other hand, it is contraindicated in Thalassemia patients.

}, keywords = {COVID-19, Infection, Preventable Death, Thalassemia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.119}, author = {Yosua Butar Butar and Puspa Wardhani} } @article {1833, title = {TLC Profiling and Phytochemical Screening of Various Extracts of Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr. from Kog Dong Keng Forest, Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {273-277}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {273}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr. belongs to family Ochnaceae, and it is a traditionally important herb in Southeast Asia. The objective of this study was to investigate the phytochemical compounds of various extracts from six samples. Methods: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) of the hexane, dichloromethane and 70\% ethanol extracts were performed for five important phytochemicals namely, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpene, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinone. Results: Terpene was found in all the samples that were extracted from all extracts, while cardiac glycosides and anthraquinone did not occur in all samples that were extracted from all extracts. Flavonoids were observed in all samples that were only extracted with dichloromethane, whereas it was found in some samples from the other extracts. The hexane extract compound was found in alkaloids in Garcinia cowa and Cryptolepis dubia, while the dichloromethane extract compound was discovered in Suregada multiflora, Capparis micracantha and Salacia chinensis. All samples extracted with 70\% methanol did not contain any alkaloid compounds. Terpene was found in the hexane extracted compounds. Conclusions: These findings suggested that Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr. is a potent source of medicinal phytochemical compounds that could lead to its use as medicinal products.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr., Phytochemical compounds, TLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.96}, author = {Sombat Appamaraka and Chadaporn Senakun and Surapon Saensouk} } @article {1795, title = {Toll Like Receptor 4 Expression Profile in Mice Infected Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Given with Miana Leaves Extract (Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth) (Tuberculosis Preventive and Curative Mechanisms)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {497-505}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {497}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. During Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, pathogens modulate TLR-4 receptor flow signaling, suggesting possible involvement of TLR-4 in the regulation of the host immune response. This study aims to determine the effect of miana leaf extract on the expression of toll like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in tuberculosis mice at the preventive and curative stages. Methods: Mice were divided into 3 groups with 7x replication. Providing 14 days of preventive treatment, 14 days of incubation and 14 days of curative treatment. Group 1 and group 3 were given Miana Leaves Extract (EDM) and placebo at all three stages. Group 2 was given EDM at the preventive and incubation stages, then they were given anti-tuberculosis drugs (OAT). Results: The results proved that EDM given as a preventive did not increase the expression of TLR-4 protein in healthy mice; Changes in expression of TLR-4 protein in M.tb-infected mice before and after curative EDM increased by 17\%, after administration of placebo increased 97\% and decreased 12\% after OAT curative administration; Changes in expression of TLR-4 protein in M.tb-infected mice before preventive administration and after EDM curative administration increased by 20\%, after administration of placebo increased 102\% and decreased by 10\% after the curative administration of OAT. Conclusions: EDM has potential as antituberculosis with TLR-4 regulatory mechanism.

}, keywords = {Antituberculosis., Miana Leaf, TLR-4}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.63}, author = {Sesilia Rante Pakadang and St. Ratnah and Alfrida Monica Salasa and Jumain and Mochammad Hatta} } @article {1730, title = {Total Phenolic, Flavonoids, and Carotenoids Content and Anti- Obesity Activity of Purslane Herb (Portulaca oleracea L.) Ethanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {08-13}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study aims to determine total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total carotenoid content (TCC) of ethanolic extract of Purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.). Material and Method: Herb of Purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.) was extracted using ethanol. Determination of total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total carotenoid content (TCC) The method used spectrophotometer UV-VIS by the used standard curve to compare the total content by linear regression calculation. Result: The results of this study demonstrated the TPC, TFC, and TCC value was 2.00 mg HE/g DW, 0.53 mg EQ/g DW, 128 mg GAE/g DW, respectively. For anti-obesity, a 200 mg/kg BW sample group had the greatest percentage decrease compared to the other groups (21.868\%). Conclusion: This study showed that Purslane is a good source of flavonoids, phenolic, and carotenoids. Meanwhile, the ethanol extract of this plant has prospect potential as anti-obesity.

Key words: Anti-obesity activity; Portulaca oleracea L.; Total phenolics, Flavonoids, Carotenoids content.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.2}, author = {Rizqi Nur Azizah and Andi Emelda and Ira Asmaliani and Islamudin Ahmad and Muammar Fawwaz} } @article {1818, title = {Total Polyphenols, Total Flavonoids, Antioxidant Activity and Inhibition of Tyrosinase Enzymes from Extract and Fraction of Passiflora ligularis Juss}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {672-680}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {672}, abstract = {

Background: Sweet granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss) grows in the cool highlands of Indonesia, one of which is the province of West Sumatera. Sweet granadilla has potent antioxidant activity and can inhibit the tyrosinase enzyme. Objective: This study was performed to determine content of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibition in different part of P. ligularis extract and fraction. Materials and Methods: Leaves, stems, peels and seeds P. ligularis were separately extracted by the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method using 70\% ethanol. Then, the ethanol extract was fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and distilled water. The ethanol extract and active fraction were determining antioxidant activity using FRAP and DPPH method, inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme, total polyphenol and total flavonoid content. This study was equipped with analysis of light microscopy, SEM microscopy and LC-MS. Results: The highest total polyphenol content was found in the seed extract 176.22 {\textpm} 1.51 mg GAE/g extract and total flavonoid content was found in leaves extract 5.77 {\textpm} 0.48 mg QE/g extract. The highest antioxidant activity by FRAP method was found in seeds extract 80.79 {\textpm} 1.29 g Fe2SO4 equivalent/100 g extract and DPPH method was found in stem extract with IC50 value 9.00 {\textpm} 0.09. The highest percentage of tyrosinase inhibition (1 mg/ml) was found in seed extract 52.4 {\textpm} 2,55 \%. In fraction of seed extract show that ethyl acetate fraction most active than others. Conclusion: These results indicate that ethyl acetate fraction of seed P. ligularis has potent antioxidants and good inhibition of the tyrosinase enzyme.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Passiflora ligularis Juss, Sweet granadilla., Tyrosinase, Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.86}, author = {Selvia Wiliantari and Raditya Iswandana and Berna Elya} } @article {1823, title = {Traditional Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Urological and Urogenital Diseases in Ethiopia: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {722-733}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {722}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ethiopia is recognized as one of the richest biodiversity in Africa. The present review aimed to compile relevant information on medicinal plants traditionally used to manage urogenital diseases in Ethiopia. Methods: Different literatures published specifically on ethnobotanical use of medicinal plants in scientific journals, books, theses and proceedings were reviewed. Data from literatures were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) Version 20 and an Excel spreadsheet and reported using descriptive statistics, frequency, and percentage. Results: A total of 146 medicinal plants are reported in the reviewed literature. It was distributed in 127 genera and 64 families. Cucurbitaceae (7.51\%), Asteriaceae (7.51\%), Euphorbaceae (6.20\%) and Apiaceae (4.80\%) were family{\textquoteright}s accounts of high number of species. A higher diversity of medicinal plants was reported from Southern nations and nationalities (44.5\%), Oromia (41.1\%) and Amhara (27.4\%) regional states. The most frequently reported growth form of medicinal plants indicated in the review was herbs (46.8\%), followed by shrubs (32.6\%). Root (36.2\%) and leaves (35.3\%) were the most used parts. Decoction (26.1\%), concoction (16.5\%) and pounding (11.9\%) were the most frequently reported remedy preparation methods and were administered orally. Conclusion: The present review indicated that urogenital diseases were managed with different medicinal plants throughout the regions of Ethiopian needed scientifically confirmed in order to produce safe and effective drugs from natural products.

}, keywords = {Ethiopia., Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine, Urological diseases}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.92}, author = {Kebede Feyisa and Wondu Feyisa and Ture Girma and Teyiba Kemal} } @article {1843, title = {Triterpenoids from Agathis robusta Aerial Parts and Their Hepatopotective Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {362-366}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {362}, abstract = {

Objective: While Agathis robusta contains important phytochemical constituents and has been linked to a variety of biological activities, there is currently insufficient research on the plant{\textquoteright}s total phytochemical constituents or pharmacological activity. Materials and Procedures: The aerial part of Agathis robusta was extracted with 70\% methanol and was screened for new phytochemical components. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic data interpretation. The hepatoprotective activity of the isolated compounds was investigated. Results: Four known triterpenoids and two new compounds were isolated for the first time from the methanolic extract of the aerial parts of A. robusta. Conclusion: For the first time, new triterpenoidal saponins with high hepatoprotective activity have been isolated from the aerial portion of A. robusta. As a result, it is suggested that more emphasis be placed on this plant{\textquoteright}s biological behavior.

}, keywords = {Agathis robusta, Hepatoprotective activity., Triterpenoid saponins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.108}, author = {Amal H. Ahmed and Shaza A. Mohamed} } @article {1835, title = {Uncover Itchy Leaves Ethnomedicine Usage: A Preliminary Study on Characterization and Bioactivity of Laportea Spp}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {286-295}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {286}, abstract = {

Background: Laportea decumana (Roxb.) Wedd. and Laportea stimulans (L.f.) Miq. (Urticaceae) or itchy leaves are endogenous plants from The Maluku Islands, Indonesia, which are used topically as analgesics by local people. Objective: As part of a preliminary investigation on the itchy leaves, this study was conducted to provide information on their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, phytochemical profiles, and bioactivities according to the ethnomedicinal usages. Materials and Methods: The macroscopic examination was carried out on fresh leaves. The microscopic examination was carried out on leaf powder under a light microscope. The phytochemical analyses using TLC were conducted on those crude extracts and fractions. The bioactivity assays were conducted in vitro as Cox-2 inhibitory and DPPH radical scavenging activities. Results: reveal similar characteristics in the macroscopic and microscopic properties of both Laportea spp. leaves. Calcium oxalate crystals were observed in L. decumana but not found in L. stimulans. Both species have stomata with anisocytic type. More trichomes are found in the leaves of L. decumana, yet smaller and easily detachable. TLC analyses exhibited slightly different profiles. The crude extracts and fractions at 10 μg/ml showed similar inhibitory percentages on Cox-2. The DPPH scavenging activities of the crude extracts and fractions of L. decumana showed active moderate activity with an IC50 value \< 250 μg/ml, while those of L. stimulans showed moderate to weak potency with an IC50 value \< 500 μg/ml. Conclusion: Further exploration on Laportea spp. pharmacological activity is recommended to provide stronger evidence for its ethnomedicinal usage.

}, keywords = {Characterization, Cox-2 inhibitor, DPPH radical scavenging activity., Itchy leaves, Laportea decumana (Roxb.) Wedd, Laportea stimulans (L.f.) Gaud, Phytochemical profiles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.98}, author = {Lukman La Basy and Djoko Santosa and Retno Murwanti and Triana Hertiani} } @article {1800, title = {Utilization of Secondary Metabolites in Algae Kappaphycus alvarezii as a Breast Cancer Drug with a Computational Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {536-543}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {536}, abstract = {

Breast cancer is one of the worst diseases that affect female people. Long-term treatment with therapy or surgery has a detrimental impact on the patient. The algae Kappaphycus alvarezii has gotten a lot of interest as a breast cancer medication because it contains chemicals that are expected to be anti-cancer. The objectives of this paper were to see how secondary metabolites in algae interact with the Nuclear Factor- kappaB protein kinase in breast cancer. The ligands and proteins were obtained from the PubChem and PDB websites, respectively. Swiss ADME was then used to assess the Pharmacokinetics and Drug likeness Properties. The last stage involved using molecular docking with PyRx and molecular dynamics to identify the interaction and visualization between the ligand and the target protein. The findings of the test revealed that the maraniol chemical had a superior binding capacity with NF kB protein kinase because it has a chromone group that controls transport efficiently in preventing breast cancer proliferation.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, K. alvarezii, Molecular Docking., NF kB protein kinase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.68}, author = {AF Dibha and S Wahyuningsih and ANM Ansori and VD Kharisma and MH Widyananda and AA Parikesit and MT Sibero and RT Probojati and AAA Murtadlo and JP Trinugroho and TH Sucipto and DDR Turista and I Rosadi and ME Ullah and V Jakhmola and R Zainul} } @article {1750, title = {Validation of Rosmarinic Acid Quantification using High- Performance Liquid Chromatography in Various Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {165-171}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {165}, abstract = {

Introduction: Rosmarinic acid has been utilized in traditional medicine as antioxidant, antiinflammation, anticancer and antibacterial. In order to control the herbal quality, validation of rosmarinic acid determination using high-performance liquid chromatography was developed. The objective of this report was to validate an HPLC technique for assessing rosmarinic acid levels. and application that method to determine rosmarinic acid in Rosmarinus officinalis, Symphytum officinale, Mentha piperita, Orthosiphon stamineus and Salvia officinale. Methods: The chromatographic separation was carried out on a reversed-phase C18 column with a mobile phase of 0,1\% formic acid and acetonitrile and an isocratic elution at a flow rate of 0,5 mL/min. The wavelength for detection was set to 330 nm. The method has been validated for precision, accuracy, linearity, limit of detection, and limit of quantitation. Result: The concentration response of the detector was linear, with a coefficient of determination of 0.9933. The HPLC technique had an accuracy of 101,00 {\textpm} 6,43\%. The precision was 6,36\% when expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV). The highest level of rosmarinic acid was 214,86 {\textpm} 0,60 μg/mL in Rosmarinus officinalis extract. Conclusion: The HPLC method was valid to analyse rosmarinic acid level. The method can be applied in routine determination of rosmarinic acid of phytopharmaceutical products.

Key words: Rosmarinic acid, HPLC, Laminaceae Borraginaceae.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.22}, author = {Andiri Niza Syarifah and Herman Suryadi and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {1887, title = {Vancomycin, Linezolid, and Ceftaroline In vitro Activity Against Methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolates}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {671-674}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {671}, abstract = {

MRSA-infected patients incur twice as many costs as MSSA-infected patients. Vancomycin, Linezolid, and, most recently, Ceftaroline are among Indonesia{\textquoteright}s several MRSA treatment options. Therefore, we sought to assess the efficacy of these three medications. The investigation was done at the Dr. Soetomo General Academy Hospital{\textquoteright}s Clinical Microbiology Laboratory in Surabaya. The bacterium ATCC 25923, ATCC 43300, MSSA clinical isolate, and MRSA clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus were studied. Vancomycin, Linezolid, and ceftaroline were administered at respective dosages of 1 MIC, 2 MIC, and 4 MIC. In addition, a time-kill test was performed, which consisted of counting the growth of colonies on solid media, generating a time-kill curve, and determining MBC. The number of colonies in the antibiotic groups at 4, 6, and 8 hours varied significantly, according to the study (Vancomycin, Linezolid, and Ceftaroline). In contrast, the number of bacteria did not differ significantly between Vancomycin and Linezolid until the fourth hour. Except at 6 and 24 hours, neither Vancomycin nor Ceftaroline significantly altered the number of bacteria. There was a significant difference in the number of colonies between Ceftaroline and Linezolid at 4, 6, and 8 hours. Vancomycin, Linezolid, and Ceftaroline against MSSA and MRSA isolates vary greatly.

}, keywords = {MRSA, MSSA, Time-kill curve}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.152}, author = {Eny Purwoningsih and Pepy Dwi Endraswari and Agung Dwi Wahyu Widodo} } @article {1855, title = {Viral Meningoencephalitis Patient with Comorbid Major Depression with Psychotic Symptoms: A Case Report}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {455-458}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {455}, abstract = {

Viral meningoencephalitis causes meninges and brain parenchyma inflammation, thus provoking significant morbidity and mortality. Clinical features include neurological and psychiatric symptoms depending on the brain involved, mild symptoms such as fever, headache, neck stiffness, and confusion, or severe symptoms such as seizures, weakness, hallucinations, and coma. Therefore, the clinical diagnosis and treatment of such cases are challenging to make. This case report describes an adult male patient suffering from viral meningoencephalitis with comorbid major depression with psychotic symptoms. The patient requires holistic management of meningoencephalitis with comorbid depression and neuropsychiatric symptoms that may occur in the long term.

}, keywords = {Comorbid, Depression, Viral meningoencephalitis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.121}, author = {Maulana Farid Rizki and Paulus Sugianto and Margarita Maria Maramis and Soetjipto} } @article {1788, title = {Virgin coconut oil and tuberculosis: A mini-review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {464-469}, type = {Mini-Review}, chapter = {464}, abstract = {

Virgin coconut oil is widely promoted and used as healthy and beneficial oil. One of them is caused by antimicrobials. Caprylic, caproic acid, capric acid, lauric acid and tau glyceryl monolaurate are other VCO compositions. Furthermore, due to the non-heating manufacturing process, the content in VCO can reduce cholesterol levels of triglycerides, LDL, phospholipids, VLDL and increase HDL in blood serum. VCO consumption lowers the number of Mycobacterium tuberculosis colonies while increasing the conversion of BTA sputum. Until now, the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) disease was extremely high. VCO can be used as a supplement to help TB patients recover faster.

}, keywords = {Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Tuberculosis, Virgin coconut oil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.59}, author = {Fathul Djannah and Muhammad Nasrum Massi and Mochammad Hatta and Agussalim Bukhari and Irda Handayani and Muhammad Faruk and Anny Setijo Rahaju} } @article {1395, title = {The Acute Toxicity of Ki Hampelas Leaves (Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {570-576}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {570}, abstract = {

Background: Ki Hampelas (Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq) is a medicinal plant with antioxidant and nephroprotective activity. Objective: This research aims to prove that Ki Hampelas leaves extract through an acute toxicity test. Materials and Methods: This study used white male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain divided into four groups, the normal group and the 50 mg/ kg, 1000 mg/kg, 2000 mg/kg dose groups. For the acute toxicity test, a single dose with an observation of 14 days. After that, the surgery was done to see changes in the histopathology of the liver and kidneys. Results: The administration of Ki Hampelas leaf extract in the acute toxicity test did not cause death in the tested animals. There were no significant liver and kidney changes seen from the SGOT, SGPT, creatinine, urea, and histopathology. Conclusion: Ki Hampelas leaves extract did not cause death and toxic effects in the acute toxicity test.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Ki Hampelas ( Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq), Kidney, Liver}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.71}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Ema Dewanti and Cut Mauliza and Ester Hidayati and Ita Anggraini and Riska Anggraini and Vera Ladeska} } @article {1608, title = {ADMET Prediction and In silico Analysis of Mangostin Derivatives and Sinensetin on Maltase-Glucoamylase Target for Searching Anti-Diabetes Drug Candidates}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {883-889}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {883}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex chronic disease with hyperglycemia, which is glucose levels above normal whose number of sufferers is increasing. By inhibiting the human maltase-glucoamylase enzyme which is included in the starch-digestion pathway are used to delay glucose production and thus aid in the treatment of type II diabetes. Aims and Methods: To analyze the potential of mangostin derivatives (alpha-mangostin, betamangostin, gamma-mangostin) and sinensetin as anti-diabetes through ADMET prediction and in silico tests against human maltase-glucoamylase targets using the docking method with miglitol was used as a control. Result: The ligands ɑ, β, γ-mangostin and sinensetin have good interactions with macromolecules and form hydrogen bonds also van der Waals on the macromolecule active side of human maltase-glucoamylase. Conclusion: The ADMET of mangostin derivatives (ɑ, β, and γ), and sinensetin can be predicted by the pkCSM online tool, and they showed good affinity on maltase-glucoamylase target compared to standard drugs like miglitol.

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetes, Maltase-glucoamylase, Mangostin derivatives, Molecular docking, Sinensetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.113}, author = {Intan Kris Prasetyanti and Sukardiman and Suharjono} } @article {1704, title = {Alterations in Body Weight, Blood Glucose Levels, and Lipid Profiles in High-Fat Diet-Low Dose Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1562-1567}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1562}, abstract = {

Introduction: New preventive and therapeutic strategies to treat Type 2 diabetes (T2D) continue to be pursued, the complexity of this disease makes it imperative to establish preclinical animal models which must provide accurate similarities to the pathogenesis of diabetes in humans. Making a diabetic animal model using rats with high-fat diet (HFD)-streptozotocin (STZ) induction is popular because it is relatively low cost and simple. Objectives: This study aims to analyse the changes in body weight, blood glucose, and lipid profiles that occur in diabetic rat models created by induction of HFD in combination with lowdose STZ. Methods: This study used forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-240 g). After the adaptation period, thirty rats were fed with HFD for 28 days (DM group), while the other ten rats continued to be fed with standard feed (NC group). After then, diabetes was induced to the DM group by low-dose STZ (35 mg/kg BW). The body weight of the rats was measured before and after diet manipulation periods. Blood samples were taken before and after STZ induction to determine lipid profiles and blood glucose levels. Results: During the diet manipulation period, the HFD group experienced a significantly greater weight gain, higher blood glucose levels, and cholesterol (TC) levels. After STZ injection, rats{\textquoteright} blood glucose levels, TC, and triglycerides significantly increased. Conclusion: HFD feeding combined with a low-dose STZ effectively work to mimic specific condition that is similar to T2D, and the stability of the experimental animal conditions remains constant for up to 6 weeks.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Diabetic animal model, High-fat diet, Insulin resistance, Low-dose streptozotocin, Stable diabetes type 2 profile.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.199}, author = {Raysa Y. Pratiwi and Berna Elya and Heri Setiawan and Atini Solawati and Rosmalena} } @article {1656, title = {Amelioration of Cisplatin-Induced Kidney Injury by Pometia pinnata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1257-1268}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1257}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cisplatin is one of the most effective anticancer drugs. But using cisplatin can cause very serious nephrotoxicity and acute kidney injury (AKI). Pometia pinnata (PE) or commonly referred to as matoa is a typical plant, especially Papua, Indonesia. Pometia pinnata belongs to the Sapindaceae family. This study aimed to determined the nephroprotective activity of the extract ethanol pometia pinnata on rats induced cisplatin. Methods: 30 rats are divided into six groups, each group were contained 5 rats. Group I was a normal group which rats only given CMC (carboxy methyl celluloce). Group II was a negative group which rats injected 7 mg / kgbw of Cisplatin in day 3. Group III was a positive group which rats given vitamin C 1\% from day 1 to 7 and in day 3 rats were injected cisplatin. Group IV-VI were extract groups (100 mg / kgbb, 200 mg / kgb, 400 mg / kgbb) which rats orally given extract from day 1 to 7 and in day 3 rats were injected cisplatin. On day 8 rats were injected ketamine 1\% which directly took the blood from the heart. Results: The result shows that EEPE on rats biochemical parameters including urea, creatinine, uric acid. Group II showed that there was a significant increase (p \<0.05) compared to the normal group that was not given cisplatin and extracts. Whereas in the group given the extract in groups IV, V, and VI there was a reduction in biochemical parameters because the Pometia leaf extract had high antioxidant activity so that it had nephroprotective activity. extract ethanol pometia pinnata can reduced the level of sodium, potassium and chloride of each group after receiving cisplatin. Statistically group II that only given cisplatin has significantly different with group I (p\<0,05) and also statically different with group VI (p\<0,05).

}, keywords = {Cisplatin, Kidney injury, Pometia pinnata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.159}, author = {Adrian and RA Syahputra and Sukirman Lie and SE Nugraha and PC Situmorang} } @article {1325, title = {Analysis of Heavy Metal Contents of Marsilea crenata Presl. Leaves and Soils from East Java Province, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {17-22}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {17}, abstract = {

Introduction: Marsilea crenata Presl. grows in East Java Province, Indonesia, and showed several pharmacological activities due to its phytoestrogen content. Research indicated its phytoremediation property, and therefore has an impact on heavy metal accumulation in the plants. Lead, cadmium, and mercury are amongst heavy metals that are toxic to the human body. This study aimed to determine and compare Pb, Cd, and Hg mineral contents of soils and leaves of the plants grew in Batu, Pasuruan, Surabaya, and Kediri cities in the province. Method: 10 g of dried powdered leaves and soils were put in separate crucible porcelains, and add 2ml of nitric acid. All were burnt in low heat until white smoke were not formed, and then stood to cool. Ashes obtained were examined using AA 6200 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). Result: Showed that leaves samples from the areas showed no Pb and Hg mineral contents that exceeded the permissible limit. Batu City leaf sample had Cd heavy metal content of 2.79 {\textpm} 0.01 ppm, which exceeded the permissible limit. Conclusion: Analysis of heavy metal contents of soils from all of the areas showed no exceed limit of Pb and Hg mineral concentrations. Cd soil contents of Surabaya and Kediri cities, were 0.73 {\textpm} 0.00 and 2.61 {\textpm} 0.08 ppm respectively.

}, keywords = {Aas, Clover, Phytoremediation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.3}, author = {Mangestuti Agil and Hening Laswati and Neny Purwitasari and Burhan Ma{\textquoteright}arif} } @article {1347, title = {Analysis of Several Inflammatory Markers Expression in Obese Rats given Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng Ethanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {172-178}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {172}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oxidative stress is one of the inflammatory events caused by obesity. This condition is characterized by an increase in various inflammatory markers, such as intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and a cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40). This study aimed to analyze the effect of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng ethanol extract on ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and CD40 in obese rats. Methods: The study used a pure experimental method with a completely randomized design. There were 6 groups, namely, C- (negative control), C+ (positive control), CMC (soluble control), EE300 (P. amboinicus ethanol extract, 300 mg/kg body weight [BW]), EE600 (P. amboinicus ethanol extract, 600 mg/kg BW) and EE900 groups (P. amboinicus ethanol extract, 900 mg/kg BW). Results: The results showed low levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in the blood plasma, especially in the EE900 group, but the difference was not substantial. The same trend also occurred in the expression of CD40 in the tunica intima layer of the rat aorta. Conclusions: Thus, the administration of 900 mg/kg BW P. amboinicus ethanol extract for 45 days has the potential to treat obesity in rats through the suppression of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers (ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and CD40).

}, keywords = {Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, immunohistochemistry, Obese, Plant extract, Rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.24}, author = {Karnirius Harefa and Delmi Sulastri and Ellyza Nasrul and Syafruddin Ilyas} } @article {1659, title = {Analysis of Three-Dimensional Protein Structure of CBAVD in Indonesia as a Basis for Immunotherapy to Ensure Maternal Health}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1282-1286}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1282}, abstract = {

Introduction: Congenital Bilateral Advance Vass Deferens (CBAVD) is a birth defect characterized by azoospermia. Determine the protein structure by laboratory research was relatively difficult. The threedimensional structure of proteins is computationally analyzed as an excellent and cost-effective alternative to analyzing protein characteristics. Objective: This study has an objective to identify the three-dimensional protein structure of CBAVD in Indonesia so that it can be used to obtain drugs and immunotherapy. Method: This study uses method of DNA extraction, PCR, and sequencing in collecting the data sample. The data was analyzed using using expasy software and Swiss prot. Result: The results of this study were found 6 CBAVD proteins, four to three dimensional CBAVD protein structures and 2 CBAVD proteins that have not been identified by the three dimensional protein structure. Further studies of CBAVD protein are needed, especially those related to protein isolation and crystallography. Conclusion: The three dimensional protein can be used as immunotherapy to ensure the maternal health.

}, keywords = {CBAVD, Dimensional structure, Maternal health, Protein}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.162}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati and Jonathan Makuwira} } @article {1697, title = {Analyzing of Urine 3-Hidroxy Propil Mercapturic Acid on Cyclophosphamide Induced Rat to Determine Ameliorating Effect of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Seed Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1549-1556}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1549}, abstract = {

Background: A 70\% ethanolic extract of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds contain a certain amount of sulfhydryl active compounds and potential for ameliorated cyclophosphamide side effects. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze of urine 3-hidroxy propil mercapturic acid (3-HPMA) in a rat model for cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis to determine the effect of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds extract. Materials and methods: The levels of urine 3-hidroxy propil mercapturic acid was measured using LCMS/MS. Urine preparation was carried out by dilution (1:5) with mobile phase and contained a deuteurated internal standard. The LC separation was performed using a C18 column (1.7 μm; 2.1 mm {\texttimes} 100 mm). The mobile phase consisted of formic acid (0.1\%) and formic acid (0.1\%) in acetonitrile (90:10 v/v), as a starting gradient at flow rate of 0.2 ml/min with total run 7 min. Results: The lower limit of quantification was 40 ng/ml and the linear extended to 20,000 ng/ml. The method has been successfully to be applied in determined of rat urine 3-HPMA. The results showed that the 70\% ethanolic extract of seeds can increased the amount of 3-HPMA in rat urine. Conclusion: The 70\% ethanolic extract of seeds displayed a potential ameliorating effect against cyclophosphamide side effects.

}, keywords = {3-Hidroxypropil mercapturic acid, Cyclophosphamide, Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, Urine.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.197}, author = {Sri Wardatun and Yahdiana Harahap and Noorwati Sutandyo and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {1621, title = {Anatomical and Ultrastructure Differences Between Some Species of the Genus Elsholtzia Willd. of Flora of Ukraine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {977-987}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {977}, abstract = {

Introduction: Elsholtzia species are very popular in Chinese, Tibetan and Vietnamese folk medicine to treat several diseases. Despite the wide range of biological activity and the study of the chemical composition of individual species, the microscopic characteristics of plants of this genus are insufficiently studied. In the article the anatomical structure of two species Elsholtzia Willd. of flora of Ukraine is represented. The sources of literature provide only a morphological description of Elsholtzia stauntonii and Elsholtzia ciliate. We analyzed crosssections and ultrastructure of leaf blade, petiole, petal and stem, determined their anatomical features, and investigated the ultrastructure of seeds. We have compared the obtained data between this two species of this genus that grow on the territory of Ukraine under similar conditions. Methods: Microscopic analysis was carried out by the well-known methods using the microscope XSP-146TR and ImageJ program. Anatomical structure of Elsholtzia stauntonii Benth. and Elsholtzia ciliate Thun. are studied and main diagnostic features are highlighted. The ultrastructure of the surface of the epidermal tissue of leaves, stems and seeds were studied additionally, using scanning microscopy methods. Results: The diagnostic microscopic distinguishing features of E. ciliate raw material from E. stauntonii are: the presence of small glandular triсhomes, singly placed on the veins and the presence of long non glandular triсhomes on the central vein of abaxial side. Non glandular triсhomes of E. ciliate are three times longer compared to another investigated species. The presence of numerous triсhomes and massive clusters of stem sclerenchyma E. stauntonii can be considered additional taxonomic criteria for comparing the studied species. Conclusion: The practical significance of our research will use to develop of quality control methods for medicinal herbal raw material {\textendash} {\guillemotleft}Herba Elsholtziae Stauntonii{\guillemotright}, {\guillemotleft}Herba Elsholtziae ciliate{\guillemotright}.

}, keywords = {Elsholtzia ciliate, Elsholtzia stauntonii, Leaf anatomy, Petal, Petiole, Stem}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.126}, author = {Liudmyla Zotsenko and Nataliia Nuzhyna and Viktoria Kyslychenko and Oksana Futorna} } @article {1404, title = {The Anthelmintic Activity of Cawat Anuman (Bauhinia Sp.) Leaves Against Ascaridia galli Worms}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {626-630}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {626}, abstract = {

Background: Traditionally, the people in Anik Hamlet usually use the Bauhinia sp. leaves as anthelimintic. Objective: The research was conducted to observe the anthelmintic activity of the ethanol extract of cawat anuman (Bauhinia sp.) leaves against Ascaridia galli by in vitro procedure. Methods: Group I was treated with NaCl 0.9\% as the negative control, also group II and III were treated with cawat anuman leaves ethanol extract at dose of 25 mg/ml and 50 mg/ ml respectively, and group IV was treated with mebendazole at dose 5 mg/ml as the positive control. Results: Compared to the negative control, the ethanol extract of cawat anuman leaves has activity as an anthelmintic (p\<0.05), moreover the potency of leaves extract at dose 50 mg/ml as anthelmintic against Ascaridia galli as strong as mebendazole at dose 5 mg/ml (p\>0.05). Conclusion: It concluded that the ethanol extract of cawat anuman leaves at dose 50 mg/ml has anthelmintic potency as strong as mebendazole 5 mg/ml.

}, keywords = {Anthelmintic activity, Ascaridia galli, Bauhinia sp. Leaves}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.79}, author = {Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan and Ela Elisa and Eko Sri Wahyuni} } @article {1637, title = {Antibacterial Activities of Cationic Porphyrins and Porphyrin Encapsulated Gold Nanorods on Bacterial Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1086-1096}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1086}, abstract = {

Bacterial infections form part of the major causes of mortality and morbidity around the world more especially in developing and under-developed countries. Cationic porphyrins have been reported to display better efficacy in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy activity. The purpose of this study was to synthesise the cationic porphyrins; (TAP) and (TPyP) and evaluate their pharmacokinetics and metabolic interactions with the DNA gyrase subunit A. The antibacterial activity of the nano-conjugates was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25925), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 4352) using the micro-dilution assay without light. AutoDock Vina was used to assess the molecular interactions between ligands and the DNA gyrase subunit A. The SwissADME online tool was used to assess the pharmacokinetic properties of the nano-conjugates, while the ADMETlab online tool was used to assess the ability to inhibit the hERG gene, human hepatotoxicity and mutagenicity. The test nano-conjugates showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial strains with the MIC values in a range of 0.42 {\textpm} 0.1 to2.6 {\textpm} 0.7 mg/ml. The nano-conjugates revealed good molecular interaction with DNA gyrase subunit A with their binding free energy in the range of -8.3 to -8.7 kcal/ mol. They are predicted to be P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates, able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and non-inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isomers (CYP 2C19, CYP 2C9 and CYP 2D6). Both nanoconjugates have the potential to cause cardiotoxic and mutagenic effects but not hepatotoxic effects. The results show that the synthesized compounds have the potential as anti-bacterial PDT agents.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Bacteria, Porphyrin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.141}, author = {Hlapisi N and Maliehe TS and Oluwafemi OS and Songca SP and Linganiso L and Motaung TE} } @article {1717, title = {Antibacterial Activity of Papaya (Carica papaya) Leaf and Seed Extracts Against Some Selected Gram-Positive and Gram- Negative Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1727-1733}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1727}, abstract = {

Background: Medicinal plants are well-known natural sources of remedies, used in the treatment of innumerable diseases since antiquity. Wide range of medicinal plant extracts are used to treat several infections as they have potential antimicrobial activity. Objectives: This study was aimed to investigate antibacterial activity of Carica papaya leaf and seed with different solvents against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. The leaves and seeds of Carica papaya were dried, powdered and extracted with 80\% of Acetone, Ethanol, Methanol and water. Disc diffusion method was used for the antibacterial assay and measuring the zone of inhibition, and the MIC was determined by broth macro dilution method. Results: The highest percent yield of crude extract72.5\% was obtained from Carica papaya leaf with Methanol, Ethanol and Acetone as solvents while, the lowest yield 24\% was obtained from Carica papaya seed with Acetone extract. All Crude extracts from the different plant parts showed antibacterial activity. Accordingly, Carica papaya Seed with Ethanol extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity 14.3{\textpm}1.2 (mm) against P. aeruginosa which was lower than standard antibiotic disc Ciprofloxacin with inhibition zone of 25.9 {\textpm}0.00 (mm), while the lowest inhibition of 3.8{\textpm}0.5 (mm) was recorded from Carica papaya leaf with Ethanol crude extract against E. coli. The MIC of 12.5mg/ml was observed from Ethanol crude extract of Carica papaya seed on P. aeruginosa. Crude seed extract of Ethanol showed the highest antibacterial activity. The results of the antibacterial assay of the crude extract of Carica papaya (leaf and seed) with four different solvents showed zone of inhibition against all tested bacteria. However, among the plant parts of Carica papaya included in the current study, the seed of Carica papaya were found to be the best source of antibacterial agents. Conclusion: In this study, limited (only leaf and seed parts) of Carica papaya was tested for its antimicrobial activity. So, the same work should be carried out on different parts of Carica papaya plant like; bark, root, flower and fruits on antibacterial activities so, as to have a clear picture of the spectrum of antibacterial activity of the plant.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Bacterial pathogens, Carica papaya, Medicinal, MIC.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.223}, author = {Eshetu Dagne and Beyene Dobo and Zufan Bedewi} } @article {1390, title = {Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Ethanol Extracts of Some Plants Selected from South Jordan}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {528-534}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {528}, abstract = {

Three Jordanian medicinal plants; Peganum harmala (P. harmala), Geropogon hybridus (G. hybridus), and Salvia officinalis (S. officinalis) were selected from Al-karak region in order to investigate their antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The crude extract yield of all used plants were varied from 10.6\% in Salvia officinalis and 15.6\% in P. harmala, to 18 \% in G. hybridus. The antibacterial activity of these plants was carried out on four bacterial strain (S. aureus, E.coli, E. aerogenes and B. subtilis). These plant ethanol extracts have effects on the gram positive strains and gram negative bacteria except S. officinalis did not show activity against E. Coli. The minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of P. harmala S. officinalis and G. hybridus (MIC) ranged from 125 μg/ml to 500 μg/ml. The ethanol crude extract of G. hybridus gave 10 fractions using TLC method, fraction 1,3 and 10 exhibited antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains. Their total phenolic contents were evaluated; the highest total phenol content was observed in G. hybridus with 410 mgGAE/g plant extract followed by P. harmala and S. officinalis with 305 and 203.7 mg/g plant extract, respectively. The antioxidant activity was estimated by using DPPH method. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained with G. hybridus extract and found to be 0.89 mg Trolox/g plant extract. The lowest antioxidant activity was obtained with S. officinalis which was 0.53 mg Trolox/g plant extract. The lowest IC50 (highest antioxidant activity) was observed in G. hybridus with 0.83 mg/ml. Intermediate effect observed in P. harmala with IC50 1.1 mg/ml. The lowest antioxidant activity was obtained in S. officinalis with IC50 1.38 mg/ml.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Ethanol extracts, Peganum harmala}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.66}, author = {Waleed Khaled Al ani and Ali Abdallah Alqudah and Khaled. A. Tarawneh} } @article {1602, title = {Antibacterial Effectiveness of Morinda Citrifolia L. Extract on Salmonella Typhi Bacteria Using Serial Dilution Method with 15 - 60 Minutes Contact Time}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {839-843}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {839}, abstract = {

Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) contains phenol and flavonoid compounds which can function as natural antibacterials with the highest phenol content obtained from ripe Morinda citrifolia L. fruit. Phenolic compounds have been widely studied as disinfectants against broadspectrum antibacterials, namely Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the inhibitory power of ripe Morinda citrifolia L. extract against the growth of gastroenteritis-causing bacteria with the serial dilution method at concentrations of 40\%, 60\%, 80\%, and 100\% with variations in a contact time of 15 {\textquoteright}, 30{\textquoteright}, 45 {\textquoteright}and 60{\textquoteright}. Then proceed with a concentration of 10\%, 20\%, 30\%, and 40\% with the same variation in contact time. The results showed that all concentrations of ripe Morinda citrifolia L. extract and the variation in contact time could inhibit the growth of S.Typhi bacteria with a minimum inhibitory concentration at a concentration of 10\% with a contact time of 15 minutes. It needs to be continued with a toxicity test before it is used in the community.

}, keywords = {Morinda citrifolia L., S. Typhi, Serial dilution}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.107}, author = {Wawan Sofwan Zaini} } @article {1386, title = {Anti-Cancer Activity of Cayratia Auriculata Ethanolic Extracts Against Cancer Cell Line A549 An In Vitro Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {495-499}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {495}, abstract = {

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anticancer activity of ethanolic cayratia auriculata extracts using the A549 cell line MTT assay. Materials and Methods: Using Soxhlet apparatus, ethanolic extracts from cayratia auriculata were prepared. The cancer cells were exposed to 12.5, 25, 50 , 100 , 150, 200 μg / mL and incubated for 24 h at different concentrations. Compared with control, C. auriculata exhibited a cytotoxic effect. Results: At 150 and 200μg / ml concentrations, with 61 percent and 73.7 percent respectively, the highest cytotoxicity was identified. The findings show that cytotoxicity is directly proportionate to the concentration of the extract. IC50 of the ethanolic extract value of C. auriculata was found to be 102.9μg / ml against the A549 cell line. Conclusion: In the present analysis, C.auriculata ethanolic extract was shown to be a strong suppressant for cell division and proliferation. As for anti-tumor medicine, it can be a new source and can be effectively used as an immunological anti-malignant compound.

}, keywords = {Activity against cancer, Cell line cancer, Ethanol Extract, MTT Assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.62}, author = {S Lalitha and D Anusha and Yogeshkumar Murkunde and Viji Devanand and K Maheshkumar} } @article {1338, title = {Anticancer Activity of Micromeria fruticosa and Teucrium polium Growing in Lebanon}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {103-109}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {103}, abstract = {

The anticancer activities of two Lebanese plant extract Micromeria fruticose (A) and Teucrium polium (B) and their fractions were tested against MCF7 and A549 cancer cell lines using MTT assay. Separation was carried out through column chromatography and TLC analysis. Results showed that both plants possess a promising and dose dependent inhibitory activity with IC50of extract A 28.52 and 26.47 μg/ml on MCF7 and A549 cells respectively, and that of extract B was 41 and 27.9 μg/ml on MCF7 and A549 cell lines, respectively. More interestingly, combination treatment with either extracts A or B and cisplatin, significantly boosted the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin against the two cancer cell lines. Further studies are recommended to determine the active components in both plants responsible for these activities and explore their interactions at molecular level.

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.15}, author = {Mohammad Al-Hamwi and Maha Aboul-Ela and Abdalla El-Lakany and Salam Nasreddine} } @article {1629, title = {Anti-Cancer Potential of Nggorang Leaves Extract (Salvia Occidentalis SW.) as a Protein P53 Supressor in T47D Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {1036-1045}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1036}, abstract = {

Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in women. The high incidence of breast cancer has led to the development of anticancer drugs that are more selective against cancer cells without damaging normal tissues. One of the alternatives in cancer treatment by looking for natural sources that can be developed, Nggorang leaves (Salvia occidentalis Sw.). This plant is found in Tenda Village, Langke Rembong District, Manggarai Regency, NTT Province, when the leaves are harvested for one year and are used as medicine. As a preventive, this leaf has been used for generations as an anticancer (7 leaves boiled with 200 ml of water to 100 ml and then drunk), for wounded breast cancer (crushed leaves and attached to the wound); stamina enhancer, cough, influenza, hemorrhoids, diarrhea, nosebleeds (Primary data, 2014). This study aims to prove the potential of EDG (Nggorang Leaves Extract) as an antiproliferative against Hela cancer cells and protein P53 suppressor. The method used is the Quasy experiment, because this study uses laboratory tests in sample testing. The results of the cytotoxic test of Nggorang Leaves Extract have the potential to be anti-proliferative against cancer cells T47D IC50 at 201 ppm and Nggorang Leaves Extract (EDG) has the potential to increase p53 gene suppression in T47D cancer cells by 94.13\% at a concentration of 50 ppm.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Nggorang Leaves Extract (Salvia occidentalis Sw), Protein P53, T47D}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.134}, author = {Sisilia Teresia Rosmala Dewi and M Sabir and Sesilia Rante Pakadang and Sainal Edi Kamal and Santi Sinala} } @article {1334, title = {Antidepressant-Like Behavioral and Spatial Memory Effects in Peruvian Red Maca (Lepidium meyenii)-Treated Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {81-88}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {81}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lepidium meyenii, known with the vernacular name of {\textquotedblleft}Maca{\textquotedblright}, is a Brassicaceae family that has been widely used by Peruvian traditional medicine in cases of sexual dysfunction, memory loss, and several other diseases and pathologies. Objetive: The aim of the study was to test the potential effects of aqueous extract of Red Maca (AQ-RM) on antidepressant-like behavioral in male rats and spatial memory in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Methods: Forced swimming test was used to examine the potential antidepressant AQ-RM activity in male rats. Fluoxetine and amitryptiline were included as reference drugs. Morris Water Maze test was employed to examine the effect of AQ-RM on spatial memory in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Such effects were compared to exogenous estradiol administration. The potential role of oxidative stress on spatial memory loss was assessed by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in rats brain homogenates. Results: AQ-RM enhances swimming and climbing activities while reducing the time of immobility in male rats. Meanwhile, it prevents the decrease in the time spent in the target quadrant and displays higher values in the number of crossings in OVX-rats as compared to OVX-control rats. MDA levels in brain homogenates were decreased in OVX-rats receiving AQ-RM. Conclusion: Oral administration of AQ-RM has anti-depressive application in male rats; and increases the ability of learning and memory in OVX rats.

}, keywords = {Antidepressant activity, Forced swimming test, Lepidium meyenii, Morris water maze test, Red Maca, Spatial memory}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.12}, author = {Roberto O Yba{\~n}ez-Julca and Ivan M Quispe-D{\'\i}az and Daniel Asunci{\'o}n-Alvarez and Kelly S{\'a}nchez-Mu{\~n}oz and Albert Vargas-Go{\~n}as and Jazminy Morote-Guzman and Ronald Yaro-Marcelo and Edmundo A Venegas-Casanova and Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Pedro Buc Calderon and Julio Benites} } @article {1690, title = {Antidiabetic Activity and Phytochemical Constituents of Syzygium cumini Leave in Kadipaten, Central Java Indonesia, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1502-1508}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1502}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ethnomedicaly, jamblang (java plum) has been used as antidiabetic treatment in Dayak Tribe. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and the safety of the jamblang leaf extract as an antidiabetic. Objective: Evaluate Effecticity of Syzigium cumini (java plum) as anti-diabetic herb. Method: The antidiabetic activity test, used an animal model which gaven food a high fat diet High Fat Diet (HFD) then it was induced with Streptozotocin injected intraperitoneally. The subjects used in the study were male rats (Ratus novergicus) Sprague-Dawley strain. Results: Oral administration of jamblang extract has anti hyperglycemic activity through decrease of fasting blood glucose point significantly (dose 1, 50mg/ Kg Bw p: \<0.0001, dose 2, 100 mg/Kg BW p: \<0.0001).

}, keywords = {Anti-hyperglicemic, Fasting blood glucose, Syzigium cumini}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.191}, author = {Zahra Fadhilah and Berna Elya and Heri Setiawan and Gumilar Adhi Nugroho and Febrika Wediasari and Eem Masaenah and Varda Arianti} } @article {1716, title = {Antidiabetic Activity of Extract and Fractions of Castanopsis costata Leaves on Alloxan-induced Diabetic Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1589-1593}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1589}, abstract = {

Background: In North Sumatra, Castanopsis costata is commonly used by traditional practitioners for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, however, no studies have been carried out to substantiate this practice. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of extract and fractions of C. costata leaves in mice with alloxan-induced diabetes. Methods: Swiss albino mice with alloxan-induced diabetes, were acquired and subjected to the experimental evaluations. Subsequently, the fasting blood glucose levels of the diabetic mice groups treated with glibenclamid, extract and fractions, as well as the untreated group, were evaluated after two weeks of therapy. Results: Based on the results, the ethanolic extract of C. costata considerably reduced the mice{\textquoteright}s blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner, at dosages of 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kgBW (\% DBGL: 21.10\%, 46.36\%, 58.94\%, and 60.93\%, respectively). In addition, the water fraction of C. costata leaves produced a greater reduction in blood glucose levels (\% DBGL: 78.93\%), compared to the ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions (\% DBGL: 67.06\% and 58.83\%), respectively. Meanwhile, treatment with the antidiabetic drug, glibenclamide (5 mg/kgBW) produced a 50.75\% reduction in blood glucose levels. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the extract and fractions of C. costata leaves were concluded to exhibit significant anti-diabetic activity. This supported the claim that traditional practitioners in North Sumatra use the plant extract for diabetes treatment.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic activity, Castanopsis costata, Diabetes mellitus, North Sumatra.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.204}, author = {Maulana Yusuf Alkandahri and Dani Sujana and Dadang Muhammad Hasyim and Mareetha Zahra Shafirany and Lela Sulastri and Maya Arfania and Dedy Frianto and Farhamzah and Anggun Hari Kusumawati and Nia Yuniarsih} } @article {1713, title = {Antidiabetic Activity of the Leaf Extract of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack. in Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1582-1588}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1582}, abstract = {

Background: One of the medication attempts in diabetes mellitus is by utilising plants that are potent as an antioxidant. Eurycoma longifolia Jack. known as {\textquotedblleft}Longjack{\textquotedblright} in English, is a medicinal plant and reportedly effective as an antioxidant. Objectives: This study was aimed to examine the antidiabetic effectiveness of ethanol extract of longjack leaf in diabetes mellitus rats. Methods: This study used the total of 24 male white rats which were grouped into four. The normal and the negative control groups were administrated with CMC-Na 0.5\% dose 2 ml/200 g body weight; one group was administrated with ethanol extract of longjack leaf dose 176.4 mg/200 g body weight; and the positive control group was administrated with glibenclamide dose 0.09 mg/200 g body weight. Before the extract administration, all of the experimental animals were prior induced into diabetic condition with streptozotocin-nicotinamide. Results: The levels of blood glucose and malondialdehyde in rats after the 14-day extract treatments were 78.73 mg/dl and 1.13 nmol/ml, respectively in the normal control group; 285.84 mg/dl and 10.03 nmol/ml were in the negative control group; 156.77 mg/dl and 3.86 nmol/ml in the group with the administration of ethanol extract of longjack leaf; and 148.63 mg/dl dan 3.64 nmol/ml in the group of glibenclamide administration (p\<0.05). The reduction of blood glucose and malondialdehyde levels in the groups of ethanol extract administration of longjack leaf dose 176.4 mg/200 g body weight was similar to the glibenclamide administration dose 0.09 mg/200 g body weight. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of longjack leaf was effective as an antidiabetic.

}, keywords = {Blood glucose level, Diabetes mellitus, Eurycoma longifolia Jack. leaf.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.203}, author = {Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan and Agus Astuti} } @article {1636, title = {Anti-diabetic Activity of the Red Dragon Fruit Peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus) in Ethanol Extract against Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1079-1085}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1079}, abstract = {

Background: The red dragon fruit peel, which is rarely used in general, contains higher antioxidant properties compared to the flesh parts and has various secondary metabolites utilised in medicines. Objectives: This study was aimed to determine the effects of ethanol extract administration of the red dragon fruit peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus) against the decline of blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus rats. Methods: In this study, the total of 24 male white Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) were divided into 4 groups. All experimental animals were induced to diabetic conditions by the administration of streptozotocin and nicotinamide dosages at 45 mg/kg body weight and 110 mg/kg body weight, respectively. For 14 days, each group was treated accordingly. The first group or negative control (NC) was treated with the administration of CMC-Na 0.5\% dose 2 ml/200 g body weight; the second group or positive control (PC) was administrated with glibenclamide dose 0.09 mg/200 g body weight; the third (E1) and fourth (E2) groups were administered with the ethanol extracts of the red dragon fruit peels at dosages of 37.44 mg/200 g body weight and 74.88 mg/200 g body weight, respectively. Results: After the 14-day trial, the average levels of blood glucose on the negative control group (382.92 mg/dl) experienced no decline, and the blood glucose levels amongst groups were statistically different (p\<0.05). Conclusion: The anti-diabetic activity of the red dragon fruit peel in the ethanol extract dose 74.88 mg/200 g body weight is statistically equal to the glibenclamide dose 0.09 mg/200 g body weight.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic activity, Diabetic rats, Hylocereus polyrhizus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.140}, author = {Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan and Novitasari} } @article {1421, title = {Antihypertensive Effects of Osteospermum Imbricatum in Two Hypertensive Rat Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {744-751}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {744}, abstract = {

Introduction: Osteospermum imbricatum is used traditionally in Eastern Cape, South Africa for the management of hypertension, chest and stomach complaints. This study was aimed at investigating the antioxidant and antihypertensive effects of this plant. Methods: Antioxidant capacity was determined by radical scavenging assays and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Antihypertensive effects after once off treatment with the leaf/root extracts (500 mg/kg) were evaluated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The effect of the extracts on established hypertension was determined in Wistar rats treated with Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (40 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks followed by co-treatment with L-NAME and extracts (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) or amlodipine (5 mg/kg) or normal saline for 4 more weeks. Results: The concentration at which there was 50 \% inhibition (IC50) of DPPH radical by the extracts was lower for the leaf extract (0.79 mg/mL) compared to the root extract (1.15 mg/mL). The leaf extract significantly (p\<0.01) decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressures in both rat models. Conclusion: The extracts of Omsteospermum imbricatu have moderate antioxidants and antihypertensive properties.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, High blood pressure, Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, Spontaneously hypertensive rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.95}, author = {Charlotte Mungho Tata and Constance Rufaro Sewani-Rusike and Olukayode Aremu and Opeoluwa Oyehan Oyedeji and Benedicta Ngwenchi Nkeh-Chungag} } @article {1625, title = {Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cinnamon Bark Oil (Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees \& T. Nees) Blume from Lombok Timur Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {1005-1013}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1005}, abstract = {

Introduction: Research related to alternative medicine from natural ingredients that can relieve the effects of inflammation is important, especially to reduce the unwanted side effects of antiinflammatory drugs. Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees \& T. Nees) Blume is a native Indonesian species which contains essential oils and reported for its anti-inflammatory effect. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the metabolite profile and anti-inflammatory effect of essential oil from the bark of C. burmannii (CBO) from Lombok Timur Regency. Methods: The metabolite profile of CBO was determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectra (GCMS). The anti-inflammatory test was conducted used male Wistar rats. A total of 30 male rats were divided into 5 groups, each group consisting of 6 rats. Rats were injected with carrageenan 1\%/100μl/paw which had previously been given oral CBO at a dose of 30, 60, 90 mg/kg BW. Paw swelling was measured at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours after injection. The volume of edema was measured and the animals were sacrificed. The left leg was cut and preserved as material for Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) preparations. The variables taken were the percentage of inhibition edema, the number of inflammatory cells by HE and the amount of TNF-α by IHC staining. Results: The results showed that there was a difference between negative control and positive control in the number of inflammatory cells and TNF-α observed in rat{\textquoteright}s paw edema. The number was less in the positive control. Likewise, when administering CBO (60 mg/kg BW and 90 mg/kg BW) the number of inflammatory cells and TNF-α was lower than the negative control. Conclusion: It can be concluded that CBO from Lombok Timur can be used as a natural anti-inflammatory agent.

}, keywords = {Cinnamomum burmannii, Immunohistochemical staining, Inflammatory cells, Metabolites profile, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.130}, author = {Budiastuti and Rosy Dwi Nurcholida and Riesta Primaharinastiti and Sukardiman} } @article {1376, title = {Anti-inflammatory Activity of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) Plant Extract on Topical Application}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {411-417}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {411}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) is traditionally known to have many benefits, including anti-inflammatory. Aims: This study aimed to determine the activity of ethanol extract of Pegagan Embun as an anti-inflammatory using the granuloma pouch method. Methods: This experiment used 25 male white mice and were divided into five groups, namely, the positive control group, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract group with concentration 0.5\%; 1\%; 2\%, and the comparison group that given Kaltrofen{\textregistered} gel containing 2.5\% ketoprofen. Experimental animals were given carrageenan 2\% to induced the inflammation subcutaneously. The dosage form was given as much as 0.2 g topically for four days once a day. Results: Based on the results of one-way ANOVA analysis and Duncan{\textquoteright}s test, there were significant differences in exudate volume and total leukocytes (p\<0.05) in the positive control group, extract with concentration 0.5\%, 1\%, 2\%, and the comparator. While the percentage of leukocyte cells showed that they were not significantly different (p\>0.05), the number of neutrophil cells decreased. Conclusion: From the overall data obtained, it can be concluded that the extract of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. at concentration 0.5 \%; 1\%; 2\%, has an anti-inflammatory effect.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Exudate, Gel, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam., Ketoprofen, Leukocytes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.52}, author = {Afriwardi and Rahmatul Nazmi and Dwisari Dillasamola and Elsa Badriyya and Yufri Aldi} } @article {1667, title = {Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Methanol Extract, Hexane, Ethyl Acetate, and Butanol Fraction of Piper crocatum Ruiz \& Pav Leaves on Lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1341-1346}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1341}, abstract = {

Piper crocatum Ruiz \& Pav is a traditional Indonesian plant that is empirically used to treat various diseases. Several studies have stated that Piper crocatum leaves extract has anti-inflammatory effects. Piper crocatum leaves contain different secondary metabolites alkaloids, flavonoids, tannin-polyphenols, steroids, terpenoids, and saponins. The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of Piper crocatum leaves extract and fraction on the production of nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharideinduced RAW 264.7 cells. Anti-inflammatory effect of methanol extract of Piper crocatum leaves (MEPC), n-hexane fraction of Piper crocatum leaves (HFPC), ethyl acetate fraction of Piper crocatum leaves (EAFPC), and n-butanol fraction of Piper crocatum leaves (BFPC) against RAW 264 cell macrophages, 7 Lipopolysaccharide-induced (LPS). Extraction of Piper crocatum leaves was the maceration method. Cell viability was determined by the MTT method in the concentration range of 12.5;25;50;100;200 ug/ mL. The anti-inflammatory effects of MEPC, HFPC, EAFPC and BFPC were tested against nitric oxide (NO) production inhibition in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. NO levels were determined by the NO Colorimetric Assay Kit as measured by the ELISA plate reader. The viability test of MEPC, HFPC, EAFPC, and BFPC from Piper crocatum leaves showed the concentrations that gave the percentage of viability above 80\% were concentrations of 100, 50, and 25 g/mL. MEPC, HFPC, EAFPC, and BFPC at concentrations of 100, 50, 25 μg/mL could significantly inhibit NO production with p\<0.05 (p=0.000). The highest NO production inhibition effect was on EAFPC. MEPC, HFPC, EAFPC, and BFPC have antiinflammatory effects, with the highest effect on EAFPC.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory Effect, LPS, Nitric oxide, Piper crocatum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.169}, author = {Nilda Lely and Helmi Arifin and Yufri Aldi and Fatma Sri Wahyuni} } @article {1397, title = {The Anti-Malarial Effect of Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland ex Correa Extract Using Malaria Mice Model Infected with P. berghei}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {585-590}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {585}, abstract = {

Introduction: Malaria is a re-emerging disease that still causes high morbidity and mortality rates. Reports of malaria therapy, encouraging studies to find new therapies based on plants and adjuvant in malaria infection. Thespesia populnea or portia tree leaf extract is a plant that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal effects. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of Thespesia populnea leaf extract as antimalarial levels, and and its effect on hemoglobin levels in BALB/C mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA). Methods: The study was true experimental laboratories using post-test only group design. Using 27 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: Group with aquades (G1), Group received Chloroquine (G2), and Group with 200 mg/kg bw of Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland ex Correa extract and Chloroquine (G3). The degree of parasitemia was observed serially from the first day to the fourth day. Observation of the number of leukocytes and hemoglobin on the fourth day after the mice were terminated. Results: The results of statistical analysis showed that the administration of Thespesia populnea leef extract 200 mg/kg bw with chloroquine had the effect of decreasing the degree of parasitemia and increasing hemoglobin significantly than G1 group, but there was no significant difference with G2 group, although descriptively there were differences. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that Thespesia populnea or portia tree leaf extract has an anti-malarial effect and can also significantly prevent anemia.

}, keywords = {BALB/C, Hemoglobin, Malaria, Parasitemia, Thespesia populnea extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.73}, author = {Prawesty Diah Utami and Herin Setianingsih and Indira Firdha Syafitri and Rico Pratama Wiyono} } @article {1354, title = {Antimicrobial Effect of Different Types of Honey on Selected ATCC Bacterial Strains}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {217-225}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {217}, abstract = {

Honey is a complex sweet highly viscous liquid and is composed of various ingredients such as sugar, proteins, minerals, and polyphenolic compounds. Honey is used in traditional medicine systems for centuries because of its ability to inhibit the pathogenesis of various diseases through modulating various biological activities. In this study, antimicrobial potential of different types of honey was tested against selected pathogenic bacterial strains through agar well diffusion method. Four types of honey were used in the present investigation, and the potential antimicrobial activities of these varieties were further compared with that of antibiotics commonly used against targeted microbial strains. Among all of the four tested honey, three types were classified as blossom honey, being Talha (Acacia sp) honey (TH), Zahoor (mixed flower) honey (ZH), and Manuka (Leptospermum based honey) honey (MH). Both gram positive and gram negative bacterial species were used for this investigation. The pathogenic gram-positive bacterial strains includedEscherichia coli ATCC 29213, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRSA) ATCC 43300. Three gram negative bacteria like Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 700603 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 were also used to confirm the antimicrobial activities. As reflected from our study, we found that three varieties of honey including TH, ZH, and MH (with different UMF +20, +16, +5) displayed a broad spectrum antibacterial activity against all tested microbial strains. However, all strains showed a high frequency of resistance to BF honey. Gram-positive (G+) bacteria were found to be more sensitive to all tested honey types except (BF) as indicated by significantly higher zone of inhibition (ZOI) values than those of gram-negative (G-) bacteria. As a conclusion, this study suggests that antimicrobial potential of honey types might be helpful in order to treat the pathogenic microorganisms threatening the public health and changing antibiotics into last-resort drugs.

}, keywords = {Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Talha honey, Zahoor honey and Manuka honey}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.31}, author = {Aseel Aljaghwani and Khaled S Allemailem and Lujain F Aljaghwani and Faris Alrumaihi and Rejo Jacob Joseph and Amjad Ali Khan and Mohammad aljaghwani and Arshad H Rahmani and Ahmad Almatroudi} } @article {1655, title = {Antimicrobial Efficacy, Cytotoxicity, Acute Oral Toxicity, and Phytochemical Investigation of the Aqueous and Methanolic Stem Bark Extracts of Bridellia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1248-1256}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1248}, abstract = {

Introduction: Microbial infections cause high morbidity and mortality in humans globally. Antimicrobial resistance, emergence of new strains, high costs of antibiotics, inaccessibility-especially in remote areas, and adverse effects, impede successful eradications of pathogens, hence the need for novel strategies. Bridellia micrantha is used in traditional medicine to treat microbial infections; however, it has not been empirically validated. Methods: Antimicrobial activity of the aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of Bridellia micrantha was investigated using the disk diffusion and broth microdilution techniques, described by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The brine shrimp lethality assay technique was used to investigate the cytotoxic effects of the studied plant extracts in exposed nauplii. Acute oral toxicity effects of the studied plant extracts in Winstar rats were investigated following the up-and-down procedure described by the Organisation for Economic Development and Co-operation (OECD). Qualitative phytochemical screening was performed following standard procedures. Results: The aqueous and methanolic extract of B. micrantha indicated varied antimicrobial activities against E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. aureus, and C. albicans, with inhibition zones ranging from 6.00mm to 19.00mm. Furthermore, the studied plant extracts exhibited low MIC values (<=100 μg/ml) on selected microbes. Since the MIC values were much lower than 1000μg/ml (the cutoff for antimicrobial efficacy appraisal), it is anticipated that, the studied plant extracts can be strong antibiotics. The aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of B. micrantha were cytotoxic to brine shrimp nauplii, with LC50 values of 486.67{\textpm}3.15 μg/ml and 458.33{\textpm}2.87 μg/ml, respectively; however, these extracts did not elicit any observable signs of toxicity in rat models. Pharmacologically active phytochemicals, including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenols, and anthraquinones were detected in the two studied extracts. Conclusions: The aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of B. micrantha have appreciable antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. aureus and C. albicans. Besides, the studied plant extracts are cytotoxic to brine shrimp nauplii; but they do not cause acute oral toxicity effects in rat models. Additionally, the studied plant extracts contain bioactive phytochemicals, with antimicrobial activity.

}, keywords = {Brine shrimp lethality Assay, Median lethal concentration (LC50), median lethal dose (LD50), Minimum inhibitory concentration, Zone of Inhibition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.158}, author = {Joseph M Kathare and James M Mbaria and Joseph M Nguta and Gervason A Moriasi and Alfred O Mainga} } @article {1720, title = {Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Identification of Annona Squamosa Leaves Methanolic Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1746-1750}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1746}, abstract = {

The antioxidant activity of Annona squamosa (A. squamosa) leaf was carried out using methanol extract and fractionated extract namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate and residue. The antioxidant activity of methanol extract and fractionated was performed using the 1-diphenyl-2-Pycrilhydrazil (DPPH) method. The antioxidant activity test of methanol extract and fractionated n-hexane, ethyl acetate and residue yielded IC50 of 6.87, 169.99, 31.55 and 44.75 ppm. The ethyl acetate fraction extract with IC50 31.55 ppm was performed by column chromatography using silica gel G60 as the stationary phase and n-hexane: ethyl acetate as the mobile phase. The results of column chromatography obtained 181 fractions and were combined based on the stain pattern into 4 subfractions. Antioxidant test of each subfraction showed that the ASE 3 subfraction had the strongest antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the subfraction was analyzed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). According, GC-MS data analysis showed that the third subfraction contained 19 phytochemical compounds, where 3 compounds having the highest concentration, namely 4,4{\textquoteright}-((p-Phenylene)diisopropylidene) diphenol, dodecanoic acid, methyl ester and phthalic acid, isobutyl 2-methylpent-3-yl ester.

}, keywords = {Annona squamosa, antioxidant activity, GC-MS., Plant extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.225}, author = {Mustanir and Nurdin and Binawati Ginting} } @article {1707, title = {Antioxidant Activity of Methanol Fractions Stem Bark of Kayu Sarampa (Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roen))}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1694-1701}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1694}, abstract = {

Introduction: Methanol extract of X. moluccensis was found to be significantly effective in scavenging DPPH method. Therefore, this research is a follow-up research study from Budiarso et al (2020).. The methanol extract was then fractionated and tested for antioxidant activity. Objective: To assess antioxidants activity of methanolic fractions from stem bark of Kayu Sarampa. Method: The Stem bark was extracted with Reflux method using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as solvent. The methanolic extract was fractionated using a chromatographic column were subjected to the antioxidant activity assay by the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. Results: F3 Fractions IC50 of X. moluccensis exhibits the highest DPPH scavenging activity compared with F2, F3, ascorbic acis as control positif, F5, and F4, wich are 4.64, 6.79, 9.69, 10.49, and 227.44 respectively and Ferric reducing power from methanolic fraction of X. moluccensis stembark F3 exhibits higher antioxidant power compared to F2, F1, F5, ascorbic acid and F4, respectively which are 667.8 μmol/gr, 607.8 μmol/gr, and 573.8 340.48 and 309.8 μmol/gr, respectively

}, keywords = {Antioxidant., DPPH, FRAP, Kayu Sarampa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.218}, author = {Fitri Santy Budiarso and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Andy Howard Limengan and Ratika Rahmasari} } @article {1611, title = {Antioxidant and Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitor Screening of Merremia peltata L. as Potential Traditional Treatment for Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {902-908}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {902}, abstract = {

Introduction: Merremia peltata is ethnomedicine plant used as traditional medicine in Sulawesi, Sumatra, Maluku and Papua. M. peltata is used for diabetic. Diabetes mellitus therapy with inhibit activity of alpha glucosidase enzyme could delay absorption of monosaccharides after a meal and interrupt glucose transport into the circulation. Objective: This research purpose is to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity and alpha glucosidase enzyme inhibitor leaves and stem extract of M. peltata. Method: The Stem and leaves of M. peltata were extracted sequentially using the UAE method using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as mobile phase/solvent. The M. peltata extracts were subjected to the antioxidant activity assay by the DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP method. Antidiabetic activity was determined by an enzymatic alpha glucosidase inhibitor. Result: The extract which had best performance in antioxidant activity was stem ME with value of IC50 in DPPH 47.41 μg/mL and total antioxidant power 340.04 μmol/g. This study showed that leaves and stem extract of M .peltata have potential alpha glucosidase inhibitors for diabetic therapy. Stem ME had the best activity with IC50 value 47.44 μg/mL, almost two times better than acarbose as a positive control (IC50 = 98.38 μg/mL). Leaves ME, leaves EA, and stem EA also give better activity of alpha glucosidase inhibitors than acarbose with IC50 value 67.24 μg/mL, 69.38 μg/mL, and 72.85 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: M. peltata has potential antioxidant and alpha glucosidase inhibitor activity for diabetic therapy.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Merremia peltata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.116}, author = {Bannan Muthi{\textquoteright}atul Af-idah and Muhammad Hanafi and Berna Elya} } @article {1342, title = {Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Bioassay on Blumeodendron toxbrai (Blume.) Stem Bark Hexane, Dichloromethane, and Methanolic Ekstract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {139-141}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {139}, abstract = {

Introduction: Blumeodendron toksbraii has the potential to be anti-HIV and anti α-glucosidase. Objective: This research was conducted to examine the effects of antioxidant and cytotoxicity in vitro from these compounds from methanolic stem bark extract. Method: Stem bark to be extracted with maceration using hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol solution. Extracts were quantified with respect to in vitro antioxidant activity using the 2.2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging. Anticytotoxic activity was determined by cytotoxicity assay using MCF-7 cell line with Alamar Blue method. Results: The observed IC50 value from hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol extract for antioxidant assay were 88.33 {\textpm} 0.19 μg/ mL, 74,54 {\textpm} 0,61 μg /mL and 94.1 {\textpm} 0.19 μg/mL respectively. IC50 value of anti-cytotoxic assay from hexane extract, dichloromethane and methanol extract is 121.24 {\textpm} 0.15 μg/mL, 55 {\textpm} 0,48 μg/mL and 70.71 {\textpm} 0.15 μg/mL. Conclusion: dichloromethane extract showed good promising result for anti-oxidant and cytotoxic assay, futher study needed to isolate compound from this plant.

}, keywords = {Anticytotoxic DPPH, Antioxidant, Blumeodendron toksbraii, Cancer, MCF-7}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.19}, author = {Andreas Susilo Adi and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi} } @article {1607, title = {Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity of Ethanol Extract of Annona cherimola Mill. On Paracetamol-Induced Liver Toxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {874-882}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {874}, abstract = {

Background: Annona cherimola Mill. (A. cherimola) is mainly characterized by its antioxidant and cytoprotective properties due to their content of phenolic compounds. Objective: To evaluate antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extract of leaves from A. cherimola against induced toxicity by paracetamol in rats. Methods: Amount of total phenolics compounds of ethanol extract of A. cherimola Mill. was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH method. Three doses of the ethanol extract of leaves of A. cherimola (250, 500 and 750 mg/Kg/day) were administered to rats and it was evaluated biochemical blood parameters: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured, liver tissue was removed for histopathological analysis. Results: Ethanol extract of leaves from A. cherimola had 41.26 mg GAE/g extract and antioxidant DPPH Scavenging Activity had 85.51\%. A. cherimola reduced blood levels of ALT, AST and ALP, compared to control group Paracetamol, ethanol extract, being more effective at doses of 750 mg/Kg/day. Histopathological evaluation suggested that A. cherimola decreased hepatic necrosis and degenerative process induced by paracetamol. Conclusions: Hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extract of leaves of A. cherimola was demonstrated, being hepatoprotective activity dose dependent and the mechanism may involve antioxidant activity and total polyphenols found in extract of this plant.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, DPPH, Liver, Paracetamol, Rat}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.112}, author = {Carmen R. Silva-Correa and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui- Guarniz and Mar{\'\i}a V. Gonz{\'a}lez-Blas and Anabel D. Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Cinthya L. Aspajo- Villalaz and Luz M. Guerrero-Espino and Jorge Del Rosario-Ch{\'a}varri and Julio Hilario-Vargas} } @article {1367, title = {Antioxidant, Anti-quorum Sensing and Cytotoxic Properties of the Endophytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa CP043328.1 {\textquoteright}s Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {332-340}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {332}, abstract = {

Background: Novel bioactive compounds are in high demand to combat challenges of microbial resistance. In recent years, secondary metabolites from endophytic bacteria have drawn attention from researchers due to their novel structures and significant biological activities. Objective: This study aimed at extracting secondary metabolites from endophytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa CP043328.1 from Anredera cordifolia leaves for their biological activities. Methods: The anti-SMASH was used to predict the biosynthetic gene clusters of P. aeruginosa CP043328.1. The bacteria was resuscitated on Nutrient agar. Ethyl acetate was used to extract the secondary metabolites. Chemical composition of the secondary metabolites was evaluated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2, 2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods were used to analyze the scavenging activity. Anti-quorum sensing activity was investigated using Chromobacterium violacuem ATCC 12472 as the biological indicator. Cytotoxicity assay was performed using a tetrozolium-based columetric (MTT) assay. Results: The bacterium has 12 gene clusters that encode for secondary metabolites. The extract revealed 15 volatile constituents with diisooctyl phthalate (50.51\%) and [1, 2, 4] oxadiazole, 5-benzyl-3 (10.44\%) being the major compounds. The extract revealed scavenging capabilities with IC50 of 0.625 mg/ml for DPPH and 0.15 mg/ml for ABTS. It displayed anti-quorum sensing activity with 88\% violacein inhibition at 3.31 mg/ml. According to MTT assay, the extract was found to be safe for use up to 2000 μg/mL. Conclusion: P. aeruginosa CP043328.1 shows a potential use as a source of pharmacologically important metabolites.

}, keywords = {Anti-quorum sensing activity, antioxidant activity, Chemical composition, Cytotoxicity assay, Pseudomonas aeruginosa CP043328.1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.43}, author = {L S Ngidi and C I Nxumalo and J S Shandu and T S Maliehe and K Rene} } @article {1389, title = {Antioxidant Capacity and Protective Effect of Aqueous and Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Senecio rhizomatus Rusby "Llancahuasi" on Erythrocytes Subjected to Oxidative Stress}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {516-527}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {516}, abstract = {

Objective. To evaluate the antioxidant capacity and protective effect of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of Senecio rhizomatus Rusby in rat erythrocytes subjected to oxidative stress with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Methodology. This study used an experimental design. The extracts were obtained through maceration with 96{\textdegree} ethanol (SeR96), 70{\textdegree} ethanol (SeR70), 50{\textdegree} ethanol (SeR50) and through infused water (SeRAc). Secondary metabolites were identified through colorimetric reactions and precipitation. In each extract, we could determine the capacity to eliminate 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), the reduction of ferric ion and the total polyphenol content. In addition, the activity on the plasma membrane redox system (PMRS) was evaluated in each extract. The protection against oxidative stress in erythrocytes was evaluated by determining the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Results. Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, sesquiterpene lactones and sugars were identified in all the extracts. The total polyphenols content showed a correlation with the reduction of ferric ion (r=0.885) and with DPPH radicals elimination (r = -0.899), where the one with the highest antioxidant capacity was SeR50. Thus, the SeR50 (all concentrations) and SeR70 (100 μg/mL concentration) significantly increased the PMRS activity compared to the control group. After inducing oxidative stress in erythrocytes, all the extracts maintained the GSH level and inhibited MDA formation significantly compared to the H2O2 group. Conclusion. The antioxidant capacity of hydroalcoholic extracts (96{\textdegree}, 70{\textdegree}, 50{\textdegree}) and aqueous infusion of Senecio rhizomatus Rusby is related to the content of polyphenols. They increase the plasma membrane redox system activity in rat erythrocytes and protect them from oxidative stress induced with H2O2, showing an increase in the concentration of reduced glutathione and a decrease in malondialdehyde.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Lipoperoxidation, Plasma membrane redox system, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reduced glutathione}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.65}, author = {Justil-Guerrero Hugo Jes{\'u}s and Ch{\'a}vez-Flores Juana Elvira and C{\'a}rdenas-Orihuela Robert Armando and Ramos- Jaco Antonio Guillermo and {\~N}a{\~n}ez-del-Pino Daniel and V{\'a}squez-Quispe {\'A}ngel David and Rojas-Cardenas Nathalie Felicita and Fern{\'a}ndez-Flores N{\'e}lber} } @article {1660, title = {Antioxidant Capacity of Chuquiraga Spinosa Less. "Huamanpinta" and Prevention of Carrageenan-Induced Inflammation in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1287-1296}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1287}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant capacity of Chuquiraga spinosa extracts and prevention of carrageenan-induced inflammation in mice. Methodology: Experimental design: plant species, erythrocytes and male BALB C53 mice, were considered as biological material. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated in 50\%, 70\%, 96\% and aqueous ethanolic extracts by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl reduction, malondialdehyde inhibition in oxidized erythrocytes with H2O2 and correlating with polyphenol content equivalent to gallic acid/gram dry extract. Inflammation was evaluated by inoculating carrageenan 2\% in "subcutaneous air bag" of mice: 1) White, 2) carrageenan, 3) dexamethasone 2 mg/kg, 4-6) ethanolic extract 70\% doses 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively; determining nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, total proteins, albumin, leukocytes in exudate and histological changes. Results: Alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, phenolic compounds, tannins, carbohydrates, triterpenes, steroids and sesquiterpene lactones were identified; aqueous extract presented greater reduction of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (CI50 = 58.99 μg/mL), ethanolic extract 70\% presented greater inhibition of malondialdehyde in erythrocytes (CI50 = 16.44 nm/mL); It was observed that the higher the amount of polyphenols, the greater the reduction of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (r=-0.909) and the greater the inhibition of malondialdehyde (r=-0.781). With 500 mg/kg of 70\% ethanolic extract there was greater anti-inflammatory effect inhibiting malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, albumin, total proteins and leukocytes in 55.55\%, 81.92\%, 41.20\%, 31.51\% and 32.45\% (p\<0.01) respectively and less infiltration of leukocytes and lymphocytes in air sac membrane. Conclusion: The extracts of aerial parts of Chuquiraga spinosa showed antioxidant capacity correlated to polyphenol content. The 70\% ethanolic extract prevented inflammation in mice in a dosedependent manner.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ethanolic extract, Leukocytes, Lipoperoxidation, Nitric oxide, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.163}, author = {Hugo Jes{\'u}s Justil-Guerrero and Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas and Miriam Palomino- Pacheco and Magaly Villena-Tejada and Wilmer Atilio Segura V{\'\i}lchez} } @article {1349, title = {The Antioxidant Effects of the Ethanolic Extract of Binahong Leaves Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction Rat Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {185-188}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {185}, abstract = {

Background: Chronic kidney injury produced free radicals. In a previous study, the ethanolic extract of binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) has a flavonoid content, quercetin, a protective free radical effect. This study aims to determine the impact of binahong leaves against chronic kidney damage in Sprague Dawley rats. Results: To this end, we developed a chronic kidney injury animal model by Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO) method. We randomly divided rats into six groups. Group I is the Sham group; Group II is the negative control group; Group III is the positive control group (losartan 1.18 mg/kg BW); Group IV is Dose I of binahong leaves extract 75 mg/kg BW); Group V is Dose II binahong leaves extract 150 mg/kg BW); Group VI is Dose III binahong leaves extract 300 mg/kg BW). We administered losartan and binahong extracts on day 14 after UUO treatment. The plasma was examined for the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity, catalase enzyme activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA). All statistical analyzes were processed using the Statistical Program of Social Sciences (SPSS) software for Windows, version 16. The measured values of the parameters were expressed in mean {\textpm} SD. The difference test between groups was evaluated by ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) followed by LSD (Least Significant Difference) with a degree of significance (p) \<0.05 if the data distribution was normal and homogeneous. If the distribution of data is not normal and not homogeneous use non-parametric Kruskal Wallis analysis. Results: The results showed that UUO produced high MDA levels, whereas SOD activity and catalase activity were decreased compared with the Sham group. Administration of binahong extracts could reduce the MDA amount and increased the SOD and catalase activity. Conclusion: Binahong leaves extracts showed antioxidant activity to prevent kidney injury in UUO model rats.

}, keywords = {Anredera cordifolia, Binahong, Chronic kidney injury, Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.26}, author = {Anton Bahtiar and Putri Sagita Utami and Melati Raisa Noor} } @article {1422, title = {Antiviral Activity of an Extract from Leaves of the Tropical Plant Cynometra cauliflora}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {752-757}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {752}, abstract = {

Background: Cynometra cauliflora is a species of tree in the family Fabaceae and has been used in folk medicinal preparation. Objectives: In this study, Cynometra cauliflora methanolic leaves extract was tested against clinical isolate herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1). Materials and Methods: The leaves of C. cauliflora plant was extracted using methanol extraction method. Cytotoxicity was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Plaque reduction assays were carried out to evaluate the antiviral activity of C. cauliflora extract against HSV-1. These include post-treatment, pre-treatment and virucidal assays. Results: The value of cytotoxic concentration, CC50 of C. cauliflora extract was 36 mg/ mL. High antiviral activity was observed in post-treatment. C. cauliflora extract treatment was found to not interfere directly to infectious particle and confer mild protection when given as prophylaxis. Conclusion: This study provides important novel insights on the phytomedicinal properties of C. cauliflora extracts on HSV-1.

}, keywords = {(3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide); virucidal., Cynometra cauliflora, Herpes simplex virus type 1, plaque reduction assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.96}, author = {Noor Zarina Abd Wahab and Aziah Azizul and Norhidayah Badya and Nazlina Ibrahim} } @article {1672, title = {Anxiolytic-like Effect of Essential Oils Extracted from Lippia alba and Lippia citriodora}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1377-1383}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1377}, abstract = {

Introduction: Essential oils from natural plants are widely use around the world to relief mental conditions. The aim of this investigation was to determine the anxiolytic-like effect of essential oils extracted from Lippia alba and Lippia citriodora. Methods: The oil was extracted by hydro-distillation for 3 hours using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and then chemical composition was investigated by gas chromatography analysis (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Moreover, a randomized experimental trial was conducted, where 95 participants were divided into 3 groups, comprising a waiting list control group and two experimental groups treated with essential oils by inhalation. The anxiety index was evaluated by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Measures were taken two times: pretest and posttest. Results: chemical analysis showed that carvone was the main component (64.5\%) for Lippia alba essential oil and geranial (39.8\%) for Lippia citriodora. State and Trait anxiety scores showed a decrease in posttest study phase in comparison with pretest in all experimental groups (p\<0.05). Cohen{\textquoteright}s D and Hedges{\textquoteright} G scores show a large size effect in state anxiety for experimental group treated with Lippia alba while moderate changes were found for the rest of variables in all experimental groups. Conclusion: the essential oils extracted from Lippia alba and Lippia citriodora may be useful as a mean to counteract anxiety, specifically state anxiety showing short-terms benefits.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Essential oils, Lippia alba, Lippia citriodora}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.174}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Luis Enrique Rosales-Cerquin and Bertha Mirella Alfaro-Ttito and Elda Maritza Rodrigo-Villanueva} } @article {1723, title = {Anxiolytic-like Effect of Luma chequen Essential Oil: A Pilot Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1607-1613}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1607}, abstract = {

Introduction: Essential oils are complex substances used widely extended in the form of aromatherapy or phytotherapy, some of them as agents to relieve anxiety and stress. In this sense this study was conducted to examine the anxiolytic-like effect of Luma chequen essential oil. Methods: The essential oil was extracted by steam distillation and the chemical composition was investigated by Gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID) and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Moreover, a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted, where 48 participants were divided into two groups, comprising a control group (CG) treated with placebo, and an experimental group (EG) treated with aromatherapy based on Luma chequen essential oil. The anxiety index was evaluated by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Measures were taken at two times: pretest and posttest. Results: The chemical analysis showed that α-pinene was the main component (56.5\%). State and Trait anxiety scores showed a decrease in posttest study phase in comparison with pretest in experimental group compared to placebo (p\<0.005 for state anxiety and p\<0.05 for trait anxiety). Cohen{\textquoteleft}s d score was 0.84 in State anxiety, while it was 0.52 for Trait anxiety. Percentages of change showed reductions of anxiety variable ranging between 14.94\% for State anxiety and 13.60\% for Trait anxiety. Conclusions: These results suggest that aromatherapy based on essential oil of Luma chequen was moderately effective in improving anxiety.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Essential oil, Luma chequeen.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.207}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Luis Enrique Rosales-Cerquin and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Santiago M. Benites} } @article {1661, title = {Application of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction on the Stem Bark of Rhinachantus Nasutus (L.) Kurz, Total Phenolic, and Its Potential as Antioxidant and Inhibitor of Alpha-Glucosidase Enzyme Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1297-1303}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1297}, abstract = {

Aims: This study aims to obtain a stem bark extract of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and reveal: the total phenolic content in the extract; The extract{\textquoteright}s potential as an antioxidant with copper-reducing strength parameters, and its potential as an antidiabetic by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase activity. Results: The crude ethanol extract of R. nasutus stem bark obtained from the UAE process was 7.4896 g with a yield of 4.99\%. The high total phenolic content, namely 677.3343{\textpm}0.0007 mg GAE / g sample, the antioxidant activity test using the CUPRAC method gave an IC50 value of 18.43{\textpm}0.20 mg / L. In addition, the ethanol extract of stem bark has a high ability to inhibit the activity of the alpha-glucosidase enzyme with an IC50 value of 10.95{\textpm}0.28 mg / L. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the stem bark of R. nasutus from UAE has the potential as a source of antioxidants and antidiabetic.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase enzyme, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz, Total phenolics content, Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.164}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1628, title = {Azadirachta indica (Neem) Water Leaf Extract Inhibits Melanin Production and Tyrosinase Activity in B16F10 Melanoma Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {1030-1035}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1030}, abstract = {

Introduction: Abnormal melanin production can cause pigmentary disorder such as hyperpigmentation. Finding a potent medicinal plants that can prevent pigment disorder. Objective: This study was to investigate the potential of leaf extract from Azadirachta indica var siamensis valeton to inhibit melanin formation or melanogenesis. Materials and Methods: A.indica leaf extract was tested for phenolic and flavonoid content assay. Tests using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay were administered to determine the toxicity of A.indica leaf extract in B16F10 melanoma cells. Melanin content and tyrosinase activity assays were used to determine the potential for the inhibition of melanogenesis. Data was analyzed using SPSS. Results: It was found that A.indica leaf extract per gram has a total phenolic content of 28.73 {\textpm} 0.30 mg gallic acid equivalents and flavonoid of 12.48 {\textpm} 0.00 mg rutin equivalent. In addition, we found that these herbal extracts decreased the melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity in B16F10 melanoma cells without any toxicity. This study suggested that the melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity in B16F10 melanoma cells were decreased without any cytotoxicity by the A.indica leaf water extract. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that A.indica leaf water extract inhibits melanin production through reducing tyrosinase activity. These results could be useful as a therapeutic treatment for skin hyperpigmentation disorders as well as an effective ingredient in whitening cosmetics.

}, keywords = {Azadirachta indica, Hyperpigmentation, Melanin, Melanogenesis, Tyrosinase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.133}, author = {Thanitsara Songtavisin and Benjamart Pratoomthai and Warachin Gangnonngiw and Jarinyaporn Naowaboot} } @article {1345, title = {Beneficial Effects of Sambucus nigra in Chronic Stress-Induced Neurobehavioral and Biochemical Perturbation in Rodents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {155-161}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {155}, abstract = {

Background: Stress is the causative factor for various diseases and disorders faced by the majority of the diseased population. The leaves of Sambucus nigra (S. nigra) are attributed to neuropharmacological properties as per literature. Considering the above, the S. nigra hydroalcoholic extract was tested for adaptogenic activity in animals. Objective: The study deals with the evaluation of S. nigra hydroalcoholic extract for adaptogenic activity using cold immobilization and footshock induced stress. Materials and Methods: The S. nigra hydroalcoholic extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) was administered to treatment groups 1 hour before footshock for 14 consecutive days and cold immobilization stress for 10 consecutive days, respectively. The current work was carrying out to investigate the adaptogenic activity of S. nigra against footshock stress induced perturbations in behaviour (sexual behaviour, depression, and cognitive dysfunction). Suppressed male sexual behaviour, percentage active avoidance response and duration of immobility in footshock stress were used as the stress indices. Additionally, liver function (SGOT, SGPT, and ALP), lipid profiles (TC, TG, HDL, LDL, and VLDL) and differential leukocytes counts (neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocyte, and monocyte) in cold immobilization stress were assessed in terms of stress indices. Diazepam (1 mg/kg) was served as the standard adaptogenic agent as per literature review for comparison. Results: All these chronic stress-induced perturbations were reversed, dose-dependently by S. nigra (2000 and 400 mg/kg) and diazepam (1 mg/kg). The dose group 400 mg/kg p.o. of S. nigra hydroalcoholic extract for adaptogenic activity in cold immobilization and footshock induced stress method showed significant variation (P\< 0.1) when is compared with the stress control group. Conclusion: S. nigra hydroalcoholic extract showed significant adaptogenic activity was indicated by qualitatively results comparable to diazepam, against a range of biochemical and behavioural perturbations induced by chronic stress.

}, keywords = {Active avoidance response, Cold immobilization, Footshock induced stress, Lipid profiles, Sambucus nigra, Sexual behaviour}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.22}, author = {Sachin Neekhra and Himani Awasthi and Dharmchand Prasad Singh} } @article {1379, title = {Bioactive Secondary Metabolite from Endophytic Aspergillus Tubenginses ASH4 Isolated from Hyoscyamus muticus: Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {434-442}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {434}, abstract = {

Background: Endophytes are the richest sources of natural compounds, showing biological varieties and pharmacological activities. Objective: This study aims to isolate bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic Aspergillus tubenginses with study the biological activity of the isolated bioactive compounds. Materials and Methods: Anofinic acid were obtained from Aspergillus tubenginses crude extract using chromatographic techniques and characterized by spectral analysis. Results: Nine endophytic fungi were isolated from Hyoscyamus muticus plant. The most efficient isolate was AF3 identified as Aspergillus tubenginses ASH4 by 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Anofinic acid is an isolated active metabolite biosynthesized by A. tubenginsis was extracted from ethyl acetate with UPAC name of 2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carboxylic acid. It shows a strong antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Bacillus subtilis. Moreover, anofinic acid inhibits biofilm formation and has antioxidant activity, with strong activity against some carcinoma cells such as HCT-116, Hep-G2 and MCF-7. Conclusion: Anofinic acid was purified from the endophytic Aspergillus tubenginses crude extract and showed antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, anticancer activities.

}, keywords = {Aspergillus tubenginses, Bioactive secondary metabolite, Endophytes, Hyoscyamus muticus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.55}, author = {Heba I Elkhouly and Ahmed A Hamed and Asmaa M El Hosainy and Mosad A Ghareeb and Nagwa M Sidkey} } @article {1627, title = {A Botanical Profile and Phytochemical Evaluation of Leaf, Stem and Root of Egyptian Lycopersicon esculentum Miller}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {1019-1029}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1019}, abstract = {

Background: Tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller, Family Solanaceae) is one of the most important vegetables worldwide for its edible fruit. Other plant organs (leaf, stem, and root) are discarded after harvesting. Reports showed that these worthless plant organs are rich untapped sources of biologically active constituents, which encourage us to do further investigation. However, lack of standardization for this plant represented a problem facing their use in medicine. Objective: The objective of the current work is to establish a botanical profile for the leaf, stem, and root, to perform a phytochemical investigation including estimation of the total phenolics and flavonoids content, as well as identification of isolated pure compounds from the highest yield organ. Methods: Samples of each organ have been examined macroscopically and microscopically. A phytochemical investigation including successive extraction, estimation of the total phenolics and flavonoids content were carried out. The different fractions of the leaf, having the highest yield, were subjected to phytochemical investigation using successive columns of silica gel and sephadex. Results: Colorimetric estimation of the total phenolics and flavonoids content showed that the leaf has the highest values (84.29{\textpm}1.50, 50.49{\textpm}0.26) followed by the stem (50.94{\textpm}0.33, 9.10{\textpm}0.14) then the root (40.71{\textpm}0.07, 1.32{\textpm}0.01), respectively. Six known compounds namely: apo- β-carotenol, β-sitosterol from the n-hexane fraction, protocatechuic acid, stigmasterol 3-O-β-D- glucoside from the ethyl acetate fraction, quercetin and rutin from the n-butanol fraction were isolated and their structure elucidation was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. Conclusion: This study could provide an authenticated data base for this Lycopersicon species.

}, keywords = {Lycopersicon esculentum Miller, Macro- and micromorphology, Pharmacognostical study, Total phenolics and flavonoids content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.132}, author = {Fify I Fathy and Marawan M Shabana and Hoda A Mansour and Manal M Sabry} } @article {1420, title = {Both Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate Curcuma Zedoaraia Extract was Capable of Inducing Cells Death in T47D Cell Line Culture}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {737-743}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {737}, abstract = {

Introduction: Curcuma zedoaria (CZ) has been proven capable of inducing apoptosis in cells cancer. CZ extraction can be performed by ethanol and acetyl acetate as solvent. However, which one of these extracts is superior remains unclear. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the difference potential effect of ethanol and acetyl CZ extract on apoptosis of T47D cell line. Methods: In this study 21 wells were assign into seven groups: control group (T47D); treatment groups consisting of group of ethanol CZ extract 46 (EtZ-46); group of ethanol CZ extract 23 (EtZ-23); group of ethanol CZ extract 11 (EtZ-11); and group of ethyl acetate CZ extract 111 (AcZ-111); group of ethyl acetate CZ extract 55 (AcZ-55); and group of ethyl acetate CZ extract 27 (AcZ-27). In T47D group only loaded with T47D cell line; in treatment groups aside from loaded with T47D cell line culture, also treated with ethanol or acetyl acetate CZ extract respectively. Concentration of T47D cell was 5 x 104 T47D cells line in 100 μl suspension loaded on each well of 21 wells and kept in CO2 incubator overnight. The apoptosis cells were measured after 48 hours post CZ treatment. Results: Post Hoc analysis indicated that the number of apoptosis cells in AcZ-111 was significant higher compared to that of other groups, p\<0.05. Conclusion: Acetyl acetate CZ extract treatment with dose 111 μg was capable of inducing apoptosis in T47D cell line superior than that of other groups including ethanol CZ extract.

}, keywords = {Acetyl acetate, Apoptosis, Curcuma zedoaria, Ethanol, Necrosis, T47D cell line}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.94}, author = {Titiek Sumarawati and Chodidjah and Taufiqurrachman Nasihun} } @article {1398, title = {Cardioprotective Role of Partharishtam on Isopreterenol Induced Myocardial Infarction in Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {591-595}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {591}, abstract = {

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the key causes of high death rate globally. We report the cardio protective effect of an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation Partharishtam on isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction on albino rats. Administration of Isoproterenol to normal albino rat triggers MI evident from the significant changes in key biomolecules tested in blood serum and cardiac tissues. The cardio protective role of Partharishtam was compared with a standard medicine, Propranolol on some of the known identifying markers of MI such as, Troponin I and T, creatine phosphokinase serum (CPK-S), creatine phosphokinase myoglobulin isozyme fraction (CPK-MB) and oxidative enzymes like super oxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase. There was an appreciable decrease in the levels of Troponin 1 and T, CPK-S and CPK-MB after the treatment of Partharishtam on Isoproterenol induced MI rats. In vivo anti-oxidative enzyme studies also revealed the increase in the levels of SOD, GSH and catalase to near normalcy after the treatment of Partharishtam in MI rats, which is very much comparable to the commonly used drug Propranolol to treat MI patients. Histopathological analysis confirmed the cardio protective properties of Partharistham in rat model. We did not find any side effects or toxicity of Partharishtam when tested on the normal rats. Thus, polyherbal formulation Partharishtam could be considered as safe medicine for MI.

}, keywords = {Catalase, Creatine phosphokinase, GSH, Isoproterenol, Myocardial Infarction, Partharishtam, Polyherbal, Propranolol, SOD, Troponin I, Troponin T}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.74}, author = {G. Narayanan and K Prabhu and Anath Bandhu Chaudhury and Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao and V S Kalai Selvi and N S Muthiah and Sruthi Dinakar} } @article {1407, title = {Causes, Symptoms and Treatments Common Hepatitis B Today}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {644-647}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {644}, abstract = {

Hepatitis B is the world{\textquoteright}s most common fatal liver disease caused by the B virus. Vietnam is one of the countries with the highest rates of B virus infection in the world. HBV is transmitted through the blood and body fluids of infected people, just like HIV does, but HBV is nearly 100 times more infectious than HIV. Most hepatitis B infections in adults are fully reversible, even if symptoms are very severe. Although there is currently no effective cure and vaccines that can prevent it, we can still prevent it and cure it if we know how to take some precautions that can avoid infecting others. This article discusses the right solutions for effective treatment and prevention. Some suggestions have been made regarding the scientific composition of herbs, so their application needs more attention.

}, keywords = {Health, Hepatitis B, Medication, Phyllanthus urinaria, Prevention}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.82}, author = {Nguyen Tan Danh} } @article {1372, title = {Characterization and Acute Toxicity Bioactive Compound Canning Waste of Lemuru Fish Oil as Potential Immunomodulator}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {376-382}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {376}, abstract = {

Background: Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids have beneficial effects as an immunomodulator for periodontitis therapy. Lipid studies show that fish can be a unique source of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Lemuru fish (Sardinella longicep) is one of fish that abbundant in Indonesia. Purpose: This study aims to find out the characterization and acute toxicity of lemuru fish oil for using in dental treatment. Methods: characterization study was tested using capillary gas chromatography coupled method with flame ionization. Acute toxicity performed by given lemuru orally with dose 174.1-917.3mg/20g mice weight for 24 hours observation and sacrificed for histopathology, meanwhile groups 96 hours observation continued. Results: Lemuru Fish oil contains 14.5\% eicosapentaenoic acid and 13,2\% Docosahexaenoic Acid. Acute toxicity showed the percentage of death below 50\%, however, liver structure start to show an effect on dose 355.3mg/20gr Conclusion: Lemuru Fish oil had a component Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids an potential immunomodulator. There was no acute toxicity found and the maximum dose without changing the microscopic structure of the liver is 174.1mg / 20gr.

}, keywords = {Docosahexaenoic acid, Eicosapentaenoic acid, Lemuru fish oil, Polyunsaturated fatty acid, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.48}, author = {Damaiyanti DW and Sari RP and Muwarmanti D} } @article {1706, title = {Characterization and Phytochemical Screening of Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) Extract{\textquoteright}s Nanoparticles Used Ball Mill Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1568-1572}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1568}, abstract = {

The aim of this study was to study the characterization and phytochemical screening of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri linn) extract{\textquoteright}s nanoparticles used ball mill method. The effect of herbal products would be maximized, a formulation that able to increase solubility, stability, bioavailability, and a targeted system was needed so the use of simplicia would be more effective. One of alternative solutions to this problem was to make the preparation of meniran extract in the form of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles made it easier for extract to be absorbed in blood plasma and were more effective in achieving the target drug itself. The manufacture of meniran nanoparticles used ball mill method. Then, meniran extract nanoparticles characterization and phytochemical screening were carried out. Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nanoparticle characterization consisted of size, used Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), and morphology, used Scaning Electron Microscope (SEM). Phytochemical screening of meniran extract nanoparticles used qualitative screening by reagent test. The results showed that the meniran extract nanoparticles produced an average size of 192.6 nm. The averange shape of particle was imperfectly amorphous and the dominant composition was Carbon (C). Phytochemical screening showed the content of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids and alkaloids.

}, keywords = {Biological production, Nanoparticle, Phyllanthus niruri, Phytochemical compound}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.200}, author = {Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum and Sri Hidanah and Sri Chusniati and Soeharsono} } @article {1405, title = {Characterization of Flavonoids and Saponins from Gleditsia triacanthos by LC-ESI/MS/MS Analysis: Pharmacological Assessment of the Anti-hyperglycemic and Anti-ulcerogenic Activities of G. triacanthos methanolic Fruit Extract and its n-Butanol Fraction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {631-639}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {631}, abstract = {

Introduction: Gleditsia triacanthos is known to possess various pharmacological activities. Objective: The composition of n-butanol fraction of Gleditsia triacanthos methanolic seedless fruit extract was identified from the LC-ESI/MS/MS spectra. Total methanolic extract of the seedless G. triacanthos fruits (MEGT) and its n-butanol fraction (BFGT) at three dose levels 70, 140 and 280 mg/kg were studied for their anti-diabetic and anti-ulcerogenic effects. Materials and Methods: The anti-diabetics properties of MEGT and BFGT were orally assessed in streptozotocin (STZ; 55 mg/kg; i.p.)-induced hyperglycemic rats. Their anti-ulcerogenic activities were also evaluated in ethanol-induced peptic ulcer in rats. Results: Two phenolic acids, five flavonoids as well as four saponins were identified from BFGT. Both MEGT and BFGT showed high potential in decreasing the elevated serum glucose, total triglycerides and total cholesterol levels in rats, dose dependently, comparable with the anti-diabetic reference drug; gliclazide (Glz; 10 mg/kg; p.o.). They also showed an elevation insulin and α-amylase serum levels. On the other hand, MEGT and BFGT showed significant ulceroprotective activities through decreasing both number and severity of ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats, dose dependently, comparable with the anti-ulcer reference drug; ranitidine (20 mg/kg; p.o.) with MEGT at 280 mg/kg showing highest activity. Conclusion: From all the previous results, it can be concluded that the observed pharmacological properties are attributed to the augmented activities of the saponin and flavonoidal content of G. triacanthos fruits.

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic activity, Gleditsia triacanthos, Hypoglycemic activity, Ulceroprotective effect}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.80}, author = {Iman A. A. Kassem and Sally A. El Awdan and Dalia O. Saleh} } @article {1630, title = {Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antiplasmodial Activity of the Total Alkaloids of the Bulbs of Two Amaryllidaceae Species from Northern Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {1046-1052}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1046}, abstract = {

Introduction: The amaryllidaceae family is characterized by presenting alkaloids with powerful pharmacological activities, including antiprotozoal activity. The aim of the present work was to determine the chemical composition and evaluate the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of the total alkaloids of the bulbs of two amaryllidaceae species from northern Per{\'u}. Methods: The total alkaloids were extracted from the bulbs using an acid-base extraction. The chemical composition of the total alkaloids was determined by GC-MS, using galantamine as a reference standard. It was investigated the in vitro antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum FCR-3 strain (chloroquine-resistant). Results: 8 alkaloids were identified in the bulbs of Clinanthus incarnatus: lycorine, galanthamine, galanthine, vittatine/crinine, hippamine, 3-O-acetylpowelline, 11,12-dehydroanhydrolycorine, 1-O-acetyllycorine with values of 19.73; 14.99; 10.36; 10.22; 10.16; 10.14; 10.04; 9.85 μg GAL/100 mg of total alkaloid (TA) respectively and 6 alkaloids in the bulbs of Clinanthus ruber: lycorine, anhydrolycorine, 11,12-dehydroanhydrolycorine, 2,4-didehydro-2-dehydroxylycorine, 8-0-dimethylmaritidine, hippamine, with values of 70.2; 18; 4.15; 3.45; 6.8 and 0.1 μg GAL/100 mg TA respectively. The total alkaloids of the species of C. incarnatus and C. ruber at concentrations of 1.0; 2.5; 5.0; 10.0; 25.0 and 50.0 μg/ml presented inhibition percentages of 23.5 {\textpm} 0.46\% to 94 {\textpm} 0.56\% against P. falciparum with (p \<0.05). They also presented IC50 0.375 μg/ml (C. incarnatus) and IC50 0.241 μg / ml (C. ruber). Conclusion: The main component of total alkaloids of the bulbs of two species was lycorine, in adittion, these species showed in vitro antiplasmoidal activity against Plasmodium falciparum FCR-3 strain at the doses tested.

}, keywords = {Clinanthus incarnatus, Clinanthus ruber, Plasmodium falciparum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.135}, author = {Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Madeleine Vanessa Horna -Pinedo and Luciana R Tallini and Jaume Bastida} } @article {1651, title = {Chemical Composition and Protective Effect of Rosmarinus officinalis on Alcohol-Induced Serum Hepatic Changes and Liver Injury in Male Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1205-1215}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1205}, abstract = {

Background: Is a pleasant-smelling perennial shrub that grows in many parts of the world, Rosmarinus officinalis a well known valuable herbal medicine which is widely used in pharmaceuticals and traditional medicine as a digestive, tonic, astringent, diuretic, diaphoretic and useful for urinary ailments. Objective: The objective of this study has, on the one hand, focused on the changes in hepatotoxicity induced by the chronic administration of ethyl alcohol according to a biochemical and histological experimental approach and, on the other hand, on the chemical composition which was determined. As well as, the hepato-protective effect of the ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis (EER), whether to restore or not the harmful alterations due to ethylism was evaluated. Method: The study included twenty-four male Wistar albino rats which were divided into four groups. The rats received ethanolic extraction of Rosmarinus officinalis orally at a dose of 200 mg/kg. Hepatotoxicity was induced orally with a daily dose of 05 mL of 20\% alcoholic solution for 90 days. Results: The chemical characterization of the ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis (EER) by HPLC/UV shows the presence of polyphenolic compounds and numerous flavonoids, the main constituent of which is rosmarinic acid. It was noticed that the Ethanol caused an increase in liver function parameters (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, triglyceride and cholesterol, total bilirubin) compared to the control and oxidative stress through a significant decrease in antioxidant liver enzymes Superoxidase dismutase (9.39 U/mg), glutathione peroxidase (12.89 U/mg) and catalase (25.39 U/mg) and increased malondialdehyde levels. The histological study showed significant lesions in the liver. Conclusion: The disturbances in liver function, antioxidant status and structural damage to the liver caused by ethanol have been restored by the administration of the ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis which strongly justifies its therapeutic effect.

}, keywords = {Ethylism, Hepatotoxicity, HPLC/UV, Liver stress oxidatives, Rosmarinus officinalis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.154}, author = {Rima Farah AOUAD and Mokhtaria Yasmina BOUFADI and Djallal Eddine Houari ADLI and Faiza MOULAI-HACENE and Khaled KAHLOULA and Miloud SLIMANI} } @article {1388, title = {Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Salvia Officinalis Extract from Algeria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {506-515}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {506}, abstract = {

Background: Due to its flavoring and seasoning properties, Salvia officinalis has been widely used in the preparation of many foods. In folk medicine in Asia and Latin America, it has been used for the treatment of various types of disorders, including seizures, ulcers, rheumatism, inflammation, dizziness, and high blood sugar. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the chemical composition by HPLC/UV, antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation; thus the, the anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanolic extract of Salvia officinalis (EES) on certain homeostatic parameters, inflammatory biomarkers and antioxidant status in Wistar rats subjected to inflammation induced by carrageenan. Method: Male rats (n = 24) were exposed to inflammation of the peritoneal by carrageenan (200 μL: 2\%) and treated for 5 days with ethanolic extract of Salvia officinalis (EES) in order to repair the damage caused by inflammation on homeostasis, TNF-α and PGE2. Results: The results of scavenging of DPPH and lipoperoxidation of the extract, showed an IC50 of 29.69 {\textpm} 1.32 and 46.17 {\textpm} 1.51 μg/mL, respectively. The identification of EEC by HPLC shows the presence of polyphenolic acids (salvianolic acid, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid) and many flavonoids (Cirsimaritin, Catechin, Acacetin, kaempferol, pinocembrine, quercetin). Salvia extract contains 221.08 {\textpm} 2.36 mg EAG/g and 80.54 {\textpm} 1.3 mg EQ/g dry extract. Compared to the control group, carrageenan induced a substantial decrease (P\<0.05) in antioxidant enzymes and a highly significant increase (P\<0.05) in homeostatic parameters (blood sugar, CRP and fibrinogen), biomarkers of inflammation (TNF-α and PGE2) and malondialdehyde levels. Conclusion: The administration of Salvia extract corrects this perturbation where there is an improvement in antioxidant enzymes and a decrease in biomarkers of inflammation. Salvia officinalis has been able to repair carrageenin-induced perturbations homeostasis and inflammation markers in Wistar rats.

}, keywords = {Biomarkers of inflammation, HPLC/UV, Lipoperoxydation, Oxydative stress, Salvia officinalis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.64}, author = {Mokhtaria Yasmina BOUFADI and Soumia KEDDARI and Faiza MOULAI-HACENE and Sara CHAA} } @article {1384, title = {Chemical Profile and Antioxidant Properties of Andrographis producta (C. B. Clarke) Gamble}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {475-485}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {475}, abstract = {

Background: Andrographis producta (Acanthaceae) is endemic to Western Ghats, India, traditionally used by native people for the control of various ailments including intestinal worms, to relieve constipation and also used to eliminate phlegm in women during postpartum. Objective: To investigate the chemical compounds in root, stem and leaves of A. producta and their antioxidant properties. Method: The phytochemical contents were determined using spectrophotometric methods and chemical profiling of root, stem and leaf extracts was carried out using GC-MS. Further, extracts were investigated for their antioxidant capacities using in vitro DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assay. Results: The total phenolics (163.61 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (35.11 {\textpm} 0.53 mg QE/g) and tannins (84.52 {\textpm} 0.07 mg TAE/g) were highest in stem compared to leaf and root. Stem was exerted superior antioxidant capacities in both DPPH (EC50 3.58 mg/ml) and FRAP assays (1.742 {\textpm} 0.02 OD at 1mg/ml) and were comparable to standards. GC-MS analysis revealed total 89 chemical compounds including phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids and organic acids. 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol (0.70 \%), 2,4-ditert- butylphenol (9.74 \%), phytol (10.32 \%), 5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone (11.42 \%), gammasitosterol (8.32 \%), salvigenin (12.09 \%), solanesol, (2.92 \%), and alpha-terpinene (4.58 \%) were important bioactive compounds found in significant amount. Conclusion: The present investigations indicate that various parts of A. producta can be explored as good source of antioxidants due to the presence of phenolics and flavonoids. The meticulous assessment of bioactive compounds from A. producta would be great contribution in field of medicine.

}, keywords = {2, 4-Di-tert-butylphenol, Andrographis, Antioxidants, GC-MS, Methanol extract, Salvigenin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.60}, author = {Dayanand Dalawai and Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy} } @article {1634, title = {Chitosan-Tripolyphosphate Nanoparticles of Mango Ginger (Curcuma mangga) Extract: Phytochemical Screening, Formulation, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1065-1071}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1065}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mango ginger (Curcuma mangga) is one of Indonesia{\textquoteright}s medicinal plants widely used in most communities as a lust booster and for detoxifying purposes. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to synthesize chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles from mango ginger extract, determine their chemical contents, the nano chitosan characteristics, and its antioxidant activity. Methods: In this study, we macerated mango ginger using 70\% ethanol solvent, then performed phytochemical test and formulation of chitosan nanoparticles of mango ginger extract. The group of secondary metabolites that showed positive results with the reagent test was further identified through TLC. Results: The results showed that the extract contained flavonoids and triterpenoids. Also, characterization of chitosan nanoparticles from the extract was conducted with FTIR test, PSA, XRD, and SEM. Based on the results, the nano chitosan particle size was 993 nm and examination with FTIR showed the presence of N-H and P=O groups, indicating ammonium ion interaction from chitosan with the polyanion from TPP and Mango ginger. Additionally, the XRD results showed that the crystals formed were in an amorphous form, which was supported by particle morphology images from SEM. Furthermore, the nanoparticles showed very strong antioxidant activity based on the reaction with DPPH. Conclusion: Based on these results, the phytochemical identification of mango ginger extract showed positive results in flavonoid and triterpenoid compounds. In addition, based on the characterization of the nanoparticles, the mango ginger extract showed positive results, illustrating that the nano chitosan synthesis was successful. Furthermore, the nano chitosan has a very strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 18.08 μg/mL.

}, keywords = {Chemical identification, Chitosan, Mango ginger, Nanoparticles, TPP}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.138}, author = {Bayyinatul Muchtaromah and Didik Wahyudi and Mujahidin Ahmad and Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori and Rahmi Annisa and Lil Hanifah} } @article {1703, title = {Comparative Modulatory Assessment of the Sperm Quality and Testicular Function by Solvent Fractions of the Cannabis Extract in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1678-1687}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1678}, abstract = {

Background: The bioactive ingredients present in medicinal plants have various pharmacological activities which have explored for therapeutic and management of disease conditions like infertility. Objective: This study evaluated the comparative modulations on semen quality and testicular function in the rat by solvents soluble portions of ethanolic leaf extract in varying polar solvents. Methods: Thirty Wistar rats were randomly placed into five groups (A, B, C, D, E and F) with five rats per group: A, control: 0.2 ml 2 \% DMSO was administered, B (vitamin C): 90 mg/kg body weight, 4.4 mg/kg body weight of n-hexane, 3.65 mg/kg body weight of ethyl acetate, 0.52 mg/kg body weight of n-butanol and 0.18 mg/kg body weight of the residual portion of Cannabis leaf extract were given to groups C, D, E and F, respectively. The rats were sacrificed 24 hours after the last day of 60 days of treatment. Results: Sperm indices, testosterone, FSH, LH, and HDL showed significant increase (p <= 0.05) across the treatment groups compared to normal control. Similarly, there was a significant increase in activity (p <= 0.05) of ALP, ACP, SOD, and CAT across the treatment groups compared to normal control. In addition, there were significant increases in GSH, MDA, triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein concentration levels across the treatment groups compared to normal control. The n-butanol soluble portion showed normal histomorphology with typical seminiferous tubule with spermatogonia lying on the basement membrane. Conclusion: Testicular integrity and improved sperm quality were pronounced in rats administered n-butanol solvent portion.

}, keywords = {Cannabis, Fertility, Medicinal., Sperm, Testis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.216}, author = {Nwonuma Charles O and Favours God{\textquoteright}slove Oluwafemi and Rotimi Damilare E and Alejolowo Omokolade O and Ojo Oluwafemi A and Afolabi Boluwatife L and Irokanulo Emenike O} } @article {1383, title = {Comparative Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation of Five Ocimum Species}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {463-474}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {463}, abstract = {

There are about 150 species of Ocimum in the world and out of that 68 species are found in India. Comparative pharmacognostic study of these Ocimum species is unspecified. Growing demand of Ocimum plants demands quality standards for correct identification of desired Ocimum species. Objectives: Hence aim of present study is to establish comparative pharmacognostical, phytochemical and biological standards for most commonly found and morphologically confusing five species of Ocimum. Methods: Macroscopic, microscopic, preliminary phytochemical evaluations, extraction of essential oils, TLC analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial potency of selected five species carried out and compared. Results: This comparative study reports that O. sanctum should be preferred in medicine use among selected five species based on phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial potency.

}, keywords = {Ocimum americanum, Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum gratissimum, Ocimum kilimandscharicum, Ocimum sanctum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.59}, author = {Sharada L Deore and Shital R Ingole and Bhushan A Baviskar and Anjali A kide} } @article {1622, title = {Comparison of Antibacterial Activity of Calcium Hydroxide, Azadirachta Indica (Neem), Ocimum Tenuiflorum (Tulsi) and Punica Granatum (Pomegranate) Gels as Intracanal Medicaments Against Enterococcus Faecalis: An in-vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {988-994}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {988}, abstract = {

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Calcium hydroxide, Azadirachta indica (Neem), Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi) and Punica granatum (Pomegranate) gels as intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis. Methodology: Crude extracts of Pomegranate peel, Neem leaves and Tulsi leaves were used to determine MIC following which gels of 5\% neem, 10\% tulsi and 10\% pomegranate were prepared. Forty-eight single rooted human premolars were procured and inoculated with E.faecalis for 7 days. Specimens were then randomly distributed into 4 groups.

Group I- Calcium hydroxide

Group II- 5\% A. indica (Neem) gel

Group III- 10\% O. tenuiflorum (Tulsi) gel

Group IV-10\%

P. granatum (Pomegranate) gel The experimental gels were then introduced into the samples and were sealed at both ends. The antimicrobial activity of medicaments was assessed by measuring CFU/ml at the end of 1, 3 and 5 days. Results: Calcium hydroxide showed the maximum antibacterial activity (5.3X104 CFU/ml) followed by Pomegranate gel (5.4 X104 CFU/ml) with no statistically significant difference between them. Similarly, no statistically significant difference was observed between the mean CFU/ml values of the neem (10.2 X104 CFU/ml) and tulsi gel (10.2 X104 CFU/ml). However, pomegranate gel showed statistically significant antibacterial activity when compared to Neem and Tulsi. (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, table 4) (Figure 1). Conclusion: Calcium hydroxide showed the best antibacterial activity against E.faecalis. Among herbal gels, pomegranate showed the maximum antibacterial activity, however, further in-vivo research is required for it to be used as a sole intracanal medicament clinically.

}, keywords = {Calcium hydroxide, Enterococcus faecalis, Herbal, Intracanal medicaments, Microbial sensitivity tests, Root canal therapy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.127}, author = {Akanksha Mittal and Sunil Tejaswi and Mruthunjaya K and Suneeth Shetty and Ambikathanaya UK} } @article {1616, title = {Comparison of Colchicine Content in Gloriosa superba L., Root after Pretreatment by Thai Traditional Medicine Methods}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {942-948}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {942}, abstract = {

Introduction: In Thai traditional medical practice, the roots of Gloriosa superba L. must be treated prior to use as Thai herbal remedies. Colchicine is a major active chemical constituent in the roots. It was reported that lethal doses of colchicine were 7-26 mg. There have been two pieces of evidence that indicated 5 different pretreatment methods of Gloriosa superba L., roots. Therefore, this research aimed to compare the amount of colchicine before and after pre-treated by 5 different methods and compare colchicine content after pretreatment between methods. Methods: Provide five different locations of fresh Gloriosa superba L., roots. Each sample divided into 6 groups. The first group would be treated as a control, the second to the sixth group was pre-treated by roasting, burning, boiling, stewing, and grilling which follow the methods from two pieces of evidence. Subsequently, quantitative analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Results: The amount of colchicine in roots before and after pre-treated by roasting, burning, boiling, stewing, and grilling methods were significantly reduced by 45.61{\textpm}10.61\% (p=0.000), 37.35{\textpm}14.15\% (p=0.000), 44.55{\textpm}8.60\% (p=0.000), 76.40{\textpm}10.70\% (p=0.000), and 30.35{\textpm}11.31\% (p=0.000), respectively. The stewing method was the greatest decrease amount of colchicine which significantly different from other methods. (p=0.000). Conclusion: All 5 methods were significantly reduced amounts of colchicine in the roots of Gloriosa superba L. They were effective methods to pre-treat the roots of Gloriosa superba L. prior to use as Thai herbal remedies.

}, keywords = {Colchicine, Gloriosa superba L., HPLC, Pretreatment methods, Thai traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.121}, author = {Sasithorn Tandhavadhana} } @article {1709, title = {Comparison of the Deep Euteutic Solvent (DES) Solvent for Extracting Lignin from the Lignocellulosic Material of Pineapple Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1702-1709}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1702}, abstract = {

Background: Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the materials that has the potential to produce cellulose. Lignocellulose material consists of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose so that the three materials must be separated first to get pure cellulose. The main problem faced in the process of separating cellulose is the difficulty of separating lignin. One of the processes in separating lignin is by pretreatment of lignocellulosic material. Methods: In this study, Deep Euteutic Solvent (DES) choline (ChCl) as a hydrogen bond acceptor was synthesized and eight hydrogen bond donors (HBD) were mixed. Eight types of DESs, i.e. , choline chloride-acetic acid (ChCl-AA), ChCl: formic acid (ChCl-FA). ), choline chloride: Lactic acid (ChCl-LA), choline chloride:Citric acid (ChCl-SA), choline chloride: Glycerol (ChCl-G), choline chloride: Ethylenglycol (ChCl-EG), choline chloride: Sorbitol (ChCl-S), and choline chloride: Urea (ChCl -U) with a ratio of 1: 2 were investigated. Each. DES solvent was applied as a pretreatment for the lignocellulosic material of pineapple leaves. The results of the pretreatment formed were characterized by the Infra Red spectroscopic method to determine the typical functional groups. Result: The results showed that the pretreatment process using DES solvent resulted in a decrease in lignin levels in pineapple leaf powder, the highest in DES with linear saturated acid-based HBD, formic acid at 32.05\%, glycerol at 30.18\% and then in alpha hydroxy-based HBD, acetic acid at 29.90\%. Meanwhile, the FT-IR results show that ChCl-FA has a high delignification ability during pretreatment. Pineapple leaves that have been pretreted with DES solvent can be a potential raw material for the next conversion process. This study presents DES as an effective and easy pretreatment method for lignin extraction.

}, keywords = {Deep eutectic solvent, Lignocellulose., Pineapple leaves, Pretreatment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.219}, author = {Triyani Sumiati and Herman Suryadi and Harmita and Sutriyo} } @article {1692, title = {Compound Analysis and Genetic Study of Selected Plectranthus scutellarioides Varieties from Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1516-1526}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1516}, abstract = {

Background: Plectranthus scutellarioides is one of medicinal plants in Indonesia, which has several hundred varieties but only one is known by local people as medicine. Objective: Six varieties of Plectranthus scutellarioides were analyzed for their total flavonoid content, chemical compound, and moleculer genetic. Methods: TFCs were analyzed using AlCl3 colorimetric method, chemical compounds were identified using TLC-scanning densitometer, GC-MS, and FTIR, moleculer genetic were observed using DNA barcoding rbcL gene. Results: The TFCs of trailing psycholeus, and flamingo varieties were higher than the other varieties. TLC-scanner densitometer showed that color blaze dark star, trailing psycholeus, and trailing queen had similar profiles, as did beale street, trailing rose, and flamingo. The GCMS results showed notable difference in trailing psycholeus and trailing queen which have 2-oleoylglycerol and 9(E),11(E)-conjugated linoleic acid in larger amounts than others, respectively. Multivariate analysis of the FTIR spectra showed the closeness of all varieties, except for beale street which had the lowest similarity with the others. Despite that, genetic studies using the rbcL gene and comparing the results with the P. scutellarioides gene in the database (MW538954.1) showed beale street was the most similar (99.52\%). The phylogenetic analysis showed that beale street and trailing psycholeus have the highest similarity among others. Conclusions: There is a slight difference in chemical composition between varieties as well as the genetic. Therefore, quality control or standardisation is needed in the use of this plant as a traditional medicine.

}, keywords = {Coleus scutellarioides, Densitometer, Flavonoid, FTIR, GC-MS, RbcL.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.193}, author = {Ayun Dwi Astuti and Awaluddin Iwan Perdana and Rosdiana Natzir and Muhammad Nasrum Massi and Subehan and Gemini Alam} } @article {1353, title = {Consumer Behavior Model Based on Integration of Food Safety and Health Consciousness in Padang City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {212-216}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {212}, abstract = {

The growing number of food poisoning cases that occurred in Padang City in 2017-2018 shows that various regulations that have been made by the government have not been able to stop producers and traders from using hazardous substances in food. Therefore, research is needed that aims to form a model of consumer behavior that focuses on consumer awareness of the choice of food consumed through the integration of health awareness and food safety. This study is a Research and Development study using the ADDIE approach. Based on the results of the analysis conducted at the Padang city market, it shows that the behavior of vegetable consumers in the city of Padang tends not to care about the dangers of chemical residues in pesticides and fertilizers used by vegetable farmers. Based on the existing need to support the formation of an integrated consumer behavior model for food safety and health awareness, it is by providing guidance in choosing healthy vegetables and by distributing leaflets on the benefits of vegetables. And to encourage consumer awareness, motivation is given to a healthy lifestyle so that families avoid the dangers of food poisoning through social media. This study produces a Conceptual Design of Consumer Behavior Model based on Integration of Food Safety and Health Consciousness in Padang City. From the results of the model test, the F significance value of 0.000 (p \<0.05) can be concluded that the hypothesis is accepted, meaning that food selection variables, health awareness and food safety have a significant effect on consumer behavior together.

}, keywords = {Consumer Behavior, Food Safety, Pasar Raya Padang, Vegetable Consumers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.30}, author = {Skunda Diliarosta and Arief Muttaqiin and Rehani Ramadhani} } @article {1411, title = {Culture of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Natural Environments Based on Dates}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {675-681}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {675}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lactic acid bacteria are used in the food industry and have restrictive criteria for probiotic potential. The most common growth media used for lactic acid bacteria is de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe culture medium (MRS). Methods: In this study, three culture media were developed (date powder DP, date core DC and date core associated with lentils CL) based on locally available plant materials with a low market value to obtain a less expensive culture medium compared to the reference medium MRS for the growth of lactic acid bacteria. Four lactic strains were used (Lactobacillus acidophilus LbA-CECT4529, Lactobacillus plantarum LbP-CECT 748, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis Bb12 and Bifidobacterium bifidum Bb 443). The growth and acidification kinetics of the tested strains were evaluated. The content sugar was determinate with HPLC. Results: All lactic bacteria were able to grow on all culture media, but the best results were obtained with MRS and DP media. No significant difference (p \<0.05) was observed between DP and MRS medium. The consumption of sugars and proteins in the DP medium was good with all tested bacteria (70.87 to 81.96\% and 71.42 to 80.90\%, respectively). After the analysis of sugar content of DP medium before and after fermentation with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fructose was the only sugar detected (45.28μg/ml {\textpm} 0.24). After fermentation, 83\% of fructose was consumed by Bb12. Conclusion: The present data allow us to conclude that date medium promotes the growth of lactic bacteria and can be considered as MRS standard medium substitute.

}, keywords = {Dates, Fermentation, Lactic acid bacteria, Medium, MRS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.86}, author = {Soumia KEDDARI and Mokhtaria Yasmina BOUFADI and Meriem MOKHTAR and Djahira HAMED} } @article {1700, title = {Cytotoxic Activities of Phytochemical Components from Ethanol Extract of Ajwa Date on Human Hepatoma Cancer Cells in Vitro}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1664-1672}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1664}, abstract = {

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver cancer that occurs and develops in the liver and is among the top frequent cancer-related death worldwide. Currently, clinical treatment options can control the HCC cancer, but, in some cases, it develops resistance to standard therapies and does not respond to these treatment options. Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is used in traditional and alternative therapies for its various health benefits. Objective: The present study aims to evaluate the anticancer and cytotoxic effects of Ajwa date ethanol extract (ADX) on hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cells. Materials and Methods: The polyphenolic constituents of ADX were analysed using HPLC to identify the major polyphenols in the extract. The cell proliferation and viability percentages were examined through Trypan blue dye and MTT assay. Additionally, DNA fragmentation and mRNA expression level of apoptotic genes were applied to investigate the cell death mechanism. Results: The ADX induced significant cytotoxic effects against hepatocarcinoma cells in vitro. It was reduced the viability and proliferation in HepG2 cells treated with ADX at various concentrations for different exposure times comparing to untreated cells. Furthermore, the microscopic investigation showed apparent changes in HepG2 treated cells and the results of DNA fragmentation showed an increase in the percentage of fragmented DNA. Moreover, the expression of p53 and Bax genes was up regulated, while Bcl-2 gene expression was down regulated, in HepG2 cells treated with ADX. Conclusion: The ADX may be a promising natural anticancer agent and can be developed as a new anticancer therapy tool.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Date extract, DNA fragmentation, HepG2 cells, MTT Assay.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.214}, author = {Faizah Ahmed AlMalki} } @article {1626, title = {Cytotoxic Activity of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack Root Extract Against Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {1014-1018}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1014}, abstract = {

Background: Eurycoma longifolia (E. longifolia) or Tongkat Ali is a tree that grows in southeast Asia, the roots of which contain bioactive components that exhibit cytotoxic properties against various cancer cell lines. However, no study has been conducted to relate the cytotoxic properties against nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a type of cancer that shows poor prognosis for metastatic disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the E. longifolia root extract exerts cytotoxic activity against nasopharyngeal carcinoma (ORL-115) cell lines. Materials and Method: E. longifolia root extracts were obtained through Soxhlet extraction method and by using two different solvents; ethanol and dicholoromethane. MTS assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the root extracts against ORL-115 cell line for three different incubation time which were 24-hour, 48-hour and 72-hour. Results: Ethanol extract was significantly more potent compared to DCM extract. Ethanol extract exhibited lower IC50 value compared to DCM extract. The IC50 of ethanol extract were 232.1 μg/ml, 66.86 μg/ml and 42.6 μg/ml. Meanwhile the IC50 of DCM extract were 678.87 μg/ml, 136.71 μg/ml, 73.72 μg/ml for 24-hour, 48-hour and 72-hour incubation period respectively. The cytotoxic activity of both extracts increased as the incubation time prolonged. The cytotoxic activity of ethanol extract at each incubation time was significantly different from DCM extract except at 72 hours. Conclusion: E. longifolia root extracts exerted cytotoxic activity against the nasopharyngeal carcinoma (ORL-115) cell line. Ethanol extract exhibited lower IC50 value compared to DCM extract. The cytotoxic activity of both extracts were dose dependent and time dependent.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxic activity, E. longifolia, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.131}, author = {Nur Haseena Kajahmohideen and Siti NurSyafiqah Razi and Ghasak Ghazi Faisal and Abdelkader Elbadawy Ashour and Anisa Kusumawardani and Essam A. Makky and OE Ibrahim} } @article {1674, title = {Cytotoxic Activity of Peronema canescens Jack Leaves on Human Cells: HT-29 and Primary Adenocarcinoma Colon Cancer}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1389-1396}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1389}, abstract = {

Background: In Indonesia, this species was well known in Sumatera, Kalimantan, Java, and Sulawesi. Peronema canescens Jack (Sungkai) was traditionally used as an anti-flatulent, fever, toothache. Sungkai leaves contain many secondary metabolites with potential anticancer activity. The reported anticancer research was still limited to the cytotoxic activity of chloroform extract on the HT-29 colon cancer cell line. However, it was necessary to uncover the underlying mechanism. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism (such as cell cycle inhibition, induces cells apoptosis, and necrosis) of subfraction chloroform (SF3) from P. canescens extract has anticancer activity on HT-29 cells and primary Adenocarcinoma (AdenoCa pT3N1cM1) colon cancer cells. Materials and Methods: The extraction by maceration method using methanol solvent, the fractionation process was using vacuum column chromatography (VCC) with polarity gradient eluent. The cytotoxicity of SF3 was measured by MTT assay. The cell cycle inhibition, apoptosis induction, and necrosis cells were evaluated with the Flow cytometry method. Results: Cytotoxicity value (IC50) against AdenoCa cells was 1.897 μg/ml. The inhibition activity of synthesis and mitosis phase in cell cycle demonstrated that the different concentrations of SF3 have inhibition activity on HT-29 (29.614 μg/ml) of 26.79\% and 0.16\%, AdenoCa cells (14.807 μg/ml) of 10.27\% and 19.29\%, respectively. For induced apoptosis activity on HT-29 (29.614 μg/ml) and AdenoCa cells (14.807 μg/ml) were 26.58\% and 11.50\%, successively. Whereas, necrosis activity on HT-29 (29.614 μg/ ml) and AdenoCa cells (14.807 μg/ml) were 0.02\%, and 9.56\%, respectively. Conclusion: The subfractions chloroform (SF3) of P. canescens extract has potential activity on HT-29 and Adenocarcinoma cells through cell cycle inhibition, induces apoptosis and necrosis cells.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Cell cycle, Colon cancer cells, Necrosis, Peronema canescens Jack}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.176}, author = {Arsyik Ibrahim and Siswandono and Bambang Prajogo EW} } @article {1355, title = {Cytotoxicity Effect of the Pericarp Extracts of Garcinia forbesii King on MCF-7 Breast Cancer and HepG2 Liver Cancer Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {226-229}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {226}, abstract = {

Background: The species from the genus Garcinia has long been used as traditional medicine for cancer treatment. Objective: To analyze the phytochemical contents and assess the cytotoxic effects of pericarp extracts of Garcinia forbesii King against MCF-7 breast cancer cells and HepG2 liver cancer cells. Materials and Methods: The phytochemical contents were analyzed using the thin-layer chromatography and the cytotoxic activity was assessed using the MTT assay method. Results: Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and polyphenols. The cytotoxic activities of n-hexane, DCM and ethyl acetate extracts on MCF-7 cells were shown with IC50 103.605{\textpm}2.3410 μg/ mL, 397.609{\textpm}28.0534 μg/mL and 1,518.301{\textpm}68.6379 μg/mL respectively, while the IC50 on HepG2 cells were 79.798{\textpm}1.2261 μg/mL, 83.230{\textpm}4.2557 μg/mL and 671.875{\textpm}94.3338 μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: The n-hexane, DCM and ethyl acetate extracts from pericarps of G. forbesii King have cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells, therefore, it has the potential to be developed as an anticancer.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Cytotoxic, Garcinia forbesii King., HepG2, MCF-7}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.32}, author = {Joharman and Hadi Poerwono and Sukardiman} } @article {1370, title = {Cytotoxicity Study of Ethanol Extract of Bintangor Leaf (Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f) on T47D Breast Cancer Cell Line (Cytotoxicity Study with MTT Assay Method)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {362-367}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {362}, abstract = {

Introduction: The public has used Bintangor leaf (Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f) for various medical treatments, including treated inflamed eyes and gout. Aim: This research aimed to determine the cytotoxic effect of ethanol extract and fraction of Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f leaf toward T47D breast cancer cell. Methods: The test used T47D breast cancer cells, the 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test method, and ELISA Reader to determine the absorbance. This method{\textquoteright}s principle was the presence of tetrazolium salts by the reductase system in the mitochondria of living cells formed purple formazan crystals. The used parameter was the value of IC50. Results: The result showed that ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and butanol fraction did not have a cytotoxic effect on T47D breast cancer cell. The values of IC50 respectively are 585.31 μg/ml; 409.33 μg/ ml; 534.08 μg/ml; and 563.22 μg/ml. Conclusion: Ethanol extract and Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f leaf fraction did not have a cytotoxic effect on T47D breast cancer cells.

}, keywords = {Bintangor Leaf, Breast Cancer Line, Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f, Cytotoxicity, MTT Assay, T47D}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.46}, author = {Elidahanum Husni and Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Hanifa Nurul Fitri and Elsa Badriyya} } @article {1689, title = {The Cytotoxicity Study of Lantana camara Linn Essential Oil on HeLa Cancer Cells Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1498-1501}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1498}, abstract = {

Lantana camara Linn (Verbenaceae) is a natural plant that thrives in tropical climates and is relatively easy to cultivate. In Indonesia, this plant is still often considered as a weed. When held, the unpleasant smell and sticky hand make people dislike this plant even though the flowers are diverse. The essential oil was extracted from the leaves of L. camara by hydrodistillation. This study aimed to see how cytotoxic L. camara essential oil was against HeLa carcinoma cells. This research aimed to discover if L. camara essential oil was cytotoxic to HeLa cancer cells. The GC-MS investigation of an essential oil recognized ten compounds; two main constituents of the oil were Caryophyllene (27.65\%) and Germacrene D (23.01\%). The essential oil showed cytotoxicity on HeLa cervical cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic effect of oil was determined using MTT, IC50 values were 44.86 μg/mL + 0.07

}, keywords = {Cervical cancer, Cytotoxicity, HeLa, Hydrodistillation, Lantana camara}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.190}, author = {Suryati and Dira Hefni and Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Dachriyanus} } @article {1341, title = {Determination of Lupeol, a Cytotoxic Compound Against SW620 Cells in the Extracts of Ha-Rak Recipe}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {133-138}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {133}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ha-Rak is an herbal recipe that has been stated by Ministry of Public Health, Thailand to utilize as the herbal medicines for the treatment of fever. The recipe comprises the roots of five plants including Capparis micracantha, Clerodendrum indicum, Ficus racemosa, Harrisonia perforata and Tiliacora triandra as its ingredients. Methods: The extracts of Ha-Rak and its five herbal principles were evaluated for their potential on the cytotoxicity against SW620 cancer cell lines using the MTT assay and an active compound, lupeol which was found as a cytotoxic compound in the herbal ingredients of Ha-Rak was further determined. A chromatographic method for investigating that compound in the extracts was developed herein. The analytical method comprised a cholesterol-coated C18 column, a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol (70:30) with a flow rate of 2 mL/min, and a diode-array UV wavelength at 210 nm as a stationary phase, mobile phase, and detector, respectively. Results: The amount of lupeol in the extracts of Ha-Rak and the herbal principles, which possessed cytotoxicity against SW620 cell lines with the IC50 values of 30.10-212.24 μg/mL displayed variously in the range of 4.50-250.62 mg/100g. The difference of the contents among the extracts was noted significantly (P \< 0.05). The correlation between the lupeol contents and their cytotoxic performances on the tested cell lines was observed in our investigation. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that Ha-Rak recipe contains a promising cytotoxic compound, lupeol and it will support the recipe to subject further pharmacological studies on anticancer activity.

}, keywords = {Benchalokawichian, Cancer Cell Lines, Cytotoxicity, Ha-Rak, Lupeol, MTT}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.18}, author = {Pathom Somwong and Chomnapas Chuchote} } @article {1658, title = {Determination of Urinary Methyl Hippuric Acid Using Shimadzu UV-Visible Spectrophotometer Among Petroleum Employees}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1277-1281}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1277}, abstract = {

Xylene is a significant part of petroleum and a broadly considered as a natural impure material. About 98\% of Xylene is extracted from the petrochemical and petrol refining factories. It is one of the major genotoxicant part in petroleum, which may initiate various diseases but malignancy is questionable. Taking into consideration, we intend to identify the urinary methyl hippuric acid level which is metabolic product of xylene among petroleum station employees as well as in healthy persons. Aims and Objectives: To identify the occupational exposure of xylene in petrol station employees by assessing urinary methyl hippuric acid level. To determine and compare the level of urinary methyl hippuric acid among healthy individuals and petrol station employees. Materials and Methods: Urine samples were collected from 30 healthy individual (control) and 30 petroleum employees (case) working in petroleum station who are above 18 years of age. The urinary methyl hippuric acid (MHA) level was analysed by using Shimadzu UV-Visible Spectrophotometer method. Results: The urinary Methyl hippuric acid level was significantly higher in petroleum station employees than in healthy individuals (p\<0.001). Conclusion: The urinary MHA level is a helpful tool to identify the occupational exposure of people who work in petrol and petroleum product. Subsequently, our investigation accentuates that proper precautionary measure and efficiently bio-observing should be taken among petrol station employees which will assist with reducing their likely degrees of risk related with the occupation. It might start the cancer-causing disease through the cellular DNA changes and induce genotoxic effects.

}, keywords = {Occupational Exposure, Urine Methyl Hippuric Acid Level, UV Spectrophotometry, Xylene}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.161}, author = {Vidya Gowdappa Doddawad and B.M. Gurupadayya and Shivananda S and Vidya CS and Azhar Mohammed and Bhuyan L} } @article {1715, title = {Effect of a Gel Based on Ipomoea batatas (Purple Sweet Potato) on Dermal Wound Healing in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1720-1726}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1720}, abstract = {

Background: Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (I. batatas) is a root native from South America that is characterized by its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties contribute to the wound healing process. Objective: To evaluate the healing activity of a gel based on I. batatas on dermal wound healing in mice. Material and methods: An acid ethanolic extract (1.5 N hydrochloric acid: Ethanol 96 {\textdegree} 15:85, v / v) was prepared with the peels of the roots of I. batatas "purple sweet potato", which was incorporated into the formulations 0.5\% and 1\% gel. Mus musculus Balb / c with induced injury were distributed in four experimental groups: Group I (Control), which did not receive any treatment. Group II (Gel base), Group III (Gel I. batatas 0.5\%) and Group IV (Gel I. batatas 1\%) received the daily administration of topical treatments for 14 days. Wound closure was determined during the experimentation time, then they were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital 60 mg / kg / pc v.ip. to obtain skin samples for histopathological analysis. Results: Group IV shows a higher percentage of wound closure, which is also evidenced in histopathological changes. Conclusions: The 1\% gel based on the ethanolic extract of the peels of the roots of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. they show healing activity in wounds induced in mice, being the most effective treatment.

}, keywords = {Histology, Ipomoea batatas, Skin., Wound Healing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.222}, author = {Carmen R. Silva-Correa and Cristel M. Ortiz-Noriega and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a} } @article {1714, title = {Effect of a Gel Based on Ipomoea batatas (Purple Sweet Potato) on Dermal Wound Healing in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1720-1726}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1720}, abstract = {

Background: Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (I. batatas) is a root native from South America that is characterized by its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties contribute to the wound healing process. Objective: To evaluate the healing activity of a gel based on I. batatas on dermal wound healing in mice. Material and methods: An acid ethanolic extract (1.5 N hydrochloric acid: Ethanol 96 {\textdegree} 15:85, v / v) was prepared with the peels of the roots of I. batatas "purple sweet potato", which was incorporated into the formulations 0.5\% and 1\% gel. Mus musculus Balb / c with induced injury were distributed in four experimental groups: Group I (Control), which did not receive any treatment. Group II (Gel base), Group III (Gel I. batatas 0.5\%) and Group IV (Gel I. batatas 1\%) received the daily administration of topical treatments for 14 days. Wound closure was determined during the experimentation time, then they were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital 60 mg / kg / pc v.ip. to obtain skin samples for histopathological analysis. Results: Group IV shows a higher percentage of wound closure, which is also evidenced in histopathological changes. Conclusions: The 1\% gel based on the ethanolic extract of the peels of the roots of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. they show healing activity in wounds induced in mice, being the most effective treatment.

}, keywords = {Histology, Ipomoea batatas, Skin., Wound Healing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.222}, author = {Carmen R. Silva-Correa and Cristel M. Ortiz-Noriega and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Luz M. Guerrero-Espino and William A. Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Anabel D. Gonz{\'a}lez- Siccha and Mar{\'\i}a V. Gonz{\'a}lez-Blas and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco and Jorge Del Rosario-Ch{\'a}varri and Patricia Contreras- Vera and Julio Hilario-Vargas} } @article {1678, title = {Effect of Aporosa villosa Stem Ethanolic Extract on Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1422-1427}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1422}, abstract = {

Background: An excessive fat accumulation is related to development of obesity. Obesity is associated with the induction of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus conditions. Aporosa villosa is a plant that found in the Northern and Northeastern region of Thailand. Objective: The present study used 3T3-L1 adipocytes for investigating the effect of Aporosa villosa stem ethanolic extract (AS) on adipogenesis. Materials and Methods: 3T3-L1 adipocytes were used for measuring the cytotoxicity of AS at a concentration range of 3-100 μg/mL. After adipocyte cells treated with AS (3-100 μg/mL) for 8 days, the lipid accumulation was detected by Oil Red O staining and adipogenic gene expression were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Results: AS extracts (3-100 μg/mL) did not show cytotoxicity on cell proliferation. After 8 days of treating 3T3-L1 adipocytes with AS at doses of 3, 10, 30 and 100 μg/mL, the lipid droplets were reduced as compared to non-treated cells. Furthermore, the adipogenic genes were measured. The regulators of adipogenesis, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor γ (PPARγ) and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) were found decreasing in AS extracts. The downstream target genes of these regulators cluster of differentiation (CD) 36, fatty acid synthase (FAS) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were also reduced by AS treatments. Conclusion: These findings indicate that AS extract has an inhibitory activity on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via suppressing C/EBPα, PPARγ and SREBP1c.

}, keywords = {Aporosa villosa; Adipogenesis; Obesity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.180}, author = {Urarat Nanna and Linda Chularojmontri and Pholawat Tingpej and Rawiwun Kaewamatawong and Sudarat Homhual and Wanwisa Suwannaloet and Thanes Fuangfoo and Jarinyaporn Naowaboot} } @article {1344, title = {The Effect of Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg Extract Supplementation on Kidney Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Rat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {150-154}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {150}, abstract = {

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a kidney disease resulting in high morbidity and mortality levels in humans. One of the disorders classified as AKI is ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), characterized by two phases. The first phase is Ischemia in the kidneys due to obstruction of the renal arteries or veins, followed by the second phase, which is the occurrence of reperfusion with blood flowing back in the renal arteries veins. The aim of this current research is to analyze the efficacy of Artocarpus altilis on Kidney ischemiareperfusion model rats. Methods: To this end, first, we established Ischaemia-reperfusion kidney injury rat. We then evaluated the Artocarpus altilis extract on IRI model rats. A total of 36 rats have grouped into six groups. Group I is the Sham group, Group II is the negative control group, Group III is the positive control group (vitamin C 100 mg/kg BW), Group IV is Dose I of Artocarpus altilis extract 50 mg/kg BW), Group V is Dose II Artocarpus altilis extract 100 mg/kg BW), Group VI is Dose III Artocarpus altilis extract 200 mg/kg BW). The vitamin C and Artocarpus altilis extract administered 14 days before and after Ischemia-reperfusion treatment. At day 0, Ischemia was made by bilateral renal pedicle clamping method for 30 minutes, sacrificed 14 days after reperfusion. The blood and histology samples were collected on day 0, a day after reperfusion, at 24 hrs after reperfusion, at 48 hrs after reperfusion, and 14 days after treatment. Results: The clamping duration of 30 minutes leads to achieving the most representative clinical IRI conditions. It shows the most significant recovery of injury conditions within the 14-day reperfusion period in IRI animal models, making it ideal for IRI operations for the preliminary test. The administration of 100 mg/kg BW of Artocarpus altilis extract could reduce the malondialdehyde plasma compared with the sham group. The SOD and Catalase activity showed improvement after reperfusion. Conclusion: Artocarpus altilis extracts showed antioxidant activity to prevent the kidney from ischemia-reperfusion injury by modulated SOD and Catalase.

}, keywords = {Acute kidney disease, Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg, Free Radicals, Reperfusion injury, Sukun}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.21}, author = {Anton Bahtiar and Aulia Jihan Miranda and Ade Arsianti} } @article {1605, title = {The Effect of Ethanol Extract of Katuk Leaves (Sauropus androgynus) on Red Blood Cell Count (HR), Hemoglobin (Hb), and Hematocrit (Ht) of Rats Exposed to Emission}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {860-865}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {860}, abstract = {

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 70\% of the world{\textquoteright}s urban population has breathed polluted air from motorcycle emissions. Lead poisoning will have an impact on anemia which is characterized by a decrease in the amount of red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin level (Hb), and hematocrit level (Ht). Katuk leaves contain papaverine which can bind to the red blood cell. The purpose of this research is to see the ability of the ethanol extract of katuk leaves (Sauropus androgynus) to prevent the reduction of RBC, Hb, and Ht. The descriptive, experimental research method that analyzes changes in hematological parameters in experimental rats was conducted 24 days with samples of 30 white rats species of Rattus norvegicus, divided into five groups: control (-), control (+), Treatment 1 (P1, extract 50 mg/kg body weight), Treatment 2 (P2, extract 100 mg/kg body weight), and Treatment 3 (P3, extract 200 mg/kg body weight). All rats used in treatment groups were exposed to motorcycle smoke. The study was carried out for 16 days, and on day-17, all groups were drawn blood through the orbital vein. The results showed the concentration of extract of 200 mg/kg weight has the highest increase in hematological parameters for RBC (8.42 {\textpm} 0.67); Hb (14.0 {\textpm} 0.48); and Ht (44.6 {\textpm} 0.89). Katuk leaf ethanol extract had a significant effect (p \<0.05) in increasing RBC, Hb, and Ht. Therefore, the ethanol extract of katuk leaves can be a potential drug candidate for medicine in conditions where lower hematological parameters occur due to exposure to air pollution.

}, keywords = {Air Pollution, Hematology, Katuk Leaves}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.110}, author = {Budi Siswanto} } @article {1416, title = {The Effect of Ethanol Extract of Moringa Leaf (Moringa oleifera Lam) Against the Activity and Capacity of Phagocytosis of Macrofag Cells and the Percentage of Leukosit Cells of White Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {706-712}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {706}, abstract = {

Aim: This study aims to determine the activity, capacity of macrophage phagocytosis, and percentage of leukocyte cells of male mice treated with the ethanol extract of moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera Lam). Methods: Twenty male mice were divided into four equal groups. The extract was administered orally for seven days at a dose of 10; 30; 100 mg/kg; and 0.5\% CMC Na suspension as a negative control. On the 8th day, the percentage of blood cell leukocytes in mice tail was calculated using a microscope. Suspension of Staphylococcus aureus was injected intraperitoneally. The peritoneal fluid was taken to figure the activity and capacity of macrophage cell phagocytosis. The activity and capacity of macrophage cells are calculated using a microscope. The data were statistically analyzed by the one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) method and Duncan test. Results: The results showed that giving oral ethanol extract of Moringa leaves on male could increase macrophage activity and capacity, increasing dose, macrophage activity number, and capacity increased. The highest activity and capacity was achieved at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Moringa leaf extract can also increase the percentage of banded neutrophil, lymphocytes, eosinophil cells and decrease the percentage of neutrophil cell segments and monocytes from male white mice. The highest percentage of banded neutrophil, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and reductions in the percentage of neutrophil cell segments, monocytes present at doses of 100 mg/kg. Conclusion: From the result, it can conclude that ethaol extract of Moringa Leaf can increase the activity and capacity of macrophages and percentage of neutrophils.

}, keywords = {macrophage cell, Moringa oleifera Lam, Phagocytosis, Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.90}, author = {Elidahanum Husni and Elsa Badriyya and Luqyana Putri and Yufri Aldi} } @article {1426, title = {The Effect of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) Root Extract on salivary S. Mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida Albicans Isolated from High-Risk Caries Adult Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {787-791}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {787}, abstract = {

Introduction: The roots of E. longifolia jack (E.L.) or Tongkat Ali have been used in traditional medicine as well as supplements and food additives. Many chemical compounds have been detected in extracts of its roots which are believed to be responsible for its medicinal properties. In this study, our objectives were to study the effects of EL root extracts on the growth of Streptococcus Mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida Albicans isolated from saliva of adult patients with high caries risk. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of the root of this plant was tested against saliva isolated Streptococcus Mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida Albicans via disc diffusion assay at a concentration of 200mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration was carried out by the standard broth microdilution method. Cell viability of test microorganisms against different concentration of the extract and inhibition zones were calculated. Results: Disk diffusion assay showed positive zones of inhibition for all test microorganisms with S. mutans, Lactobacillus and C. albicans exhibiting zones of inhibition of 8.3 {\textpm} 0.7mm, 12.4 {\textpm} 2.4mm and 21.4 {\textpm} 2.7mm respectively. For minimum inhibitory concentration, the test microorganisms were tested at concentration of 250mg/ mL, 125mg/mL, 62.5mg/mL, 31.3mg/mL and 0mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration showed that MIC of S. mutans was at 62.5mg/mL, Lactobacillus at 125mg/mL and C. albicans at 31.3mg/mL. Lastly, the cell viability results supported the MIC determined prior. Conclusion: Ethanol-based E. longifolia Jack root extract has an antimicrobial effect on the following microorganisms isolated from the saliva of high-risk caries adult patients: S. mutans, Lactobacillus and C. albicans.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial effect, Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Inhibition, Salivary isolate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.100}, author = {Muhamad Iyad bin Ramzi and Muhammad Hazzim bin Kosnin and Ghasak Ghazi Faisal and Mohd Hafiz Arzmi and Anisa Kusumawardani and ASM Sabere and Essam A Makky and OE Ibrahim and Ghasak Ghazi Faisal and Mohd Hafiz Arzmi and Anisa Kusumawardani and ASM Sabere and Essam A Makky and OE Ibrahim} } @article {1337, title = {The Effect of Giving Red-fleshed Watermelon Juice (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)) on Pregnant White Mice (Mus Musculus) Exposed by Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) Orally on the Number and Morphology of Fetus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {97-102}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {97}, abstract = {

Introduction: Infertility can occur due to the presence of free radicals. One of the most popular of free radical is monosodium glutamate. Free radicals from monosodium glutamate can be prevented by antioxidant compounds. Red-fleshed-fleshed watermelon is a fruit that contains antioxidant compound such as lycopene. Aim: This research was conducted to see the effect of red-fleshed-fleshed watermelon juice on the fetus including number, morphology, visual abnormalities and body weight of pregnant white mice exposed to monosodium glutamate solution orally. Total of 25 female white mice aged around 2-3 months were used as test animals. Methods: Pregnant white mice were divided into 5 test groups. Group I and II served as negative controls (whithout treatment) and positive controls (exposed to monosodium glutamate solution orally at dose of 1g/kgBW). Group III was given a solution of monosodium glutamate orally at dose of 1 g/KgBW added red-fleshed-fleshed watermelon juice at dose of 1.4 g/kgBW. Group IV was given solution of monosodium glutamate orally at dose of 1 g/KgBW added red-fleshed-fleshed watermelon juice at dose of 4.2 g/kgBW. The research data were processed using the one-way ANNOVA test. Results: The result showed that mice body weight, fetal number and morphology (body weight, body length, tail length, and head diameter) did not significantly influence (p\>0.05). However, it significantly affected the weight gain of mice during pregnancy. However, it significantly affected the weight gain of mice during pregnancy day 6 to day 17 of pregnancy (p\<0.05) and found abnormalities in the fetus such as low birth weight (LBW) and haemorrhage in group II and III. Conclusion: It can be concluded that watermelon juice at dose of 2.8 g/kgBW and 4.2 g/kgBW are effective in ward offfree radicals from monosodium glutamate orally at dose of 1 g/kgBW.

}, keywords = {Fetus, Infertility, Lycopene, Monosodium glutamate, Red-fleshed watermelon}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.14}, author = {Dwisari Dillasamola and Fitri Rachmaini and Dian Ayu Juwita and Rini Haryati} } @article {1612, title = {Effect of Glycyrrhizin and Sappan Wood Extract on Chemically- Induced Oral Mucosal Ulcer: An in vivo Animal Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {909-915}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {909}, abstract = {

Introduction: Stomatitis is the most common oral mucosal lesions characterized by round ulcers with yellow-white color and usually heals up to 14 days. Many recent studies have demonstrated that glycyrrhizin (GL) and C. sappan extract (CSE) exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and antioxidant action but no study has demonstrated the effect on the oral mucosal ulcer. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of GL and CSE in experimentally chemically induced oral mucosal ulcers using rats. Methods: Male Sprague- Dawley rats were randomly distributed into seven groups: the control group, the comparison group of 0.1\% triamcinolone acetonide (TCA), a single treatment group of 3\% GL and 3\% CSE, combination groups of 3\% GL + CSE (1:1, 1:2, 2:1). The oral ulcer model was induced by 15 μL of 50\% acetic acid. The clinical healing was evaluated by measuring the ulcer size and body weight from day 0{\textendash}14 and evaluate the leukocyte number on days 0, 4, 9 and 14. Histological examination was conducted at the end of the treatment. Results: The group of 0.1\% TCA and GL:CSE (2:1) showed greater ulcer closure (\>80\%) and decreased leukocyte number since day 4 (p\<0.05). Body weight loss was observed after ulcer initiation and started to increase after day 4 of treatment. While the histological examination showed similar tissue regeneration profile only from the GL:CSE (2:1) group with the healthy oral mucosa. Conclusion: Combination treatment of GL:CSE (2:1) enhanced the closure of oral mucosal ulcer and demonstrate complete tissue regeneration.

}, keywords = {Caesalpinia sappan, Licorice, Stomatitis, Triamcinolone Acetonide}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.117}, author = {Ariiq Azmi Rofiqi Sulkhan and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Sutriyo} } @article {1332, title = {The Effect of Jatropha curcas L Seed Extract on AST/ALT Activity and The Central Vein Thickness in Liver}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {66-72}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {66}, abstract = {

Background: Jatropha is known as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-fungal, anti-cancer, and has coagulant activity. Jatropha curcas (Jatropha curcas L.) contains toxic compounds such as cursin, ricin and gallic acid. The liver has an important role in the process of metabolism and detoxification of xenobiotic substances. Repeated exposure to toxic compounds can damage hepatic hepatocytes. If the hepatocyte cells are injured, the AST/ALT enzyme is excreted and goes into the blood vessels, as an indicator of liver damage. This is also indicated by changes in the thickness of the central veins. This study aims to determine the effect of giving jatropha seed extract (Jatropha curcas L.) on AST/ALT activity and the central vein thickness in the liver. Materials and Methods: The research design was experimental, using male rats (Rattus novergicus L) Sprague Dawley strain. The rats were given Jatropha seed extract at doses of 0, 5, 25, 50, and 250 mg/ KgBW for 28 days. To assess liver damage, measurements of AST/ ALT activity and thickness of the central vein in the liver were performed. Results: Jatropha seed extract increased ALT activity at doses of 25.50, and 250 mg / KgBW compared to the control group (1.207; 1.62; 1.548 IU/L/ mg tissue x 10-3); and increased AST activity at doses of 5, 25, 50, and 250 mg / KgBW compared to the control group (0.769; 0.974; 1.449; 1.185 IU/L/ mg tissue x 10-3); Central vein thickness increased at doses of 25 and 50 mg/KgBW (6.17 and 4.9 μm) (Kruskal Wallis; p\> 0.05). Conclusion: Jatropha curcas L. seed extract increased the activity of AST/ALT and the thickness of the central vein in the liver.

}, keywords = {AST/ALT, Jatropha, Liver, The central vein thickness}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.10}, author = {Faradila Amirabagya and Rr Ayu Fitri Hapsari and Endah Wulandari} } @article {1691, title = {The Effect of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) Leaf Extract on the Mucin 1 Expression in Mice Colonic Epithelial Cells Induced by Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1509-1515}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1509}, abstract = {

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic inflammation caused by the malignant inflammation response and if not treated, could lead to colorectal cancer. One of the researched treatment is mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) leaf extract that has flavonoid compound known to reduce inflammation. This study was aimed to prove that mahkota dewa leaf extract could reduce inflammation of mice colon induced with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and observe MUC1 expression from colon epithelial crypt of Lieberkuhn. Methods: This was a laboratory experiment using biological material (paraffin block) taken from 28 mice and divided into 5 groups: normal, aspirin, low and high dose mahkota dewa, and negative control. They were processed into immunohistochemistry and stained microscopic slides. Afterwards, they were observed with 400x magnification and 5 field-of-view of mice colon crypt of lieberkuhn. Then MUC1 expression was counted using ImageJ to obtain mean immunohistochemistry score and analyzed with SPSS. Results: There were significant reduction of MUC1 expressions from normal, aspirin, and high dose mahkota dewa groups compared to the negative control group. The result shown MUC1 expression from high dose mahkota dewa (M=149.90,SD=3.81) and aspirin (M=158.92,SD=5.28) were closer to normal group (M=148.02,SD=5.28). There were no significant results between negative (M=175.39,SD=14.30) and low dose mahkota dewa group (M=149.90,SD=5.02). Conclusion: There was a reduction of MUC1 expression in DSS-induced mice colonic epithelial cells for high dose mahkota dewa group. This shown that high dosage mahkota dewa leaf extract could reduce inflammation like aspirin.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory agent, Colon epithelial cell, Inflammatory bowel Disease, Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa), MUC 1 expression}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.192}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Natasha Yemima Situmorang and Endah Zuraidah and Ari Estuningtyas and Aryo Tedjo} } @article {1682, title = {Effect of Muntingia calabura L. Leaf Extract on Blood Glucose Levels and Body Weight of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1450-1455}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1450}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Muntingia calabura L. leaf extract on the blood glucose level and weight of alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Methods: The mice were injected using 150mg/kg of alloxan intraperitoneally to induce diabetes. Blood glucose level was tested before alloxan injection and 5 days after injection to confirm diabetes development. M. calabura leaf extract with 100 and 300 mg/kg and 600 μg/kg of glibenclamide was given orally for 14 days. Results: The statistical results showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level, especially on day-7 and day-14 in the M. calabura leaf extract treatment group and glibenclamide treatment group compared to the model control group. There was an increase of weight on day-7 and day-14 in the M. calabura leaf extract group and a significant decrease in weight on day-7 in the glibenclamide group compared to the model control group. Conclusion: M. calabura leaf extract had a significant antidiabetic effect that can normalize the weight of alloxan-induced diabetic mice.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Diabetes, Mice, Muntingia calabura leaf}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.184}, author = {Tridiganita Intan Solikhah and Gahastanira Permata Solikhah} } @article {1686, title = {Effect of Muntingia calabura L. Leaf Extract on Blood Glucose Levels and Body Weight of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1450-1455}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1450}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Muntingia calabura L. leaf extract on the blood glucose level and weight of alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Methods: The mice were injected using 150mg/kg of alloxan intraperitoneally to induce diabetes. Blood glucose level was tested before alloxan injection and 5 days after injection to confirm diabetes development. M. calabura leaf extract with 100 and 300 mg/kg and 600 μg/kg of glibenclamide was given orally for 14 days. Results: The statistical results showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level, especially on day-7 and day-14 in the M. calabura leaf extract treatment group and glibenclamide treatment group compared to the model control group. There was an increase of weight on day-7 and day-14 in the M. calabura leaf extract group and a significant decrease in weight on day-7 in the glibenclamide group compared to the model control group. Conclusion: M. calabura leaf extract had a significant antidiabetic effect that can normalize the weight of alloxan-induced diabetic mice.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Diabetes, Mice, Muntingia calabura leaf}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.184}, author = {Tridiganita Intan Solikhah and Gahastanira Permata Solikhah} } @article {1670, title = {The Effect of Sambiloto and Spirulina Combination on Mucin-1 Protein Expression in Medial Colon of Plasmodium berghei ANKA Infected Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1359-1365}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1359}, abstract = {

Malaria still be health problem in the world, especially in Eastern Indonesia. Malaria{\textquoteright}s inflammation and metabolism defect can cause colonic damage, such as enhancement Muc-1 protein expression and goblet cells hyperplasia. Sambiloto and spirulina combination as antiinflammatory and antioxidative agent can prevent medial colon damage Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice. The aim of the study to show the effect of sambiloto and spirulina combination on Muc-1 protein activity in medial colon Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice. This study use preserve male Swiss Webser mice colonic tissue which has inoculated by Plasmodium berghei ANKA, whose treatment group include positive control (dehyroartemisin piperaquine), negative control (carboxymethil cellulose), AP (sambiloto), AP+ES (sambiloto+spirulina extract), and AP+PS (sambiloto+spirulina powder) and terminated after 28 days of treatment. Colonic tissue was stained with immunohistochemistry and observed using light microscope (400x) in five different field and was analyzed with ImageJ{\textregistered} sowtware, and statisitcal analysis was done with SPSS 20.0. According to One Way ANOVA and Duncan posthoc test, only AP+PS(120,98 {\textpm}3,37), which significantly difference between negative control, AP, and AP+ES group. Meanwhile, between DHP, AP+PS group not significantly differenece. Sambiloto extract and spirulina powder combination can reduce Muc-1 protein expression in medial colon Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice.

}, keywords = {Medial colon, Muc-1, Plasmodium berghei Anka, Sambiloto, Spirulina}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.172}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Baiqi Nur Hairi and Nadar Sukri Lubis and Tri Wahyuni Lestari and Putri Reno Intan} } @article {1413, title = {Effect of Soybean on Bone Health and Some Metabolic Parameters in Postmenopausal Egyptian Women}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {688-697}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {688}, abstract = {

Introduction: Great concern has been raised recently concerning the therapeutic impact of soybean. The present study aims to investigate the effects of soybean on bone health and metabolic parameters in postmenopausal women. Methods: In this clinical study, 72 healthy postmenopausal women aged between 45-65 years were given soybean bioactive fraction 2 capsules (500mg each) daily for 24 weeks. Each capsule contained 31.25 mg proteins, 3.2 mg carbohydrates and 4.84 mg isoflavones. Blood pressure, bone mineral density, plasma osteocalcin (OCN), telopeptides of collagen type I (CTX), fasting insulin and blood glucose, lipid profile, serum creatinine, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and TSH were assessed prior and after the period of the study. Insulin resistance was calculated by homeostatic model assessment-IR formula (HOMA-IR). Results: Soy ingestion resulted in a significant increase in T score of the hip and OCN; recording -1.97{\textpm}0.13/-1.76{\textpm}0.12 and 22.44{\textpm}0.60ng/ml/30.93{\textpm}0.57ng/ml before/after treatment, respectively. A marked decrease was also detected in CTX from 2.22{\textpm}0.10ng/ml to 1.48{\textpm}0.08ng/ml. With regard to metabolic parameters, there was a significant decrease in fasting insulin (5.40{\textpm}0.62uU/ml vs 4.15{\textpm}0.45uU/ ml), however, fasting glucose and HOMA-IR showed no significant alterations. Lipid profile displayed remarkable decline in total cholesterol (188.86{\textpm}7.23mg/dl vs 159.60{\textpm}4.72mg/dl, triglycerides (97.09{\textpm}5.23mg/dl vs 83.56{\textpm}4.27mg/dl), LDL-c (75.60{\textpm}3.06mg/dl vs 63.95{\textpm}1.86mg/ dl) accompanied with a significant elevation in HDL-c (53.09{\textpm}0.88 vs 65.81mg/dl{\textpm}0.80mg/ dl). A significant decrease in both TSH (1.97{\textpm}0.13 uIU/ml vs 1.40{\textpm}0.08 uIU/ml) and serum creatinine (0.82{\textpm}0.02mg/dl vs0.77{\textpm}0.02mg/dl) was also noticed. Conclusion: Consumption of soy improves bone health, reduces cardiovascular risk with no adverse effects on kidney, liver or thyroid functions.

}, keywords = {Bone health, Bone mineral density, Hypocholesterolemic effect, Insulin resistance, Metabolic parameters, Soybean}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.88}, author = {Mouchira Abdel Salam and Hala M. Raslan and Doha A. Mohamed and Aliaa Elgendy and Rehab A. Hussein and Omneya Moguib and Maha Abdelhadi and Rokia Abd El-Shafy Soliman El-Banna and Karem Fouda and Safenaz Y. El Sherity and Emad N. Zikri and Nagwa M. Ammar} } @article {1387, title = {Effect of Tender Coconut Water (TCW) on TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 in Streptozotocin (STZ) and Nicotinamid (NA) Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {500-505}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {500}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is characterized by an increase in blood sugar levels also known as hyperglycemia. Continuous hyperglycemia can increase the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS causes oxidative stress and increases the formation of TNF-α expression as a marker of inflammation. Tender coconut water is rich in sources of free amino acids, L-arginine and vitamin C which can prevent oxidative stress. Aim and Objectives: This research to investigate the effect of tender coconut water on TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 in Streptozotocin (STZ) and Nicotinamid (NA) induced diabetic rats. Material and Methods: Experimental research design using posttest control group design. Twenty four male wistar strain rats were used in this study were divided randomly into 4 groups, which are group K1 (control); K2 (DM type 2); K3 (DM type 2+ Glibenclamid 0,18mg/200grBW); K4 (DM type 2+ tender coconut water 8mL/200gr BW). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus were induced using Streptozotocin (STZ) 65mg/kg body weight and Nicotinamid 230 mg/kg body weight. The administration of tender coconut water were given on day 3 after DM condition is reached, given daily for 4 weeks with dose of 8 mL/200 gr BW. Data on of TNF-α , IL-1 and IL-6 levels were analyzed by One Way Anova. Result: Average TNF-α level, IL-1 level and IL-6 level in Group 2 increased compared to Group 1 , in Group 3 it decreased compared to Group 2 as well as in Group 4 .The results of the analysis has the p values \<0.05. Conclusion: Administration of tender coconut water can be decreasing of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 levels in wistar strain male rats with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, IL-1, IL-6, Tender coconut water, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.63}, author = {Siti Thomas Zulaikhah and Joko Wahyuwibowo and Mochammad Navi Suharto and Bagus Haruno Enggartiasto and Mohammad Iqbal Raka Ortanto and Arrizki Azka Pratama} } @article {1391, title = {Effects of Jamaican cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) Fruits Extract on Immunoglobulin G Levels and Hematological Profiles in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {535-541}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {535}, abstract = {

Background: Jamaican cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) fruits contain potential immunomodulatory agents such as phenolic and flavonoid compounds. However, previous research was limited only to the effect of Jamaican cherry fruits on non-specific immune response namely the phagocytic index. Objective: This study aims to determine the immunomodulatory activity of Jamaican cherry fruits against specific immune response by measuring the antibody formation named immunoglobulin G (IgG). In addition, the hematological profile of the animals induced by hepatitis B vaccine was also evaluated. Materials and methods: forty male mice were grouped into 8 groups consist of control, treatment, and standard groups. Control group was given CMC-Na 0.5\%, six treatment groups were each given either the methanol extract of Jamaican cherry fruits (MEJF), or ethyl acetate fraction of Jamaican cherry fruits (EAJFJ) with the doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW (each dose for one group), and levamisole was given to the standard group. Levamisole and extract of Jamaican cherry fruits were prepared as a suspension in CMCNa 0.5\% and administered orally for 15 days. Mice were induced with hepatitis B vaccine intraperitoneally twice. The levels of IgG, hematological profiles, and organ index were measured on the 16th day. Results: The administration of MEJF and EAFJF stimulated IgG production significantly compared to the control group (p\<0.05). Meanwhile, the MEJF and EAFJF did not influence the hematological profile. An increase of the spleen index was found in the EAFJF group compared to the control. Both MEJF and EAFJF were shown to have flavonoids, phenolics, and triterpenoids contents. Conclusion: MEJF and EAFJF possessed immunostimulant properties by increasing the specific (humoral) immune response (IgG) after induction with the hepatitis B vaccine.

}, keywords = {Hematological profile, Hepatitis B vaccine, Immunoglobulin G, Jamaican cherry (Muntingia calabura L.)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.67}, author = {Tanti Azizah Sujono and Ika Trisharyanti Dian Kusumowati and Rima Munawaroh} } @article {1423, title = {Elastase Inhibitory Activity, Determination of Total Polyphenol and Determination of Total Flavonoids and Pharmacognosy Study of Faloak Plant (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br) from East Nusa Tenggara-Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {758-764}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {758}, abstract = {

Introduction: Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R. Br) is one of the typical plants of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). Faloak contain flavonoid and polyphenol compounds, and show strong antioxidants activity which potentially correlated with its elastase inhibitory activity. Therefore, in this research, elastase inhibitory activity on various part of Faloak plant was investigated. Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the elastase inhibitory activity, determination of total polyphenol, determination of total flavonoids, and also pharmacognosy characterization of Faloak leaves, roots, stems and stem barks. Methods: Sample of leaves, roots, stems, and stem barks were extracted by 70\% ethanol using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Phytochemical screening, microscopic identification and elastase inhibitory activity testing were performed on the leaves, roots, stems, and stem barks extract. This extract with the highest elastase inhibitory activity was then determined for its total polyphenol content and of total flavonoids content. Results: UAE method with 70\% ethanol successfully extracted active compounds from leaves, stems, roots, and stem barks of Faloak. Extract of all Faloak parts contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, and glycosides. The extract of Faloak stem barks showed the strongest elastase inhibitory activity as compared to the extract from other parts, with IC50 of 73.7 μg/mL. Alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, terpene, and glycoside were detected as secondary metabolite in the extract of leaves, roots, stems and stem barks. The extract of Faloak stem barks showed the highest elastase inhibitory activity with IC50 73.7 μg/mL. The total flavonoids and total polyphenol content of Faloak stem bark extract were respectively 28.75 mg/gram and 45.25 mg/gram extract. Conclusion: The 70\% ethanol extract of leaves, roots, stems, and stem barks of Faloak showed elastase inhibitory activity, and stem barks extract showed the strongest activity. Faloak stem barks extract can be considered as potential to be developed as active compound in anti-aging product, both in cosmetic and pharmaceutical dosage forms.

}, keywords = {Elastase inhibitory, Flavonoids, Polyphenol, Sterculia quadrifida}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.97}, author = {Sofiah Yunita Radjah and Kunia Sari Setio Putri and Berna Elya} } @article {1377, title = {Ergosterol Isolated from Agaricus blazei Murill N-Hexane Extracts as Potential Anticancer MCF-7 Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {418-426}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {418}, abstract = {

Extracts and some of the Agaricus blazrei Murill isolates have potential anticancer. Ergosterol isolate from Amaouroderma rude can also inhibit the growth of MDA-MB-231 cancer cells through apoptotic pathways by increasing FOXO3 expression, while its potency against MCF-7 cells has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to isolate, determine the structure, determine the anticancer activity of MCF-7 cells, and the isolate mechanism by apoptosis from one of isolates the n-hexane A.blazei Murill extracts. This research method includes the isolation of compounds from A.blazei Murill extract by chromatography method guided using Bioactivity Guided Isolation. The structure elucidation of structure isolates used UV, NMR and MS spectroscopy. Anticancer activity test using the MTT cytotoxic test. Eludation of UV, NMR and MS structures showed a ergostrerol. The anticancer activity test showed IC50 values of 43.10 μg/ mL with the strong cytotoxic category. The mechanism of action is to increase apoptosis induction through inhibition of the cell cycle in the G2/ M phase. The conclusion of the isolated compound was ergosterol with an IC50 value of 43.10 μg / mL with an increased apoptosis induction mechanism through inhibition of the cell cycle in the G2/ M phase.

}, keywords = {Agaricus blazei, Apoptosis, Egosterol, MCF-7 cells, Murill extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.53}, author = {Misgiati Misgiati and Aty Widyawaruyanti and Sentot Joko Raharjo and Sukardiman Sukardiman} } @article {1606, title = {Ethanol Extract Activity of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) Against Hematopoietic on Anemic Male White Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {866-873}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {866}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) is known to have many benefits, including as a blood booster. This study aims to determine the activity of pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) on the formation of red blood cells. The parameters include the number of erythrocytes, reticulocytes, hemoglobin levels, and hematocrit values in anemic male white mice induced by chloramphenicol 130 mg/kg for 14 days. Methods: Anemic mice consisted of 4 groups, namely the first group was given physiological NaCl, the second, third, and fourth groups were given ethanol extract of pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) at a dose of 10, 50 and 100 mg/kgper oral every day, for 14 days. Observations were made on days 0, 14, 21, and 28. Results: The results showed that administration of pegagan embun extracts at a dose of 10, 50, and 100 mg/kgto anemic male white mice significantly increase the number of erythrocyte cells, the number of reticulocytes, the hemoglobin levels, and the hematocrit values (p \<0.05). Increasing the dose and duration of pegagan embun extract administration could provide a more significant increase in the hematopoietic parameters (p \<0.05). Conclusion:It can be concluded that the extract of pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) can be used to treat anemia in male white mice.

}, keywords = {erythrocytes, Extract of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L., Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Reticulocytes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.111}, author = {Elidahanum Husni and Dwisari Dillasamola and Elsa Badriyya and Resta Angelia and Yufri Aldi} } @article {1638, title = {Ethnobotanical Study of the Traditional Use and maintenance of Medicinal Plants by the People of Aleta-Chuko Woreda, South Ethiopia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1097-1108}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1097}, abstract = {

Background: Over centuries, indigenous people have developed their own locality specific knowledge on plant use, management and conservation. However, this valuable traditional knowledge on utilization of plants was not much documented and hence, most of the indigenous knowledge acquired by the local people has been passed on from generation to generation by the word of mouth. Ethnobotanical study is of the use and maintenance of traditional medicinal plant species by the people of Aleta Chuko woreda, South Ethiopia. The study made an attempt to assess the indigenous knowledge that equips the community to identify the medicinal plants, formulate the medicines and subsequently administer the curatives used to treat various human and livestock diseases as the threats that could affect their sustainable use. Methods: A total of 100 informants (85 males and 15 females) were selected to collect information on medicinal plant use from five selected kebeles by using non-probability sampling method. Relevant ethnobotanical information was collected through semi-structured interview, field observation and group discussion. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and simple linear correlation coefficient. The study was carried out from September, 2017 to July, 2018. Results: A total of 53 medicinal plant species representing 49 genera and 30 plant families used in the treatment of 92 (81 human and 11 livestock) different ailments. The plant families Lamiaceae, Rutaceae, and Asteraceae were the most dominant groups. Out of the total recorded medicinal plant species, 79\%, 11 \% and 10\%, were used for treating human, livestock and both humans and livestock health problems respectively. Stomachache and cough were the most common health problems of the study area affecting both humans and animals. 60\% of the medicinal plant species were collected from the wild/forest and the remaining 40\%were collected from the Homegardens. Herbs were the dominant medicinal plant habit, followed by shrubs and trees. Leaves are the dominant plant part used in formulating curative preparations. The most dominant methods of preparation were crushing and pounding and 70.5\% is the dominant route of oral administration. Fagaropsis angolensis was the most effective curatives species against stomach ache, the most common human disease in the study area, followed by Leonotis nepetifolia, and Ajuga integrifolia, Ocimum lamiifolium was the most preferred medicinal plant to treat headache followed by Echinops kebericho and Salvia nilotica. Conclusions: The Coffee-Enset based home gardens which characterize the study area make a substantial contribution to the conservation of medicinal plants species. In order to conserve the traditional medicinal plant species of the study area, community-based in-situ and ex-situ conservation actions, awareness creation in the younger members, and strengthening home gardens and other components of the agro-forestry systems to be used as repositories of medicinal plant species and alternative conservation sites are recommended.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotany, Indigenous knowledge, Medicinal plant species, Traditional healers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.142}, author = {Tizazu Gebre and Bhaskarrao Chinthapalli} } @article {1722, title = {Ethnobotany and Traditional Knowledge of Bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) in Asia and Their Applications in the Complementary and Alternative Medicine: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1751-1762}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1751}, abstract = {

Plants are considered a great source of various herbal medicines in the treatment of certain diseases and ailments. There is a growing interest in the utilization of indigenous medicinal plants as the source for complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) due to the significant contribution of plant-based materials to the pharmaceutical field. Bambusoideae is a large grass family of Poaceae, comprising approximately 119 genera and 1482 described species. About 70\% of the bamboo forests are covered throughout Asia. This study aims to provide an informative review of the ethnobotanical significance and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants belonging to the Bambusoideae. This review comprises informative data on medicinal plants, their uses, and parts used by indigenous people and native communities in Asian regions. In line with this review, bamboo has made significant contributions to the ethnobotanical field, specifically as therapeutics for specific diseases. Ethnobotanical data has also made a successful contribution to the CAM. Therefore, the present review on ethnobotany and traditional knowledge of bamboo is expected to have many benefits and could be a good starting point for future work in the pharmaceutical field, both locally and internationally.

}, keywords = {Asia, Bambusoideae, Complementary and alternative medicine, Ethnobotany, Traditional knowledge.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.226}, author = {Mohammad Amil Zulhilmi Benjamin and Shean Yeaw Ng and Fiffy Hanisdah Saikim and Nor Azizun Rusdi} } @article {1328, title = {Ethnomedicinal Knowledge Verification for the Antidiarrheal and Antioxidant Effects of Rhus chinensis Mill. Fruits with Identification of Thirty Constituents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {37-43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Background: Ethnobotanical survey in the rural villages in Nepal revealed that the fruits of Rhus chinensis Mill. have been using for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery. Objective: To evaluate antimicrobial and antioxidant effects, and identification of chemical constituents in the fruits of R. chinensis. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical screening was performed on the hexane and 70\% methanolic extracts of the sample followed by gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS). Total phenolic content (TPC) was estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu method. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity. Antibacterial effect was estabilished by the Agar well diffusion assay. Results: A total of 30 compounds belonging to phenolics, anhydrides, aldehydes, fatty acids and hydrocarbons were identified in the extracts. The TPC value of 123.52{\textpm}1.29 mg GAE/g dry extract was estimated. IC50 value of 135.54{\textpm}0.82 μg/mL was calculated in DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Scavenging of 42.69{\textpm}0.1\% DPPH free radical and 63.20{\textpm}1.48\% hydrogen peroxide at 100 μg/mL concentration of 70\% methanolic extract were estimated. The maximum zone of inhibition (ZOI) observed was 23.00{\textpm}0.57 mm against Escherichia coli at loading dose of 5 mg of the extract. Conclusion: All together 30 compounds were identified in the fruits. The extracts efficiently inhibited the growth of E. coli and Shigella dysenteriae verifying the rural knowledge. At the same time, the extracts displayed efficient antioxidant activity. The phytochemicals identified were responsible for these activities.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial susceptibility assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay, GC-MS, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.6}, author = {Chandra Mohini Nemkul and Gan B Bajracharya and Hayato Maeda and Ila Shrestha} } @article {1613, title = {Ethno-Medicinal Plants Used for Medication of Jaundice by The Chinese, Dayak, and Malays Ethnic in West Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {916-923}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {916}, abstract = {

Knowledge in the utilization of plants as medicine is local wisdom passed down from generation to generation. This study aims to make an inventory of plants that is efficacious in overcoming jaundice which is used by ethnic Chinese, Dayak, and Malay people in West Kalimantan. This research applies ethnobotany and medical ethnobiology approaches by using observation techniques, semi-structural interviews, also recording and documenting plant species to overcome jaundice. There were 23 types of medicinal plants used by ethnic Chinese, Dayak, and Malay people to overcome jaundice. The 23 types of plants obtained were tebu hitam (Saccharum officinarum L.), pisang mas (Musa paradisiaca L.), kacang hijau (Vigna radiata L.), bawang dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr.), temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.), lipan-lipan (Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin), ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.), cha chen chou/ sawi (Plantago mayor L.), inai (Lawsonia inermis L), kunyit (Curcuma domestica Val.), kelapa gading (Cocos eburen Durch), belimbing manis (Averrhoa Carambola L.), ilalang (Imperata cylindrica (L) Beauv.), sia li chi o kin/putri malu kuning (Neptunia oleracea Lour.), ketepeng (Senna alata (L.) Roxb.), putri malu bunga ungu (Mimosa pudica L.), stet ma thio kin/bunga kancing (Urena lobata L.), tebu karak (Saccharum officinarum L.), kumis kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.), empedu tanah/sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. Ex Nees), pegage/pegagan (Centella asiatica L. Urban), kai kut chou/tulang ayam (Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau), and bambu kuning (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.).

}, keywords = {Jaundice, Local Wisdom, Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.118}, author = {Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan and Titin and Yohanes Gatot Sutapa Yuliana} } @article {1350, title = {Evaluate the Effect of Herbal Extract Remedy for Treatment of Liver Cirrhosis in in-vitro}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {189-195}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {189}, abstract = {

Objectives: To evaluate the in-vitro effect of herbal extract recepies, namely XGTQ, in the treatment of liver cirrhosis that induced by Carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) in combination with alcohol and high-fat diet in rats. Materials and Methods: Liver cirrhosis was induced by subcutaneously injecting CC14 (initial dose of 5,0ml/kg, followed by 1,2ml/kg twice a week in 10 weeks) in winstar rats. Then, fed with synthetic food, added 20\% fat, and 0.05\% cholesterol and iron oxalate. Rats were administered a day with fresh water and water mixed with 30\% ethanol in another day. The rats were randomly divided into 5 groups and given distilled water (group 1 or control group and group 2 or cirrhosis group), silymarin (group 3 or reference group) or the herbal recipes, aka XGTQ, drug extract (group 4, 5) for 4 weeks. Blood was collected for biochemical test and livers were dissected to evaluate weight, morphology and quantified 4-hydroxyproline to evaluate fibrosis and collagen accumulation. Results: In cirrhotic wistar rats, the XGTQ herbal drug at 19.6 g/kg/24h and 58.8 g/kg/24h showed the ability of reducing the level of enzymes AST, ALT in the blood (p\<0.01), increasing plasma albumin and decreasing prothrobin time (p\<0.05); improving physical condition, macroscopic and microscopic images of H\&E-stained liver; decreasing the concentration of hydroxyproline in the liver and reducing the level of cirrhosis on the masson-stained templates. The effect of herbal recipes XGTQ increased dramatically with the dose, and was equivalent to silymarin at the dose of 70 mg/kg/24h. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of XGTQ herbal remedy has have a good effect in treatment of liver cirrhosis in in-vitro and to be equivalent to that of silymarin at the dose of 70 mg/kg.

}, keywords = {CCl4, Liver cirrhosis, Silymarin, Wistar Rats, XGTQ herbal extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.27}, author = {Thanh Ha Tuan Nguyen and Ngan Nguyen Hoang and Xuan Thanh Nguyen and Binh Nhu Do and Son Trinh The} } @article {1603, title = {Evaluating the Antioxidant and Heavy Metal Content of Pleurotus ostreatus Mushrooms Cultivated using Sugar Cane Agro-Waste}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {844-852}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {844}, abstract = {

Background: Pleurotus ostreatus, is one of the most cultivated mushrooms with great economic and medicinal value that can be easily grown on various bio-waste substrates. However, biosafety evaluations on these mushrooms are rarely conducted. Thus, we sought to evaluate the concentration or presence of Heavy metals in P. ostreatus mushrooms cultivated on agro-bio-waste products. Furthermore, the effect of adding agro wastes on wheat bran (WB) cultivated mushrooms was evaluated. Methods: Mushrooms grown in sugar cane tops and bagasse were supplemented with varying levels of WB. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was applied to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals in the substrates and within mushrooms. Furthermore, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was used to determine antioxidant activity of mushroom extracts. Results: The transfer factor analysis (TF) showed that mushrooms have an affinity to absorb Zn, Cd, Cu and Cr from all tested substrates during cultivation (TF\>1). The addition of WB supplement into substrates resulted into significant increase in mushroom yield. However, the increased addition of WB, inversely affected the DPPH scavenging activity of the P.ostreatus methanolic extracts. Conclusion: The bioabsorption of heavy metals by P. ostreatus is depended on the metal type. Based on these findings, mushrooms grown on these agro-waste appear to be safe and potent scavenging ability against free radicals.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, DPPH, Heavy metals, Mushrooms, Pleurotus ostreatus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.108}, author = {Senzosenkosi Surprise Mkhize and Mthokozisi Blessing Cedric Simelane and Nothando Lovedale Gasa and Ofentse Jacob Pooe} } @article {1424, title = {Evaluation of Acute toxicity, In-vitro, In-vivo Antidiabetic Potential of the Flavonoid Fraction of the plant Chenopodium album L}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {765-779}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {765}, abstract = {

Background: The Chenopodium album L. commonly recognized as Bathua, is widely distributed globally and contains various phytoconstituents that help treat several diseases. However, until now, aerial parts{\textquoteright} antidiabetic potential and the plant{\textquoteright}s acute toxicity at fraction level have never been established. Objectives: To investigate the acute toxicity, the in-vitro, in-vivo antidiabetic potential of the plant at fraction level. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of the plant were fractionated into different fractions, i.e., flavonoid fraction (CAFF), tannin fraction (CATF), alkaloid fraction (CAAF), saponin fraction (CASF), and were analyzed for in-vitro alpha-amylase inhibition assay. The CAFF, CATF, and CAAF were selected based on in-vitro alpha-amylase inhibition assay results and were further screened for its acute toxicity and in vivo antidiabetic activity using a high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetes model. The CAFF was characterized by LC-MS, and a molecular docking study was carried out. Results: The in-vitro alpha-amylase inhibition assay revealed that CAFF was found to be more potent than standard Acarbose having IC50 values 122.18 {\textpm} 1.15 and 812.83{\textpm} 1.07 μg/ml, respectively. The CAFF fraction was found to possess potent antidiabetic activity in a dose-dependent manner in both in vitro and in vivo diabetic models and did not produce any sign of severe toxicity. Furthermore, the bioactive CAFF fraction was characterized by LC-MS, showed the presence of quercetin 3-O-(2{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright},6{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}-di-O-rhamnosyl) glucoside (QRG) or quercetin 3-O-(2{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright},6{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}-di-Orhamnosyl) galactoside (QRGa) and quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) (QR). It is predicted from the molecular docking study that the CAFF fraction primarily acts as an alphaamylase inhibitor. Conclusion: The CAFF fraction was found to poses dose-dependent potent antidiabetic activity and did not produce any sign of severe toxicity and primarily act as an alpha-amylase inhibitor.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Alpha-amylase, Antidiabetic activity, Chenopodium album, Lc-Ms, Molecular docking}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.98}, author = {Neeraj Choudhary and Pranav Kumar Prabhakar and Gopal L Khatik and Subba Rao Chamakuri and Devesh Tewari and Ashish Suttee} } @article {1685, title = {Evaluation of Antihelmintic Activity of Indigenous Plants Found in India Including Butea Monosperma, Origanum Majorana, Piper Longum and Embelia Ribes And GC-MS Phytochemical Analysis of Plant Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1464-1471}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1464}, abstract = {

Introduction: Antimicrobial agents are an essential tool in reducing the burden of the infectious diseases. This study aimed to comprehensively determine the antihelmintic activity of indigenous plants found in India including Butea monosperma, Origanum majorana, Piper longum and Embelia ribes. Methodology: Additionally, the profiling of the phytochemical composition of the extracts was done. The preparation of the extract was done using Maceration method. For determination of antihelmintic activity Eisenia fetida were used. The gas chromatography-mass analysis was carried out in GCMS-QP-2010 plus system). Result and conclusion: Aqueous extracts of Embelia ribes and Origanum majorana did not show anthelmintic activity at any of the tested concentrations. Aqueous extract of Butea monosperma showed antihelmintic activity at 20 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml at 1 hour and 2-hour time interval respectively. The aqueous extract of Piper longum showed activity at concentration 20mg/ml and 10 mg/ml at the time interval of 1 hour and 3-hour respectively.

}, keywords = {Antihelmintic, Butea monosperma, Embelia ribes, Origanum majorana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.186}, author = {Kiran Giri and Aradhana Singh and Kamlesh M. Palandurkar and Tuhina Banerjee and Satish Chaurasia} } @article {1399, title = {Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Some Medicinal Plants and their Combination}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {596-599}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {596}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oxidative Stress leads to several complications within the human body. It is the reason behind the generation of several diseases. Free radicals if generated in excess amount can damage the body to a great extent. Finding newer and potent medicinal plants that can fight oxidative stress can be useful in combating the harmful effects of free radicals. Methods: In the current study ethanolic extract of Ocimum kilimandscharicum, Thymus serpyllum, Spilanthes acmella and their combination in equal ratio were used for their ability to counter oxidative stress. The plants were collected from the district of Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand and extracted by soxhlet{\textquoteright}s apparataus using absolute ethanol (99.9\%). The extracts were then dried and used for the study. Result: It was seen that highest absorbance was shown by ascorbic acid at the lowest as well as the highest concentration in the reducing power assay. Also, the combination of the extracts showed the highest absorbance among all the extracts at both the lowest and highest concentration. Conclusion: A higher absorbance indicates a better antioxidant potential. The best effect was shown by the combined extract among all the extracts.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Oxidative stress, Phenols, Reducing power}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.75}, author = {Tanuj Joshi and Vijay Juyal} } @article {1425, title = {Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. Bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {780-786}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {780}, abstract = {

This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer activity of secondary metabolite compounds from Myristica fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg) bark using n-hexane extract based on DPPH radical scavenging and microculture tetrazolium salt (MTT) assay. The chemical structural analysis using NMR, FTIR, and LC-MS spectroscopy confirmed and identified the structure of isolated compound namely (2E)-5(2z.4E)-hexa-2,4,-dio-zyl)-2propylcyclohexanol (C18H30O4) for the first time which is corresponding for the excellent antioxidant and anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell lines with the IC50 value of 99.76 and 10.75 ppm, respectively.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Antioxidant, Bark, n-hexane extract, Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.99}, author = {Binawati Ginting and Mustanir and Nurdin and Maulidna and Murniana and Safrina} } @article {1394, title = {Evaluation of Co-administration of Roselle Water Extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and Aspirin for Antiplatelet Therapy in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {563-569}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {563}, abstract = {

Background: Various herbal side effects caused by interactions between herbs and drugs have been reported and reviewed. For instance, roselle water extract and aspirin have similar functions in maintaining cardiovascular function. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of roselle water extract on aspirin pharmacodynamics observed through the parameters of bleeding time, survival rate and the number of microthrombus that induced thromboembolism in rats. Materials and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two different experimental group for bleeding time and survival rate assay. Roselle water extract was given in three various doses (12.5 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg/200 g BW) for seven days followed by aspirin on the last treatment. Results: Results showed that the co-administration of roselle water extract and aspirin did not cause significant changes in the increase in bleeding time, the number of animals that survived and the number of microthrombus. Conclusion: Therefore, roselle water extract does not affect the pharmacodynamics of aspirin.

}, keywords = {Aspirin, Bleeding time, Roselle water extract, Survival rate, Thromboembolism}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.70}, author = {Zahriah and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1374, title = {Evaluation of Secondary Metabolites, Antibacterial, Antiplasmodial and Acute Toxicity Potentials of Chloroform Crude Extract of Boswellia dalzielii Stem Bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {393-400}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {393}, abstract = {

Medicinal plants contain bioactive compounds that have the potentials to cure many human ailments without unnecessary side effects like most of the chemotherapeutic drugs used today. Therefore, the need for phytochemicals in medicinal plants for potentials application in the treatments of these human ailments as alternatives. Drug resistance parasite has rendered most of the drugs used in treating many human diseases ineffective. There is an urgent need and continuous search for new drugs from natural sources because most of the drugs used are either derived from plant or end-product of the natural source. Antibacterial and antiplasmodial activities of Boswellia dalzielii stem bark chloroform extract against some pathogens and P. bergei was investigated using the serial dilution method. Phytochemical studies (GC-MS RT profiling) revealed the presence of some secondary metabolites. The extract was tested against thirteen bacterial strains (Styphylococcus epidermidis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Enterococcus faecalis, Styplococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative strains Klebsiella aerugninosa, Proteus vulgaris, K. pneumonia, Klebsiella oxytoca,Entrobacter cloacae, Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extract showed activities against Mycobacterium smegmatis,Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella aerugninosa and Proteus vulgaris. The extract demonstrated high safety with LD50 value greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. The extract shows a high potent of antiplasmodial activities with P. bargie inhibition of 66.95\%. The results demonstrated that Boswelliadalzielii stem bark extract can be used as a source of cheaper, less toxic novel antibiotic and antimalarial substances for drug development.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Antibacterial, Antiplasmodial, Boswellia dalzielii, GC-MS RT, Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.50}, author = {MI Bunu and M I Ikhile and AN Matheri and MT Charlotte and MCD Fotsing and DT Ndinteh} } @article {1646, title = {Evaluation of the Anticonvulsant, Anxiolytic, Sedative, and Neuroprotective Activities of Polysaccharides from Mycelium of Two Ganoderma Species}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1161-1173}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1161}, abstract = {

Background: Ganoderma lucidum has been used as a medicinal mushroom since centuries in East Asia. Recent reports have shown that metabolites isolated from Ganoderma species have shown effects on central nervous system. Objective:\ To determine the neuroprotective, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and sedative effects of Ganoderma sp. and Ganoderma curtisii polysaccharides. Methods: Polysaccharides (Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2) were isolated from two Ganoderma mycelia submerged cultures. Acute toxicity effects of Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 on mice were treated orally with doses of 50 - 2000 mg/kg. Anticonvulsant activity was determined using three chemoconvulsants: kainic acid (KA), strychnine, or pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Anxiolytic-like effects were determined using the elevated plus maze test on mice. GABA release evoked by GC-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 content was determined by HPLC. Neuroprotective effects of Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2 were determined by glial activation, histopathological changes, and immunohistochemistry. Results: Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 showed neuroprotective activity by diminishing neuronal death, reducing glial activation and Neu-N expression levels. Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2 inhibited convulsions in the KA model. An anxiolytic-like, but not a sedative effect was reported in mice treated with Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2. Polysaccharides Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 evoked endogenous GABA release and increased its concentration within the incubation medium. Pretreatment with Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2 showed a reduction of the LPSinduced NO production. Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 did not produce toxic effects. Conclusion:\ Ganoderma sp. or Ganoderma curtisii polysaccharides showed neuroprotective and anticonvulsant activities in animal models. The anticonvulsant activity may involve the GABAergic neurotransmision.

}, keywords = {a- and b-glucan, Anticonvulsant, GABA, Ganoderma curtissi, Ganoderma sp, Neuroprotective}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.149}, author = {Veronica Nunez-Urquiza and Juana Villeda-Hernandez and Elizur Montiel-Arcos and Isaac Tello and Victoria Campos-Pena and Maribel Herrera-Ruiz and Mar{\'\i}a del Carmen Guti{\'e}rrez and Vera Petricevich and Mar{\'\i}a Ang{\'e}lica Santana and Martha Navarro and Ang{\'e}lica Berenice Aguilar-Guadarrama and Gabriel Navarrete-V{\'a}zquez and Irene Perea-Arango and Ismael Leon-Rivera} } @article {1620, title = {Evaluation of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of Three Organs of Idat (Cratoxylum glaucum Korth.) and Correlation with Phytochemical Cont}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {971-976}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {971}, abstract = {

Introduction: Idat (Cratoxylum glaucum Korth.), belonging to the genus Cratoxylum, is known to contain xanthone, quinone, flavonoids, and other phenolic compounds. Objectives: to analyze total phenolic, flavonoid, antioxidant activity, and inhibitory xanthine oxidase activities of leaves, stem, and cortex of idat. Methods: Extraction of leaves, stem, and cortex of idat was carried out by reflux using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol as a solvent. Antioxidant activity was tested by the DPPH method and calculated to get the antioxidant activity index (AAI). Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid levels by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. Results: Spectrophotometers measured the inhibitory activity on xanthine oxidase in 96-well plates with allopurinol as standard. Total phenolic and flavonoid content from C. glaucum extracts varied from 6.62 to 48.77 g GAE/g extract and 1.54 - 25.96 g QE/100 g extract, respectively. The ethanol extracts of leaves, stem, and cortex were very strong antioxidant activity with Antioxidant Activity Index (AAI) values 3.89; 4.55; 10.50, meanwhile AAI of ascorbic acid and quercetin 9.46 and 14.81 respectively. The n-hexane of stem extract had a strong xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity with the IC50 was 36.64 μg/ml, while allopurinol was 5.02 μg/ml. Conclusions: Total phenolic content contributed to antioxidant activity. Phenolic compounds in leaves extracts led to the xanthine oxidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. The extract of C. glaucum was active as an antioxidant and potentially an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase agents.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cratoxylum glaucum, Xanthine oxidase inhibitory}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.125}, author = {Dadang Juanda and Irda Fidrianny and Komar Ruslan Wirasutisna and Muhamad Insanu} } @article {1671, title = {Evidence Based Evaluation of Pharmacological Activity and Herb-Herb interaction of Organic Extracts of Certain Natural Anti- Diabetic Mixtures}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1366-1376}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1366}, abstract = {

Objective: This work aims to find a new treatment based on the development of safe natural anti-diabetic mixtures. It assesses the hypoglycemic activity of natural mixtures and determines whether there are any negative side effects from the interaction of the herbs and the herbs. Methods: Six natural mixtures were tested for anti-diabetic activity, which was confirmed by a pathological histological examination. We performed a GC-MS analysis on active mixtures 1 and 2, yielding 54 and 38 compounds, respectively. The major compounds were Gingerol, Butan-2-one and 4-(3-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl) (97 and 64.02 per cent). Results: Among the six samples, the organic extract of mixture 1 and 2 showed a significant reduction in BGL compared to the standard drug glimepiride at a dose of 10 mg/kg ip and demonstrated a beneficial effect on renal function in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. These results were confirmed by a histopathological study which revealed that both mixture 1 and mixture 2 had decreased morphological and ultrastructural changes in the triggered liver. Docking of cuminaldehyde, Gingerol and α-Copaenin at the active site of human pancreatic enzymes α-amylase and aldol reductase revealed that these compounds had binding affinity at the active site of the enzymes. Conclusion: Our results revealed the anti-diabetic activity of non-polar mixtures consisting of long chain hydrocarbons, oils and non-polar components, thus suggesting that the herbal formulation is safe and effective for the treatment and complication of type 2 diabetes.

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic herbs, Herb-herb interaction, Medicinal Plants.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.173}, author = {Asmaa Sayed Abd Elkarim and Amal H. Ahmed and Abdelbaset M. Elgamal and Radwan El Haggar and Alaa Khedr and Mohamed Fouad Shalaby and Roula Bayram and Samah Shabana} } @article {1363, title = {Evolution of Biometric Parameters and Oil Fatty Acid Composition of Argan "Argania spinosa L. Skeels" Fruits from Beni- Snassen (Eastern Region of Morocco) During Ripening}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {296-308}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {296}, abstract = {

Background: Argania spinosa Skeels is an endemic forest essence of Morocco. The argan of the north-east of Morocco remains a virgin subject of study without enough value given to it. Objective: The aim of this study is to asses the evolution of biometric parameters and fatty acids composition of the argan fruits from Beni-Snassen region during ripening. Materials and Methods: 4 fruit shapes harvested over seven months were characterized through the measurement of their biometric parameters (size and weight), and their composition of majority fatty acids. Results: the studied argan tree could be classified into two major groups, namely: early-riped trees with oval or oval-apiculate fruits and late-riped trees with fusiform or spherical fruits. When considering the fruits size and weight, the highest values were recorded on late-ripened fruits, more particularly fusiform shapes. The obtained results showed, on one hand, a significant difference in the unsaturated fatty acids, according to the fruit ripeness stage and shapes, being the later significantly affecting the stearic acid content; and on another hand, it was noted an increase of oleic acid content while linoleic acid decreased. In the maturation stage, the spherical shaped fruits were found to have the highest ratio of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids. Conclusion: The results demonstrated the possibility to predict the kernel{\textquoteright}s weight from the fruit{\textquoteright}s length. The results also showed the good dietary and nutritional quality of spherical shapes and that the biometric parameters are important criteria for the differentiation of argan tree fruits.

}, keywords = {Argan fruits, Beni-Snassen, Biometeric parameters, Fatty Acid, Ripeness}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.39}, author = {Abdelhak Chergui and Latifa El Hafid and El Amine Ajal and Imane Zakariya and Rachid Nejjari and Mohammed Reda Tazi} } @article {1429, title = {Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum) and its Active Compounds: A Review of its Effects on Human Health through Modulating Biological Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {813-821}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {813}, abstract = {

Fenugreek seed are rich sources of various essential compounds and such components shows a significant role in the diseases cure and management through its anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, nephroprotective and anti-microbial activity. Moreover, fenugreek seed is a rich source of antioxidant and such potentiality inhibit the pathogenesis of diseases through free radical scavenging activity. Besides, fenugreek and its active compound shows role in tumour inhibition through modulating various genes activity including induction of apoptosis, tumour suppressor gene and inhibition of tumor necrosis factor. This review comprehensively summarizes the role of fenugreek seeds in health management through modulating various physiological and biochemical activities, along with special emphasis on in vitro and in vivo study.

}, keywords = {Anti-cancer activity, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-oxidant, Fenugreek, Health management, Trigonella foenum-graecum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.103}, author = {Saleh A Almatroodi and Ahmad Almatroudi and Mohammed A Alsahli and Arshad Husain Rahmani} } @article {1406, title = {A Few Potential Treatments of Asthma in Vietnam}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {640-643}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {640}, abstract = {

Asthma is a chronic condition that can be fatal if it isn{\textquoteright}t treated promptly during an attack. Patients with an asthma attack cannot breathe enough air to supply the body with oxygen and within minutes, the patient can die. In Vietnam today, people can buy antibiotics on their own without the need of a doctor to prescribe or visit. Many people who only see signs of coughing, wheezing have voluntarily bought antibiotics for use. The overuse of antibiotics is very common in asthma patients. In fact, antibiotics are not effective in most types of asthma. Abuse of antibiotics is not only ineffective, but also makes the patient more tired, reduces resistance, and digestive disorders. Some antibiotics can even lead to acute asthma attacks. This article covers some of the remedies that can eradicate asthma with a combination of several fairly safe treatments. Through analysis of the scientific composition and current studies, it is possible to treat asthma and maintain good health.

}, keywords = {Asthma, Health, Medicine, Patient, Prevention}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.81}, author = {Huynh Tan Hoi} } @article {1668, title = {Formulation and Characterization of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia Linn.) Fruit Fraction Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1347-1354}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1347}, abstract = {

Background: The main active compound of bitter melon (Momordica charantia Linn.) fruit is charantin, which is believed to have important role on antihyperglycemic effect. However, charantin compound has a large molecular weight and is easily hydrolysed when given orally. Therefore, a colloidal drug delivery system, such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), is required to provide a suitable and effective delivery of charantin, which is contained in a bitter melon fraction (BMF). Objective: This study aimed to prepare and evaluate SLN containing BMF with an appropriate characteristic for transdermal delivery. Methods: Bitter melon fruits were extracted with ionic liquid of [BMIM]BF4 using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and fractionated with dichloromethane. Four formulas of BMF loaded SLN were prepared with various ratio of BMF to surfactant and various ratio of lipids using high-shear homogenization followed by ultrasonication method. The obtained SLN were characterized, including morphology, particle size distribution, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. Furthermore, the stability study of BMF-loaded SLN was also conducted. Results: The result showed that BMF was a dry powder and brownish fraction with a specific smell. The BMF loaded SLN showed a spherical shape with the SLN F1 formula as a selected formula. The SLN F1 showed a particle size (Z-average) of 98.3{\textpm}1.98 nm, polydispersity index of 0.26{\textpm}0.01, zeta potential of -39.53{\textpm}0.15 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 82.96{\textpm}1.42 \%. According to the stability study, it revealed that the BMF loaded SLN F1 had an acceptable stability, which the charantin content in the SLN was 96.52\% after 3 months storage at 25{\textdegree}C {\textpm} 2{\textdegree}C. Conclusion: The BMF loaded SLN F1 with 1:12 ratio of BMF to surfactant and 1:2 ratio of capric caprylic triglyceride to glyceryl monostearate was selected as the best formula with the appropriate characteristics for transdermal delivery.

}, keywords = {Bitter melon, Charantin, Momordica charantia Linn, Solid lipid nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.170}, author = {Rahayu Anggraini and Silvia Surini and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1718, title = {Formulation of Traditional Mask Powder Containing the Mixture of Coffea robusta, Angelica keiskei and Oryzae sativa, and its Activity as Tyrosinase Enzyme Inhibitor}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1594-1597}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1594}, abstract = {

Objective: Formulate a traditional mask powder with the mixture of Coffea robusta (CR) green bean, Angelica keiskei (AK) leaf and Oryzae sativa (OS) and evaluate its activity as an inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosinase. Methods: The traditional mask powder was formulated by mixing homogeneously CR bean, AK leaf and OS, which is sieved by 125-μm sieve and sealed by foil aluminium. Subsequently, the traditional mask powder was evaluated including organoleptic, pH and microbial contamination test. The total phenolic content of CR bean, AK leaf and OS was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu test, and the inhibitory activities of the tyrosinase enzyme was determined using L-Tyrosine as substrate. Results: The physical stability of the traditional mask powder containing CR bean, AK leaf and OS was stable after 7 days of storage. The total phenolic content of CR bean, AK leaf and OS were 9.51, 2.80 and 2.2 gGAE/100g, respectively. The CR bean, AK leaf and OS had tyrosinase enzyme inhibitor activity with IC50 value 321.52, 930.10 and 339.55 μg/mL, respectively, while the IC50 of traditional mask powder was 127.60 μg/mL, and the IC50 kojic acid used as a positive control was 573.10 μg/mL. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the traditional mask powder made the mixture of the CR bean, AK leaf and OS has a potential as a skin lightening agent.

}, keywords = {Angelica keiskei, Coffea robusta, Oryzae sativa, Traditional mask powder, Tyrosinase enzyme inhibitor.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.205}, author = {Diah Lia Aulifa and Annisa Sri Rahayu Berliana and Nur Asni Setiani and Arif Budiman} } @article {1373, title = {Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Assay of Bio- Active Compounds and Phytochemical Analyses in Three Species of Apocynaceae}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {383-392}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {383}, abstract = {

Objective: Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze for phytochemicals and bioactive compounds in three species of Apocynacae, Gongronema latifolium, Vincetoxicum rossicum and Marsdenia edulis commonly found in tropical rainforest vegetation and used as food and traditional medicine by locals. Methods and Materials: Phytochemical analysis and GC-MS were carried out using leaf samples of the species following standard protocols. Quantitative phytochemical data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significance tested at 5\% level of probability. Bioactive compounds were identified by comparing the retention times with those of authentic compounds and spectral data obtained from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, terpenes, steroids, flavonoids and phenols. Among the three species, Gongronema latifolium was highest in flavonoids (28.40 \%), Vincetoxicum rossicum was highest in steroids (17.25 \%) while Marsdenia edulis was highest in terpenoids (18.17 \%). GC-MS profiling of the species revealed biologically functional compounds with therapeutic properties including linoleic acid, phytol, neophytadiene, n-hexadecanoic acid, squalene, transfarnesol, 5-pentadecen-7-yne, and mercaptoacetic acid. Conclusion: The array of bioactive compounds present in the three species especially Gongronema latifolium, commonly used as food indicated their utility in pharmacognosy and drug manufacture. This is the first report of GC-MS based metabolite profiling to detect the various bioactive compounds in methanolic extracts of Vincetoxicum rossicum and Marsdenia edulis. We therefore recommend these species for further study in drug discovery trials.

}, keywords = {Drug discovery, Gongronema latifolium, Marsdenia edulis, Phytochemical profiling, Underutilized species, Vincetoxicum rossicum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.49}, author = {Peggy Willie and Edak A Uyoh and Peter O Aikpokpodion} } @article {1369, title = {GC-MS Analysis and Screening of Anti-Proliferative Potential of Methanolic Extract of Garcinia cowa on Different Cancer Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {347-361}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {347}, abstract = {

Introduction: Garcinia cowa (Clusiaceae) is popular among integrative medicine in several communities. This study undertook to evaluate the anti-proliferative activity on cancer cells and its cytotoxic effect on normal cells. Here we are reporting for the first time the metabolomic profiling of G. cowa leaf. Methods: Anti-proliferative potential of ethyl acetate and methanol extract of Garcinia cowa leaf assessed by MTT assay. Metabolomic profiling obtained by GC/ MS analysis. Nuclear morphology visualized by DAPI staining. Caspase activation analysed through spectrophotometric assay. Results: The study reveals, that the methanolic extract is more potential in inducing anti-proliferative activity than ethyl acetate extract. Robust antiproliferative activity of the methanolic extract evidenced in lung cancer cell line, A549 followed by MCF{\textendash}7, HepG2, MOLT {\textendash} 4, MDA-MB-468 cells. The anti-proliferative effect was negligible in normal PBMC. Further, a dose-dependent increase of nuclear fragmentation visualized in A549 cells treated with the methanolic extract. Post methanolic extract treatment upregulation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 also evidenced in A549 cells. GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of phytoconstituents of different phytochemical groups comprising of 3.45\% diterpenoid, 5.45\% triterpenoid, 11.24\% steroid, 2.03\% phytosterol, etc. in methanol extract, as well as 4.53\% diterpenoid, 2.88\% triterpenoid, 1.09\% steroid, 2.11\% phytosterol, etc. in ethyl acetate extract with considerable biological importance. Conclusion: This is the maiden report of the metabolomic profiling of leaf extracts of Garcinia cowa which possess a good repository of potentially bioactive molecules that holds a great promise as a future therapeutic agent in combating lung cancer.

}, keywords = {Anti-proliferative, Cancer, Garcinia cowa, GC-MS, Metabolomic profiling}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.45}, author = {Anirban Chouni and Amrita Pal and Priya K Gopal and Santanu Paul} } @article {1346, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds and Safety Assessment of the Ethanol Extract of the Barks of Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex.G.Don (Family Apocynaceae): Sub-Acute Toxicity Studies in Swiss Albino Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {162-171}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {162}, abstract = {

Background: Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G. Don belongs to the family Apocynaceae and has several therapeutic applications in traditional medicine. This plant has various pharmacological properties such as antihelmintic, antidiuretic and antidiabetic. One of the major concerns, as they are used, is the lack of adequate pharmacological and toxicological data to support their uses. Objective: The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the safety of an ethanolic extract of Holarrhena pubescens Wall.ex.G.Don (Apocynaceae) by determining its potential toxicity after oral administration for 28 days. Methods: In sub-acute toxicity, the extract at the doses of 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg, bw was administered orally for 28 days. After 28 days of treatment, the mice were decapitated; brain was homogenized for evaluating oxidative stress. The brain was fixed in 10 \% formalin and processed for histopathological examinations. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extract was performed by (GC-MS). Result: In the sub-acute study in mice, daily oral administration of HP resulted in a significant increase in the lipid peroxidation of treated animals and a decrease in enzymes activity of CAT, SOD, GPX and GR in both, males and females mice. Histopathological analysis showed alterations in the mice brain cortex. From the GC-MS analysis of the plant extract, it was evident that major phytochemicals were present in the ethanol extract of HP. Some major phytochemicals namely, conessimine (17.81 \%); lup-20(29)-en-3-one (16.50\%); piperidine, 2-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-(6.44\%); lup-20(29)-ene-3, 28-diol, (3.beta.) (4.82\%) and 17- (1, 5-dimethyl-3-phenylsulfanyl-hex-4-enyl (4.37\%) were found. Conclusion: H.pubsecne bark ethanol extract was found to be relatively safe in lower doses although at higher doses it can cause lipid peroxidation and damage to the neuronal cell of the brain and should therefore be used with caution.

}, keywords = {GC-MS, Holarrhena pubescens, Mice, Oxidative stress, Sub-acute toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.23}, author = {Sanjit Namasudra and Pankaj Phukan and Meenakshi Bawari} } @article {1432, title = {Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff. (Syn: Justicia picta Linn.) and its Effectiveness: A Well-Known Indonesian Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {835-838}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {835}, abstract = {

Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff., a shrubby stove plant, has been used traditionally to treat various diseases. This review summarizes the up-to-date data about its phytochemistry and pharmacological properties and provides a perspective and direction for future research. The phytochemical analysis of G. pictum revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, glycoside, tannins, saponin, chlorophyll, nontoxic alkaloid, and anthocyanin. Meanwhile, the pharmacological analysis revealed that this plant possessed various activities such as antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-analgetic, woundhealing, anti-hemorrhoid, anti-diabetic, and estrogenic effects. However, most of its pharmacological activities were based on the crude extracts and the bioactive compounds responsible for the bioactivities have not been well identified. A further detailed investigation in phytochemistry to identify the bioactive compounds and to investigate the mechanism action of its bioactivities is required. Moreover, a toxicology study is also needed to develop a standardized formulation of G. pictum preparation and to fulfill the requirements of modern phytomedicine.

}, keywords = {Activities, G pictum, Indonesia, Pharmacological}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.106}, author = {Feda Makkiyah and Eldiza Puji Rahmi and Rika Revina and Tiwuk Susantiningsih and Yuni Setyaningsih} } @article {1364, title = {Hepatoprotective Activity of Cordia lutea Lam Flower Extracts Against Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {309-316}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {309}, abstract = {

Background: Paracetamol or acetaminophen overdose leads to hepatotoxicity. This study evaluates the effect of Cordia lutea extract on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods: Three different doses of dry fluid extract of C. lutea (200, 400 and 600 mg / Kg) were evaluated and compared with Silymarin 200 mg / Kg. Biochemical parameters such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, total bilirubin, albumin, globulin and total proteins were evaluated, and histopathological changes in the liver were studied and evaluated. Results: C. lutea reduced the levels of ALT, AST, ALP and increases proteins significantly, although the reduction of bilirubin was not significant, the extract at 400 mg / Kg reduced the levels better than the extract at 600 mg / Kg. The histopathological evaluation suggested that C. lutea extract reduced paracetamol-induced liver necrosis. Conclusions: The extract of C. lutea has a marked hepatoprotective effect, significantly reducing the levels of ALT, AST and ALP, in addition to increasing the levels of albumin, globulin and total proteins, in Rattus norvegicus var. albinus. C. lutea extract is an excellent candidate for use in paracetamol-induced liver diseases.

}, keywords = {Acetaminophen, Biochemical parameters, Cordia lutea, Hepatoprotection, Histopathology, Paracetamol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.40}, author = {Ruiz-Reyes SG and Villarreal-La Torre V{\'\i}ctor E and Silva-Correa Carmen R and Sag{\'a}stegui Guarniz William Antonio and Cruzado-Razco Jos{\'e} L and Gamarra-S{\'a}nchez C{\'e}sar D and Venegas Casanova Edmundo A and Miranda-Leyva Manuel and Valdiviezo Campos Juan Ernesto and Cuellar-Cuellar Armando} } @article {1679, title = {Hepatoprotective Effect of Ganoderma applanatum Crude Polysaccharides on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Early Liver Fibrosis in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1428-1436}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1428}, abstract = {

Introduction: Liver fibrosis is a treatable disease when still at early stages. Ganoderma applanatum plays role as alternative medicine. The fungi have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer bioactivities. This study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of G. applanatum crude polysaccharides (GACP) on liver fibrosis due to CCl4 induction. Methods: This study was divided into six groups. BALB/c mice were given CCl4 dissolved in olive oil (2 mL/kg; 1:3) intraperitoneally (i.p) twice a week for four weeks to produce a liver fibrosis model. Distilled water (control group), silymarin 100 mg/kg and GACP 25, 50, 100 mg/kg were given once daily for four weeks. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), tumor necrosis-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Histopathology was stained by hematoxylin \& eosin (H\&E) and Masson{\textquoteright}s trichome. Results: The administration of GACP effectively prevented ALT, AST, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels from high elevation. Additionally, the GACP had protective effect after liver histological analysis exhibited less injury in the liver tissue. Conclusion: The hepatoprotective effect of GACP on liver fibrosis is mainly due to avoid high elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokine. This result revealed that GACP could be a potential hepatoprotective agent for later clinical therapy.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Carbon tetrachloride, Crude polysaccharides, Fibrosis, Ganoderma applanatum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.181}, author = {Raden Joko Kuncoroningrat Susilo and Dwi Winarni and Saikhu Akhmad Husen and Suhailah Hayaza and Sri Puji Astuti Wahyuningsih and Ruey-An Doong and Win Darmanto} } @article {1614, title = {Hypoglycemic and Antianemia Effects of Chlorophyll from Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr Leaves in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {924-932}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {924}, abstract = {

Background: Beneficial effect of katuk (Sauropus androgynus L Merr) leaves (CSA) as one of medicinal plant in Indonesian jamu may potential to cure diabetes mellitus (DM) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) as well as its well-known effect to increase breast milk production. Objectives: This study was aiming to explore the hypoglycemic effects of CSA in streptozotocininduced DM rats (STZ) and antianemia effects in IDA rats (FeD). Material and Methods: STZ male Wistar rats were treated with CSA, commercial chlorophyll (Chln) and glibencamide. Blood glucose levels and histological changes of liver, kidney and pancreas were analyzed after 14 days treatment. At separate experiment, FeD female Wistar rats were treated with CSA and Chln. The treatment was performed orally at the 1st - 20th day of pregnancy. Levels of Hb, Fe and ferritin blood serum, number and body weight of the offspring were analyzed on 21st day (post-partum). Results: Treatment of CSA for 14 days to diabetic animals demonstrated the hypoglycemic effect, however the histological analysis suggested that the scores of liver, kidney and pancreas were higher than that in the normal group. Moreover, CSA exerted a significant restorative effect by returning the levels of hemoglobin, serum iron, and serum ferritin. A fetus analysis suggested that the fetus body weight of in the CSA and Chln groups was similar to that in the normal group. Conclusion: CSA treatment are potential as a new herbal supplement to cure DM and IDA. However, the safety dose should be considered to prevent the toxicity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Chlorophyll, Diabetes mellitus (DM), Iron deficiency anemia (IDA), Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.119}, author = {Suparmi Suparmi and Minidian Fasitasari and Martanto Martosupono and Jubhar Christian Mangimbulude} } @article {1331, title = {Immunomodulatory Effect of Methanolic Extract and Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Bengkoang (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban) Tuber in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {59-65}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {59}, abstract = {

Background: Recently, interest in the use of herbal medicine that can modulate the immune system is increasing in the pandemic situation. One plant that can be developed as an immunomodulator is bengkoang (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban). Objectives: To evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of a methanolic extract of bengkoang (MEB) and the ethyl acetate fraction of bengkoang (EAFB) in mice induced by the hepatitis B vaccine. Materilas and Methods: Thirty healthy male mice were divided into six groups namely, control, standard levamisole, MEB (100 and 200 mg/kg BW), and EAFB at 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight (BW). The treatments were given for 18 days, and hepatitis B vaccine was injected intraperitoneally twice during the treatment. Assessment of the immunomodulatory effect was carried out against nonspecific and specific immune response parameters. Results: The MEB and EAFB could significantly increase phagocytic capacity, the spleen index, and lymphocyte proliferation. MEB stimulated IgG production, while EAFB, 100 mg/kg BW suppressed immunoglobulin G (IgG) production; otherwise, at the higher dose, EAFB increased IgG production. EAFB also increases nitric oxide production, while MEB had no effect. The higher dose of MEB tended to increase tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels and decrease interleukin (IL)-10, while EAFB tended to decrease TNF-α and increase IL-10, but these changes were not significant. Conclusion: Based on this study, MEB and EAFB could increase the innate immune response and stimulate the humoral immune response but had no effect on cytokine production, which may have potential usefulness of bengkoang to treat immunomodulatory-related disease.

}, keywords = {Bengkoang (Pachyrizus erosus (L.) Urban), Dietary fiber fraction, Immunomodulatory effect, Lymphocyte proliferation, Phagocytic macrophages activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.9}, author = {Tanti Azizah Sujono and Arief Nurrochmad and Endang Lukitaningsih and Agung Endro Nugroho} } @article {1684, title = {Immunostimulant Activity of Pegagan Embun Herbs Extract (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) With Carbon Clearance Method Towards Male White Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1472-1477}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1472}, abstract = {

Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) has been used traditionally to cure various diseases such as anti-inflammatory, neutralizing toxins, dysentery, and others. This study aims to determine the immunostimulant effect of pegagan embun herbs extract using the carbon clearance method, the number, and the percentage of leukocyte cells. In this study, 25 male white mice were used, which were divided into five groups, groups 1, 2, and 3 given pegagan embun herbs extract in a dose of 10 mg/kgbw; 50 mg/ kgbw; 200 mg/kgbw, group 4 was given 0,5\% Na CMC, and group 5 were given stimuno 50 mg/kgbw. The preparation is given orally for seven consecutive days. On the eighth day, the phagocytosis index, number, and percentage of leukocyte cells were determined. The results showed that pegagan embun herbs extract has immunostimulant activity. The phagocytosis index of the 10 mg/kgbw dose group is 1.0211, 1.27796 for the 50 mg/kgbw, and 1.5250 for the 200 mg/kgbw. Then, the number of leukocytes of the 10, 500, and 200 mg/kgbw are 8.820/μL, 9.906/μL, and 10.790/μL, respectively. The percentage of lymphocyte cells are 58,5\%, 60,6\% and 62,8\%, and for segment neutrophil cells were 26\%, 27,6\% and 30\% for group 10, 50, and 200 mg/kgbw extract. Based on the results, that the pegagan embun herbs extract has immunostimulant activity against male white mice.

}, keywords = {Carbon clearance, Eosinophil, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam., Immunostimulants, Leukocyte, Lymphocytes, Neutrophil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.187}, author = {Afriwardi and Afdhila Fitri and Elidahanum Husni and Elsa Badriyya and Yufri Aldi} } @article {1371, title = {Immunostimulatory Activities of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) in White Male Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {368-375}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {368}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) has many pharmacological activies, such as improving the immune system. Aim: This research aims to study the immunomodulatory effect of Pegagan embun herbs ethanol extract (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) determined by phagocytic activity and capacity of macrophages, total and percentage of leukocytes. Methods: 25 male white mice were divided into 5 equal groups. Negative control group were given Na CMC 0.5\%, the extract treated group were given Pegagan embun ethanol extract at doses of 10, 50, 200 mg/kgbw, and the positive control group was given Stimuno 50 mg/kgbw orally for 7 days. On the 8th day, the total and percentage of leukocytes were counted through blood sample taken intravenously. The mice were then induced with Staphylococcus aureus suspension. After one hour, the peritoneal fluids was taken to determine the macrophages activity and capacity. The macrophages phagocytic activity and capacity, total and percentage of leukocytes were analyzed by One-Way Anova followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (p\<0.05). Results: The results show significant increase of concentration (p\<0.05) towards macrophages phagocytic activity and capacity, and total leukocytes count. Percentage of leukocytes show that lymphocytes increase significantly (p\<0.05), meanwhile neutrophils segments decrease significantly (p\<0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that ethanol extract of Pegagan embun herb at doses of 10, 50, 200 mg/kgbw shows immunostimulatory activity.

}, keywords = {Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam., Leukocytes, Macrophage, Phagocytosis, Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.47}, author = {Afriwardi and Yufri Aldi and Dwisari Dillasamola and Yolanda Alfiyyah Larakhansa and Elsa Badriyya} } @article {1650, title = {Impact of Solvent Selection on Phytochemical Content, Recovery of Tannin and Antioxidant Activity of Quercus Infectoria Galls}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1195-1204}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1195}, abstract = {

Introduction: Quercus infectoria (QI) is medicinal plant well known to exhibit enormous therapeutic values. The main medicinal part of QI plant exists in its edible nutritious gall. This study aimed to determine the effects of extraction solvents on the overall phytochemical content, recovery of tannin and antioxidant activity of the QI galls. Methods: Two solvents of different polarity namely water and methanol, were used to extract bioactive compounds from the QI galls using soxhlet extraction technique. Phytochemical, TLC and HPLC assays were performed to detect and quantify the extracted compounds. DPPH assay was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the extracted compounds. Results: After 6 hours of extraction at respective solvent boiling points, methanol solvent successfully generated 1.8-fold higher crude yield (34.0\%) compared to water solvent (18.9\%). Phytochemical analysis revealed that both solvent extracts contained different secondary metabolites. The methanol extract was found richer in flavonoid, while the aqueous extract was found richer in phenol, tannin, gallotannin, triterpene and cardiac glycosides. Interestingly, we found that the major type of tannin presence in QI galls was gallotannin (hydrolysable tannin) instead of phlobatannin (non-hydrolysable tannin). The quantification results demonstrated that QI aqueous extract contained significantly higher gallotannin (75.0 μg/mL) compared to QI methanol extract (46.8 μg/mL). Furthermore, the aqueous extract also exhibited significant higher antioxidant activity compared to the methanol extract at concentration of 2 μg/mL. Conclusions: This study strongly support the utilization of water solvent for optimum gallotannin extraction from QI galls.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Gallotannin, Phytochemical analysis, Quercus infectoria (QI) galls, Tannin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.153}, author = {Nur Alisa Kamarudin and Norhazilah Muhamad and Nik Nur Hakimah Nik Salleh and Suat Cheng Tan} } @article {1329, title = {The Impact of Sub Acute Administration of Purified Gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) to The Liver and Kidney Functions and its Reversibility on Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {44-51}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Introduction: The impact of sub-acute administration of purified gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) to the liver and kidney function and its reversibility had been studied on rats. Methods: Rats at the aged of 2-3 months and the bodyweight of {\textpm}250 g were treated with water solution of purified gambier at the dose of 5 mg/kg10 and 20 mg/kg for 7 to 14 consecutive days. Plasma ALP, AST activities, creatinine clearance, liver and kidney ratios were determined on the day 1, 7, 14 one week after the doses stopped. All data on each parameter were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Duncan{\textquoteright}s multiple T-test and significance was taken at p\<0.05. Results: The results showed that all parameters was not affected significantly (p\>0.1), except ALT activity and liver organ ratio decreased significantly (p\<0.05). Conclusion: These indicated that purified gambier is relatively non-toxic to the liver and the kidney of the rats at doses of 5-20 mg/kg BW for 14 days.

}, keywords = {ALP, ALT, CrCl, Liver function, Purified gambier, Renal function}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.7}, author = {Armenia and Dita Permatasari and Lathifah Putri Sinamar and Keke Estera and Almahdy Ahmadin} } @article {1643, title = {In Silico Analysis of Pinostrobin Derivatives from Boesenbergia pandurata on ErbB4 Kinase Target and QSPR Linear Models to Predict Drug Clearance for Searching Anti-Breast Cancer Drug Candidates}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1143-1149}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1143}, abstract = {

Background: ErbB4 is a member of ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and plays an important role in resistance to ErbB2 inhibitors. Objective: This study aimed to design a pinostrobin derivative with activity as an ErbB4 inhibitor and to establish a quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) of pinostrobin and its derivatives to predict drug clearance. Materials and Methods: In this research, an in silico study was conducted on pinostrobin and its derivatives by predicting the prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) with PASS online, followed by molecular docking using the AutoDockTools 4.2.6 program on ErbB4 protein kinase and visualizing the docking results using the Discovery Studio Visualizer software. While the study of QSPR pinostrobin and its derivatives was determined using physicochemical parameters with clearance (CLtot) using SPSS. Results: From the data obtained, 5-O-2- phenylacetylpinostrobin has a high affinity for ErbB4 protein with a free energy of binding (ΔG) -10.37 kcal/mol and an inhibition constant (Ki) of 26.06 nM. Conclusion: Probability {\textquotedblleft}to be active{\textquotedblright} (Pa) 5-O-2- phenylacetylpinostrobin of 0.595 for kinase inhibitors and 0.666 for apoptosis agonists, thus becoming candidates for breast cancer drugs. The QSPR model can be used to predict the properties of molecules such as CLtot, this will be useful in the drug design process. The best QSPR regression equation for pinostrobin and its derivatives is Log (1/CLtot) = 0.705 Log S + 0.035 MR + 0.375. This equation can be used as a reference in predicting CLtot.

}, keywords = {5-O-acylpinostrobin, Molecular docking, PASS, Pharmacokinetic, Physicochemical properties}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.147}, author = {Ersanda Nurma Praditapuspa and Siswandono and Tri Widiandani} } @article {1712, title = {In silico Study on the Promising Active Components of Terpenoid and Fucoidon from Sargassum sp. in Inhibiting CGRP and TNF-α}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1715-1719}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1715}, abstract = {

Introduction: The new discovery of the active substance in Sargassum sp marks the new era for drug industry as it is very effective as the new migraine medication compared to analgesics which have already been popular previously in treating migraine. By using the in silico methods, this study intended to identify the preventive effect of the active substance in Sargassum sp within the stage of pain and inflammation development in migraine. In migraine pathophysiology, the clinical findings would build and verify the role of CGRP and TNF-α. Methods: This research applied a one-shot experimental study and by employing the potential test through PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), the result of this study proved that tannins, terpenoids and fucoidone were contained in the active substance of Sargassum sp leading to the possession of potential as the drug to treat migraine. Results: Terpenoids and tannin binding affinity value is higher than other substances. Terpenoids and fucoidon had similar amino acid residues with controls. Seaweed metabolites have great potential as inhibitors of CGRP and TNF-α because the binding affinity score is close to control. Conclusion: The active substance in Sargassum sp has an inhibitory effect on the occurrence of CGRP and TNF-α in migraine based on in silico studies.

}, keywords = {CGRP, Fucoidone, in silico, Sargassum sp., Terpenoid, TNF-α.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.221}, author = {Olivia Mahardani Adam and Jusak Nugraha and Mohammad Hasan Machfoed and Agus Turchan} } @article {1327, title = {In vitro and In vivo Antidiabetic Evaluation of Whole Plant Extracts of Argyreia imbricata (Roth) Sant. and Patel}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {30-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {30}, abstract = {

Background: Plants of the genus Argyreia have been used in traditional and folk medicines and a variety of pharmacological activities have also been reported. Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic activity in vitro and in vivo of the different extracts of the whole plant Argyreia imbricata. Materials and Methods: The powdered material of the whole plant Argyreia imbricata was extracted with solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol by soxhelation. In vitro antidiabetic activity of all the extracts was evaluated by α{\textendash}amylase and α{\textendash}glucosidase inhibition assay. Based on the results of in vitro evaluation, the extracts selected were subjected to in vivo evaluation on the Wistar albino rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Initially, acute toxicity of the extracts was evaluated and the effective dose (ED50) was fixed. Standard drug Glibenclamide was used for the comparative evaluation. Two doses of test extracts, low dose and high dose were administered to the test animals and their antidiabetic activity was evaluated by means of monitoring the changes in the blood glucose level, hematological and biochemical parameters and histopathology of liver and pancreas of test animals. Results: Based on the results of in vitro evaluation, the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were selected for the in vivo evaluation. ED50 of the test extracts were fixed as 200mg.kg-1. Two doses, 200mg.kg-1 and 400mg.kg-1 of the test extracts were subjected to evaluation. Both the tested extracts possessed the activity, but the methanol, extracts showed significant activity in all aspects. Conclusion: Results of the present study strongly support the antidiabetic activity of tested extracts. Further studies on toxicity, identification isolation of the potential compounds may give useful results for the development of clinically useful chemotherapeutic agents in the future.

}, keywords = {Argyreia imbricata extracts, in vitro antidiabetic activity, In vivo antidiabetic activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.5}, author = {V Sebastin and G Gopalakrishnan and M Sreejith and KI Anoob Kumar} } @article {1403, title = {In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation of the Whole Plant Extracts of Crotalaria Biflora (L)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {620-625}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {620}, abstract = {

Background: Several species of Crotalaria are cultivated and consumed across the world by the rural population for a variety of purposes that include medicine, food, green manure, fodder etc. Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of different extracts of the whole plant Crotalaria biflora by in vitro and in vivo methods. Materials and Methods: The powdered material of the whole plant Crotalaria biflora was extracted by soxhelation with different solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. Stabilization of human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane is the method employed for the in vitro evaluation. The extracts selected based on the results of in vitro evaluation was further subjected to in vivo evaluation by carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema method. In both in vitro and in vivo evaluations, Indomethacin was used as the standard control. Results: Among the four tested extracts in six different concentrations subjected to the in vitro evaluation, the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts (1000μg/ml) showed significant activity which was selected for the in vivo evaluation. Among the two doses of extracts (200mg.kg-1 and 400mg.kg-1) selected for the in vivo evaluation, the methanol extract (400mg.kg-1) showed significant activity followed by the ethyl acetate extract in the same dose. Conclusion: Further studies on the phytochemicals present in these extracts may give more significant results

}, keywords = {Crotalaria biflora extracts, In vitro anti-inflammatory evaluation, In vivo antiinflammatory evaluation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.78}, author = {K. I. Anoob Kumar and M. Swamivel Manickam and M. Sreejith and V. Sebastin} } @article {1375, title = {In vitro Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis-inducing Activity of Quercus infectoria Extracts in HeLa Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {401-410}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {401}, abstract = {

Background: Quercus infectoria galls (QI) extracts were previously reported to have cytotoxicity effects towards human cervical cancer cells, HeLa. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the extracts have been poorly determined. Objective: The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of ethyl acetate extracts of QI (EAQI) on cell cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells. Materials and Method: The in vitro cytotoxicity was investigated by using the MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay and the OD values were read at 570 nm. Meanwhile the induction of apoptosis was measured by using acridine orange and propidium iodide (AO/PI) staining, flow cytometry analysis of annexin V/PI staining and cell cycle distribution. Results: MTT assay showed that EAQI exhibited cytotoxicity effect on HeLa cells with IC50 of 11.50 {\textpm} 0.50 μg/ml. HeLa cells underwent apoptosis in response to EAQI treatment, demonstrated by an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cell stained with AOPI from 1.00\% to 10.33\% compared to untreated cell population (p\<0.05) at 72 hours of treatment. The evidence of early apoptosis in treated cells were also observed in annexin V/PI staining. Furthermore, an increase of cell population in sub G0/G1 phase revealed that apoptosis as the mode of cell death in HeLa cells treated with EAQI. Conclusion: These findings indicated that EAQI significantly inhibits HeLa cell growth through induction of apoptosis. Further studies are needed to confirm the mechanism of cell death by expression of apoptotic cascade in HeLa cells treated with EAQI.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Cell cycle, Cytotoxicity, HeLa cells, Quercus infectoria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.51}, author = {Illyana Ismail and Rapeah Suppian and Habsah Mohamad and Siti Aisha Mohd Radzi and Hasmah Abdullah} } @article {1695, title = {In vitro Wound Healing Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Clerodendrum Inerme Leave Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1542-1548}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1542}, abstract = {

Background: Clerodendrum inerme is a medicinal plant which exhibited many pharmacological effects. However, wound healing property of this plant has not been investigated. Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate wound healing and antimicrobial activities of C. inerme leaves using the in vitro model with Human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Methods: Cytotoxicity and wound healing effects were determined by MTT and scratch wound healing assay. Antimicrobial activities against cutaneous flora and clinical isolates of bacteria were investigated by broth microdilution assay. Results: The results showed that the water extract of C. inerme leaves did not exhibit cytotoxic effects on HaCaT cells, while ethanol extracts at higher concentrations significantly decreased cell growth with an IC50 value of 386.8 {\textpm} 87.1 μg/mL. The water extract and the lowest concentration (6.25 μg/mL) of the ethanol extract significantly increased percentage of wound closure compared with the untreated group. The water and ethanol extracts of C. inerme displayed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, inhibiting growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus.epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The water extract displayed remarkable activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus with MIC and MBC values ranging from 0.39 to 1.56 μg/mL. Notably, it provided stronger antibacterial activity than vancomycin and also showed antifungal activity against C. albicans. Conclusion: This study confirms the potential of C. inerme leaves for wound healing and antimicrobial therapy and supports the continued utilization of C. inerme leaves in traditional medicine. Further studies are needed to clarify the molecular mechanisms through which it exerts such biological effects.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Clerodendrum inerme, Keratinocytes, Scratch assay, Wound Healing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.196}, author = {Sueptrakool Wisessombat and Malatee Tayeh} } @article {1724, title = {In vitro α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Activities of Wild and Cultivated Amaranthus spp. and Isolated Compounds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1614-1620}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1614}, abstract = {

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a serious metabolic disorder that affects many South Africans. There is urgent need for alternative and affordable diabetic therapy from edible wild plants which have been used by the indigenous people for many years. This study presents in vitro antidiabetic effects of methanol leaf extracts of wild and cultivated Amaranthus spp. and isolated compounds. Methods: The inhibitory effects against yeast α-glucosidase and porcine α-amylase were determined using a dilution series of ethanolic extracts of wild and cultivated leaf extracts and isolated compounds of Amaranthus spp. The aerial parts of the plant material were subjected to silica gel chromatography to yield three compounds. Results: Wild A. hybridus showed potent α-glucosidase enzyme activity (89.92{\textpm}0.04\%) at the lowest concentration tested (0.125 mg/mL) in comparison to acarbose which exhibited 80.20{\textpm}0.13\% inhibition at the same concentration. Cultivated A. cruentus extracts inhibited α-glucosidase enzyme activity (84.95 {\textpm} 0.04\%) at the lowest concentration compared to cultivated A. hybridus which exhibited inhibitory activities of 72.28 {\textpm} 0.06\%. In addition, three compounds namely, α-spinasterol, palmitic acid and pheophorbide A-methyl ester isolated from wild A.cruentus were tested for in vitro antidiabetic activity. Palmitic acid demonstrated the highest inhibition against α-glucosidase for all the concentrations tested. Tested separately, the isolated compounds were weaker α-amylase enzyme inhibitors however, when the compounds were combined, inhibition of α-amylase increased to 58.49{\textpm} 002\% at 0.5 mg/mL. Conclusions: Extracts and compounds of Amaranthus showed strong α-glucosidase activity inhibition and mild α-amylase activity inhibition suggesting that the extracts and compounds slow glucose absorption.

}, keywords = {α-Amylase; α-glucosidase; Blood glucose; Diabetes mellitus; Hyperglycemia; Phytochemicals.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.208}, author = {Nolitha Nkobole and Olusola Bodede and Ahmed A Hussein and Gerhard Prinsloo} } @article {1657, title = {In Vivo Antimammary Tumor Effects of Soybean Extract with Targeted Lunasin (ET-Lun)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1269-1276}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1269}, abstract = {

Background/Objective: Lunasin is a peptide, consist of 44 amino acids which have anti-cancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity. The price of commercial Lunasin was very expensive due to the high cost of lunasin synthesis and the lack of methods to obtain the pure lunasin weight from plant sources, involving time-consuming analytical instruments. To overcome these problems, the soybean extract with targeted Lunasin (ET-Lun) was made. The aim of this study was to investigate anti-cancer properties of ET-Lun in breast cancer models in vivo. Methods: Effect of ET-Lun was evaluated in 7,12-Dimetilbenz[a]antrasen (DMBA) induced breast cancer rat model. Tumor Mass, volume, and number were measured. The expression of HER2 and EGFR from each treatment group in DMBA-induced rat was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Results: The results shown that ET-Lun could reduced tumor volume (p=0,021). ET-Lun decreased EGFR expression compared to negative control DMBA (p=0,012). Conclusions: These results indicated that the ET-Lun has anti-breast cancer activity in vivo.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, EGFR, HER2, In-vivo, Soybean}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.160}, author = {Numlil Khaira Rusdi and Erni Hernawati Purwaningsih and Andon Hestiantoro and Berna Elya and Kusmardi Kusmardi} } @article {1610, title = {Inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase by phenolic compounds of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and ca{\~n}ihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) from the Andean region of Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {896-901}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {896}, abstract = {

Background: Chenopodium quinoa Willd. and Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen are grains from the Andean region of Peru, which in addition to having a high nutritional value, have health-promoting properties related to the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes. Objetive: The present study aimed to identify phenolic compounds associated with an inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes associated with type 2 diabetes. Material and Methods: Two varieties of quinoa and two varieties of ca{\~n}ihua from the Puno Region in Peru, were evaluated. Total phenolics, total flavonoids, identification of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in vitro were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu assay, aluminum chloride colorimetric method, HPLC-DAD and DPPH radical scavenging assay, respectively. In vitro hypoglycemic activity was evaluated through the inhibition of the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Results: Gallic acid, rutin and chlorogenic acid were identified by HPLC-DAD in the varieties of quinoa and ca{\~n}ihua. The latter showed significantly higher levels of chlorogenic acid compared to quinoa varieties (p\<0.05). Both Andean grains exhibited inhibition of key-enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes, presenting IC50 values of 7.99 to 34.05 and of 8.07 to 1158 μg/mL for α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. Total phenolics, total flavonoids, DPPH radical scavenging assay, gallic acid and chlorogenic acid showed the greatest contribution to the inhibitory activity of the α-glucosidase enzyme (p\<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the phenolic compounds present in the varieties of quinoa and ca{\~n}ihua could modulate the inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes associated with type 2 diabetes.

}, keywords = {Andean grains, DPPH radical scavenging assay, HPLC-DAD, in vitro antidiabetic activity, Polyphenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.115}, author = {Jorge Coronado-Olano and Ritva Repo-Carrasco-Valencia and Oscar Reategui and Emily Toscano and Elisa Valdez and Mirko Zimic and Ivan Best} } @article {1431, title = {Inotropes in Chronic Beta-Blocker Therapy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {828-834}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {828}, abstract = {

The increasing rate of cardiovascular disorders contributes to rising hospitalized patients receive chronic oral beta-blocker therapy. Beta-blockers remain one of the fundamental therapy for chronic heart failure. Still, their role in decompensated heart failure and severe sepsis during hospitalization is often debated and inconsistent in clinical practice. In recent years, evidence of the efficacy and clinical outcomes of beta-blockers in acute heart failure (AHF) have accumulated. Clinical research indicates that chronic beta-blockade withdrawals should be prevented, or as soon as hemodynamic stabilization and euvolemic condition are reached, it should be reinstituted. As a subset of AHF patients with low cardiac output required inotropes, the choice of proper agent is fundamental. Different inotropic agents such as inhibitors of the phosphodiesterase, levosimendan, and dobutamine also their associations with beta-blockers are discussed.

}, keywords = {Beta-blocker, Decompensated heart failure, Inotropes, Severe sepsis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.105}, author = {Mochamad Yusuf Alsagaff and Melly Susanti and Mochammad Thaha and Christian Jonatan} } @article {1427, title = {An Introduction and Various Phytochemical Studies of Cinnamomum Malabatrum: A Brief Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {792-797}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {792}, abstract = {

Context: The aim of this research is to find new anticancer drugs from indigenous plant which are potent nontoxic or minimal toxic and to investigate the anticancer activity of Cinnamomum malabatrum plant leaves. Objective: The objective of the present study is to identify selected medicinal plants which possess anticancer activity according to their traditional uses. Materials \& Methods: Cinnamomum malabatrum leaves, extraction method. Results and Discussion: Cinnamon (Cinnamomum malabatrum), the eternal tree of medical science belongs to the Lauraceae family. Cinnamon is one in every of the foremost important spices used daily by people everywhere in the world. Cinnamon primarily contains vital oils and other chemical constituents like Cinnamaldehyde, Cinnamic acid, Cinnamate. These constituents are used in different kinds of diseases they also producing cardiovascular disease lowering compound, used as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, lipid-lowering agent, and cardiovascular-disease-lowering compound, cinnamon has also been reported to have activities against cancer, like Parkinson{\textquoteright}s and Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease. Conclusion: This review illustrates the phytochemical studies prospective.

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.101}, author = {Mrs Tirumala Duguta and Dr Binoy Varghese cheriyan} } @article {1687, title = {An Investigation into the Use of an Herbal Labor Induction Tincture Containing Black Cohosh, Cramp Bark, Partridgeberry, and Motherwort on Contractile Responses Produced from Isolated Strips of Mouse Uterine Tissues}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1478-1487}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1478}, abstract = {

Introduction: Alternative solutions in the form of herbal remedies meant to ease or expedite the process of labor have often been pursued and administered but have seldom been quantitatively tested for efficacy. Published research has shown some validation for some commonly used herbs such as blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), red raspberry (Rubus idaeus), castor bean (Ricinus communis) and evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) on isolated mouse uterine strips. Methods: This study tested an array of herbs used by midwives in a labor induction tincture, which included black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), cramp bark (Viburnum opulus), partridgeberry (Mitchella repens), and motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca). Each of these four herbs were prepared as aqueous extracts and applied individually to uterine tissues in an organ bath apparatus. Results: Results and analyses indicated that all treatment tissues produced significant increases in contractile forces when compared to their own endogenous motilities (p\<0.0001). These responses, however, were not significantly different among the four herbal treatments, but were comparable to those produced by 10-5 M oxytocin. Conclusions: This study provides empirical support for the use of these plants as herbal uterotonics, and it is plausible that these results, collected in vitro, may support the use of such a tincture to enhance or augment labor in vivo. Consideration of the active constituents found in each herbal, their concentrations, solubilities, cell signalling pathways, and the potential to interact in a synergistic or attenuating manner would be beneficial prior to recommending a given herbal for use at an organismal level.

}, keywords = {Complimentary therapies; Herbal medicine; Labor, Induced; Midwifery; Oxytocics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.188}, author = {Clayton Neuenschwander and Katrina Wu and Teresa DeGolier} } @article {1624, title = {Isolation and Structural Characterization of Compounds from Blumea lacera}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {999-1004}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {999}, abstract = {

Background: The medicinal plants consider as a rich resource of ingredients which can be used in drug development and synthesis. Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC. is generally used in traditional medicine for the treatment of cough, bronchitis, dysentery, wound healing. The aim of this study is to isolate and identify the compounds from the aerial parts of Blumea lacera. Methods: The aerial parts of B. lacera were dried, powdered and extracted using EtOH, and the concentrated extract was partitioned in succession with n-hexane, CH2Cl2, and EtOAc. From the EtOAc fraction, the compounds were isolated through column chromatography and their chemical structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by comparison of their NMR data with literature data. Results: Repeated column chromatography of the EtOAc-soluble fraction from the aerial parts of B. lacera resulted in the isolation of β-sitosterol (1), campesterol (2), artemetin (3) and acid paracatechuic (4).

}, keywords = {Asteraceae, Blumea lacera, Column chromatography, Flavonoid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.129}, author = {Xuan Phong Pham and Tran Thi Tuyet Nhung and Hoai Nam Trinh and Do Minh Trung and Dang Truong Giang and Binh Duong Vu and Nguyen Trọng Diep and Nguyen Van Long and Van Thu Nguyen and Chu Van Men} } @article {1410, title = {Isolation, Characterization of Neoandrographolide from Andrographis macrobotrys Nees and Evaluation of its effect on LPS induced TNF-α Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {669-674}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {669}, abstract = {

Introduction: Andrographis macrobotrys Nees is an important species of genus Andrographis with applications in traditional medicine. Neoandrographolide is one of the constituents in this plant. But there are no previous reports of isolation of neoandrographolide from A. macrobotrys. Current work is undertaken to concentrate on isolation, characterization, and evaluation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibition activity of neoandrographolide from A. macrobotrys. Materials and Methods: For the isolation process techniques like column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and preparative TLC were used. Characterization was done by ultra visible (UV)-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), carbon-13 (C13) nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) analysis. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiaxo-2yl) 2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was done for the preliminary cytotoxicity test to standardize the sample concentration for the TNF-α inhibition study. The flowcytometric method was used to determine TNF-α inhibiting ability in a human monocytes cell line (THP-1). Results:\ Neoandrographolide was isolated from methanolic extract of A. macrobotrys which had a melting point of 174-175{\textordmasculine}C. FTIR results had shown stretching for {\textendash}OH, 3427.58 cm-1,sp3-CH, lactone, and α, β unsaturated ester. NMR data confirmed 26 carbon structures. Cytotoxicity of isolated neoandrographolide was 22.59 μg/ml. Further lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced TNF-α inhibition was highest in the case of isolated neoandrographolide in comparison with the crude extract of A. macrobotrys.\ Conclusion: A. macrobotrys can be used as a new source of neoandrographolide with anti-inflammatory abilities by inhibiting the TNF-α release in THP-1 cells.

}, keywords = {Andrographis, Anti-inflammation, Terpenoids, THP-1 cells, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.85}, author = {Medha A. Bhat and Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy} } @article {1409, title = {Isolation of Andrographolide from Andrographis lineata Wall. ex Nees var. lawii C.B. Clarke and its Anticancer Activity against Human Ovarian Teratocarcinoma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {660-668}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {660}, abstract = {

Introduction: Andrographolide is a well-known anticancer phytochemical often isolated from Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees. (Acanthaceae). Though Andrographis lineata Wall. ex Nees var. lawii C.B. Clarke (ALw) which also belongs to the same family has an adequate amount of andrographolide; remained untouched for isolation of andrographolide and anticancer studies. Therefore, this study was targeted to isolate the andrographolide from the leaves of ALw and to assess its role inthe induction of apoptosis against the human ovarian teratocarcinoma (PA-1) cell line. Methods: Column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), preparative TLC were used for the isolation and purification while melting point, ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), carbon-13 (C13) nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) analysis were carried out for characterization of the compound. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiaxo-2yl) 2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was carried out for cytotoxicity test and further Annexin-V staining, caspase 3 activity, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) activity, cell cycle analysis, and DNA damage study by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays were carried out for apoptosis study. Results: Andrographolide was isolated from the methanolic extract of leaves of ALw which had a melting point of 230 {\textordmasculine}C, λmax at 223 nm. FTIR results proved the presence of hydroxyl group, alkanes, carbon-carbon double bond, and a characteristic gamma lactone carbonyl. NMR data confirmed the 20 carbon structure. In the MTT assay cytotoxicity against PA-1 was at 3.7 μg/ml with other apoptotic assays supporting the induction of apoptosis by the compound at that concentration. Conclusion: ALw is proved to be an alternate source of andrographolide with potential abilities to induce apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells.

}, keywords = {Andrographis, Andrographolide, Anticancer activity, Apoptosis, Ovarian teratocarcinoma}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.84}, author = {Medha A. Bhat and Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy} } @article {1356, title = {Learning and Memory Enhancing Activity of Polyherbal Formulation on Streptozotocin Induced Memory Impairment in Rats via Reducing Mitochondria{\textendash}Targeted Cytochrome}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {230-240}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {230}, abstract = {

Introduction: Neurodegenerative diseases and/or brain injury may occur due to mild to severe memory disorders in which Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease (AD) is defined as degradation of neurons and there is no effective therapy or cure for the disease. The intention behind this study was to determine memory enhancing effect of an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation (PHF) in Streptozotocin-induced memory deficit experimental animal models. Methods: Polyherbal formulation (PHF) was a suspension of three plant extracts i.e. Alpinia galanga, Glycerrhiza glabra and Convolvulus pluricaulis along with other excipients. Different behavioral animal models like Social recognition test (SRT), Morris water maze (MWM) test, Pole climbing test (PCT) and Elevated plus maze (EPM) test were used to evaluate efficacy of Polyherbal formulation (PHF) in learning and memory process of animals. Gene expression was performed by RT-PCR and western blot. Results: Results indicated that time of social recognition during trial 2 (SIT2) was reduced significantly (P\<0.01) due to PHF administration. In MWM test, treatment with PHF significantly (P\<0.01) reduced [F (4, 20) = 6.9] latency to reach hidden platform from session 3. Similarly, PHF was also found effective in pole climbing test and EPM test. RT-PCR results showed p53 regulates the Bcl-2 family proteins its expression in the given experiment was appreciably reduced in PHF (200mg/kg). NR1, NR2B and GAP-43 proteins leads to reduction of brain cell damage. Conclusion: Thus, PHF may be an effective formulation for learning and memory process against STZ-induced memory impairment.

}, keywords = {Alpinia galanga, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Elevated Plus Maze, Glycerrhiza glabra, Pole climbing test, Social recognition test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.33}, author = {Deepa Shukla and Sajal Srivastava and Talha Jawaid} } @article {1348, title = {Liver Organ Impairment Due to the Consumption of Kratom Leaves (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {179-184}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {179}, abstract = {

This study was aimed to evaluate the administration effects of kratom leaves extracts on the liver of mice (Mus musculus). The total of 25 mice was divided into five groups, respectively; (A) without treatment, (B) treatment with distilled water at 0.50 ml/20 g body weight, (C) treatment of kratom leaves extracts with a dosage of 0.15 mg/20 g body weight, (D) treatment of kratom leaves extracts with a dosage to 0.30 mg/20 g body weight and (E) treatment with a dosage of silymarin at 0.70 mg/20 g body weight. All those treatments were completed in seven consecutive days. On day 8, blood withdrawal and liver dissection were executed. The average levels of AST enzyme in the treatment groups respectively showed 22.81 U/L (A), 23.30 U/L (B), 34.86 U/L (C), 40.68 U/L (D), and 25.44 U/L (E), (p\<0.05). Whereas, the average levels of ALT exposed respectively at 17.96 U/L (A), 18.35 U/L (B), 29.13 U/L (C), 33.59 U/L (D), and 20.68 U/L (E), (p\<0.05). The average scoring for the treatment groups resulted in 0.33, 0.67, 1.33, 1.67, and 0.67, respectively, with p\<0.05. Hence, it was concluded that the higher doses of the extracts of kratom leaves administered during the treatment, the more severe damage the liver organ became.

}, keywords = {ALT, AST, Kratom leaves, Liver organ}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.25}, author = {Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan and Linda Liridah} } @article {1711, title = {Liver-Histological Improvement after Capsaicin Administration in Mice with Aflatoxin B1 oxication}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1577-1581}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1577}, abstract = {

Context: Public health issues are considered to provide safety for public consumption. The distribution of mycotoxins in food is still a concern to be solved. Capsaicin is a property in chili that inhibits the biotransformation of mycotoxins by modifying the activity of liver enzymes in phase I. Objectives: A total of 20 mice were divided into 4 treatment groups, namely (T0) 0.5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T1) 0.5 ml of capsaicin + 0.5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T2) 0.1 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 0.5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T3) 0.1 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 0.5 ml of capsaicin, respectively. Methods: Liver histology was performed with hematoxylin-eosin staining and then evaluated descriptively. Result: The T3 group showed significant improvement in sublobular vein, interlobular vein, centralis vein, interlobular duct. Meanwhile, based on scores of hepatocyte form, focal necrosis, hypertrophy, fibrosis, cholestasis, and steatosis were evaluated for improvement in the T3 group. Conclusion: Capsaicin was revealed to improve the liver histology in mice with aflatoxin B1 toxication.

}, keywords = {Aflatoxin B1, Capsaicin, Liver, Public health.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.202}, author = {Mohammad Sukmanadi and Mustofa Helmi Effendi and Faisal Fikri and Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama} } @article {1359, title = {Medicinal Value of Three Agricultural Weed Species of the Asteraceae Family: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {264-277}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {264}, abstract = {

Ageratum conyzoides L., Tridax procumbens L. and Bidens pilosa L. are well known plant species of the Asteraceae family that are considered weeds in intensive agriculture. These weeds are traditionally known to have medicinal properties and have been used for therapeutic treatments. However, it is only the lack of proper knowledge, awareness and screening that have limited their use in pharmaceutical sectors. This review attempts to consolidate the traditional, phytochemical and pharmacological studies that have been carried out on Ageratum conyzoides L., Tridax procumbens L. and Bidens pilosa L., which we note are widely spread throughout the world. This study was conducted through a coherent search on Ageratum conyzoides L., Tridax procumbens L. and Bidens pilosa L. with respect to traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological studies that have been performed on these three agricultural weeds all over the world. An exploration of reported descriptions of the potential medical importance of three agricultural weed species (A. conyzoides, T. procumbens and B. pilosa) has been presented. The present review would encourage further clinical investigations into these three plants and their extracts to more closely define the range of uses of these herbs for clinical applications. This, in turn, would give a clear understanding whether these weed species might be targeted to be conserved in a sustainable manner rather than eradicated.

}, keywords = {Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa, Pharmacological, Phytochemical, Traditional use, Tridax procumbens}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.36}, author = {Mithila Jayasundera and Singarayer Florentine and Kushan U Tennakoon and Bhagirath Singh Chauhan} } @article {1402, title = {Metformin Potentiates the Antidiabetic Properties of Annona muricata and Tapinanthus globiferus Leaf Extracts in Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {614-619}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {614}, abstract = {

Background: There is paucity of experimental evidence on the complementary use of standard anti-diabetic drugs with herbal formulations. Materials and Methods: In this study, extracts of Annona muricata (AME) and Tapinanthus globiferus (TGE) were administered with metformin to diabetic rats in order to study the potential complementary effects. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of alloxan (150 mg/kg BW). AME and TGE (200 mg/ kg BW each) and Metformin (100 mg/kg BW) was administered to diabetic rats orally for 21 days. At the end of the study, rats were sacrificed; blood was collected for assessment of lipid profile and kidney function. Results: Treatment of diabetic rats with AME and TGE caused a significant decrease (p \< 0.05) in the concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and Coronary Risk Index (CRI) with a concomitant increase in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL). Similarly, urea and creatinine concentration decreased in diabetic rats administered plant extracts. Co-administration of the plant extracts with metformin significantly improved lipid profiles and kidney function relative to rats administered metformin alone. Co-administration of AME and TGE extracts with metformin produced significant improvement in biochemical indices of diabetic rats. Conclusion: The results suggest potential synergistic interaction between the plant extracts and metformin. Furthermore, this work provides scientific support for the concomitant use of the plants used in the study with orthodox drugs for the management of diabetes.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata, Diabetes, Drug interaction, Tapinanthus globiferus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.77}, author = {Francis O. Atanu and Oghenetega J. Avwioroko and Omotayo B. Ilesanmi and Ojochenemi E. Yakubu} } @article {1633, title = {MIC and MKC Analysis of Herbal Medicine in Indonesia Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1058-1064}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1058}, abstract = {

Data shows that the success of the Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse program(DOTS) in South Sulawesi Province was 74.8\%. Causes of failure include standard drug side effects, length of treatment period and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) bacterial resistance. The development of new drugs today in addition to synthetic chemical drugs are also natural materials that have the potential as antituberculosis with various mechanisms. The aim of the research is to prove the potential of plants used by the community as tuberculosis drugs empirically based on phytochemical screening extracts, M.tb sensitivity to extracts and determine the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MKC (Minimum Killing Concentration) values of M.tb. Selection of plant test materials based on survey results and Riskesdas data in 2015. Testing the potential of plant extracts based on the sensitivity of M.tb to the test material in vitro with an incubation period of 7 weeks. Showed 25 plants that have been used empirically as tuberculosis drugs proved to be potential antibacterial M.tb. Phytochemical screening produces flavonoids and tannins in all extracts. Some extracts contain alkaloids, saponins and steroids. Potential tests show that the extract concentration that is effectively used as a tuberculosis drug is: Meniran leaves and miana 100 ppm. Banana peel and basil leaves 125 ppm. 150 ppm bangle rhizome. Turmeric rhizome 175 ppm. Roselle flowers, soursop leaves and lime 200 ppm. Sandalwood, bitter melon leaves and binahong 225 ppm, Curcuma rhizome, kencur, turmeric and onion tubers, gotu kola leaves, sea lava and papaya 275 ppm. Ginger rhizome, brotowali stem, noni leaf, cloves and mangosteen peel \> 275 ppm. 90\% garlic bulb extract.

}, keywords = {Antituberculosis, MIC, MKC, Plants, Potential}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.137}, author = {Sesilia Rante Pakadang and Maria Hilaria and Sisilia Teresia Rosmala Dewi and Santi Sinala and Jumain} } @article {1361, title = {Microparticles of Herbal Extracts with Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {285-295}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {285}, abstract = {

Plants that have antioxidant content have been shown to have efficacy on the body, antioxidants have several drawbacks including being sensitive to environmental factors such as light, heat, pH, and oxygen. Microencapsulation is a method that has several advantages including providing several benefits, namely microparticles formulated to protect the core from the environment, cover up discomfort, maintain volatility or cell survival, separate incompatible substances, protect the body from side effects, and optimize, extend, or target drug effects. The choice of the type of polymer used will determine the characteristics of the microparticles produced, therefore a suitable coating material is needed to produce the microparticles. This review article was made to find out the results of research conducted in the manufacture of microparticles by using polymers which are expected to be useful to provide information on the basis of the selection of polymers and methods of making microparticles produced to maintain the stability of substances that are efficacious as antioxidants. Based on the results of the literature search, microencapsulation is a method used to maintain the stability of antioxidant content that has a therapeutic effect.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Extract, Microparticle, Polymer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.38}, author = {Zulham and Gofarana Wilar and Yasmiwar Susilawati and Anas Subarnas and Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa} } @article {1654, title = {Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Identification of γ- Oryzanol from Rice Bran (Oryza sativa L. cv Ciliwung)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1242-1247}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1242}, abstract = {

Rice Bran (Oryza sativa L. cv Cilliwung) is a by-product of the rice milling process, consisting of an outer layer of rice grains with the whole seed institute. Rice bran oil is a result of rice bran extraction. Rice bran oil contains antioxidant compounds, one of which is oryzanol, so this study aims to determine the levels of or-oryzanol in rice bran. The stages of the research included sample preparation, extraction using Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), followed by Vacuum Liquid Column Chromatography (VLCC) was extracted using the MAE method produced 30 mL of black-brown rice bran oil extract. A total of 8 grams of rice bran extract was obtained at VLCC using eluent (n-hexane: ethyl acetate) with ratios 9:1, 7:3, and 1:1, respectively. Then the five factions obtained were characterized using HPLC, and GC/MS identified the mass of the γ-oryzanol compound.

}, keywords = {Microwave assisted extraction, Rice Bran (Oryza sativa L. cv Cilliwung), Secondary metabolite, γ- Oryzanol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.157}, author = {Maryono and Netti Herawati and Meuthia Aulia Farhani Gaffar and Sartini and Aliyah and Elly Wahyudin} } @article {1693, title = {Modeling relation between hospital efficiency and customer satisfaction of tertiary hospitals: A case of data envelopment analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1527-1532}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1527}, abstract = {

In the present circumstance, it has turned out to be difficult for hospitals to guarantee increasingly productive methods for administrations. Under the current conditions, it is fundamental to discover the fitting asset blend and its use. So also, it is important to distinguish the sources of relative cost wastefulness {\textendash} specialized and allocated both. The center point of this study is on surveying the hospitals in efficiency terms, for example, the perfect measure of inputs to deliver a given degree of output. The other inspiration driving this investigation has been to see how to address an issue of benchmarking in hospitals. Data envelopment analysis utilizes an amazing procedure of linear programming to help in doing this. The research of the study incorporates two different aspects one is to evaluate efficiency of hospitals considered for study and another is find satisfaction level of patients from these hospitals to find association among both these dimensions, Moreover, this study gives the proof that medical hospital size has a critical negative impact on efficiency of hospital i.e. Present research indicates that smaller hospitals have a higher level of efficiency than larger and medium-size hospitals, smaller size hospitals average efficiency is .80. The average efficiency of medium size hospitals is .75 and the large hospital is .71. Results of research also explains that efficiency is considered to be negative moderator between relation of number of specialized doctors and patient satisfaction. Results of study suggested that higher level of efficiency level of hospitals lessen the positive effect of specialized doctors on patient satisfaction.

}, keywords = {Association, Customer satisfaction, Hospital efficiency, Negative moderator}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.194}, author = {Suresh Chandra Akula and Pritpal Singh} } @article {1727, title = {Molecular Study of Acalypha indica to Leptin, Alpha Glucosidase, and its Antihyperglycemic Effect on Alpha Glucosidase}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1639-1647}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1639}, abstract = {

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to find potential inhibitors of leptin as a proinflammatory adipokine and alpha glucosidase as an enzyme that mediate hyperglycaemia; to alter the chronic complications of obesity from herbal Acalypha indica (Ai). This study was conducted using in silico molecular docking to evaluate the Ai compounds interaction with leptin and alpha glucosidase. The in vitro assay to alpha glucosidase was done to explore antihyperglycemic effect of Ai, as hyperglycaemia is the key process of chronic complication of obesity. Material and Methods: Protein target were leptin and alpha glucosidase; compounds from Ai plant were repundusinic, mauritanin, hesperetin, acaindinin, and glucogalin in pdb format. Molecular docking using autodock vinna. In vitro assay of Ai antihyperglycemic activity was done to alpha glucosidase and was define as IC50 level. Result: The results from the docking analysis demonstrated that compounds from Ai roots contain antihyperglycemic-antiobesity activity which acted by inhibiting leptin and alpha glucosidase receptors. Repundusininc and mauritanin compounds contain hydrogen bond with the greatest leptin enhancer activity on Ser9, Thr35, Glu8, Ser9, Thr25, Gln111, Lys211, Leu7 for repundisinic and Glu8, Thr25, Gly112 and Leu7 for mauritanin. Hesperetin, acaindinin and glucogallin were the most identical compounds with similar affinity binding value to alpha glucosidase. Ai roots was already proven as anti-hyperglycemic-antiobesity which was further confirmed by in vitro assay to alpha glucosidase (IC50 19,429 μg/ml.). Conclusion: The results demonstrated that Ai have anti hyperglycaemic-antiobesity effects and was found to be potentially as antihyperglycemic by in vitro assay to alpha glucosidase.

}, keywords = {Acalypha indica, Alpha glucosidase., Antiobesity, Leptin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.211}, author = {Rani Wardani Hakim and Fadilah Fadilah and Tri Juli Edi Tarigan and Sri Widia A Jusman and Erni H Purwaningsih} } @article {1640, title = {Myocardium Neutrophil Infiltration in Rat Model with Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated by Ramipril}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1116-1121}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1116}, abstract = {

Introduction: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a cardiovascular disease that attacks myocardial cells due to long-standing ischemia. In AMI there is neutrophil infiltration associated with the prognosis of the disease. One of the initial therapies for AMI is ACE inhibitors. Objective: To determine myocardial neutrophil infiltration In rat model with acute myocardial infarction which is given ramipril as an Ace inhibitor. Method: This research is an experimental study using the Post Test Only Control Group study design. This study used 24 experimental rats which were divided into 3 treatment groups. Data were analyzed using the One Way ANOVA test and the Least Significant Differences test. Results: The results obtained were the mean number of neutrophils in the K(-) group was 1.83, the K(+) group was 22.67, and the successive treatment group was 4,17. Significant differences were obtained between the K(+) group and the treatment group where the p value was 0.001 (p \<0.05). Conclusion: There is an effect of 4 mg/kg BW ACE Inhibitor ramipril and on the number of myocardial neutrophils of rats with AMI.

}, keywords = {ACE inhibitors, Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), Neutrophils, Ramipril}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.144}, author = {Biomechy Oktomalioputri and Meutia Savitri and Dwisari Dillasamola and Noverial} } @article {1418, title = {Nephro- and hepatoprotective effect of Rosmarinus officinalis against damage induced with antiTB drugs using a chronic model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {722-729}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {722}, abstract = {

Nephro- and hepatoprotector effect of MeOH extract from R. officinalis against the liver and kidney damage caused by the mixture of RIF:INH:PZA, using a chronic in vivo model are described. MeOH extract (EMRO) was prepared by maceration process and was administered by oral via during 91 days in male Balb/C mice with RIF:INH:PZA-induced renal/liver damage, using silymarin (SIL) as a positive control. EMRO (250 mg/kg) favoured body weight gain respect to the antiTB group, this gain was better than that shown by the SIL. The AST and ALT values of the group that received the EMRO extract and SIL were similar to that the control group and low compared to the group antiTB with liver damage. In addition, the GPx, CAT and POx values of the group treated with the EMRO were similar to that the control group. In the liver histological analysis, no significant alteration was observed; however, a severe nephritis was observed in anti-TB group (II) and this effect was less in groups III (antiTB/SIL) and IV (antiTB/EMRO). MeOH extract enhances body weight gain and primarily protects the kidney and liver from damage caused by the antiTB drug mixture when was administered for 91 days.

}, keywords = {Antitubercular drug, Hepatoprotection, Methanolic extract, Nephroprotective effect, Rosmarinus officinalis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.92}, author = {Siordia-Reyes Georgina A and Cornejo-Garrido Jorge and Jim{\'e}nez-Arellanes M. Adelina} } @article {1323, title = {A New Ursane-Type Triterpene from the Fermented Shallot Allium Ascalonicum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {01-07}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {01}, abstract = {

3,24-acetonideclethric acid (1), a new ursane-type triterpene, and four known compounds including ursolic acid (2), randiasaponin IV (3), ilekudinoside W (4) and (25S)-1β,3β,24β- trihydroxyspirost-5-en 1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}2)- α-L-arabinopyranoside (5), and were isolated from the fermented shallot Allium ascalonicum. Their structures were determined by analysis of HR-ESI-MS, NMR spectral data, as well as comparison with those reported in the literature. All of the saponins (3-5) exhibited antimicrobial activity against three strains Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans with IC50 values in the range from 89.49 {\textpm} 2.24 to 95.71 {\textpm} 3.86 μM.

}, keywords = {24-Acetonideclethric acid, 3, Allium ascalonicum, Antimicrobial activity, Saponin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.1}, author = {Nguyen Van Chuyen and Nguyen Hong Son and Pham Van Hien and Dang Truong Giang and Ho Ba Ngoc Minh and Ngo Thi Tuyet Mai and Chu Van Men and Ho Anh Son and Vu Binh Duong} } @article {1382, title = {Novel Antiviral Investigation of Annona squamosa Leaf Extract against the Dengue Virus Type-2: In vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {456-462}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {456}, abstract = {

Introduction: Dengue virus (DENV) infection is general mosquito-transmitted viral taint. It can lead to the dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Dengue is a solemn illness with no endowed antiviral medication or recognized vaccine. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the activity of Annona squamosa leaf extract (ASLE) against dengue virus type-2 (DENV-2) isolated from Surabaya, Indonesia in 2013 (NCBI accession number: KT012509). Methods: In this study, the antiviral activity of ASLE was evaluated against DENV- 2 in Vero cells using Viral ToxGlo{\texttrademark} Assay. In addition, we used CellTiter-Glo{\textregistered} Luminescent Cell Viability Assay to set the amount of viable cells in culture based on quantitation of the ATP. Results: DENV-2 replication inhibited by ASLE in Vero cells with IC50 = 73.78 μg/mL and SI = 4.49 when cells were treated two days after virus infection, whereas its CC50 for cytotoxicity to Vero cells was 331.54 μg/mL. Interestingly, this is the first report on the investigation of ASLE against DENV-2. Conclusion: In summary, ASLE demonstrated the antiviral activity against DENV-2 with less toxicity, and high possibility as a drug candidate. Therefore, it might be suggested for in vivo assessment in the progress of a potent antiviral against DENV-2.

}, keywords = {Annona squamosa, Antiviral activity, DENV-2, Vero cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.58}, author = {Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori and Amaq Fadholly and Annise Proboningrat and Yulanda Antonius and Suhailah Hayaza and Raden Joko Kuncoroningrat Susilo and Bilqis Inayatillah and Mada Triandala Sibero and Sin War Naw and Gabrielle Ann Villar Posa and Teguh Hari Sucipto and Soegen Soegijanto} } @article {1623, title = {Number of research papers about Agricultural production, Meat, and Egg During COVID-19 Pandemic: Does it Changed than Before?}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {995-998}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {995}, abstract = {

COVID-19 pandemic limits many physical activities of the society in public areas. The agricultural production sector is one of the important sectors in supporting the country{\textquoteright}s nutrition demand. Research is a way to maintain the productivity of the agricultural sector. This study has a purpose to analyze if pandemic COVID-19 has an impact on the number of papers about agriculture recorded by Scopus. This study uses a quantitative with secondary data analysis approach in collecting data. The samples are paper on the Scopus website contains keywords {\textquotedblleft}agriculture\& meat{\textquotedblright}, and {\textquotedblleft}agriculture\&egg{\textquotedblright}. the period of samples are during 2019-2020. The data are analyzed using Vosviewer software to show the institution with the most related topic paper. The result shows that some papers are decreasing while others are increase based on the document type. For paper related to {\textquotedblleft}agriculture{\textquotedblright} meat{\textquotedblright}, article as full type research paper increases along with review type paper. For a paper about {\textquotedblleft}agriculture \& egg{\textquotedblright}, conference type paper and review increase, while other decreases. It can be concluded that the type of paper along with the topic affects the institutions{\textquoteright} productivity in publishing papers

}, keywords = {Agricultural production, COVID-19, Egg, Meat, Research papers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.128}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati and Jonathan Makuwira} } @article {1368, title = {Nutritional and Functional Potential of Selliera radicans Cav., a Chilean Native Halophyte}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {341-346}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {314}, abstract = {

Background: Selliera radicans was recognized as one of the foods consumed by the oldest human settlement in America (Monte Verde, Chile) that had a diet with a high component of plants. Objective: This study aims at investigating nutritional and functional characteristics of S. radicans, a native halophyte from Chile. Materials and Methods: An analysis of total protein, carbohydrate, ash, and moisture from S. radicans leaves was performed, using standard methods. The content of macro and micronutrients was quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry. The inulin content was carried out based on the Seliwanoff reactions. S. radicans leaves were extracted with methanol and the total content of phenolic and flavonoids and antioxidant activity were evaluated by spectroscopic method. Results: Leaves from cultivated plants proved to be a suitable source of proteins (7.5 \% on DW), ash (6.8 \% on DW), and a wide range of macro and micronutrients, where Ca, K, and Na had the highest values. In addition, inulin (2.3\% on DW), total phenolics (63.4 GAE/g LDW) and flavonoids (21.8 QE/g LDW), and antioxidant capacity (10 TE/g LDW) were noted. Conclusions: According to the results, cultivated S. radicans leaves are promising sources of food with beneficial health properties.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Goodeniaceae, Inulin, Macro and Micronutrients, Total flavonoids, Total Phenolics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.44}, author = {Maria del Pilar Caramantin Soriano and Flavia Schiappacasse and Patricio Pe{\~n}ailillo and Jaime Tapia and Sergio Wehinger and Camilo A Valenzuela-Vasquez and Sarvia M Dur{\'a}n-Pe{\~n}a} } @article {1726, title = {Online Survey: Prevalence and Attitude of Jordanians Towards Using Herbal Remedies in the Pandemic COVID-19}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1632-1638}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1632}, abstract = {

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new virus caused by SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus from the coronavirus family, that can provoke severe respiratory syndrome. The disease became a pandemic in December 2019. Impaired immune modulation is one of the processes implicated in its pathogenesis, which contributes to poor COVID-19 outcomes. Many investigations have been conducted using medication to control coronaviral infections as antiviral agents or immunomodulators. The results of these tests, however, demonstrated that these medications were useless in fighting the disease. Some people believe that using herbal immunomodulators can aid in the prevention or even curing of COVID-19. Based on prior research, in the management of COVID-19, several botanicals may be useful. We go over the patient attitude and benefits of using such herbal remedies in the regimen of treating COVID-19 in Jordan.

}, keywords = {Botanicals., Coronavirus, COVID-19, Herbal immunomodulators, Herbal remedies, Pandemic, SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.210}, author = {Noha Abd Alkareem Younis Younis and Rania Mohammad Hamam and Amal Mayyas} } @article {1699, title = {Optimization of Solvent Extraction of the Leaves of Premna serratifolia and Quantitation of Premnaodoroside A by Validated TLC-densitometric Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1656-1663}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1656}, abstract = {

Introduction: The leaves of Premna serratifolia have been widely used in traditional medicine. Its major constituents were iridoid glycosides and phenolic compounds. Antioxidation was one of its reported bioactivities. The aim of this study was to optimize the ethanol concentration used to obtain high quality extracts. Methods: Three sources of leaf samples were separately extracted by 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100\% ethanol. Their content of premnaodoroside A, the major glycoside, was determined by a TLCdensitometric method developed in this study. The content of total phenolic compounds and antioxidants were also determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH scavenging methods, respectively. Results: The developed TLC-densitometric method showed a good linearity (R2 \> 0.99) in the range of 0.11-0.872 μg/spot. Its limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.13 and 0.04 μg/spot, respectively. The method had satisfactory specificity, precision and accuracy. The analysis results of all extracts showed that the 100\% ethanolic extracts exhibited the highest contents of premnaodoroside A (3.23{\textendash}5.25\%), total phenolic compounds (7.56-8.24\% GAE) and antioxidants (4.92{\textendash}6.66\% AAE), but its extractive yields (13.57-19.57\%) were the lowest. Yields of the 40\% and the 80\% ethanolic extracts were the highest in two samples (36.37-45.96\%) and one sample (47.53\%), respectively. Considering of the extractive ability, the 80\% ethanol could extract the highest amounts of all investigated compounds from plant material. Conclusion: The 100\% ethanolic extract possessed the highest contents of the interesting compounds, but the 80\% ethanolic extract had a higher extractive yield. Their benefits and drawbacks must be considered, depending on further application.

}, keywords = {Antioxidation, Extraction optimization, Premna serratifolia, premnaodoroside A, TLCdensitometry, Total phenolic.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.213}, author = {Khin Su Yee and Tasamaporn Sukwattanasinit and Uthai Sotanaphun and Penpun Wetwitayaklung and Bunyapa Wangwattana and Worrakanya Narakornwit} } @article {1430, title = {Peppermint, (Mentha {\texttimes} piperita): Role in Management of Diseases through Modulating Various Biological Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {822-827}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {822}, abstract = {

Peppermint, (Mentha {\texttimes}piperita), aromatic perennial herb of the mint family (Lamiaceae). It is a natural hybrid of Mentha spicata and Mentha aquatica and is found wild with its parent species in central as well as southern Europe. It holds various types of ingredients including menthol, menthone and cineol. Menthol, which is extracted from peppermint, play an important role in the inhibition of various types of pathogenesis. Peppermint oil also acts as a mild carminative agent and used for disorder of the large intestines that causes stomach pain. Moreover, experimental studies have confirmed its role in health management through anti-oxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, neuroprotection and hepatoprotective effects. its topical application shows relief from cold, muscle pain, and headache. The health promoting role of Peppermint has gained a noteworthy scientific attention, but the exact mechanism of its action still remains not clear. The current review mainly emphases on the pharmalogical effects of peppermint in the inhibition of pathogenesis. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of peppermint in the management of various types of diseases.

}, keywords = {Anti-microbial, Antioxidant, Mentha {\texttimes}piperita, Pathogenesis, Peppermint}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.104}, author = {Saleh A Almatroodi and Mohammed A Alsahli and Ahmad Almatroudi and Amjad Ali Khan and Arshad Husain Rahmani} } @article {1343, title = {Pesticide Residue Measurement in Commonly Used Vegetables Using the QuEChERS Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {142-149}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {142}, abstract = {

The aim of current study was to measure the pesticide residues level in vegetables in the Unaizah city, Saudi Arabia. A total of 40 samples including tomato, cucumber, zucchini and red pepper were analysed for various types of pesticides using Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method. The results show that 65\% of samples of supermarket and farms contained 14 types of pesticides but pesticides residue level was below the maximum residue levels (MRL) whereas 30\% samples were free from pesticides. A total 05\% of the vegetables samples were found to exceed the maximum residue levels (MRLs). Moreover, the results indicate that the tomato samples with residue \< MRL were 100\%. A total of 20\% of the zucchini samples were with residue \< MRL and 80\% of the red pepper samples were with residue \< MRL. Cucumber sample from farms showed insecticides were found to exceed the MRL and none of the fungicides detected exceeded the MRL. However, the concentration of acetamiprid was 0.078 mg kg-1 in cucumber was exceeded the maximum residue levels (MRLs) which was 0.03 mg kg-1 and residues of carbofuran that exceeded the MRLs was 0.026 mg kg-1. Acetamiprid was the most commonly detected pesticides and followed by imidacloprid. The results designated that most of the vegetable samples were contaminated with different types of pesticide residues. The high levels of pesticide residues could be a public health problem including pathogenesis because most of the tested vegetables are commonly used as without cooking.

}, keywords = {GC{\textendash}MS/MS, LC{\textendash}MS/MS, Maximum residues limit, QuEChERS, Vegetables}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.20}, author = {Waad Hamad AlSaikhan and Saleh A Almatroodi and Ahmad Almatroudi and Mohammed A Alsahli and Arshad Husain Rahmani} } @article {1365, title = {Pharamacognostic Profile and Comparative in vitro Anti- Inflammatory Activity Study of Ethanomedicinal Plants of North East India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {317-324}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {317}, abstract = {

Background: In ethno-medicinal practices, the leaves of Alocasia macrrorhizos, Canavalia ensiformis, Amaranthus cruentus, Averrhoea carambola, Bauhina tenifloara\ and Capsicum Chinese have different pharmacological activities. The problem encountered with the proper utilization of herbal drugs is lack of documentation and standard parameter, which create problem in acceptance and importance of these plants. Objective: The objectives of our study are to establish scientifically evaluated pharmacognostic profile and in vitro antiinflammatory screening of six plants. Methods: Leaf sample from each plant was evaluated by macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical parameters (As per WHO recommended methods of standardization). The anti-inflammatory activity screening of methanolic extracts was carried out against inhibition of protein denaturation method taking diclofenac sodium as a benchmark. Results: The macroscopic characteristic and microscopical evaluation reveals the type of stomata within the leaves and presence of parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, upper epidemis, lower epidermis, vascular bundle, palisade cells and trichomes in the transverse section of leaves. Physicochemical parameter reveals the total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble, methanol soluble extractives and moisture content. The IC50 value of MEAM, MECE, MEAC, MEAC1, MECC\ and MEBT against inhibiton of protein denaturation was found to be 72.88, 841.78, 735.12, 303.75, 188, and 354.1855 μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: The present study contributes useful information that will help in the exact identification as well as assessment of purity of crude drugs. Methanolic extract of Alocasia macrorrhizos could be a potential anti-inflammatory agent from the natural sources.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Diclofenac sodium, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Northeast India, Pharmacognostic study}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.41}, author = {SM Abdul Aziz Barbhuiya and SH Victoria Devi and Ajay Kakati and Rejwan Ahmed Choudhury and Muslek Uddin Mazumder} } @article {1340, title = {Pharmacognostic Specification and Rotenone Content in Derris elliptica Stems}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {124-132}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Introduction: Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth. (Leguminosae) is the tropical plant which has been used as natural poison as well as veterinary medicine due to its best-known phytochemical compound, rotenone to kill invertebrates and fish. However, there is no report on pharmacognostic specification and quantification of rotenone content from D. elliptica stems. Objective: This present study aimed to conduct the pharmacognostic parameters as well as to conduct the validated methods to quantify rotenone content in D. elliptica stems following WHO guideline. Methods: Dried D. elliptica stems from 15 different areas in Thailand were examined for pharmacognostic secification. Their rotenone contents were quantitatively analyzed by TLC densitometry using winCATS software as well as TLC-image analysis using ImageJ free software. Results: Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, TLC fingerprint and physicochemical parameters were reported in this study. The water content, loss on drying, total ash content and acidinsoluble ash content were determined to be 8.81{\textpm}1.30, 5.77 {\textpm}0.92, 7.35{\textpm}0.63, 1.221{\textpm}0.20\%, respectively. The ethanol, and water-soluble extractive values were found to be 4.07{\textpm}1.23 and 11.31{\textpm}1.68\%, respectively. Additionally, the validation method for quantification of rotenone content was developed. The contents of rotenone in D. elliptica stem ethanolic extract evaluated by TLC-densitometry and TLC-image analysis were found to be 0.2870{\textpm}0.1242 and 0.2844{\textpm}0.1209\% by dried weight, respectively. The result between these two analytical methods were shown no significant difference. Conclusion: The validated methods were able to effectively quantify rotenone content in D. elliptica stems from various locations in Thailand which could be used for the specification of this raw material with reference to its chemical marker. Thus, this study provides the necessary and adequate information for authentication and standardization of D. elliptica stems.

}, keywords = {Quality evaluation, TLC-densitometry, TLC-image analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.17}, author = {Krittapat Phairoh and Parichart Hongsing and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {1649, title = {Pharmacognostic Specifications, RP-HPLC Analysis of Chlorogenic Acid Content and Antioxidant Activity of Morus alba Linn. Leaves in Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1186-1194}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1186}, abstract = {

Background: Morus alba Linn. leaves have been widely used as herbal medicine with therapeutics and contain chlorogenic acid as a bioactive phenolic compound. Objective: The present study aimed to conduct the pharmacognostic specifications of M. alba leaves and the method validation for quantification of chlorogenic acid content. Materials and Methods: Macroscopic- and microscopic characteristics, physicochemical parameters combined with quantification of chlorogenic acid in M. alba leaves collected from 15 sources throughout Thailand and their antioxidant activity were reported in this study. Results: The physicochemical parameters of M. alba leaves were determined by indicating water content (7.97 {\textpm} 0.35\%), loss on drying (4.55 {\textpm} 0.21\%), total ash (14.38 {\textpm} 0.25\%), acid-insoluble ash (6.21 {\textpm} 0.37\%), water-extractive value (16.14 {\textpm} 0.50\%) and ethanol-extractive value (8.61 {\textpm} 0.39\%). In addition, the chlorogenic acid contents in M. alba leaves were found to be 0.4159 {\textpm} 0.1958 g/100g dry weight. The ethanolic leaf extracts exhibited their antioxidant activity with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values (326.09{\textendash}467.55 μg/mL). Conclusion: This study showed the establishment of pharmacognostic study of M. alba leaves and validation of the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RPHPLC) quantitative analysis of their chlorogenic acid contents, which are applicable to be a reference for quality control and standardization of M. alba leaves.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Chlorogenic acid, Morus alba, Pharmacognostic specification, Quality control}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.152}, author = {Phimkun Aiyarakanchanakun and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi and Anuchit Phanumartwiwath} } @article {1719, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies of the Leaves and Fructus of Arctium lappa L. (Asteraceae Bercht. \& J. Presl)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1734-1745}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1734}, abstract = {

Introduction: The state quality assurance system ensures the confidence of consumers that the product meets its quality requirements. In this study, pharmacognostic standards of the leaves and fructus of burdock are specified for the first time. Methods: Microscopic analysis was carried out by using the microscope Carl Zeiss. The UV spectrum were measured on an SF-2000 spectrophotometer. Results: Macroscopically, the leaves are heart-shaped, broad-heart-ovate-shaped with a spaced emarginatedserrate or whole edge, with a wide, wedge-shaped, rounded, uneven base, acute apex, green on the outer surface, grayish slightly pubescent on the inner surface. The fructus are obovate or wedge-compressed, slightly curved, the color is brown/black with spots, or variegated with black spots on a gray background. The microscopic examination of the leaves revealed the presence of epidermis, large submerged and non-submerged stomata of the anomocytic type, 2 types of simple unbranched multi-cellular and glandular capitate trichomes; essential oil glands. Microscopic examination of the leaf petiole revealed the presence of 2 types of simple multi-cellular trichomes, epidermis, angular collenchyma, bicollateral bundles, parenchyma. The stomatal index value is 8.28{\textpm}0.81 per 1cm2. The microscopy of the fructus revealed the presence of elongated cells of the pericarp epidermis; mesocarp; endocarp; endosperm with aleurone grains and drops of fatty oil. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of revealed the presence of polysaccharides, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolic acids. Conclusion: Physical and chemical parameters (moisture, extractive value, ash content) were also specified. These specific data are important for establishing diagnostic indicators for standardization, identification, preparation of new quality standards.

}, keywords = {Analitical standarts, Arctium lappa L., Fructus, Leaves, Pharmacognostic standarts, Phytochemical analysis.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.224}, author = {Kolomiets Natalia Eduardovna and Korolev Stepan Alexandrovich and Isaykina Nadezhda Valentinovna and Abramets Natalia Yurievna and Kudryavtseva Darya Vladimirovna and Boev Roman Sergeevich and Zhalnina Ludmila Vladimirovna and Ali Abdujalil Kaid Hasan and Bondarchuk Ruslan Anatolevich} } @article {1414, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies of the Leaves of Hyptis Suaveolens Linn. (Labiatae) (Poit)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {698-705}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {698}, abstract = {

The pharmacognostic standards of fresh, powdered and transverse sections of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) leaf were carried out to determine its macroscopic, microscopical (both qualitative and quantitative), analytical standards and phytochemical profile. The macroscopy revealed a simple leaf, oppositely arranged along the stem with a dark green colour on the outer surface and pale green on the inner surface, ovate in shape and bilateral base, acute apex with a serrate margin. The qualitative microscopy of the powdered leaf shows xylem vessels parenchymal cells with diacytic type of stomata. Also epidermal cells with stoma wall, polygonal parenchymatous and collenchymatous cells making up the cortex with starch grains; non-glandular uniserate, multicellular septate trichome, irregular shaped prisms of calcium oxalate crystals and small bundle of mucilage cells. The quantitative microscopy of the leaf showed the values of palisade ratio, stomatal number (upper and lower epidermal stomatal index (upper and lower surface), vein-islet number and vein termination number to be 5.10, 50stomata/mm2, 80 stomata/mm2, 12.33, 23.14, 35/mm2 and 20/mm2 respectively. For the analytical standards; 9.90 \%, 1.67 \%, 0.38 \% 6.39 \%, 0.61 \% w/w, 1.16 \% w/w, 11.70 \% and 7.25\% were obtained for total ash, water soluble ash, sulphated ash, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extractive value, water soluble extractive value, moisture content and fibre content respectively. The qualitative phytochemical analysis on Hyptis Suaveolens leaves showed presence of carbohydrates, reducing sugar, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloids and saponins. These specific standards obtained are of importance in the establishment of diagnostic indices for the standardization, identification and preparation of monograph on the plant.

}, keywords = {Analytical standards, Hyptis Suaveolens L. (Poit), Macroscopy, microscopy, Pharmacognostic standards, Phytochemical analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.89}, author = {Eleje Oboma Okonta and Peculiar Feenna Onyekere and Patience Ngozi Ugwu and Helen Ogechukwu Udodeme and Vincent Obisike Chukwube and Uchenna Estella Odoh and Christopher Obodike Ezugwu} } @article {1357, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies on the Leaves of Annona muricata Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {241-247}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {241}, abstract = {

Introduction: Annona muricata Linn. (Family: Annonaceae) is a well-known traditional and natural medicine over the world; in Malaysia it serves as a treatment for many kinds of diseases. Studies have been reported that A. muricata can be used to treat diseases due to its antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antitumor, anthelmintic, analgesic, hypotensive, antiinflammatory, and has immune enhancing properties. Despite having several medicinal functions and properties, however there is no standardization parameters have been reported in the literature for the leaves of A. muricata. Methods: Therefore, through this research study, the macroscopical and microscopical characteristics, physicochemical parameters such as ash values, extractive values, fluorescence analysis and preliminary phytochemical analysis of the leaves were investigated. Results: Based on the observation of the transverse section of the leaves, the presence of upper cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade cells, vascular bundle, spongy mesophyll, phloem fibers, lignified vessels, xylem vessels, collenchyma, lower epidermis, lower cuticle and parenchyma served as important key differentiating features for the studied plant. The powder microscopy revealed the presence of pieces of trichrome, collapsed uniseriate multicellular covering trichrome, spongy mesophyll, phloem fibres, xylem vessels, paracytic stomata and fragment of epidermis showing cell and palisade cell. Calcium oxalate crystals were also observed even though the captured image was slightly unclear. The phytochemical screening of the leaves was carried out using four different extracts which showed the presence of steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins carbohydrates and proteins, respectively. Conclusion: Based on this research finding, the pharmacognostic standardization of the plant can be established thus, providing ease in identifying and determining the purity and quality of the investigated plant.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata, Fluorescence analysis, Macroscopy, microscopy, Physicochemical parameters, Preliminary physiochemical screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.34}, author = {Gouri Kumar Dash and Mohd Haziq Bin Hashim and Abdul Karim Russ Hassan and Ravindran Muthukumarasamy} } @article {1417, title = {Pharmacognostic Study of Collection and Study of its Hepatoprotective Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {713-721}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {713}, abstract = {

Background: The aim of this work is pharmacognostic study of herbal formulation consisting of elecampane rhizomes and roots (Inula helenium L.), fruits of rose (Rosa sp.) and hawthorn (Crataegus sp.), leaves of pepper mint (Mentha piperita L.) and cowberry leaves (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.), spiny eleuterococcus rhizomes and roots (Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr.et Maxim.) Maxim., low cudweed herb (Gnaphalium uliginosum L.s.l.) as well as determination of its hepatoprotective activity. Materials and methods: An electron microscope, HPLC and methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of Russia were used in pharmacognostic study of herbal formulation. The hepatoprotective, antioxidant and choleretic activities of the herbal formulation were studied in vivo model of liver damage induced by tetracycline hydrochloride and 40\% ethanol. Results: The content of biologically active substances (BAS) collected: essential oils - at least 0.30\%; flavonoids in terms of luteolin - not less than 1.0\%; ascorbic acid - not less than 0.5\%; tannins - not less than 3.0\%; arbutin - at least 0.4\%; eleutheroside B - not less than 0.01\%.It has been found that the course administration of herbal formulation to white Wistar rats with liver damage eliminates the prooxidant effect of tetracycline and ethanol, reduces the manifestation of cholestasis and increases the rate of bile secretion for 1-3 hours. Conclusion: The herbal formulation has hepatoprotective activity, antioxidant, choleretic effect and stimulates regenerative and antitoxic processes in the liver in rats with a model of combined liver damage induced tetracycline and ethanol. The obtained research results argue the possibility of using herbal formulation for prevention and complex treatment of liver diseases.

}, keywords = {Hepatoprotective activity, microscopy, Phenolic compounds, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.91}, author = {Lubsandorzhieva PB and Rendyuk TD and Dashinamzhilov Zh.B and Dargaeva TD and Ferubko EV} } @article {1396, title = {Pharmacological Activities and Phytochemical Compounds: Overview of Pouteria Genus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {577-584}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {577}, abstract = {

Species of Pouteria are widely spread in various countries. Pouteria is one of the genus that have diverse pharmacological activities. This review includes an overview of the species from Pouteria, phytochemical methods used in isolation of compounds from Pouteria, and their pharmacological activities. The trends in the pharmacological activity of Pouteria is antioxidant activity, antidiabetic and antimicrobial activities. However, information on its use as a traditional medicine from Pouteria was poor. Chemical compounds that have been widely isolated from Pouteria genus included phenolic acid, other phenolics non flavonoid, flavonoids, and terpenoids derivative. The most widely reported chemical compounds from Pouteria are terpenoid derivatives. Further research is needed for the mechanism of action based on the pharmacological activites of chemical compounds.

}, keywords = {Pharmacological activities, Phytochemical compound, Pouteria genus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.72}, author = {Sani Nurlaela Fitriansyah and Irda Fidrianny and Rika Hartati} } @article {1360, title = {Pharmacological Potential of the Stinging Plant Tragia Species: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {278-284}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {278}, abstract = {

Tragia is well known in the botanical world a stinging plants. Apart from this, the genus also occupies an important constituent of alternative systems of medicine as well as ethnobotany. Among the various species of Tragia, the most studied and experimented species is T. involucrata. This genus is used for several ethnobotanical uses such as cancer, diarrhea, constipation, scorpion bite, rheumatism, whooping cough and diabetes. Apart from this the genus is also an important constituent of ayurvedic and siddha medicines. Owing to these properties several researches has been conducted to validate the traditional uses, finding out new uses and understanding the phytochemical profile. Alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids and tannin are present in the genus Tragia. Calcium oxalate and shellsol is responsible for the stinging property. Various species of Tragia has been validated for its important properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities. All these properties has been related to the occurrence of secondary metabolites. However the exact lead metabolite for the pharmacological properties has to be identified. Based the experimentally proved pharmacological properties, Tragia possesses significant potential on a medicinal species.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Antibacterial, Nanoparticles, Pharmacological activities, Phytochemistry, Tragia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.37}, author = {Narasimhan S} } @article {1615, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Cotinus coggygria Scop. from Armenian Flora}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {933-941}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {933}, abstract = {

Armenian flora is stood out by the variety of its medicinal and edible plants. Here small plants as well as trees and shrubs are met. Cotinus coggygria of Armenian flora is used in folk medicine. The aim of this investigation was to determine the chemical composition of Armenian flora{\textquoteright}s smoke trees leaves{\textquoteright} essential oil and antiradical activity of ethanol extract of leaves and branches of smoke tree. Methods: The aerial parts were extracted by hydrodistillation method, and the composition was analyzed by gas chromatograph interfaced to a mass spectrometer. Antiradical activity of essential oil from leaves and branches was determined by using appropriate methods. Results: The total amount of flavonoids has been determined in the leaves of the smoke tree by miricetin. This analysis revealed that the flavonoid amount in ethanol extract of C. coggygria, growing in Armenia, was 0,94\%. In volatile oil of Smoke tree leaves 22 compounds were determined. The results demonstrated that in the essential oil of leaves of Cotinus from Armenian flora predominated Germacrene D, Linalool, formate, ά {\textendash}Terpineol sesquiterpenes and diterpene alcohol Thunbergol. Ethanol extracts of leaves and branches of Smoke tree showed antioxidant activity. Conclusion: From the results, it is evident that C. coggygria from Armenia flora contains various bioactive compounds and the extracts of leaves pronounced higher antioxidant activity and recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance.

}, keywords = {Antiradical activity, Cotinus coggygria Scop., DPPH, Essential oil, Ethanol Extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.120}, author = {NK Shaboyan and AV Moghrovyan and KH Dumanyan and NH Ghukasyan and AA Altunyan and NI Arshakyan and AM Ghazaryan and GR Ulikhanyan and AL Ginosyan and AS Dadayan and NB Chichoyan} } @article {1604, title = {Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, and Anti-Microbial Activities of Suaeda vermiculata n-Hexane Extract in Comparison to the Plant{\textquoteright}s Hydrodistilled Volatile Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {853-859}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {853}, abstract = {

Background: Suaeda vermiculata, a halophyte found in central Saudi Arabia, used as a remedy for jaundice, liver diseases, and viral infection. Study aim: Chemical identification and biological evaluation for the n-hexane extract of S. vermiculata. Methods: An assay of the antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials and contents of the volatile oil and n-hexane extract of the plant{\textquoteright}s aerial parts were analyzed through GC-MS analysis. Results: A total of 24 constituents representing 73.74 \% of the n-hexane extract were identified wherein bornyl acetate, γ-elemene, and phytol were major ratio. The n-hexane extract inhibited DPPH-radicals inhibitions at 27\% efficiency at 10 mg/ml concentration which was lower than the volatile oil DPPH-reactivity. The antimicrobial activity of n-hexane extract was relatively weaker than the volatile oil, except against Candida albicans that showed IZD values of 19 mm with MIC value at 5.2 mg/ml for the volatile oil while IZD value of 26 mm and MIC at 4.7 mg/ml was observed for the n-hexane extract. Conclusion: Despite high extractive value, the n-hexane as a solvent is not recommended for extraction as the oxygenated-terpenic components, considered responsible for antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were not fully extracted. The n-hexane extract which showed potent inhibition of C. albicans can be a source for further investigation for bioactivities of its constituents.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, n-hexane extract, Suaeda vermiculata, Volatile oil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.109}, author = {Mohsen S Al-Omar} } @article {1641, title = {Phytochemical and Biological Characterization of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1122-1133}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1122}, abstract = {

Introduction: Parthenium hysterophorus is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat health issues and which could be a source of phytochemicals with possible antioxidant activity without causing cytotoxic effects. Hence, this work was designed to evaluate its phytochemical profile, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activity. Methods: The aqueous (AE) and ethanolic (EE) extracts of P. hysterophorus flowers were obtained by decoction and ultrasound, respectively. Their phytochemical composition was determined by colorimetric tests and RP-HPLC-MS analysis. Their cytotoxic activity was tested by a hemolysis assay. The antioxidant activity was evaluated with the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl radical (-OH) scavenging assays. In addition, the effect of the extracts on the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) from human erythrocytes, was evaluated. Results: The phytochemical screening of the AE and EE by colorimetric test showed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes, saponins, coumarins, sesquiterpene lactones, tannins, and carbohydrates. In addition, the RP-HPLC-MS analysis identified some phenolic compounds such as flavonols, methoxyflavonols, flavones, methoxyflavones, and hydroxycinnamic acids. The hemolysis assay showed non-cytotoxic activity by AE, but EE exhibited a hemolytic effect. Furthermore, the AE and EE showed significant antioxidant activity to inhibit radicals in the TEAC, DPPH and -OH scavenging assays. Moreover, the SOD activity only showed a significant increase by AE. However, the two crude extracts increased the CAT activity, at the highest concentrations. Conclusion: P. hysterophorus has phytochemicals with antioxidant activity to inhibit radicals and increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes in vitro.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Cytotoxicity, Parthenium hysterophorus, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.145}, author = {MA Alfaro Jim{\'e}nez and A Zugasti Cruz and SY Silva Belmares and JA Ascacio Vald{\'e}s and CA Sierra Rivera} } @article {1669, title = {Phytochemical Composition and Antibacterial Activities of Syzygium polyanthum Methanolic Leaves Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1355-1358}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1355}, abstract = {

Background: Since a long time ago, Syzygium polyanthum has become traditional herb for health, and thus many studies done to confirm the medical effectiveness. Objectives: This present study was conducted to evaluate phytochemical compounds and antibacterial activities of methanolic extract of S. polyanthum leaves. Materials and Methods: In the present study, standard methods of determination were used to determine the phytochemical compounds of S. polyanthum. The methanol extract of S. polyanthum leaves were subjected for antimicrobial activity. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against five bacterial strains by determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and zone of inhibition. Diameters of the zone of inhibition were compared with standard antibiotics. Results: Phytochemical analyses qualitatively reveal the presence of alkaloids, saponin, terpenoids and steroid. The extract was found to exert antibacterial activity against four tested bacteria which are S. aureus, S. pyogenes, MRSA and K. pneumoniae except for E. coli. The zones of inhibition shown by the disc diffusion method for S. aureus were between 8.6 to14.0 mm, S. pyogenes were between 8.4 to 12.0 mm, MRSA was between 10.0 to 13.2 mm and K. pneumoniae were between 8.0 to 10.6 mm. Meanwhile, there was no zone of inhibition was observed for E. coli. The MIC was determined ranging from 6.25 to 12.5 mg/ml against all the tested bacteria. The highest value of MIC showed by S. aureus, S. pyogenes, MRSA and K. pneumoniae which is 6.25 mg/mL. Conclusion: The tested leaves extract showed promising antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponin, terpenoids and steroid in methanolic leaves extract qualitatively and these compounds could be responsible for antibacterial properties of leaves extract of S. polyanthum.

}, keywords = {Syzygium polyanthum; Phytochemical; Antibacterial}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.171}, author = {Noor Zarina Abd Wahab and Nur Saidatul Aqilah Ja{\textquoteright}afar} } @article {1609, title = {Phytochemical Constituents and In vitro Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Properties of Various Extracts of Kenikir (Cosmos caudatus) Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {890-895}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {890}, abstract = {

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common degenerative disorders. For therapeutic use, herbs are commonly used in Indonesia for T2DM treatment, one of them is (Cosmos caudatus) kenikir{\textquoteright}s leaves. In previous studies, kenikir{\textquoteright}s leaves have high antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. However, a comparison of antidiabetic activity from many extracts of kenikir{\textquoteright}s leave is remain unclear. This study will compare the antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of various kenikir{\textquoteright}s leave extract. Kenikir{\textquoteright}s leaves are extracted by maceration methods for three days using three different solvents: boiling water, 50\% ethanol, dan ethanol 100\%. Then, phenolic and flavonoid content will be measured, as well as antioxidant properties by DPPH radical scavenging activity assay, and antidiabetic properties by α-glucosidase inhibition assay, also LCMS/MS will be used to predict the compound from each extract. The result shows that 50\% ethanol extract has highest phenolic and flavonoid content than others. It also has significantly higher antioxidant (p\<0.05) and antidiabetic (p\<0.05) properties than others. Meanwhile, LCMS/MS result of 50\% ethanol extract predicts 6 chemical component, that quercetin is the most dominant compound. 50\% ethanol extract of kenikir{\textquoteright}s leaves is superior from other extracts on phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant properties, and antidiabetic properties.

}, keywords = {α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.114}, author = {Muhamad Dea Firdaus and Nina Artanti and Muhammad Hanafi and Rosmalena} } @article {1385, title = {Phytochemical Profiling and Chemical Marker Compounds Identification in Helichrysum caespititium: A Chemometrics and 2D Gas Chromatography Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (GCxGC-TOF-MS) Perspective}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {486-494}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {486}, abstract = {

Introduction: Helichrysum caespititium is a medicinal plant indigenous to South Africa. Hitherto, only 2 compounds- caespititin and 2-methyl-4-[2{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright},6{\textquoteright}-trihydroxy-3{\textquoteright}-(2-methylpropanoyl)-phenyl] but-2-enyl acetate have been reported from this species. Phytochemical profiling of the plant and identification of chemical markers are limited. Objectives: Determining phytochemical profile of H. caespititium and identifying the major marker compounds in its extracts. Methods: A two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOF-MS) was used to analyze H. caespititium extracts (acetone, methanol, and dichloromethane). The marker compounds from the generated phytochemical fingerprints were identified using Column plots and chemometrics orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Polar acetone, methanol, and non-polar dichloromethane extracts were analyzed separately. Results and Discussions: A total of 135 (12 from acetone, 13 from methanol, and 110 from dichloromethane extracts) compounds were identified in H. caespititium. An OPLSDA score plot with R2 = 0.81 grouped the polar compounds into 2 clusters as phenolic and non-phenolic compounds, while a contribution plot from the score plot then nominated benzene[(methoxymethoxy)]methyl, 4-methyl-2,4-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)penet- 1-ene, isoeugenol, and 3 4-dihydroxymandelic acid as marker compounds in the polar extracts. In a second plot with R2 = 0.67, the corresponding contribution plot accentuated 2-methyl-5- (fur-3-yl) pent-3-en-2-ol, 3,5-dimethyl-4-heptanone, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, dihexyl-1-(4- methylphenyl)-5(2-dimethyl aminothenyl)-1H-tetrazole, and 3,5-dimethyl-4-heptanone as the marker compounds in the dichloromethane extract. Conclusion: This study recommends the use of the marker compounds as quality standard of raw materials and commercial products containing extracts or other forms of the South African H. caespititium.

}, keywords = {Chemical markers, Chemometrics, GCxGC-TOF-MS, Helichrysum caespititium, Phytochemical profiling}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.61}, author = {Kokoette Bassey and Patience Mamabolo and Mmamosheledi Mothibe and Freddy Muganza} } @article {1351, title = {Phytochemical Profiling of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult and its Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotection Linked Enzyme Inhibitory Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {196-205}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {196}, abstract = {

Introduction: Exponential expansion in the usage of herbal medicines was observed in recent decades due to the increasing importance of the traditionally used natural remedies. In order to identify bioactive components of medicinal value, in the present study, we aimed to screen different extracts of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult for health beneficial effect by exploring its biological properties and phytochemical profile. Methods: By using sequential extraction method, H. indicus roots were extracted with various solvents based on low to high polarity. Subsequently, quantitative phytochemical profiling, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities were tested by using standard protocols. The MTT assay was carried out in SHSY-5Y cell lines to evaluate anti-inflammatory effect. Results: Methanol extract displayed highest phytochemical content with high concentration of terpenoid (59.82{\textpm}0.97 mg LE/g of extract) and saponin (15.03{\textpm}0.45 mg DE/g of extract). All the extracts exhibited concentration dependent pharmacological activities. In comparison, methanol extract produced highest activities with IC50 of 15.21{\textpm}0.31 and 11.36{\textpm}0.39 μg/ml against NO and DPPH radical scavenging assays respectively. Also, methanol extract showed maximum inhibition against acetylcholinesterase (IC50=17.46{\textpm}0.49 μg/ml) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50=31.05{\textpm}0.39 μg/ml), however, aqueous extract displayed highest potency against monoamine oxidase-B inhibition (IC50=24.60{\textpm}0.45 μg/ml). At 12.5-100 μg/mL concentrations, methanol and aqueous extracts did not show any cytotoxic effect on SH-SY5Y cells and dose dependently suppressed TNF-α and IL-6 production. Conclusion: Collectively, H. indicus could act as a disease modifying therapeutic in pharmaceutical industries by utilizing it as alternative therapy for the management of oxidative stress and its related disorders.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Antioxidant, Butyrylcholinesterase, Hemidesmus indicus, Monoamine oxidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.28}, author = {Swati Som and Justin Antony and Palanisamy Dhanabal and Sivasankaran Ponnusankar} } @article {1653, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of the Organic Extracts from Cleoserrata serrata (Jacq.) Iltis.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1225-1241}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1225}, abstract = {

Cleoserrata serrata is used in Mexican-south traditional medicine to treat chicleros ulcer. The phytochemical profile and the anti-inflammatory effect from four extracts obtained by maceration proccess and of the primary fractions from two extracts are described. In addition, the antioxidant, leishmanicidal and antimycobaterial activities and LD50 from active extracts are reported. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in TPA and carrageenan assays. Ethyl palmitate and γ-sitosterol were detected in Hexanic and CH2Cl2 extracts. Same compounds and stigmasta-3,5-dien-7-one, palmitic acid, phytol acetate and phytol were detected in primary fractions from CH2Cl2:EtOH extract. In this and in MeOH extracts a polyphenolmixture was obtained. The MeOH extract was subjected to acid hydrolysis, and kaempferol, quercetin and scopoletin were detected in organic-phase. Polyphenol-mixture and organic-phase (IC50=3730 and 2338 μg/mL) showed moderate antioxidant activity; meanwhile MeOH extract exhibited scarce activity. In carrageenan model, Hexanic extract and polyphenol-mixture showed ED50=131.46 and 64.89 mg/ kg, respectively. Three extracts were active but not-dose-dependent. In TPA-model, CH2Cl2 extract and polyphenol-mixture showed ED50 \<0.79 mg/ear, and three extracts were active, however the effect was not-dose-dependent. CH2Cl2:EtOH showed antimycobacterial and leishmanicidal activities. The LD50 was \>2 g/kg for all extracts.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory Effect, Antimycobacterial activity, antioxidant activity, Cleoserrata serrata, DL50, Leishmanicidal activity, Organic extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.156}, author = {Mar{\'\i}a del Carmen Ju{\'a}rez-V{\'a}zquez and Alejandro Zamilpa A and Rosalba Le{\'o}n-D{\'\i}az and Mariano Mart{\'\i}nez-V{\'a}zquez and Adolfo L{\'o}pez-Torres and Julieta Luna-Herrera and Lilian Y{\'e}pez-Mulia and Francisco Alarc{\'o}n-Aguilar and Mar{\'\i}a Adelina Jim{\'e}nez-Arellanes} } @article {1330, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activities of the Seedling Extracts from Inca Peanut Plukenetia volubilis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {52-58}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Background: Plukenetia volubilis L., Inca peanut is an oleaginous plant, widely cultivated as commercially in South East Asia, especially in Thailand. The oil from the seed plant is a greatest interesting a natural source. Objectives: The aims of this study were investigated phytochemical screening, to evaluated the total flavonoids and phenolic compound contents as well as antioxidant activities of seedling extract from P. volubilis. Methods: The dried P. volubilis seedlings of 21 days growing period were extracted by using different solvent including aqueous (ASS), 50\% ethanolic (HESS), and 95\% ethanolic (ESS) extracts. The phytochemical screenings were determined on total phenolic compound (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents. The antioxidation were tested by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy radical scavenging (DPPH), 2,2 -azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS+) assay, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Results: The results found that the ESS were significantly highest amount on total phenolic compound (23.0809{\textpm}0.8632 mgGE/gExt ) and flavonoid (466.3839{\textpm}1.5580 mgQE/gExt) contents. In this study, ascorbic acid (IC50 =0.016{\textpm}0.0003 mg/mL) and Trolox (IC50 =0.044{\textpm}0.0008 mg/mL) as standard substances were showed more potent than all of the extracts from P. volubilis seedlings. Surprisingly, the ESS has more potent on free radical scavenging higher than different solvents; DPPH=0.007{\textpm} 0.001 (IC50=mg/mL), ABTS= 1.4065{\textpm} 0.0505 (IC50=mg/mL),and FRAP= 74.4960{\textpm} 2.6067 (mg=TE/gExt). Conclusion: the plant seedling extracts composed with high amount of flavonoids and phenolic compound contents possess valuable to antioxidant activities. The seedling extracts from the plant could apply to supplementary food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and horticultural industries. Next study, chemical compositions, the major active compound(s), and biological activities will be clarified.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Flavonoids, Inca peanut seedling, Phenolic compounds, Phytochemical screening, Plukenetia Volubilis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.8}, author = {Darunee Puangpronpitag and Puangpaka Tankitjanon and Adisak Sumalee and Ampa Konsue} } @article {1419, title = {Phytochemicals A Novel Therapeutic Approach to Control Oral Biofilm}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {730-736}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {730}, abstract = {

Humans and micro-organisms have co-evolved having a synergetic relationship with their resident microbiome. The mouth features a diverse microbiota that grows on oral surfaces as functionally and structurally organized biofilms. The oral biofilms are accountable for causing a wide range of chronic diseases and owing to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria it has really become tough to treat with efficacy. Operative control of oral biofilm and the resulting infectious diseases epitomizes a significant universal challenge. For this kind of therapeutics, natural herbal products are perfect candidates because of their unique properties. The current review presents a novel approach to control and eradicate oral biofilm by the phytochemicals. Research on phytochemicals is zealously focused on health promotion, disease prevention, and also on the development of novel therapeutic interventions.

}, keywords = {Dental plaque, Medicinal herbs, Microbial resistance, Oral biofilm, Phytochemicals, Plant extracts, Quorum sensing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.93}, author = {Mruthunjaya Kenganora and Sushma Rudraswamy and Jai Shankar Puttabuddi Hombarvalli and Nagabhushana Doggalli} } @article {1619, title = {Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities Evaluation of Origanum vulgare (L.) Stem Bark Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {965-970}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {965}, abstract = {

The present study aimed to evaluate phytochemical and antioxidant activity (in vitro and in vivo) of Origanum vulgare (L.) ethanolic extract. The phytochemical test was assessed using the Clule method in ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity was determined by radical scavenging assay using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) as an artificial free radical activity. In vivo test was conducted to evaluate the effect of malondialdehyde (MDA) level in blood plasma during maximum physical activity treatment. In vivo test was done using 25 male Sprague Dawley rats in pre and post-test control group design. The phytochemical test of O. vulgare ethanol extract was showed some compounds, such as a flavonoid, alkaloid, triterpenoid/steroid, essential oil, and tannin, then in ethyl acetate and hexane. In vitro assay showed that O. vulgare extract has strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 133.47 μg/mL. While in the in vivo test, the most effective dosage is 20 mg/200 gr B.W., represented by a significant decrease of MDA level (0.509 nmol/mL) before and after treatment. So, the ethanolic extract of clove has potency as an herbal antioxidant because of the low level of IC50 and can decrease the MDA level.

}, keywords = {2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, antioxidant activity, Malondialdehyde, Origanum vulgare (L.), Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.124}, author = {Rosmalena and Putu Ayu Widyastuti and Fatmawaty Yazid and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {1381, title = {Phytochemicals Screening, GC/MS Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Falcataria moluccana Miq. Barneby and J. W. Grimes Methanolic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {450-455}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {450-}, abstract = {

Introduction: In this study, Falcataria moluccana as a plant of West Java community forest was evaluated for its phytochemical content, characterization of secondary metabolites through GC/MS analysis, and antioxidant activity with the DPPH method. Methods: The extraction of F. moluccana twig used maceration with methanol solvent. Phytochemical compounds in F. moluccana methanolic extract were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The antioxidant activity was tested against 2,2-diphenyl1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results: The phytochemical screening of F. moluccana methanolic extract showed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins. The results of GC/MS analysis showed that the highest abundance was α-terpinolenic from the terpenoid group with a retention time of 6.776 minutes and a percentage area of 25.85\%. Total phenolic content in methanolic extract of F. moluccana was 145.21 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid was 95.39 mg QE/g while antioxidant activity (IC50) was 12.60 ppm. Conclusion: F. moluccana has potential as natural antioxidant and its active compounds can be developed as pharmaceutical raw materials.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Falcataria moluccana, GC/MS, Methanolic extract, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.57}, author = {Alfi Rumidatul and I Nyoman Pugeg Aryantha and Endah Sulistyawati} } @article {1705, title = {Phytochemistry and Biological Evaluation of Daphne gnidium L. Butanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1688-1693}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1688}, abstract = {

Background: Daphne gnidium L. (Thymelaeaceae) has been used in the Mediterranean basin to treat skin diseases, rheumatism and toothache.\ Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the biological activities of butanol extract from the D. gnidium leaves. Methods: A quantitative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was performed. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by using three different assays: 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH assay), deoxyribose degradation assay and Cellular Antioxidant Activity (CAA) assay. The butanol extract was investigated for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in animal models. In addition, its effect on the production of NO and lysosomal activity in vivo was assessed. Results: The HPLC-DAD analysis showed the presence of daphnetin. The butanol extract had a remarkable antioxidant activity in the different systems tested. Furthermore, it has an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the xyleneinduced ear edema and reduced the number of abdominal constrictions in mice indicating analgesic effect. It also was found to inhibit (NO) production and lysosomal activity in vivo. Conclusion: These findings support the daphne use in traditional medicine for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Further investigations to elucidate its mechanism of action are required.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Daphne gnidium, Lysosmal activity, Nitric oxide production.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.217}, author = {Amira Horchani and Fadwa Chaabane and Mahassen Barboura and Imen Mokdad-Bzeouich and Aimen Abbassi and Amine Trabelsi and Leila Chekir-Ghedira} } @article {1694, title = {Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Boehmeria Genus: An Update Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1533-1541}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1533}, abstract = {

Introduction: Boehmeria is a genus that has the potential to be natural medicine and also has benefit in industry. This genus consists of 82 plants that includes numerous species, subspecies, and varieties. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of chemical and pharmacological characteristics of Boehmeria genus based on research studies. Methods: The reference articles have DOI and were obtained through database from such as Science Direct and PubMed website to ensure their validity and reliable contents. This literature study was made by using minimum 50 literatures from the last 10 years. Results: There are 16 species of Boehmeria genus confirmed to have chemical compounds, and 9 species of which reported to exhibit pharmacological activity in the form of extracts and single compound isolates. Conclusion: Based on this study, it was known that some Boehmeria species contained abundance of Boehmeriasin A, boehmeriasin B, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, (Z)-9,10,11-trihydroxy-12 octadecenoic acid, catechin, β-sitosterol, rutin, luteolin-7-glucoside, naringin and hesperidin. Boehmeria genus had various activities such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-hepatitis B.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Biological activities, Boehmeria, Boehmeriasin, Chemical compound}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.195}, author = {Muhammad Ikhlas Arsul and Muhamad Insanu and Irda Fidrianny} } @article {1358, title = {Potential Activity of Medicinal Plants as Pain Modulators: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {248-263}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {248}, abstract = {

This review aims to demonstrate the relevance that medicinal plants and their promising results have in prevention and treatment of pain. The neurophysiological bases of pain have been analyzed and the potential mechanisms of action have been proposed, it has also been determined that the main experimental models used for the evaluation of the analgesic potential are: acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin test, hot-plate test, capsaicin-induced nociception, cinnamaldehyde-induced nociception, glutamate-induced nociception, tail{\textendash}flick test and tail immersion test. There are countless medicinal plants with potential analgesic activity, in some of them main responsible compounds for the activity are flavonoids (vitexin, quercetin, naringenin, astragalin, eupatilin), alkaloids (scotanamine B, bullatine A, S-(+)- dicentrine, stephalagine, lappaconitine), terpenoids (p-cymene, thymol, menthol, citronellol, myrcene, carvacrol, linalool) and saponins (siolmatroside I, cayaponoside D, cayaponoside B4, cayaponoside A1); however, all studies have only been carried out up to pre-clinical stages. Therefore, it is recommended to carry out kinetic studies of the most remarkable natural compounds, evaluate mixtures of active compounds for diminishing doses to avoide possible side effects, and continue with clinical studies of medicinal plants whose safety has already been reported.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Antinociceptive, Extract, Natural product, Pain}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.35}, author = {Carmen R Silva-Correa and Jorge L Campos-Reyna and V{\'\i}ctor E Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Mar{\'\i}a V Gonz{\'a}lez Blas and Cinthya L Aspajo-Villalaz and Jos{\'e} L Cruzado-Razco and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui- Guarniz and Luz M Guerrero-Espino and Julio H} } @article {1380, title = {Potential Inhibition by Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract on Ki-67 Expression in Distal Colon Mouse}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {443-449}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {443}, abstract = {

Ulcerative colitis (UC) has been an important aspect of an incurable chronic inflammatory disease over the last few decades. To find useful therapies for UC, one of which is herbal therapy, many researches have been conducted. Due to its anti-inflammatory effects, Phaleria macrocarpa (PM), an Indonesian indigenous herb, is considered to be the alternative therapy for UC. Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract (PMLEE) is then used in this research to determine its effect on UC by using Ki-67 as a marker of proliferation. PMLEE was created from dry PM content undergoing maceration. The animals were classified into six categories: normal, positive control, negative control and PMLEE group (100, 200, 300 mg/kgBW). PMLEE was then injected for 7 consecutive days into BALB/c mice that were caused by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). DSS is used for modeling UC in the colon tissue of mice. All mice were terminated and then stained with anti-Ki-67 after their colons were extracted. Subsequently, the stained parts were analyzed with ImageJ based on the color intensity produced by the results of H-score. Based on H-score, PMLEE 300mg and 200mg has significantly decreased the expression of Ki-67 compare to the negative control (p=0.001 and p=0.01). PMLEE also has a tendency to be dose dependent based on the significant difference from PMLEE 300mg and 100mg (p=0.002). It then concludes that PMLEE is related to Ki-67 expression in cells, as it was inversely proportional in this analysis.

}, keywords = {Dextran sodium sulphate, Inflamation, Ki- 67, Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.56}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Elvan Wiyarta and Ari Estuningtyas and Nurhuda Sahar and Yurnadi Hanafi Midoen and Aryo Tedjo and Alfred Pakpahan} } @article {1647, title = {The Potential Interaction of Ethionamide-Thyroid Hormone Receptor Induces Hypothyroidism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1174-1179}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1174}, abstract = {

Background: Hypothyroidism is a common side effect found in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis taking ethionamide. The mechanism of ethionamide-induced hypothyroidism is potentially caused by the structure of ethionamide compounds chemically similar to thioamide, such as propylthiouracil (C7H8N2S), which inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis. However, hypothyroidism is caused not only by a lack of production but also by signaling alteration. Thyroid hormone action is mediated by thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulate their target genes. Unfortunately, there are limited studies on the potential interaction of ethionamide with TRs. Objective: In the present study, we want to elaborate on the potential interaction of ethionamide with TRs which might alter the thyroid hormone genomic regulation. Methods: Molecular docking studies were used to evaluate the potential interaction between ethionamide with TRα and TRβ. Results: The molecular docking results on TRα showed more than one hydrogen bond{\textendash}steric interaction formed from the ethionamide{\textendash}amino acid residue interaction. Ethionamide{\textendash}TRβ interaction showed more than one steric interaction, but the hydrogen bonds are not visualized. The docking score between ethionamide and TRα is -7.373 kcal/ mol and higher than its interaction with TRβ. Conclusion: These findings indicate that ethionamide can interact with TRα and TRβ. However, the ethionamide{\textendash}TRα interaction is stronger than ethionamide{\textendash}TRβ interaction. Our study reports a novel mechanism of action of ethionamide-induced hypothyroidism.

}, keywords = {Ethionamide, Hypothyroidism, Molecular docking, TRα, TRβ}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.150}, author = {Ronny Lesmana and Firyali Rahmani Shidqi and Hanna Goenawan and Iwan Setiawan and Marisca Evalina Gondokesumo and Farida Suhud and Nasrul Wathoni} } @article {1663, title = {Potential Neuroprotective Activity of Essential Oils in Memory and Learning Impairment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1312-1322}, type = {Review article}, chapter = {1312}, abstract = {

Memory and learning is negatively affected by many factors. Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease is a progressive and irreversible neurological disorder that occurs gradually, a sickness that is increasingly common, and multiple scientific articles suggest that essential oils improve memory and learning and are useful in the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease. This review aims to conduct a critical collection of current information on research into both memory and learning impairment, as well as essential oils that are able to avoid this neurodegenerative disease. Currently, different animal models have been useful for the study of neurodegenerative problems that alter memory and learning, experimental pharmacological, genetic and toxicological models that can simulate specific cognitive deficit syndromes. In addition, research in this review show several essential oil compounds that present positive results in animal studies, but still lack human clinical trials. Therefore, the assessment of the safety and efficacy of these phytochemical compounds in diseases that cause memory impairment and learning, remain a promising area for future research.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer disease, Animal model, Essential oil, Learning, Memory, Neurodegenerative diseases}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.166}, author = {Carmen R. Silva-Correa and Jorge L. Campos-Reyna and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Luz M. Guerrero-Espino and Anabel D Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Mar{\'\i}a V. Gonz{\'a}lez-Blas and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco and Julio Hilario-Vargas} } @article {1666, title = {Potential of Ethanolic Extract from Ripe Musa balbisiana Colla Fruit Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction as An Antioxidant and Anti-Gout}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1332-1340}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1332}, abstract = {

Plant extracts or their secondary metabolites have functioned as antioxidants in phytotherapy drugs which function as protection against various diseases related to oxidative stress and free radicals. Free radicals play an important role in the initiation and development of various diseases, one of which is uric acid. Hhis study aims to obtain ethanolic extract from the ripe fruit of Musa balbisiana Colla using the UAE method and obtain information about secondary metabolites and their bioactivity as antioxidants and anti-gout. The results showed that antioxidant activity test using the DPPH and FRAP methods gave IC50 values of 150.24 {\textpm} 0.0348 mg/L and 227.80 {\textpm} 0.0986 mg / L, respectively. The total phenolic content value of 625.64 {\textpm} 0.36 mg GAE/g ethanolic extract is thought to have a role in high antioxidant activity. In addition, ethanol extract with a concentration of 50 mg / L has activity in reducing uric acid levels by around 9\%. It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract produced by UAE has potential as a source of anti-oxidants and anti-gout.

}, keywords = {Anti-gout, Antioxidant, Musa balbisiana Colla, Phenolic content, UAE}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.168}, author = {Candra Irawan and Andita Utami and Erna Styani and Imalia Dwi Putri and Ratna Komala Putri and Avisani Dewanta and Annisa Ramadhanti} } @article {1326, title = {Potential of Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract to Upregulate the Expression of Caspase-3 in Mouse Distal Colon after Dextran Sodium Sulphate Induction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {23-29}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {23}, abstract = {

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a part of incurable chronic inflammatory disease that has gained importance over the past few decades. A lot of research has been done to find effective treatments for UC, one of which is herbal medicine. Phaleria macrocarpa (PM), an Indonesian native plant, is thought to be an alternative therapy for UC because of its anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, in this research, Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract (PMLEE) is used to assess its effect on UC by using Caspase-3 as apoptosis marker. PMLEE was made from dried material of PM that undergo maceration. Animals were separated into six groups: normal, negative control, positive control, and PMLEE groups (100, 200, 300 mg/kgBW). PMLEE was then injected to BALB/c mice that have been induced by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) for 7 consecutive days. DSS is used to model UC in mice colon tissue. All animals were sacrificed and their colons were collected then stained with anti-Caspase-3. The stained sections were subsequently examined with ImageJ based on color intensity which generated H-Score as the results. Based on H-Score of each group, PMLEE 300mg has significantly upregulate the expression of Caspase-3 compare to the negative control (p=0.015). PMLEE also has a tendency to be dose dependent based on the significant difference between PMLEE doses. Therefore, it concludes that PMLEE is able to upregulate the expression of Caspase-3 in colon cells as in this study it was directly proportional. Key words: Mahkota Dewa, Inflammation, Apoptosis, Ulcerative colitis.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Inflammation, Mahkota Dewa, Ulcerative colitis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.4}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Elvan Wiyarta and Ari Estuningtyas and Nurhuda Sahar and Yurnadi Hanafi Midoen and Aryo Tedjo} } @article {1725, title = {Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Acute and Subacute Intranasal Administration of Polyphenols-based Cinnamon Bark Extract in Laboratory Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1621-1631}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1621}, abstract = {

Background: Polyphenols-based standardized cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) bark extract (IND02) demonstrated efficacy against allergic rhinitis in animal models and human clinical study. Objectives: To assess the acute and subacute intranasal toxicity of the IND02 nasal solution (IND02-NS). Methods: Acute and 28-days subacute toxicity using the intranasal route of administration of IND02-NS was evaluated using Wistar rats as per Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines. For acute intranasal toxicity study, a single dose of 100 μg/rat/day was administered in five male and female rats and observed for the incidence of mortality and signs of toxicity for 14 days. For a 28-days subacute intranasal toxicity study, doses of 20, 50, and 100 μg/rat/day were administered to a group of five male and female rats. Results: The IND02-NS did not show mortality or treatment-related adverse signs during acute (limit dose of 100 μg/rat/day) and subacute intranasal (28-days repeated dose of 20, 50, and 100 μg/rat/day with 14 days of reversal period) administration. The IND02-NS showed a maximum tolerated dose greater than 100 μg/rat during the acute intranasal toxicity study. The no-observed adverse effect level of IND02-NS was 100 μg/rat/day in rats during the subacute intranasal toxicity study. Conclusion: IND02-NS was found safe at 100 μg/rat/day during acute and subacute (28 days repeated dose) for nasal administration in rats.

}, keywords = {Intranasal toxicity, Maximum tolerated dose, Noobserved- adverse-effect level., Polyphenols, Standardized cinnamon bark}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.209}, author = {Prasad Thakurdesai and Pallavi Deshpande} } @article {1335, title = {Preclinical Trial of Propolis Extract in Prevention of High Salt Diet- Induced Hypertension}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {89-96}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Background: Propolis has been widely reported as having various biological activities. However, Indonesian propolis seems to be less explored. Objective: The present study aimed to analyze the antihypertensive activity of Indonesian propolis in rats. Materials and Methods: Hypertension was induced by high-NaCl (8\%) diet for 3 weeks. A total of 36 rats were divided into 6 groups, including standard diet group (SD), high-NaCl diet group (NaD), high-NaCl diet group + captopril (25 mg/ kg) (PD), high-NaCl diet + propolis from Riau Archipelago (NaDP1), high-NaCl diet + propolis from Lampung (NaDP2) and high-NaCl diet + propolis from South Sulawesi (NaDP3). Propolis was daily administered at dose of 200 mg/ kg on hypertensive rats for 1 week. Blood pressure and body weight were weekly measured. Moreover, routine urine analysis, haematological parameters and lipid profiles at week 4 were determined. Results: The results showed that high-NaCl diet successfully induced hypertension in rats after 3 weeks of intervention. However, the diet did not cause weight gain (p\>0.05). All Indonesian propolis samples significantly reversed either systolic or diastolic blood pressure of hypertensive rats. From urine analysis, propolis from Riau Archipelago and Lampung showed diuretic effect. The haematological analysis mainly showed no significant difference compared standard diet group. Furthermore, LDL and HDL concentrations were significantly improved by propolis from Lampung and South Sulawesi, respectively (p\<0.05). In addition, we only found significant decrease in relative weight of liver in all groups administered with high-NaCl diet (p\<0.05). Conclusion: The present study suggests that all Indonesian propolis possessed antihypertensive activity.

}, keywords = {antihypertension, Blood pressure, High-NaCl diet, Stingless bee propolis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.13}, author = {Ade Heri Mulyati and Ahmad Sulaeman and Sri Anna Marliyati and Mohamad Rafi and Al Mukhlas Fikri} } @article {1408, title = {Preliminary Phytochemical Studies, GC-MS Analysis and In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants and its Polyherbal Formulation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {648-659}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {648}, abstract = {

Background: Novel polyherbal formulation (PHF) is the utilization of more than one herb in the preparation of herbal medication. The thought is found in the conventional system of medicine where the variety of herbs in a specific proportion of illness. Because of synergism, polyherbalism presents a few advantages which aren{\textquoteright}t accessible in single herbal medication. It is utilized in these medications for the treatment of numerous sicknesses including antioxidants. Objective: To develop a phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of Novel Polyherbal formulation for In vitro antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Macroscopical, preliminary phytochemical, quantitative phytoconstituents, and In-vitro antioxidant activity of all the individual extract and polyherbal formulation was done by chemical method. Identification of phytoconstituents with the aid of Gas chromatography {\textendash} Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Results: Macroscopical study and physicochemical examination, for example, ash value, extractive value, loss on drying, and pH were reported to A. racemosus, B. variegata, C. bonducella, S. asoka, and S. racemosus and novel polyherbal formulation. Qualitative phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, gums \& mucilage, carbohydrates, steroids, proteins \& amino acids, fats \& fixed oils, glycoside, phenols, and saponins. Quantitative estimation such as TAC, TFC, TGC, TSC, and TPC was showed positive results. All the individual extract and PHF were subjected to GC-MS analysis. All the individual extract and polyherbal formulation displayed strong antioxidant activity. Conclusions: To conclude the PHF was reported that high level of bioactive contents present and strong antioxidant activity in contrast to the preferred ascorbic acid. The GC-MS uncovered the presence of bioactive compounds and these compounds are suggested to treat antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral, anti-tumor, anti-proliferative activity, and antifungal activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, GC-MS analysis, Macroscopical, Phytochemical, Polyherbal formulation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.83}, author = {Shalini K and Ilango K} } @article {1683, title = {Preparation of Euyrycoma Longifolia Jack (E.L) Tongkat Ali (Ta) Root Extract Hydrogel for Wound Application}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1456-1463}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1456}, abstract = {

Background: It is undeniable that a lot of patients worldwide suffer from different types of wounds. The complex process of wound healing has a severe effect on the life quality of patients as well as causing an economic load on healthcare institutions. Although the availability of various therapies for managing patients with acute and chronic wounds for the past decade, these therapies are usually expensive and accompanied by undesirable side effects. Hence, the discovery of a new arsenal for wound healing remains a hot topic of research. Recently, plants and their by-products have garnered remarkable attention as a source of therapeutic agents to treat wounds. This is because medicinal plants provide a rich reservoir of phytochemicals that could potentially become affordable and effective therapeutic agents. Eurycoma longifolia Jack or Tongkat Ali (TA), is one of the well-known traditional plants of Malaysia, it has been scientifically proven to have medicinal properties. Hydrogels are hydrophilic polymer networks that can imbibe a significant number of fluids. In comparison to other systems developed for herbal medicines delivery, a unique power possessed by hydrogels is the high-water absorption ability. This ability has favoured the loading of herbal formulations, which are in general hydrophilic in nature, into hydrogels. Objective: The aim of this study is to prepare Eurycoma longifolia Jack (E.l.J) Tongkat Ali (TA) roots hydrogel for wound application. Methods: Authentication of Eurycoma longifolia Jack roots was done by microscopic examination using methylene blue and Lugol{\textquoteright}s iodine solution. Root extraction by Soxhlet technique. In vitro cytotoxicity of ethanol extract of the roots was evaluated in human primary gingival fibroblasts cells. The ethanolic extract was loaded into hydrogel as a suitable dosage form for further wound healing studies. Results: The crude herbal drug sample, TA present the same microscopical characters to that of E. longifolia Jack tap root. Ic50 was 118.5 μg/mL. The hydrogel was prepared using 2\% xanthan gum and ethanol extract of TA was loaded successfully for its later application as a wound healing agent.

}, keywords = {Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Hydrogel, Microscopic examination}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.185}, author = {Maryam Riyadh Yaseen and Ghasak G Faisal and Azliana Abd Fuaat and Khairunisa Ahmad Affandi and Batoul Alallam and Mohd Hamzah Mohd Nasir} } @article {1366, title = {Production of Secondary Metabolites and its Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity During the Growth Period of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Gall Rust Sengon Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {325-331}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {325}, abstract = {

Introduction: In our previous study, secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi isolated from gall rust sengon showed their bioactive activity against antibacterial and antioxidant, but only gave little effect to antifungal activity. Endophytic fungal culture extracted from gall rust of sengon (Falcataria moluccana Miq. Barneby and J. W. Grimes) has the ability on inhibiting Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. To increase the production of bioactive compounds, this research was focused on isolates which produced the highest activity compounds, and sought the optimal fermentation conditions in the production of bioactive compounds. Methods: The fermentation process was carried out on PDB liquid media for 21 days, under shaker conditions, at room temperature, and sampling measurements were hold every 3 days. Bioassay were carried out against B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. Results: The early stages fungal growth was adaptation stage, continued by 1-6th days of exponential growth period. Day 6-12th was stationary growth and day 15-21th were cell death periode. The highest secondary metabolite production was achieved at stationary periodes, that was occured at days 9-15th\ and high antibacterial activity was produced on days 9-12th. Conclusion: The best production secondary metabolite that has high activity was at day 9-12th.

}, keywords = {Antibacteri, Antioxidant, Endophytic fungi, Gall rust, Secondary metabolite}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.42}, author = {Alfi Rumidatul and Noor Rahmawati and Sopandi Sunarya} } @article {1680, title = {Prognostic Factors in Predicting Primary Brainstem Hemorrhage Patients: An Experience in Indonesia{\textquoteright}s Rural Hospital}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1445-1449}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1445}, abstract = {

Background: Primary brainstem hemorrhage is a rare type of hemorrhagic stroke with a very high reported mortality rate in Indonesia. Aim: This study aims to demonstrate the mortality rate of cases in one of Indonesia{\textquoteright}s rural hospitals. To help reduce the mortality rate, the prognostic factors of several cases were studied. These steps are needed to be able to predict the prognosis of primary brainstem hemorrhage patients and to give a better explanation to the family of the patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken with collecting medical and radiological records from January 2018 to August 2020. A total sampling technique was done, and 340 patients were diagnosed with hemorrhagic stroke during that period. Only ten patients met the inclusion criteria and were included as the study samples. Statistical analysis using SPSS 22 and the Spearman correlation test adjusted for each variable. Results: Low prevalence of primary brainstem hemorrhage (7\%). There were correlation between GCS score, brainstem hemorrhage location, and length of stay with the patient{\textquoteright}s prognosis. Conclusion: Understanding these prognostic factors would reduce the prevalence of this primary brainstem hemorrhage and to ease the process of explaining the patients{\textquoteright} condition to the family.

}, keywords = {Brainstem, Factor, Intracerebral hemorrhage, Primary, Prognosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.183}, author = {Namira Khairunnisa and Feda Anisah Makkiyah and Tashya Anggraeni Sinaga and Rahmah Hida Nurrizka} } @article {1677, title = {Protective effect of Salvia officinalis against cypermethrininduced reprotoxicity in male Wistar rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1413-1421}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1413}, abstract = {

Background: Medicinal plants are a reservoir of biologically active compounds with therapeutic properties that, over time, have been used for the treatment of various diseases. This study aims to evaluate the protective effect of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Salvia officinalis against cypermethrin-induced toxicity. Methods: 30 male rats weighing approximately 240 g were divided into equal six groups; the control group received tap water, the positive control received the aqueous extract of sage leaves (SLE) at a dose of (0.5g/kg bw), the groups treated with cypermethrin (Cyp1) at 8.33 mg/kg bw and (Cyp2) at 25 mg/kg bw, and the groups treated by cypermethrin combined with aqueous extract of sage SLE+Cyp1 (0.5g/kg bw+8.33 mg/kg bw) and SLE+Cyp2 (0.5g/kg bw+25 mg/kg bw) for four days/week. After 4 weeks of oral administration, epididymal seminal fluid was analyzed via the CASA system, in addition to the histological study testis and epididymis. Results: The obtained results showed a decrease in the absolute weight of the reproductive organs, with a significant decrease in sperm concentration, motility and speed in the cypermethrin-treated group compared to the control. Histological study of the testes and epididymis indicates an alteration in the stages of spermatogenesis in groups Cyp1 and Cyp2 compared to the control. However, the above-mentioned parameters were maintained almost normal in the groups that received the aqueous extract of sage with both doses of cypermethrin. Conclusion: it can be demonstrated that SLE has been shown to protect rats from cypermethrin-induced reprotoxicity.

}, keywords = {Cypermethrin, Histology, Rats, Salvia officinalis, Spermatozoa, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.179}, author = {Amel CHOUABIA and Samir DJEMLI and Cherif ABDENNOUR and Leila MALLEM and Labiba KAHALERRAS and Fatma Zohra ARKOUB and Narimene BOUABDALLAH and Abdelkrim TAHRAOUI} } @article {1696, title = {Protective Potential of Canthium dicoccum Methanolic Extract Against Hepatic Injury in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1648-1655}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1648}, abstract = {

The methanolic extract of leaves of C.dicoccum was evaluated for its hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity since it is reported to cause oxidative stress in the animal thereby altering the enzymatic levels. Fresh leaves were collected, shade dried and extract was prepared by cold maceration followed by drying in a rota-vapour using methanol to obtain MECD as a sticky semi-solid mass. Thirty rats were taken and divided into 5 equal groups where, Group I, II, and III served as Normal Control, Negative control (PCM 3g/kg), and Positive control (Silymarin 200mg/kg) respectively; whereas, Group IV and V served as test groups where the rats were pre-treated orally with MECD 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively for six days before administering PCM. On the 8th day all groups except Group I was administered with PCM (3g/kg). 48 hours post PCM induction, the animals were anesthetized, blood samples were obtained via retro-orbital sinus plexus and then the rats were sacrificed. The serum was assessed for the evaluation parameters like AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin levels. Apart from these; SOD, CAT, and MDA levels were also evaluated and it was concluded that treatment with MECD restored the levels to normal thereby exhibiting hepatoprotective activity. Moreover, histopathological evaluation was carried out to assess the liver for inflammation, infiltration, or necrosis where the MECD treated rats showed promising results.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant enzymes, Canthium dicoccum, Hepatoprotective activity, Liver markers, Paracetamol.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.212}, author = {Ravi Kumar Vakkalagadda and Parameshwar Ravula and Kondapuram Parameshwar and Kaspa Saraswathi and P Sindhuri and Rajala Srikala and Kosika Sandeep} } @article {1378, title = {Proximate Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Vegetable Milk from Lotus Seeds (Nolumbo nucifera)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {427-433}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {427}, abstract = {

This study aims to proximate composition and antioxidant activities of vegetable milk from lotus seeds (Nolumbo nucifera). The research method in this study used a randomized block design with 3 levels of treatment with 3 repetitions, the treatments used were: A0 = 100\% soybean (Control), A1 = boiling temperature 80$^{0}$C, A2 = boiling temperature 90$^{0}$C, A3 = boiling temperature 100$^{0}$C, B1 = boiling time 10 min, B2 = boiling time 30 min and B3 = boiling time 50 min. The test parameters carried out were proximate composition (water, ash, protein, fat, carbohydrates, and antioxidants) and antioxidant activiy. The results showed the ash content of the lotus seed until the boiling time of 90 min increased, but when the temperature was increased to 100$^{0}$C, the ash content decreased. The fat content of lotus seed milk decreased with increasing boiling time. The protein of vegetable milk from lotus seeds tend to increase with the duration of boiling. The result showed the soy milk has the highest activity (control). For lotus seed milk, the highest activity was in lotus seed milk with boiling temperature treatment of 80$^{0}$C and boiling time for 10 min.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Lotus seeds, Nolumbo nucifera, Proximate, Vegetable Milk}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.54}, author = {Ace Baehaki and Rinto and Muhammad Hendri and Sabri Sudirman and Jeny Pusphyta Buana} } @article {1412, title = {Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of 70\% Ethanol Extract from Ruta angustifolia for Developing Anti-Hepatitis C Agents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {682-687}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {682}, abstract = {

Background: Medicinal plants are potential sources for drug candidates. It possesses with various metabolites which have many pharmacology effects. Ruta angustifolia is one of medicinal plants that has been used traditionally for liver disease. Previous study it has been demonstrated to inhibit hepatitis C virus under in vitro cell culture. It decreased protein NS3 level and gave synergistic effect in combination with simeprevir and telaprevir. This plant provides a prospective candidate to develop as anti-HCV Objective: This study evaluates the phytochemistry screening for qualitative assay and determine the concentration of rutin as marker compound for developing R. angustifolia extract as anti-HCV agent. Materials and Methods: R. angustifolia leaves were extracted with 70\% of ethanol. Extract and rutin were analysis their anti-HCV activity by in vitro culture cells of Huh7it. The concentration of rutin was determine by TLC densitometry. Results: The 70\% ethanol extract of R. angustifolia dan rutin exhibit anti-HCV activities with IC50 value of 2.9 {\textpm} 0.8 μg/ml and 28.1 {\textpm} 5.6 μg/ml, respectively. Screening phytochemistry demonstrated to contain flavonoid, terpenoid, alkaloid and polyphenols. TLC densitometry analysis yield the concentration of rutin in extract 0.06 \%. Conclusion: Extract of 70\% ethanol of R. angustifolia has a potential anti-HCV activity. Extract of R. angustifolia may provide a good candidate for developing anti-HCV agents.

}, keywords = {Hepatitis C Virus, Infectious disease, Medicinal plants, Medicine, Ruta angustifolia, Rutin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.87}, author = {Tutik Sri Wahyuni and Adita Ayu Permanasari and Lidya Tumewu and Aty Widyawaruyanti and Achmad Fuad Hafid} } @article {1681, title = {Quantification of Andrographolide in Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Myricetin in Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, and Brazilin in Caesalpinia sappan L. by HPLC Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1437-1444}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1437}, abstract = {

Introduction: Andrographolide, myricetin, and brazilin are bioactive compounds from Andrographis paniculata, Syzygium cumini, and Caesalpinia sappan plants that have potential as medicinal ingredients. Objectives: To determine the levels of andrographolide in A. paniculata herb extract (APE), myricetin in S. cumini leaf extract (SCE), and brazilin in C. sappan wood extract (CSE) as marker compounds for extract quality control using the HPLC method. Methods: The separation was carried out on a reverse-phase C18 column (150 x 4.6 mm; 5 μm). The isocratic was prepared from methanol - water (50:50 v/v); 0.1\% orthophosphoric acid - methanol (60:40 v/v); and 0,3\% acetic acid - acetonitrile (85.5: 14.5 v/v) as mobile phase with flow rate 1 mL/min for andrographolide, myricetin, and brazilin determination, respectively and detection using UV detector at a wavelength of 254 nm, 369 nm, and 280 nm, respectively. Results: The linear regression for andrographolide was y = 14113x + 5948.8 (r2= 0.9994); myricetin was y = 87766x {\textendash} 138895 (r2=0.9996); and brazilin was y = 18520x {\textendash} 42668 (r2=0.9992). The andrographolide content in APE was found to be 14.4686 \%. The myricetin content in SCE was found to be 0.3190 \%. The brazilin content in CSE was found to be 2.1280 \%. Conclusion: The described HPLC method was successfully used for the analysis of the APE, SCE, and CSE. This method can be used for the identification and quantification of andrographolide, myricetin, and brazilin in herbal raw materials or herbal products containing these three extracts.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Caesalpinia sappan, HPLC, Marker compounds, Quality control, Syzygium cumini}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.182}, author = {Eem Masaenah and Berna Elya and Heri Setiawan and Zahra Fadhilah and Varda Arianti} } @article {1352, title = {Reconstruction and Scientific Explanation of Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) From West Sumatra as Ethnomedicine and Source of Science Learning}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {206-211}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {206}, abstract = {

Indonesia is one of the countries that has the largest tropical forest land in the world, this makes Indonesia rich in diversity of flora and fauna. This diversity produces a variety of cultures, traditions and local wisdom. One of the local wisdoms of the people of West Sumatra is the use and utilization of the biodiversity around it as a medicine for various diseases. The type of medicinal plant that is the focus of this research is the type of Akar Kuning plant (Arcangelisia flava Merr.). This research is an educational research conducted using an ethnoscience approach, meaning that it is based on the indigenous knowledge of the local community. This study aims to reconstruct knowledge from a cultural / community perspective in the health sector. which later will become a knowledge with scientific explanation. The data were obtained through direct observation to the research location regarding indigenous knowledge about the Akar Kuning plant and also based on laboratory test data on antibacterial activity carried out in the biology laboratory of Semarang State University. All data obtained will be analyzed and also strengthened by various sources. The analysis concluded that the Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) Plant contains bioactive compounds that act as antibacterials, thus inhibiting bacterial growth. This is evidenced by the inhibition zone diameter data produced during laboratory tests showing the results that the Yellow Root plant extract (Arcangelisia flava Merr.)

}, keywords = {Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava Merr.), Ethnoscience, Reconstruction, Scientific explanation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.29}, author = {Skunda Diliarosta and Sudarmin and Annisa Efendi and Dwisari Dillasamola and Biomechy Oktomalioputri and Rehani Ramadhani} } @article {1618, title = {Repairing of Renal Tubules in Diabetic Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Diabetes After Administration of Golden Sea Cucumber (Stichopus hermanii)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {958-964}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {958}, abstract = {

This study aims to analyze the improvement of the histopathological picture of renal tubules in diabetic rats after being given golden sea cucumber extract (Stichopus hermanii). This research uses experimental design laboratories with a post-test only control group design method. The sampling used simple random sampling with 25 white rats divided into five groups, namely groups that were given standard feed without STZ-induced, STZ-induced group, STZ-induced group and given golden sea cucumber extract at a dose of 4.25 mg/kg BW for 21 days, STZinduced group and given golden sea cucumber extract at a dose of 8.5 mg/kg BW for 21 days, and STZ-induced group and given gold sea cucumber extract at a dose of 12.75 mg/kg BW for 21 days. The data on the observation of each group{\textquoteright}s kidney histopathology was carried out at the end of the session. The results of the analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis Test showed significant results, the Mann-Whitney Test showed significant differences between the STZinduced group and the golden sea cucumber extract (Stichopus hermanii) dose of 12.75 mg/kg BW (x=7.4 mg/dl) decreased significantly (p=0.001) compared to the STZ-only-induced group (x=12.6 mg/dl). Administration of golden sea cucumber extract (Stichopus hermanii) at a dose of 12.75 mg/kg BW of rats for 21 days lowered the degree of tubular damage to the kidney rectus of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) male streptozotocin-induced strains.

}, keywords = {Diabetic rat, Stichopus hermanii, Tubular injury}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.123}, author = {Herin Setianingsih and Satria Erda Wisnumarta and Sareh Arjono Tjandra} } @article {1339, title = {Repurposing of FDA Approved Alkaloids as COVID 19 Inhibitors; in silico Studies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {110-123}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {110}, abstract = {

Background: Alkaloid drugs were permitted for using as a treatment of numerous diseases. Colchicine, codeine, piperine, papaverine, ergometrine, theophylline, theobromine and caffeine are recognized safe alkaloids and used for many human disfunctions. The chemical structures of alkaloids have flexible chemical moieties with various electronic and chemical characters. COVID-19 is a horrible disease as result from that the discovering of potent drugs from previously FDA approved drugs is the main objective of this study. Methods: docking studies were used for discovering the interactions of alkaloids with protease proteins. The nature of selected alkaloids structures was utilized for advance insights studies to predict new medical applications. Results: Docking studies for alkaloids were completed and the obtained outcomes, displayed that all tried alkaloids have great attraction with the five protease proteins, the energy docking score ranged from -2.9516 (for colchicine with 5R82) to -24.7449 (for ergotamine with 5R80) kcal/mol with 1-5 variable interactions bond. Conclusion: Among the tested drugs, papaverine and ergometrine revealed high docking scores for all five proteins (score ranged from, -14.1058 to 23.1619 for papaverine and, -4.7900 to 24.7449 for ergometrine) and number of interactions with all tested proteins are two to three for papaverine but for ergometrine are two to five.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, COVID-19, Docking study, FDA, Natural drugs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.16}, author = {Ehab M Mostafa and Mohammed Gamal and Mohammed M Ghoneim and Shaimaa Hussein and Ahmed H El-Ghorab and Mohamed A Abdelgawad and Arafa Musa} } @article {1428, title = {A Review of the Traditional Uses, Medicinal Properties and Phytochemistry of Centaurea benedicta L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {798-812}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {798}, abstract = {

Centaurea benedicta L. is an annual herbaceous plant which belongs to the Asteraceae family. It is native to the Mediterranean region and western Asia and is commonly known as blessed thistle, holy thistle, St Benedict{\textquoteright}s thistle or spotted thistle. Traditionally, it has been used to treat bubonic plague and possesses diuretic, galactagogue, liver-strengthening and wound healing properties. Recent research studies have investigated its anticancer, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and other therapeutic properties. Several studies have also reported its antimicrobial activity against a range of bacterial pathogens. However, most of these studies were preliminary and only tested relatively high concentrations of the extracts. Additionally, most studies screened a limited number of pathogens. Cnicin is the main chemical compound present in C. benedicta and it has been widely investigated. However, few other compounds from this plant have been identified and/or investigated, and further phytochemical studies are warranted. Interestingly, pure cnicin has good anticancer activity, whilst the crude extracts lack cytotoxic properties. Phytochemical analyses of C. benedicta extracts reveal the presence of multiple flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and lactones, although few specific phytochemicals within these phytochemical classes have been identified. A limited number of research studies have determined the toxicity profile of C. benedicta in order to evaluate its safety for human use. Substantially more detailed studies are required to rigorously investigate the therapeutic properties and phytochemistry of C. benedicta, which may ultimately lead to the development of new plant-based therapeutic medicines.

}, keywords = {Asteraceae, Blessed thistle, Flavonoids, St Benedict{\textquoteright}s thistle, Tannins, Terpenoids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.102}, author = {Gagan Tiwana and Jiahe Fua and Lanping Lu and Matthew J Cheesman and IE.Cock} } @article {1631, title = {A Review on Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Nephelium Lappaceum L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {1053-1057}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1053}, abstract = {

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that occurs in the majority of people worldwide. The number of cases in many countries has been increasing year by year. In Malaysia, the statistics show that the number of diabetic case in 2019 was 3.6 million and expected to increase in 2025 by 7 million. This disease can develop as a result of oxidative stress production in the body. Nephelium lappaceum was claimed traditionally being used to treat diabetes mellitus. This research is conducted to review the available literature regarding the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Nephelium lappaceum extracts and constituent that contributes to this activity. Methods: The studies included in this review have been selected using several databases including Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library, Science Direct and Pubmed. The keywords used in database search were {\textquotedblleft}Nephelium lappaceum{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}antioxidant{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}antidiabetic{\textquotedblright} and covered the period from 2007 onwards. Results: This review revealed that Nephelium lappaceum extracts have good antioxidant and antidiabetic activities when tested using various methods. These activities are due to the presence of several phytoconstituents in the extract. Conclusions: In conclusion, Nephelium lappaceum possess antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. It has the potential to be developed as an antidiabetic and antioxidant agent which can be used to treat various oxidative stress-related diseases, including diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Diabetes mellitus, Nephelium lappaceum L., Phytoconstituents, Rambutan}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.136}, author = {Wan Nor Iffah Husna Wan Mustaffa and Wan Hafizah W. Jusof} } @article {1708, title = {Role of Capsaicin in the Repair of Cellular Activity in Mice Liver}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1573-1576}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1573}, abstract = {

This study aimed to determine the capsaicin efficacy on Kupffer cell, polymorphonuclear, stellate, and fibroblast cells in mice liver induced with aflatoxin B1. A total of 20 mice were used as sample, assigned into four group i.e. (T0) administered 0,5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T1) administered 0,5 ml of capsaicin + 0,5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T2) administered 0,1 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 0,5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T3) administered 0,1 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 0,5 ml of capsaicin, respectively. All treatment were done for a month then followed by liver dissection for hematoxylin eosin staining. The differential cells counted then analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison test (p\<0,05). The cell determination showed that Kupffer cell, polymorphonuclear, stellate, and fibroblast cells decreased significantly (p\<0,05) in T3 group compared to T2 group. Meanwhile, the T1 group showed similar (p\>0,05) with T0 group. It can be concluded that capsaicin has a potential effect to improve cellular activity in mice liver with aflatoxin B1 toxication.

}, keywords = {Aflatoxin B1, Animal, Capsaicin, Fibroblast., Kupffer cell, Stellate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.201}, author = {Mohammad Sukmanadi and Mustofa Helmi Effendi and Faisal Fikri and Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama} } @article {1400, title = {Role of Spices in Offering Natural Immunity to Fight Various Diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {600-613}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {600}, abstract = {

Adequate nutrition intake is one of main factors to strengthen immunity. Traditional and cultural practices of food consumption involve use of several spices in limited quantities as part of food. Spices have offered versatile biological effects due to presence of valuable biochemicals. The aim of the present paper is to review published scientific evidence on potential role of spices in offering innate and adaptive immunity to human body. It has been demonstrated that, turmeric, one of the widely used spices, acts as an anti-viral agent through inhibition of viral entry into cells, suppression of viral replication and modulation of cytokines. A field study revealed that nations with higher consumption of spices have shown lesser COVID-19 cases and higher recovery rates. Further, spices also have shown to possess antioxidant activity superior or equivalent to ascorbic acid and are known to regulate inflammation processes. Evidence generated from the published literature is compelling to arrive at a conclusion that consumption of spices might improve immunity there by offering protection against various diseases including COVID-19. It is also noted that there are lesser number of human clinical trials in this area which warrants immediate attention to provide scientific evidence to immunity offered by spices.

}, keywords = {COVID-19, Diet, Immunity, Nutrition, Spices}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.76}, author = {T Sudhakar Johnson and D. B. Anantha Narayana} } @article {1652, title = {Separation and Quantification of Sinensetin, Imperatorin and Total Tannin Content as Active Phytoconstituents of Methanol Extract of Imperata cylindrica Root from Kendari}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1216-1224}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1216}, abstract = {

Introduction: Imperata cylindrica root methanol extract harvested from Kendari had anti-hypertensive activity stated in a study on hypertension rat models at the doses 60 and 90 mg/kg-bw. The extract also contained phenolic compound 1.53\% (GAE) and flavonoid 1.17\% (QE) and had antioxidant activity IC50 0.32 mg/mL. Aim of the study was to determine the active secondary metabolites in the extract. Materials and Method: Sinensetin and imperatorin in the extract were separated on silica gel 60 column, eluted with a gradient eluent system as follows (1) n-hexane- ethyl acetate (3:7); (2) n-hexane {\textendash} ethyl acetate (2:8); (3) ethyl acetate -MeOH (8:2), and (4) methanol. Imperatorin and sinensetin in fractions were identified and quantified by HPLC method with column LiChroCART 250-4,6 RP 18E, isocratic mobile phases with the composition of mixture as follows, 0.1\% formic acid, acetonitrile and methanol (40:50:10) respectively, and at temperature 400 C. The total tannin was determined by spectrophotometry method with Fe(III) chloride and 1.10-Phenanthroline at wave length 510 nm. Results: Imperatorin and sinensetin were identified in fractions 5 to 9. The concentrations of sinensetin and imperatorin in Imperata cylindrica root methanol extract were of 32.348 and 37.014 mg/kg extract, respectively. The total tannin content was 1.06 \% (w/w) (TAE). Conclusion: Imperata cylindrica root methanol extract from Kendari had active phytoconstituents, namely sinensetin, imperatorin, and tannin.

}, keywords = {Imperata cylindrica, Imperatorin, Sinensetin, Tannin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.155}, author = {Diah Dhianawaty and Mas Rizky Anggun Adipurna Syamsunarno and Resti Gradia Dwiwina and Raden Anita Indriyanti and Ruslin} } @article {1639, title = {Single Factor Effect of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Citric Acid-Glucose Based Microwave-Assisted Extraction on Total Polyphenols Content from Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1109-1115}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1109}, abstract = {

Applying green chemistry principles in the exploration of an active secondary metabolite from natural products has continued to experience a significant increase in the last decade, mainly natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) usage. Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil (Rubiaceae family) is a native of East Kalimantan, which is traditionally used as an herb to treat headaches and inflammation by drinking boiled water a few leaves. On the other hand, this plant has an addictive effect. This study aims to determine the single factor effect of NADES citric acid{\textendash}glucose-based microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) to obtain the yield of total polyphenols content (TPC) from M. speciosa leaves. Dried powder of M. speciosa leaves was extracted using NADES citric acid-glucose based MAE method with some different conditions such as NADES (citric acid-glucose) ratio (4:1, 5:1, 6:1 g/g), solid-liquid ratio (10:1, 15:1, 20:1 mL/g), microwave power (90, 270, 450 Watts), and extraction time (15, 20, 25 min). The determination of TPC was performed using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and gallic acid as a standard with different concentration levels. The absorbance measured using spectrophotometer UV-VIS at 746 nm to obtain a regression formula of Y = 0.0022X{\textendash}0.00095, where R2 = 0.9977. Based on the result, the best of single factor condition effect was obtained the TPC value including NADES ratio of 248.69 mg GAE/g sample (5:1 g/g citric acid-glucose), a solid-liquid ratio of 146.93 mg GAE/g sample (15:1 mL/g solvent-sample), microwave power of 192.20 mg GAE/g sample (270 Watts), and extraction time of 358.59 mg GAE/g sample (15 min). The single factor effect of NADES citric acid-glucose-based MAE shows a difference in TPC value based on various conditions of this method.

}, keywords = {Citric acid-glucose, Microwave-assisted extraction, Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil, Natural deep eutectic solvent, Total polyphenols content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.143}, author = {Herman and Arsyik Ibrahim and Bakti Puji Rahayu and M Arifuddin and Yuspian Nur and Wisnu Cahyo Prabowo and Maryono and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Laode Rijai and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {1642, title = {Single-Dose and Combined-Dose of Nanoparticles from Soursop Leaves (Annona muricata L.) and Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Induced Apoptosis and Necrosis in HeLA Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1134-1142}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1134}, abstract = {

Introduction: Apart from the medical advancement of chemotherapy, various plants were known as beneficial for cancer therapy because they can kill cancer cells selectively without damaging the normal cells. Here, we showed that nanoparticles formulated from chloroform fraction of soursop (Annona muricata L.) leaves and ethyl acetate fraction of sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) have anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects on HeLa cervical cancer cells. Methods: The cytotoxic effect was evaluated using a single dose of each nanoparticle and a combined dose to obtain a synergistic effect. The mechanism of induced cell death via apoptosis or necrosis pathway was evaluated using flow cytometry by incorporating Annexin V and propidium iodide. Results: Synthesis of nanoparticles from the extract of soursop leaves (nano-SL) and extract of sappan wood (nano-SW) yielded particle sizes ranging from 248 to 317 nm. Nano-SL and nano-SW decreased the viability of HeLa cervical cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 63,32 μg/ml dan 40,88 μg/ml, respectively. The combined dose of 1/8 IC50 from both nanoparticles showed a strong synergistic effect, as shown by the combination index value of 0.13 based on the same mode of action and different modes of action. In HeLa cells treated with a combined dose of nanoparticles, the total apoptotic cells increased two times greater than that in control cells. Conclusion: Nano-SL and nano-SW induce apoptosis and necrosis in HeLa cells. Combined-dose of both nanoparticles produced a synergistic effect that could reduce the amount of the required individual dose while increasing the total effect.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata L., Apoptosis, Caesalpinia sappan L., HeLa cells, Nanoparticles, Necrosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.146}, author = {Okid Parama Astirin and Adi Prayitno and Anif Nur Artanti and Elisa Herawati and Afiyati Nur {\textquoteleft}Aini Saad and Ajeng Dara Firstlia} } @article {1710, title = {Specific and Non-Specific Parameters Standardization of Ethanolic 96\% Extract of Kersen Leaves (Muntingia calabura L.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1710-1714}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1710}, abstract = {

(Muntingia calabura L., commonly known as {\textquotedblleft}Kersen{\textquotedblright} in Indonesia, which is a plant that grow in anywhere. Kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) has been used empirically as a medicinal plant because it contains many potential compounds. This study aims is to standardize and Phytochemical screening the ethanolic 96\% extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.). Standardization of the ethanolic 96\% extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) consist of two parameters that is specific and non specific. The specific parameters include organoleptic test, water and ethanol extractable material, identification of compound content. Whereas non specific parameter include water content, density extract, acid insoluble ash content, mold \& yeast contamination, total ash content, microbial contamination, and metal contamination such as Pb and Cd. The result showed that the organoleptic properties of ethanolic 96\% extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) are dark green color, distinctive smell and has a slightly bitter taste. Content of water solvent and ethanol solvent of the ethanolic 96\% extract of kersen leaves is 60.67\% and 12.1\%. Phtyochemical screening results of the ethanolic 96\% extract of kersen leaves contains saponins, fenol, flavonoid, steroid. The non specific parameters of the ethanolic 96\% extract of kersen leaves are water content of 8.88\%; density extract of 0.815 gr/mL, total ash content of 2.27\% {\textpm} 0.15; acid insoluble ash content 0.05\% {\textpm} 0,04; mold and yeast contamination of \<1.0 x 100 CFU/gr; microbial contamination of \<1.0 x 100 CFU/gr; Pb level of 0.07 ppm {\textpm} 0.03 and Cd level of \<0.001 ppm. Based on these result that the ethanolic 96\% extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) has met the predetermined requirements.

}, keywords = {96\% Ethanolic extract, Muntingia calabura L. leaves, Non-specific parameters., Specific parameters, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.220}, author = {Aristha Novyra Putri and Revita Saputri and Karunita Ika Astuti and Ika Puspita Sari and Teuku Nanda Saifullah Sulaiman} } @article {1665, title = {Standardization Extracts and Simplicia of Limau Sundai Peel (Citrus x aurantiifolia {\textquoteright}sundai{\textquoteright}), Determine Content of Nobiletin and Antibacterial Activity Test}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1323-1331}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1323}, abstract = {

Introduction: One type of oranges typical of West Sumatra, which is widely used as traditional medicine is sundai lime (Citrus x aurantiifolia {\textquoteright}sundai{\textquoteright}); Aims: therefore, it is necessary to standardize extracts and Simplicia, determine the content of nobiletin, and antibacterial activity test. Methods: The standardization method was used refer to Farmakope Herbal Indonesia. TLC Densitometry was used to determine the content of the nobiletin, and the diffusion method to antibacterial activity test. To get a good standardization, the sundai lime was taken from three regions: Bukittinggi, Pariaman, and Solok. Results: From these three regions, conclusions drawn from the macroscopic fruit peel slices were uneven and had distinctive odors. The outer surface is brown, and the inner surface is yellowish-white. From the microscopic was identified fragments in sundai lime peels consisting of hair covering, ladder-shaped transport, parenchyma with secretion cells, oxalate crystals, and parenchyma tissue and stomata. Water-soluble extract content of Simplicia <= 24.90 \%, and ethanol-soluble extract content <= 17.66 \%. Non-specific parameters are loss on drying <= 5.65 \%, total ash content <= 5.14 \%, and acid insoluble ash content <= 0.80 \%. The specific parameters were crude extract, black, characteristic odor, Rf of nobiletin was 0.75. Rendement extract >= 18.80 \%. Non-specific parameters of extract were water content <= 18.37 \%, total ash content <= 3.93 \%, and non-acidic ash content <= 0.27 \%. The nobiletin content in the sundai lime extract Pariaman was 0.33 \%, Solok 0.59 \%, and Bukittinggi 0.47 \%. The antibacterial test with diffusion method in three regions has moderate activities as concentrations of 20\% and 15\%. Conclusion: Sundai lime had Antibacterial activity.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Citrus x aurantiifolia({\textquoteright}sundai{\textquoteright}), Nobiletin, standardization, Sundai lime peel fruit, TLC Densitometry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.167}, author = {Elidahanum Husni and Friardi Ismed and Awaliana} } @article {1333, title = {Standardization of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb. Bulbs and Total Flavonoid Content from Three Locations in Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {73-80}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Background: Dayak Onion (Eleutherine bulbosa Urb.) is a typical plant of Kalimantan which is traditionally used by the Dayak community as a medicinal plant. Dayak onion bulbs have been proven had many pharmacology activities. Objective: This study aims to determine the nonspesific and specific parameters of 70\% ethanol extract of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb. Total flavonoids was also quantified Methods:. Eleutherine bulbosa Urb was extracted with maseration method used etanol 70 \% as solvent. Determination of non-spesific includes by determined specific gravity, water content, total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, residual sovents, heavy metanol contamination, microbial contamination, mold and yeast contamination. Determination of specific parameters included extract identity, organoleptic extract, water/ethanol soluble content, chromatography profile. Total flavonoid content were quantified with colorimetric method. Results: there were no significance difference between nonspesific and specific parameters Eleutherine bulbosa Urb from three different locations. Measurement of total phenol content and total flavonoid content respectively form South Borneo were ; 6,499 {\textpm} 0,5248 mg QE/g extract, from central borneo were 7,585 {\textpm} 0,0437 mgQE/g extract, and from east borneo were 5,035 mg {\textpm} 0,3887 mgQE/g extract. Conclusion: it can be concluded that bulbs of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb from three locations have characters to similar between each other and bulbs of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb form central borneo had the highest total flavonoid content.

}, keywords = {Eleutherine bulbosa Urb., Flavonoids, Non-specific parameters, Specific parameters, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.11}, author = {Rahmi Muthia and Helmina Wati and Wahyudin Bin Jamaludin and Kartini and Finna Setiawan and Muhammad Fikri and Abdul Wahhab} } @article {1675, title = {Study of Sungkai (Peronema canescens, Jack) Leaf Extract Activity as an Immunostimulators With In vivo and In vitro Methods}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1397-1407}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1397}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sungkai (Peronema canescens, Jack.) contains polysaccharides, terpenoids, alkaloids, and polyphenols which have pharmacological activity as immunostimulants. Objective: This study aimed to see how the effect of Sungkai extract as an immunostimulant agent was carried out in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using two methods, namely in vivo and in vitro. In vivo research method was conducted to test the activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophage cells, the percentage of leukocytes, and the total number of leukocytes. This study used 30 male white mice as the test animals that were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups. Each group was consisting of 6 mice which were given different treatments. The negative control group was given with the 0.5\% NaCMC suspension, the mice test substance group was given with the suspension of Sungkai ethanol extract with various doses of 800, 400, and 200 mg/kgBW, and lastly the comparison group was given with the Stimuno in a dose of 50 mg/kg orally for 7 days. On day 8, blood was taken from the mice{\textquoteright}s vein to count the number and percentage of its leukocytes, then followed by the intraperitoneal injection of a Staphylococcus aureus bacteria suspension. After 1 hour of administration of the bacterial suspension, the peritoneal fluid was taken to be observed for its activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophage cells. The in vitro research method was used to test the viability and immunostimulatory activity of RAW 264.7 cells with the Sungkai extraction at the concentration of 1.10, 100 g/m. This cell viability test using the microtetrazolium (MTT) method aims to see whether the Sungkai sample used is safe and not toxic to RAW 264.7 cells by observing at the cell viability value that should exceed \>90\%. The concentration of Sungkai extraction at 1.10, 100 g/mL was found to be safe and non-toxic to RAW 264.7 cells with a viability value of \>90\%. Thus, this concentration of Sungkai extraction can be performed for its immunostimulatory activity test on LPS induced of RAW 264.7 cells by observing their levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. (proinflammatory cytokines) were compared with the LPS alone as a control using the sandwich ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) method. Results: The observations were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan{\textquoteright}s follow-up test (significance was taken at p\<0.05). The results showed that variations in concentration increased significantly (p\<0.05) on the activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophage cells, along with the total leukocyte cells. The percentage of leukocytes showed that the cells had a significant increase (p\<0.05). It was found that the Sungkai extraction on 1.10, 100 g/mL could significantly increase the concentration of TNF- and IL-6 (p\<0.05) which were tested by one-way ANOVA and followed by Duncan{\textquoteright}s post hoc test. Conclusion: Sungkai leaf extract (Peronemacanescsens Jack.) in a dose of800, 400, and 200 mg/kgBW has an immunostimulant effect both in vivo and in vitro.

}, keywords = {Cell viability, immunostimulant, Jack), LPS (lipopolysaccharide), Macrophages, MTT (Microtetrazolium), Phagocytosis, RAW 264.7 cells, Sungkai (Peronema canescens, total and percentage of leukocytes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.177}, author = {Dwisari Dillasamola and Yufri Aldi and Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Rauza Sukma Rita and Dachriyanus and Salman Umar and Harrizul Rivai} } @article {1648, title = {Study of the Making of Hydrolizate Protein Powder of Rebon Shrimp as a Food Nutrition Enhancement Ingredient}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1180-1185}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1180}, abstract = {

Rebon shrimp protein hydrolyzate has the potential to be used as a protein powder as a nutritional supplement. The aim of this study was to determine the best protein hydrolyzate concentration as a raw material for protein powder. The research was carried out in two stages, each of which was related. The first stage was made of protein hydrolyzate using 2 treatments, namely enzymatic hydrolysis (15\% papain) and fermentation using 10\% L plantarum bacteria. The parameters observed included yield, amino acid profile and fatty acid profile. The second stage was determining the best concentration of 5 level (6\%, 7\%, 8\%, 9\%) protein hydrolyzate, as a binder was added gum arabic and dextrin (1: 0.5) the amount of 8\% (w / v). observed parameters, organoleptic values, physical characteristics and degree of brightness. The results of this research can be concluded that the hydrolyzate of rebon shrimp protein with the best concentration is 9\%. can be used as a protein powder as a nutritional supplement with the addition of gum arabic binder and dextrin (1: 0.5) with a yield value of 73.191\% and a total amino acid of 46.70\%. The content of fatty acids produced The fatty acids contained are mMyristic acid 0.264\%, palmintic acid 6.361\%, stearic acid 0.678\%, oleic acid 16.704\% (Omega 9) and linoleic acid 0.084\% (Omega 6). Organoleptic value of protein powder, namely taste 8.6, aroma 8.4, appearance 8.8, texture 8.5, with the characteristics of a bright yellowish white color, not fishy aroma, fine texture and very savory taste (umami), the brightness value at the level of 97.82\%.

}, keywords = {Acetes erythreaeus, Dextrin, Gum arabic, Hydrolyzate, L plantarum sp}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.151}, author = {Suparmi and Dewita and Desmelati and Taufik Hidayat} } @article {1721, title = {Styrylpyrone Derivative from Goniothalamus sp.: A Powerful Drug for Fighting Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1598-1606}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1598}, abstract = {

Background: The emergence of drug resistance towards Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) has encouraged scientists to develop novel lower toxicity and highly effective anti-HSV drugs. Styrylpyrone derivative (SPD) is a bioactive compound isolated from the roots and leaves of Goniothalamus sp. It is believed that this compound possesses antiviral properties against HSV-1. Objective: This paper introduces the interaction of SPD towards HSV-1 through in silico study of molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation. Materials and Methods: Molecular docking is a computational tool which is used to study the molecular interaction between two or more structures. ADME/T properties of the SPD were generated using the SwissADME online tool in which SPD was found to have a good pharmacokinetic profile. Results: Molecular docking study revealed that SPD has a high docking score of -7.9 Kcal/mol. SPD has a strong affinity with the thymidine kinase (PDB id: 1OF1) producing hydrogen bond and non-polar interaction at the target point of amino acid residue. Conclusion: Molecular docking analysis provides new insight into the structure-based design of SPD compounds with better antiviral activity against HSV-1.

}, keywords = {Antiviral, Herpes Virus type 1 (HSV-1), in silico approaches, Molecular docking and Styrylpyrone derivative.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.206}, author = {Syaza Safia Fouzi and Noor Zarina Abd Wahab and Leong Chee Yan and Nazlina Ibrahim} } @article {1617, title = {Subchronic Toxicity of Ethanol Extract of Bitter Melon PULP (Momordica Charantia L.) on Liver Function and Histopathological Changes in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {949-957}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {949}, abstract = {

Bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) is a plant that used as herbal medicine. It contains bioactive components which have hypoglycemic activity, immunomodulators, cancer chemoprevention, antiviral, antimicrobial, and inhibits oxidative stress and inflammation. The purpose of this study was to assess the degree of liver damage by macroscopic and microscopic examination. The sample consisted of 40 rats divided into 4 groups, Group 1, control group, was only given aquadest and pellets. Group 2-4 were treated with ethanol extract of bitter melon pulp 250 mg/kgbw, 500 mg/kgbw, and 1000 mg/kgbw during 28 days. On the 29th day, the termination was carried out, aspartate and alanin aminotransferase (AST/ALT) being measured, the liver being observed for the macroscopic and microscopic morphology. Kruskal-Wallis test showed there was no significant difference in relative organ weight (p = 0.177), liver macroscopy morphology (p = 0.207). Microscopic observation for liver fibrosis using Metavir scoring system showed highest mean liver fibrosis score in dose 1000 mg/kgbw. Kruskal-Wallis test for microscopic changes showed significantly difference in male rats (p = 0.001) and female rats (p = 0.002). Based on these study, we conclude that ethanol extract of bitter melon pulp at a dose of 250 mg/kgbw, 500 mg/kgbw, and 1000 mg/kgbw affect liver function significantly. But there{\textquoteright}s no subchronic toxicity effect on relative organ weight and macroscopic changes in liver morphology. Otherwise there was subchronic toxicity effect on changes in the microscopic structure of the liver characterized by the formation of fibrosis in the liver portal triad of experimental animals.

}, keywords = {Histopathological changes, Liver function, Momordica charantia L., Subchronic Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.122}, author = {Welly Ratwita and Maman Djamaludin and Hindun Sa{\textquoteright}adah and Salsabilla Maharani} } @article {1673, title = {Subchronic Toxicity of Lunasin Targeted Extract (ET-Lun) from Soybean Seed (Glycine max (L.) Merr.): Perspective from Liver Histopathology, SGOT, and SGPT Levels in Sprague Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1384-1388}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1384}, abstract = {

Background: Lunasin Targeted Extract (ET-Lun) has a pharmacology effect in inhibiting inflammation by decreasing COX-2 and iNOS expression. ET-Lun could increase apoptosis and decrease dysplasia (p \> 0,05). In addition, ET-Lun could decrease EGFR expression in breast cancer rats. The acute toxicity showed ET-Lun has LD50 more than 5000 mg/kg BW and was practically non-toxic. Objective: this study aimed to determine the subchronic toxicity of ET-Lun. Methods: Male and female Sprague Dawley rats (n=40) were divided into 4 groups, the control group and treatment group ET-Lun dose of 250 mg/Kg BW, 500 mg/kg BW, and 750 mg/kg BW. The ET-Lun was administered for 90 days. On the 91st day, the animals were dissected and examined for SGOT-SGPT levels, liver histopathology, and diameter of the central vein. Results: The SGOT-SGPT levels showed no significant difference between the treatment group and the control group (p \> 0.05). On microscopic observation, there was no change or damage to the liver of rats in each group. The diameter of the central vein of the rat liver shows no significant difference between the control and treatment groups. Conclusion: The ET-Lun does not produce adverse effects in liver rats after subchronic treatment.

}, keywords = {Liver, Lunasin, SGOT, SGPT, Soybean, Subchronic Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.175}, author = {Numlil Khaira Rusdi and Weri Lia Yuliana and Erni Hernawati Purwaningsih and Andon Hestiantoro and Kusmardi Kusmardi} } @article {1662, title = {Synergistic Efficacy of Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Bactericidal Properties of the Aerial Essential Oil of Laggera crispata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1304-1311}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1304}, abstract = {

This study was undertaken to provide more scientific information about the phytochemical composition of Laggera crispata known for its medicinal uses. Essential oil was isolated by hydro-distillation, analysed using GC-MS, UV-Visible Spectrophotometer and other established biochemical assays were used for the study. The GC-MS analysis of the aerial essential oil of L. crispata showed the presence of 35 medicinal organic compounds making up 84.4\% of the oil. The most abundant component was a phenolic compound called 2-tert-Butyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene (54.5\%). The other major terpenoids present in the oil were α-humulene (6.9\%) and (+)-sabinene (5.9\%). The TPC, TFC, TAA and TAC values of the aerial essential oil of L. crispata were 172.75{\textpm}0.00 μgmg-1 GAE, 48.69{\textpm}0.00 μgmg-1 QE, 61.85{\textpm}0.00 μgmg-1 AAE and 726.92{\textpm}0.00 μgmg-1 AAE respectively. DPPH IC50 and AAI values of the essential oil were 1.5 μgml-1 and 26.7. The essential oil displayed varying inhibitory activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with zones of inhibition ranging from 08-30 mm. The in vitro pharmacological activities added scientific support to the use of L. crispata in alternative and complementary medicine. The essential oil of L. crispata grown in Nigeria will play beneficial roles in human and animal health and therefore a research on this plant might be of great value in drug industries.

}, keywords = {Aerial essential oil, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Asteraceae, Laggera crispata, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.165}, author = {Ololade Zacchaeus S and Anuoluwa Iyadunni A and Adeyemi Adewale F and Uyaboerigha Daubotei I} } @article {1393, title = {Synthesis of Novel pyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-4-one Derivatives and Assessment as Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Agents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {550-562}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {550}, abstract = {

Objective: Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as one of the serious global health problems of the 21st century that threatens the efficient treatment and prevention of an everincreasing range of infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Therefore, it would be favorable to find promising agents with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity combined in one molecule. Key findings: Pyrimido[4,5-b] quinolines are biologically active compounds that are known to rely primarily on the functional group{\textquoteright}s existence and location. Quinolinbenzo-[ 1,3]oxazin-4-one (3) was prepared and played as electrophilic interface/mediator for the synthesis of many compounds, such as pyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline, quinoline-carboxamide and oxoquinazolin-acetamide by reacting with nucleophilic reagent. Summary: Results revealed that pyrimido[4,5-b] quinoline derivatives (17b, 9d and 9c) are the most potent compounds that displayed significant antimicrobial activity along with compounds 17a, 29b, 5, 19, 23b, and 25b that appeared to be more promising as antioxidant agents than ascorbic acid.

}, keywords = {antimicrobial agent, Antioxidant agent, Benzoxazinones, Pyrimidoquinolin, Quinoline}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.69}, author = {Usama Fathy and Rasha S Gouhar and Ahmed Younis and Dina H El-Ghonemy} } @article {1676, title = {Syzygium Cumini Leaves Extract from West Sumatra Indonesia Alleviate Oxidative Stress by Decreasing Malondialdehyde Level and Enhancing Catalase Activity in Rat Induced by Lead Acetate}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1408-1412}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1408}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lead is one of the most dangerous heavy metals in the environment. Contaminated drinking water, battery manufacturing, lead paints, and industrial pollutants are all sources of lead exposure. Lead exposure can cause oxidative stress and is related to many health problems. To prevent oxidative stress caused by lead, the body needs additional antioxidants from the outside body. Syzygium cumini leaf is abundant in antioxidants, which help to minimize oxidative stress caused by lead. Methods: The rats were divided into three groups: negative control, positive control (lead acetate 40 mg/kg BW, 30 days), and treatment (lead acetate 40 mg/kg BW and Syzygium cumini leaves extract 150 mg/kg BW, 30 days). At the end of the experiment, blood was collected and prepared to measure malondialdehyde and catalase activity. Results: The leaf extract of Syzygium cumini reduced serum malondialdehyde levels while increasing catalase activity. Conclusion: Lead exposure induces oxidative stress, which can be reduced by Syzygium cumini{\textquoteright}s leaves.

}, keywords = {Catalase activity, Lead acetate, Malondialdehyde, Rat, Syzygium cumini{\textquoteright}s leaves}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.178}, author = {Rauza Sukma Rita and Elmatris Sy} } @article {1702, title = {Syzygium polyanthum (Wight.) Walp Ethanol Extract Decreased Malondialdehyde Level in Type 2 Diabetic Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1557-1561}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1557}, abstract = {

Background: Beside conventional oral antidiabetic, many diabetic patients used plant as an alternative medicine. One of the plants is Syzygium polyanthum Wight. Walp. Previous study showed that ethanolic extract of Syzygium polyanthum (Wight.) Walp leaves (EESP) is safe to be consumed by healthy volunteer. Aim: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of EESP on malondialdehyde (MDA) level in type 2 diabetes mellitus volunteers. Materials and Methods: EESP was obtained by maceration then formulated in capsules (weight of 350 mg). A total of 12 volunteers were randomly given EESP or Placebo/ Pl (amylum) once daily for 14 days in conjunction with metformin 500 mg twice daily. Hemoglobin (Hb), liver and kidney function and MDA were measured at the beginning and at the end of the study. Results: After 14 days administration of EESP, Hb 12.52{\textpm} 1.23 (g/dL), SGOT 24.16{\textpm}13.57 (U/L), SGPT 27.50 {\textpm} 20.52 (U/L), ureum 23.12{\textpm}13.27 (mg/dL), creatinine 0.71 {\textpm} 0.23 (mg/dL) while MDA 1041.63 {\textpm} 615.66 ng/mL in EESP treated group. The reduction of MDA level in EESP-treated group (24\%) were higher than Pl-treated group (16\%). Conclusion: S. polyanthum leaf extract is potential as antioxidant in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus; Extract; Malondialdehyde; S. polyanthum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.198}, author = {Tri Widyawati and M. Aron Pase and Milahayati Daulay and Imam Bagus Sumantri} } @article {1392, title = {Therapeutic Implication of Honey against Chronic Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury via Enhancing Antioxidant Potential and Maintenance of Liver Tissue Architecture}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {542-549}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {542}, abstract = {

The current study was undertaken to examine the possible hepatoprotective effect of natural honey against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in mice. A significant increase in the serum aminotransferases (ALT and AST) and alkaline phosphatase activity was noticed in mice exposed to CCl4. In addition to this, a significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) was observed in CCl4-induction group. However, treatment with honey (400 mg/kg b.w, 4 times/ week) clearly demonstrates significant hepatoprotective activities by lowering the liver marker enzymes towards the normal reference range and restores the antioxidant enzyme levels(p\<0.05). The effect of CCl4 was also noticed microscopically by alteration in liver tissue architecture. The administration of liver toxicant causes, hemorrhage, congestion, necrosis, edema and remarkable blood vessel dilation. Moreover, honey exhibited protective action against this haloalkane in tissue architecture as the severity of liver tissue alteration was significantly reduced (p\<0.05). The expressional pattern of P53 protein in groups treated with CCl4 only as well as honey plus CCl4 was statistically insignificant. In conclusion, this study reveals that natural honey has a remarkable protective effect against CCl4-induced liver toxicity at antioxidant enzyme, histological and protein expression level.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Carbon tetrachloride, Histopathological alteration, Honey, Liver toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.68}, author = {Saleh A Almatroodi} } @article {1324, title = {Tinospora Sinensis (Lour.) Merr. Stem Modulate The TNF-Alpha Expression In HCT- 116 Tumour Cell, Besides the Inhibitory Effect on Cervical, Colon and Breast Cancer Cell Lines and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis H37Rv}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {8-16}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {8}, abstract = {

Background: The present study was designed to evaluate TNF-Alpha experession, anticancer and antitubercular properties for the stem extracts of Tinospora sinensis (TS). Objective: natural product research is widely used for identifying hit molecules for life threatening diseases including cancer, tuberculosis and drug resistant infections. Materials and Methods: There were three polarity dependant solvent extracts obtained through cold maceration process using ethanol (ELTS), ethyl acetate (EATS) and n-hexane (NHTS), respectively. The extracts were subjected to MTT assay for their anticancer potential against HeLa (cervical cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer) and HCT116 (colon cancer) cell lines, and based on the results, NHTS was subjected to flow cytometry for TNF-Alpha expression in HCT-116 cells. The antitubercular activity for the extracts was performed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (Mtb) by luciferase reporter phage (LPS) assay method. Results: The result of anticancer screening revealed that n-hexane extracts showed the significant inhibition (p\<0.05) on HCT-116 cells with the IC50 of 177.4 μg/ml, whereas EATS and ELTS were equally active on HeLa with the respective IC50 of 236 and 277 μg/ml. The NHTS was significantly effective on decreasing (P\<0.05) TNF-Alpha expression (31.27 MFU) in HCT-116 cells and is closely active with standard simvastatin (26.7 MFU) against the control (7.06 MFU). The antitubercular activity results revealed the equi-potency of both NHTS and EATS on Mtb with growth inhibition of 84 \% at 100μg/ml. The GC-MS analyses of NHTS confirmed the presence of Berberine, palmatine, tembertarine, magniflorine, choline and tinosporin. Conclusion: Overall, we scientifically support the traditional use Tinospora sinensis stem in the treatment of cancer and immune diseases.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Antitubercular, HCT-116, Immunomodulatory, Tinospora sinensis, TNF-Alpha}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.2}, author = {Sreelakshmi Bada Venkatappa Gari and Ramalingam Peraman} } @article {1635, title = {Total Phenol Content and Gastric Anti-Ulcer Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Persea caerulea (Ruiz \& Pav.) Mez. Bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1072-1078}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1072}, abstract = {

Objective: Determine the content of total phenols and evaluate the gastroprotective effect of the extract of Persea caerulea (Ruiz \& Pav.) Mez. in mice with induced gastric ulcer. Material and Methods: The bark of Persea caerulea was macerated in 70\% ethanol and the phenol content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The female Mus musculus Balb/c specimens were distributed in the following groups: White Control Group, without indomethacin dosing; Negative Control Group, dosing with indomethacin; Positive Control Group treated with ranitidine at a dose of 50 mg/kg; Groups P. caerulea treated with extract at doses of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg. Gastric ulcer was induced with indomethacin orally at a dose of 50 mg/kg, the procedure was repeated 12 hours later; Gastroprotective treatment was administered 60 minutes after each dose of indomethacin, 6 hours after the last dose, sodium pentobarbital was euthanized and the stomach was resected to determine ulceration using the Marhuenda Scale. Results: Higher percentages of gastric ulcer inhibition were obtained in the P. caerulea 100 mg/kg (80\%) and P. caerulea 200 mg/kg (85.71\%) groups. Conclusions: Extract of Persea caerulea (Ruiz \& Pav.) Mez., At doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight, has a gastric antiulcerative effect which is related to its content of total polyphenols.

}, keywords = {Gastric ulcer, Indomethacin, Mice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.139}, author = {Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Carmen R. Silva-Correa and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Mar{\'\i}a V Gonz{\'a}lez-Blas and Orlando E Pretel-Sevillano and Marco L Salazar-Castillo and Maricielo Vaella-Alarc{\'o}n and Franco Huaccha-C{\'a}ceres and Jonatam Le{\'o}n-Soto and Whendy Alaya-Davir{\'a}n and Anabel D. Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Luz M. Guerrero-Espino and Julio Hilario-Vargas} } @article {1701, title = {Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of Garcinia latissima Miq. Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1673-1677}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1673}, abstract = {

Background: Tyrosinase is an enzyme that plays an essential part in the process of melanin synthesis. High exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation or high stimulation of melanocytes could cause excessive melanin pigments to lead to hyperpigmentation. Objective: This study aimed to find potential natural skin lightening ingredients from Garcinia latissima Miq. Methods: Stem bark, fruits, and leaves of Garcinia latissima Miq. were extracted with successive maceration. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity test was measured spectrophotometrically at 490 nm using 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) as substrate and kojic acid as a positive control. Results: The tyrosinase inhibitory activity test at a concentration of 100 ppm showed that the bark ethyl acetate extract 15.94\% {\textpm} 7.70, bark methanol extract of 28.94\% {\textpm} 5.73, fruit n-hexane extract 25.16\% {\textpm} 10.22, fruit methanol extract 23.26\% {\textpm} 9.10; and leaf methanol extract 30.59\% {\textpm} 0.63 with kojic acid inhibition 65.07\%. Conclusion: Methanol extract of leaf from Garcinia latissima Miq was the most active extract as a tyrosinase inhibitor.

}, keywords = {Extract, Garcinia latissima Miq., Succesive maceration, Tyrosinase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.215}, author = {Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Berna Elya and Yesi Desmiaty and Ayun Erwina Arifianti and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {1688, title = {Verbascum Thapsus (Mullein) Versatile Polarity Extracts: GC-MS Analysis, Phytochemical Profiling, Anti-bacterial Potential and Anti-oxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1488-1497}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1488}, abstract = {

Verbascum thapsus is naturally grown in the Himalayas and widely used in herbal teas and traditional herbal medicine for its anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study was designed to majority of leaf extracts from Verbascum thapsus. All extracts were analysed for phytochemical properties, antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial potential against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Biochemical investigations and GC-MS analysis was used for identifying phytochemicals. DPPH assay, Kirby{\textquoteright}s Disc Diffusion method (KDM), 96 well test, and Resazurin test were performed for antioxidant and antimicrobial investigation. Results indicate that verbascum thapsus grown in Pakistan is rich in alkaloids and phenols. Noteworthy antibacterial activity was observed against S. sonnei, L. lactis, B. subtilis, C. freundii, K. oxytoca, L. monocytogenes, and S. enterica. GCMS analyses of V. thapsus extracts revealed the presence of medically important bio compounds including Hexadecanoic acid, methyl es and Stigmasterol (antibacterial activity), 2(5H)-Furanone (appetite suppressant), 3-Hydroxy-.beta.-damascone (anti-inflammatory properties), Squalene (antiaging, anti-inflammatory, anti-acne, eczema), Vitamin E and 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol (antioxidants). Antioxidant radical scavenging activity was determined from acetone extract of V. thapsus. This study concludes remarkable antibacterial and antioxidant potential in Verbascum Thapsus leaf extracts

}, keywords = {Microbiology, Verbascum Thapsus; GC/GC-MS; plant biotechnology}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.189}, author = {Ali Nadeem and Bashir Ahmed and Hira Shahzad and Lyle E. Craker and Tudor Muntean} } @article {1644, title = {Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition Activity and ADMET Properties of Terap (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco) Leaves Metabolites: Phytochemical Screening and in silico Studies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1150-1160}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1150}, abstract = {

Indonesia, with its biodiversity, is overgrown by various kinds of plants that have medicinal potential, including Terap (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco). The leaves of A. odoratissimus are empirically used by local people of Borneo Island to treat gout. The purpose of this study was to determine the antigout activity of the active compound from A. odoratissimus leaves through xanthine oxidase inhibition using the molecular docking method and to determine the ADMET properties of these compounds. Phytochemical screening showed that A. odoratissimus leaf extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids/triterpenoids, and phenolics. The results of TLC showed that A. odoratissimus leaf extract contained steroid and flavonoid compounds in the form of stigmasterol and rutin. The results of molecular docking showed that flavan-3-ol provided the lowest bond-free energy against xanthine oxidase with a ΔG value of -8.3 kcal/mol, lower than allopurinol and hypoxanthine as reference ligands. Flavan-3-ol interacts with xanthine oxidase through hydrogen bonding with amino acid residues in the form of Arginine 912 and Lysine 1045. The prediction of ADMET properties from flavan-3-ol shows that the compound can be absorbed and has good permeability. Overall, the flavan-3-ol found in A. odoratissimus leaves shows the potential to be developed as a xanthine oxidase inhibitor for use in gout therapy.

}, keywords = {Artocarpus odoratissimus, Molecular docking, Xanthin Oxidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.148}, author = {Nisa Naspiah and Mohammad Rizki Fadhil Pratama and Sukardiman} } @article {1250, title = {The Ability Free Radical Binding of Dengen{\textquoteright}s Stem Bark Extract (Dillenia serrata) From Luwu District Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1340-1345}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1340}, abstract = {

Degenerative diseases such as cancer, heart disease is one of the diseases caused by free radicals. Dengen (Dillenia serrata) is one of Indonesia{\textquoteright}s endemic local plants that has the potential to bind free radicals. So far, only limited to the use of fruit and consumed directly. This study aims to determine the ability of dengen stem bark extract to bind to free radicals expressed in IC50. In the initial research, the total content of polyphenols in dengen stem bark extract was 444.8 mg GAE / g or 44.48\%. Dengen stem bark is extracted by maceration using 70\% ethanol solvent. Antioxidant activity was calculated based on IC50 (Inhibition Concentration) values using the DPPH method, and measured at a wavelength of 516 nm. Ethanol extract of dengen bark is made in 5 concentration series, namely 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, 40 ppm and 50 ppm. Ethanol extract of dengen bark has a very active antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 48.33 ppm. Whereas for comparison vitamin C has an IC50 value of 15.448 ppm. From the results, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of dengen bark has the ability to bind free radicals with IC50 48.33 ppm

}, keywords = {Dengen, Ethanol Bark Extract, Free Radicals, IC50}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.184}, author = {Santi Sinala and Ismail Ibrahim and Alfrida Monica Salasa} } @article {1077, title = {Activity of Kincung Flowers (Etlingera Elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) on Total Leukocytes and Percentage of Leukocytes in Allergic Male White Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {44-51}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Introduction: Kincung Flower (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) is a native herbal plant in Southeast Asia that traditionally used to many diseases, especially in Indonesia. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the activity of kincung (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) on the total number of leukocytes and differential leukocyte cells in allergic mice. Material and Methods: The semi-solid extract of Kincung flower (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) was made by the maceration method using 70\% ethanol solvent. The animals used were 20 male white mice that have allergies of skin that treated with 20\% albumen antigens given on the first day 0.2 mL/20 g intraperitoneally, then on the seventh day are given antigens with the same dose subcutaneously. Allergic mice indicated by redness at the injection site. It divided into four groups: the negative control group and three dose groups (100; 300; and 1000 mg/kg). On the seventh day after administration of the extract, observed the value of total leukocytes and differential leukocyte cells in mice. Results: The results after administration of extracts in 3 dose groups (100; 300; and 1000 mg / kg) and the negative control group showed sequentially the total number of leukocytes was: 3.95; 4.73; 6.01; and 3.6 x103/μL and the percentage of leukocytes consisting of lymphocytes: 67.6\%; 62.0\%; 56.8\% and 70.0\%, neutrophils: 22.4\%; 29.2\%; 36.8\% and 20.0\%, eosinophils: 6.4\%; 5.8\%, 4.2\% and 6.6\%, monocytes: 3.6\%; 3.0\%, 2.2\% and 3.4\%, and basophils: 1.8\%; 1.4; 0.8\% and 2.0\%. It concluded that kincung flowers could increase total leukocytes significantly (p\<0.05), decrease lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils significantly (p\<0.05), increase neutrophils significantly (p\<0.05), and reduce monocytes insignificantly (p\>0.05). Conclusion: Kincung flowers (Etlingera Elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) can be used as an immunomodulator and decreasing the percentage of basophil cells, and eosinophils can used as an anti-allergic drug.

}, keywords = {Allergies, Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm, Kincung Flower, Leukocyte Percentage, Mice, Total Leukocytes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.8}, author = {Yufri Aldi and Elidahanum Husni and Relin Yesika} } @article {1286, title = {Acute Diuretic Activity of the Aqueous Ethanol Root Extract of Corrigiola telephiifolia Pourr. In Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1552-1558}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1552}, abstract = {

Objective: This study was undertaken to justify and validate a very frequent traditional use of a very well-known and widely used plant by a large part of the Moroccan population. It{\textquoteright}s about Corrigiola telephiifolia, and the activity in question is the diuretic activity. Methods: The aqueous ethanol root extract of CMethods:orrigiola telephiifolia (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 700 mg/kg) was orally administered to rats. The urinary excretion rate and pH, and electrolyte excretion were measured in the urine of saline-loaded rats. Negative control group received only an equivalent volume of distilled water, while the positive control groups received the diuretic drugs hydrochlorothiazide at dose 10 mg/kg. Results: The results showed that hydrochlorothiazide induced significant diuresis and electrolytes excretion at 1, 6 and 24 h after the treatment. Both the higher doses of the extract produced a significant increase in urine volume than the control from the first hour until the end of observation. However, the lowest dose increased significantly only at 24 h after the treatment. With regard to the electrolyte excretion, the tested doses of CTRE which have shown a significant increase in Na+, K+ and Cl-excretion in comparison to normal control rats, are 400 and 700 mg/kg bw. Conclusion: These findings collectively indicate that the extracts of C. telephiifolia have a potential to induce diuresis markedly, and providing evidence, for its traditional use.

}, keywords = {Corrigiola telephiifolia, Diuretic activity, Diuretic plants, Kaliuresis, Urine electrolytes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.213}, author = {Imane Zakariya and Omar Elhamdaoui and Zineb ibn lahmar Andaloussi and Abdelhak Chergui and El Amine Ajal and Khalid Taghzouti and Rachid Nejjari} } @article {1137, title = {Acute Toxicity Tests of Fermented Robusta Green Coffee Using Zebrafish Embryos (Danio rerio)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {485-492 }, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {485 }, abstract = {

Background: Green coffee beans are coffee beans of coffee fruit that have not yet been roasted. The use of green coffee beans as a weight-loss agent has been widely used worldwide, but nowadays there is a new way to enjoy coffee by adding kombucha culture to it, or what is known as kombucha coffee. The development of this fermented product preparation still requires a more in-depth study, one of which is related to the toxicity of the kombucha green coffee preparation. Objective: This research was aimed to determine LC50 values for robusta green coffee fermented with kombucha culture using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos using an in vivo method. Methods: This study observed the development of 20 zebrafish embryos administered one of five different concentrations of kombucha coffee preparation 24 hours up to 96 hours, with the experiment repeated three times. The percentage of embryo deaths was observed and analyzed using a probit model for LC50 concentration and analyzed using IBM SPSS Ver 23. Results: An LC50 for kombucha green coffee of 1294.29 ppm was obtained. Statistical tests on the concentration of kombucha coffee extracts were not significant differences with p-values \> 0.05. Conclusion: The LC50 of robusta green coffee extract using zebrafish embryos of 1294.29 ppm included in the safe category.

}, keywords = {Green coffee, Kombucha, Toxicity, Zebrafish embryos}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.75 }, author = {Tedjo Narko and Marlia Singgih Wibowo and Sophi Damayanti and Indra Wibowo} } @article {1160, title = {The Alkaloid Fraction from Melicope latifolia Leaves Inhibits Hepatitis C Virus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {535-540 }, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {535}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a major health problem, which infects approximately 170 million people among worldwide population. Moreover, there is no vaccine available to prevent HCV infection and the current anti-HCV drugs have not covered all the various genotypes and subtypes. Meanwhile, medicinal plants have been widely used to treat a variety of infectious disease. Our previous study reported that ethanol extract of Melicope latifolia has been shown to exert anti-HCV activity towards a number of different virus genotypes with mainly inhibition mechanism at the entry step. Further separation was needed to purify and identify the active anti-HCV constituent using bioactivity-guided isolation method. Materials and Methods: In vitro Anti-HCV assay was performed using hepatocyte cell line (Huh7it) and HCV genotype 2a (JFH1). The purification of M. latifolia ethanol extract (B1F) was done by liquid-liquid fractionation, vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The active fraction was further identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and the major constituent was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra data analysis. Results: The fractionation of M. latifolia leaves ethanol extract resulted an alkaloid fraction (B1F D2H.3) containing a major constituent N-methylflindersine. This alkaloid fraction was active to reduce HCV JFH1 with an inhibition concentration (IC50) value of 6.21 {\textmu}g/mL, a cytotoxicity concentration (CC50) value of 82.64 {\textmu}g/mL, and a selectivity index value of 13.31. Conclusion: An alkaloid fraction of M. latifolia (B1F D2H.3) was known to have major compound named N-methylflindersine. This alkaloid fraction exhibited strong anti-HCV against JFH1 in vitro. The results indicated that this alkaloid fraction may a good candidate for anti-HCV agent.

}, keywords = {Anti-HCV, Melicope latifolia, N-methylflindersine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.81 }, author = {Dwi Susiloningrum and Adita Ayu Permanasari and Myrna Adianti and Lidya Tumewu and Tutik Sri Wahyuni and Mulyadi Tanjung and Aty Widyawaruyanti and Achmad Fuad Hafid} } @article {1146, title = {Ameliorative Effect of the Oral Administration of Chuquiraga spinosa in a Murine Model of Breast Cancer Induced with 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {562-568 }, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {562}, abstract = {

Objective: To determine the ameliorative effect of the ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga spinosa (ChS) on 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer in rats. Methods: 36 female Holztman rats were divided into 6 groups. I) The negative control group received physiological saline (PS). II) ChS-200 group received 200 mg/kg of ChS. III) DMBA group was induced with DMBA (20 mg/Kg) dissolved in PS and administrated orally for 15 weeks. IV) DMBA + ChS-50 group, V) DMBA + ChS-250 group, and VI) DMBA + ChS-500 group, which received the extract orally for 15 weeks after DMBA induction. All data were expressed as mean and standard deviation. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnet test was carried out to compare the mean value of different groups Histopathological analysis was evaluated by using Image J software. Results: Hematology showed that the triglyceride level was significantly lowered (P\< 0.01) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level was significantly increased (P \<0.01) in groups III, IV and V. Also, ChS extract significantly lowered the C reactive protein (CRP) level (P \<0.01) and malondialdehyde level (P\<0.05). There was a significant decrease in the frequency of DMBA-induced micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte (P\<0.01). Conclusions: Chuquiraga spinosa showed an ameliorative effect on DMBA-induced breast cancer in rats as well as antioxidant, antitumor and antigenotoxic properties.

}, keywords = {Anticarcinogenic agent, Antioxidant, Breast tumor, Phytochemical, Preventive medicine, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.85}, author = {Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo and Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas and Abdur Rauf and Ren{\'a}n Ha{\~n}ari-Quispe and Linder Figueroa-Salvador and Victor Fern{\'a}ndez-Guzm{\'a}n and Ricardo {\'A}ngel Yuli-Posadas} } @article {1182, title = {Analysis of GABRB3 Protein Level After Administration of Valerian Extract (Valeriana officinalis) in BALB/c mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {821-827}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {821}, abstract = {

Background: Valeriana officinalis is most commonly used as traditional medicine. Valerenic acid is the primary component of Valerian officinalis which inhibits the catabolism of enzyme induced breakdown of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) in the brain, resulting in sedation. The aim of this study is to determine the level of GABRB3 protein, as part of major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, after administration of Valerian extracts in BALB/c mice. Materials and Methods: This is an experimental study using animal model with post test-only controlled group design. Twenty healthy adult male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups, negative control group (Aquadest), positive control group (Diazepam 0.025 mg/10 g), first treatment group (Valerian extract 2.5 mg/10 g) and second treatment group (Valerian extract 5 mg/10 g). The drugs were administered via gastric gavage for seven consecutive days. The blood was drawn from each mice on the first day (before treatment) and on the seventh day of experiment (2 hours after treatment). The blood sample was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the GABRB3 protein level. Results: GABRB3 protein level in BALB/c mice after administration of Valerian extract was increased significantly in both treatment group (p \<0.0001). The highest increment in protein levels was found in the first treatment group with an increase of 2.988 μmol/L, compared with the second treatment group with an increase of 2.146 μmol/L. Conclusion: GABRB3 protein level in BALB/c mice were increased after administration of Valerian extract. Administration of higher dose does not yield in higher GABRB3 protein level nor sedative effect.

}, keywords = {BALB/c mice, Diazepam, GABRB3 protein, Valerian extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.118}, author = {Erwin Mulyawan and Muhammad Ramli Ahmad and Andi Asadul Islam and Muh Nasrum Massi and Mochammad Hatta and Syafri Kamsul Arif} } @article {1141, title = {An Analytical and in-vivo Study to Evaluate the Effect of Triphala Kaṣ{\={a}}ya V{\={a}}sita Godhuma (Triticum aestivum grains soaked in Triphala Kaṣ{\={a}}ya) on its Glycemic Index compared to Raw Godhuma (Raw Triticum aestivum grains)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {526-534}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {526}, abstract = {

Diabetes is generally referred to as a Metabolic Disorder or a Lifestyle Disorder, that is mainly characterized by the symptom of Hyperglycemia caused by the defective insulin secretion, congenital or acquired. Diabetes requires management of diet and lifestyle with or without medications to keep the blood sugar under control. Foods with medium Glycemic Index (GI) is best preferred for Diabetics, because high GI foods will rapidly increase the blood sugar level, and low GI will cause grave health issues. In practice, wheat is the highly recommended diet for diabetics as the GI is medium in comparison to rice that belongs to a high GI group. But wheat causes digestive problems, and flatulence in addition to the Gluten allergy that many people suffer from. However in Ayurveda, the Classical Text Aṣṭ{\={a}}ṅga Hṛdaya (AH) mentions in Prameha Cikitsa Adhy{\={a}}ya (Chapter on Treatment of Diabetes) that Godhuma (grains of Wheat - Triticum aestivum L) has to be kept soaked in Triphala Kaṣ{\={a}}ya (Decoction prepared with the fruits of Terminalia chebula, T. bellerica and Phyllanthus emblica) and then dried and powdered before being used as a diet for a diabetic. The grains of Godhuma were kept soaked in Triphala Kaṣ{\={a}}ya and then dried and powdered. A comparative analytical study was done for the two samples- treated wheat grains (Triphala Kaṣ{\={a}}ya V{\={a}}sita Godhuma) and untreated/raw wheat grains. An In vivo study was also done to assess the GI value of both the samples of wheat. The analytical and In vivo study results prove that while the GI is still maintained within medium range, the allergen gluten is completely eliminated, total fat and total protein have reduced while still maintaining the nutritive value, in the treated sample when compared to the raw sample. Based on the results obtained from the analytical and in-vivo study, it can be concluded that Triphala Kaṣ{\={a}}ya V{\={a}}sita Godhuma becomes even more compatible and healthy for a diabetic, in gluten allergy and discomforts caused by wheat consumption, in comparison to the untreated wheat grains.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Diabetes, Gluten, Glycemic index, Godhuma, Prameha, Triphala kaṣ{\={a}}ya}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.80 }, author = {Sujithra M and Vimala KS and Sabitha M and Priya S} } @article {1131, title = {Anatomical Characteristics of Leaves and Flowers of Cornus sanguine subsp. australis (C.A.Mey.) Jav.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {448-451}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {448}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cornus sanguinea subsp. australis (C.A.Mey.) Jav. is a widespread plant of the Caucasus (Russia). This is a small decorative tree with a large mass of raw material of leaves and flowers, which contain phenolic compounds. Currently, this plant is used in traditional medicine in some countries. Materials and Methods: C. australis leaves, and flowers were collected during the flowering period on the Mount Mashuk in Pyatigorsk, Stavropol region, Russia in June 2019. The anatomical structure of C. australis is considered in accordance with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia XIV. Results: There are heavily sinuous walls of cells of the upper and lower epidermis in microscopy of the leaves of C. australis, stomatal anomocytic type, Т-shaped trichomes, two types of mesophyll: palisade and spongy. In the vascular system of the leaf and petiole, there are two vascular bundles: small and larger. In the small vascular bundle, the xylem is located from the abaxial surface, the phloem {\textendash} from the adaxial surface, in the big vascular bundle on the contrary. The lower epidermis of the petal and sepal is covered with T-shaped trichomes. Conclusion: Obtained anatomical signs are necessary for identification, authenticity, standardization for the use of C. australis as raw materials for pharmaceutical purposes.

}, keywords = {Collenchyma, Cornus sanguinea subsp. australis (C.A.Mey.) Jav., Cross-section, Mesophyll, Stomatal anomocytic type, Vascular bundle, Т-shaped trichomes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.69}, author = {Victoria Vladimirovna Fedotova and Dmitry Alexeevich Konovalov} } @article {1133, title = {Anti-arthritic Property of Sahacharadi Kashayam Against Freund{\textquoteright}s Complete}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May2020}, pages = {459-464}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {459}, abstract = {

Introduction: The available modern molecular drugs for the therapy of Rheumatoid arthritis are beset with several side effects and alternative drugs are urgently needed. The present investigation was performed to evaluate the anti-arthritic activity of Sahacharadi Kashayam (SK), an Ayurvedic formulation, against Freund{\textquoteright}s complete adjuvant (CFA) - induced arthritis in rats. Methods: In this experimental trial, SK was administered at doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 ml/kg body weight orally to adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritic rats. The anti-arthritic activity was evaluated by using paw volume, haematological parameters and arthritic biomarkers. The efficacy of the Kashayam was compared with the standard Leflunomide (10 mg/kg) drug. Results: Significant reduction in paw volume and thickness by SK (0.5 ml dose) has been found and there was considerably improvement in haematological parameters and arthritic markers in CFA rats till 14 days. After 14th day SK treatment with doses (1.0 and 1.5ml), however, reoccurrence of inflammation and pathological changes were observed in rats. Conclusion: The study clearly indicated the anti-arthritic role of SK. Future studies, however, are warranted to provide a new approach in relation to the therapeutic dose and treatment period of SK which may eventually lead to the development of a new category of the anti-arthritic agent.

}, keywords = {Anti-arthritic activity, Arthritis, Biomarkers, Sahacharadi Kashayam}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.71 }, author = {P Praveen Kumar and K Prabhu and Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao and Mallika Jain and K Kalaivani and Shruthi Dinakar and Sampad Shil and N Vijayalakshmi} } @article {1290, title = {Antibacterial Activity and Mode of Action of Black Mulberry (Morus nigra) Fruits Extract Against Streptococcus mutans}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1722-1726}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1722}, abstract = {

Background: Black mulberry was a member of the plant groups from genus Morus, which contains the highest total phenolic compounds compared to other species. It could be a potential source of antimicrobial agents. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the fruits extract against Streptococcus mutans. Methods: Agar diffusion and microdilution methods were used for evaluation of the antibacterial activity and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract. Protein and ion leakage from the bacterial cells induced by the extract was analyzed spectrophotometrically. The morphological change was determined using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: Black mulberry (BM) fruits extract showed antibacterial activity against S. mutans with MIC value of 8 mg/mL, as well as contributed to the aforementioned leakage. Meanwhile, cellular membrane damage was observed, indicating that the extract might inhibit growth of the bacteria. Conclusion: BM extract could be a potential raw material for herbal medicine, especially anticaries which has antibacterial activity.

}, keywords = {Black mulberry fruits extract, Cellular membrane damage, Streptococcus mutans}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.233}, author = {Arif Budiman and Diah Lia Aulifa} } @article {1070, title = {Anticancer Activity of Ruellia britoniana Flower on Cervical HeLa Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {29-34}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {29}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cervical cancer ranks 4th in terms of the mortality rates and incidence of all cancers in women (GLOBOCAN 2018). In last decade, there is a significance progress in cancer therapy followed by an increase in the cost of cancer treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to have therapeutic innovations that are expected to reduce the cost of cervical cancer therapy. One therapeutic innovation that is currently being intensively carried out is herbal medicine. Some researchers have found that some plant extracts have anti-cancer properties that can be an alternative treatment for cancer, such as some plants with the genus Ruellia, such as Ruellia tuberosa and Ruellia squarrosa. However, research on the anticancer activity of the species of Ruellia brittoniana, especially the flowers, is still limited. Objective: Aim of this study is to examine anti-cervical cancer activity of R. brittoniana flower. Methods: R.brittoniana flowers were obtained from Depok, West Java, Indonesia. The flowers are extracted gradually with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol solvents. The extracts were evaluated for anticancer activity by MTT method. Results: IC50 values for ethanol extract, ethyl acetate extract and n-hexane extract of R. brittoniana flowers are 116.55 ppm, 52.62 ppm, and 123.09 ppm, respectively, which indicating that ethanol extract has moderate anticancer activity, while ethyl acetate and n-hexane extract of R. brittoniana\ flowers have weak anticancer activity. Conclusion: Ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extract of R.brittoniana flowers have a potential to become natural anti-cervical cancer.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Cervical HeLa cells, Ruellia brittoniana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.6}, author = {Nadzila Anindya Tejaputri and Ade Arsianti and Fona Qorina and Qotrunnada Fithrotunnisa and Norma Nur Azizah and Rista Putrianingsih} } @article {1111, title = {Anticholesterol Activity of Okra Fruit Extract (Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench) and Its Nanoemulsion in vivo}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {316-320}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {316}, abstract = {

Background: Okra fruit has phytosterol, pectin that has the potential as an anticholesterol. Objective: The purpose of this study was to obtain 70\% (v/v) ethanol extract of okra fruit and its nanoparticles and to evaluate their anti-cholesterol activity in vivo. Material and Methods: Okra fruit was extracted by kinetic maceration and the produced extract was tested for phytochemical screening and anti-cholesterolemi activity in vivo. The nanoparticles was prepared using a cosolvention method. In this study, DDY white mice was divided into 5 groups, namely normal control, negative control, positive control (simvastatin), the extract (400 mg /kg BW), and the nanoparticles (~ 400 mg /kg BW) group. All groups except normal were fed for 14 days with high cholesterol diet. After 14 days, the induction of hypercholesterolemia was stopped and simvastatin was administrated to positive control and the test groups were treated with the extract and the nanoparticles for 7 days. Measurement of total cholesterol level was carried out by cholesterol stripe test method. Results: The nanoparticles used demonstrated particle size of 134.7 nm and zeta potential of -26.72. The results showed a decrease in total cholesterol levels in positive control, the extract and the nanoparticles group as many as 48.68\%; 32.44\% and 42.95\%, respectively. Conclusion: The nanoparticles can increase the activity of the extract.

}, keywords = {Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench, Hypercholesterolemia, Nanoparticles, Okra fruits, Total cholesterol level}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.50}, author = {Ratna Djamil and Deni Rahmat and Sarah Zaidan and Maya Nur latifah} } @article {1179, title = {Antidiabetic Activity with N-Hexane, Ethyl-Acetate and Ethanol Extract of Halodule uninervis Seagrass}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {805-808}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {805}, abstract = {

The purpose of this research was to observe the antidiabetic activity from N-hexane, ethylacetate and ethanol extract of Halodule uninervis seagrass. The antidiabetic activity with extract concentrations of 125 ppm, 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm from seagrass extract with ethanol solvent showed that it had the ability as an anti-diabetic agent stronger than seagrass extract with n-hexane and ethyl acetate solvents. Calculation of IC50 of Halodule uninervis seagrass with ethanol extract was 74.99 ppm and ethyl acetate was 1,517,05 ppm. Glukobay as control was 0.27 ppm.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Extract, Haludule uninervis, Seagrass}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.115}, author = {Ace Baehaki and Herpandi and Susi Lestari and Muhammad Hendri and Febri Ariska} } @article {1110, title = {Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Effect Combination Vasconcellea pubescens A.DC. and Momordica charantia L. Extract in Alloxan- Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {311-315}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {311}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mountain papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens A.DC.) and bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) fruit extract have total flavonoids and some metabolite from its contains. The use of a single dose in the treatment of diabetes is often considered to lack a strong effect. Giving a combination of the compound is a solution to provide a synergistic effect in treatment. Material and Methods: Rat were divided into eight groups (normal, negative control, glibenclamide as a positive control, and five dose extract group). The single dose mountain papaya extract (MPE) and bitter melon extract (BME) were given at 174 mg/kg b.w of MPE, and 380 mg/kg b.w of BME in oral administration. Combination of MPE:BME (25:75, 50:50, 75:25)\% or (87:190; 44:285 and 130:95) mg/kg b.w in oral administration. Induction of diabetes used alloxan dose of 150 mg/kg b.w intraperitoneally. The treatment was performed for 21 days with a frequency of once a day. Blood sugar level was measured at pretest, 7th, 14th, and 21st days. At the end of the test, measurements of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and pancreatic morphology were measured. Data were analyzed by ANOVA statistic. Results: The single and combination of MPE-BME showed an decrease in blood glucose levels significantly compared with the negative control (p <= 0.05). The same results from measurements of levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and pancreatic morphology. Conclusions: Based on the research, a combination of the MPE-BME had antidiabetic and antioxidant activity, but the activity was not significantly different from both single-dose extract (p\> 0.05).

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Flavonoids, Momordica, Synergistic, Vasconcellea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.49}, author = {Heru Sasongko and Ratih Guswinda Lestari and Adi Yugatama and Yeni Farida and Sugiyarto} } @article {1102, title = {Antidiabetic Constituents from Helminthostachys zeylanica (L) Hook (Ophioglossaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {223-226}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {223}, abstract = {

Background: The roots of tunjuk langit (Helminthostacshys zeylanica) have been used traditionally in some villages in Indonesia, particularly in Riau Province. Objective: In this study we reported two flavonoids and their antidiabetic activity. Material and methods: Isolation of the metabolites was based on polarity fractionation method. Purification processes were conducted by vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC). Chemical structures were elucidated based on spectroscopy characteristics, including FTIR and 1D/2D NMR. Results: The isolated compounds were identified as ugonin J and K. The antidiabetic activity was measured by α-glucosidase inhibitor assay. The antidiabetic activity of ugonin J was found at IC50 273,13{\textpm}0,402 ppm and Ugonin K was found at IC50 138,21{\textpm}0,263 ppm (moderately active). Conclusion: Therefore this plant can be used traditionally as antidiabetic medicine.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Helminthostacys zeylanica, Ophioglossaceae, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.33}, author = {Fania El Ridhasya and Novia Rahim and Muhammad Almurdani and Rudi Hendra and Hilwan Yuda Teruna} } @article {1118, title = {Anti-Elastase, Antioxidant, Total Phenolic and Total Flavonoid Content of Wuru Ketek (Myrica javanica Reinw. ex Bl.) from Tangkuban Perahu, West Java - Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {293-297}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {293}, abstract = {

Introduction: The presence of elastase and ROS can cause skin aging, phenolic compounds and flavonoids can be used to inhibit elastase activity and as an antioxidant. Objective: This research aimed to evaluate the anti-elastase, antioxidant activities, TPC and TFC of extracts from Myrica javanica. Methods: In this study, the leaves, stems and fruit of Myrica javanica were macerated with 96\% ethanol. The extracts obtained were analysed for anti-elastase and antioxidant activities. It was also evaluated for TPC and TFC. Result: IC50 anti-elastase on leaves extract (LE), stems extract (SE), and fruits extract (FE) respectively showed 64.71 ppm, 197.49 ppm, and no activity. The anti-elastase result of three extracts are lower if compared with Myricetine (9.54 ppm). SE showed highest DPPH and TPC value (IC50=16.36 μg/mL; 307.00 mgGAE/g dry weight) and LE showed highest FRAP and TFC value (421.68 Mol/gram; 15.80 mgQE/g dry weight). Conclusion: In summary, anti-elastase and antioxidant activity are influenced by differences in the content of compounds in the extract.

}, keywords = {Anti-Elastase, Antiaging, Antioxidant, Myrica javanica, TFC, TPC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.46}, author = {Varda Arianti and Berna Elya and Iskandarsyah} } @article {1115, title = {Anti-Elastase, Anti-Tyrosinase and Anti-Oxidant of Rubus Fraxinifolius Stem Methanolic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {271-275}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {271}, abstract = {

Introduction: Some Rubus were reported had anti-skin aging activity. Rubus fraxinifolius was one of Rubus genus which lives in Indonesian highland. Objective: This study was to examine elastase, tyrosinase, and oxidant inhibitory activity of R. fraxinifolius stem (RFS) extract. Methods: Extraction was done by a Soxhlet apparatus using methanol as solvent. Elastase inhibition activity was determined, which based on the formation of p-nitroaniline. Tyrosinase inhibition activity evaluated based on inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase by the sample with L-DOPA as substrate. The activity of antioxidant was determined using the DPPH radical scavenger method. LC-MS was used for prediction of naturally occurring phytochemicals. Results: The RFS extract yield was 9.03 \%. The RFS extract revealed inhibition activity against elastase and tyrosinase with IC50 128.85 ppm, and 155.19 ppm, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity gave IC50 63.04 ppm. Total phenolic content of the extract was 387.99+3.21 mg GAE/g extract. The LC-MS analysis showed the presence of at least 13 different organic compounds in RFS extract, which might contribute to the bioactivity. Conclusion: Therefore, this experiment further proved that RFS extract might be useful as a natural product ingredient of anti-photoaging skincare products because of its ability to inhibit elastase, tyrosinase, and as an antioxidant.

}, keywords = {Anti-Elastase, Anti-tyrosinase, Antioxidant, Rubus fraxinifolius stem}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.42}, author = {Yesi Desmiaty and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Muhammad Hanafi and Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya} } @article {1226, title = {Antifungal Activity of Neolignan Derivatives from Eusideroxylon zwageri Against Pathogenic Fungus Microsporum gypseum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {993-999}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {993}, abstract = {

Introduction: Bulian wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) known as iron wood. It was known as wood source which fungi and insect resistant. These effects were interconnected with secondary metabolites contained within. Methods: Eusideroxylon zwageri wood powder was macerated with methanol and fractinated with n-Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate. Eusiderin I and Compound B were isolated from n-hexane fraction, while Compound C were isolated from dichloromethane fraction. Eusiderin I, compound A and Compound B were characterized using melting point, UV spectroscopy and compared with previous data. Antifungal activity test was conducted with Microsporum gypseum using paper disc method. Results: A research on antifungal activity of Neolignan derivatives from Eusideroxylon zwageri against pathogenic fungus Microsporum gypseum had been carried out. Eusiderin I, Compound B and Compound C were isolated from wood of Eusideroxylon zwageri. All three compounds are white crystals with melting point in such 99-100 oC, 110-112 oC, 98-99 oC, respectively and UV spectrum data is similar to reference. The antifungal activity test of Eusiderin I, Compound B and Compound C from Bulian wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) to phatogen fungus of Microsporum gypseum showed that with five different concentrations (5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 ppm), Eusiderin I was a potent antifungal because it had a strong activity in inhibiting the Microsporum gypseum growth. The 5 days incubation test result showed that 50 ppm Eusiderin I could inhibit the Microsporum gypseum colony growth. The 100 ppm Eusiderin I gave the most effective inhibition precentage because it could inhibit the Microsporum gypseum colony growth (= 93.9\%). Conclusion: Based on this data, Eusiderin I can be indicated an antifungal candidate.

}, keywords = {Antifungal, Eusiderin, Eusideroxylon zwageri, Microsporum gypseum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.140}, author = {Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa and Muhaimin Muhaimin and Syamsurizal Syamsurizal and Harizon Harizon and Tiana Milanda and Imam Adi Wicaksono} } @article {1220, title = {Anti-Hypertensive Activity of Punica granatum peels Ethyl Acetate Extract on Fludrocortisones Induced Hypertension in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1135-1142}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1135}, abstract = {

Pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn.) has several medicinal properties. Pomegranate juice has been reported to be an effective source of high amounts of phyto-constituents with many health and nutritional benefits. This work assessed the possible effect on blood pressure (B.P) and heart rate of P. granatum peel ethyl acetate extract (PGE) at a dosage of 400 mg / kg / day on hypertension-induced fludrocortisone Wistar rats. PGE therapy substantially lowered the B.P of hypertensive rats treated with salt fludrocortisones, but the mean blood pressure and heart rate in normotensive rats were not altered. In isolated aortic strip, the contractile reactions to noradrenalin of PGE-treated hypertensive rats have been substantially reduced. The active fraction was purified by successive chromatographic techniques resulted in isolation of quercetin and ursolic acid, this bioactive mixture induced a significant decrease in the blood pressure of hypertensive rats as compared to hypertensive control rats at a concentration of 10 mg/kg.

}, keywords = {Hypertension, Punica granatum, Quercetin, Ursolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.160}, author = {Rafik Monir and Asmaa S Abd Elkarim and Mohamed Fouad Shalaby and Alsayed Ahmed Zaki and Samah Shabana} } @article {1312, title = {Antihypertensive, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Indonesian Traditional Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1623-1629}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1623}, abstract = {

Background: Indonesian people have long used herbal medicine (jamu) to overcome various diseases, including hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are two diseases that are directly related and require proper and thorough management. Objectives: The present study investigated the antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and cytotoxic activities ethanol extracts of Indonesian traditional medicine (jamu). Material and Methods: Jamu was extracted by maceration using ethanol. Antihypertensive and antidiabetic activity investigated by measurement of ACE inhibitor, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, and antioxidant activity at a concentration ranging from 125-1000 μg/mL, respectively, by in vitro method. Cytotoxic evaluation of the extract was carried out using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Results: measurements of ACE inhibitors, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor and antioxidant activity showed that herbal extracts had ACE inhibitors, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 292.15 μg/mL, 36.13 μg/mL, and 24.43 μg/mL respectively. Ethanol extract of herbal medicine (jamu) exerts a cytotoxic effect on larvae of shrimp Artemia salina with an IC50 value of 215.04 μg/mL. Conclusion: Jamu extract has antihypertensive and antidiabetic activity in vitro and cytotoxic effects.

}, keywords = {ACE inhibitors, Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, Jamu}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.222}, author = {Aprilita Rina Yanti Eff and Hermanus Ehe Hurit and Sri Teguh Rahayu and Muhammad Unggul Januarko and Putu Gita Maya WM} } @article {1294, title = {Antihypertensive Assay-Guided Fractionation of Syzygium polyanthum Leaves and Phenolics Profile Analysis Using LCQTOF/ MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1670-1692}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {167}, abstract = {

Introduction: Syzygium polyanthum leaves extract that contains gallic acid as the major phenolic compound has shown significant antihypertensive effect, however the amount of gallic acid was inversely-related with magnitude of this effect. This study aimed to conduct bioassay-guided fractionation of S. polyanthum leaves with gallic acid as a reference compound, and to screen for other possible compounds responsible for the antihypertensive effect. Methods: S. polyanthum leaves were extracted using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. The most active crude extract was fractionated using column chromatography and analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC) (n=3). Crude extracts and the derived fractions were intravenously administered into pentobarbital-anaesthetized Spontaneously Hypertensive rats (n=5) for recording of blood pressure parameters. Liquid Chromatography-Quadruple Time-Off-Flight/Mass Spectrometry was used for determination of chemical composition. One-way and two-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis using GraphPad{\textregistered} PRISM Version 6. Results: Fractionation of aqueous S. polyanthum leaves extract (ASP) afforded nine fractions, later combined into three fractions (F1ASP, F2ASP, and F3ASP) based on the thinlayer chromatography profiles. ASP has the highest TPC while F2ASP has the lowest TPC. All fractions exhibited significant antihypertensive property, but F2ASP was the most active fraction. Few phenolics with related antihypertensive effects such as 1-galloyl glucose (a gallic acid-derivative majorly found in F2ASP and F3ASP), and other compounds such as polydatin, sesamol, brazilin, eugenol, ellagic acid, kukoamine A, and cyclocurcumin were found across all active fractions. Conclusion: These phenolics may partly contribute to the antihypertensive effect of S. polyanthum leaves, thus further isolation study is recommended.

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive, Bioassay-guided, LCMS, Syzygium polyanthum, Total phenol content (TPC)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.227}, author = {Azlini Ismail and Erlena Nor Asmira Abdul Rahim and Muhammad Nor Omar and Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad} } @article {1176, title = {Anti-Inflammation of Soursop Leaves (Annona muricata L.) Against Hemorrhoids in Mice Induced by Croton Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {784-792}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {784}, abstract = {

Background: Hemorrhoids are rectoanal venous plexus swelling that causes inflammation, pain, and bleeding. Plants with phenolic compounds are known to improve venous tone and anti-inflammation. Soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) known contain phenolic compounds and have been used to cure inflammation. However, studies on anti-inflammatory soursop leaves for hemorrhoids are still limited. Objective: This study aims to analyze the effect of Soursop Leaves Ethanol Extract (SLEE) on the histopathological features and expression of COX-2 and TNFα in rectoanal tissue. Methods: Swiss mice 20 weeks induced 3 times with 6\% croton oil through the anus. SLEE doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/Kg and aspirin as a positive control were given orally for 7 days. Histopathological examination of the rectoanal tissue of mice was assessed by counting cell necrosis, inflammation, vasodilation, and edema using hematoxylin-eosin. Positive cells expressing COX-2 and TNFα were counted on inflammatory epithelial cells using immunohistochemistry. Results: Administration of SLEE at all doses showed different levels of inflammation, necrosis, vasodilatation and edema in histopathology of rectoanal tissue P \<0.00. All three doses of SLEE show significant anti-inflammatory effects on hemorrhoidal tissue. SLEE doses of 200, 400 mg/Kg significantly decreased COX-2 P \<0.05 compared to negative controls, and SLEE doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/Kg significantly decreased TNFα P \<0.05 compared to negative controls. Conclusions: SLEE can reduce inflammation and has the potential to be developed as a natural remedy for hemorrhoids.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata, COX-2, Croton oil, Hemorrhoid, TNFα}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.112}, author = {Nurul Qurrota Ayun and Kusmardi and Nurhuda and Berna Elya} } @article {1183, title = {Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Quantitative Analysis of Major Compounds of the Mixtures of Derris scandens (DZSS) Formula}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {828-834}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {828}, abstract = {

Background: The mixtures of Derris scandens (DZSS) formula is a Thai traditional medicine, which consists of 4 medicinal plants, including Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth. (D) Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Z), Suregada multiflora Baill. (S) and Siphonodon celastrineus (S). The DZSS formula has been used in an oral dosage form for the treatment of muscle pain. However, the phytochemical profiles and the pharmacological activities of the combined DZSS formula have not been clearly investigated. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profiles and the anti-inflammatory activity of the DZSS formula. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extracts of the formula (50\% and 95\% ethanolic extracts) were prepared by using soxhlet extraction and which were analyzed by using HPLC. The anti-inflammatory activity of the DZSS formula was tested for its inhibitory effect against nitric oxide (NO) production in Raw 264.7 cells macrophage.The cytotoxic effect of the formula was determined by using the MTT assay. Results: The 95\% ethanolic extract of the DZSS formula exhibited a pronounced anti-inflammatory activity with the IC50 of 40.08 {\textpm} 2.78 μg/mL. The 95\% ethanolic extract possessed a more potent anti-inflammatory activity than that of the 50\% ethanolic extract and with no cytotoxicity. HPLC analysis indicated that the 95\% ethanolic extract also had a higher yield of genistein and compound D, which are obtained the amount of 0.71 {\textpm} 0.00 and 18.89 {\textpm} 0.24 mg/g extract, respectively. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the 95\% ethanolic extract of the DZSS formula possessed a significant anti-inflammatory activity but which is still required to investigate about biological activity in vivo and clinical study.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory activity, Compound D, Derris scandens, genistein, HPLC, Nitric Oxide (NO)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.119}, author = {Orapan Ayameang and Ruchilak Rattarom and Catheleeya Mekjaruskul and Wanida Caichompoo} } @article {1205, title = {Anti-inflammatory Activity of Nigella sativa oil Mediated Silver Nanoparticles}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1086-1092}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1086}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of the study was to employ Nigella sativa oil in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of the Nigella sativa oil mediated silver nanoparticles. Background: The introduction of Nanoparticles (NPs) has transFigured many fields like medicine, nutrition and electronics. The usage of nanotechnology in medicine particularly for drug delivery is revealed to have numerous benefits. Nanoparticles are being used to decrease toxicity and side effects that drugs may impose to the patient. Nigella sativa is considered as a miracle seed. It has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and antihypertensive activity. Plant mediated biological synthesis of nanoparticles is simple and eco-friendly method. This work therefore was aimed to synthesize Nigella sativa oil mediated silver nanoparticles and evaluate its anti-inflammatory activity. Materials and Methods: Nigella sativa oil mediated silver nanoparticles were synthesised by short term (1 day) interaction of Nigella sativa seed extract (1 ml) with 2mM AgNO3 solution and centrifuged to obtain silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterised by UV-Visible spectrophotometer, FTIR and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Further the oil mediated AgNPs were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by in vitro and in vivo methods. Results: Nigella sativa oil mediated AgNPs were biofabricated with ease and exhibited good anti-inflammatory activity compared to standard. Conclusion: This study concludes that Nigella sativa seed oil mediated silver nanoparticles have the potential to be used as an effective antioxidant. Hence, it may be used in many medicinal applications to treat inflammation.

}, keywords = {Anti- Inflammatory effect, Nigella sativa, Rananculaceae, SEM analysis, Silver nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.153}, author = {Sheik Shehensha and M Vijaya Jyothi} } @article {1254, title = {Anti-inflammatory and Cytotoxic Effect of Arrow Root Mediated Selenium Nanoparticles}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1363-1367}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1363}, abstract = {

Nanoparticles serve to reduce toxicity, enhance bioactivity and improve targeting. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are explored because of it{\textquoteright}s unique characteristics and various known therapeutic benefits such as antioxidants activities and reducing risk of cancer. In this study, arrow root which is a starch obtained from tapioca or cassava is mediated with SeNPs and studied for it{\textquoteright}s anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effect. The plant extract of arrow root was prepared and mixed with the sodium selenite solution. The solution is kept in a magnetic stirrer while being observed for any colour change. The synthesis of nanoparticles is observed using UV-vis spectrophotometry. Then the anti-inflammatory activity is observed using albumin denaturation assay and cytotoxic analysis conducted on brine shrimp nauplii. The results showed that there was a lower toxicity rate of SeNPs and significant anti-inflammatory activity which concludes that these nanoparticles can be used in various drug designing aspects in future.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Brine shrimp, Green synthesis, Selenium nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.188}, author = {Twinkle Francis and S Rajeshkumar and Anita Roy and T Lakshmi} } @article {1184, title = {Antimalarial Activity of Flavonoid Compound Isolated from Leaves of Artocarpus altilis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {835-842}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {835}, abstract = {

Introduction: Artocarpus altilis leaves extract has previously been reported as a potential antimalarial drug. Inhibition concentration (IC50) against P. falciparum and effective dose values (ED50) against P. berghei have been reported at 1.32 μg/ml and 0.82 mg/kg, respectively. The aim of this study is to identify the active compound from the ethanol extract of A. Altilis leaves against P. falciparum. Materials and Methods: The isolation of the active compound from the ethanol extract of A. altilis were conducted using chromatography methods, and the chemical structure of the isolated compounds was determined based on NMR and MS spectra data. Antimalarial assay was determined using microscopic method against P. falciparum 3D7 and molecular docking studies was performed using Molegro Virtual Docker version 5.5 program. Results: A flavonoid compound, class of dihydrochalcone was finally isolated from A. altilis and identified as 1-(2,4-dihydroxy phenyl)-3-[8-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(4-methyl-3- pentenyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-5-yl]-1-propanone (Compound-1). Antimalarial activity test revealed that the compound strongly inhibited P. falciparum growth, with IC50 value of 1.05 μM. An in silico study to determine the mechanism of action of the compound revealed the existence a 3.BPF receptor that possesses a cysteine protease inhibitor of falcipain-2. Conclusion: Compound-1 were isolated from the leaves of A. Altilis is a good candidate of new source in the development of antimalarial drugs. An animal study using this compound is recommended before a clinical trial.

}, keywords = {Artocarpus altilis, Cysteine protease inhibitor, Dihydrochalcones, P. falciparum 3D7}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.120}, author = {Agriana Rosmalina Hidayati and Aty Widyawaruyanti and Hilkatul Ilmi and Mulyadi Tanjung and Tri Widiandani and Siswandono and Din Syafruddin and Achmad Fuad Hafid} } @article {1165, title = {Antimalarial Effects of the Aqueous Extract of Entandrophragma angolense Bark on Plasmodium berghei Infection in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {687-698}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {687}, abstract = {

Background: Research for new antimalarial drugs remains a permanent quest for the control of malaria. Objective: The present study investigates the effects of the aqueous extract of Entandrophragma angolense bark on P. berghei-induced malaria in mice. Methods: Eight weeks old mice, were intraperitoneally infested with 200 μl of blood, containing 1x106 P. berghei-infected-erythrocytes. Parasitaemia was determined using a 10\% giemsa stained blood smear read under optical microscope (x100). The infected animals were randomized into 5 groups of 10 animals each and daily treated for 5 days with the plant extract at 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg. The normal control and malaria control received water while the chloroquine control was treated with 10 mg/kg of chloroquine. Body weight, parasitaemia and survival time were monitored daily during treatment and follow up periods. Five animals from each group were sacrificed under anaesthesia at the end of treatment (d8) and after the follow up period (d28). Venous blood was used for haematological and biochemical tests. Organs (liver, kidneys and spleen) were also collected for biochemical and histological analyses. Results: Administration of the aqueous extract of E. angolense bark to infected mice significantly inhibited parasite development (p \<0.001) with ED50 estimated at 25.32 mg/kg. The extract prevented animal from death, body weight loss, anaemia, leucocytosis, high transaminases (ALT and AST), high bilirubin, creatinine and MDA levels, oxidative stress and anatomical alteration in organs as compared to the malaria control. Conclusion: The E. angolense bark possesses antimalarial properties, supporting its use in traditional medicine to treat malaria.

}, keywords = {Antiplasmodial activity, E. angolense, Malaria infection, Mice, P. berghei}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.101}, author = {Raceline Gounoue Kamkumo and Abel Narcisse Messi Betene and Patrick Valere Tsouh Fokou and Jean Hubert Donfack and Marius Jaur{\`e}s Tsakem Nangap and Albertine Ngako and Roberto Fokou and Mariscal Brice Tchatat Tali and Florence Ngueguim Tsofack and Th{\'e}ophile Dimo and Fabrice Fekam Boyom} } @article {1089, title = {Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Momordica Charantia: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {213-222}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {213}, abstract = {

Momordica charantia L. (bitter melon) is a plant belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family and is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas around the world, mainly in Asia, India, China and Brazil, where it is traditionally used as a medicinal plant, and the fruits of some varieties of M. charantia are consumed as food. Studies have determined that this plant contains a great diversity of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential like charantin, α-momorcharin and MAP30, and highlighting its properties as antidiabetic, antiulcer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antihyperglycemic and anticancer. Review shows the complete botanical description of the plant (fruits, leaves, stem, etc.), the bioactive chemical compounds reported in the plant species, the antimicrobial activity of the extracts or fractions of M. charantia, emphasizing the antibacterial and antifungal activities, with respective values of MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) reported according to the methodology used in each study. The review seeks to update the phytochemical and pharmacological knowledge of M. charantia, which would be useful for researchers in their search for new chemical compounds of the plant, studies of its safety and efficacy, as well as the evaluation of its possible synergistic action in combination with other antimicrobials, in order to find new therapeutic alternatives against bacterial resistance.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Charantin, Cucurbitaceae, Cucurbitane, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.32}, author = {V{\'\i}ctor Eduardo Villarreal-La Torre and William Sag{\'a}stegui Guarniz and Carmen Silva-Correa and Lizardo Cruzado- Razco and Ra{\'u}l Siche} } @article {1161, title = {Anti-microbial and Phytochemical Studies of Mussaenda frondosa Linn. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {630-635}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {630}, abstract = {

Mussaenda frondosa L (Rubiaceae) has been traditionally used in the treatment of White leprosy, eye troubles, skin infections, tuberculosis, jaundice, ulcers, wounds, cough and Bronchitis. The current study investigated antimicrobial effects of Mussaenda frondosa L against bacteria and fungus. In addition, Phytochemical profiling of the methanol extract of Mussaenda frondosa was done using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). The antimicrobial activity of Methanol (MEMF), Ethyl acetate (EEMF), Chloroform (CEMF) and Hexane (HEMF) extracts of Mussaenda frondosa leaves were tested against nine bacterial and four fungal strains. The Methanol extract showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activity than hexane, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate extracts which could be attributed to the presence of phenols, flavonoids and the other bioactive compounds identified through phytochemical screening. The findings in the present study offer a scientific support to the ethno medicinal use of the plant by the traditional healers.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Extract, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), Mussaenda}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.94}, author = {S. Shanthi and R. Radha} } @article {1223, title = {Anti-migration and Anti-invasion Abilities of Methanolic Leaves Extract of Clerodendrum Inerme on Lung Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1024-1031}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1024}, abstract = {

Background: Clerodendrum inerme is a folk medicinal plant used in the treatment of various illnesses such as a cough, scrofulous infection, venereal infection, skin diseases and tumors. It exhibited many pharmacological effects including hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-oxidant and anticancer properties. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of methanolic extract of C. inerme leaves on migration, invasion and adhesion activities on human lung adenocarcinoma. Materials and methods: Cytotoxicity, cell motility, migration, invasion and adhesion abilities were detected by MTT, wound healing, trans-well mobilization, modified Boyden chamber and cell adhesion assay, respectively. Results: The results demonstrated that up to 400 μg/mL methanolic leaves extract has low toxicity on A549 cells showing more than 50\% cell viability. At non-cytotoxic and sub-toxic doses (200 and 400 μg/mL) of methanolic leave extract significantly suppressed cell motility, migration, invasion and cell adhesion compared with the untreated control. Conclusion: These results suggested that methanolic leaves extract of C. inerme inhibited migration, invasion and adhesion of A549 cells. These findings showed new therapeutic potential for C. inerme in anti-metastatic therapy.

}, keywords = {Anti-invasion, Anti-migration, Clerodendrum inerme, Human lung adenocarcinoma}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.145}, author = {Malatee Tayeh and Poonsit Hiransai and Hathaichanok Kommen and Ramida Watanapokasin} } @article {1101, title = {The Antioxidant Activity of Sterculia stipulata Korth Woods and Leaves by FRAP Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {236-239}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {236}, abstract = {

Background: Phenol compounds and flavonoids are known have antioxidant activity. Sterculia genus has secondary metabolite rich of phenols and flavonoids. Objective: The aim of this study of the activity antioxidants of Sterculia stipulata Korth. Woods and leaves by FRAP method. Materials and methods: Extraction done using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The methanol extract was determined antioxidant activity using the FRAP method and also determined the total phenols content, total flavonoids, and phytochemical screening. Results: The antioxidant activity of wood extract was 4.74 {\textpm} 1.03 FeEAC (mol/g) while leaves extract 41.17 {\textpm} 1.99 FeEAC (mol/g). Total phenols content for wood extract 16.46 {\textpm} 3.51 mg GAE/g, for leaves extract 141.62 {\textpm} 10.54 mg GAE/g. The total flavonoids content for woods extract was 27.99 {\textpm} 0.62 mg QE/g for leaf extract 41.45 {\textpm} 5.83 mg QE/g. The compounds of woods and leaves are the same; it is consist of terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and negatives for anthraquinone. Conclusion: The antioxidant activity of the leaves of Sterculia stipulata Korth. is greater than its wood activities.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoids, FRAP, Phenols, Sterculia stipulata Korth}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.36}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Yesi Desmiaty and Rani Sauriasari} } @article {1083, title = {Antioxidant and Antibacterial Assay Against Fish Pathogen Bacteria of Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr. Leaf Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {173-179}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {173}, abstract = {

Introduction: Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr. (local name: tombe uwa) is a plant endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia, and grows around lakes or aquatic environments where fish live. Based on phytochemical screening in previous studies, i.e. methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction from the leaves of Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr., the methanol extract gives positive results containing polyphenol compounds in the flavonoid group which have been known to have strong antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Objective: To test the effectiveness of the comparison of the natural content in the compounds (antibacterial and antioxidant properties) and the total content of phenol in Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr., which was extracted using two methods, i.e. maceration and Ultrasonic- Assisted Extraction (UAE), in fish-disease bacteria. Method: The leaves were separated to be extracted with two different methods: maceration and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE). Extracts were first screened qualitatively for antioxidant activity and then quantified with respect to in vitro antioxidant activity using the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Antibacterial activity was determined by the paper disc diffusion method and microdilution. Results: 70\% Ethanol in leaves extract of Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr. The extract which has the highest activity based on the DPPH test and FRAP test is the extract from UAE extraction with IC50 value of 9.81512 μg/mL and ferrous equivalent antioxidant capacity (FeEAC) value of 1.661.3 μmol/gr. UAE method also has a higher potential in antibacterial activity based on the diffusion method of paper discs and microdilution with the MIC obtained as much as 390.6 μg/mL. Conclusion: the UAE extraction method is better at scanning polyphenol compounds compared to the conventional maceration extraction method. Therefore, the results of the antioxidant and antibacterial activity using the UAE method are better than the maceration method.

}, keywords = {Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Flavobacterium columnare, Maceration, Phytochemical compound, Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.26}, author = {Bianca Priscilia and Media Fitri Isma Nugraha and Hessy Novita and Berna Elya} } @article {1109, title = {Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Mempening (Lithocarpus bancanus) Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {328-334}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {328}, abstract = {

Background: Lithocarpus bancanus or commonly called as mempening in Talang Mamak Tribe, Indonesia is a plant that is used as a traditional medicine. Objective: This study aim to evaluated antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of L. bancanus leaves extract. Material and Methods: The methanol extract was obtained by maceration of the leaves. The n-hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions were prepared by successive partition process of the methanol extract. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by various antioxidant assays, including DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), CUPRAC (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity), and ABTS (2,2{\textquoteright}-azonobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) method. Total phenolics were estimated based on the Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu method, while, aluminum chloride methods were employed to estimate total flavonoids. Antidiabetic activies was determined by inhibiting the activity of α-glucosidase method. Results: antioxidant activity assay against DPPH radical as well as the total phenolic and flavonoid content of L. bancanus leaves showed that the methanol extract possessed IC50 value of 39.469 {\textpm} 0.273 μg/mL with total phenol and flavonoid were 11.426 {\textpm} 0.432 mg GAE/g dry weight sample and 15.423 {\textpm} 0.213 mg QE/g respectively. The FRAP, CUPRAC and ABTS values of methanol extract were 3494.302 {\textpm}0.456, 26665.501 {\textpm} 5.940 and 2857.977 {\textpm} 0.715 μM TE/g dry weight sample respectively. Antidiabetic activity of methanol extract with IC50 value of 30.565 {\textpm} 0.331 μg/mL. Conclusion: It could be concluded that leaves of L. bancanus have antioxidant and antidiabetic properties.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Lithocarpus bancanus, Talang Mamak Tribe}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.52}, author = {Muhammad Almurdani and Adel Zamri and Titania T Nugroho and Jasril Karim and Yum Eryanti and Rudi Hendra and Hilwan Yuda Teruna} } @article {1224, title = {Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activities of Strobilanthes kunthianus against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1143-1151}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1143}, abstract = {

Background: Strobilanthes kunthianus Nees T Anders (Neela kurinji) is a shrub in the grasslands of Nilgiris, Western Ghats in India. It is well known for many biological properties including antioxidant. However, there is no in-vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities has been carried out previously on S. kunthianus. Objectives: The present study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of methanolic flower extract of S. kunthianus (MFESK) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in experimental rats. Materials and Methods: The Wistar rats were divided into six groups comprising six animals to each. Group I was served as normal control and group II as CCl4 treated. Both these groups were received sodium CMC (0.3\%, 5 ml/kg). Groups III, IV and V animals were treated with MFESK at different dose levels (100, 150 and 200 mg/kg). Group VI was treated with standard silymarin (100 mg/kg). All these treatments were given orally for eight consecutive days. On the 8th day of treatment, except the normal group I, all the other group of animals from III to VI were received CCl4 in liquid paraffin (1:1, 1 ml/kg, i.p., single dose) after 1 h of the vehicle. On the 9th day, the animals were anesthetized and blood was collected from the abdominal artery, then the serum was separated and used for the biochemical estimations. Serum marker enzymes such as ASAT, ALAT, ALP, TGL, CR, TP, TC, TB and albumin were measured using Ecoline kits by using autoanalyzer. Further, blood serum and the supernatant solution of homogenized liver and kidney were used for the estimation of antioxidant parameters such as CAT, SOD and TBARS by spectrophotometrically. Results: The administration of CCl4 caused a significant increase (P\<0.001) in the levels of ASAT, ALAT, ALP, TGL, TC, TB and TBARS and decrease in the levels of CR, TP, Albumin, CAT and SOD in serum. A significant (P\<0.001 and P\<0.01) restoration of these values towards the normal level was observed in all the three tested doses of MFESK. Similar results were observed for CAT, SOD and TBARS in both liver and kidney tissues. These results designated the strong antioxidant and hepatoprotective nature of MFESK. The histopathological investigation of liver and kidney tissues also confirmed the observed activities. Conclusion: These findings afford incitement for the development of a novel hepatoprotective herbal drugs.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatoprotective, Hepatotoxicity, Liver disease, Strobilanthes kunthianus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.161}, author = {Geetha Balasubramaniam and Mahendran Sekar and Maithili Varadarajan and Shrishailappa Badami} } @article {1225, title = {Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activities of Strobilanthes kunthianus against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1143-1151}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1143}, abstract = {

Background: Strobilanthes kunthianus Nees T Anders (Neela kurinji) is a shrub in the grasslands of Nilgiris, Western Ghats in India. It is well known for many biological properties including antioxidant. However, there is no in-vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities has been carried out previously on S. kunthianus. Objectives: The present study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of methanolic flower extract of S. kunthianus (MFESK) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in experimental rats. Materials and Methods: The Wistar rats were divided into six groups comprising six animals to each. Group I was served as normal control and group II as CCl4 treated. Both these groups were received sodium CMC (0.3\%, 5 ml/kg). Groups III, IV and V animals were treated with MFESK at different dose levels (100, 150 and 200 mg/kg). Group VI was treated with standard silymarin (100 mg/kg). All these treatments were given orally for eight consecutive days. On the 8th day of treatment, except the normal group I, all the other group of animals from III to VI were received CCl4 in liquid paraffin (1:1, 1 ml/kg, i.p., single dose) after 1 h of the vehicle. On the 9th day, the animals were anesthetized and blood was collected from the abdominal artery, then the serum was separated and used for the biochemical estimations. Serum marker enzymes such as ASAT, ALAT, ALP, TGL, CR, TP, TC, TB and albumin were measured using Ecoline kits by using autoanalyzer. Further, blood serum and the supernatant solution of homogenized liver and kidney were used for the estimation of antioxidant parameters such as CAT, SOD and TBARS by spectrophotometrically. Results: The administration of CCl4 caused a significant increase (P\<0.001) in the levels of ASAT, ALAT, ALP, TGL, TC, TB and TBARS and decrease in the levels of CR, TP, Albumin, CAT and SOD in serum. A significant (P\<0.001 and P\<0.01) restoration of these values towards the normal level was observed in all the three tested doses of MFESK. Similar results were observed for CAT, SOD and TBARS in both liver and kidney tissues. These results designated the strong antioxidant and hepatoprotective nature of MFESK. The histopathological investigation of liver and kidney tissues also confirmed the observed activities. Conclusion: These findings afford incitement for the development of a novel hepatoprotective herbal drugs.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatoprotective, Hepatotoxicity, Liver disease, Strobilanthes kunthianus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.161}, author = {Geetha Balasubramaniam and Mahendran Sekar and Maithili Varadarajan and Shrishailappa Badami} } @article {1074, title = {The Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Properties and Phytochemical Profile of Clusia latipes Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {144-149}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {144}, abstract = {

Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes has increased more rapidly in low and middleincome countries than in high-income countries. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), which is the most common form of diabetes, is caused by the inefficient use of insulin in the body and is characterized by disrupted insulin action or secretion. Also, oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of disease. The goal of this study is to identify the antioxidant and hypoglycemic properties of Clusia latipes, an endemic species of Central and South America. Methods: The antioxidant and hypoglycemic capacity of the extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) of the leaves and stems of Clusia latipes were evaluated. From the most potent extract, the phytochemical study was carried out and fractionated. Antioxidant activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), while hypoglycemic capacity was measured by alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Results: The extracts with the highest antioxidant capacity are the extracts with the highest α-glucosidase inhibition activity. Inhibitory activity increased in samples extracted with medium polar (ethyl acetate) and polar (methanol) solvents. Phytochemical screening of these extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids/xanthones, quinones, saponins, and tannins. The highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was detected in the ethyl acetate fraction obtained from leaf methanol extract, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 0.90 μg/ml. The major constituent isolated from the same fraction was isoquercitrin.

}, keywords = {DPPH, Phytochemical screening, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.21}, author = {Ronald Silva-Rivas and Natalia Bailon-Moscoso and Luis Cartuche and Juan Carlos Romero-Benavides} } @article {1243, title = {Antioxidant and the Efficacy of Sophora secundiflora and Methoxyisoflavones in the Immune Function of Pigeons Vaccinated against Paramyxovirus Serotype-1}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1276-1288}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1276}, abstract = {

Objective: The present work investigated the effect of oral administration of hydroalcoholic (70\% aqueous ethanol) extract (TeE) of Sophora secundiflora leaves and its organic fractions n-hexane (HeE), ethyl acetate (EaE) and n-butanol (BuE) and major isolated methoxyisoflavones 1 and 2, on the cellular and humoral immune responses to live attenuated avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1) vaccines in pigeons. Methods: The structures of six isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of chromatographic, chemical, and spectroscopic methods. The samples antioxidative and radical scavenging capabilities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2{\textquoteright}-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical cation and ferric reducing power were determined. Total phenolic, tannin and flavonoid contents of EaE extract were evaluated. Results: Six compounds were isolated. Three were the methoxyisoflavones5- 7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone (1), 7-hydroxy-4'methoxyisoflavone (2), 5,4{\textquoteright}-dihydroxy-7- methoxy-isoflavone (3), along with isorhamnetin (4) and two quercetin derivatives quercetin 3-glucoside (5) and quercetin 3-rutinoside (6) were isolated. The hydroalcoholic extract, fractions and 4{\textquoteright}-methoxyisoflavones showed radical scavenging effect in the order of EaE \> TeE \> BuE \>compound 1\>compound 2\> HeE. Stimulation of both sero-responses was observed, especially this of EaE. The results showed an increase of macrophage cells, lymphocyte and antibody titers in blood. Conclusion: The presence of 5-hydroxyl group at A-ring may be important to show the immunostimulant and antioxidant activity of compound 1vs compound 2. The present results showed the potential abilities of EaE as antioxidant and immunomodulator agent and these would impart healthy economic benefits in vaccinated birds.

}, keywords = {Antiradical effect, Immune, Isoflavones, Paramyxovirus, Pigeons, Sophora secundiflora}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.176}, author = {Howaida Ibrahim Abd-Alla and Magda Tohamy Ibrahim and Hanan Anwar Aly Taie and Marwa Abas Hasan and Nagwa M M Shalaby} } @article {1085, title = {Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Properties of an Aqueous Extract of Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex. T. Anderson Fruit Pericarps}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {71-78}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {71}, abstract = {

Background: Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major cause for hyperpigmentation, and to prevent this natural products are increasingly being explored as potential skin whitening agents. The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content, free radical scavenging activity, anti-tyrosinase activity and the inhibition of melanin content in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone-induced B16F10 melanoma cells of an aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex. T. Anderson fruit pericarps. Methods: The aqueous extract was prepared by extraction with distilled water at 105oC for 60 min. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. Scavenging activity was assessed using 2,2-Diphennyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS). Tyrosinase activity and melanin content were determined spectrophotometrically. Results: The results showed that the aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis fruit pericarps had a phenolic (26.33 {\textpm} 0.77 mg GAE/g plant extract) and flavonoid content (9.31 {\textpm} 0.40 mg QE/g plant extract). The aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis significantly inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity (IC50 of 40.72 {\textpm} 1.83 μg/mL) and cellular tyrosinase activity (at a concentration of 125 μg/mL) in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone-induced B16F10 melanoma cells. The Garcinia atroviridis extract also suppressed melanin content at concentrations of 31.25-125 μg/mL. Correlations of mushroom tyrosinase inhibition with DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities were 0.8673 and 0.9468, respectively. Conclusion: Our findings show that an aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis fruit pericarps is a source of natural compounds and antioxidant capacity which can inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin content. Thus, aqueous extracts of Garcinia atroviridis may be a potential source of skin whitening agents for hyperpigmentation.

}, keywords = {B16F10 cells, Garcinia atroviridis, Melanin, Tyrosinase activity, α-MSH}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.12}, author = {Moragot Chatatikun and Pitaksit Supjaroen and Patcharaporn Promlat and Chantanapa Chantarangkul and Sutida Waranuntakul and Jiraphat Nawarat and Jitbanjong Tangpong and Jitbanjong Tangpong} } @article {1244, title = {Antiurolithiatic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Piper cubeba Dried Fruits: An in-vitro and in-vivo Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1289-1296}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1289}, abstract = {

Introduction: Piper cubeba is a well-known traditional plant used in unani medicine belonging to the Piperaceae family and has been examined for the treatment of urolithiasis produced by calcium oxalate. Methods: Ethanolic extract of Piper cubeba (EEPC) dried fruits was subjected to phytochemical analysis and HPTLC fingerprinting. An in vitro antiurolithiatic analysis took place through conductometric titrations of CaCl2 with Na2C2O4. Acute toxicity studies conducted as per OECD guidelines. Urolithiasis was established in rats by supplementing 28 days with 0.75\% ethylene glycol in the ingesting water. Beside ethylene glycol, EEPC (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) was given orally from 15 - 28 days, serum and urine were collected from individual animals and biochemical parameters like BUN, creatinine along with uric acid in serum as well as calcium, oxalate and phosphate in urine the kidney homogenate have been measured on 28th day. Kidney sections have been organized and histopathologically tested for calcium oxalate crystals. Results: Phytochemical analysis of EEPC disclose the presence of phenolics, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and flavonoids and HPTLC fingerprinting shows the presence of 7 terpenoids, 2 flavonoids when scanned at 540nm and 366nm. In vitro studies showed reduction in CaOx crystal aggregation and promoted nucleation after treatment with EEPC. In vivo studies also showed reduction in elevated levels of serum creatinine, BUN, uric acid, and levels of calcium, oxalate and phosphate in urine and kidney homogenate as compared to disease control rats. The results were supported by histopathological studies. Conclusion: The EEPC have shown significant antiurolithiatic activity by reducing calculi.

}, keywords = {calcium oxalate, Ethylene glycol, Flavonoids, HPTLC, Terpenoids, Urolithiasis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.177}, author = {S Suman and SV Suresh Kumar} } @article {1235, title = {Antiviral Activity of Indonesian Medicinal Plants against Hepatitis B Virus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1108-1114}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1108}, abstract = {

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects more than 300 million people globally and is a common cause of liver cancer. Current therapy using reverse transcriptase inhibitors require long-term treatment and the potential risk of development of drug-resistant viruses remains an important issue to be considered. Hence, the development of new drugs is critical. Traditional medicinal plants used for the treatment of infectious diseases may provide a viable option for the discovery of anti-HBV drug candidates. Objective: This study examined anti-HBV activity of 31 kinds of Indonesian plants. Materials and Methods: Crude extracts of various part of plants, leaves and stem, were obtained using dichloromethane and ethanol solvent. The effect on viral entry was examined by determining levels of HBsAg expression in the supernatants of HBV-infected HepG2-NTCP cells by ELISA. The effect on HBV replication was determined by measuring HBV DNAs amounts in Hep38.7-Tet cells by quantitative real-time PCR. Results: The extracts of Phyllantus niruri leaves and Curcuma xanthorrhiza showed reduction of strong HBsAg production from HepG2-NTCP cells with IC50 values of 170.48 and 270.51 μg/mL, respectively. Treatment of HepAD38.7-Tet cells with P. niruri and C. xanthorhiza at the highest concentration while avoiding cytotoxicity reduced extracellular HBV DNA levels by 70\% and 30 \% of the untreated control respectively. Conclusion: P. niruri inhibited both the entry and HBV replication, thus P. niruri is a promising candidate for anti-HBV drug development.

}, keywords = {Curcuma xanthorhiza, Hepatitis B Virus, Medicinal plants, Phyllanthus niruri}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.157}, author = {Tutik Sri Wahyuni and Adita Ayu Permanasari and Aty Widyawaruyanti and Hak Hotta and Chie Aoki-Utsubo and Achmad Fuad Hafid} } @article {1096, title = {Arginase Inhibitory, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content and Total Flavonoid Content of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb Stem Bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {227-231}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {227}, abstract = {

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate arginase inhibition, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of ethyl acetate extract of Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb. Material and method: stem bark of Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb was extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol subsequently. The ethyl acetate extract was fractioned. Then, the fractions were subjected to arginase inhibition, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid assay. Correlation was considered by statistical analysis. Result: Out of eight fractions, two fractions have no activity. Two fractions (3 and 6) have strong activity in arginase with inhibition 90.72 \% and 91.41\% respectively. Fraction 3 and 6 have strong antioxidant activity with IC50 25.98 μg/mL and 48.01 μg/mL respectively. Statistical analysis shows arginase inhibitor activity was not related with antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content in this plant. Conclusion: Activity in arginase inhibition of fraction from ethyl acetate extract of Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb are not related to antioxidant, total phenolic and flavonoid content.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Arginase, Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb, Flavonoid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.34}, author = {Nadilla N Atikasari and Muhammad Hanafi and Berna Elya} } @article {1166, title = {Assessment of the Impact of Wild Stinkhorn Mushroom Extracts on Different Cancer Cell Proliferation and Study of Primary Metabolites}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {699-708}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {699}, abstract = {

Objective: Present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of wild mushroom Phallus sp. on cell proliferation of both normal and cancer cells. This study also looked at anti-oxidant potentiality of methanolic extract and also unravels the phytochemical profiling of both extracts. Methods: Anti-proliferative activity was assessed by MTT assay on different human cancer cell lines such as MCF-7, MOLT-4, REH and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells or PBMC isolated from a healthy donor. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used for comparative assessment of phytochemical constituents of both extracts. The anti-oxidant profile of methanolic extract was also evaluated by DPPH and ABTS{\textbullet}+ assays. Results: Results indicated that the both methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of Phallus sp. showed appreciable anti-proliferative activity against breast cancer cell line MCF-7 with IC50 of 8.544{\textpm}2.812 μg/mL and 35.279{\textpm}2.863 μg/mL respectively. Both of the extracts also showed its moderate impact on human B cell precursor leukemia cell line (REH) with IC50 of 25.987{\textpm}2.696 μg/mL for methanol and 51.484{\textpm}1.480 μg/mL for ethyl acetate extract respectively. No effect was observed in MOLT-4 cell line. Methanolic extract was selected as better anti cancer extract over ethyl acetate extract. No significant anti-proliferative activity was observed in normal PBMC by both extracts. GC-MS analysis indicated that 43 and 114 compounds were identified from methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts respectively. Among them nine compounds shared its existence in both of the extracts. Different derivatives of ergosterol and several fatty acid esters ware identified as major components from both of the extracts. Methanolic extracts of the Phallus sp. showed its effectiveness on both of DPPH and ABTS{\textbullet}+ free radical, and result indicated that it contain more flavonoid content than phenol. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of Phallus sp. show very specific anti-proliferative effect on MCF-7 with moderate anti-oxidant activity and holds a great promise for isolation of bio molecules for treating Breast Cancer. Several derivatives of ergosterol identified as probable anti-cancer compound.

}, keywords = {ABTS{\textbullet}+, GC-MS, MCF-7, MTT Assay, Phallus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.102}, author = {Ribhu Ray and Amrita Pal and Santanu Paul} } @article {1084, title = {Beautyberry (Callicarpa arborea) as an Antiparasitic Agent Against Raillietina echinobothrida, an Intestinal Tapeworm}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {66-70}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {66}, abstract = {

Background: The beautyberry (Callicarpa arborea Roxb.) is member of the family Lamiaceae and is native to Asia. It is used in different traditional medicines for the treatment of debilitating ailments including cancer, dermatitis, diabetes mellitus, gastritis, helminthiasis, and pyrexia. A couple of pentacyclic triterpenes and phytosterols have been reported from this plant. Objective: We aimed to investigate the antiparasitic potentials of C. arborea bark extract. We used an intestinal tapeworm, Raillietina echinobothrida, for its convenience in handling and established nature as a model helminth parasite. Materials and Methods: The extract of the stem bark was prepared using methanol. Tapeworms were treated in vitro with varying concentrations of the extract. Survival values were statistically analysed. Treated tapeworms were fixed and processed for scanning electron microscopy. Results: C. arborea bark extract showed dose-dependent antiparasitic similar to that of albendazole. Scanning electron microscopy revealed damaging effects all over the body of the tapeworm. There was general shrinkage of the tegument on the scolex, neck region and strobila. Microtriches were completely removed throughout the tegument. Suckers and rostellum on the scolex were also deformed. Conclusion: Our data shows that C. arborea is a promising source of antiparasitic principles.

}, keywords = {Callicarpa arborea, Scanning electron microscopy, Tapeworm, Tegument}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.11}, author = {P.B. Lalthanpuii and Kholhring Lalchhandama} } @article {1234, title = {Bioactivity and Extraction Method with Ultrasonication of Nelumbo nucifera Linn. Anti Aging Drinks}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1097-1103}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1097}, abstract = {

Introduction: Nelumbo nucifera Linn. Flowers health drinks currently are one of the popular demand globally in Thailand and all over the world. There are plenty of substandard or over claimed of antioxidant content labeled at health drink bottles. The consumers do not obtain enough health benefits anti-oxidant contents which are destroyed by heat during their production process. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the optimization of extraction including water, 40 \% and 50\% ethyl alcohol using maceration and ultra-sonication method to obtain the highest antioxidant activity compared with DPPH, FRAP and ABTS methods were investigated including total phenolic and flavonoid contents by HPLC in different period of time. The analysis of acute toxicity in white wistar rats by oral administrating of Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flowers extract was testing for after 24 h and 14 d. Results: It was found that Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flower extract drink consisted of high contents of gallic acid, catechin and rutin by HPLC method. Nelumbo nucifera Linn flowers Highest Total Phenolic compound in Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flower extracts with sonicating with 50\% ethanol was 0.954639 {\textpm} 0.109672. Highest Total flavonoids in Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flower extracts macerating in 50 \% ethanol at day 5th was 1.100275 {\textpm} 0.777271.and the sonication with 40\% ethanol was 0.394283+/- 0.51175. Conclusions: The result of acute toxicity analysis showed no toxicity. Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flower extract drinks which are safe as a health drink for consumers. The further market analysis with sensory test should be essential for further research.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Flavonoids, Flower extract drink, HPLC, Nelumbo nucifera Linn., Phenolic content, Ultra sonication Extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.155}, author = {Buavaroon Srichaikul} } @article {1191, title = {Biological Activity of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS- 64 Extracts, an Endophytic Fungus Isolated from Medicinal Herb, Ocimum sanctum Against Foodborne Diarrhea-Caused Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {897-904}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {897}, abstract = {

Introduction: Foodborne disease is a serious public health problem worldwide and most of the disease is related to food spoilage by bacteria. Thus, there is a need for the discovery of a natural antibiotic to inhibit these foodborne bacteria. Materials and Methods: Disk diffusion and broth microdilution assays were performed to access the antibacterial activity of the fungal extracts against test bacteria. Meanwhile, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to study the structural degeneration of bacterial cells exposed to the extracts. Results: The ethyl acetate extract of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS- 64 demonstrated favorable antibacterial activity towards all test bacteria with inhibition zone ranged from 15.0 mm to 26.0 mm. All test bacteria were resistant to hexane and butanolic extracts. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values of the ethyl acetate extract between 62.5 μg/mL to 500 μg/mL whereas minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was in the range of 125 μg/mL to 2000 μg/mL. The SEM micrographs exhibited major abnormalities that occurred on the bacterial cells after exposure to the extract with alteration in their morphology and cell death beyond repair. Conclusion: The extracts of L. pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64 may be an effective antibacterial agent to treat foodborne bacteria.

}, keywords = {Foodborne disease, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Scanning electron microscope}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.127}, author = {Taufiq MMJ and Darah I} } @article {1256, title = {Black Horehound (Ballota nigra Linn) Induces Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells (PC-3) Through Intrinsic Signalling Cascade}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1377-1382}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1377}, abstract = {

Background: Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men. The disease varies widely in its clinical aggressiveness. Ballota nigra Linn (Black horehound) is a three-foot, perennial herb of the family Lamiaceae and it has been shown to have various pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, hypoglycemic, neuro-sedative, antibacterial, insecticidal and anticholinesterase activities. However, the elucidation of B.nigra for its anticancer activity in prostate cancer has not been studied so far. Methodology: Prostate cancer PC3 cells were treated with different concentrations of B.nigra (50, 100, 200 \& 400μg/ml) for the analysis of Bcl-2, Phosphorylation of Bcl2 (p-Bcl2) and tumor suppressor protein p53, Case pase-3 and caspase-9 in PC3 cells. Results: The B.nigra ethanolic leaf extract reduced the levels of anti apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, p-Bcl2) and increased the level of tumor suppressor protein p53, caspase-3 and 9 significantly (p\<0.05). Conclusion: Results of the study show that B.nigra has potential anticancer activity by modulating intrinsic activity of apoptotic signaling in PC-3 cells. Thus, B.nigra may have a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of prostate cancer.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Ballota nigra, Intrinsic pathway, PC3, Prostate cancer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.190}, author = {Selvaraj Jayaraman and Ponnulakshmi Rajagopal and Vishnupriya Veeraraghavan and Poonguzhali Sivagnanam and Divya Ravikumar and Sumetha Suga Deiva Suga and Kavin Mozhi James and Surapaneni Krishna Mohan} } @article {1251, title = {Blending of Chorella Patin And Microalga Fish Oil as an Associated Chorella as Potential Health Food}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1346-1350}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1346}, abstract = {

Objective: The use of health food supplements based on functional food components at this time has become a necessity for the community to maintain their health at optimum level. Functional food from fishery products is a food that is considered effective, because in addition to alternative food sources, the nutritional content is very good for health. This study aimed to produce high nutritional health food supplements from raw materials of Chorella enriched with catfish oil. The method used in making high nutritional health food supplements is a microencapsulation experimental method with different formulations. Methods: The experiment used organoleptic test, chemical component test with amino acids (HPLC) and Fatty acids (GC). Result: The results showed that the best formulations based on the profiles of amino acids, fatty acids and standard AAE per day, especially oleic and linoleic essential fatty acids were B formulations (2\% Chorella, and 1\% fish oil. Conclusion: The formulations B from the sample conducted in this research was the best formulations based on protein content, fat, essential amino acid profiles and essential fatty acids.

}, keywords = {Catfish oil, Chorella, Health food supplements}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.185}, author = {Dewita and Syahrul and Taufik Hidayat and Mery Sukmiwati} } @article {1308, title = {Botanical Pharmacognosy of Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Pennell}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1559-1572}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1559}, abstract = {

Backgound: B. monnieri (Linn.) Pennell is a slender, creeping and mat forming herb well adapted to grow in both terrestrial and submersed conditions. It is an important medicinal plant belongs to the family Plantaginaceae and espoused as a source for the Ayurvedic drug brahmi. Objectives: The present study aims to delineate the morphological and histomorpho diagnostic profile of the stem, root and leaves of brahmi and analyze their qualitative and quantitative anatomical peculiarities to support the pharmacobotanical characterizations using digital, stereo and polarized microscopic techniques. Results: Cross section of lamina had shown a homogeneous mesophyll fails to differentiate into palisade and spongy tissues. Lamina was amphistomatic which contained three different types of stomatal complexes vz., diacytic, anisocytic and anomoteracytic. The mean number of stoma per square millimeter of leaf area was found to be higher in adaxial surface (656.9/mm2) than abaxial (433.3/mm2) with a corresponding stomatal index of 15.2 and 9.4 respectively. Adventitious root in cross section gave {\textquoteleft}spokes in a wheel{\textquoteright} appearance and shoot cortex architecture had shown honey-comb pattern of aerenchyma chambers. Vascular bundles were many, conjoint and closed, where a centra solid core of xylem encircled by phloem. Crystal ideoblasts of calcium oxalate were observed in characteristic tissues of epidermis of the leaves, mesophyll, cortical tissues of stem, and intervening walls of the file of cells of diaphragms in stem and adventitious roots. Conclusion: The above delineated anatomical characteristics in conjunction with aerenchyma in root and shoot tissues as an effective water tolerance mechanism to thrive prolonged submergence in water logged conditions could provide valuable tags as useful markers for pharmacological identification of the taxon.

}, keywords = {Aerenchyma, Anisocytic stomata, Calcium oxalate crystals, Plantaginaceae, Stomatal index}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.214}, author = {Madathilparambil Vasu Sudhakaran} } @article {1236, title = {Caesalpinia sappan L. Wood is a Potential Source of Natural Phosphodiesterase-1 Inhibitors}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1206-1217}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1206}, abstract = {

Introduction: A decrease in cAMP and cGMP levels in the brain is linked to human cognitive problems. The degradation of cellular cAMP and cGMP is attributed to phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which constitute a superfamily of enzymes. The inhibition of PDE1 is a promising mechanism to increase cAMP and cGMP levels associated with cognitive disorders. Caesalpinia sappan L. (CS) wood is a natural coloring agent usually consumed as a traditional refreshment or drink by people in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. However, scientific evidence regarding the inhibitory activity of CS wood against PDE1 has yet to be obtained. This study aimed to investigate the potency of CS wood as a PDE1 inhibitor. Methods: The ethanol extract of CS wood and its fractions were evaluated in vitro by using a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase assay kit. The presence of brazilin in the extract and fractions was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. In silico assay was performed using MOE software to obtain insights into the interaction between compounds in the CS wood and the enzyme. Results: Ethanol extract and ethyl acetate soluble fraction effectively inhibited the PDE1 activity. Interestingly, brazilin, the major compound in CS wood, also exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on the enzyme. The in silico assay revealed that the interaction between tetraacetylbrazilin and brazilin with the PDE1B active site involved hydrogen bonding and π{\textendash}π interactions. Conclusion: Ethanol extract, ethyl acetate soluble fraction, and brazilin inhibited the PDE1 activity. CS wood and its chemical constituent could be developed as natural cognitive enhancers.

}, keywords = {Brazilin, Caesalpinia sappan L., Herbal cognitive enhancer, Phosphodiesterase inhibitor, Phytotheraphy, Tetraacetylbrazilin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.169}, author = {Helmi and Nanang Fakhrudin and Arief Nurrochmad and Ari Sudarmanto and Zullies Ikawati} } @article {1193, title = {Capsaicin Bioactive in Cabai (Capsicum Annum L.) as Anticancer Through Inhibition of over Ekspresi Protein Target RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1) and Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) on Hepatocyt Cell Mice (mus musculus)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {911-915}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {911}, abstract = {

Capsaicin is a secondary metabolite of the Chilean plant. In the pharmaceutical field in addition to relieving pain or pain, capsaicin is also known to have anticancer activity because it inhibits certain oncogenic proteins. Screening of components in Capsicum Annum L. against the target proteins AKT1 and MAPK1 is needed as an initial stage of drug discovery. Further screening of Capsaicin compounds for oncogenic proteins produced in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) pathogenesis signaling. In silico data that have been obtained, Capsaicin in chili (Capsicum Annum L.) has a high affinity for MAPK1 and AKT1 receptor/protein targets with energy and potential activity score (Pa) 0.690 for preneoplastic treatment, 0.590 for apoptotic agonists, and 0.366 for antineoplastic activity. Statistical data using Kruskal Wallis obtained information that Capsaicin can inhibit the expression of AKT 1 and MAPK 1 on mice hepatocyte cells induced by AFB1 in vivo administration, therefore it can be a candidate for anticancer drugs.

}, keywords = {AKT1, Anticancer, Capsaicin, Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), MAPK1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.129}, author = {Mohammad Sukmanadi and Sri Agus Sudjarwo and Mustofa Helmi Effendi and Pudji Srianto and Aulanni{\textquoteright}am and Rr Sri Pantja Madyawati and Mirni Lamid and Hani Plumeriastuti} } @article {1154, title = {Characteristics of Turbinaria conoides and Padina Minor As Raw Materials For Healthy Seaweed Salt}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {624-629 }, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {624}, abstract = {

Background: Seaweed is one of the abundant biological resources in Indonesia and contains secondary metabolites. This study was aimed to determine the characteristics and antioxidant activity of brown seaweed salts that fits the standard hence it can be applied as a functional salt preparation for hypertensive patients. Objective: The study consisted of identification of raw materials, yield analysis, the levels of Na and K, heavy metals, NaCl and antioxidant activities using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and the Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) methods. Materials and Methods: The experimental design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with different types of seaweed as a parameter (Turbinaria conoides and Padina minor), temperature (400C and 550C), and time (10 and 30 minutes) with 3 replications. Results: The results demonstrated the interaction between different types of seaweed, temperature and heating time had a significant effect on the level of 5\% (P \< 0.05) on yield, the ratio of Na:K and functional salt NaCl. A functional salt FRAP antioxidant activity of T. conoides ranged from 39.12 to 55.31 μM trolox/g and CUPRAC ranged from 98.50 to 113.95 μM trolox/g, while the functional salt from P. minor has FRAP antioxidant activity ranging from 18.19 to 24.67 {\textmu}M trolox/g and CUPRAC 40.05-53.05 {\textmu}M trolox/g. Conclusion: Seaweed T. conoides and P. minor can be used as raw materials for functional salt preparations for hypertensive patients.

}, keywords = {CUPRAC, DPPH, FRAP, Functional salt, Hypertension}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.93 }, author = {Nurjanah and Asadatun Abdullah and Seftylia Diachanty} } @article {1232, title = {Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Properties of Elettaria cardamomum Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1058-1063}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1058}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cardamom, also known as Elettaria cardamomum, a venerated perennial herb like the "Queen of Spices" belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. She holds various pharmacological activities due to its phytochemicals it contains such as; phenols, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, sterols. Methods: The study included the determination of the chemical composition of Elettaria cardamomum ethanolic extract (EEC) by HPLC/UV and evaluated their antimicrobial potential against ten pathogenic reference strains using two complementary techniques: the method of diffusion from solid discs and the determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). Results: The results obtained from chemical identification of the EEC showed the presence of polyphenolic acids (rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, etc.) and many flavonoids (kaempferol, chrysin, galangin, pinocembrine, quercetin, etc.). The results of the antimicrobial effect showed that the extract reacted positively on almost all the microbial strains tested. The EEC extract significantly inhibited the growth of microbial strains, with a broader antimicrobial spectrum with extensive action with inhibitory zones between 8 and 33 mm in diameter. Thus, this extract revealed a dose-dependent antimicrobial activity on these microbial strains used. However, the inhibitory potential of the cardamom extract was variable compared to their MIC ranging from 6.25 to 12.5 mg of dry extract/mL. Therefore, the strains least susceptible to EEC are Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Conclusion: This activity is due to the phenolic compounds produced by the EEC extract. This extract can be used for the development of plant medicines against microbial infections and fungal infestations.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Chemical composition, Elettaria cardamomum, Pathogenic strains}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.149}, author = {Faiza MOULAI-HACENE and Mokhtaria Yasmina BOUFADI and Soumia KEDDARI and Abdelkader HOMRANI} } @article {1221, title = {Chemical Composition and Content of Polysaccharides from the Yellow Iris (Iris pseudacorus L.) Rhizomes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1012-1018}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1012}, abstract = {

Background: The aim of the present study was to examine the composition and content of the polysaccharide complex and polysaccharide fractions from yellow iris (Iris pseudacorus L.) rhizomes growing in Russian Federation (Moscow region). Materials and Methods: Traditional pharmacognostic methods were used in the analysis of polysaccharides as biologically active substances. The total amount of polysaccharides was determined by a gravimetric procedure with alcohol precipitation. Fractions of polysaccharides were isolated by sequential changing of solvents. The content of monosaccharides was determined by the method of high-performance liquid chromatography with refractometric detection (HPLC-RID) after acid hydrolysis. HPLCRID procedure was performed using Chromatograph Agilent 1260 Infinity, Sugar-Pak column (300{\texttimes}6.5 mm), and isocratic elution mode. Results: Polysaccharide complex was isolated, the total content of polysaccharides in the rhizomes of I. pseudacorus was determined, as well as their distribution by fractions (water-soluble polysaccharides, pectic substances, hemicellulose A, hemicellulose B), the composition of individual sugars (glucose, xylose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose, arabinose) was determined for each fraction. Conclusion: In our experiment polysaccharide complex was first identified and described in detail for I. pseudacorus grown in Moscow region.

}, keywords = {Hemicellulose, Iris pseudacorus L., Pectins, Polysaccharides, Water-soluble Polysaccharides, Yellow iris}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.143}, author = {Tikhomirova EA and Sorokina AA and Bubenchikova VN and Kostikova EN and Zhilkina VYu and Bessonov VV} } @article {1213, title = {Chemical Composition and Some Biological Activities of the Methanolic Encephalartos ferox Fruit Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1190-1197}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1190}, abstract = {

Background: Although literature reports the therapeutic properties of Encephalartos ferox, there are limited pharmacological studies of its fruit. Objective: This study sought to evaluate the antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-quorum sensing and in vitro cytotoxic activities of the methanolic E. ferox fruit extract. Methods: The chemical constituent of the methanolic fruit extract was analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antibacterial activity of the extract was investigated against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10102), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) using the broth dilution method. The standard 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2.2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods were used to evaluate the scavenging activities of the extract. Anti-quorum sensing activity was assessed against biosensor strain- Chromobacterium violaceum (ATCC 12472). Cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells was investigated using the tetrazolium-based colorimetric (MTT) assay. Results: The extract revealed eight volatile compounds with cis-Vaccenic acid (87.06\%) and 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester (5.21\%) as the major components. Antibacterial activity against all tested strains with minimum inhibitory concentration range of 1.56 - 12.5 mg/mL was observed. The DPPH and ABTS assays demonstrated scavenging activities with the median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.09 mg/mL and 0.003 mg/mL, respectively. The extract also displayed strong anti-quorum sensing activity with 93\% inhibition of violacein production at 25 mg/mL. A half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 5370 μg/mL was computed in HepG2 cells. Conclusion: The extract has potential to be used as a source of therapeutic compounds in pharmaceutical applications.

}, keywords = {Anti-quorum sensing, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.167}, author = {Phakamani Hopewell Tsilo and Sidney Tsolanku Maliehe and Jabulani Siyabonga Shandu and Rene Khan} } @article {1124, title = {Chemical Constituents, Antibacterial Activity and Mode of Action of Elephant Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. officinale) and Emprit Ginger Rhizome (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) Essential Oils}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {404-409}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {404}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc) is a spice plant, which is extensively used worldwide, and morphologically classified into three types, including the red, {\textquotedblleft}gajah{\textquotedblright} or {\textquotedblleft}elephant{\textquotedblright}, and {\textquotedblleft}emprit{\textquotedblright} ginger (common name in Indonesia). In addition, the extract and essential oils possess antibacterial pharmacological activities, due to the inherent constituents. The aim of this research, therefore, was to analyze the chemical constituents, test antibacterial activities, and observe the mode of action of elephant and emprit ginger rhizome essential oils. Methods: Essential oils isolation was conducted using water and steam distillation method, while microdilution method was adopted in the testing for antibacterial activities against Gram positive and negative bacteria. Furthermore, the mode of action was evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results: The antibacterial activity demonstrated antibacterial activities in the essential oils of elephant and emprit ginger rhizome, with minimal inhibition concentrations (MIC) value of 250-1000 μg.mL-1 and minimal bacterial concentrations (MBC) value of 500-1000 μg.mL-1, while chemical evaluation showed the presence of 45 and 38 constituents, respectively. Conclusion: Both essential oils possess antibacterial activities against Gram positive and negative bacteria, with different strengths, which are based on chemical composition. Conversely, SEM micrographs demonstrated the ability for elephant and emprit ginger rhizome essential oils to change the morphology of bacteria.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Chemical constituents, Elephant ginger, Emprit ginger}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.62}, author = {Diki Prayugo Wibowo and Ria Mariani and Siti Uswatun Hasanah and Diah Lia Aulifa} } @article {1295, title = {Chemical Constituents from Diospyros discolor Willd. and their Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1547-1551}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1547}, abstract = {

Background: Diospyros discolor is commonly known as {\textquoteleft}buah mentega{\textquoteright} and traditionally used to treat various diseases. Many compounds especially triterpenes in Diospyros sp. were reported to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes in vitro and in vivo. D. discolor was reported to contain triterpenes, yet to be investigated for their AChE inhibitory activity. D. discolor leaves extract showed high (95.80 {\textpm} 1.57 \%) AChE inhibitory activity at the concentration of 100 μg/mL. Objective: The aim of the present study is to identify chemical constituents from D. discolor and their AChE inhibitory activity. Materials and Methods: The leaves and stem barks of D. discolor were air dried, powdered and successively extracted using n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol. The solvents were evaporated to obtain dried crude extracts. The compounds were purified using exhaustive chromatographic procedures and their structures were determined by analyses of spectral data. The AChE inhibitory activity was carried out using Ellman{\textquoteright}s method. Results: A new flavonol, 7,4{\textquoteright}-dihydroxy-5,3{\textquoteright},5{\textquoteright}-trimethoxyflavonol (1), along with five known flavonoids (2-6) and six known triterpenes (7-13) were isolated from the leaves and stem barks of D. discolor. Selected compounds were evaluated for AChE inhibitory activity, in which stigmast-4-ene- 3-one (7) showed the lowest inhibition concentration with an IC50 value of 11.77 {\textpm} 2.11 μM. Conclusion: A new flavonol (1) and twelve known compounds were identified and characterized. Even though D. discolor extracts showed high percent inhibition against AChE enzyme, the isolated compounds showed moderate inhibition.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Ebenaceae, Flavonoid, Triterpenes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.212}, author = {Norhafizoh Abdul Somat and Zaini Yusoff and Che Puteh Osman} } @article {1066, title = {Chemical Fingerprint by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS, GC-MS Analysis and Anti-Oxidant Activity of Manasamitra Vatakam: A Herbomineral Formulation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {115-123}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {115}, abstract = {

Background: Manasamitra Vatakam is a classical ayurvedic herbo mineral formulation used for the treatment of neurodegerative properties and epileptic disorders. The wide range mixture of herbal extracts and minerals were used in the formulation. Aim: The aim of the study implies in performing the chemo-profiling, chromatographic fingerprint analysis by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS for the selected formulations of Manasamitra Vatakam followed by the identification of bioactive compounds by Gas Chromatography {\textendash} Mass Spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis, to evaluate the diffusion and dilution methods for the determination of anti-bacterial activity in the methanolic extracts of Manasamitra Vatakam (MMV). Materials and Methods: The antibacterial activity was performed by both diffusion and dilution methods whereas the antioxidant activity was performed by free radical scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay method. Results: The estimation of bioactive constituents showed positive results by qualitative analysis. Antibacterial activity of MMV was evaluated against two-gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, two gram negative Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia by disk diffusion (0.078-10μg mL-1), broth dilution (0.078-10μg mL-1) and broth micro dilution method (0.39-50μg mL-1) respectively. The bioactive constituents were analysed by GC-MS analysis for the methanolic extract of the formulation. Conclusion: To conclude, the formulation was found abundant with phenolic and flavonoid compounds by HPLC-ESI-MS analysis, the bioactive compounds identified are responsible for the anti-bacterial activity. The broth microdilution method performed by resazurin method was observed as the fast screening, sensitive and accurate method for the quantitative determination of antibacterial activity.

}, keywords = {Classical formulation, Diffusion and dilution methods, Heavy metals, MIC, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.18}, author = {Srikalyani V and Ilango K} } @article {1173, title = {Chemical Profile and Hepatoprotective Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Euphorbia paralias and Euphorbia geniculata (Euphorbiaceae) from Egypt}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {762-770}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {762}, abstract = {

Background: Plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia were used traditionally to treat several health disorders and diseases. Objective: the aim of this study is evaluation of secondary metabolites and hepatoprotective activity of the ethyl acetate fractions of the aerial parts of Euphorbia paralias (Ep) and Euphorbia geniculata (Eg). Materials and Methods: UPLC-ESI-MS/ MS technique was used for identification of the secondary metabolites. The hepatoprotective potential of the two plants was evaluated for the first time in male rats with thioacetamide induced liver injury. Results: A total of 32 secondary metabolites were identified in the ethyl acetate fractions of the aerial parts of both species. Ellagitannins such as tetragalloyl hexoside, ellagic acid, gallic acid, and flavonoids such as kaempferol-3-O-β-(6{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}-galloyl-Oglucopyranoside), quercetin glycosides (glucoside and arabinoside) were found to be the major components in Ep whereas flavonoid glycosides including quercetin rutinoside, quercetin glycosides (glucoside, arabinoside and rhamnoside) and kaempeferol glycoside derivatives were highly abundant in Eg. Administration of thioacetamide resulted in marked elevation in liver enzymes, elevation of lipid profile and alteration in oxidative stress parameters. While pretreatment of rats with Ep and Eg ethyl acetate fractions significantly attenuated the hepatic toxicity through reduction of liver biomarkers, improving the redox status of the tissue and so brought down the serum biochemical parameters and lipid profile nearly toward the normal levels. Conclusion: The studied fractions show hepatoprotective potential with promising value as hepatoprotective drugs of natural origin in comparison with silymarin as the standard hepatoprotective drug.

}, keywords = {Euphorbia, Hepatoprotective, Polyphenolics, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.109}, author = {Afaf E Abdel Ghani and Sayed AA El-Toumy and Wagdi IA El-Dougdoug and Ahmed M Mansour and Wafaa HB Hassan and Hanaa M Hassan} } @article {1129, title = {Chemometric Analysis of Arbutin Derivatives from Paederia foetida and Vitis vinifera with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal,}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {436-441}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {436}, abstract = {

Introduction: Paederia foetida and Vitis vinifera were reported to have antioxidant activities due to their polyphenolic phytochemical contents. Arbutin may be included as active compounds in the plants. The chemometric analysis is used to identify the similarity of functional groups found in arbutin and that are in Paederia foetida and Vitis vinifera. Materials and Method: The ethanol extracts of Paderia foetida and Vitis vinifera were subjected to compound partition and characterization. Then a liquid-liquid partition is carried out using n-hexan and water solvents, followed by ethyl acetate and water partitions. This procedure is carried out continuously until the top layer is cleared. Partitioned compounds were analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy to identify functional groups. Furthermore, it was analyzed using the chemometric method (Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis). Results: From the results of FTIR spectroscopy, functional groups in Paederia foetida and Vitis vinifera were identical to functional groups found in arbutin. PCA Analysis was achieved using principal component accounting an eigenvelue about 99,3 \% of the total variance. Conclusions: CA analysis showed that compounds in Paederia foetida (Euclidean distance 0.537) and Vitis Vinifera (Euclidean distance 1.157) may be similar with arbutin.

}, keywords = {Arbutin, Chemometrics, Paederia foetida, PCA, Vitis vinifera}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.67}, author = {Yusnita Rifai and Mukhriani and Yulia Y Djabir and Gemini Alam} } @article {1257, title = {Chemopreventive Action of Garcinia Mangostana Linn. on Hepatic Carcinoma by Modulating Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1383-1388}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1383}, abstract = {

Ornithine decarboxylase and alpha -L- fucosidase over-expression is associated with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. The objective of this study was to elucidate the action of Garcinia Mangostana fruit extract (GME) on these overexpressed enzymes and apoptotic proteins in diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) rats. The cancer was induced using DEN to the experimental rats and treated with GME (400 mg/ kg) to find its anticancer property. The lysosomal enzymes such as alpha-L-fucosidase, beta- D-glucosidase, ornithine decarboxylase activity (ODC), apoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, Bax and Bcl-xl and H3 thymidine incorporation assay were done to prove GME{\textquoteright}s chemo preventive property. DEN induction caused significant increase in the activities of ornithine decarboxylase; lysosomal enzymes and increased cell proliferation with decreased apoptosis were observed. In contrast, the groups with GME treated rat{\textquoteright}s elicited significant (P \< 0.001) reduction in ornithine decarboxylase, lysosomal enzymes and decreased cell proliferation with increased apoptosis. GME has effective chemo preventive property and can serve as an anticarcinogenic therapeutic drug against hepatocellular carcinoma.

}, keywords = {Diethyl nitrosamine, G. Mangostana extract, Hepatocellularcarcinoma, Ornithine decarboxylase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.191}, author = {Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan and Sardar Hussain and Janardhana Papayya Balakrishna and Gayathri Rengasamy and Surapaneni Krishna Mohan} } @article {1075, title = {Comparative Pharmacognostical and Pharmacological Evaluation of Costus speciosus (Koen) J.E. Sm. Germplasm Collected from Eastern Ghats of India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {150-156}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {150}, abstract = {

Background: Costus speciosus is an erect perennial herb belonging to family Costaceae, an important medicinal plant widely used in several indigenous medicinal formulations. Objective: A comparative evaluation of Pharmacognostical and Pharmacological potential of Costus speciosus for the validation of traditional claims and quality parameters for industry. Materials and Methods: Pharmacognostical studies were performed as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India and quantification of diosgenin was done through HPTLC. In vitro antidiabetic activity was evaluated by α-amylase inhibition assay based on starch iodine method and in vitro anti-inflammatory were done by using inhibition of protein denaturation assay. Results: The pharmacognostical standards were also laid down for each sample. Morpho-anatomical characters had no distinct variation in all the collected samples of Eastern Ghats. The quantification of diosgenin (without hydrolysis of samples) in the collected germplasm varies significantly from 0.002 to 0.076 \% on dry weight basis. The maximum content was recorded in NBCS-06 from Patiya, Bhubaneswar and was identified as distinct chemotype with high metabolite content. IC50 value of Costus speciosus extract in starch-iodine assay was found to be maximum in NBCS- 6 (87.54 μg/ml) and inhibition of protein denaturation assay was found to be maximum in NBCS- 11 (73.91 μg/ml), respectively. Conclusion: The study suggests that the Costus speciosus germplasm possess potential anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activity and comparative pharmacognostical parameters will be useful in collection of location specific potential samples for industrial usage along with quality control of raw materials.

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic, Anti-inflammatory, Costus speciosus, Diosgenin, HPTLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.22}, author = {Manish Kumar and Ankita Misra and Akanksha Srivastava and Pushpendra Kumar Shukla and L M Tewari and Sharad Srivastava} } @article {1190, title = {Comparative Study on Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical Investigations and Quantification of Vasicine Content in the Extracts of Adhatoda vasica Nees and Adhatoda beddomei CB Clarke}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {884-896}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {884}, abstract = {

Background: Adhatoda, a perennial shrub of family Acanthaceae are well-known medicinal plant for the treatment and management of respiratory disorders such as asthma and bronchitis. Adhatoda vasica and Adhatoda beddomei are the species of Adhatoda, has been widely used in Indian system of medicine. Although, phytochemical and pharmacological investigations were reported on A. vasica, there has been comparative investigations on different Adhatoda species are lacking. Objective: The study was undertaken to compare the pharmacognostical and phytochemical parameters of two species of Adhatoda for rapid identification and authentication of the plants. Materials and Methods: Pharmacognostical features were studied by macroscopic, microscopic studies and physicochemical analysis such as determination of foreign matter, ash value, extractive value and loss on drying. Phytochemical investigations were analysed using phytochemical screening, bioactive content determination, HPTLC fingerprint analysis and estimation of vasicine content by HPLC analysis. Results: Microscopic study differentiated the pharmacognostical features between two species by demonstrating the anatomical characteristics. Powder microscopy of A. vasica revealed the presence of diacytic stomata, glandular and non-glandular trichomes whereas rod shaped crystals were seen only in A. beddomei. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical investigations revealed the presence and estimation of various phytoconstituents in both the species. HPTLC fingerprint profiling evaluated the number of constituents present in the extracts and HPLC analysis revealed high content of vasicine in A. vasica extracts when compared to A. beddomei. Conclusion: The present study provides the useful information to differentiate the plant species and can serve as a diagnostic tool for the standardization and identification of adulterant in the crude drug market.

}, keywords = {Adhatoda beddomei, Adhatoda vasica, HPTLC fingerprint, Pharmacognosy, Vasicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.126}, author = {Nandhini S and Ilango K} } @article {1245, title = {Comparison of Cytotoxicity between Ethyl Acetate and Ethanol Extract of White Turmeric (Kaempferia rotunda) Rhizome Extract Against HeLa Cervical Cancer Cell Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1297-1302}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1297}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of this study is to compare between ethanol and ethyl acetate rhizome extract of K.rotunda against HeLa cervical cancer cell in vitro. Material and Methods: Methods used in this research are test the chemical compound of extracts using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and phytochemical screening test, also cytotoxicity test using MTT assay. Result: Ethyl acetate extract contains flavonoid, alkaloid, tannin, and triterpenoid, while ethanol extract have flavonoid, triterpenoid, and alkaloid. In addition, ethanol extract has strong cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 16,939 μg/ml) while ethyl acetate extract has moderate cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 127,9 μg/ml). Each of extracts showed significant results (p <= 0,05) although when compared between concentrations there are several concentrations that are not significant and also small coefficient of determinant values caused by various confounding factors. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of K.rotunda rhizome extract has the higher cytotoxicity activity compared to ethyl acetate extract of K.rotunda rhizome extract against HeLa cervical cancer cell.

}, keywords = {Anti cervical cancer, HeLa, in vitro, Kaempferia rotunda}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.178}, author = {Surya Dwira and Ariska TP and Fadilah Fadilah and Norma Nur Azizah and Linda Erlina} } @article {1072, title = {Composition and Genoprotective Effect of the Flavonoidal Content of Lepidium sativum L. Methanolic Seed Extract against Cyclophosphamide- Induced DNA Damage in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {124-130}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Background: Lepidium sativum L. (Family Brassicaceae) is known to possess different pharmacological properties. Objective: The genoprotective role of flavonoids of L. sativum methanolic seed extract (LSF) against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced DNA damage, in somatic and germ cells of mice, as well as characterization of the flavonoidal content were carried out in this study. Chromosomal aberration analysis in somatic and germ cells were also included. Materials and Methods: Six mice groups were used for this study. Group 1 served as a negative control. Group 2 received oral LSF (100 mg/kg b.wt.) for 5 consecutive days. Group 3 served as a positive control by receiving a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) CP dose (20 mg/kg b.wt.). The three other groups were orally administered 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg b.wt. LSF, respectively, for 5 consecutive days. On the last day of treatment, the three groups received i.p. injection of CP (20 mg/kg b.wt.). Flavonoids were identified using spectral analysis. Results: LSF inhibited DNA aberrations in mice caused by cyclophosphamide dose dependently in the three groups with significant difference in the two groups that received doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg b.wt. The chromosomal aberrations inhibitory indices were calculated as 18 and 31 in mice somatic cells and 27 and 48 in germ cells, respectively. LSF was found to contain the flavonoids kaempferol, quercetin, kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside. Conclusion: LSF inhibited the DNA damage induced by CP in somatic and germ cells of mice dose-dependently. The antioxidant properties associated with flavonoids might account for the genoprotective activity.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Chromosomal abberations, Flavonoids, Lipidium sativum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.19}, author = {Iman AA Kassem and Ayman A Farghaly and Neveen S Ghaly and Zeinab M Hassan and Marian Nabil} } @article {1253, title = {Computational Evaluation of ADMET Properties and Bioactive Score of Compounds from Encephalartos ferox}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1357-1362}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1357}, abstract = {

Background: Plant based products are recognised as sources of drugs for treatment of diseases. Objective: The study aimed at predicting the physicochemical, pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and toxicity of the compounds identified from the methanolic Encephalartos ferox fruit extract. Methods: The physicochemical, pharmacokinetics properties and bioactive scores of the compounds were predicted using SwissADME and Molinspiration computational tools. Drug-likeness of the compounds was evaluated based on the Lipinski rule of five (Ro5). In silico mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and inhibition of human ether-a-go-go-related (hERG) gene were also investigated using PreADMET web tool. Results: The physicochemical properties showed the compounds, except 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1, 2, 3-propanetriyl ester to adhere to Ro5. The evaluation of their inhibitory effects profile in several cytochrome P450 isoforms indicate that all the compounds are not the inhibitors of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 whereas some inhibited CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP2D6. The drug-likeness evaluation employed Ro5 as a filter and all compounds complied with it except for 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1, 2, 3-propanetriyl ester. About 50\% of the tested compound were found to be safe as they did not exhibit antimutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Moreover, the risk of inhibition of hERG gene revealed to be low to medium risk depending on the compound. Conclusion: The calculated physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties suggest that most of the compounds are safe and have promising oral bioavailability.

}, keywords = {Bioactive score, Compounds, Pharmacokinetic; Drug-likeness, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.187}, author = {Tsolanku Sidney Maliehe and Phakamani Hopewell Tsilo and Jabulani Siyabonga Shandu} } @article {1107, title = {Condensed Tannins Content and their Influence on the Antioxidant Activity of Bark Hydroethanol Extract of Piliostigma reticulatum (Dc) Hochst and its Fractions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {361-368}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {361}, abstract = {

Background: Consumption of natural products from plants is implicated in the reduction of the occurrence of diseases related to oxidative stress. Piliostigma reticulatum is a plant well known to traditional practitioners in Senegal where leaves and bark are often used against many diseases, such as ulcers, boils, syphilitic cancer, toothache, gingivitis and diarrhea. Aim: This study compared hydroethanol extract from the plant bark and its fractions by assessing their total phenol contents, antioxidant activity and the influence of condensed tannins on their activity. Method: barks were extracted by a moderate decoction with ethanol-water followed by a silica column fractionation with successively ethyl acetate, methanol and water. For this study, assays were carried out before and after precipitation of tannins by BSA and PVPP tests. Total phenol and condensed tannins of hydroethanolic extract and its fractions were performed by Folin Ciocalteu and hydrolysis methods. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and CUPRAC tests. Results: Tannins precipitation leads a light decrease of total phenol and condensed tannins contents of samples. Total phenol content of hydroethanolic extract was 51.2 mg GAE/g vs 3.2 after BSA test and 1.7 after PVPP test whereas condensed tannins content obtained 72.2\% vs 4.2\% and 2.3\% after precipitation. Antiradical activity was lost following the elimination of tannins with IC50: 5.33 {\textpm} 0.04 mg/l vs 78.86 {\textpm} 0.92 after BSA and \> 500 after PVPP. Conclusion: This results showed the condensed tannins would be in charge of antiradical and reducing activities of plant barks and PVPP precipitated much better the tannins from those extracts than BSA.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Bark, Piliostigma reticulatum, Precipitation, Tannins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.57}, author = {Serigne Ibra Mback{\'e} DIENG and C{\'e}line Mathieu and Abdou SARR and Kady Diatta-Badji and Alioune Dior FALL} } @article {1079, title = {Correction of Toxic Liver Damage with a Multicomponent Herbal Extract in an Animal Experiment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {168-172}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {168}, abstract = {

Background: Digestive diseases constitute a significant part in the overall structure of human diseases. Herbal cholagogues are indicated for a treatment of chronic liver, gall bladder, and bile ducts diseases. The aim of the work is to determine the choleretic effect of a new multicomponent plant extract. Materials and Methods: Multicomponent plant extract was obtained from the following types of plant materials: 300 g of immortelle flowers (Helichrysum arenarium L.), 100 g of tansy flowers (Tanacetum vulgare L.), 100 g of rose fruits (Rosa sp.), 100 g of leaves of common nettle (Urtica dioica L.), 50 g of mint leaves (Mentha piperita L.), 50 g of licorice roots (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.). The extract was standardized by the total flavonoid content. It was calculated and expressed in terms of luteolin and isosalipurposide standards (total flavonoids content: not less than 4\% and 15\% respectively). The animal experiments being done in 80 nonlinear male rats with initial body weight 180-200 g. In order to study a choleretic effect of multicomponent herbal extract, naive rats recieved the single experimental dose of 250 mg/kg. Pharmacotherapeutic activity was studied in white rats with CCl4-induced hepatitis. Results: Studies indicate a pronounced choleretic effect of the studied plant extract, that is comparable with the effect of {\textquotedblleft}Allochol{\textquotedblright} in intact rats experiments. The course administration of a per os (peroral) multicomponent plant extract in a dose of 250 mg/kg to white non-linear rats with tetrachloromethane liver damage has a choleretic effect: it increases the rate of bile secretion, stimulates the synthesis and secretion of cholates with bile, and also the excretion of cholesterol and bilirubin. Conclusion: The obtained research results argue the feasibility of using a multicomponent plant extract containing biologically active substances of phenolic nature in the prevention and comprehensive treatment of liver diseases.

}, keywords = {Choleretic effect, Experimental hepatitis, Multicomponent extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.25}, author = {Ferubko EV and Nikolaev SM and Dargaeva TD and Rendyuk TD} } @article {1112, title = {Correlation between the in-vitro and in-vivo Antihyperglycemic Effect of Ocimum Sanctum, Trigonella Foenum Graecum and Curcuma Longa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {369-376}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {369}, abstract = {

This study is carried out to investigate the correlation between the in-vitro and in-vivo studies which demonstrates the antihyperglycemic effect of Trigonella foenum graecum, Ocimum sanctum and Curcuma longa extracts. Methanolic seed extract of Trigonella foenum graecum, methanolic leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum, ethyl acetate rhizomes extract of Curcumina longa are prepared and supplied by Sami labs, Bangalore, India on request. in-vitro studies such as alpha glucosidase inhibitory and DPP-IV inhibitory activity were done for all the three extracts as per previous studies. After Institutional animal ethical committee clearance male albino rats (155{\textendash}215 g) were divided into 5 groups. Each group consists of randomly assigned 6 albino rats. The placebo (Normal saline) control group, Standard (Vildagliptin) group and 3 above mentioned extract groups. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done. Blood samples were collected for blood sugar estimation at -30 (before extract),0, 15, 45 minutes and blood sugar levels were done by enzymatic assay. Results: The maximum alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity at 100 μg/ml by Trigonella foenum graecum extract was 68\% with IC50 value of 57.25, Ocimum sanctum leaf extract was 65\% with IC50 value of 59.55, Curcuma longa was 72\% with IC50 value of 56.79 when compared to the Acarbose (STD) of 94\% with IC50 values of 42.78. The maximum \% of DPP IV inhibition at 320 μg/ml of Trigonella foenum graecum extract was 77.84\% with IC50 value of 52.26, Ocimum sanctum extract was 86.98\% with IC50 value of 46.08 and Curcuma longa was 76.47\% with IC50 value of 55.06 when compared to the Vildagliptin (STD) was 80.15\% with IC50 value of 22.98. The OGTT results of Ocimum sanctum (200 mg/kg) shows reduction in blood glucose (p=\<0.05) at 15 minutes and significant reduction (p=\<0.001) at 45 minutes and Trigonella foenum graecum (2 gm/kg) showed significant reduction in blood glucose (p=\<0.001) at 15 minutes when compared to control. Further clinical studies are necessary to establish the therapeutic potential of these extracts in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: Ocimum sanctum leaf extract, Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract shows significant alpha-glucosidase and DPPIV inhibitory activity which correlates with the antihyperglycemic effects by in-vivo oral glucose tolerance test. Further clinical studies are necessary to establish the therapeutic potential of these extracts in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Curcuma longa, GLP-1, Glucagon, Insulin, Ocimum sanctum, Trigonella foenum graecum, Type 2 diabetes mellitus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.58}, author = {Inbaraj SD and Muniappan M} } @article {1265, title = {A Critical Review on Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Aspects of Euryale Ferox Salisb.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1444-1454}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1444}, abstract = {

Introduction: One of the relished dry fruits known by the names of Makhana, Phool Makhana, Gorgon Nut and Fox Nut in the Indian continent, Euryale ferox Salisb. (Nymphaeaceae) is the only plant that belongs to Euryale genus. It is found in abundance in Mithila, Darbhanga and Madhubani region of Bihar state. Since ages, in Ayurveda and Chinese practices, it has been used for the treatment of the renal disorder, chronic diarrhoea, excessive leucorrhea and hepatic dysfunctioning. Its bio-active compounds act as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiischaemic, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, anti-melanogenic, anti-cytotoxic. Methods: The information has been collected from various scientific journals, reviews, books, reports and patent databases. Results: This review summarizes the isolated bioactive compounds in different extracts, patented compounds/formulations with pharmacological activities, present in different parts of Euryale ferox Salisb. Hence, it has been used as a remedy for numerous ailments since long and also proves itself as a panacea for humanity.

}, keywords = {Anti-aging, Anti-cytotoxic, Anti-diabetic, Cerebrosides, Ethnobotanical, Euryale ferox}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.199}, author = {Roopal Mittal and Shailesh Sharma and Amit Mittal} } @article {1231, title = {Cytotoxicity of Lactobacillus plantarum KK518 Isolated from Pak-Sian Dong (Thai Fermented Gynandropsis pentaphylla DC.) Against HepG2, MCF-7 and HeLa Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1050-1057}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1050}, abstract = {

Background: Pak-Sian Dong is a fermented vegetable product of Thailand prepared from aerial parts of Pak-Sian (Gynandropsis pentaphylla DC.). Lactobacillus plantarum KK518 was isolated from Pak-Sian Dong and already assessed for its probiotic attributes. Objective: The aim of this work was to determine the untapped cytotoxic effects of L. plantarum KK518 extract against HepG2 (liver cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer) and HeLa (cervical cancer) cells. Materials and Methods: The bacterial extracts were prepared from whole cultures; containing cells and broths using ethyl acetate as extracting solvent and the dried extracts were redissolved in ethanol before use. Cytotoxic, antiproliferative and antimigratory effects of the bacterial extracts on three types of cancer cells were determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetra zolium bromide (MTT) assay, clonogenic formation and wound healing assays, respectively. Results: L. plantarum KK518 extract showed the highest cytotoxicity at 90.88\% at 1,000 μg/mL against HeLa cells (IC50 of 371.97 μg/mL) over 48 h of exposure. Anti-colony formation test showed that the bacterial extracts at 600, 800 and 1,000 μg/mL over 48 h led to a complete inhibition of colony formation of HeLa cells; however the highest IC50 of 418.52 μg/mL was found in HepG2 cells suggesting that HepG2 was least affected by bacterial extract. Likewise, HepG2 cells seemed to be most resistant to antimigratory effects as observed by highest relative area of the wound at most time intervals and most extract concentrations. Conclusion: L. plantarum KK518 offers a potential use as a bio-therapeutic with chemopreventive effects against cervical, breast and liver cancers.

}, keywords = {HeLa, HepG2, L. plantarum KK518, MCF-7, Pak-Sian-Dong}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.148}, author = {Vijitra Luang-In and Worachot Saengha and Benjaporn Buranrat and Sutisa Nudmamud-Thanoi and Arjan Narbad and Supaporn Pumriw and Wannee Samappito} } @article {1163, title = {Cytotoxicity of Selenium-Enriched Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra L.) Seedlings Against Caco-2, MCF-7 and HepG2 Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {674-681}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {674}, abstract = {

Background: The Selenium-enriched Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra L.) seedlings (Se-KS) have been known for its antioxidant activities, however its cytotoxic effects on various cancer cells are yet to be reported. Objective: The objective of this work was to study the cytotoxic effects of Se-KS on Caco-2, MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells. Materials and Methods: Freeze-dried seedlings were ground and incubated in 0.1 M citrate phosphate buffer pH 7.0 for 1 h at 37{\textdegree}C and extracted with dichloromethane to obtain total isothiocyanate (ITC) content which was quantified using the 1,2-benzenedithiole (BDT)-based cyclocondensation assay. The extracts from fresh seedlings were used to determine the cytotoxic effect on Caco- 2, MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells. Results: Se-KS was found to contain total ITC content at 1.02 mmol/100 g dry weight (DW) which was significantly lower than that of 7-day old broccoli microgreens (1.60 mmol/100 g DW) as reference Cruciferous vegetables. In addition, Se-KS extract exhibited cytotoxic effects in a dose- and time-dependent manners. The lowest IC50 value of 82.83 μg/mL at 72 h was derived from HepG2 cells and the highest IC50 value of 164.00 μg/mL at 72 h was from MCF-7 cells suggesting that the Se-KS extract was most effective against HepG2 cells. Cancer cells showed signs of apoptotic bodies over 72 h and DNA fragmentations at 24 h indicating that the Se-KS extract was able to induce apoptosis in cancer cells in addition to cytotoxic effect. Conclusion: Thus, Se-KS could be a novel source of organo selenium with chemopreventive benefits for functional food development.

}, keywords = {Caco-2, HepG2, Isothiocyanate, Kale, MCF-7, Selenium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.99}, author = {Vijitra Luang-In and Worachot Saengha and Benjaporn Buranrat and Anut Chantiratikul and Nyuk Ling Ma} } @article {1068, title = {Cytotoxicity of Soursop Leaves (Annona muricata) against Cervical HeLa Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {20-24}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Background: Cervical cancer is the cancer with highest prevalence and the leading cause of women death in Indonesia. Current treatments available for cervical cancer are chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, and nuclear therapy. Unfortunately, these treatments still have several limitations due to serious side effects, development of resistance, and very expensive price. Therefore, it is necessary to develop effective and low-cost therapy to treat cervical cancer. One of which is by utilizing natural sources available in Indonesia such as soursop (Annona muricata) leaves which has been used in folk medicine as a treatment for various diseases, including cancer. However, studies about its cytotoxicity against cervical cancer in Indonesia are still limited. Objective: The aim of this research is to analyze the potency of A.muricataleaves extracts originated from Indonesia as a novel alternative treatment for cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: A.muricata leaves obtained from Serpong, West Java, Indonesia were grounded and macerated in three different solvents with various polarity, namely ethanol (polar solvent), ethyl acetate (semipolar solvent) and hexane (non-polar solvent). Subsequently, the extracts were diluted into 8 various concentrations. Cytotoxicity of A.muricataleaves extracts against HeLa cervical cancer cells were determined by MTT assay and expressed by IC50 value. Results: The results showed that three extracts of A.muricata have strong cytotoxicity against cervical HeLa cells. The highest cytotoxic activity was shown by etanol extract with an IC50 of 35.51 μg/mL, followed by ethyl acetate (IC50: 5.91 μg/mL), and hexane (IC50: 8.39 μg/mL). Conclusion: A.muricata leaves extracts are potential to be developed as a novel alternative therapy for cervical cancer.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata, Cytotoxicity, HeLa cells, Soursop}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.4}, author = {Fona Qorina and Ade Arsianti and Qotrunnada Fithrotunnisa and NadzilaAnindya Tejaputri and Norma Nur Azizah and Rista Putrianingsih} } @article {1284, title = {Determination of Polyphenolic content and Antioxidant Activity from Various Extracts of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn Root: An in vitro Approach for Selection of Appropriate Extracting Solvent}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1578-1585}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1578}, abstract = {

Objective: This study is aimed to evaluate extraction capacity of different solvents (toluene, dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, water, 60\% aqueous methanol, 60\% aqueous ethanol and 60\% aqueous acetone) and its effect on total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant assay. Methods: Extraction was performed from dried root powder of Boerhavia diffusa using various solvents at 25oC on magnetic sirr (300 rpm). Extraction yield, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and total tannin content of the extracts were determined spectrophotometrically using gallic acid, quercetin as standards. Antioxidant potential determines by using various in vitro methodologies such as DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assay. Result: The 60\% aqueous methanol showed the highest extracting yield, in contrast, toluene and hexane showed the lowest yield. Highest total phenolic content (239.8{\textpm}0.25 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (131.1{\textpm}4.20 mg QCE/g), were found from methanolic extract. While, acetone extract showed highest tannin content. The Methanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. Conclusions: The highest correlation was found between phenolic content and the antioxidant assay. It seems that phenolic contents are responsible for free radicle scavenging activity. From the observation, it concluded that methanolic extract rich with polyphenolic content and acetone extract showed the highest amount of tannin content.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Boerhavia diffusa, crude extract, DPPH, Free radicles, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.216}, author = {Monika Bhalodiya and Jayant Chavda and Nilesh Patel and Ravi Manek and Ajay Patel and Sheetal Faldu} } @article {1064, title = {Determination of Sugar Profile in Viburnum Fruits and its Dosage Forms by HPLC-RID}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {103-108}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {103}, abstract = {

Background: In the Russian Federation, the viburnum fruits are used to obtain infusions and syrups as medications. This medicinal herbal raw material contains a large number of biologically active substances: vitamins, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, iridoids, carbohydrates, organic acids, lipids etc. The research aimed to study one of the biologically active substances group responsible for the formation of the organoleptic properties of aqueous extracts{\textendash}monomeric carbohydrate composition and content. Materials and methods: Dried viburnum (guelder-rose) fruits, an aqueous infusion based on it, and viburnum syrup of industrial manufacture (Russia) were purchased from the pharmacy and prepared for research. For HPLC analysis of monomeric sugars Agilent 1260 Series HPLC system equipped with autosampler/injector, four-channel gradient pump, column thermostat, refractive index detector), software (ChemStation Version B.01), column (Waters Sugar-Pack I, 10 μm, 300 {\texttimes} 6.5 mm) were used. Isocratic elution was performed using purified water (with the addition of Ca-EDTA 0.05 mg/ml) as the mobile phase, at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The column was maintained at 80{\textdegree}C, the refractive index detector {\textendash} at 35{\textdegree}C. The injection volume was 10 μL, analysis time {\textendash} 20 min. Results: The main free carbohydrates of viburnum fruits and preparations based on them are glucose, fructose, and sucrose. The total content of simple sugars in the viburnum fruits is 28.393 {\textpm} 0.528\%, in the infusion {\textendash} 0.499 {\textpm} 0.015\%, in the syrup {\textendash} 69.736 {\textpm} 1.551\%. The characteristic ratio of glucose: fructose: sucrose in dried viburnum fruits is 8.1:5.4:1, in infusion {\textendash} 7.0:5.7:1, and in syrup {\textendash} 9.2:8.8:1. The sugars{\textquoteright} degree of passing into infusion is 74.34\%. Conclusion: The composition and content of carbohydrates determined by HPLC-RID are an important characteristic data. It can be used for viburnum fruits Russian pharmacopoeial standardization along with the quantifying total content of organic acids.

}, keywords = {Guelder-rose, HPLC-RID, Monomeric carbohydrates, Viburnum fruits}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.16}, author = {Bokov DO and Sergunova EV and Marakhova AI and Morokhina SL and Plakhotnaia ON and Krasnyuk II and Bessonov VV} } @article {1187, title = {Determination of the Chemical Composition of Lady{\textquoteright}s Bedstraw (Galium verum L.) Herb Extract by GC-MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {857-863}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {857}, abstract = {

Background: The research is devoted to the study of the Lady{\textquoteright}s bedstraw (Galium verum L.) herb ethanol extract composition using the method of gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Materials and Methods: Air-dried G. verum L. herb was used for ethanol extract preparation. Hewlett Packard 6890, 5973A GC/MSD System equipped with an HP-5MS quartz capillary column with geometric dimensions of 30 m{\texttimes}0.25 mm{\texttimes}0.25 μm was used for GC-MS analysis. Results: It was established that the Lady{\textquoteright}s bedstraw ethanol extract is rich in biologically active substances that determine its wide spectrum of pharmacological action. 15 compounds were identified by comparing with library mass spectra. Conclusions: G. verum L. is a promising source of crude herbal drugs. In the future, after additional pharmacognostic studies, G. verum L. herb can be recommended for implementation in the State Pharmacopeia of the Russian Federation.

}, keywords = {Ethanol Extract, Galium verum L., Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Lady{\textquoteright}s bedstraw}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.123}, author = {Zaichikova SG and Bokov DO and Kiselevskii MV and Antsyshkina AM and Bondar AA and Prostodusheva TV and Shchepochkina OYu and Gegechkori VI} } @article {1122, title = {Determination of Total Flavonoid Levels of Ethanol Extract Sesewanua Leaf (Clerodendrum Fragrans Wild) With Maceration Method Using UV-Vis Spectrofotometry}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {356-360}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {356}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sesewanuwa (Clerodendrum fragrans Wild) is one of the plants with abundant flavonoid content in the leaves. The characteristic flavonoids with the two benzene ring groups cause the process of finding an appropriate extraction technique. Objective: This study aims to determine the total flavonoid levels of ethanol extract of sesewanuwa leaves obtained from maceration extraction methods. Method: This research was carried out by extracting the simplicia of sesewanuwa leaves by maceration method using 96\% ethanol solvent. Comparison between the simplicia and the solvent used is 1:7, then the extract obtained was carried out with initial qualitative identification of flavonoids with simple reagents and the total flavonoid levels were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Results: The results showed that the ethanol extract of sesewanuwa leaves obtained by maceration extraction method in qualitative and quantitative tests contained flavonoids with quercetin standard with a total content of 13.47\%.This research was carried out by extracting the simplicia of sesewanuwa leaves by maceration method using 96\% ethanol solvent. Comparison between the simplicia and the solvent used is 1:7, then the extract obtained was carried out with initial qualitative identification of flavonoids with simple reagents and the total flavonoid levels were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Conclusion: The results showed that the ethanol extract of sesewanuwa leaves obtained by maceration extraction method in qualitative and quantitative tests contained flavonoids with quercetin standard with a total content of 13.47\%.

}, keywords = {Maceration, Quercetin, Sesewanuwa, total flavonoid, UV-Vis spectrophotometry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.56}, author = {Zulfiayu Sapiun and Paulus Pangalo and Arlan K Imran and Prisca Safriani Wicita and Rizka Puji Astuti Daud} } @article {1209, title = {Development and Evaluation of New Choleretic Agent}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {962-966}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {962}, abstract = {

Background: The aim of the research is the determination of pharmacological activity during the development of the optimal way of a new choleretic agent obtaining. The multicomponent herbal medicinal product under the code name Hexaphyte (herbal multicomponent dry extract) is developed. It contains the following species of medicine plant raw materials: Helichrysum arenarium L., Tanacetum vulgare L., Rosa sp., Urtica dioica L., Mentha piperita L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L. in the ratio of 6:2:2:2:1:1. Materials and Methods: Herbal tea was extracted three times with hot water at the temperature of 75-85{\textordmasculine}С; water extracts were combined, filtered and dried. Hexaphyte was standardized by the content of phenolic compounds {\textendash} sum of flavonoids in terms of luteolin standard and isosalipurposide standard. Phenolic compounds (flavonoids) are dominating substances (35-37\%) in the obtained extract. The obtained multicomponent medicine under the code name Hexaphyte was administered per os in the experimental and therapeutic dose of 250 mg/kg to the laboratory animals having experimental induced damages of gallbladder and liver. Results: In Hexaphyte the content of the flavonoid sum (CFS) referred to luteolin standard at a wavelength of 350 nm was not less than 4\%; CFS referred to isosalipurposide standard at a wavelength of 315 nm was not less than 15\%. It was revealed in the results of the realized experiments that it has a choleretic effect superior in a number of indicators to the activity of the Allochol reference drug. The pharmacotherapeutic effect of Hexaphyte at experimental damages of gallbladder and liver is due to the presence of biologically active substances, mainly of phenolic nature. Conclusion: The obtained results of the research argue the feasibility of using the developed multicomponent medicine Hexaphyte containing biologically active substances of phenolic nature in the prevention and complex treatment of hepatobiliary system diseases.

}, keywords = {Choleretic activity, Choleretic herbal medicine Hexaphyte, Experimental damage of liver and gallbladder, Preclinical studies}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.136}, author = {Ferubko EV and Rendyuk TD and Dargaeva TD and Nikolaev SM} } @article {1152, title = {Development and Validation of Stability Indicating HPLC Method for Determination of Caffeic Acid, Vitexin and Rosmarinic Acid in Thunbergia laurifolia Leaf Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {611-618}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {611}, abstract = {

Thunbergia laurifolia has been a popular herb used in Thai traditional medicine for detoxification and as antipyretic. It contains rosmarinic acid (RA), caffeic acid (CA) and vitexin as major compounds. In order to control the herbal quality, the stability indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed and validated. The stability study of compounds in T. laurifolia leaf extract was investigated. The chromatographic separation was performed using a reversed-phase C18 column and mobile phase consisted of 0.5\% acetic acid and methanol using a gradient elution with 1.0 mL/min flow rate. The detection wavelength was set at 330 nm. The method was validated for its linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. Forced degradation of three compounds in extract showed that they were stable in oxidative condition, but highly labile under alkaline hydrolytic conditions. All three compounds in T. laurifolia leaf extract were stable at room temperature at least 3 months while a remarkable decrease of RA, vitexin and CA in the extract were found in accelerated condition. This finding could be applied for predicting the storage recommendation and expiry of T. laurifolia extract and its related pharmaceutical products.

}, keywords = {Force degradation, Phenolic compound, Phytochemical screening, Stabilityindicating method}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.91 }, author = {Nanthakarn Woottisin and Sumet Kongkiatpaiboon and Sophida Sukprasert and Korbtham Sathirakul} } @article {1192, title = {The Development of Phyllanthus emblica Extract in Ethosomes for Hair Loss Prevention}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {905-910}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {905}, abstract = {

Background: Hair loss is not a serious health problem but leads to decreased self- confidence, personality, and psychological problems. According to Thai traditional medical wisdom, Phyllanthus emblica has the property to prevent hair loss. Ethosomes are a drug delivery system, which can increase drug delivery to deep skin layers and enhance the effectiveness of the active ingredient. Objective: This research aims to develop ethosomes of Phyllanthus emblica extract with beneficial properties. Materials and Methods: Phyllanthus emblica was extracted by a maceration method with 95\% ethanol as a solvent. The total phenolic content of the extracts was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The antioxidation activity was evaluated by DPPH assay. Ethosomes were formulated by a cold method and their properties were observed. Results: The results showed that the total phenolic content of Phyllanthus emblica extract was 406.37{\textpm}2.39 mg GAE/g extract. The IC50 of antioxidant activity was 7.05{\textpm}0.17 μg/ml. Ethosomes with 0.03\% of Phyllanthus emblica extract, 2\% of soya phosphatidylcholine, and 20\% of ethanol had the highest percentage of entrapment efficiency (65.26\%{\textpm}1.80\%). The ethosomes of Phyllanthus emblica extract was the spherical shape and white colloid. The particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and pH of ethosomes were 0.43{\textpm}0.00 μm, 0.44{\textpm}0.03, -10.40{\textpm}0.28 mV, and 4.06{\textpm}0.03, respectively. Conclusion: The ethosomes of Phyllanthus emblica extract had good properties and area possible alternative product for hair loss prevention.

}, keywords = {Entrapment efficiency, Ethosomes, Phyllanthus emblica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.128}, author = {Pornpun Laovachirasuwan and Wutthichart Fuangbangluang and Atchariyaporn Phanichanaphan and Issarapong Nasomroop and Methin Phadungkit} } @article {1086, title = {Diversity of Pteridophyta in Lubuak Mato Kuciang Padang Panjang, Sumatera Barat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {180-185}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {180}, abstract = {

Padang Panjang city located at an altitude of 650 to 850 meters above sea level, so that weather cold and cool. Temperatures range from 17 {\textdegree}C to 26.1 {\textdegree}C and with 3,295 mm/ year of rainfall. This area is rich in the diversity of flora and fauna. Pteridophyta is one of the flora that has a unique diversity of species and has the potential for tremendous utilization such as ornamental plants, medicines and vegetable plants. The study was conducted in the Lubuak Mato Kuciang area of Padang Panjang City, West Sumatra, which is currently being developed for tourism. The aim of this study obtain collect data and information about the diversity of ferns in Lubuk Mato Kuciang. The activities of the study are conducted to collect species as much as possible. Identification of fern species was carried out in the Laboratory of Educational Science. Mathematics and Science Faculty. Padang State University. The identification of flora was analyzed descriptively. The identification species results were obtained through descriptive analysis. The results of this study obtains that there were 21 species of fern that include 11 families. They were namely; Selaginellaceace including Selaginella sp, Selaginella plana Hieron and Selaginella wildenowii; Lomariopsidaceae family including Neplholepisbiserrata; Pterisvittata L; Adiatumpedatum; Cyatheaceae family, including Cyatheacontaminans; Gleicheinaceae including Gleichenialinearis; Marrattiaceae family including Marrattiafraxinea; Lindsaeaceae family including Sphenomeris chinensis; and Dryopteridaceae family including Nephroletis cordifolia.

}, keywords = {Diversity, Identification, Lubuk mato kuciang, Pteridophytha}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.27}, author = {Skunda Diliarosta and Rehani Ramadhani and Dewi Indriani} } @article {1188, title = {Drug of Action Cassia Alata Leaves Extract as Antiviral to Dengue Virus Serotype-2 in vitro}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {864-871}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {864}, abstract = {

Background and Objectives: Dengue viruses (DENV) is a mosquito-borne members of the Flaviridae family.To date, more than 2.5 billion people in over 100 countries are at risk of infection, and approximately 20 million infections were reported annually. Currently, There is no specific antiviral treatment available for DENV infection. Natural products possess a wide range of biological and biochemical potential. Among them, plants are one of the most important sources for discovering new drugs for therapy. Our previous study, showed that Cassia alata has potency as antiviral to DENV, however drug of action still unclear. Materials and Methods: We explore the drug of action of C. alata leaves exract and its fraction through time of addition studies and effect of solvents wtih the dose based on the previous study. Results: The most effective inhibition druf of action was determined by focus assay. Meanwhile the toxicity was measured by MTT assay. These studies demosntrated that ethanol extract of Cassia alata 1 mg/ml showed strong inhibition in both early step (receptor and attachment to host cells) and post infection with inhibition 96.04 \% and 99.16 \%.Compared with those fractions, Cassia alata ethanol extract has strongest inhibition DENV in every step of virus replication. Conclussion: Cassia alata ethanol extract has strongest inhibition DENV in every step of virus replication with the average of inhibition more than 95 \%. Ethyl acetate and hexane has strongest inihibition with the average of inhibition 100 \%.

}, keywords = {Antiviral, Cassia alata, Dengue virus, Early step, Post infection}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.124}, author = {Marissa Angelina and Muhammad Hanafi and Franciscus D Suyatna and Beti Ernawati Dewi} } @article {1287, title = {Effect of Afghan Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Aqueous Extract on Withdrawal Signs in Morphine-Dependent Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1727-1731}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1727}, abstract = {

Introduction: Opioid dependency, as a global problem is accompanied with serious personal, economic, social and hygienic disorders. Synthetic drugs beside their efficacies, have numerous adverse effects. As the medicinal plants have low costs and adverse effects, and they are also affective on different stages of dependency treatment, they attracted the attention of the researchers in the field of medicine. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of the aqueous extract of Afghan saffron on the withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent rats. Methods: Rats divided into 5 groups (1 Normal Saline, 1 Morphine, and 3 Extract groups). The rats that received morphine and extract became morphine-dependent by subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of morphine hydrochloride for 7 days (2.5, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg doses twice daily on 1st to 6th days respectively, and a single dose of 50 mg/kg on 7th day). The extract groups received 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg doses of the saffron aqueous extract by intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration simultaneously with morphine. Two hours after the administration of the last dose of morphine, Naloxone (3 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected and withdrawal signs were noted for 30 minutes. Results: The results showed that the administration of the saffron aqueous extract (100, 150 and 200 mg/kg) significantly decreased most of the withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent rats (P\<0.05). Conclusion: Afghan saffron aqueous extract can alleviate the withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent rats.

}, keywords = {Aqueous extract, Crocus, Morphine dependence, Withdrawal signs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.234}, author = {Elham Akbari and Kawsar Alami and Dawood Hossaini and Mohammad Latif Nazari and Mohammad Hossein Salehi and Meysam Sajjadi and Sayed Yousof Mousavi} } @article {1237, title = {Effect of Afghan Senjed (Elaeagnus Angustifolia L.) Leaves Aqueous alcoholic Extract on Blood Glucose Level of Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1218-1222}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1218}, abstract = {

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder, which affects many people throughout the world. The inefficacy and multiple side effects of most synthetic anti-diabetic drugs are reported by various studies. Thus, many researchers are focused on the use of medicinal plants as safe and potent anti-hyperglycemic drugs. The aim of this study is the evaluation of the effect of Afghan senjed (Elaeagnus Angustifolia L.) leaves aqueous alcoholic extract on blood glucose level of diabetic rats. Methods: Rats were divided into 6 groups: normal, diabetic, metformin and Elaeagnus Angustifolia leaves extract (EALE) groups, which received 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg doses of extract for 15 days. Diabetes was induced by single dose intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (STZ). During treatment, the effect of single and repeated oral administration of EALE on blood glucose level of diabetic rats was evaluated. On last day, the effect of EALE on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was also assessed. Results: All doses of EALE showed significant reduction in blood glucose level, an improvement of glucose tolerance and enhancement in body weight. Conclusion: EALE possessed an antihyperglycemic property in diabetic rats.

}, keywords = {Blood glucose level, Diabetic rats, Elaeagnus Angustifolia leaves, Glucose tolerance, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.170}, author = {Hamida Sadat and Kawsar Alami and Sayed Yousof Mousavi} } @article {1249, title = {The Effect of Carthamus tenuis Extracts on the Cell Proliferation of Different Tumor Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1332-1339}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1332}, abstract = {

Background: Carthamus tenuis is one of the medicinal plants that was used traditionally to treat skin diseases, hemorrhoids, abortion, infertility. It also showed an immunosuppressive role as well as antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory activity. Although this plant is widespread, there are few studies about its medical applications. Objectives: This study was done to explore the anticancer activity of this plant. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of the plant were dried, grinded and extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The extracts were applied in different concentrations to cell cultures of breast (MCF-7), colon (HT-29), prostate (PC-3) and colorectal (CaCo-2) cell lines and fibroblast (MRC- 5) was used as a control. The anticancer activity was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2- yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) reduction assay that was measured by spectrophotometer. Results: The results showed that methanol extract significantly (p\<0.05) have the highest inhibitory activity on MCF-7, HT-29, PC-3, and CaCo-2 with IC50; (25.52 μg/ml), (17.37 μg/ml), (25.77 μg/ml), (24.49 μg/ml), respectively. Followed by ethyl acetate extract that moderately inhibit cell growth of PC-3 and CaCo-2 with IC50; (28.99 μg/ml) and (21.45 μg/ml), respectively. n-hexane extract showed no significant inhibitory effect on all cell lines; IC50 (125.52 -152.34 μg/ml) when compared to Tamoxifen drug activity as a positive control. Conclusion: Results of this study showed the anticancer activity of the plant extracts in four different kinds of cancers that need further study.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Carthamus tenuis, IC50, Methanolic extract, MTT}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.183}, author = {Maissa{\textquoteright} Taleb Shawagfeh} } @article {1212, title = {The Effect of Lentinus squarrosulus, (Mont.) Consumption on the Treatment of Gastritis in Male Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1093-1096}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1093}, abstract = {

Introduction: Gastritis or /and gastric ulcers are one of the most common symptoms which occur in a large amount of the population. It results in a very high amount of medication expense. This study investigated the prevention and treatment of gastritis or /and gastric ulcer actions using white log mushroom (Lentinus squarrosulus, (Mont.). Methods: White wistar rats were induced with 100 \% absolute alcohol to be effective for gastritis and /or ulceration within rats. The gastric lesions of white wistar rats were investigated and calculated the lesions of stomach areas under microscopic method. The results were calculated and a comparative study among white wistar rats. Ulcer prevention and ulcer healing properties were administrated though a dose of 250 mg/kg of L. squarrosulus extract and L. squarrosulus compared with 50 mg/kg of Ranetidine. Results: It was found that Lentinus squarrosulus, (Mont.) consisted of Beta-glucan was the active ingredient creating a healing effect. It showed a result of 100\% healing effect in gastritis and/or ulcers in which it had similar healing effects between extracted solutions of white log mushroom (250 mg/kg body wt.) The healing activity also showed the equivalent effect compared to Ranetidine 150mg. Conclusions: Extracted solution of white log mushroom showed prevention and treatment efficacy in gastritis and/ or ulcer are equivalent to Ranetidine 150 mg. A similar dose of 250 mg/kg of L. squarrosulus extract and L. squarrosulus snack can prevent and heal ulcers and is more effective than Ranetidine.

}, keywords = {Beta glucan, L. squarrosulus, Ranetidine 150 mg, Ulcer healing, Ulcer prevention}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.154}, author = {Buavaroon Srichaikul} } @article {1151, title = {Effect of Phaleria macrocapa on Atrophy and Apoptosis of Intestinal Mucous Cell and Phalerin Concentration at Portal Vein and Systemic Circulation in Adenocarcinoma Mice following Adriamycine and Cyclophosphamide Treatment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {603-610 }, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {603}, abstract = {

Introduction: Chemotherapy has been proven capable of reducing breast cancer cell progression; however the adverse effect also emerging. Thus, diminish those adverse effects with botanical product Phaleria macrocarpa (PM) as adjuvant therapy is necessary. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of PM treatment in combination with adriamycine and cyclophosphamide (AC) on intestinal apoptosis and their correlation with phalerin concentration in systemic circulation. Methods: In the experimental study, 30 female mice with adenocarcinoma were assign into 5 groups: Neg-G, only given aquadest; Portal vein group (PMV-G) and systemic circulation groups (PMC-G), were administered PM 0.146mg/day; Portal vein group (PMACV-G) and systemic circulation group (PMACC-G), were administered Phaleria macrocarpa 0,146 mg orally, Adriamycine 0,013 mg and Cyclophosphamide 0,0156 mg singgle dose intravenously. Phalerin concentration was measured by HPLC methods at minute 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 after treatment. At the end of study, intestinal mucous cell apoptosis was identified by TUNEL methods. Results: independent t test analyses showed that index of apoptosis of intestinal mucous cell were significant higher in PMAC-G compared to that of Neg-G and PM-G, p \< 0.05. In contrary, phalerin concentration in PMAC-G was significant lower compared to that of PM-G, p \< 0.05. The Pearson analysis indicated the inverse correlation (r= -736, p\>0.05) between apoptosis index with phalerin concentration. Conclusion: Treatment of PM in combination with AC has been proven able to increase intestinal mucous cell apoptosis and decrease phalerin concentration. However, the inverse correlation didnot exist.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Atrophy, Concentration, Phalerin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.90 }, author = {Titik Sumarawati and Ignatius Riwanto and Soeharyo Hadisaputro and Edi Dharmana and Taufiqurachman Nasihun} } @article {1171, title = {Effect of Solvent on the Phytochemical Extraction and GC-MS Analysis of Gymnema sylvestre}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {749-761}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {749}, abstract = {

The medicinal plant Gymnema sylvestre found in the Indian subcontinent and Srilanka is known for its anti-diabetic, diuretic, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory properties. The current study is focused on the phyto compound extraction efficiency of different solvents like ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, hexane, benzene and chloroform by gas chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry analysis of Gymenma sylvestre. From the results, it is concluded that G. sylvestre leaves extracts contains more than 38 phyto compounds with natural antioxidants potential. Further analysis of the extract will help in identifying the effective compounds which can be of potent use in the pharmacological field.

}, keywords = {Chromatography, Cold maceration, Gymnema sylvestre, Medicinal plants, plant constituents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.108}, author = {Sundarapandian Subramanian and Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath and Sathish Kumar Karuppannan and Saravanan M and Kantha Devi Arunachalam} } @article {1240, title = {Effect of Solvents on Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Cardiospermum halicacabum (L.) Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1241-1251}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1241}, abstract = {

Background: Cardiospermum halicacabum (C. halicacabum) is a common medicinal herb found in India and other Asian countries. It has various medicinal properties such as antimicrobial, pain relief, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, anticancer etc. It is commonly used for treating diabetes, arthritis, limbs stiffness, rheumatism, lumbago, earache, fever. Type of solvent and polarity intensively affects the antioxidant activity of the extracts due to the solubility of the phytocompounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids in various solvents. Materials and Methods: In this study, different solvents like, ethanol, methanol, chloroform and petroleum ether were used for the extraction of C. halicacabum. Cold maceration method was followed for extraction. The crude extracts were screened preliminary and then confirmed using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy analysis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the chemical composition of each extract. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl) method was used for the evaluation of the antioxidant activity of different crude extracts of C. halicacabum. Results: The results showed that there is significant influence of solvent type in preserving various phytocompounds of the C. halicacabum leaves extract. The evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of different crude extracts was in the order of ethanol \> methanol \> petroleum ether \> chloroform extract.

}, keywords = {Cardiospermum halicacabum, Cold maceration, DPPH, GC-MS, Medicinal plants, Phytochemicals, Radical scavenging activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.173}, author = {Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath and Sathish Kumar Karuppannan and Darul Raiyaan GI and Mohamed Khalith SB and Sundarapandian Subramanian and Kantha Deivi Arunachalam} } @article {1090, title = {Effect of Uncaria gambir and Uncaria sclerophylla on Pulmonary- Thromboembolism Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {192-196}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {192}, abstract = {

Background: Previous studies on virtual screening on P2Y12 receptor of Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) have showed that Roxburghine B, the compound which is found in Uncaria species, can inhibit the receptor function. Objective: In this study, we investigated the effect of Uncaria gambir and Uncaria sclerophylla extract on survival rate and bleeding time as antithrombotic in vivo. Methods: Animal subjects (ddY strain mice) were divided to two different experimental group (survival rate and bleeding time). U. gambir and U. sclerophylla were given to the mice orally in three different dose (5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg/20 g BW and 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg/20 g BW, respectively) for seven days. Results: U. gambir and U. sclerophylla able to prolong bleeding time from test subjects equivalent to ASA as standard. The results show the increasing number of survived animals in the treated group compared to the negative control group. Conclussion: Both of U. gambir and U. sclerophylla prevent pulmonary thromboembolism on mice subjects represent by the increased of survival rate. Antithrombotic effects that were observed suggested was provide by their antiplatelet activity.

}, keywords = {Antithrombotic, Bleeding time, Pulmonary thromboembolism, Survival rate, Uncaria gambir, Uncaria sclerophylla}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.29}, author = {Aditya Sindu Sakti and Astari Rachma Nityasa and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1097, title = {Effects of Beta-Carboline Alkaloids of Peganum Harmala on Induced Rat Ileum Contractions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {260-265}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {260}, abstract = {

Peganum harmala L., Zygophyllaceae popularly known as Wild Syrian rue, a well-known plant in folk medicine for many pharmacological uses including antispasmodic activity. Chemical composition of the plant showed that the most important constituents of this plant are betacarboline alkaloids such as harmalol, harmaline, and harmine. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the effects of these three major harmala alkaloids on induced rat ileum contractions, induced by acetylcholine, BaCl2 and KCl. Of these three harmala alkaloids, harmalol and harmaline produced a concentration-dependent spasmolytic activity, which was found to be reversible (i.e. disappeared after tissue wash-up. Both alkaloids inhibited acetylcholine and KCl-induced ileum contractions but BaCl2 -induced contractions were only inhibited by harmalol but not harmaline. Harmine did not show any inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {Harmaline, Harmalol, Harmine, Ileum, Peganum Hermala L, Rat, Spasmolytic, β-Carbolines alkaloids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.40}, author = {Amjad T Shatarat and Sawsan Abuhamdah and Eman Alefishat and Mohamed K Al-Essa and Rima Altaweel R and Faisal Mohammed and Darwish Badran and Hanan Jafar} } @article {1100, title = {Effects of Pearl Grass Extract Capsules on Osteoarthritis Subject}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {303-310}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {303}, abstract = {

Pearl grass extract, a standardized bioactive polar extract of the herbs of Hedyotis corymbosa, is preclinically proven to have an activity to osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis properties in an animal model. The current clinical study has evaluated the efficacy and safety of Pearl grass extract of osteoarthritis subjects. This research was a pilot study of osteoarthritis subjects using Parallel double-blind study design. Subjects have normal renal and liver function, above 50 years of age, and has a sign and symptoms of osteoarthritis included in the study. In the treatment, Pearl grass capsules were given as one capsule once daily for eight weeks, throughout the study, the weekly assessment to evaluate the adverse event. Thirty subjects of mean age 55.90 {\textpm} 3.7 years were evaluable. Pearl grass extract capsules did not change renal and liver function in 56 days treatment. Pearl grass capsule markedly reduced the consumption of analgesic drug compared with placebo groups. Pearl grass capsules also decreased pain scale better compare with placebo.

}, keywords = {Clinical efficacy, Pearl grass extract capsules, Quercetin, VAS scale, WOMAC scale}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.48}, author = {Nita Sari Wijaya and Katrin Basah and Anton Bahtiar} } @article {1092, title = {Efficacy of Allium sativum, Curcuma mangga and Acorus calamus Extract Combination on Rat Fertility}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {197-203}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {197}, abstract = {

Objective: to evaluate the efficacy of Allium sativum, Curcuma mangga, and Acorus calamus extract combination on female rat fertility. Methods: Thirty-six female rats were randomized divided into 9 groups (n=4): C- (no treatment); C+ (clomiphene citrate); composition 1 (A. sativum 36\%: C. mangga 36\%: A. calamus 28\%) with 3 doses i.e T1, T2 \& T3 of 50, 75 \& 100 mg/kg BW; composition 2 (A. sativum 35\%: C. mangga 40\%: A. calamus 25\%) with 3 doses i.e T4, T5 \& T6 of 50, 75 \& 100 mg/kg BW and T7 (Subur Kandungan herb{\texttrademark}). Treatment was given every day for 15 days. Results: The results revealed that all treatments affected reproductive hormone and uterine histology profile. However, T1 produced the highest estrogen and progesterone levels, and T2 produced the highest endometrial and myometrium thickness, as well as the number of endometrial glands. Furthermore, the hormonal profile in T1 and histological profile of uterus in T2 were not significantly different from those of T7 group. Conclusions: Combined A. sativum, C. mangga, and A. calamus extracts could be used to increase fertility in female rat. The most effective treatment in this study was dose of 50-75 mg/BW in both compositions.

}, keywords = {Acorus calamus, Allium sativum, Curcuma mangga, Fertility, Rat}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.30}, author = {Bayyinatul Muchtaromah and Roihatul Muti{\textquoteright}ah and Desy Rahma Yusmalasari and Putri Mardyana and Tanjina Sharmin} } @article {1267, title = {Encouraging Leads from Marine Sources for Cancer Therapy A Review Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1475-1481}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1475}, abstract = {

Cancer is one of the dreadful illnesses that cause mortality in many individuals around the world. Present cancer treatments generally include surgery, radiation therapy with chemotherapy. One of the primary sources of anticancer drugs are natural products that exhibit impressive potential in medicines. Plant and microbial secondary metabolites are an important source for cancer drug development. The ocean has an immense collection of flora and fauna overflowing with natural compounds having potent pharmaceutical significance. Marine bioprospecting has just started recently hence, marine ecosystem has not yet been explored properly. Nearly 68 percent of the drugs derived from marine sources are utilized for cancer and the remaining are utilized for inflammation, pain relief etc. Ongoing advancement in synthetic processes has helped in solving the limitations caused due to the complicated structure of natural products. Unlimited potent sources of compounds that can be isolated having diverse structures are found in the marine biodiversity. Only 1\% of the marine microorganisms have been distinguished till now. Coral reefs and mangrove ecosystem have been focused for bioprospecting on the grounds that they have an elevated level of biodiversity. This review focuses on pharmacologically active anti-cancer lead discovery from marine ecosystem. The review has also tried to describe the structure

}, keywords = {Algae, Anti-cancer activity, Marine sponges, Natural sources}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.202}, author = {N Srinivasan and S Dhanalakshmi and P Pandian} } @article {1204, title = {Endangered Medicinal Plant Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1077-1085}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1077}, abstract = {

Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr. (Menispermaceae), is a large woody liana found in moist deciduous to the evergreen forest at an altitude of 350-1200m. It is well suited to wet evergreen, semi evergreen, deciduous and dry deciduous forest types. Stem and root of this species are highly medicinal and is sold in the drug sales of India as Maramanjal and Europe as False Calumba or tree turmeric. The stem is bitter, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, febrifuge and tonic and is useful in vitiated conditions of kapha and vata, ophthalmopathy, wounds, ulcers, diabetes, fever, and general debility. Due to destructive collection, overexploitation and habitat loss, the plant is on the verge of extinction in the wild. It is categorized as critically endangered in India, Vulnerable in Vietnam, and Indeterminate in Sri Lanka and Malaysia1-47. Therefore an overview of this plant on pharmacognosy, pharmacology, safety and toxicity is presented below along with HPLC details of Berberine the active ingredient in the stem and root of the plant.

}, keywords = {Berberine Pharmacognosy, Coscinium fenestratum Menispermaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.152}, author = {Vijay Danapur and Haleshi C and Sringeswara AN} } @article {1169, title = {An Endangered Medicinal Plant, Ilex khasiana Exhibits Potent Antiparasitic Activity Against Intestinal Tapeworm}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {725-730}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {725}, abstract = {

Background: A species of holly, Ilex khasiana Purk. (family Aquifoliaceae) is one of a few critically endangered medicinal plants in India. It is endemic to Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, and Aizawl, Mizoram. In the traditional medicines of Khasi and Mizo people, the leaves are used as a panacea for all sorts of infections. Nothing is known about its true pharmacological potentials. Objective: We aimed to assess the extract of I. khasiana leaves for its purported antiparasitic property. To test the antiparasitic activity, we collected intestinal tapeworms, Raillietina tetragona. Materials and Methods: I. khasiana leaves were dried and extracted in methanol. The plant extract was used to treat the tapeworms at different concentrations. The efficacy was recorded as survival values and were analysed by Student{\textquoteright}s t-test. The plant extracttreated tapeworms were fixed, dehydrated and observed under scanning electron microscopy for studying the structural details. Results: The methanol extract of I. khasiana leaf showed dose-dependent antiparasitic effect as that of albendazole. The treated tapeworms developed massive structural damages. The scolex was deformed, with its tegument extensively damaged. The suckers had their spines clumped. The body segments severely contracted and some portions were eroded. Hair-like microtriches were completely lost. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that I. khasiana has antiparasitic activity and requires further investigations, and that there is a need to foster its conservation and propagation.

}, keywords = {Medicinal plant, Parasite, Scanning electron microscopy, Tapeworm, Tegument}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.105}, author = {Charles Lalnunfela and PB Lalthanpuii and TC Lalhriatpuii and K Lalchhandama} } @article {1113, title = {Establishment of Simple Cell-based Screening Assay and the Identification of Potent Antiviral Activity of a Plant Extract against HSV-1}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {251-259}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {251}, abstract = {

Backgrounds: Drug screening is a time-consuming and costly process confronted with low productivity and challenges in using animals, which limits the discovery of new drugs. The cellbased assay allows the minimization of using the animal models and can provide more relevant in vivo biological information than biochemical assay. Objective: We aimed to establish a simple cell-based screening assay for the discovery of lead extract against HSV-1. Materials and Methods: Assay setting up was performed by optimization of the cell, incubation time, virus titer, and determination of Z value. Results: We have successfully established reproducible methods, by setting up assay plate including determination: 1) Vero cells as a model for HSV-1 infection, 2) Incubation for 5 days as sufficient time for CPE endpoint at monolayer cells, 3) 100 TCID50/well HSV-1 as infection titer which caused high percentage of cell detachment, 4) determination of Z value of 100 TCID50/well infection \> 0.5. In addition, the established system was tested using ACV as the most common anti-HSV drug. Furthermore, we demonstrated the current system to screen extracts from Acacia nilotica, Uncaria gambir and Aspalathus linearis against HSV-1. It was observed that the alkaline extract of Uncaria gambir exhibited the highest SI (12.5) compared to other extracts. Conclusion: We demonstrated current cellbased screening system was reproducible and able to identify lead extracts against HSV-1 infection.

}, keywords = {HSV-1, Natural product activity, Simple cell-based screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.39}, author = {Ratika Rahmasari and Takahiro Haruyama and Muhareva Raekiansyah and Farhana Mossadeque and Marina Ika Irianti and Ayun Erwina Arifianti and Nobuyuki Kobayashi} } @article {1099, title = {Estrogenic Effect of the Leaves from Katuk (Sauropus androgynus L. Merr) on Vaginal and Endometrial Atrophy in Perimenopausal Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {240-245}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {240}, abstract = {

Objective: To examine the potency of estrogenic effect of Katuk (or star gooseberry or sweet leaf) Sauropus androgynus L. Merr (Phyllanthaceae) leaf extract on the vaginal and endometrial atrophy in perimenopausal mice model. Methods: Completely random experiments divided into 4 groups with 5 female mice in each group: control group (N), perimenopause group which induced by 4-vynil cyclohexene dioxide (VCD) (P0), perimenopause group followed by S. androgynus leaves extract administration with 15 and 30 mg/kg BW (P15 and P30). The mice were induced to artificial perimenopause with 160 mg/kg body weight (BW) of VCD 5 times/week for 2 weeks and continuously treated with S. androgynus leaf extract for 30 days. Vaginal smear examination, maturation index (MI), vaginal epithelium and endometrial thickness were observed. Data were analyzed using a standard one-way ANOVA with LSD Test by SPSS 16.0 for Windows. Results: Administration of S. androgynus leaf extract for 30 days to perimenopausal mice model significantly decreased the duration of mice diestrus phase (p\<0.01) compared to perimenopause mice. S. androgynus leaf extract treatment at dose 30 mg/kg BW led to higher vaginal epithelium thickness and maturation index compared to another group (p\<0.01). The effective dose to enhance the vaginal epithelial and endometrial cells proliferation was 30 mg/ kg BW. Conclusions: S. androgynus leaf extract had a good estrogenic action that it might be useful for therapy of vaginal and endometrial atrophy caused by perimenopause effect.

}, keywords = {Endometrial atrophy, Estrogenic effect, Laboratory mice, Perimenopause, S. androgynus leaf extract, Vaginal atrophy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.37}, author = {Retno Susilowati and Lailatul Khoiriyah and Exma Mutatal Hikmah} } @article {1203, title = {Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potential of Cycas revoluta Thunb A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1165-1171}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1165}, abstract = {

Cycas revoluta Thunb. or sago palm is an important species of cycads, endemically found in Japan, especially in southern Japan throughout the Ryukyu Island. The species is of massive ethnobotanical significance and used at large by the poor people and population of hilly areas in famine condition. It is mainly valued for its starch contains and used as fiber to construct cloth and ropes. It shows several pharmacological activities since different parts of this plant contain several chemicals like glycosides, amino acids, flavonoids, fatty acids and lectins. The aim of the present review is to compile all the informations available related to taxonomy, ethnobotany, chemical constituents and their pharmacological activities to explore the importance of C. revoluta.

}, keywords = {Cycas revoluta, Endemic species, Ethnobotany, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.164}, author = {GS Deora and Monika K Shekhawat and Sarswati} } @article {1269, title = {Ethnobotany and Traditional Knowledge of Acanthaceae in Peninsular Malaysia A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1482-1488}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1482}, abstract = {

Plants are considered as a great source of various herbal medicines which are been useful in the treatment of various ailments and diseases. A great contribution of plant-based materials in the pharmaceutical field results in the growing interest on the exploitation of indigenous medicinal plants to make a potential medicine. Several potent plant families are broadly investigated throughout the world including the family of Acanthaceae. Acanthaceae is a large pantropical family of flowering plants comprised of approximately 240 genera and 3250 species in the world. In Peninsular Malaysia, Acanthaceae is one of the families with the largest number of genera and species by which 29 genera and 158 species are respectively recorded. This study thereby deals with the review of information on the ethnobotanical significance of medicinal plants belong to Acanthaceae. This review covers informative data on medicinal plants, its uses and part used based on three tribal groups of indigenous people, Malay villagers and local market traders in Peninsular Malaysia. From the review, Acanthaceae possesses a huge contribution to the ethnobotanical part especially to treat certain diseases. The ethnobotanical data has also served a great contribution to the conservation and sustainability of natural resources. By keeping this point, this present review on ethnobotany and traditional knowledge of Acanthaceae is expected to give benefits and considered a good starting point for future works on the pharmaceutical field, especially for Peninsular Malaysia.

}, keywords = {Acanthaceae, Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, Traditional Knowledge}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.203}, author = {Siti Maisarah Zakaria and Che Nurul Aini Che Amri and Rozilawati Shahari} } @article {1278, title = {Evaluation of Antidiarrhoeal Activity of the Leaves and Stem of Bauhinia vahlii}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1389-1394}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1389}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the antidiarrhoeal activity of the traditional claim of Bauhinia vahlii Wight and Arn. Method: Dried ethanolic extracts of leaves and stem of the plant were used at two dose level (200 mg/ kg and 400 mg/kg p.o) screened separately for their antidiarrhoeal activity by Castor oil induced diarrhea and enteropooling in rats model. Result: The leaves extracts showed significant (p\<0.001) antidiarrhoeal activity at 400 mg/kg in both the tested models. Conclusion: The findings of the present study provide clear idea and prove the traditional claim that ethanolic extracts of the leaves and stem of Bauhinia vahlii (EEBVL and EEBVS).

}, keywords = {Antidiarrhoeal activity, Bauhinia vahlii, Castor oil induced diarrhea, Castor oil induced enteropooling}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.192}, author = {Divaker Shukla and Kavita Gahlot} } @article {1303, title = {Evaluation of Myrmecodia pendans Water Extracts on Hematology Profiles, Liver, Kidney Function and Malondialdehyde Level in Healthy Volunteer}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1489-1493}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1489}, abstract = {

Background: Ant Nest (Myrmecodia pendans) is one of plants that have been used by locals in Indonesia to empirically treat various diseases. Ant Nest in vitro and in vivo studies on animals have been widely reported its pharmacological activities as an antioxidant. Unfortunately, scientific proofs reported on this plant as human medicine are still lacking. Aim: This study aimed to ensure effectiveness, and safety due to administration of Ant Nest Water Extract (ANWE) formulated in capsule. Materials and Methods: Twelve volunteers were divided into 2 groups, 6 volunteers in each group. Group I: Ant Nest Water Extract Capsule (ANWEC) in dose of 350 mg ANWE, and group II: Placebo Capsule (PC) which contained 350 mg amylum. Each groups given the capsule once daily for 28 days. The comparison was made between group I and group II. Hematology tests include hemoglobin, leucocyte and thrombocyte. Blood chemistry tests include SGOT, SGPT, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, glucose, ureum (Ur) and creatinine (Cr). Malondialdehyde (MDA) level was measured at day-28 which was the last day of the intervention. Results: After 28 days administration of ANWE, the SGOT, SGPT, Ur, and Cr showed in normal level as follows SGOT (U/L): 19.2 {\textpm} 3.99; SGPT (U/L): 17.2 {\textpm} 6.80; Ur (mg/dL): 19.75 {\textpm} 3.66; Cr (mg/dL): 1.06 {\textpm} 0.13. MDA (ng/mL) level in ANWEC-treated group was significantly lower (117.2{\textpm}23.8) than PC (147.25{\textpm}18.7). There was no intolerable complaints during the observation. Conclusion: The study concluded that Water Extract of Ant Nest 350 mg has no damage to liver, kidney and hematology, so it was proven that this plant is safed to be consumed by human for its potency as antioxidant.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Malondialdehyde, Myrmecodia pendans, Safety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.204}, author = {Tri Widyawati and M Aron Pase and Milahayati Daulay and Imam Bagus Sumantri and Nor Adlin Yusoff} } @article {1073, title = {Evaluation of Traditional Herb Extract Salvia officinalis in Treatment of Alzheimers Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {131-143}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {131}, abstract = {

Aim and Objective: Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease is progressive neurodegenerative disorder which affects older individuals. It is the most common cause of dementia and it is associated with the presence of senile plaques which are deposition of beta- amyloidal protein in the hippocampus area of the brain. Medicinal plants have played vital role in world health. In spite of the great advances observed in modern medicine in recent decades, plants still make an important contribution to health care. The present study is done to evaluate Salvia officinalis, for in vivo study on Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease induced mice. Materials and Methodology: Memory Enhancing Activity, Conditioned avoidance test, Y-maze spontaneous alternation test, Elevated Plus Maze, Morris Water Maze, Measurement of Locomotor Activity were done to assess memory and cognitive functioning. The isolated brain homogenate is estimated for reduced glutathione content, Acetyl cholinesterase Activity, Superoxide dismutase assay (SOD), Lipid peroxidation assay (TBARS), Glutathione peroxidase assay (GSH-Px) and Histopathology examination of brain was performed and analyzed. Results and Discussion: The elevated level of enzymes and decreased level of tissue antioxidant markers were observed in treatment comparative to piracetam treatment group. While 300 mg/kg extract significantly reduced the elevated levels of the enzymes and also significantly increased the tissue antioxidant levels, while decreased the glutathione levels when compared with the control. Conclusion: The histopathological study confirmed the recovery. The herbal extract (150 and 300 mg/kg) has shown effectiveness against Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Histopathological assessment, Locomotor activity, Salvia officinalis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.20}, author = {Sanjana Datta and Shailendra Patil} } @article {1264, title = {Expression of Heat-labile Enterotoxin of Escherichia coli in Biolistic Transformed Hairy Roots of Daucus carota L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1440-1443}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1440}, abstract = {

Expression and secretion of recombination proteins in transgenic hairy roots have opened door to simple, feasible and economic option compared to animal and bacterial systems. Here, we report a feasibility study for producing the nontoxic B subunit of Escherichia coli heatlabile enterotoxin (LTB) in Daucus carota L hairy root where transformation is achieved by biolistic gene gun method. Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain (R-1000) cells containing synthetic LTB gene in pMYO51T plant expression vector under the CaMV 35S promoter introduced to Daucus carota L roots by biolistic gene gun method. PCR amplification confirmed the integration of synthetic LTB gene in carrot hairy roots. Western blot analysis confirmed production of LTB pentamer in similar banding pattern to the native bacterial derived LTB. 0.50-0.70\% of LTB protein estimated in carrot hairy roots. GM1-ganglioside assay indicated formation of biological active pentamers. LTB protein with biochemical properties identical to native LTB protein in the hairy roots of edible carrot roots opens the way for inexpensive, safe, and effective plant-based edible vaccines for humans and animals.

}, keywords = {Carrot, Gene gun, hairy root, LTB}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.198}, author = {Sharada Laxman Deore and Someshekhar S Khadabadi and Bhushan A Baviskar} } @article {1164, title = {The Extract of Kincung Flower (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) Activity to Decrease IL-4 and IgE Levels in Type I Hypersensitivity White Male Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {682-686}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {682}, abstract = {

Introduction: Kincung Flower (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) is a herbal plant which contains many secondary metabolites. It showed to suppress allergic reactions by inhibiting mast cell degranulation, active cutaneous anaphylaxis and decreasing the number of basophils and eosinophils. Aim: The study conducted to determine the decreased IL-4 and IgE level of type I hypersensitivity male white mice using kincung flowers extract. Materials and Methods: The maceration method used to make ethanol extract of Kincung flower (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.). The research used 25 allergic male white mice, which made by injected 20\% albumen that given on the first day 0.2 mL/20 g intraperitoneally. On the seventh day are given albumen with the same dose subcutaneously. The characteristic of the allergic mice is the redness at the injection site. It divided into five groups: the negative control group, the positive control group and three dose groups (100; 300; and 1000 mg/kg). After mice given extract for seven days, then measured IgE and IL-4 levels in the serum of mice. Results: The results after three dose groups (100; 300; and 1000 mg/kg) given, the negative and positive control group showed sequentially the IL-4 level was: 33.024; 27.933; 25.192; 23.130 and 41.538 ng/ mL. And IgE level in serum was 0.944; 0.629; 0.210; and 1,597 μg/ mL. Conclusion: It concluded that kincung flowers decreased IL-4 and IgE level significantly (p\<0.05). So it could use as an anti-allergic drug.

}, keywords = {Allergies, Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm, IgE, IL-4, Kincung Flower, Mice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.100}, author = {Elidahanum Husni and Relin Yesika and Yufri Aldi} } @article {1285, title = {Extraction of Quercetin from Nothopanax scutellarium Leaves via Ionic Liquid-based Microwave-assisted Extraction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1512-1517}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1512}, abstract = {

Introduction: Nothopanax scutellarium leaves have been used in Indonesian traditional medicine to treat several diseases. Previous studies used conventional extraction methods with large volumes of organic solvents, long extraction times, and low levels of quercetin content. This study was aimed to identify the optimal solvent among different ionic liquids that has the highest quercetin content. Methods: Ionic liquids including 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, for extracting quercetin from N. scutellarium leaves using microwave-assisted extraction under the following conditions: ratio, 1:10; operation time, 10 min; and power, 10 W. Then, quercetin was fractionated using ethyl acetate and separated using 0.01 mol/L sodium bocarbonate, dipotassium phosphate or sodium cloride. The total flavonoid content was determined using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and quercetin content was determined using HPLC. Results: Extraction with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride using NaCl as the separation salt was associated with the highest total flavonoid (360.57 mg/g) content among the ILs, whereas 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate combined with sodium chloride generated the highest quercetin content (26.13 mg/g). Conclusion: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate is the optimal solvent for extracting quercetin from N. scutellarium leaves.

}, keywords = {Flavonoid, Green extraction, Green technology, Ionic liquid, Mangkokan Leaf}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.207}, author = {Ika Aulia Rahmi and Mahdi Jufri and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {1114, title = {Formulation and Evaluation of Safety and Antifungal Efficacy of Syzigium Aromaticum-Base Cream on Guinea Pigs Infected with Trichophyton Mentagrophytes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {342-350}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {342}, abstract = {

Background: The increasing incidence of dermatophytoses in the world and the side effects of the current therapies encouraged the search of alternative drugs. Hence the objective of this work was to determine antidermatophytes activity of Syzigium aromaticum formulate antidermatophytic cream. Materials and Methods: The extracts were prepared by maceration of plant materials into methanol. Three formulations of creams were made, and the best was chosen according to its physicochemical stability and appearance. The acute dermal toxicity and antidermatophytic efficacy of the cream was performed on guinea-pig. Results: The methanolic extract of S. aromaticum was incorporated in the final cream formulation. The formulation containing shea-butter 58.5\%, acetylic alcohol 2.5\%, stearic acid 1.5\%, bee-wax 10\%, borax 1.5\%, polysorbate 60 2.5\%, 2 drops of lactic acid and water was chosen because of its good appearance and stability. The cream with methanolic extract of S. aromaticum did not reveal any dermal toxic effect. The cream efficacy was dose-dependent. The treatment with cream at 5\% methanolic extracts of S. aromaticum revealed the best potency after 14 days of treatment. Conclusion: These results show that the cream at 5\% methanolic extract of S. aromaticum seed is promising in the treatment of dermatophytoses and could be used as an alternative in the development of a new therapy.

}, keywords = {Antidermatophytes activity, Cream, Dermatophytes, Formulation, S. aromaticum, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.54}, author = {Roger Ducos Youmsi Fokouo and Patrick Valere Tsouh Fokou and Cedric Derick Jiatsa Mbouna and Elisabeth Zeuko{\textquoteright}o Menkem and Fabrice Fekam Boyom} } @article {1195, title = {Formulation of Creams Containing Active Fraction of Cassia fistula L. Barks and its Antibacterial Activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {920-928}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {920}, abstract = {

Background: Cassia fistula L. has been traditionally used to cure skin diseases. That disease can be caused by various bacteria, such as Propionibacterium acnes and Pseudomonas aerugniosa. Objective: the objective of this research was to formulate cream containing active fraction of Cassia fistula bark and to study the antibacterial activity as well as physical stability of the active substance after formulation. Materials and Methods: The cream base were oilin- water (O/W) and water in oil (W/O) type. Antibacterial activity test had been performed by using agar diffusion method. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were conducted by microdilution method. The active fraction was formulated into creams with concentration of 4 -6x MIC. Physical evaluation of creams including organoleptic, pH, viscosity, TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) profiling and antibacterial activity against both tested bacteria were evaluated during 28 days of storage. Results: The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction was the most active, having MIC and MBC values of 175 and 350 ppm respectively against P. acnes, while those against P. aeruginosa were 400 and 800 ppm. Optimation on creams using different type of cream bases showed that either O/W or W/O creams remained stable during 28 days of storage in terms of organoleptic and pH. The viscosity increased in O/W and decreased in W/O type. Qualitative analysis by TLC profiling showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of Cassia fistula as chemical compounds in creams was relatively stable as the profile remained the same after 28th day of storage. Result of antibacterial activity test on cream with O/W base was unchange after 28 day, while that with W/O revealed no activity which may due to poor diffusion within the cream base as media. Conclusion: active fraction of Cassia fistula can be formulated into cream with O/W cream base system.

}, keywords = {Antibacteria, Cassia fistula, Cream, Propionibacterium Acnes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.131}, author = {Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa and Muhaimin Muhaimin and Yasmiwar Susilawati and Tiana Milanda} } @article {1153, title = {Fumaria indica (L), a Famous Medicinal Herb of Tribal Regions of Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh: Broad Spectrum Antibacterial and Phytochemical Profilng Against Some Pathogenic Microorganisms}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {619-623}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {619}, abstract = {

This work describes the broad spectrum antibacterial properties of methanolic and chloroform extracts of Fumaria indica herb in different concentrations (50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml and 150 mg/ ml) against Bacillus subtilis(MTCC 10110), Staphylococcus aureus(MTCC96), Escherichia coli (MTCC 77), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC1688) and Klebsiella pneumonia (MTCC4032) using agar well diffusion method compared to standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Results have shown significant activities against the tested microorganisms viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa than other strains. Minimum inhibitory as well as minimum bactericidal concentrations against Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia were evaluated. The study indicates the possible potentiality of F. indicato act as an active antibacterial agent in the modern drug formulations. As the target plant species serves for the tribal medicinal purpose in several tribal regions of Madhya Pradesh, hence, the aim of the present study is to link comparatively the possible traditional use of this herb with the modern antibiotic usage.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Fumaria indica, Phytochemicals, Tribes, Zone of Inhibition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.92 }, author = {Shoket Ali and Shikha Bansal and Ravi Prakash Mishra} } @article {1268, title = {Garlic and its Active Compounds: A Novel Strategy to Fight Diseases Through Modulating Biological Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1463-1474}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1463}, abstract = {

Throughout history, many plants and their products have been widely used as medicines for the prevention and treatment of different diseases in many cultures. Garlic (Allium sativum), is commonly used as a spice and traditionally used for its medicinal value since ancient times. Recent studies support the effects of garlic and its extracts in a wide range of applications. Due to the presence of sulfur containing compounds, high trace mineral content and enzymes, garlic has been reported to have implications in disease management and play a role as anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-obesity, anti-oxidant and anti-tumor, dyslipidaemia effect, neuroprotective, cardio-preventive and photo-protection effects. It contains various active compound such as allicin, ajoene, diallyl disulfide and S-allyl-cysteine that modulates various biological cascades and prevent the pathogenesis. This review illustrates the role of garlic and their active ingredients in the health management based on in vivo and in vitro studies.

}, keywords = {Ajoene, Allicin, Anti-cancer, Anti-inflammatory Effect, Anti-oxidant, Diallyl disulfide, Garlic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.201}, author = {Faris Alrumaihi} } @article {1302, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Anti-Enterobacterial Dichloromethane Fraction of Mandukaparni (Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb.) {\textendash} A plant from Ayurveda}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1494-1503}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1494}, abstract = {

Background: Mandukaparni (Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb.) is a well known medicinal herb used as folklore medcine in many chronic and infectious gastric and other diseases by the people of Estern Himalayan regions. However, the therapeutic active principles of this plant remained unknown. Objective: The main objective of the study was to characterize antienterobacterial dichloromethane fraction of the volatile oils of it by GC-MS. Materials and Methods: In the present study, dichloromethane (DCM) fraction (MP-DCMf) of Mandukaparni was collected by phase separation of the methanol extract and tested for anti-enterobacterial potentiality against human pathogenic gastrointestinal and food poisoning bacteria by agar well diffusion assay, viability assay and LDH assay and SEM studies. Characterization of the active MP-DCMf fraction was performed by TLC and GC-MS analysis. Results: The MP-DCMf possessed bio-active compounds that have antibacterial potentiality against both the Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria. The MIC and MBC values were in the range from 1.56 mg/ml to 0.78 mg/ml and 6.25 to 1.56 mg/ml, respectively. The time kill assay showed that at a dose of 3.12 mg/ml of MP-DCMf was lethal to the E. coli MTCC 723 at the 18th hr of treatment. LDH release had moderate positive correlation with the activity index and time of treatment whereas strong negative correlation with CFU count. It caused highest cell disruption in S. mutans. The principal compounds were D-carvon (30.949\%);1H-Isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione; 2-(2-chlorophenyl) (28.483\%);Cyclohexanone; 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethen) trans (10.04\%); D-Limnone (9.256\%);2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl- acetate (6.684\%); p-Cresol (0.551\%), and Thymol (0.118\%). Pub-chem database search also supports that these compounds have very strong bactericidal activity by membrane damage as evidenced by LDH and SEM studies. Conclusions: MP-DCMf contains many potential antibacterial compounds that can be used to combat the gastrointestinal and food poising bacterial pathogens.

}, keywords = {Anti-enterobacterial, Chemical profiling, Mandukaparni, Time kill assay, Volatile oils}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.205}, author = {Manab Mandal and Debabrata Misra and Narendra Nath Ghosh and Sukhendu Mandal and Vivekananda Mandal} } @article {1266, title = {Grapes and their Bioactive Compounds: Role in Health Management Through Modulating Various Biological Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1455-1462}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1455}, abstract = {

Grape is one of the important plant and its implication in health management has been proven. Grapes are used in the production of grape juice, food products and in other form. The fruits leaves and seeds of the plant are confirmed its role in diseases management based on in vivo and in vitro study. Leaves, fruits and seeds of grape are rich source of bioactive compounds and such compound play role in diseases cure and management. Grapes leaves, fruits and seeds shows therapeutic implications as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective effect and antimicrobial. Grapes leave, fruit and seed and their active compounds play significant role in inhibition of cancer. Its bioactive compound has designated its role in tumour management through modulating genes activity. This review comprehensively summarizes the role of grapes fruits, seeds and leaves in diseases management through modulating different biological activities based on in vivo and in vitro study.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anti-tumour, Antioxidant, Proanthocyanidins, Vitis vinifera}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.200}, author = {Saleh A Almatroodi and Ahmad Almatroudi and Mohammed A Alsahli and Arshad Husain Rahman} } @article {1309, title = {Great Effect of Fallopia Multiflora and Other Herbs in Poliosis Treatment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1600-1604}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1600}, abstract = {

Nowadays, many people with gray hair or poliosis soon lose their confidence in life. Early gray hair is not necessarily a sign of age, but also a disease of many causes. Although not dangerous to health, but gray hair soon loses the aesthetics, making us inferiority, inferiority complex in work and life. This article discusses some herbal remedies that Vietnamese use. Its effects are quite effective and help many people lead a healthier and more confident life.

}, keywords = {Fallopia multiflora, Folk treatment, Health, Poliosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.219}, author = {Huynh Tan Hoi} } @article {1227, title = {Green Algae Halimeda macroloba in Spermonde Archipelago: Phytochemical and in vitro Antibacterial Studies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1000-1004}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1000}, abstract = {

Background: Green algae Halimeda macroloba compounds active against human, fish, and shrimp pathogenic bacteria. It is one of the marine natural organisms (MNO) which is a diverse source of secondary metabolites. Objective: We have set our goal towards determining the antimicrobial potential of crude extracts of green algae H. macroloba. Materials and Methods: Three crude mixtures of Marine Natural Product (MNP) were obtained from macroalgae Halimeda macroloba (Lae-Lae island, Spermonde Archipelago) by extraction (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol were used as solvents). Results: Theses mixtures (phytochemical tests showed they contained steroids, terpenoids, and alkaloids) were screened for their activity against shrimp pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio harveyi (M-120), Aeromonas hydrophilla\ and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (T-170)). The obtained results confirmed weak antibacterial activity of studied extracts of H. macroloba. The ethyl acetate extract was the most potent antimicrobial agent at a concentration of 4 μg/25 μl. The inhibition zones for the growth of A. hydrophilla (the most susceptible microorganism) and V. harveyi were at 8.27 mm and 8.23 mm, respectively (inhibition zone was 15.2 mm for ciprofloxacin which was used as a positive control). Conclusion: They might be even used in the future as alternatives to conventional drugs in aquaculture.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Halimeda macroloba, Phytochemical screening, Shrimp Pathogenic Bacteria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.141}, author = {Lulu Adilla Latifah and Nunuk Hariani Soekamto and Akbar Tahir} } @article {1252, title = {Healing Capacity of Leaves Stalks Extract of Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack.) on Incised Wounds of Mice Skin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1351-1356}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1351}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pasak bumi is a medicinal plant commonly used as herbal medicine by Indonesian people. This study aims to examine the healing capacity of mice skin incised wounds by using pasak bumi leaves stalks ethanol extract ointment. Materials and Methods: This study used twenty-five male mice Balb/ c strains, grouped into five groups, divided into three treatment groups (ointment with 20\% extract concentration, ointment with 35\% extract concentration, and ointment with 50\% extract concentration), a positive control group using Betadine{\textregistered}, and the negative the negative control group using an ointment base. The back of the mouse was slashed 1.0 cm long with a depth of 0.2 cm. Then, the wound was smeared twice a day for 21 consecutive days. Results: The application of 20\%, 35\%, and 50\% of ointment extract had the effect of healing the incised wounds after 21 days just as Betadine{\textregistered}. From the description score of the wound on the twenty-first day, it can be seen that the applied ointment with 35\% of extract concentration shows the same healing capacity as Betadine{\textregistered} (p\> 0.05), unlike the administration of ointment base (p \<0.05). Conclusions: It can be concluded that pasak bumi leaves stalks has the potential effect to heal incised wounds.

}, keywords = {Eurycoma longifolia Jack., Incised wound, Ointment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.186}, author = {Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan and Astrid Maulidya and Anita Restu Puji Raharjeng and Shovon Chakma} } @article {1229, title = {Hepatoprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Artemisia absinthium L. on Diclofenac-induced Toxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1032-1041}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1032}, abstract = {

Background: Artemisia absinthium L. is known for its antimalarial activity however, hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extracts has also been reported but, nephroprotective activity not yet evaluated. Objective: To evaluate the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activities of A. absinthium against diclofenac-induced toxicity on rats. Materials and Methods: Three different doses of methanol and ethyl acetate extract of A. absinthium (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day) were evaluated and compared with silymarin 100 mg/kg. Rats received these doses for 5 days and on the 3rd and 4th day diclofenac (50 mg/kg i.p.) was administered 1 h after treatment. Animals were sacrificed 48 h after the last injection of diclofenac. Biochemical blood parameters like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea and creatinine, and histopathologic changes of liver and kidney were studied and evaluated. Results: A. absinthium reduced the elevated blood levels of ALT, AST, ALP, urea and creatinine with the methanol extract to 200 mg/kg/day being more effective. The histopathologic evaluation suggested that A. absinthium decreased hepatic and renal necrosis induced by diclofenac. Conclusions: Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activities of methanol and ethyl acetate extract of A. absinthium were demonstrated, being methanol extract to 200 mg/kg/day the most effective. This provides scientific support for the use of medicinal plants such as A. absinthium in the treatment of liver and kidney disorders.

}, keywords = {Artemisia absinthium, Biochemical parameters, Diclofenac, Hepatoprotective, Histopathology, Nephroprotective}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.146}, author = {Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz William Antonio and Silva-Correa Carmen R and Villarreal-La Torre V{\'\i}ctor E and Cruzado-Razco Jos{\'e} L and Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a Abhel A and Aspajo-Villalaz Cinthya L and Gamarra-S{\'a}nchez C{\'e}sar D and Ruiz-Reyes Segundo G and Ch{\'a}vez-Flores Juana E} } @article {1314, title = {Hepatoprotective Effect of Bioactive Fraction of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Bark Against Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Liver Toxicity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1630-1640}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1630}, abstract = {

Background: The phenolics and flavanoid enriched bioactive fraction of L. speciosa bark were reported for its medicinal value in various illness however hepatoprotective activity against monosodium glutamate-induced liver toxicity yet to be reported. Objective: To evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential of L. speciosa bark extract fraction against monosodium glutamate-induced liver toxicity. Methods: The phytochemical constituent of ethyl acetate fraction of L. speciosa bark extract (LSE) were identified by GC-MS analysis. The antioxidant activity of LSE were analyzed with in-vitro antioxidant assay and subjected to evaluate hepatoprotective activity against monosodium glutamate induced liver toxicity in rat. Results: LSE evaluated as rich in phenolics and flavonoid content along with potent hepatoprotective activity. GC-MS analysis of bioactive fraction exhibits Palmitic Acid, Octadecanoic acid, 5-methyluridine, catechine, epigallocatechin, and norgestrel as major biologically active phytocompounds. Oral administration of LSE (100 and 200 mg/kg.) declined the elevated levels of the biochemical marker as well as interleukins while enhanced the enzymatic antioxidant activity and reduced the increased level of stress marker (MDA) in monosodium glutamate-induced rats. It also restored the altered expression level of proapoptotic genes, but there is no significant change in the expression level of the anti-apoptotic gene. LSE improved histopathology of the liver through the improvement of hepatocellular architecture, inflammation, and attenuation of vascular and cellular degeneration. Conclusion: The bioactive fraction of L. speciosa bark was found to exhibit strong antioxidant and hepatoprotection in monosodium glutamate induced liver toxicity in rats.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Monosodium glutamate, Superoxide dismutase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.223}, author = {Lal Chand Pal and Anil kumar and Veena Pande and Ch V Rao} } @article {1121, title = {High Dose Allicin with Vitamin C Improves EPCs Migration from the Patient with Coronary Artery Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {232-235}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {232}, abstract = {

Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) have an important role in endothelial dysfunction repairment through neovasculogenesis and cardiac myocytes regeneration. However, EPCs migration is greatly reduced in the patient with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Allicin and Vitamin C are hypothesized to improve EPCs migration due to its antioxidant properties. Objective: To investigate the effect of Allicin and its combination with Vitamin C in EPCs migration of CAD patients. Material and Method: Mononuclear cells were isolated from CAD patients and cultured on fibronectin-coated plates with colony-forming unit Hill medium. The cells were divided into untreated (control), Allicin treatment (dose 100 mcg/ml, 200 mcg/ml, 400 mcg/ ml), and each dose of Allicin combined with 250 mcg/mL of Vitamin C. EPCs migration was assessed with Transwell Migration Assay Kit and evaluated by using statistical tests. Results: This research shows that EPC migration was significantly higher in the treatment. Allicin at all dose (dose 100 mcg/ml, 200 mcg/ml, 400 mcg/ml) and its combination with 250 mcg/mL of vitamin C compared to untreated group (p\<0.05). Allicin increase EPCs migration in a dosedependent manner. However, the only combination of 400 mcg/ml Allicin with 250 mcg/mL of vitamin C which has significantly higher EPCs migration compared to Allicin treatment alone. Conclusion: Allicin improves EPCs migration in a dose-dependent manner. Improvement of the migration only observed on the Allicin dose 400 mcg/ml with Vitamin C.

}, keywords = {Allicin, Antioxidant, Endothelial Progenitor, Migration}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.35}, author = {Yudi Her Oktaviono and Muhammad Rafdi Amadis and Makhyan Jibril Al-Farabi} } @article {1178, title = {Human Umbilical Cord Blood-derived Secretome Enhance Endothelial Progenitor Cells Migration on Hyperglycemic Conditions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {793-797}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {793}, abstract = {

Hyperglycemia state is harmful to body{\textquoteright}s homeostasis. Uncontrolled hyperglycemic patients, especially patients with diabetes mellitus have a higher mortality risk of heart disease 2 to 4 times compared to non-hyperglycemic patients. Vascular endothelial impairment always been observed and found as a key feature of hyperglycemia state, which is correlated with reduced numbers and dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Objective: This paper aims to investigate the effect of hUCB-MSCs derived secretome treatment on the EPCs migration under hyperglycemia state. Materials and Methods: EPCs were isolated and cultured from peripheral blood samples and cultured for three days. Cultured EPCs were cultivated in 6-well plates until confluence and incubated with high glucose for 5 days, then placed in the modified Boyden chamber at the upper chamber with basal media. The lower chamber was supplemented with basal media and secretome at 2\%, 10\%, and 20\% concentration and VEGF treated group as a control. EPCS migration was evaluated using a Boyden chamber assay. Statistical analysis was performed using SPS 25.0. Results: EPCs migration were significantly higher when hUCB-MSCs-derived secretome was given in high glucose concentrations compared to the and control group (79.80 {\textpm} 5.07 vs 51.00 {\textpm} 5.15, p\<0.000). This study also showed that hUCB-MSCs-derived secretome increase EPCs migration under high glucose concentrations in a dose-dependent manner (p\<0.05). Conclusion: hUCB-MSCsderived secretome enhances EPCs migration under hyperglycemic state. This result may be of relevance for cell-free and regenerative therapeutic modality for a diabetic patient with coronary artery disease (CAD).

}, keywords = {Endothelial progenitor cells, Hyperglycemia state, Mesenchymal stem cells, Migration, Secretome}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.113}, author = {Yudi Her Oktaviono and Melly Susanti and Achmad Lefi and Ferry Sandra} } @article {1145, title = {Hypoglycemic Effect of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam) Pers. Leaf Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {557-561}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {557}, abstract = {

Introduction: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam) Pers (Crasulaceae) is a succulent ornamental plant. In Costa Rica, the leaves are used as a coadjuvant treatment for Diabetes Mellitus based on traditional knowledge of natural remedies. Moreover, there are some studies mentioning its use for Diabetes Mellitus as medicinal plant in several countries. This research aimed to demonstrate the antidiabetic properties of hydroalcoholic extracts of K. pinnata leaves through phytochemical screening, alpha amylase inhibition and rodent models. Methods: Crude extracts of K. pinnata leaves were prepared by infusion and decoction using water:ethanol (70:30) as a solvent. The extracts prepared by decoction (LAED, lyophilized-water:ethanoldecoction) and by infusion (LAEI, lyophilized-water:ethanol-infusion) were analyzed by FolinCiocalteu, HPLC and capacity of inhibition of α-amylase activity. To determine hypoglycemic activity in rats, extracts were administered orally at doses of 250, 500 and 750 mg/Kg and blood sugar levels were monitored over a four hours period using a glucometer. Results: A significant reduction (p \< 0.05) in blood glucose was observed after one hour in rats treated with 500 mg/Kg of LAED extract. Treatment with 750 mg/Kg LAEI induced a statistically significant reduction in blood sugar at 90, 180 and 240 min, showing that the glucose-lowering effect of this extract was greater at a higher concentration. Conclusions: This study confirmed the hypoglycemic effect of K. pinnata extracts in the acute phase in rats and supports the use of this Crassulaceae as a home remedy.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic activity, Diabetic, Extract, Kalanchoe pinnata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.84}, author = {Ana L Ag{\"u}ero-Hern{\'a}ndez and Catalina Rosales-L{\'o}pez and Cristina Herrera and Andr{\'e}s Vargas-Picado and Rodrigo Mu{\~n}oz and Ana Abdelnour-Esquivel} } @article {1128, title = {Hypoxic Preconditioning Decrease ROS and Increase SOD Expression in Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Cell}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {430-435}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {430}, abstract = {

Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (AMSCs) have promising ability to differentiate into a cardiomyocyte. However, post-transplantation survival of AMSCs is relatively low due to lethal cellular hypoxia. Hypoxic preconditioning is a sublethal hypoxia condition which may improve AMSCs survival. This research evaluates the effect of hypoxic preconditioning on the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of AMSCs. Isolated human AMSCs was cultured to the 4th passage and confirmed with CD45, CD90 and CD105 expression. Cells were divided into control group (normoxia with 21\% O2) and hypoxic preconditioning group (with 1\% O2). ROS and SOD were evaluated using immunofluorescence and analyzed using SPSS 25. AMSCs was characterized by the CD105 and CD90 without expression of CD44 and CD45. ROS expression is significantly lower in hypoxia group than in controlled group (253,13 {\textpm} 67,795 vs 342,13 {\textpm} 116,447; p \< 0.05) and SOD expression is significantly higher in hypoxia group than in controlled group (340,25 {\textpm} 96,476 vs 234,56 {\textpm} 38,238; p \<0.05). In conclusion, hypoxic preconditioning in human AMSCs induce lower expression of intracellular ROS and higher expression of intracellular SOD.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Hypoxia, Oxidative stress, Stem Cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.66}, author = {I Gde Rurus Suryawan and Andrianto and Ratna Dewi Cahyaningtias and Makhyan Jibril Al-Farabi} } @article {1138, title = {Identification of Antibacterial Activity with Bioactive Compounds from Selected Marine Sponges}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {493-502 }, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {493}, abstract = {

Background: Marine sponges (phylum Porifera) are sessile filter-feeders from the ocean that are becoming the wealthiest sources of pharmacologically active compounds. Objectives: Our objectives are to identify bioactive compounds from marine sponges (Xestospongia exigua, Xestospongia muta, and Iotrochota baculifera) and to determine their antibacterial activity. Materials and Methods: Methanolic crude extracts were subjected to two-steps fractionation: first, solvent partitioning was conducted using diethyl ether and butanol, followed by column chromatography. The resulting fractions were tested for antibacterial activity against four bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698, Escherichia coli ATCC 11775, and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14128). The fractions were subsequently profiled using High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), and the component of active sub-fractions (SF) was identified using Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: Although no antibacterial activity was recorded of the methanolic extracts in all marine sponges samples, the response towards diethyl ether extracts of X. exigua was strong. Out of 17 sub-fractions of diethyl ether profiled, three sub-fractions, i.e. 5, 13, and 14 were active. GC-MS identified five compounds in SF 5, four compounds in SF 13, and three compounds in SF 14. Furthermore, SF 13 and SF 14 could inhibit the growth of all bacteria tested, indicating a broad-spectrum activity. On the contrary, SF 5 showed selective inhibition only to E. coli and S. typhimurium, indicating narrow-spectrum activity. Conclusion: Bioactive SF 13 of X. exigua has a high potential as an antibacterial agent but in vitro assessment such as cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines is needed to determine the toxicity and drug response.

}, keywords = {Diethyl ether, HPTLC, Iotrochota baculifera, Minimum inhibitory concentration, X. muta, Xetospongia exigua}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.76}, author = {Noor Azlina Kamaruding and Noraznawati Ismail and Noormaizura Sokry} } @article {1222, title = {Identification of the Chemical Compound of Essential Oil from Ketumbar (Coriandrum sativum L.) Leaves with Gc-Ms}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1019-1023}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1019}, abstract = {

Introduction: Coriandrum sativum L. leaves are plants used as a cooking spice that has a distinctive aroma. Various components of bioactive compounds are known from various parts of this plant, but the components of the bioactive compounds of essential oils from the leaves have never been reported. Objective: This research was designed to analyze the components of bioactive compounds contained in the essential oil of C. sativum leaves using a modified simple distillation tool. Method: C. sativum leaves essential oil component analysis with GC-MS (Shimadzu QP-2010 Plus). Results: Analysis GC-MS of the content of the bioactive compounds of essential oils contained various bioactive compounds. The dominant bioactive compounds are 2-Decen-1-ol (17.01\%), 9-Octadecenal (9.59\%), 1-Decanol (8.20\%), Dotriacontane (4.40\%), and Tetrapentacosan (3.68\%). Conclusion: The results of the research showed that there were various bioactive compound contents from the essential oil of C. sativum leaves and it was important to test the activity of each component of the bioactive compound as an important recommendation for pharmaceutical natural ingredients.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Coriandrum sativum, Distillation, Essential oil and GC-MS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.144}, author = {Kasta Gurning and Iksen and Helen Anjelina Simanjuntak and Hermawan Purba} } @article {1301, title = {Immunosuppressive Activity of Goat Kefir in a Rat Model with Bleomycin-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1594-1599}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1594}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory capacity of goat kefir on pulmonary fibrosis rat model. Material and Methods: Twenty-five male rats were randomly divided into five groups: one group only received induction with bleomycin (0.3 mg/rat) to induce pulmonary fibrosis; three groups were treated with different doses (2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 mL/200 g BW) of goat kefir, following the induction with bleomycin, for 30 days; and one group served as negative control, did not receive bleomycin induction as well as kefir. On day 30, all the animals were sacrificed. Plasma levels of TGF-β, IL-4, and IFN-y were measured using the ELISA method, and the expression of α-SMA in myofibroblast cells was examined with the help of immunohistochemistry assay. Results: Induction with bleomycin significantly elevated the expressions of TGF-β, IL-4, and IFN-y in comparison to the control group. Following the administration of kefir (3.5 and 4.5 mL/200 g BW), the concentration of TGF-β was significantly decreased (p\<0.05); whereas, the concentration of IFN-y increased slightly (p\<0.05) only in the group that received the 4.5 mL/200 g BW dose of kefir. In contrast, IL-4 exhibited increasing levels with higher doses of kefir (p\<0.05). The expression of α-SMA in myofibroblasts showed a tendency to decline following the administration of kefir, although this decline was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Goat kefir caused a reduction in the TGF-β levels in fibrosis conditions; however, the kefir elicited an immunosuppressive effect during the progression of the pulmonary fibrosis.

}, keywords = {Bleomycin, Cytokine, Immunomodulator, Kefir, Pulmonary fibrosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.218}, author = {Tias Pramesti Griana and Tri Yudani Mardining Raras and Karyono Mintaroem and Iin Noor Chozin and Catur Saptaning Wilujeng} } @article {1105, title = {Impact of Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos on Protein and Amino Acid Contents in Liver, Kidney and Brain of Exotic Teleost Fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1973)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {351-355}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {351}, abstract = {

Pesticides are one of the most potentially harmful toxic chemicals introduced into the environment and human ambient. These pesticides are utilized widely to ensure agricultural harvests against the harm brought about by different sorts of irritations. Anyway, these chemicals may reach non focused on biological systems like lakes and waterways through rain and wind, influencing numerous different organisms. Biochemical factors show explicit reactions to specific types of ecological pressure. The methodology of present work was to assess toxic effects of an insecticide, chlorpyrifos on biochemical constituents like protein, and Amino acid in liver, kidney and Brain of freshwater fish, Channa punctatus. The fish exposed to chlorpyrifos showed a decrease the protein and increase the amino acid levels for 15 and 45 days in liver, kidney and brain compared to control. The objectives of the present work was to observe the effect of chlorpyrifos on protein and amino acid levels in the liver, kidney and brain of teleost fish Channa punctatus.

}, keywords = {Biochemical constituents, Brain, Channa punctatus, Chlorpyrifos, Kidney, Liver}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.55}, author = {Revathi B and Lakshmanan S and Veerakumar D} } @article {1282, title = {Importance of Cinnamomum Tamala in the Treatment of Various Diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1792-1796}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1792}, abstract = {

Cinnamomum tamala is a multipurpose evergreen plant it is a native of India. The plant is commonly known as Indian cassia, Tejpatta, Indian bay leaf etc. All parts of plant possess many major bioactive constituent due to the presence of major phytoconstituent it is useful for the treatment of various diseases or disorders such as Cancer, cardiac diseases, diabetes, Anxiety, depression, ulcer, GI diseases and possess many pharmacological activity includes anti-oxidant, anti-hypercholesterolemia, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, antibacterial etc. In Ancient time the plant also used as for its medicinal value and it contains a aromatic property due to the presence of these property it is used in perfumery industry and used as mouth refreshing, useful for removal of bad odour from body, mouth and also used in pharmaceutical industries. The leaves of the plant possess flavouring agent property it is used as a flavouring agent in food, curry, fast food, pickles and used as a spice. The main aim of this review/study was to promote and upgrade the knowledge of the use of this multipurpose evergreen plant.

}, keywords = {Cinnamomum tamala, Diseases, Pharmacological activity, Uses}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.241}, author = {Shashank Tiwari and Shreya Talreja} } @article {1296, title = {In silico Anticancer Activity and in vitro Antioxidant of Flavonoids in Plectranthus amboinicus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1573-1577}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1573}, abstract = {

Background: Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng is a plant that has a high flavonoid content. The leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng contain many flavonoids Chrysoeriol, Cirsimaritin, Eriodictyol, Luteolin, Rutin, Salvigenin, Thymoquinone, Quercetin, Apigenin, and 5-O-Methyl-Luteolin. Objectives: To determine the antioxidant activity and anticancer activity of flavonoid compounds contained in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. Methods: Anticancer activity testing was carried out by in silico against several cancer receptors and antioxidant activity testing was carried out by in vitro using the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryhydrazil method. The results showed that the flavonoid compounds contained in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng have similar anticancer activity to the reference molecule at the P-Glycoprotein-1, Cyclin Dependent Kinase-2, and Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase receptors, as well as better anticancer activity than the reference molecule for the Cyclooxygenase-2 and Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase receptors. Results: The antioxidant activity of the extract gave an Inhibitory Concentration 50\% value of 9.77 μg/mL, the flavonoid compounds contained in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng gave an Inhibitory Concentration 50\% value that lower than the extract, which ranged from 6.92 μg/mL to 8.50 μg/mL. Flavonoids in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng anticancer activity by in silico molecular docking and antioxidant activity by in vitro 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryhydrazil method. Conclusions: All the flavonoid compounds contained in the ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves exhibit very strong anti-cancer and antioxidant activity, which results in ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves have very strong antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Antioxidant, Flavonoid, in silico, in vitro}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.215}, author = {Kesaktian Manurung and Delmi Sulastri and Nasrul Zubir and Syafruddin Ilyas} } @article {1132, title = {In vitro Anti-Amebic Activity of Cage Xanthones from Cratoxylum sumatranum Stem Bark Against Entamoeba histolytica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {452-458}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {452}, abstract = {

Background: Amoebiasis is caused by Entamoeba histolytica, which is a pathogenic species living on human colon tissues. The development of new drugs for anti-amebic are still very needed for clinical treatment. Objective: This aims to identify the compounds in Cratoxylum sumatranum for their anti-amoeba activity. Materials and Methods: In this study we used bioactivity-guided isolation and structural analysis to identified anti-amebic compounds from dichloromethane extract of Cratoxylum sumatranum stem bark. Their anti-amebic activity was determined by an in vitro cell-based assay against Entamoeba histolytica and an enzymatic assay on NAD kinase. Results: Two known compounds from the cage xanthone groups, namely cochinchinoxanthone (1) and cochinchinone D (2), were isolated. The structures of the cage xanthone compounds were established by extensive spectroscopic data analysis. Compound (1) showed the greatest level of anti-amebic activity both in cell-based and enzymatic assay, yielding IC50 values of 4.57 and 12.17 μg/mL, respectively. In contrast, compound (2) yielded IC50 values of 5.19 and 12.60 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: When considering the demonstrated anti-amebic activities, it becomes apparent that these compounds, isolated from Cratoxylum sumatranum stem bark, have the potential to be further developed into effective anti-amebic medicine against Entamoeba histolytica.

}, keywords = {Amoebiasis, Bioactivity-guided isolation, Cratoxylum sumatranum, Entamoeba histolytica, NAD kinase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.70}, author = {Fendi Yoga Wardana and Defi Kartika Sari and Myrna Adianti and Adita Ayu Permanasari and Lidya Tumewu and Tomoyoshi Nozaki and Aty Widyawaruyanti and Achmad Fuad Hafid} } @article {1215, title = {In vitro Antibacterial and In silico Toxicity Properties of Phytocompounds from Ricinus communis Leaf Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {977-983}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {977}, abstract = {

Background: The rapid occurrence of multiple drug resistance and adverse side effects of aliphatic medicine threatens human health. Medicinal plants are known to possess phytocompounds with antibacterial activity and less toxic effects. Objective: This study aimed at determining the chemical composition of the methanolic Ricinus communis{\textquoteleft} leaf extract and evaluate their antibacterial and toxic effects. Methods: R. communis leaves were extracted by acetone, chloroform, ethanol and methanol. The extracts were assessed for antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10102), Escherichia coli (25922), Staphylococcus aureus (25923) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) using agar-well diffusion and microwell dilution methods. The extracts were screened for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids. The chemical constituents of the methanolic extract were analysed by gas chromatography {\textendash} mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). In silico toxicity of the phytocompounds were investigated using PreADMET tool. Results: The methanol extract showed the antibacterial activity against the bacterial strains, with the MIC values of 1.56 mg/mL against B. cereus, 3.13 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL against P. aeruginosa and E. coli. The extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, tannins, terpenoids and saponins. The GC-MS showed phytocompounds namely hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (0.62\%), tridecanoic acid (0.76\%), pentafluoropropionic acid, nonyl ester (0.85\%), 10-octadecanoic acid, methyl ester (2.93\%) and cis-vaccenic acid (94.84\%). Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester was predicted not to have mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Moreover, all compounds exhibited low inhibitory risks against hERG gene. Conclusion: R. communis leaf extract has potential to be used as a safe source of therapeutic compounds.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Chemical compounds, Ricinus communis, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.138}, author = {Sandile Nduduzo Mboyazi and Mduduzi Innocent Nqotheni and Tsolanku Sidney Maliehe and Jabulani Siyabonga Shandu} } @article {1300, title = {In vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potential of Crude Extracts from the Seed Coat and Fruit Pulp of Strychnos madagascariensis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1504-1511}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1504}, abstract = {

Diabetes mellitus remains a global health issue despite the advance in orthodox medicine. This study investigated the in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of crude extracts from the seed coat and pulp of Strychnos madagascariensis. The phytochemical screening was carried out using standard protocols. Different extracts were prepared from the fruit parts by maceration using methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water for antioxidant and antidiabetic assays, and their percentage yield was calculated. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was determined using 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and 2{\textquoteright}2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Antidiabetic activities of the extracts were investigated using α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase assays. Terpenoids, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides were present in both the fruit parts. However, saponin present in the fruit pulp was absent in the seed coat (testa). The percentage yields are as follows; water \> ethyl acetate \> hexane \> methanol (seed coat) and methanol \> water \> ethyl acetate \> hexane (fruit pulp), respectively. The crude extracts scavenged ABTS and DPPH radicals in different degrees. The aqueous extract of the pulp and seed coat (testa) showed significant (P \< 0.05) higher scavenging activity against ABTS (IC50; 0.012 and 0.006 mg/ml) and DPPH (IC50; 0.06 mg/ml and 0.064 mg/ml) radicals than other extracts. The crude extracts inhibited α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase. The aqueous and methanol extracts of the fruit parts showed better amylase inhibitory activity than other extracts. The aqueous extract of the seed coat (IC50; 0.0785 mg/ml) showed the highest glucosidase inhibitory activity. In addition, methanol extract of the seed coat (IC50; 0.069 mg/ml) exhibited the highest inhibitory activity on pancreatic lipase compared to the extracts in other solvents. Hence, the aqueous and methanol crude extracts of Strychnos madagascariensis seed coat and fruit pulp could be used in the preparation of nutraceutical products for managing diabetic mellitus.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Diabetes, Hyperglycaemia, Hyperlipidaemia, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.206}, author = {Michael Osawemi Oboh and Foluso Oluwagbemiga Osunsanmi and Godfrey Elijah Zharare and Rebamang Anthony Mosa and Michael Chukwuka Ojo and Andrew Rowland Opoku} } @article {1239, title = {In vitro Assay and Study Interaction of Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb. as Anti-fibrotic Activity Against A549 Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1232-1240}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1232}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of this study is to finding inhibitor potential from several compounds in gambir plant by using in vitro MTT assay and study interaction with molecular docking. The interaction of amino acids on the binding site with substances in the gambir plant was analyzed to determine its potential as a herbal-based therapy candidate for pulmonary fibrosis. Material and Methods: Protein target using TGFβ1 and NF-κB and compounds from gambir plant ((+)-Catechin. Epigallocatechin gallate, (+)-Epicatechin, Gambiriin A1, Gambiriin A2, Gambiriin B1, Gambiriin B2, Gambiriin C, Procyanidin B1, Procyanidin B3). Result: The results from docking analysis observed that compounds from gambir fruit contain anti-fibrotic activity which act by inhibiting DNA transcription of NF-κB and TGF-β1receptors. The compound Procyanidin B3, an essential amino acid, contains a hydrogen bond with the greatest NF-κB inhibitory activity on Gly214 and Lys337. Compounds from Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb. can be an inhibitor to TGFβ1, all the compounds are on the active site of TGFβ1, and use native ligand which is an inhibitor of TGFβ1 (Naphtyridine). The positive compound catechin has the highest inhibitory activity. Gambiriin B1 and Gambiriin A2 are the most identical compounds with similar affinity binding value. Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb. is already a proven antifibrotic which is further confirmed by (IC50: 19,255 {\textpm} 1.08 μg/ml, p \< 0.05) in A549 cell line. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that Gambiriin have cytotoxic effects and was found potentially as anti-fibrotic by MTT assay and in silico evaluation.

}, keywords = {Gambiriin compounds, Inhibitor of p50 NF-κB, Molecular docking, Pulmonary fibrosis, TGF-β1 receptors}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.172}, author = {Desdiani Desdiani and Iris Rengganis and Samsuridjal Djauzi and Agus Setiyono and Mohamad Sadikin and Sri Widia A Jusman and Nuryati Chairani Siregar and Suradi and Putri C Eyanoer and Fadilah Fadilah} } @article {1067, title = {In vitro Cytotoxicity of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn Extracts on A549 Lung Cancer Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {14-19}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {14}, abstract = {

Background: Lung cancer is the one of the leading causes of cancer death. However, current treatments for lung cancer are expensive and show negative side effects. Therefore, the study concerning natural anticancer from plants has intensified. Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn are Indonesian herb plants which have been consumed as a drink, are known to have anticancer activity against several cancer cell lines. However, its potential cytotoxic activity on A549 lung cancer cell line is still unclear. Objective: This study aimed to identify cytotoxic activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn extracts on A549 lung cancer cell line. Materials and Methods: Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn flowers from Tangerang, province of Banten, Indonesia, were macerated in three different solvents: ethyl acetate, ethanol, and n-hexane. Afterwards, cytotoxic activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn extracts on A549 lung cancer cell line were evaluated using MTT assay. There were eight variety of concentration of the extracts, the experiment has been done triplicate for each concentration. The anticancer activity is expressed by IC50 value. Results: Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn extracts in ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane showed IC50 value of 374.01 μg/mL, 719.28 μg/mL, and 906.57 μg/mL respectively, in which indicated weak cytotoxic activity on A549 lung cancer cell line. Conclusion: Ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn are potential to be further developed as natural anticancer agents.

}, keywords = {A549 Lung Cancer Cell Line, Cytotoxicity, Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.3}, author = {Qotrunnada Fithrotunnisa and Ade Arsianti and Gerry Kurniawan and Fona Qorina and Nadzila Anindya Tejaputri and Norma Nur Azizah} } @article {1180, title = {In vitro Evaluation of Anthelmintic Activity of Gymnema sylvestre Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {809-814}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {809}, abstract = {

The evaluation of anthelmintic activity of Gymnema sylvestre was performed by bioassay method where hot and cold hydroalcoholic extracts were used against earthworm (Pheretima posthuma). The anthelmintic assay was carried out as the 50ml formulations containing five different concentrations of each cold and hot hydroalcholic extracts (25, 50, 100 ,250 and 500mg/ml in distilled water) were prepared and six worms (same type) were placed in them. Time for paralysis and death time was noted. Albendazole (20mg/ml) was used as a reference standard, while normal saline as the control.

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.116}, author = {R Ram Narayanan and TK Gopal and D Chamundeeswari} } @article {1289, title = {In vitro Propagation and Determination of Total Phenolic Compounds, Flavonoid Contents and Antioxidative Activity of Globba globulifera Gagnep}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1740-1747}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1740}, abstract = {

Introduction: Currently, there is a reduction in the number of Globba globulifera, which is due to its slow multiplication rate, high susceptibility to pathogenic diseases and overexploitation of the plant from natural sources. In vitro culture to study suitable concentrations of plant growth regulators for shoot and root induction of G. globulifera. Bioactive compounds were measured by TPC, TFC and FRSA methods for comparison of those from in vitro and natural conditions. Methods: Microshoots were cultured on solid and liquid MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of cytokinins (BA, Kinetin and TDZ) and auxins (NAA and IBA) for eight weeks. Methanol was used as the extraction solvent via the ultrasonic method, TPC and TFC were both measured. DPPH for free radical scavenging activity was investigated. Results: The best result for shoot formation was achieved when culturing on MS medium with 3 mg/l and 5 mg/l of BAP or 5 mg/l of BAP plus 1 mg/l of IBA. The plantlets were transplanted to pots in a greenhouse. All the planting material showed a 100\% survival rate. The rhizomes of in vitro derived plantlets showed the highest value of TPC (52.28 mg GAE/g crude extract) and FRSA (93.55\%) and lowest of IC50 (0.46 mg/ml). Conclusion: The in vitro culture and antioxidant activity analysis could be the foundation for plant propagation in large quantities and the use of medicine.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compound, DPPH, Micropropagation, TFC, TPC, Zingiberaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.236}, author = {Wipa Yaowachai and Surapon Saensouk and Piyaporn Saensouk} } @article {1095, title = {Indigenous Knowledge of Medicinal Plants by Dayak Community in Mandomai Village, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {386-390}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {386}, abstract = {

Introduction: Dayak community has a long history of using medicinal plants as traditional medicine. But this knowledge is conveyed verbally without any written documentation. Therefore, this study aim is to preserve Dayak{\textquoteleft}s knowledge about medicinal plants in Mandomai village. Methods: To collect the information, a survey was conducted in January 2019. Snowball sampling method was utilized to select 11 informants. Data were collected using structured interviews to gather information about local names, part of plants, the benefit of plants and how the plants are used. Results: The result showed that 55 species of medicinal plants used by the Dayak community in Mandomai as traditional medicine. However, only 48 species were identified, while 7 others were still in the process of being identified. The most widely used part of the plants is the leaves. Before being used as traditional medicine, medicinal plants are processed first. Some plants are ground and used immediately, while some are boiled or soaked in warm water. Conclusion: This documentation provides a catalog of medicinal plants used by Dayak community for the education of future indigenous knowledge

}, keywords = {Central Kalimantan, Dayak community, Indigenous knowledge, Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.60}, author = {Nurul Qamariah and Dewi Sari Mulia and Denny Fakhrizal} } @article {1155, title = {Investigation of Secondary Metabolites and its Bioactivity from Sarocladium kiliense SDA20 Using Shrimp Shell Wastes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {636-644 }, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {636}, abstract = {

Introduction: In this study we isolated bioactive compounds using different chromatographic techniques from culture filtrate of Sarocladium kiliense SDA20 grown in fermentation media containing shrimp shell waste as substrate under optimum conditions. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of crude extract and purified compounds were evaluated. Methods: The test fungi strain Sarocladium kiliense SDA20 was isolated from Egyptian soil and identified by18 S ribosomal RNA. Optimization conditions were carried out in fermentation media containing shrimp shell waste as sole carbon source, inoculated by 106 spores/ml of Sarocladium kiliense SDA20 at pH 7.0 produce 84.5\% of the total toxins. Different chromatographic techniques for ethyl acetate extract of culture filtrate of fungi were used resulting in isolation of pure compounds were elucidated spectroscopically and comparing their data in literature. GC/MS analysis of extract was used for identification of other chemical compounds. Antibacterial and biofilm activity was evaluated using MTT assay. Results: Five compounds for the first time were identified: Cholest-5-en-3-ol (C1), Palmitic acid (C2), Oleic acid (C3), Nicotinamide (C4), Tricin (C5). GC-MS analysis showed the presence of twenty-seven compounds. Antibacterial activity of crude and pure compounds displayed a strong inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis. C1, C4, C5 showed moderate activity against Escherichia coli, followed by C2, C3. Meanwhile,\ Staphylococcus aureus was less susceptible to pure compounds with low activity of C3, C5. The crude extract and pure compounds displayed biofilm inhibition activity against four pathogenic bacterial strains. Conclusion: Shrimp shell wastes are one of the economic bioproducts used for the production of bioactive secondary metabolites from fungi.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Antibiofilm activity, GC/MS analysis, Sarocladium kiliense SDA20, Secondary metabolities, Shrimp waste shell}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.95 }, author = {Dina M Eskander and Sherien MM Atalla and Ahmed A Hamed and Ezzel -Din A El-Khrisy} } @article {1181, title = {Investigation on Photodecomposition of Standardised Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Katha}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {815-820}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {815}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study delves into photodecomposition of a standardised ethyl acetate fraction of Katha and manifest how the antioxidant potential degrades exponentially with time. Methods: Coarsely dried heart wood of Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. was treated with 10 \% hydro-alcoholic solution to obtain Katha as final product. The powdered Katha was standardised via pharmacognostic parameters and further subjected to soxhlet extraction using ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol to obtain different extracts/fractions. Phytochemical investigations were carried out to screen polyphenols (tannins) of interest which later were confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Photodecomposition of ethyl acetate fraction with respect to its in-vitro antioxidant potential using DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging assay was determined at 0 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 16 h, 20 h and 24 h of 250, 500, 750 and 1000 μg/ml concentrations respectively. Ethyl acetate fraction conceded the highest amount of polyphenols. Results: The extract was found to be unstable at room temperature and displayed a quick change in colour from light orange to deep dark orange within few hours, which also abide by its decreasing antioxidant activity exponentially with time. Antioxidant potential was observed in the following order in dose dependant manner: 0 h \> 4 h \> 8 h \> 12 h \> 16 h \> 20 h \> 24 h. Conclusion: Moreover, published literature should have not mentioned the age of extract they have used for their study, which may explain the wide differences in the observations reported with this plant.

}, keywords = {Acacia catechu, Antioxidant, DPPH, Free radical, Katha, Nitric oxide scavenging}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.117}, author = {Pankaj Sharma} } @article {1150, title = {In-vitro Antioxidant and In-Vivo Hepatoprotective Activity of Ethenolic Extract of Tectona grandis Bark Against CCl4 Induced Liver Injury in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {598-602}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {598}, abstract = {

Objectives: The systematic screening of Tectona grandis bark with the purpose of discovering new bioactive compounds as a hepatoprotective agent and to establish the scientific basis for the therapeutic actions of traditional plant medicines. Methods: Tectona grandis bark ethenolic extract was studied for the hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced liver injury in rats. Serum enzymes level, total bilirubin and histopathological study of liver were performed. This extract{\textquoteright}s DPPH radical scavenging potential was also studied. Results: Oral administration of ethenolic extract of Tectona grandis bark (200 mg/kg) exhibited significant reduction (p\<0.05) in CCl4-induced increased levels of SGPT, SGOT, ALP and bilirubin (Total) concentration. Treatment with Liv 52 syrup also reversed the hepatotoxicity significantly (p\<0.05). Histopathological studies also provided supportive evidence for biochemical analysis. This extract also showed better activity in quenching DPPH radical. Conclusion: Tectona grandis bark ethenolic extract shown to have hepatoprotective and antioxidant action due to presence of quinones and tannin like phytoconstituents.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, CCL4 induced hepatopathy, Hepatotoxicity, Histopathology, Quinones, Tectona grandis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.89 }, author = {Rajkumar S Bagali and Sunil S Jalalpure and SS Patil} } @article {1087, title = {Iron-Folate Supplementation during Pregnancy for Prevent Oxidative Stress in Pregnant Rats: Level of MDA, Creatinine, Glucose, Erythrocite, Blood Pressure, Body Weight and Number of Offspring}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {186-191}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {186}, abstract = {

Background: Iron and folic acid deficiency during pregnancy can increase oxidative stress and result in impaired intra-uterine growth, abortion and preeclampsia. Folate is trace nutrient that influent for essential role for epigenetic mechanism cues into changes in gene expression and had impact health development. This study aimed to determine the effect of several doses of iron and folate supplementation on level of: MDA, glucose, creatinine, maternal body weight and number and birth weight of offspring. Methods: This research was conducted in the laboratory of the Center for Food and Nutrition Studies, Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta. Experimental research with posttest only control group design with a number of samples: 20 pregnant rats, divided randomly into 4 groups. The control group (C) was given standard feed (AIN-93G), KI: added iron 1,8 mg/200gBW and folic acid 0,0023mg/200gBW, KII: added iron 3,6 mg/200gBB and folic acid 0,0045 mg/200gBW, KIII : added iron 5,4mg/200gBW and folic acid 0,0068 mg/200gBW. Duration of treatment 20 days. Measurement of body weight, blood pressure and then taken blood samples at the 21st day for examination of MDA, glucose, creatinine, erythrocyte level. Sectio caesarean to performed the number and body weight of offspring. Data obtained were analyzed using one way Anova followed by Post hoc LSD. Results: there are significant different (p \<0.001). on level of : MDA, glucose, creatinine, maternal body weight, average number and fetal weight of offspring between treatment group compare to control group. Conclusion: Iron and folate suplementation during pregnancy can decreased level of oxidative stress and better pregnant outcome.

}, keywords = {Folic acid, Iron, MDA, Oxidative stress, Pregnancy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.28}, author = {Joko Wahyuwibowo and Abdul Aziz and Eka Safitri and Minidian Fasitasari and Siti Thomas Zulaikhah} } @article {1316, title = {Isolation and Identification of Chemical Compounds from Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb Stem Bark Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1641-1652}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1641}, abstract = {

Background: Garcinia is a tropical plant that grows in Indonesia. Garcinia has many health benefits for the body. Garcinia contains many phenolic compounds and their derivatives, such as xanthon, flavonoids, benzophenone, lactone, and phenolic acids. Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb. comes from the family Clusiaceae. The results of the phytochemical examination showed that G. fruticosa bark extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and saponins. Objective: This study aims to isolate and identify chemical compounds from the ethyl acetate extract of G. fruticosa Lauterb stem bark. Method: G. fruticosa Lauterb bark. dried, milled, and extracted with Step Gradient Polarity/SGP maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Isolation was done by column chromatography and identified by thin layer chromatography and IR spectroscopy, LC-MS/MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D-NMR (HSQC, HMBC). Results: Compound D7a has a molecular weight 168.0496. The IR spectrum shows the presence of a group {\textendash}OH appears on 3483 cm-1, aromatic presence in 1609 cm-1. The H-NMR spectrum shows the presence of aromatic signals on 6.96 (d, 8 Hz), 6.96 (d, 2 Hz) and 7.70 (dd, 8; 2 Hz). The C-NMR spectrum shows the presence of a carboxylic-COOH group appearing at 166.57 ppm, the presence of 2 x C-OH appearing at 147.18 and 151.18. In the HMBC spectrum, the -OCH3 position is located at C-3 with a correlation between the 3.79 (s) signal and the C signal at the chemical shift 147.18. Conclusions: Structural elucidation shows that compound D7a is a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoate acid (Vanylic Acid) and isolate I-1 is an impure compound namely β-Sitosterol and Stigmasterol.

}, keywords = {4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic acid, Garcinia fruticosa, Isolation, Stigmasterol, Structural elucidation, β-sitosterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.224}, author = {Novia Delita and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi} } @article {1310, title = {Isolation and Structural Characterization of Phytoconstituents from Strobilanthes kunthianus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1605-1611}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1605}, abstract = {

Background: Strobilanthes kunthianus T Anders (Neela kurinji) is well known for its medicinal properties and reported to possess many biological activities. However, so far there is no phytoconstituents are isolated and reported in S. kunthianus. Objective: The present study aimed to isolate and characterize the chemical constituents present in various parts of S. kunthianus. Methods: The successive petroleum ether root and stem extracts, chloroform stem extract, macerated and crude methanol flower extracts were subjected to column chromatography for the isolation of constituents. All the isolated compounds were characterized based on their physical and spectral data analysis. Results: Ten compounds were isolated and being reported for the first time from S. kunthianus. Except lupeol (1 and 2), betulin (3), α-amyrin (5) and β-sitosterol (7), other five compounds including of 3,5-bis-(dimethylcarbamoyl)methyl)-4-(11- cyclohexylundecyl)-4-heptyl-N1,N1,N7,N7 tetramethylheptanediamide (4), 4-amino-tetrahydro- 2H-pyran-3,5-diol (6), 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl-4-((E)-3,6-dimethylundec-4-enyl)cyclohexyl propionate (8), flavone glycoside (9) and decahydro-1,1,4a,8-tetramethylphenanthren- 2(1H,3H,4bH)-one (10), isolated from S. kunthianus were novel. Conclusion: The novel compounds need to be further investigated for ascertain pharmacological activities which will be useful for further drug development.

}, keywords = {Column chromatography, Flavone glycoside, Neela kurinji, Phytoconstituents, Strobilanthes kunthianus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.220}, author = {Geetha Balasubramaniam and Mahendran Sekar and Subban Ravi and Shrishailappa Badami} } @article {1167, title = {Isolation, Identification Similarity and Qualitative Expression of Metallothionein Gene in IR-Bagendit Rice (Oryza sativa)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {709-715}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {709}, abstract = {

Metallothionein (MTs) is an enzyme that plays a role in the binding of metals in plants. Various types of rice have been known to contain MTs and IR-Bagendit rice leaves have the highest MTs protein content compared to other rice varieties. However, MTs coding gene in IRBagendit rice variety is still unknown. OsRAC1 gene is reported as the down-regulator of MTs and there is an analogous gene for MTs-like gene using RAP1 and RAP2 primers in various plants. This study aimed to isolate, identification of similarity, and analysis of qualitative expression of MTs gene in IR-Bagendit rice as compared to Inpari, IR-36, and IR-34. The steps of this research were DNA isolation, PCR in OsRAC1 gene, RNA isolation and cDNA reverse transcription using primer RP1 and RP2, and agarose gel electrophoresis. Amplification quality of OsRAC1 gene in IR-Bagendit, Inpari, IR-36, and IR-34 showed the same result. Qualitative expression of MTs by reverse transcription showed that IR-Bagendit has the highest MTs-like gene compared to other samples.

}, keywords = {IR-Bagendit, Metal Exposure, Metallothionein, MTs-like gene, Rice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.103}, author = {Budi Santosa and Budi Santosa and Aprilia Indah Kartika and Fitri Nuroini and Aditya Rahman Ernanto and Annisa Ayuningtyas and Mohd Nazil Salleh and Siti Thomas Zulaikhah} } @article {1158, title = {Lathraea squamaria L. (Orobanchaceae): A Review of its Botany, Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Pharmacology}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {667-673 }, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {667}, abstract = {

This paper presents the results of the review pharmacognostic study of common toothwort, a perennial plant, parasitizing on the roots of trees. Currently, in Russian traditional medicine, there is considerable experience in the use of сommon toothwort (Lathraea squamaria L.) herb and roots as antitumoral, biligenic, infertility-treatment and diuretic drugs. The chemical composition of L. squamaria has not been quite well determined. Phenylethanoid glycosides (acteoside, isoacteoside), iridoid glycosides (aucubin, and aucuboside ester, 6{\textquoteright}-O-glucopyranosyl-aucubin, melampyroside, 6{\textquoteright}-O-glucopyranosyl melampyroside), simple sugars, fatty acids, organic acids, β-sitosterol were identified. Further study of L. squamaria raw materials is a very promising field including implementation in official medicine.

}, keywords = {Aucubin, Chemical compounds, Common toothwort, Iridoids, Lathraea squamaria, Orobanchaceae, Parasitic plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.98}, author = {Bokov DO and Barkalova VE and Suslikova MA and Sokhin DM and Kakhramanova SD and Rendyuk TD and Strelyaeva AV and Antsyshkina AM and Balobanova NP and Prostodusheva TV and Grikh VV and Krasnyuk II1 (junior) and Marakhova AI and Moiseev DV} } @article {1098, title = {Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Seeds: A New Potential Source of Sulfhydryl Compounds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {298-302}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {298}, abstract = {

Background: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds are considered the most widely consumed legumes by ruminants. The seeds contain around 1.5 mmol of thiol/sulfhydryl compounds per 100 g of dried seeds. The contents of the sulfhydryl compounds can act like glutathione. On the other hand, the intake of a high amount of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds is limited by mimosine because it can induce toxicity and death in ruminants. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine sulfhydryl compound levels in Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds after the mimosine removal process. Materials and methods: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds were soaked in aquadest for 24 hours and then dried at 40{\textdegree}C for 86 hours. The dried seeds were macerated at room temperature using 30\%, 50\%, 70\%, and 96\% (v/v) of ethanol as the solvent with a 1:10 solvent-to-solid ratio. Levels of dried extract yield were determined for sulfhydryl compounds and mimosine using a spectrophotometer. Results: The 30\% ethanol extract without soaking produced the highest levels of extract yield, but 70\% ethanol was the most effective solvent for extracting the maximum sulfhydryl and minimum mimosine levels. Conclusion: Ethanol solvent (70\%) can be used to extract maximum levels of sulfhydryl compound and minimum levels of mimosine from Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit soaked seeds.

}, keywords = {Ethanol, Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, Mimosine, Sulfhydryl compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.47}, author = {Sri Wardatun and Yahdiana Harahap and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Noorwati Sutandyo} } @article {1319, title = {Lithium Nitrate Induced Biochemical Modifications in catla catla upon Short Term Exposure}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1705-1709}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1705}, abstract = {

Background: Alkali metals such as lithium nitrate due to its properties have found their application in industries. However, reports of acute toxicological impact of lithium nitrate on aquatic animals are largely not available in the literature. Objective: With this interest, we have assessed the impact of LiNO3 on Catla catla, a freshwater fish widely consumed. Materials and Methods: In this study, LC50 of LiNO3 was determined to be 5ppm, for 24 h. Following this, 1/10th of the LC50 levels of LiNO3 (0.5ppm) was chosen for acute investigation of 96 h. Results: The results demonstrated increase in serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in treated fish. Further examinations disclosed changes in antioxidant enzyme systems with remarkable changes in the serum catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) contents, with elevation in malondialdehyde (MDA). The investigation found increased glutamate levels in the brain tissue of treated groups, demonstrating tissue damage. Conclusion: The study underlines the toxicological impact of LiNO3 and role of certain potential biomarkers which determine the impact of these toxicants in aquatic environment.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.230}, author = {S Jagadeep Chandra and Naganagouda V Kote and S Sandya and Sharath Chandra SP} } @article {1291, title = {Lutein: A Comprehensive Review on its Chemical, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1769-1778}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1769}, abstract = {

Background: Lutein is a naturally occurring carotenoid found in high amounts in flowers, grains, fruits and green vegetables with green leaves include spinach, kale and carrots. The market for lutein encompasses pharmaceutical, dietary supplement, food, animal and fish feed industries. Objective: The present review aimed to provide an updated and comprehensive analysis of lutein, including its chemistry, biological properties and therapeutic potentials. Methods: Relevant literatures were collected from several scientific databases, include Google Scholar, Pubmed and ScienceDirect between 2000 to till date. Following a detailed inclusion and exclusion screening process, the information obtained was summarized. Results: Information on the sources, chemistry and biological properties including antioxidant, anti-arthrisits, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-cataract, antidiabetic, anticancer and bone remodelling activities, as well as food industry processing for lutein were tabled. Lutein can be considered powerful antioxidants along with multifaceted molecular targets, such as NF-ҡB, PI3K/Akt, Nrf-2, HO-1 and SIRT-1 signaling pathways in various pathological conditions. Conclusion: The present review observe the chemical, pharmacological properties, in addition to the therapeutic potentials of lutein. It is hoped that the information can provide a good reference to aid in the development and utilization of lutein in phytopharmaceuticals and food industries.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Inflammatory cytokines, Lutein, Molecular targets, Pharmacology, Transcription factors}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.239}, author = {Nurul Iman Nurul Fuad and Mahendran Sekar and Siew Hua Gan and Pei Teng Lum and Jaishree Vaijanathappa and Subban Ravi} } @article {1149, title = {Memory Enhancing Efficacy of an Ayurvedic Polyherbal Formulation on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Deficit Experimental Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {589-597 }, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {589 }, abstract = {

The present study was performed to determine the efficacy of an ayurvedic polyherbal formulation (PHF) in the learning and memory process of animal models. The prepared PHF was a suspension of three plant extracts i.e. Alpinia galanga (AG), Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG) and Convolvulus pluricaulis (CP) along with other excipients. Learning and memory assessment of PHF was performed using different behavioral models in scopolamine-induced memory impairment animals. Biochemical estimation was performed to determine the enzymatic level of MDA, GSH and AChE level in rats. Results indicated that the time of social investigation trial 2 (SIT2) was reduced significantly compared to SIT1 due to the treatment of PHF. In the water maze test, plant extracts significantly decreased the latency time in the 4th and 5th sessions comparing to session 1. Administration of AG, CP, GG, and PHF caused amelioration of scopolamine-induced memory impairment in the MWM test. The extracts and PHF were also effective in reducing latency time in the pole climbing test. Biochemical parameters exhibited a reduction in MDA and AChE levels with an increase in GSH level after treatment with extracts and PHF. It can be concluded from the study that PHF is an effective formulation for learning and memory processes against scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Further, the isolation of active constituents is desired from different plant extracts.

}, keywords = {Alpinia galanga, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Latency time, Pole climbing test, Social recognition test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.88}, author = {Deepa Shukla and Sajal Srivastava and Talha Jawaid} } @article {1168, title = {Microencapsulation of Macaranga gigantea Leaf Extracts: Production and Characterization}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {716-724}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {716}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this research was to formulate the microcapsules of Macaranga gigantea leaves extract with solvent evaporation method using Ethocel 10 cP and Eudragit E100 as matrix. Methods: M. gigantea leaves were extracted using ethanol 96\%. This extract was dried by rotary evaporator. The microencapsulation process of M. gigantea leaves extract was conducted by solvent evaporation method (O/W: oil in water). The formula of M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsules were designed into six formulas (Eudragit E100: FA1, FA2, FA3 and Ethocel 10 cP: FB1, FB2, FB3). Microcapsules of M. gigantea leaves extract were characterized for particle size, in terms of surface morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and encapsulation efficiency. Antioxidant activity of the formulation have been evaluated by DPPH method. Physical characterization on microparticles were performed by conducting entrapment efficiency and SEM picture. Results: In this research, the micoparticles containing M. gigantea extract has been developed by using ethyl cellulose (Ethocel 10 cP ) and eudragit (Eudragit E100) as polymer matrix. The results showed that high concentration of polymer (Ethocel 10 cP and Eudragit E100) used in microencapsulation resulted in better M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsules in terms of physical characteristics. Particle size of microcapsules containing M. gigantea leaves extract were in the range of 3.564 to 5.887 μm. Encapsulation efficiency (\% EE) was categorized as good because the value were >= 80\% to which 85.978\% (FA3) and 88.992\% (FB3). SEM picture of FA3 (Eudragit E100) revealed that the surface of microcapsule were rough and porous. When Ethocel 10 cP used as polymer, a smoother surface and less visible pores of microcapsule were obtained. The antioxidant ability of M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsule showed that IC50 values was 64.51 ppm. Conclusion: It can be concluded that microcapsules of M. gigantea leaves extract can be prepared by solvent evaporation method by using Eudragit E100 and Ethocel 10 cP as polymer matrix. M. gigantea leaves has potent antioxidant activity either as extract or after formulated into microcapsules.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ethocel 10 cP, Eudragit E100, Macaranga gigantea, Microencapsulation, Solvent evaporation method}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.104}, author = {Muhaimin Muhaimin and Yusnaidar Yusnaidar and Wilda Syahri and Madyawati Latief and Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa} } @article {1248, title = {Microscopic Investigations and Pharmacognosy of Striga orobanchioides Benth}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1325-1331}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1325}, abstract = {

Objective: To study delineate Pharmacognosy of the stem of plant Striga Orobanchioides Benth (Scrophulariaceae), prime plant in Indian system of medicine. A comprehensive account on standardization of herbal drug Striga Orobanchioides Benth by using microscopic as well as Pharmacognostic parameters. In the field of herbal medicines, the main issues are quality, purity, and effectiveness, as in many cases herbal drugs are knowingly or unknowingly substituted or adulterated with similar species or varieties. Methods: The macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical analysis, preliminary phytochemical testing of the powder of plant stem and other WHO recommended methods for standardization was done. Results: T S of young as well as old stem was studied. T.S. of the young stem confirmed the presence of thin epidermal layer, fairly wide cortex and thin vascular cylinder having the pith disintegrated or retained as homogeneous parenchymatous tissue. T.S. of the old stem confirmed the presence of cortical cells, parenchyma cells, sclerenchyma cells, vascular tissue. The lower conical part of the stem has epidermis cortical zone and vascular cylinder continued from its wide upper part. The cortical zone consists of parenchymatous ground tissue with sealed masses of sclerenchyma cells. The xylem tissue becomes gradually narrow and thin in the end of the stem. It includes compact radial lines of vessels, filnes and xylem rays. Conclusion: The above parameters, being reported to the first time for the studied plant species, and are significant towards establishing the microscopic and Pharmacognostic standards for future identification and authentication of genuine herbal drug. It can be concluded that the Pharmacognostic outline of Striga Orobanchioides plant is beneficial in developing standards for quality, purity and sample identification.

}, keywords = {Pharmacognosy, Stem, Striga Orobanchioides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.182}, author = {Sunayana Vikhe and Rahul Kunkulol} } @article {1196, title = {Modern Approaches to the Analysis of Kelp (Laminaria sp.) as Pharmacopoeial Herbal Drugs and Food Products}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {929-937}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {929}, abstract = {

Background: Currently, the chemical composition of Laminaria J.V. Lamour. species is well studied; they have found applications in the food, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical industries. The main groups of biologically active compounds are polysaccharides (alginic acid, laminarin, mannitol, fucoidan, and others) and minerals (iodine compounds, magnesium, potassium, calcium, iron) that are determined according to pharmacopoeial and All-Union State Standards requirements. Materials and Methods: For data obtaining various types of search tools and engines such as Google, Google scholar, scientific literature (including Russian sources), normative documentation of Russian Federation (State Pharmacopoeia of Russian Federation IV edition, All-Union State Standards, and others) electronic databases such as e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed were used. Results: In the course of this review study, a modern characteristic of the kelp thallus as a pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, food substance of plant origin is presented. The data on the chemical composition, harvesting, and processing of raw materials are summarized. The standardization and safety issues of kelp thallus are considered taking into account modern pharmacopoeial and food international requirements. The approaches to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of biologically active compounds (polysaccharides, iodine) and the determination of safety indicators are studied. Conclusions: The regulatory documentation that is used in the quality control of kelp needs to be finalized and updated. For pharmacopoeial analysis, all possible physicochemical methods (gravimetric, titrimetric, spectrophotometric) should be presented in the newly approved monograph. In this case, modern procedures should be developed, including HPLC with various types of detection (determination of the carbohydrates profile and polysaccharides, including methods with acid and enzyme hydrolysis). This will ensure the required level of quality, the safety of kelp (Laminaria) raw materials.

}, keywords = {alginic acid, Fucoidan, Iodine, Kelp, Laminaria japonica, Laminaria saccharina, Laminarin, Mannitol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.132}, author = {Bokov DO and Potanina OG and Nikulin AV and Shchukin VM and Orlova VA and Bagirova GB and Kakhramanova SD and Al- Khafaji H and Balobanova NP and Evgrafov AA and Samylina IA and Krasnyuk II and Golubeva OA and Kuleshova ES and Moiseev DV and Bessonov VV} } @article {1194, title = {Molecular Mechanism of Capsaicin from (Capsicum Annuum L.) on Expression of MAPK1 and AKT1 Protein as Candidate of Anticancer Drugs: In silico Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {916-919}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {916}, abstract = {

One of the most important compounds in Capsicum annuum L. is capsaicin, capsaicin is a secondary metabolite of the Capsicum Annuum L. plant. In the pharmaceutical field in addition to relieving pain or pain, capsaicin is also known to have anticancer activity because it inhibits certain oncogenic proteins. Further screening of the capsaicin compound against the oncogenic protein produced in the HCC pathogenesis signaling is needed. Screening components in Capsicum annuum L. against MAPK1 and AKT1 target proteins is the initial stage of drug discovery. MAPK1 and AKT1 protein bundles and capsaicin ligand bundles that were prepared previously in Autodock 4.0 were molecular dockings (molecular docking). After molecular docking, it was found that capsaicin binds to MAPK1 / ERK with the free energy of Gibbs of -5.5 Kcal/mol and AKT1 of -6.7 Kcal/mol. The free energy of Gibbs is so negative that it is ensured that the reaction will take place spontaneously and lead to high affinity. The data that has been obtained, capsaicin in Capsicum annuum L. has a high affinity for MAPK1 and AKT1 receptor/protein targets with the binding energy of -5.5 Kcal/mol and -6.7 Kcal/ mol and Potential Activity Score (Pa ) equal to 0,690 for preneoplastic treatment, 0.590 for apoptosis agonist, and 0.366 for antineoplastic activity and accordingly become candidates for anticancer drugs.

}, keywords = {AKT1, Anticancer, Capsaicin, Capsicum annuum L., MAPK1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.130}, author = {Mohammad Sukmanadi and Sri Agus Sudjarwo and Mustofa Helmi Effendi} } @article {1197, title = {Molecules of Interest {\textendash} Karanjin {\textendash} A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {938-945}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {938}, abstract = {

Background: At the present time, several plants are largely contributing to the medical field due to its valuable use. Scientific evidence generated with their special inherent compounds gave more confidence to the scientific community. Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) is an Indian native plant and well exploited in Ayurvedic medicinal system. Concurrently, a few pieces of scientific research have been done to prove the therapeutic activity of this medicinal plant. The medicinal properties of this plant are most likely due to its principal active compound, karanjin. As a molecule of interest, karanjin is an antioxidant and also exerts other biological benefits. Karanjin has also been recognized to be used in agricultural and environmental management other than medicinal purposes. Objectives: This review aimed to provide a brief information on the chemical and biological properties of karanjin along with its traditional uses. It is also discusses the scientific evidences available for its various biological properties. Materials and Methods: Various databases such as Google, Google Scholar Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed had been searched and the data was obtained. Results: The chemistry and reported biological properties of karanjin were highlighted. Karanjin revealed antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s activities, and thus has several possible applications in clinical research. Conclusion: Therefore, further research may help in exploiting its properties and emergent phytopharmaceuticals based on it.

}, keywords = {Chemistry, Flavonoid, Karanja, Karanjin, Pharmacology, Pongam oil tree, Pongamia pinnata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.133}, author = {Aina Akmal Mohd Noor and Siti Nurul Najiha Othman and Pei Teng Lum and Shankar Mani and Mohd Farooq Shaikh and Mahendran Sekar} } @article {1082, title = {Morpho-anatomical, Phytochemical and TLC/HPTLC Studies on Whole Plant of Plectranthus vettiveroides (Jacob) N.P. Singh and B.D. Sharma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {58-65}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {58}, abstract = {

Background: Plectranthus vettiveroides is an aromatic perennial herb, which belongs to family Lamiaceae. The whole plant of P. vettiveroides is aromatic, bitter, cooling, febrifuge, diaphoretic, stimulant, diuretic, useful in vitiated conditions of pitta, burning sensation, leprosy, skin diseases, leucoderma, fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, ulcers, stomachic and emmenagogue. In the present investigation morpho-anatomical, preliminary phyto-chemical, physico-chemical parameters and TLC/HPTLC fingerprint of the whole plant of P. vettiveroids were carried out and reported. Objective: To carry out morpho-anatomical, phytochemical and TLC/HPTLC studies on dried whole plant of P. vettiveroides for authentication/identification. Methods: The morphology, microscopy and phyto-chemical investigation were carried out by following standard methods. Results: Microscopically spiral, reticulated, scalariform and pitted vessels, libriform and septate fibres, multicellular branched covering trichomes, glandular trichomes and silica crystals are the unique diagnostic characteristics in whole plant of P. vettiveroides. The preliminary phyto-chemical, physico-chemical parameters and number of spots and Rf values of TLC/HPTLC are found to be unique diagnostic characteristics of the plant for identification. Conclusion: The finding of present study is helpful in standardization of formulation consists of whole plant of P. vettiveroides as ingredient in their powdered form and also for authentication/ identification of dried whole plant of P. vettiveroides.

}, keywords = {Morpho-anatomy, P. vettiveroides, Phytochemistry, standardization, TLC/HPTLC finger print}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.10}, author = {Velvizhi D and Nartunai G and Susikumar S and Ilavarasan R} } @article {1233, title = {Nanoparticle Characterization of Allium sativum, Curcuma mangga and Acorus calamus as a Basic of Nanotechnology on Jamu Subur Kandungan Madura}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1152-1159}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1152}, abstract = {

Introduction: The increasing of researcher attraction on the herbal drug after so long ignored due to difficulties in processing has opened a new door for the development of a novel of "jamu Subur Kandungan". However, the constraints that then faced in consuming "jamu Subur Kandungan", an herbal reproductive drug, are the solubility and poor absorption in the intestine. Therefore, this study aims to characterize nanoparticle of the combination of garlic (Allium sativum), temu mangga (Curcuma mangga) and jeringau (Acorus calamus) encapsulated by chitosan. Material and Methods: the simplicial of garlic (Allium sativum), temu mangga (Curcuma mangga) and jeringau (Acorus calamus) was purchased from Materia Medica Batu Malang Indonesia. Nanoparticle of combination of garlic, temu mangga and jeringau was produced by ionic gelation method. Nanoparticle characterization was assessed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Spectrophotometer Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), Particle Size analyzer (PSA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Result: The ionic gelation method succeeded to make nanoparticle. The produced nanoparticle was around 438-1159 nm. The length of sonication has proven to make the particle size smaller. The particle size distribution of chitosan at the time of 90 min sonication and 150 min was classified as uneven because of the particle size clustered in the range 500-1000 nm and 3000-5000 nm. The hydroxyl (OH) group appeared at wave number 3429-2466 cm-1, while the amide functional group appeared at wave numbers (1648-1652 cm-1. Phosphate groups (P = O) also appeared, which is a TPP residue, at a wavenumber 1384 cm-1. Conclusion: Chitosan-garlic nanoparticles (Allium sativum), temu mangga (Curcuma mangga) and jeringau (Acorus calamus) were successfully produced with ionic gelation method.

}, keywords = {Characterization, Garlic, Ionic gelation, Jeringau, Nanoparticle, Temu mangga}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.162}, author = {Bayyinatul Muchtaromah and Didik Wahyudi and Mujahidin Ahmad and Rahmi Annisa} } @article {1065, title = {Nanoparticle Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of Kaempferia pandurata Roxb. Extract to the Growth of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {109-114}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {109}, abstract = {

Breast cancer is the most common cancer worldwide and in Indonesia. Kaempferia pandurata Roxb. is a herbal plant from South-East Asia which is known for its ability to inhibit the growth of Estrogen Receptor (ER) + breast cancer cell line from the former study. However, its effect on ER- breast cancer cell lines had not been studied. Therefore, we want to examine the cytotoxicity effect of K. pandurata Roxb. on ER- breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). Nanoparticle is a form of preparation that optimizes the activity of any compound to the targeted cell. Therefore, it is expected that it can increase the effectivity of anticancer in Kaempferia pandurata Roxb. In this study, the rhizome of K. pandurata Roxb. trituration was dried and extracted with n-hexane solvent. Nanoparticle of K. pandurata Roxb. was synthesized with CaCl2, chitosan, and alginate by stirring with a magnetic stirrer, adjusting pH, and centrifugation. Then, nanoparticle was analized by UV/VIS spectrofotometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The cytotoxicity of K. pandurata Roxb. extract and nanoparticle were examined with MTT assay. The result of this test is data of inhibition percentage and IC50 value. The result showed that n-hexane extract of K. pandurata Roxb. is synthesized into nanoparticle form with 99,43\% yield percentage (entrapment value). Anticancer activity of n-hexane extract and nanoparticle of K. pandurata Roxb. is moderate with IC50 value of the extract is 87,23 μg/ml and the nanoparticle is 24,23 μg/ml. The nanoparticle{\textquoteright}s activity is better than the extract. n-Hexane extract and nanoparticle of K. pandurata Roxb. has cytotoxicity effects towards MDA-MB-231 cell line. Nanoparticle can increase the cytotoxicity effect of K. pandurata Roxb. extract because its hydrophobic feature and nanometer size.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, Kaempferia pandurata Roxb., MDA-MB-231 cells, Nanoparticle, Temu Kunci}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.17}, author = {Risya Amelia Rahmawanti and Fadilah Fadilah and Brenda Cristie Edina and Lowilius Wiyono and Rafika Indah Paramita} } @article {1172, title = {Naringenin and Vanillin Mitigate Cadmium-Induced Pancreatic Injury in Rats via Inhibition of JNK and p38 MAPK Pathways}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {742-748}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {742}, abstract = {

Background: Cadmium can induce pancreatic injury via oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Naringenin (NGN) and vanillin (VLN) exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. Objective: The likely ameliorative effects of NGN, VLN and their combination were studied in rats exposed to cadmium-induced pancreatic injury. Materials and Methods: Rats received NGN (50 mg/kg/day, p.o.), VLN (100 mg/ kg/day, p.o.), or NGN + VLN for 7 days and one injection of CdCl2 (2 mg/kg, i.p.) on the 6th day. Results: Cadmium significantly lowered serum amylase and insulin levels. Cadmium also caused significant increments of malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, nuclear factor-κB p65, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and significant decrements of reduced glutathione and catalase in the pancreas of rats received CdCl2. Additionally, CdCl2 caused marked histopathological necrosis and significantly increased caspase-3 expression in pancreatic tissue. The cadmium-induced biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical changes were significantly ameliorated by NGN, VLN and NGN + VLN. However, NGN + VLN caused more significant ameliorative effects than did NGN and VLN alone. Conclusion: NGN, VLN and NGN + VLN afforded significant protection of pancreas in rats exposed to cadmium insult through modulation of JNK and p38 MAPK pathways and inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.

}, keywords = {CdCl2, JNK/MAPK, Naringenin, p38/MAPK, Pancreas, Vanillin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.107}, author = {Amr A Fouad and Entesar F Amin and Amira F Ahmed} } @article {1185, title = {The Nephroprotective And Antioxidant Activity of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {843-849}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {843}, abstract = {

Background: Sterculia has an antioxidant activity. The Sterculia genus has phenols and flavonoids content, and this chemical content may be have an nephroprotective activity. Objective: The study was to investigate the in vitro study of antioxidant activity with DPPH and FRAP study and nephroprotective activity of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq. Leaves extract. Materials and Methods: The leaves was extracted using ethanol. This extract was determined for antioxidant activity by in vitro study with DPPH and FRAP methods, determined the content of total phenols, total flavonoids, and also identification of chemical content. Nephrotoxicity study done by induced gentamycin. The groups divided 6 group, consist: negative control, positive control, normal control, and the extract with dose 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/ kg. The parameter for nephroprotective activity was tubular necrosis, the presence of tubules casts and glomerular damage, creatinine serum, and urea. Results: The ethanol extract has IC50 162.34 μg/ml for DPPH scavenging activity and 18.65 {\textpm} 3.53 FeEAC (Mol/g) for FRAP. The secondary metabolite presence flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, alkaloids, and glycosides. The total phenols 462.36 {\textpm} 9.23 mg GAE/gr, total flavonoids content 59.44 {\textpm} 0.11 mg QE/gr extract. All the dose have an nephroprotective activity, but the best dose was 50 mg/kg. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Sterculia rubiginosa showed antioxidant activity and nephroprotective activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Gentamicin, Nephroprotective, Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll Ex. Miq.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.121}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Ema Dewanti and Inka Nurul Fadliani and Nessa Aqilla and Salwaa Salsabila and Vera Ladeska} } @article {1063, title = {Neuro-protective Effect of Ayurveda Formulation, Saraswatharishtam, on Scopolamine Induced Memory Impairment in Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {6-13}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {6}, abstract = {

Introduction: In the management of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, memory loss remains very challenging. Saraswatharishtam (SWRT) is an ayurvedic formulation prescribed for several neurological illnesses like acute anxiety, partial memory loss, slurred speech, neuro degenerative diseases like Parkinson{\textquoteright}s, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s etc. Methods: Present study explores the possibilities of curative effects of SWRT on Scopolamine induced memory impairment and to compare the effects of commonly used drug piracetam. Adult Wistar Swiss albino mice were used for this experiment and divided into five different groups for the treatments of the drugs in various combinations. The first group was vehicle treated control while the second group was treated with scopolamine to induce memory impairment. The third group of animals were treated with Scopolamine where the mice were pretreated with standard neuroprotective drug Piracetam, while the fourth and fifth group of animals were treated with scopolamine and the animals were pretreated with SWRT at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively to compare with the effect of Piracetam. Scopolamine was administered on day eight, only for 45 minutes in all the cases (Group I- Group V). Several neurobehavioral parameters were examined to confirm the neuroprotective effects of SWRT. Results: Saraswatharishtam significantly reversed the memory loss in mice model revealed from elevated plus maze, radial maze and rectangular maze experiments justifying its neuroprotective potential as observed in usually used synthetic Piracetam. SWRT was found to be nontoxic and very promising antioxidant recorded from acute and chronic toxicological studies. Conclusions: It is suggested that SWRT, could be used as safe and easily available Ayurveda medicine to treat neurological dysfunctions without any side effects. Further translational research is needed to explore its neuro-protective potential.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ayurvedic medicine, Elevated Plus Maze, Neuroprotection, Piracetam, Saraswatharishtam, Scopolamine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.2}, author = {Jai Prabhu and K Prabhu and Anathbandhu Chaudhuri and Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao and VS Kalai Selvi and TK Balaji and Sruthi Dinakar} } @article {1134, title = {Neuro-protective Effect of Ayurveda Formulation, Saraswatharishtam, on Scopolamine Induced Memory Impairment in Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {465-472}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {465}, abstract = {

Introduction: In the management of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, memory loss remains very challenging. Saraswatharishtam (SWRT) is an ayurvedic formulation prescribed for several neurological ailments like acute anxiety, partial memory loss, slurred speech, neuro-degenerative diseases like Parkinson{\textquoteright}s, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s etc. Methods: Present study explores the possibilities of curative effects of SWRT on Scopolamine induced memory impairment and to compare the effects of commonly used drug Piracetam. Adult Wistar Swiss albino mice were used for this experiment and divided into five different groups for the treatments of the drugs in various combinations. The first group was vehicle treated control while the second group was treated with scopolamine to induce memory impairment. The third groups of animals were treated with Scopolamine where the mice were pretreated with standard neuro-protective drug Piracetam, while the fourth and fifth groups of animals were treated with scopolamine and the animals were pretreated with SWRT at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively to compare with the effect of Piracetam. Scopolamine was administered on day eight, only for 45 minutes in all the cases (Group I- Group V). Several neurobehavioral parameters were examined to confirm the neuro-protective effects of SWRT. Results: Saraswatharishtam significantly reversed the memory loss in mice model as revealed from elevated plus maze, radial maze and rectangular maze experiments justifying its neuroprotective potential as observed in usually used synthetic Piracetam. SWRT was found to be nontoxic and very promising antioxidant recorded from acute and chronic toxicological studies. Conclusions: It is suggested that SWRT, could be used as safe and easily available Ayurveda medicine to treat neurological dysfunctions without any side effects. Further translational research is needed to explore its neuro-protective potential.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ayurvedic, Elevated Plus Maze, Neuro-protection, Piracetam, Saraswatharishtam, Scopolamine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.72 }, author = {Jai Prabhu and K Prabhu and Anathbandhu Chaudhuri and Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao and V S Kalai Selvi and T K Balaji and Shruthi Dinakar} } @article {1206, title = {Noni Juice (Morinda citrifolia) to Prevent Cancer Progression in Mice Induced DMBA and Cigarette Smoke Exposure}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {946-951}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {946}, abstract = {

Introduction: Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the body commonly lead to degenerative disease such as cancer. This study aims to investigate the potential of Morinda citrifolia to maintain the immune system against toxic exposure. Materials and Methods: This study used Five weeks old male Balb/C mice as animal model. The 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) was administrated for six weeks following with 3 days cigarette smoke (CS) exposure then treated with noni juice (M. citrifolia) for two weeks. Experimental animals were divided into six groups. Normal control (N); DMBA+CS; Cisplatin; D1; D2; and D3. Profil of CD4+TNFα+, CD11b+IL6+, CD11b+IFNγ+, CD4+CD25+ IL10+, NK+IL6+ cells was analyzed by flow cytometry and data was analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey HSD test with a significance of p-values \< 0.05. Results: This study show that DMBA+CS induction increasing level of CD11b+IL6+, CD4+CD25+ IL-10+ and NK+ IL-6+ meanwhile decreasing CD4+TNFα+significantly (P\<0.5) than Normal group. Noni juice in dose 90 mg/Kg BW decrease cytokine pro-inflammation (IL-6 and IFNγ) both in macrophage and NK cell profile significantly (P\<0.05). Noni juice in 30 mg/Kg BW could improve the activation CD4+TNFα+ significantly (P\<0.05). Noni juice also has efficacy to control T regulator activation to prevent tumor escape. Conclusion: These results suggest that noni juice has anti-cancer potencies by maintain homeostasis of immune system and could be immune herbal supplement.

}, keywords = {Homeostatic, Immunotoxin, Inflammation, Noni juice, Tumor progression}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.134}, author = {Didin Wahyu Agustina and Mulya Dwi Wahyuningsih and Sri Widyarti and Aris Soewondo and Hideo Tsuboi and Muhaimin Rifa{\textquoteright}i} } @article {1174, title = {Nutrient Content, Active Compound and Antibacterial Activity of Padina australis against Aeromonas hydropilla}, journal = {Active compound, Antibacterial activity, Padina australis, Nutrient content,}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {771-776}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {771}, abstract = {

Background: Padina australis is one of the brown macroalgae that possess several compounds that can be used for various medicinal properties. Objective: This study aims to analyze the nutrient content, active compounds, and antibacterial activity of Padina australis against Aeromonas hydropilla. Methods: The nutrient content and phytochemical composition of P. australis were examined in this study. The antibacterial effect was evaluated using the disc method against A. hydropilla. Results: The nutrient content of P. australis include 38.5\% carbohydrate, 2.07\% fat, 13.89\% protein, 16.12\% water, 33.34\% ash, 8.54\% total amino acid, and minerals (11.36\% calcium, 0.22\% iron, and 1.81\% potassium). Phytochemical analysis showed that P. australis contained phenols, tannin, flavonoid, and steroid. These compound may be responsible for inhibiting A. hydropilla, with an inhibition zone of 10.5 mm for water extract of P. australis and 10 mm for methanol extract P. australis. Conclusion: This study revealed that P. australis produced antibacterial effect against A. hydropilla which could be potential for further antimicrobial agent development.

}, keywords = {Active compound, Antibacterial activity, Nutrient content, Padina australis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.110}, author = {Yuliana Salosso and Siti Aisiah and Lumban Nauli Lumban Toruan and Wesly Pasaribu} } @article {1279, title = {Ochna kirkii Oliv: Pharmacognostical Evaluation, Phytochemical Screening, and Total Phenolic Content}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1317-1324}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1317}, abstract = {

Background: Ochna kirkii Oliv. belongs to family Ochnaceae is commonly known as {\textquotedblleft}mickey mouse plants{\textquotedblright} in Asia, included in Jakarta. Objectives: This research was conducted to study the pharmacognosy and total phenolic content. Methods: The pharmacognosy study including the macroscopic, microscopic, fluorescence and phytochemical characteristic, which enable to identification of medicinal plant drug, as well as the total phenolic content using spectrophotometric method. Physicochemical parameters, like loss on drying, ash value, extractive values etc. were also determined following WHO guidelines. Results: Physicochemical standard quantified include total ash 5.15\% {\textpm} 0.4623, acid insoluble ash 0.32\% {\textpm} 0.2614, water soluble ash 10.72\% {\textpm} 0.2340, alcohol soluble extractive 12.8\% {\textpm} 1.3770, ether soluble extractive 7.30\% {\textpm} 1.8341, water content 5.76 \% {\textpm} 0.0050, loss on drying 6.91\% {\textpm} 1.6133. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaves showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins and triterpenoid. TLC profile of the O.kirkii leaves extracts (n-hexane, DCM, ethyl acetate and 70\% ethanol) showed 8, 6, 7 and 10 spots respectively; in different solvent system. The total phenolic content was 252.08 mg GAE/g{\textpm} 0.4430. Conclusions: The various macroscopic, microscopic, physical and phytochemical analysis of the O.kirkii leaf is useful in standardization for quality, purity and sample identification.

}, keywords = {Chromatogram profile, Fluorescence, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Ochna kirkii}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.181}, author = {Endang Hanani and Vivi Anggia and Ike Nurvita Amalina} } @article {1217, title = {Ocimum sanctum: Role in Diseases Management Through Modulating Various Biological Activity }, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1198-1205 }, type = {Review Article}, chapter = { 1198}, abstract = {

Medicinal plants are used commonly by traditional medical practitioners in their daily practice for the treatment of various diseases. The treatment based on natural products are preferred because they are more economic and have lesser side-effects. In this regards, Ocimum sanctum commonly known as holy basil or tulsi is used in the diseases cure and treatment since ancient time. Ocimum sanctum has been proven health promoting effect through modulation of various biological activates. Ocimum sanctum shows therapeutic role through its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective and wound healing effects. Besides, the constituents of holy basil have been confirmed to have a noteworthy effect in cancer management through inhibition of cancer development and progression. Further, the synergistic effect of Ocimum sanctum component with anti-cancer drugs has been proven as it reduces the growth of cancer. Molecular mechanism and human clinical trials based should be performed to avail its role in diseases cure and management. This review comprehensively summarizes the role of holy basil in disease management through in vivo and in vitro study.

}, keywords = {Anti-cancer, Anti-oxidant effect, Health promoting effect, Ocimum sanctum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.168 }, author = {Saleh A Almatroodi and Mohammed A Alsahli and Ahmad Almatroudi and Arshad Husain Rahmani} } @article {1140, title = {Online Survey for Patient Outcomes on Hericium Erinaceous Mushroom}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {519-525 }, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {519}, abstract = {

Hericium Erinaceous (Lion{\textquoteright}s Mane) mushroom is steadfast becoming one of the most widespread and familiar of medicinal mushrooms currently available worldwide, this could be due to its many surprising health benefits and it is the ability to treat various ailments. In our study, we connected a questionnaire to the largest internet portal for Hericium Erinaceous (H.Erinaceous) consumers to measure respondents{\textquoteright} feedback. The questionnaire addresses the attitude and potential benefits of respondents towards H.Erinaceous intake by using a numeric rating scale (NRS),97respondents took part in our study. The most frequently used of H. Erinaceous in our sample were in the treatment of neural diseases, enhance memory and GI disorders. The benefits and satisfied outcomes were highest with participants who use H. Erinaceous in a dose of 2-3 tablets (3g) twice/day to improve memory and cognitive properties and lowest in the treatment of autism even with high doses. 69.9\%of participants did not discuss consuming this mushroom with their physician. Objectives for the study to determine the prevalence and purposes of using the mushroom in different diseases and to predict the outcomes, side effects and the most effective dose taken by participants.

}, keywords = {Hericium Erinaceous, Lion{\textquoteright}s Mane, Medicinal mushrooms, Numeric rating scale}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.79 }, author = {Noha Abd Al Kreem Younis Younis} } @article {1207, title = {Paronychia argentea: A Critical Comprehensive Review on its Diverse Medicinal Potential and Future as Therapeutics}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1172-1179}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1172}, abstract = {

Background: Paronychia argentea has been used since long as a traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes, kidney stones, anti-microbial and many other human diseases. However, the plant has not been explored much. In the present scenario of drug resistance and toxicity associated with available drugs, there is a need for elaborated studies of plants like Paronychia argeneta which had been used as folk medicines. Aim and Objectives: The present article is focused on reviewing the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, traditional usage, biological activities, of Paronychia argentea which has been used in traditional medicinal system for ages. The aim of the study was to assess the ethnopharmacological usage of this plant and to explore therapeutic potentials and future opportunities for research. Materials and Methods: Information on the traditional usage and studies of the Paronychia argentea was gathered from from various journals, MSc dissertation, conference abstract, local books. Various search engines including Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Elsevier, ACS, Pubmed, Web of Science, CNKI and EMBASE were used to collect the information along with libraries. Results: Paronychia argentea has played an important role in traditional medicines in Algeria, Portugal, Israel and Jordan. The aerial parts of this plant are used as diuretics in Algerian traditional medicines and are used as antiurolithiasis. Leaf decoction of this plant is also used as diuretic. Paronychia argentea has been used as analgesic, treatment of stomach ulcer, anorexia, and flatulence in Portugal. Scientific studies on extracts of Paronychia revealed a wide range of pharmacological activities including anti-microbial activity, anti-oxidant, nephroprotective activity. Moreover, few reports have given contradictory data for usage of Paronychia when compared with its traditional usage. As in the case of alpha-amylase inhibitory efficacy of PA, it was observed that PA inhibits alpha-amylase activity but later on it was proven that PA does not have a hypoglycemic effect. Main bioactive metabolites present in this plant include alkaloids, flavonoids, volatile oils, etc. Conclusions: Based on this review, there are evidences from various studies regarding pharmacological effects of this plant as nephroprotective, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial activity. Some indications from in vitro studies have confirmed the inhibitory activity of this plant extract against alpha amylase enzyme. The available literature showed that most of the activities of the Paronychia can be accredited to the flavonoids present in them. Data regarding mechanisms of action of this plant along with pharmacokinetics, toxicology studies is still limited, which indicate the need of such studies for the clinical usage of this plant.

}, keywords = {Anti-microbial, Anti-oxidant, Bioactivity, Herbal medicine, Nephroprotective, Oxidative stress, Paronychia argentea, Therapeutic value, Ulcerative colitis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.165}, author = {Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan and Sardar Hussain and Janardhana Papayya Balakrishna and Surapaneni Krishna Mohan} } @article {1299, title = {A Perspective Overview on Hygrophila auriculata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1748-1752}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1748}, abstract = {

Hygrophila auriculata, belonging to the family Acanthaceae, is a promising medicinal plant with great economic potential. The medicinal value of H. auriculata has been appreciated in the ancient medical literature. The plant contains terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and is traditionally known as an aphrodisiac, renal tonic, and for its health-promoting properties. The plant is cultivated throughout India. However, systematic information on the different aspects of this species is not available. In this review, an attempt has been made to present this information.

}, keywords = {Hygrophila auriculata, Pharmacological activity, Phytochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.237}, author = {S Dhanalakshmi and N Harikrishnan and N Srinivasan and P Pandian and BA Tanisha and M Tharun Kumar and V Lokesh and N Yuvashri and S Supriya} } @article {1210, title = {Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Evaluation of the bark of Grewia tiliifolia Vahl.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {967-976}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {967}, abstract = {

Introduction: Grewia tiliifolia Vahl. is an important ethnomedicinal tree widely distributed in the tropical and sub-tropical areas and has been used as a source of herbal shampoo by the local communities in many places of Kerala, India. It has been routinely used in the traditional Ayurvedic medicines against cough, ulcers, cancer, skin diseases, pruritus, wounds and urinary infections. Objective: The aim of this study was the pharmacognostical standardisation of G. tiliifolia. Methods: Pharmacognostic evaluation of G.tiliifolia bark was carried out by usual macroscopic and microscopic examinations and phytochemical screening. In addition, the quantification of major phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins and carotenoids were carried out by standard procedures which can further throw light on the medicinal use of this ethnobotanically important plant. Results: Anatomical studies revealed the presence of prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate and druses in the stem and bark. Mucilage cavities were observed only in the stem. Histochemical studies revealed that the tissues of phloem parenchyma are the main localising region of various phytoconstituents. The physicochemical examinations along with the estimation of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins and carotenoids will help in setting the pharmacopoeial standards of G.tiliifolia. Conclusion: The present study provides useful information that will help in the exact identification as well as assessment of purity of crude drugs of G.tiliifoia.

}, keywords = {Grewia tiliifolia, Pharmacognostic studies, Physicochemical evaluation, Phytochemical screening, Quantification of phytoconstituents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.137}, author = {Jaya Kuruvilla and M Anilkumar} } @article {1143, title = {Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Studies of Leaves of Psydrax horizontalis Schum. and Thonn (Rubiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {541-550}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {541}, abstract = {

Introduction: Psydrax horizontalis Schum. and Thonn; is used traditionally in the treatment of malaria, fever, and management of diabetes in Nsukka, South-eastern Nigeria. Owing to its increasing ethno-medicinal relevance, proper identification and evaluation are vital to prevent adulteration. This research article presents a detailed pharmacognostic, physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation on the leaves of Psydrax horizontalis which will be used in its identification and consequent standardization. Methods: The fresh and powdered leaves were evaluated for their macroscopic and microscopic features. Physicochemical properties and phytochemical screening were carried out based on standard procedures by World Health Organization (WHO). Results: Psydrax horizontalis is a petiolate, stipulate and compound bi-pinnate leaf with reticulate venation, entire margin, chordate base and has opposite leaf arrangement. Microscopic diagnostic characters observed were paracytic stomata, unicellular covering trichomes, microsphenoidal shaped calcium oxalate crystals, lignified vessels and fibres as well as numerous starch grains. The total ash, water soluble ash, sulphated ash, acid insoluble ash compositions were 6.5, 0.5, 2.75 and 0.5\% respectively. The moisture content, alcohol soluble extractive and water soluble extractive values obtained were 8.8, 3.8 and 3.7\% respectively. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening showed flavonoids, tannins, steroids, phenols and alkaloids at 100.00{\textpm}0.035, 22.00{\textpm}0.036, 19.50{\textpm}0.024, 15.00{\textpm}0.032 and 13.00{\textpm}0.014 mg/g respectively as the major phytochemical constituents. Conclusion: The pharmacognostic standards of the leaves of Psydrax horizontalis were determined and serve as quality control parameters for their purity, identification and standardization.

}, keywords = {Evaluation, Microscopic, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Psydrax horizontalis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.82}, author = {Onyekere Peculiar Feenna and Odoh Uchenna Estella and Peculiar-Onyekere Chioma Obianuju and Nwafor Felix Ifeanyi and Ezugwu Christopher Obodike} } @article {1080, title = {Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and Ethnopharmacological Potential of Cyclamen coum Mill}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {204-212}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {204}, abstract = {

Background: This review focuses on characterization of Cyclamen coum Mill. (Myrsinaceae), composition and content of biologically active substances presented in the above-ground and underground parts, reporting use of this plant in traditional medicine, predicting possible pharmacotherapeutic effects. Materials and Methods: Various electronic search engines such as Google, Google scholar, scientific literature, electronic databases such as e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed had been searched and data obtained. Results: Cyclamen L. is classified in the Myrsinaceae family now. It is a typical element of the Mediterranean flora. C. coum. is a species characteristic of the Caucasus and Crimea with rounded leaves and rounded corolla lobes, bright and pink-purple flowers. Chemical composition of biologically active substances of C. coum was described in sufficient detail. C. coum contains saponins (coumoside A, coumoside B, cyclaminorin, deglucocyclamin, cyclacoumin, and mirabilin lactone), sterols (stigmasterol and other related compounds), piperidine alkaloid (2-β-D-glycopyranosyl-2-undecil-3,5-dihydroxy-6-carboxypiperidine), flavonoids, phenols, tannins, cardiac glycosides. Antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor activities are established for different C. coum extracts. Conclusion: C. coum can be used for the production of potential anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal drugs. It should be noted that more pharmacognostic, pharmacological studies are needed for providing further information to use this medicinal plant in the official medicine. Also, standardization procedures for a crude herbal drug should be developed.

}, keywords = {Coumoside A, Coumoside B, Cyclacumin, Cyclamen coum, Cyclaminorin, Deglucocyclamine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.31}, author = {Bokov DO and Krasikova MK and Sergunova EV and Bobkova NV and Kovaleva TYu and Bondar AA and Marakhova AI and Morokhina SL and Krasnyuk II and Moiseev DV} } @article {1208, title = {Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and in vitro Biological Evaluation of Blepharis repens (Vahl) Roth}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {952-961}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {952}, abstract = {

Blepharis repens (Vahl) Roth of Acanthaceae family, commonly known as Hadsan in Marathi and Haridachchu in Kannada, is threatened species due to exploitation from natural habitat. Objectives: The objective of present study is to establish scientifically well evaluated pharmacognostic and biological efficacy parameters. Methods: Microscopical parameters of leaf, root and stem are evaluated. Powder microscopy, physicochemical analysis, elemental analysis, fluorescence analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening and estimation of major phytoconstituents of whole herb powder are carried out. In vitro biological evaluation of Blepharisrepens carried out for antioxidant potential by DPPH method, in vitro anticancer activity by SRB assay and antimicrobial efficacy by both agar well diffusion and bioautography methods. Results: Morphologically, roots are cylindrical and elongated, leaf has symmetric base, entire margin, acute apex while stem is cylindrical, elongated. Microscopic evaluation reveals that both leaf and stem are covered with trichomes. Leaf has unicellular uniseriate trichomes while stem has multi-cellular uniseriate covering trichomes. Physicochemical evaluation revealed that total ash, acid insoluble ash and water-soluble ash values 13.85 7.7 and 3.1\% respectively. Petroleum ether, alcohol and water extractive values found 0.84\%, 1.64\%, and 3.52\% respectively. Loss on drying value is found 3.43\%. Element analysis of whole herb confirms presence of nitrogen, sulphate and carbonate. Fluorescence tests are performed by treatment with different acids and alkalis and exposure to ultraviolet light. Phytochemical screening shows presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. Estimation of phytochemicals like carbohydrate, alkaloid, tannin and flavonoid found 5.78\%, 1.43\%, 5.7\% and 1.48\% respectively. Biological evaluation reveals that plant has significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activity while plant is devoid of in-vitro anticancer activity against human leukemia cell line HL-60.

}, keywords = {Anti-cancer, Anti-microbial, Anti-oxidant, Bioautography, Blepharisrepens, HL-60}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.135}, author = {Sharada L Deore and Poonam B Bhansali and Bhushan A Baviskar} } @article {1201, title = {Pharmacognostic Profile of Ageratum conyzoides L Plant and Simplicia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1072-1076}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1072}, abstract = {

Ageratum conyzoides Linn. is known as billy goat weed, including the family Asteraceae. This plant has been used empirically as a medicine for diarrhea, scratches, antinflammatory, snakebite, insecticide and nemasiticide. This study aims to identify plants based on pharmacognitive profiles including macroscopy, microscopy and non-parametric characters from plant parts of Ageratum conyzoides to determine the standardization of herbs. The results showed that the leaves were ovoid, pale green, soft hairy and purple, bluish or white flowers flowers. Microscopic observations of cross section of stem and leaf showed the presence of parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells and multicellular non-glandular trichomes, upper and lower epidermal cells, stomata in the upper and lower epidermis of the leaf. The highest value of water content was in the radix. The highest value of ash content was in the stem. The highest value of acid soluble ash content was in the radix. The highest value of water-soluble extract was in the folium. The highest value of ethanol-soluble extract was in the flower. The results of this study can be used as authentication of plant parts and a basis for the analysis of the standard pharmacopoeia A. conyzoides.

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.151}, author = {Warsinah and Hanif Nasiatul Baroroh} } @article {1144, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies on Methanolic Extract of Leaves of Vitex negundo Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {551-556}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {551}, abstract = {

Vitex negundo Linn (verbenaceae), known as Nirgundi is important medicinal plant with variety of phytoconstituents having significant pharmacological activities. It has antiinflammatory, analgesic, anti-histaminic, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, hepatoprotective, antiimplantation, laxative, larvicidal, anti-arthritic, anticonvulsant and effective against snake venom activity. Two compounds namely vitexin and negundoside are reported to have anticancer and hepatoprotective activity respectively. For safe and effective use of herbal drugs in a formulation, proper standardization of herbal drugs is necessary. So, in this research paper basic pharmacognostic studies on Vitex negundo leaf extract like physicochemical parameters- ash values and extractive values, Fluorescence analysis, phytochemical screening, TLC profile with different solvent systems, behavior with different reagents and metal analysis was done. The findings throw light on preliminary standardization of this important medicinal plant. Key

}, keywords = {Ash values, Extractive values, Fluorescence analysis, TLC, Vitex negundo (VN)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.83 }, author = {Kiran Sharma and Manish Yadav and Kavita Attri} } @article {1159, title = {Pharmacognostical Investigations of Hedysarum Caucasicum Bieb. (Fabaceae) - An Ethnomedicinal Plant of Northern Caucasus, Russia, Determination of Mangiferin and Antibacterial Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {510-518 }, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {510 }, abstract = {

The main active component of members of the genus Hedysarum is xanthone C-glycoside - mangiferin which was found in the above-ground part of 17 species of Hedysarum. Mangiferin is contained in plants of the genus Hedysarum can serve as a chemotaxonomic marker of this genus, it has antiviral activity against DNA-containing viruses: Herpes simplex virus, Varicella zoster, Cytomegaloviruses, also has immunostimulatory properties (stimulates cellular and humoral immunity). We have prepared the morphological and anatomical studying, phytochemical research availability of tannines, flavonoids, xanthones, the free organic acids, the sugars and amino acids among which in the significant amount glutamic acid, aspartic acid and an arginine collect is established. The maintenance of the sum of xanthones made 7.12\%. As a result of a research of amino-acid structure of a grass of Hedysarum caucasicum Bieb. presence at the significant amount of glutamic acid (13.58 g/kg), aspartic acid (13.61 g/kg), an arginine (14.99 g/kg) is revealed. In a grass of Hedysarum caucasicum Bieb. The quantitative maintenance of the sum of xanthones in terms of a specific indicator of a mangiferin is established. The technology of receiving a liquid extract by means of 80\% of ethanol is developed, standardization is carried out it. It is established that extract of Hedysarum caucasicum Bieb. shows the antimicrobial activity concerning Shigella sonnei, Bacillus subtilis and B.anthracoides.

}, keywords = {Hedysarum, Hedysarum caucasicum Bieb., Mangiferin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.78 }, author = {Serebryanaya Fatima К and Imachueva Djavgarat R and Guseynova Ziyarat A} } @article {1170, title = {Pharmacognostical, Physicochemical and Phytochemical Evaluation of Strobilanthes kunthianus (Acanthaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {731-741}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {731}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation of various parts of Strobilanthes kunthianus. Methods: Macroscopical, microscopical, physico-chemical and phytochemical evaluations of leaves, stem, root and flowers of S. kunthianus were investigated. The paraffin embedded specimens were sectioned with the help of Rotary Microtome. The thickness of the sections was 10-12 μm and dewaxing was done by customary procedure. The sections were stained with toluidine blue for microscopical analysis. The preliminary phytochemical study was carried out for various extracts of S. kunthianus using standard procedure. Results: In the pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical studies, in an attempt to standardize the leaves, stem and root of S. kunthianus have been shown that will be definitely useful to the future researchers for the identification of the plant. Conclusion: These studies offer referential evidence for accurate identification and standardization of S. kunthianus.

}, keywords = {Pharmacognostic standardization, Physico-chemical evaluation, Phytochemical analysis, Strobilanthes kunthianus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.106}, author = {Geetha Balasubramaniam and Mahendran Sekar and Shrishailappa Badami} } @article {1317, title = {Pharmacological Screening of Anti Lice and Antidandruff Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Leaves of Datura metel}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1653-1657}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1653}, abstract = {

It should be noticed that there is no drugs is available to treat lice and dandruff both are very great public health concern. So it is necessary to screen a drug especially of herbal origin to treat the both head lice and dandruff without affecting eyes. In the present study, Datura metel leaf extracts was evaluated for their insecticidal properties using head lice as an insect model. The study was conducted from November 2019 to March 2020. Plant sample (leaf) of Datura metel was collected from anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India in November 2019. The various concentration of ethanolic extract of leaves of Datura metel was prepared by using distilled water. 20\%, 40\%, 60\% were used. A colony of P.humanus capitis was collected by combing the hair of 20-25 infected children at the age group of 10-15. Head lice were reared in the glass vessels covered with nylon mesh containing tufts of hairs. The hair tufts was impregnated with appropriate doses for the screening. Pure culture of M.furfur (MTCC: 1374) was obtained from institute of Microbial type of culture collection, Chandigarh, India. The culture was maintained in SDA medium. The current study afford scientific basis for the ethnomedical use of this plant as antilice application. It is concluded that it can be optimistic that the present work proved Datura metel of dual therapeutic advantage to be a potential phytochemical target in the design of a drug for the treatment of both lice and dandruff.

}, keywords = {Anti dandruff, Anti lice, Datura metel, Ethnomedical use, Pharmacological screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.225}, author = {Sreedhar V and J Mastanaiah and B Chakrapani and D Venkata Narayana and B Nagendra Babu and M Sushma and C Usha Sree and N Krishna Sree} } @article {1125, title = {Pharmacopoeial Analysis of Inulin-Containing Medicinal Plant Raw Materials and Drugs}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {415-421}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {415}, abstract = {

Background: Today, there are some unresolved issues and discussions concerning inulin quantitative determination in medicinal plant raw materials (MPRM). MPRM containing polyfructans or fructosans (inulin and others) are rather complex multicomponent matrixes with many interacting compounds. The article discusses the prospects for further standardization of inulin-containing pharmacopoeial MPRM that include, in addition to polysaccharides (inulin), other biologically active compounds with pharmacological activity. Materials and Methods: Different types of search tools such as Google scholar, Google, scientific literature, normative documentation of Russian Federation (State Pharmacopoeia of Russian Federation IV edition and others) electronic databases such as e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed had been searched and data obtained. Results: The pharmacopoeial spectrophotometric procedures of inulin determination in the Russian Federation are approved in a version that does not fully satisfy modern standardization criteria. Regulatory changes required in the near future. Conclusion: Undoubtedly, to determine inulin quantitatively, it is necessary to modify the existing spectrophotometric procedures and introduce an additional alternative, more specific HPLC-RID (or similar) ones.

}, keywords = {Fructosans, HPLC-RID, Inulin quantitative determination, Polyfructans}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.64}, author = {Bokov DO and Karabeshkin DI and Samylina IA and Potanina OG and Krasnyuk II and Malinkin AD and Sergunova EV and Kovaleva TYu and Bobkova NV and Antsyshkina AM and Bondar AA and Evgrafov AA and Galiakhmetova EK and Moiseev DV and Bessonov VV} } @article {1214, title = {Phenolic Compounds and Immunomodulating Activity of Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1104-1107}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1104}, abstract = {

Introduction: This research aims to determine the immunomodulating activity of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) herb extract and to evaluate the prospects of development of the medicine based on it. Methods: Object of the research was dry chicory extract obtained from herb (aerial part) of a wild plant. The chemical composition of the extract was determined by HPLC-MS method. Its immunomodulating action has been explored in vivo experiments involving intact animals, as well as immunosuppressed animals, treated with azathioprine cytostatic agent. Chicory extract was administered at a dose of 30 mg/kg per os 1 time per day for 14 days. As a reference drug, Immunal (Lec Pharma, Slovenia) was used. Chicory extract action on the state of cell immune component was evaluated in delayed hypersensitivity reaction. The humoral immunity condition was evaluated by the count of antibody-forming cells determined by the local hemolysis method. The state of the macrophage component of the immune response was evaluated in the phagocytosis reaction of peritoneal macrophages in relation to colloid liquid ink particles. Results: Dry chicory extract is capable to reduce the suppressive azathioprine effect on the cell-mediated immune response, antibody response, and phagocytosis with macrophages; it does not change the immunity indicators in intact animals. Conclusion: Dry chicory extract contains phenolic complex of biologically active substances, namely oxycoumarins, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonoids. Dry chicory extract is an effective immunocorrecting agent; it should be recommended for further study and application aiming for the prevention and treatment of immunodeficiency states.

}, keywords = {Chicory herb, Dry extract, Immunomodulating activity, Phenolic compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.156}, author = {Saybel OL and Rendyuk TD and Dargaeva TD and Nikolaev SM and Khobrakova VB} } @article {1120, title = {Phenolic Compounds from Caesalpinia sappan}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {410-414}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {410}, abstract = {

Introduction: Caesalpinia sappan L., a traditional ingredient of food and beverages in South East Asia, was investigated for its chemical constituents. Methods: The compounds were isolated by column chromatography and their chemical structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by comparison of their NMR data with literature data. Results: Repeated column chromatography of the EtOAc-soluble fraction from the heartwood of C. sappan resulted in the isolation of sappanchalcone (1), caesalpiniaphenol G (2), and quercetin (3). Conclusion: Three phenolic compounds have been successfully isolated from C. sappan.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Caesalpinia sappan, Caesalpiniaceae, Homoisoflavonoids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.63}, author = {Van Ba Nguyen and Binh Duong Vu and Gia Khanh Pham and Bach Quang Le and Van Chuyen Nguyen and Chu Van Men and Van Thu Nguyen} } @article {1315, title = {Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Heavy Metal and Microbiological Analysis of Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1541-1546}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1541}, abstract = {

Background: Moringa oleifera leaves is one of the highly patronized herbs on the Ghanaian market. It is used for the treatment and prevention of several diseases. It is imperative that available and effective methods can be utilized to assess the quality of samples before being consumed. Objective: A study of the leaves was conducted to ascertain its physicochemical, phytochemical, heavy metal and microbiological content to develop a simple but acceptable criteria which could be useful in ensuring the quality of this crude drug. Materials and Methods: The qualitative and quantitative morphological features, physicochemical, phytochemical, microbial load and flouresent features of the leaves of M. oleifera were evaluated. Results: M. oleifera leaves were found to be glaborous with opposite leaflet, leaflet tripinnate, with a micronate apex and possessing an entire margin. Microscopy showed vein islets, rosette calcium oxalate crystals, polygonal epidermal cells and unicellular trichomes. The 50 \% ethanol soluble extractives of M. oleifera were highest, followed by the water and petroleum ether. Tannins, alkaloids, gylcosides, phenols, flavonoids, phenols, gums, and mucilage were present. Conclusion: The documented pharmacognostic features may be used as part of daily protocols to correctly identify and determine the quality of the the crude plant. The preliminary phytochemical, heavy metal and microbiological limits can be further used to ascertain the quality of raw materials of M. oleifera before they are used.

}, keywords = {Fluorescence, Heavy metal, Microbiological, Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.211}, author = {Emelia Oppong Bekoe and Yakubu Jibira and Gladys Amponsah Agyei} } @article {1062, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-diabetic Activity of Leaf extract of Psydrax horizontalis Schum and Thonn (Rubiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {95-102}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {95}, abstract = {

Introduction: Rubiacaeae is a large family of flowering plants of 630 genera with over 13000 species widely distributed in the tropical and warm regions of the world. The Psydrax genus has been reported to have various pharmacological activities. Based on ethno-pharmacological information, Psydrax horizontalis Schum. and Thonn. (Bridson) locally known as {\textquotedblleft}Akata-ike{\textquotedblright} in Nsukka is used in the management of diabetes in South-eastern Nigeria. However as at the time of this research, no previous work has been done to investigate its phytochemical constituents and anti-diabetic activity. Methods: The methanol extract (ME) obtained by maceration was analysed for phytochemicals present using standard procedures. Alloxan monohydrate at 150 mg/Kg was used to induce diabetes. Acute toxicity test was done using the Lorke{\textquoteright}s method. The normoglycemic and alloxan-induced groups of twenty animals each were treated orally with 100, 200 and 400 mg/Kg of ME; 5 mg/Kg of glibenclamide and 2 mL/kg of 3\% Tween 80 as the controls. The fasting blood glucose concentrations were monitored at 0, 1, 3 and 6 h, as well as 1st, 3rd and 5th day. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, saponins and terpenoids. Median lethal dose was greater than 5000 mg/kg. In the alloxan-induced diabetic rats, significant activity at p\<0.01 on the 6th hour was recorded at doses 100, 200 and 400 mg/Kg ME on day 3. Conclusion: The ME of Psydrax horizontalis possesses significant anti-diabetic activity in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The results obtained validate its traditional use in management of diabetes.

}, keywords = {Alloxan monohydrate, Diabetes, Extraction, Flavonoids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.15}, author = {Onyekere Peculiar Feenna and Odoh Uchenna Estella and Ezugwu Christopher Obodike} } @article {1288, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Antihyperuricemic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Moringa oleifera Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1698-1704}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1698}, abstract = {

Background: Moringa oleifera is a popular plant that has been known to have several importance biological activities. Objectives: To perform phytochemical analysis, to in vivo evaluate the antihyperuricemic activity and to measure the inhibition of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera seed on xanthine oxidase enzyme. Materials and Methods: The seed were collected from Sigi regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Extraction was performed by maceration method with ethanol 96\% as a solvent. Thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometric UV-Vis were used to determine the phytochemical contents. The antihyperuricemic activity was evaluated by using in vivo model of rat induced by potassium oxonate. The xanthin oxidase inhibitory activity was also determined by spectroscopic method by measuring the catalytic rate of xanthin oxidase enzyme. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponin and tannin. Quantitative determination of total flavonoids and quercetin concentration found the values of 82.17 {\textpm} 0.684 mg QE/g and 0.5131 {\textpm} 0.0022 mg/g dried extract, respectively. Ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera seed have potential antihyperuricemic activity in which it can significantly reduce the serum uric acid level on potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic rat model with the effective dose of 125 mg/ kg BW. Xanthin oxidase inhibitory activity showed the moderate activity with IC50 of 88.39 μg/ml. Conclusion: This study confirmed the potential of Moringa oleifera seed ethanolic extract, growing in Sigi, Central Sulawesi to be developed as herbal medicinal source for antihyperuricemic drug.

}, keywords = {Antihyperuricemic, Moringa oleifera, Quercetin, Total flavonoids, Xanthin Oxidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.229}, author = {Nurlina Ibrahim and Siti Nuryanti and Asriani Hasanuddin and Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair} } @article {1246, title = {Phytochemical and Antibacterial Activity of Cardiospermum halicacabum Against Wound Pathogens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1303-1310}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1303}, abstract = {

Background: Plants serve as an important source for curing various medical ailments for a wide variety of human and animal diseases. It is therefore necessary to prove the biological activities of the selected plants scientifically using modern technology. The current study focuses on the use of Cardiospermum halicacabum in their wound healing applications. Cardiospermum halicacabum is a well-known plant that has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic properties and it is also used to treat joint pains, muscle tears, back pain, etc. Materials and Methods: In this study methanolic extracts of the active compounds from Cardiospermum halicacabum were tested for its phytochemical attributes by qualitative method, GC-MS, and the antioxidant properties were also assessed. The bactericidal activity and Minimal Inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the plant extract has been evaluated in both Gram +ve and Gram -ve microorganisms using the disc diffusion method. Results: The results obtained showed the presence of significant antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The plant extract was found to be more active against Gram positive microbes compared to Gram negative microbes. The extract has the radical scavenging activity of about 77\%. And the GCMS results showed the presence of different phytocompounds which are greatly known for their pharmacognistic activities.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, Cardiospermum halicacabum, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.179}, author = {Sathish Kumar Karuppannan and Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath and Mohamed Khalith SB and Darul Raiyaan GI and Sundarapandian Subramanian and Kantha Deivi Arunachalam} } @article {1262, title = {Phytochemical and Antioxidant Evaluation of the Flavonoids and Tannins from Synadenium grantii Hook f, (Ephorbiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1421-1428}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1421}, abstract = {

Background: The methanol extract (MeE) of the aerial parts from Synadenium grantii Hook f, (Ephorbiaceae) has more Polyphenols and used to treat several diseases. Objective: The aim of this study is isolation, purification and identification of Polyphenols that showed good antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: In the present study, purification of the MeOH-H2O extract (70:30) from the air-dried aerial parts of S. grantii resulted by different chromatographic tools. The antioxidant activities were evaluated for the examined compounds by several methods using DPPH, Reducing power, ABTS and FRAP assays. Results: A total of 14 compounds were isolated from this plant species for the first time. The results obtained showed that all the examined compounds possess remarkable antioxidant activity through all assays especially compounds 2 and 4 where they showed the highest antioxidant activity among the other compounds and very close to the results of the standard compound BHA. Conclusion: The compounds examined have exhibited antioxidant activity with promising value as natural source antioxidant drugs.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ephorbiaceae, Flavonoids, Synadenium grantii, Tannins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.196}, author = {Asmaa S Abd Elkarim and Sahar Abdelaziz and Hany Gouda Attia and Hanan AA Taie and Rafik Monir} } @article {1091, title = {Phytochemical Composition and Evaluation of Marine Algal Sargassum polycystum for Antioxidant Activity and In Vitro Cytotoxicity on Hela Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {88-94}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {88}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sargassum polycystum is one of marine algal which has a potent antioxidant anticancer activities. This research aims to investigate phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity and in vitro cytotoxicity of marine algal Sargassum polycystum on cervical HeLa cancer. Methods: Sargassum polycystum collected from Dompu beach, Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat Province, Indonesia, were extracted into organic solvent of n-hexane, ethylacetate, chloroform and ethanol, respectively. Subsequently, Sargassum polycystum extracts were applied for Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis, phytochemistry test, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, as well as for antioxidant activity test by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method, and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation on HeLa cells by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Results: Phytochemical analysis of S. polycystum extracts are positive for metabolites of flavonoid, steroid, tannin and glycoside. TLC analysis revealed that S. polycystum extracts containing four phytochemical components. Ethylacetate extract of S. polycystum showed the highest total phenolic content, and exhibited greater antioxidant activity than ethanol extract. Total phenolic and total flavonoid content in ethylacetate extract are 548.61 μg/mL and 40.06 μg /mL, respectively. Ethylacetate extract of S. polycystum with IC50 value of 298.3 μg/mL is assigned to have a weak antioxidant activity against DPPH free radical. The results indicate that antioxidant activity of ethylacetate extracts of S. polycystum is directly correlated with its total phenolic and flavonoid content. Moreover, S. polycystum extracts demonstrated a strong anticancer activity on cervical HeLa cells with IC50 ranging from 38.3 μg/mL to 112.8 μg/mL. Conclusion: This work confirmed that S.polycystum are promising natural antioxidant and anti-cervical cancer agents.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, HeLa cells, phytochemisty, Sargassum polycystum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.14}, author = {Ade Arsianti and Anton Bahtiar and Vincent Kharisma Wangsaputra and Norma Nur Azizah and Wilzar Fachri and Lince Dameria Nadapdap and Ajeng Megawati Fajrin and Hiroki Tanimoto and Kiyomi Kakiuchi} } @article {1117, title = {Phytochemical Compounds in Arundo donax L. Rhizome and Antimicrobial Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {287-292}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {287}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aerial part of Arundo donax L., giant reed, is a well-known fuel source used in many countries. Methods: Phytochemical compounds in A. donax L. rhizome, sequentially extracted with hexane (HEX), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA), and methanol (MeOH), were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial activities of the rhizome extracts were evaluated using disc diffusion assay against yeast (Candida albicans), and bacteria Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus cereus ATCC11778, and Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC25922). Results: The detected phytochemicals were screened against WILEY07 library; 84 compounds matched with a similarity >= 90\%. All the characterized compounds were grouped based on their functional group. The major phytochemicals in the HEX, DCM, and EA extracts belonged to sterol groups, while lipids, fatty acids, and related conjugates were the main components of the methanolic extract. The other characterized compounds were hydrocarbons, phenolics, terpenoids, xanthones, and xanthene. Growth of B. subtilis was inhibited by the HEX, DCM, EA, and MeOH extracts, whereas B. cereus growth was inhibited only by the DCM and EA extracts. However, growth of E. coli and C. albicans could be not inhibited by A. donax L. rhizome extracts. Analysis of the compounds as well as their antibacterial activities via hierarchical clustering showed that hexadecanoic acid is the major compound influencing B. subtilis growth, while, B. cereus growth was affected by xanthone. Conclusions: Rhizomes of A. donax L. is one potential source of antimicrobial agents and further applied in medicinal uses.

}, keywords = {Bacteria, GC-MS, Giant reed, HCA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.45}, author = {Kanoktip Pansuksan and Sophida Sukprasert and Netiya Karaket} } @article {1116, title = {Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Activity and Cell Line Study of Marine Red Macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii on Lung A-549 Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {276-281}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {276}, abstract = {

Introduction: In this century, cancer has increased in incidence and become one of the deadliest disease in the world. However, to date, lung cancer treatments are still not fully effective, quite expensive and very exhaustive for the patient. Eucheuma cottonii is an abundant marine red macroalgae in Indonesia which have a potential anti-lung cancer properties. Aim of this research is to determine phytochemical profile of Eucheuma cottonii extracts, as well as to evaluate its antioxidant and cytotoxic effects on Lung A-549 cancer cells. Methods: Eucheuma cottonii obtained from Sorong beach, West Papua Province, Indonesia, were extracted with three different solvents, that is ethanol, ethylacetate, and n-hexane. These three Eucheuma cottonii extracts were identified for its phytochemical profiles, antioxidant activity by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, and cytotoxic activity on lung A-549 cells by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed that Eucheuma cottonii contains metabolites of triterpenoid and alkaloid. Antioxidant activity evaluation showed ethanol extract of Eucheuma cottonii has IC50 value of 559.76 μg/mL against DPPH free radical. Whereas cytotoxicity evaluation showed that ethanol extract and ethylacetate extract of Eucheuma cottonii have cytotoxic effects on Lung A-549 cancer cells, with IC50 value of 251.73 μg/ mL and 261.41 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: These results suggesting that Eucheuma cottonii extract could be further developed as a natural anti-lung cancer agent.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cell line study, Eucheuma cottonii, Lung A-549 cells, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.43}, author = {Ade Arsianti and Gerry Kurniawan and Nadzila Anindya Tejaputri and Fona Qorina and Qotrunnada Fithrotunnisa and Norma Nur Azizah and Ajeng Megawati Fajrin} } @article {1230, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of the Fruits of Boscia senegalensis (Pers.) Lam. e.g. Pear. (Capparaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1042-1049}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1042}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aims to assess the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of the fruits (pulp and seeds) of Boscia senegalensis from the Ferlo zone in Northern Senegal. Material and Methods: Fruit collection of Boscia senegalensis was carried out in three Ferlo{\textquoteright}s localities: Tess{\'e}k{\'e}r{\'e}, Labgar and Ran{\'e}rou. The sample consists of 36 individuals selected randomly from each locality. The major chemical groups were determined by conventional methods using specific general reagents. The determination of total polyphenols and total flavonoids, the 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing of antioxidant power (FRAP) were evaluated by spectrophotometry. Results and Discussion: The results of the photochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, sterols and triterpenes, flavonoids and polyphenols in both parts of the fruit (pulp and seeds). Assays carried out on extracts of pulp and seed powders reveals higher levels of total polyphenols and flavonoids in the pulp. The study of antioxidant activity has shown that hydro-ethanol extracts of pulp and seeds have a very interesting reducing activity, particularly in the pulp. However, we can see a weak antiradical activity of these extracts. The origin effect has a weak influence on the antiradical and reducing activity of the pulp and seed extracts. Conclusions: The biological activity of the harvested Boscia senegalensis extracts highlighted in this study could justify the traditional uses of this plant in the treatment of several pathologies. This fruit should be consumed in order to prevent few dietary imbalances or valorized in order to develop new bioactive compounds.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Boscia senegalensis, Fruits, Phytochemical screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.147}, author = {Awa KA and Kady Diatta Badji and Moustapha Bassimb{\'e} Sagna and Aliou Guiss{\'e} and Emmanuel Bass{\`e}ne} } @article {1261, title = {Phytochemical Screening and in vivo Immunosuppressive, Antioxidant and Anti-hemolytic Activities of Zea mays Silk Aqueous Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1412-1420}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1412}, abstract = {

Introduction: The use of plants in traditional medicine goes back to antiquity and still represents an essential part of the Moroccan health care system due to their effectiveness. Although Zea mays (ZM) silks are considered as waste products, they are consumed for their medicinal properties. They are rich in bioactive components, giving them a wide range of uses as remedies. The aim of this study was to evaluate after a phytochemical screening, the effect of ZM silk aqueous extract on humoral immune response, on Neutrophil bactericidal, antioxidants and hemolytic activities. Methods: The antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH. Hemagglutination titer assay was used to evaluate the effect on humoral immunity. Hemolytic effect of ZM was evaluated by quantifying hemoglobin rates. The effect on Neutrophil bactericidal activity was assessed using MTT colorimetric assay. Results: The extract exhibited high quantity of saponins and flavones; a high antioxidant activity (IC50: 247,15 vs. control 0,152 mg/ml), a significant (p\<0, 05) immunosuppressive effect in vivo on titer values of antibodies (80 times) as well as an antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis. A significant suppression of Neutrophil bactericidal activity of cells treated with 0, 5 and 1g/ml of ZM extract was observed. It also exhibited a significant dose-dependent anti-hemolytic activity with the lowest hemolytic activity was found with the lowest concentrations of the extract. Conclusion: Our results indicate that aqueous extract of ZM silk possess antioxidant, anti-hemolytic activity as well as an immunosuppressive activity by decreasing humoral immune and Neutrophil bactericidal responses.

}, keywords = {Anti-hemolytic, Antioxidant, Inhibition of antibody production, Neutrophil bactericidal activity, Zea mays silk}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.195}, author = {Bendiar Salma and El Faqer Othman and Chennaoui Sanaa and Benjelloun Naima and Mtairag El Mostafa and Oudghiri Mounia} } @article {1189, title = {Phytochemicals, Antioxidants and Anti-tyrosinase Analyses of Selected Ginger Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {872-883}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {872}, abstract = {

Background: Some of Zingeberaceae are not widely used for medicine of food, although in Thailand have been used them for many reasons about health or the diet. This study evalued the phytochemicals and anti-tyrosinase activities of 16 plant species of Alpinia, Amomum, Curcuma, Etlingera and Kaemferia (Zingiberaceae). Methods: The extractions of dried powdered rhizomes were performed using n-hexane, ethylacetate and ethanol. Percentage extract yield of the samples varied among species and solvent extracts. Chemical groups (alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, steroids and terpenoids) were identified using phytochemical screening. The total phenolic contents (TPC) were analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu{\textquoteright}s reagent, while antioxidant activities were detected using 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothizoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS.+). The anti-tyrosinase was expressed to the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value (mg/mL). Results: The ethyl acetate extract of Amomum showed the highest value of TPC. The strongest antioxidant activity were found in Amomum and Kaemferia extracts, while ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of all samples have a better antioxidant properties than the n-hexane extracts. On the other hand, the n-hexane extracts have the highest anti-tyrosinase potential in all samples and of these, Curcuma extracts were the best group. Conclusion: Our research indicated that plants of the Zingiberaceae would be new sources of antioxidants and anti-tyrosinase for further natural product developments in cosmetics, food or nutraceuticals.

}, keywords = {ABTS assay, Anti-tyrosinase, DPPH assay, Phenolic content, Phytochemicals, Zingiberaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.125}, author = {Apinya Rachkeeree and Kuttiga Kantadoung and Ratchadawan Puangpradub and Ratchuporn Suksathan} } @article {1307, title = {Phytoconstituents and Proximate Composition of Clerodendrum Colebrookianum Walp.: A Widely Used Anti High Blood Pressure Medicinal Food Plant in Eastern Himalayas}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1534-1540}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1534}, abstract = {

Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp.is a medicinal food plant widely used in the North East India. The herb is used as vegetable as well as medicine to control high blood pressure. Minerals and Proximate compositions in a food is vital for the proper growth and development of a healthy body and secondary metabolites included in diet act as a nutraceuticals thus help in fighting various health problems. The present study was carried out to discourse the Phytoconstituents, Proximate composition and Minerals of the nutraceutical herb, Clerodendrum colebrookianum. Methanol extract of sample was subjected to GCMS to profile the Phyoconstituents while Standard methods including AOAC was followed to study proximate and minerals of the sample under studied. Moisture content was 77.90\%, carbohydrate 4.28\%, 2.36\% crude protein, 4.21\% crude fibre and 0.35\% crude fat respectively. The minerals concentrations are 0.215mg of Fe/g, 0.105mg/g of Mn, 0.0425mg of Cu/g, 0.056mg Zn/g, 2.55mg of Mangnesium/g, 4.3mg of Na/g and 24.5mg of K per gram of sample. A total of eleven compounds are recorded to be useful for high blood pressure problem and as many as other twenty useful phytoconstutuents were recorded from the sample including antioxidant, anti-uric acid formation, anti-tumour, bioabiability of zinc etc. The present study advocates the traditional knowledge on the use of Clerodendrum colebrookianum as a remedy for high blood pressure problem.

}, keywords = {Clerodendrum colebrookianum, Minerals, North East India, Nutraceutical Herb, Phytoconstituents, Proximate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.210}, author = {Temin Payum} } @article {1241, title = {Phytotherapeutic Evidence Against Coronaviruses and Prospects for COVID-19}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1252-1267}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1252}, abstract = {

The emergence of the novel β-coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and subsequent outbreak of COVID-19, is a global health challenge with no known treatment to date and has culminated in significant morbidity and mortality. This article highlights current understanding on SARSCoV- 2 based on the available scientific evidence on human coronavirus (HCoV) infections, which could offer novel insights and therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. Specifically, the paper presents available phytotherapeutic evidence against pathogenic HCoVs with a view to identifying potent plant-derived antiviral agents that could be developed to aid the fight against coronaviruses and the current COVID-19. Evidently, elucidation of CoV integral proteins such as the spike protein, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, 3C-like cysteine protease and papain-like protease, as good targets for drug developments has lent credence to the use of medicinal plants or their metabolites as prophylaxis or treatment interventions in CoV infections and holds promising ground for SARS-CoV-2. While some promising phytocompounds are currently under clinical trials for COVID-19, increased research into plants and in-depth characterization of their metabolites could reveal more interesting results that would benefit humanity in its fight against emerging and re-emerging viral infections including the current COVID-19. Overall, given the current body of evidence on the potential development of phytotherapeutics for COVID-19, fears need to be allayed while clinical trials continue. Conclusively, the lockdown and other preventive measures which have been implemented in most parts of the world should be humanely exercised and supported to ensure compliance and safety of lives.

}, keywords = {Antivirals, Coronavirus, COVID-19, Drug target, Natural products, Plant metabolites, Plants, SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.174}, author = {Abdullahi Temitope Jamiu and Christiana Eleojo Aruwa and Ismail Abiodun Abdulakeem and Abdulwakeel Ayokunnun Ajao and Saheed SABIU} } @article {1139, title = {Pimpinella Treatment on Reducing Apoptosis of Kidney Cells Following UVB Radiation in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {503-509 }, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {503}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pimpinella alpina Molk (PM) is a botanical antioxidant was able to inhibit apoptosis in various cells. Apoptosis is a leading cause of tubular atrophy and therefore chronic kidney disease. However, the effect of PM on reducing apoptosis in kidney cells remains unclear. Objective: aim of this study to elucidate the effect of PM on reducing apoptosis in kidney cells. Methods: In the post test only control group design, 35 male rats were grouped into 7 comprise: NC-G, samples were neither exposure to UVB nor PM treatment; NG-7 and NG-15, all samples were only exposure to UVB irradiation for 7 days; P10-7, P15-7, P10-15, P15-15 groups, samples were exposure to UVB for 7 days and treated with PM for 7 and 15 days respectively. Bax and Caspase3 expression were assessed by rt-PCR and IHC staining method. Results: Statistical analysis showed that RNA-Bax and RNA-caspase3, Bax and caspase3 protein expression in P15-7, P10-15 and P15-15 were lower significantly compared to those of NG-7, p\<0.05, and no significant difference compared to those of NC-G, p \> 0.05. Conclusion: PM treatment with 100 and 150 mg/day for seven and fifteen days were able to decrease Bax and Caspase3 expression in kidney cells following UVB irradiation. Even, the decreased in Bax and caspase3 expression were comparable to normal.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Bax, Caspase3, Kidney Cells, Pimpinella alpina Molk}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.77 }, author = {Taufiqurrachman Nasihun and Eni Widayati} } @article {1081, title = {Potential Anti-acne: Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.) from Central Kalimantan-Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {52-57}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Background: Research development has been carried out by exploring antimicrobial agents from herbal sources that can be further developed as anti-acne drugs. Some previous studies reported that bawang dayak has antibacterial properties. However, the study of bawang dayak as anti-acne in Indonesia was limited so that it becomes one of the reasons why this study should be developed. Objective: This study was aimed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of bawang dayak ethanol extract and to determine the antibacterial activity of the chloroform fraction and the ethyl acetate fraction of bawang dayak extract. Methods: The MIC value was determinate by measured initial absorbance and final absorbance of ten variations of concentration of extract using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The antibacterial activity of chloroform and ethyl acetate fraction was performed using the disc diffusion technique, with five variations of concentration against P.acnes, S. epidermidis, S. aureus. Results: The decrease in absorbance value occurred at a concentration of 0.19\%, 1.56\% to 100\%, which means that at that concentration can inhibit bacterial growth. The antibacterial activity showed that both the chloroform fraction and ethyl acetate fraction of bawang dayak extract were active against all the tested bacteria, whose inhibition zones were in the range of 5.8 {\textpm} 0.9 - 23.6 {\textpm} 2.3 mm. However, the ethyl acetate fraction of bawang dayak extract showed better antibacterial activity than chloroform fraction of bawang dayak extract. Conclusion: In this study, it was found that the concentration of 0.19\% is the MIC of bawang dayak extract against P. acnes. The highest antibacterial activity was produced by 20\% of ethyl acetate fraction of bawang dayak extract against S. aureus.

}, keywords = {Acne-causing bacteria, Antibacterial activity, Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb., Minimum inhibitory concentration}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.9}, author = {Susi Novaryatiin and Syahrida Dian Ardhany} } @article {1071, title = {Potential of Hard Candy Containing Spray-Dried Vernonia cinerea Extract with Total Phenolic Compounds, Total Flavonoids and Nicotine Replacement as an Anti-Smoking Aid}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {35-43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {35}, abstract = {

Backgound: Vernonia cinerea (VC) is a natural plant claimed to reduce cigarette smoking. Some pilot anti-smoking products with nicotine replacement, such as lozenges or gum, have been presented, but with some adverse effects. Thus, application of VC as a new-anti-smoking product is very challenging. Objectives: The aims of this study were to compare the active compounds; total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and nicotine, and study antioxidant activity on scavenging 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrzayl (DPPH) radicals of extracts prepared by spray drying (SD) and freeze drying (FD) techniques for pilot hard candy. Methods: Raw VC materials of mixed parts, i.e., the stem, flowers and leaves, were made to form extracts by FD and SD techniques. Then, extract from the SD technique was manufactured industrially into hard candy containing glucose syrup and refined glucose. Total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, nicotine, scavenging activity of extracts, VC hard candy and placebo candy were evaluated by folin-ciocalteau reagent, aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, high-performance liquid chromatography, ABTS cation decolorization and DPPH protocols. Results: Total phenolic compounds were significantly different between extracts, but total flavonoids and nicotine were slightly higher in SD extract. Antioxidant activity of both extracts on ABTS radicals was not significantly different, but the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) on DPPH radicals was significantly higher in SD extract when compared to the FD extract. Finally, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and nicotine, as well as scavenging activity could be detected in hard candy. Conclusion: VC can be used as an anti-smoking aid with nicotine replacement and anti-oxidant compounds in pilot hard candy.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Hard candy, Nicotine, Total flavonoids, Total phenolic compounds, Vernonia cinerea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.7}, author = {Rungtiwa Kanthain and Supawatchara Singhatong and Surapol Natakankitkul and Nathupakorn Dechsupa and Jirakrit Leelarungrayub} } @article {1255, title = {The Potential of Stem Bark of Kayu Sarampa (Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roen)) as α-glucosidase Inhibitor}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1368-1376}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1368}, abstract = {

Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 in the world is more than 230 million people, increases about 3\% in a year. Kayu Sarampa or Nyirih batu (Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roen) has traditionally been used to treat diabetic patient by native people in Ratahan, North Celebes, Indonesia. Therefore, this research was sequentially extracted bioactive component from stem bark of kayu sarampa showed alpha glucosidase inhibitor. Objective: To assess antioxidants and alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity of hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract from stem bark of Kayu Sarampa. Method: The Stem bark was extracted with Reflux method using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as mobile phae/solvent. The Hexane Extract (HE), Ethyl Acetic Extract (EAE) and Methanol Extract (ME) were subjected to the antioxidant activity assay by the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. Antidiabetic activity was determined by enzymatic alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. Results: The extract which had the highest activity based on the DPPH test and FRAP test was the ME compared with EAE, and HE with IC50 values of 16.51 μg/mL, 34.10 51 μg/mL, and 38.82 51 μg/mL , respectively. Ferrous equivalent antioxidant capacity (FeEAC) method, methanolic extract had a higher reduction capacity than the EH and EEA which were 148.96 μmol/gr, 48.96 μmol/gr, and 148.96 μmol/gr, respectively. The result showed that kayu sarampa stem bark exhibited antidiabetic activity due to its high inhibition compared with control (acarbose). ME showed inhibition of 53,11\% followed with EAE 49,7\%, HE 44,53\%, and acarbose as control 29,32\%.Conclusion: stem bark of kayu sarampa have bioactive component as alpha glucosidase inhibitor

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Kayu Sarampa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.189}, author = {Fitri Santy Budiarso and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Roshamur Cahyan Forestrania} } @article {1218, title = {Potential Test of Nephropathy Sonchus arvensis L. Leaves on Male Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1115-1120}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1115}, abstract = {

This study aims to determine the type of secondary metabolites compounds of the ethanol Sonchus arvensis\ L leaves extract, the effect of ethanol Sonchus arvensis L leaves extracts the levels of blood glucose and a histopathology picture male white rat induced by streptozotocin. This study used 30 males white rats which were divided into 6 groups, namely the control of normal, negative control, positive control, doses of 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg BW. Results of the study showed that the ethanol Sonchus arvensis L. leaves extracts contained compounds of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins and tannins. Sonchus arvensis L ethanol extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg BW is an effective dose in reducing blood glucose levels with an average value of decreasing blood glucose levels 101.6 mg / dL and has an effect on the regeneration of renal tubular cells with an effective dose is 300 mg / kg body weight with an average damage value of 0.28.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Leaf Sonchus arvensis L, Renal, Tubular}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.158}, author = {Joni Tandi and I Nyoman Edi Sutrisna and Mentari Pratiwi and Tien Wahyu Handayani} } @article {1260, title = {Prebiotic Activity of Polysaccharides Extracted from Jerusalem Artichoke Tuber and Development of Prebiotic Granules}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {Research Article}, pages = {1402-1411}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1402}, abstract = {

Introduction: Jerusalem artichoke tubers (JA) contain non-digestible carbohydrates, especially inulin-type fructans, which have been found to possess various benefits on human health, including the prebiotic effect. Although many studies established the prebiotic property of inulin or fructo-oligosaccharides, there are less information of the prebiotic potential of JA crude extract. This study aimed to investigate prebiotic effect of the JA extract and develop prebiotic granules from JA extract. Material and Methods: Crude polysaccharide extract of JA was obtained using hot water and freeze-dried method. The selected probiotics, including L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, B. longum and B. breve were used in this study. The prebiotic effect of the JA extract was indicated by bacterial growth and acid production. Parallelly, JA extract granule formulation was developed to be a prebiotic food product. Results: The JA extract at the highest concentration tested (2\%) caused a significant increase in the growth and acid production of every probiotics tested, including L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, B. longum and B. breve. The growth promoting effects of the 2\% JA extract were detected as early as 12 hour-incubation, and this action was maintained throughout the observed incubation period. Conclusions: The developed JA extract granules possessed desirable properties with the moisture content of 4.00{\textpm}0.20\%. The formulated granule was soluble in water and produced a brown and clear solution with slightly sweet taste. Nonetheless, in vivo experiments on the prebiotic effect of the developed preparation should be performed further.

}, keywords = {Granule, Helianthus tuberosus, Jerusalem artichoke, Prebiotic effect, Probiotics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.194}, author = {Sakulrat Rattanakiat and Pawitra Pulbutr and Wanwisa Khunawattanakul and Bunleu Sungthong and Kritsanee Saramunee} } @article {1311, title = {Prevalence of Traditional Herbs and Supplements Use Among Hypertensive Patients in Om Elamad Health Center}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1612-1622}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1612}, abstract = {

Background: In recent years, hypertension has developed into a global health concern as the number of deaths from it has been on the increase across the world. Health provision in Jordan like other developing nations is poor compared to countries like the United Kingdom (UK) and US. However, concurrent use of conventional medication and the supplements and traditional herbs can impact on the treatment of hypertension. In this regards, it was significant to conduct this study to find out the prevalence of supplements and traditional herbs usage among hypertensive patients in Jordan so as to understand the associated factors and create awareness on the magnitude so that appropriate advice can be given to patients and thus improve health of populations. Material and Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional study design in undertaking the research. A total of 208 hypertension patients aged 16 years and above were used as the sample. Purposive and convenient sampling was applied in the selection of the Om elamad health centre in Jordan because it has a population of the catchment Centre. Data analysis was carried out using various techniques SPSS version21and excel. Results: The key findings of the study were as follows: Hypertension was prevalent among the elderly, herbs had no effect on the blood pressure, conventional drugs were more potent in comparison to herbs and/or supplements. Combining antihypertensive drugs and herbs was found to be potent than taking antihypertensive drugs only(P-value=0.0050) in SBP, and (P-value=0.0001) in DPB. Influences on herbs use came from the patients{\textquoteright} families/relatives as they were found to be the most knowledgeable sources of medicinal herbs. Conclusion: From the study, it was deduced that the use of herbal medicines and supplements as well as antihypertensive drugs was prevalent among hypertensive patients in Jordan. Over half of the patients involved in this study were taking herbs to treat their blood pressure diseases (51. 4 \%). It was also deduced that a combined usage of herbal medicine and supplements with antihypertensive drugs was far more potent than using antihypertensive drugs only.

}, keywords = {Hypertensive, Om Elamad Health Center, Supplements, Traditional Herbs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.221}, author = {Dua Al-Hadid and Raad Jaber Musa and Ahmad Al-Talhuni and Jamal Alyoussef Alkrad} } @article {1103, title = {Properties of A Thiamine Binding Protein Purified from Mung Bean}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {266-270}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {266}, abstract = {

Thiamine (vitamin B1) was the first B vitamin which has been identified. It serves as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in energy metabolism. The laboratory test against thiamine deficiency can be done by measuring thiamine levels in the blood. The aim of this study was to identify the stability and the binding activity characters of TBP. The equilibrium dialysis technique was used to see the factors affecting the bond between TBP and thiamine. The MBTBP concentration of post-chromatographic affinity resulted from dilution of lyophilisate was stable for 30 days at -20{\textdegree}C and 3 days at 4{\textdegree}C. The optimal pH for binding MBTBP to thiamine was 7.5. Alkylation with iodoacetic acid decreased the binding capacity of TBP which suggested the presence of a{\textendash}SH or imidazol group in its active site. The importance of disulfide bridge was proven by decreasing of Thiamine binding capacity of TBP after β-mercaptoethanol treatment. This binding activity was also affected by oxidizing agents, but it was less affected by calcium ions and heavy metals.

}, keywords = {Binding capacity, Mung bean thiamine binding protein (MBTBP), Thiamine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.41}, author = {Dwirini Retno Gunarti and Megawati Kartika and Mohamad Sadikin} } @article {1106, title = {Prospects for the Use of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Containing Phytoecdysteroids and Polyphenols}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {246-250}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {246}, abstract = {

Background: Phytoadaptogens, biologically active compounds increasing the nonspecific resistance of the human organism, are well known for the prevention and correction of stressful conditions. Phytoadaptogens group includes phytoecdysteroids and polyphenols, that are characterized by the multiplicity of pharmacological effects in combination with the low toxicity. According to literature data, spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a promising source of these compounds. This work aims to systematize data on the chemical composition of biologically active compounds of spinach, that determine its adaptogenic properties and concentration methods in the spinach processing for use in specialized foods and dietary supplements. Materials and Methods: Manifold electronic search engines, electronic databases, and libraries such as Google, Google scholar, Crossref, Indian Science Abstracts, Emerging Sources Citation Index, e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed, Chemical Abstracts, Index Copernicus, scientific literature had been searched and data obtained. Results: Botanical characteristics of spinach, main cultivation conditions, the latest data on the chemical composition of raw spinach material cultivars and extracts based on it are presented in this study. Schemes for the obtaining of products enriched with polyphenols and ecdysteroids are considered, and ways of proper purification are mentioned. Conclusion: It is recommended to introduce spinach into the diet of healthy people in order to increase the functional reserves of a person during periods of hypovitaminosis, overwork, intense physical exertion, and also to compensate for the adverse effects of external factors. Spinach extracts containing phytoecdysteroids (20-hydroxyecdysone) and polyphenols (flavonoids) can be used as a prophylactic to overcome the negative effects of stress, accelerate recovery after strong physical and mental stress, particularly for people with extreme occupations, athletes, and those who are engaged in hard physical labor.

}, keywords = {20-hydroxyecdysone, Flavonoids, Phytoecdysteroids, Polyphenols, Spinach leaves, Spinacia oleracea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.38}, author = {Bokov DO and Sidorova YuS and Mazo VK and Bessonov VV} } @article {1177, title = {Protection of Erythrocytes against Lipoperoxidation and Antiinflammatory Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Encelia canescens Lam Leaves in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {798-804}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {798}, abstract = {

Background: Encelia canescens Lam is a plant traditionally used in Peru for medicinal purposes, and is attributed antioxidant properties, indicating that it could be used in the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the protection of erythrocytes from lipoperoxidation and the anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of E. canescens leaves in mice. Materials and methods: Protection from lipoperoxidation was evaluated by inhibition of hemolysis and quantifying malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration against oxidative stress induced with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at 200, 150, 100, 50 and 25 μg/mL E. canescens concentrations. The 1\% carrageenan-induced air pouch model was used for evaluated inflammation, where albumin, total proteins, MDA, number and leukocyte differentiation were determined in the exudate, and a histopathological evaluation was performed. The concentrations evaluated were 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg of E. canescens Results: All the concentrations evaluated protected protected erythrocytes from lipoperoxidation (p\<0.05), being E.D. value 200 μg/mL. Regarding anti-inflammatory effect, the albumin, total proteins and MDA values of the treatment groups were lower than carrageenan 1\% group (p\<0.05), but, due to less leukocyte migration and presence of macrophages and the histopathological evaluation, the E.D value was 500 mg/kg. Conclusion: Ethanolic extracts of E. canescens leaves protect erythrocytes from lipoperoxidation and have dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects maybe for presence of p-hydroxyacetophenone-derived, and these could be new safer anti-inflammatories.

}, keywords = {Antiinflammatory, Carrageenan, Encelia canescens Lam, Hemolysis, Lipoperoxidation, Malondialdehyde}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.114}, author = {Fern{\'a}ndez-Flores N and Rojas-Cardenas NF and Vásquez-Quispe AD and Chávez-Flores Juana E and Justil-Guerrero Hugo J and Parre{\~n}o-Tipian JM and Silva-Correa Carmen R and Villarreal-La Torre V{\'\i}ctor E} } @article {1211, title = {Protective Effect of Natural Products against Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1180-1189}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1180}, abstract = {

Background: Cancer is one of the diseases with high mortality rate recorded each year across the world. Its mainstay treatment is chemotherapy although they are largely toxic, causing severe adverse reactions including cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity. Cardiotoxicity is unique to certain chemotherapeutic agents and occur via several mechanisms. It has been hypothesized that co-administration of natural products which may be cardioprotectant, together with chemotherapy can alleviate cardiotoxicity-induced by chemotherapy. Objectives: This review aimed to provide a brief information about the protective effect of natural products against chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity Methods: To complete this review, relevant literatures were searched from several scientific databases including Google, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science and Pubmed. Results: In this paper, we have reviewed ten natural products (curcumin, mangiferin, naringenin, quercetin, 6-gingerol, lycopene, resveratrol, apigenin, proanthocyanidins and indole-3-carbinol), which have major influences in attenuating chemotherapy-drug induced cardiotoxicity. Apart from the cardioprotective effects, they tend to confer some synergistic effects with chemotherapeutic agents and therefore have the potential to be used as an adjunct. Conclusion: Though a panel of natural products demonstrate protective effects against cardiotoxicity in cells and animal models, their therapeutic potentials for clinical needs further investigation.

}, keywords = {Anticancer drugs, Cardioprotective, Cardiotoxicity, Chemotherapy, Natural products}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.166}, author = {Siti Nurul Najiha Othman and Pei Teng Lum and Siew Hua Gan and Shankar Mani and Mahendran Sekar} } @article {1156, title = {Protective Role of Ficus carica Extract Against Hepato-Testicular Side Effects and Genotoxicity Induced by Cisplatin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {645-656 }, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {645}, abstract = {

Objective: The present work investigated the protective effect of Ficus carica (common fig) leaves methanol extract against genotoxicity and testicular damage of cisplatin (CP) and identified some of its active ingredients. Methods: Seven main groups were investigated as follows: I. control negative, II. Control plant (600 mg/kg fig, orally), III, IV. Control positive (treated i.p with 10 and 15 mg/kg CP), V-VII. groups treated with fig (200, 400 and 600 mg/ kg) + Cisplatin (15 mg/kg). Results: Ficus carica alleviated the destructive effects of CP in the testis, liver and bone marrow due to the presence of high amount of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Also it has a normal effect in the tested parameters as compared with the control negative. Chromatographic investigation resulted in the identification of 6 compounds: Catechin, Luteolin-8-C-β-D glucopyranoside, Quercetin, Quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, Chlorogenic acid and Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. In bone marrow cisplatin induced significant percentage of chromosome abnormalities, micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes and toxicity to cells. On the contrary the two tested doses of cisplatin had a normal effect on spermatocyte chromosomes (germ cells). The dose 15 mg/kg induced an overexpression of the liver genes NF-kB and iNOS as indicated by real-time PCR. Different forms of histopathological alterations and instigation of the expression of TNF-α gene in the testis were detected after CP treatment. Conclusion: Ficus carica is a promising candidate rich in many bioactive constituents and can be used in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs to alleviate their destructive effects.

}, keywords = {Bone marrow, Cisplatin, Fig, Liver, Protection, Spermatocytes, Testis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.96 }, author = {Maha A Fahmy and Entesar E Hassan and Noha E Ibrahim and Emad M Hassan and Zeinab M Hassan and Enayat A Omara} } @article {1228, title = {Prototype Star Fruit-Honey Product and Effectiveness on Antixidants, Inflammation and Walking Distance in Participants with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1121-1134}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1121}, abstract = {

Background: Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) is a seasonal fruit, which has proven antioxidant and inflammation activities in vitro. However, sweet-type is more available than sour-type. Therefore, developing a new product from sweet-type star fruit, and evaluating its effectiveness on antioxidants and inflammation have been very challenging. Objectives: The aims were to develop a prototype product from sweet-type star fruit and evaluate its effectiveness with or without walking exercise on participants with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: The prototype product of sweet-type star fruit was prepared industrially by mixing with honey before nutrients such as L-ascorbic acid (Vit C) and total phenolic compound, and contaminants like chemicals, microbials and oxalic acid were evaluated. Effectiveness of this product on antioxidents, inflammation and physical function was evaluated in participants with stable COPD with and without walking exercise, and compared to walking exercise and control participants. Two spoons of the product (20 g) in sterile warm water (150 mL) were guided and consumed twice daily for 4 weeks, whereas the walking exercise was prescribed with moderate intensity at home for 30 min 3 days per week. Plasma Vit C, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrotic factoralpha (TNF-∝) and 6-minutes walking distance (6MWD) were evaluated before and after the 4-week study period. Results: The prototype product composed of star fruit juice with honey (1:1, v:v). Main nutrients were composed of ash (0.4 g), carbohydrate (74.59 g), lipid (2.88 g), protein (0.57 g) and 326.56 kcal of total energy, whereas Vit C and total phenolic compound were equivalent to 0.25 {\textpm} 0.11 mg and 144.89 {\textpm} 2.51 μg gallic acid equivalent in a 100 gram of product. The results of chemicals and microbials showed safety under food conditions. The results of study compared the ages of stable COPD participants between those of the controls (n=10, 69.20{\textpm}1.40 years), and those with star fruit juice and honey supplement (n=20, 71.25 {\textpm} 6.01 years), walking exercise (n=15, 60.60{\textpm}3.38 years), and supplement with walking exercise (n=15, 64.40{\textpm}1.63 years) and no statistical difference was shown in any parameters in the control group. Whereas, the plasma Vit C and TAC levels increased, and MDA and TNF-∝ levels reduced significantly, in the supplement consumption group, which was in contrast to the Vit C, MDA and TNF-∝ levels in the walking exercise group. However, the TAC level increased significantly when the walking exercise was completed. When the prototype product was applied to the walking exercise, the levels of Vit C and TAC increased, and MDA and TNF-∝ levels reduced significantly. Whereas, the supplement levels increased significantly in all of the groups, especially in the 6MWD. Conclusion: This study proposed that sweet-type star fruit can be prepared industrially by mixing with honey, and be developed as a new commercial product with antioxidant and inflammation activities for participants suffering with chronic lung disease.

}, keywords = {6MWD, Antioxidant, COPD, Oxidative stress, Star fruit product, TNF-∝}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.159}, author = {Yothin Pothasak and Jirakrit Leelarungrayub and Surapol Natakankitkul and Supawatchara Singhatong} } @article {1076, title = {Qualitative and Quantitative Assay of Hydroxycinnamates of Prunus spinosa L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {157-161}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {157}, abstract = {

Background: Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) is a plant commonly found in the Russian Federation on the roadsides, forest margins, and meadows. Despite lack of recognition by the official medicine, blackthorn fruits possess antioxidant properties and are used in homeopathic preparations. They may also demonstrate antibacterial and anticancer potential due to hydroxycinnamic acids. The aim of present study was to identify and assay hydroxycinnamates in fruits of P. spinosa cultivated in Moscow Region. Materials and Methods: Fresh and dried fruits of P. spinosa, gathered from plants cultivated in Moscow Region in the harvest maturity stage, were used in the study. Qualitative composition of hydroxycinnamic acids was assessed by high performance liquid chromatography, using reversed phase C18 column. Total hydroxycinnamic acids (THA) content was assessed spectrophotometrically. Results: Similar chromatographic profiles were obtained for both fresh and dried blackthorn fruits, the two most abundant compounds being epicatechin (2.91\%) and chicoric acid (2.90\%). Fruits gathered in Chekhovsky District had lower content of hydroxycinnamates (0.798 {\textpm} 0.89) than those coming from Klinsky District (0.886 {\textpm} 0.92). However, the THA content in dried fruits grown in both districts was found to be similar (0.540 {\textpm} 0.71 and 0.557 {\textpm} 0.74, respectively). Conclusions: It can be concluded that blackthorn fruits can be considered as a source of hydroxycinnamic acids, as both fresh and dried fruits contain at least eleven hydroxycinnamates. It was found that the dried fruits have similar content of hydroxycinnamic acids, independently of their origin. Future research should be aimed at drying method optimization.

}, keywords = {Blackthorn, Herbal raw material, HPLC, Hydroxycinnamic acids, Prunus Spinosa L., Spectrophotometry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.23}, author = {Sergey Kondrashev and Nadezhda Nesterova and Alexey Luzin and Vitaliy Kochanov and Anna Luzina and Alexey Matyushin} } @article {1281, title = {Recent Scenario of Impact of Xenobiotics on Marine Fish: An Overview}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1797-1800}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1797}, abstract = {

Xenobiotics from chemicals to plastics have seriously interfered with the biological process of living system. Their impact on aquatic ecosystem, fish in precise is studied with significant interest. However, studies on impact of xenobiotics on marine fish are limited. This literature review integrates and summarizes the impact of xenobiotics on marine fish. The review tries to understand the impact of macro and micro litters, microplastic, metals like mercury and nanoparticles. Finally, we conclude with the ways to regulate the presence and distribution of these xenobiotics in marine environment.

}, keywords = {Fish, Litters, Marine, Xenobiotics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.242}, author = {Jagadeep Chandra S and Chandana GL and Naganagouda V Kote and Sharath Chandra SP} } @article {1320, title = {Representatives of the Genus Goryanka (Epimedium L) {\textendash} a Promising Source of Raw Materials for the Creation of Medicines for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction in Men}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1710-1715}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1710}, abstract = {

Erectile dysfunction and multiple mechanisms of its development are one of the most pressing problems of modern medicine. In the twenty-first century, millions of men around the world suffer from sexual disorders, and the number of such patients is only growing from year to year. The flavonoid icariin, contained in plants of the genus Epimedium L., is a promising pharmacologically active substance used for erectile dysfunction, due to its ability to affect type 5 phosphodiesterase, inhibiting its activity. To date, domestic and foreign pharmaceutical companies produce biologically active food additives and herbal preparations, which include Goryanka extract. But the range of standardized herbal medicines is very small.

}, keywords = {Drug, Epimedium Estrellita, Icariin, Impotence}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.231}, author = {Bukinich Darya Dmitrievna and Salova VG and Odintsova EB and Rastopchina OV and Solovyovа NL and Kozlova AM and Krasniuk II (jun) and Krasniuk II and Kozlova Zh M} } @article {1292, title = {Resveratrol: Latest Scientific Evidences of its Chemical, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1779-1791}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1779}, abstract = {

Background: Resveratrol is a non-flavonoid polyphenol possesses many biological properties with great potential to develop into various products. In order to cure a wide variety of diseases, resveratrol has attracted a great deal of attention for medicinal purposes. Objective: The present review aimed to provide a comprehensive literature summary of latest scientific evidences on the chemistry, biological properties and therapeutic potentials of resveratrol. Methods: To complete this review, relevant literatures were collected from several scientific databases, including Google Scholar, Pubmed and ScienceDirect, using keywords {\textquotedblleft}source{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}chemistry{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}bioavailability{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}pharmacokinetics{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}isolation{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}anticancer{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}analgesic{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}antiinflammatory{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}antidiabetic{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}nephroprotective activity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}neuroprotective activity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}antiobesity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}cardioprotective effects{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}antioxidant{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}anti-aging{\textquotedblright} with resveratrol. After a detailed screening process for inclusion and exclusion, the information obtained was summarised. Results: The information on the source, chemistry, bioavailability, biological and therapeutic potentials of resveratrol were tabled. In various pathological conditions, resveratrol can be considered as powerful antioxidants along with multidimensional molecular targets such as NF-ҡB, MAPK, AMPK, SIRT-1, Nrf-2, m-TOR, PI3K/Akt and PPAR-γ signaling pathways. Conclusion: Based on the existing knowledge, we may believe that resveratrol has a significant therapeutic potential for the treatment of various diseases. To accelerate the development and utilization of resveratrol as promising products, in-depth studies should be focused on exploiting its properties and developing phytopharmaceuticals.

}, keywords = {Bioavailability, Inflammatory cytokines, Molecular targets, Pharmacology, Resveratrol, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.240}, author = {Nur Mursyida Saad and Mahendran Sekar and Siew Hua Gan and Pei Teng Lum and Jaishree Vaijanathappa and Subban Ravi} } @article {1157, title = {A Review on Genus Saurauia: Chemical Compounds and their Biological Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {657-666}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {657}, abstract = {

Introduction: Saurauia plant has been widely used to treat a variety of diseases suffered by villagers at various places in the world. These species are widely used traditionally by the community as antidiabetic and digestive problems{\textquoteright} remedy. This paper will present various uses and researches ever carried out by researchers in the world on various types of the genus Saurauia. Methods: The Information was collected from scientific journals, books, and reports. Results: This review summarizes the existing information on several species of Saurauia in relation to their chemical compounds and biological activity. There are some of chemical compounds present and identified in Saurauia, i.e. 3β-hydroxy-Olean-12-en- 28oic acid; 3,19-Dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid; 3-hidroksi, 12(13)-en, 28-oleanolat acid; actinidin; several monoterpene lactones; seven triterpenoids, namely, cis-3-O-p-hydroxycinnamoyl ursolic acid; trans-3-O-p-hydroxycinnamoyl ursolic acid; ursolic acid; oleanolic acid; corosolic acid; maslinic acid; and β-amyrin; and two steroids, stigmasterol; and β-sitosterol. There are several biological activities afforded by Saurauia i.e. antioxidant activity, anti-cholesterol, antidiabetic activity, antihyperlipidemic, analgetic activity, antimicrobial activity, wound-healing activity and immunostimulatory activity.

}, keywords = {Biological activity, Chemical compounds, Human disease remedy, Saurauia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.97 }, author = {Gunawan Pasaribu and Emil Budianto and Herry Cahyana and Endang Saepudin} } @article {1202, title = {A Review on Phaseolus vulgaris Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1160-1164}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1160}, abstract = {

Medicinal herbs have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since antiquated times. Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. (Family-Fabaceae) commonly known as French bean, is a most consuming carbohydrate and protein rich food crop having medicinal values. This plant having diverse compounds like carbohydrate, proteins, flavonoids, Saponins, tannins and phenolic acid. The seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. Possess having anti-urolithiatic activity and anti- obesity activity. This review provides a summary of phytochemistry and pharmacological effect of Phaseolus vulgaris Linn., The plant can be further investigated for other pharmacological activities as it contains variety of chemical constituents and it is a commonly using food crop and medical remedies of this plant are sync with nature.

}, keywords = {Food crop, Obesity, Phaseolus vulgaris Linn, Urolithiasis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.163}, author = {M Devi and S Dhanalakshmi and GE Thillai Govindarajan and BA Tanisha and Talluri Sonalika and JE Ruth and T Avinash and C Jethendra Sri and K Logeswaran and M Nithish Ramasamy} } @article {1304, title = {Review on Plants for Management of Diabetes in India: An Ethno- Botanical and Pharmacological Perspective}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1801-1810}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1801}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent chronic disease, which is recognized as a common threat to health in the last decade, especially in Asia. It is a lifestyle disease which may cause a number of complications in the body of humans like cardiac failure and dysfunctioning of urinary tract. Materials and Methods: The data is obtained from various search tools and electronic databases like, scientific literature, Google scholar, Google, Pubmed, Web of science and Scopus. Results: Major therapy for diabetes is insulin, oralantidiabetic drugs, and herbal treatment. However, insulin and oral anti-diabetic drugs come with a number of side effects and cannot be afforded by people with below poverty line. The herbal medicines have performed a satisfactory clinical practice for the management of diabetes mellitus. Moreover, pharmacological \& phytochemical screening of medicinal plants has also witnessed the hypoglycaemic effects of these plants in treating diabetes mellitus. Majority of the modern drugs like metformin, atropine, digitalis, etc. are also originated from plants. Conclusion: The current paper presents a review of medicinal plants used for diabetes management in India. The therapeutic potential, ethnobotanical use, and their pharmacological evaluations are highlighted for harnessing the anti-diabetic potential of these plants by the Indian healthcare system.

}, keywords = {Diabetes management, Ethnopharmacology, Herbal drugs, India}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.243}, author = {Shikha Dixit and Sugandha Tiwari} } @article {1305, title = {The Role of Recombinant Parathormone derivative in Bone healing. Making the Unfavorable, Favorable - A Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1753-1768}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1753}, abstract = {

Background: Teriparatide is a recombinant parathormone derivative encompassing the first 1-34 amino acids off PTH, which is said to contain potent anabolic capability. It is said to induce osteoblastogenesis thereby placing an essential role in bone healing. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the best available evidence from randomized controlled trials analyzing the effectiveness of teriparatide on bone regeneration and healing in osteoporotic patients and patients with fractures. Aim: This systematic review aims to assess whether Teriparatide enhances bone regeneration and healing in terms of improving clinical, radiographic, histologic parameters and Biomarkers of Bone formation and resorption. Materials and Methodology: A comprehensive search was done in databases such as {\textquoteleft}PubMed{\textquoteright}, {\textquoteleft}Google Scholar and {\textquoteleft}Cochrane{\textquoteright} databases based on pre-determined eligibility criteria. Randomized control trials assessing the effectiveness of Teriparatide in Bone healing in fractures as well as osteoporosis were selected after thorough screening. Results: The selected 13 studies compared teriparatide to either placebo or another anti-resorptive drug. Out of the 13, 8 studies were done to evaluate the improvement and healing of bone in Osteoporotic patients whereas 5 studies were done on improvement in fracture healing. The studies evaluated outcome parameters such as Clinical and Radiological improvement, Biomarkers of Bone resorption and formation and Safety.6 studies assessed clinical parameters, 12 studies assessed radiological parameters, 7 studies assessed biomarkers, 11 studies assessed safety parameters by means of occurrence of any adverse effects. All the 8 studies done on osteoporotic patients showed a good improvement. Of the 5 studies on fracture healing, only 2 studies showed beneficial effects while the other 3 did not show any benefits. Conclusion: Teriparatide could have beneficial effects in bone healing in osteoporotic patients and is well tolerated. However, the results are inconclusive whether they have beneficial effects in treating fractures. More Homogenous Randomized control trials are required to ascertain whether teriparatide could improve bone healing.

}, keywords = {Bone healing, Fracture, Parathormone, Recombinant derivative, Teriparatide}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.238}, author = {S Swarna Meenakshi and Sheeja S Varghese} } @article {1147, title = {Screening Data Reveals that Spirogyra triplicata, a Fresh Water Algae Induces Robust Anti-Proliferative Activity Against A549 Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {569-577}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {569}, abstract = {

Introduction: Algae comprise a promising source of novel components with potent therapeutic agents. In particular, algae have been considered as a potential source of new bioactive compounds. The antioxidant data of our previous study with six different algal methanolic extract reveals the presence of high antioxidant, total phenol content and total flavonoid content in Spirogyra triplicata. Thus, we further focused on screening the anti-proliferative activity of six different green algae on five different cancer cell lines like MCF7, A549, HEPG2, REH, MOLT4. Methods: To fulfill our aim we performed MTT assay for testing anti-proliferative activity and DAPI staining for observing nuclear morphology. We also looked into the metabolomic profiling of Spirogyra triplicata by GC-MS chemometric study. Results: The result indicates that after 24 hours of treatment with methanolic extract of Spirogyra triplicata A549 was the most sensitive cell line with IC50 value of 24.07 {\textpm} 1.09 μg/ml. Followed by Rhizoclonium fontinale and Hydrodictyon reticulatum with IC50 value of 25.97 {\textpm} 1.94 μg/ml and 32.50 {\textpm} 1.97 μg/ml respectively. The HEPG2 cell line was the second most sensitive cell line against S. triplicata with IC50 value of 30.20 {\textpm} 1.45 μg/ml. The MOLT4 cell line was detected as most resistant cell line against the green algal extract in this study. Though the methanolic extracts of six green algae showed maximum to moderate anti-proliferative activity on different cancer cell line but no significantly affect on normal PBMC was observed. Nuclear fragmentation was observed in a dose dependent fashion by DAPI staining on A549 cells treated with methanolic extract of Spirogyra triplicata. We further looked into the chemo profiling of Spirogyra triplicata by GCMS analysis. The result of GC-MS clearly indicates presence of nineteen major components and twenty-three minor components which have more or less bioactivity and would help in therapeutics in future. Conclusions: In brief this study indicates for the first time that green algae Spirogyra triplicata induces anti-proliferative activity specifically against A549 cell but not in normal PBMC. It can be concluded that Spirogyra triplicata holds a great promise as a good repository of anti cancer compounds which may be used in future drug discovery.

}, keywords = {A549, Anti-proliferative, GCMS, Spirogyra triplicata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.86 }, author = {Ankita Mridha and Priya K Gopal and Santanu Paul} } @article {1313, title = {Screening of Phytochemical Analysis and In vitro Bioactive of Polyherbal Formulation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1525-1533}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1525}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plants have the capability to synthesize various forms of phytochemical compounds as secondary metabolites. Method: In the present investigation phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, carbohydrates, reducing sugar, proteins, saponins, flavanoids, phenols, terpenoids and phytosterols were detected in polyherbal formulation A. marmelos, G. glabra and R. centrifolia. Results: The Total flavonoid, steroids, alkaloids and phenolic content was observed from fruit, root and pettles1.40mg QE/g DE, 12.14mg BE/g DE, 14.40mg AE/g DE and 99.33mg GAE/g DE. FTIR spectrum of the polyherbal sample revealed 5 major peaks at 2919.40 cm-1, 2357.62 cm-1, 1150.56 cm-1, 1076.22 cm-1 and 1015.64 cm-1. The antibacterial activity was maximum zone of inhibition (19 mm) was recorded in S. aureus strain and minimum zone of inhibition (5mm) was observed in S.mutans strain. The antioxidant study maximum and minimum scavenging DPPH, NOR, H2O2 and SOD activities (\%) of 62.28, 53.68, 39.67 \& 43.98 at 5 mg/ml and 39.88, 36.49, 5.9 and 34.94 at 1mg/ml was recorded. The polyherbal sample exhibited significant albumin denaturation, proteinase inhibitory, membrane stabilization and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities as the maximum inhibition of 46.53\%, 36.7\%, 51.9\% and 64.71\% was observed at 500 μg/ml. Conclusion: Hence the present studies indicate good antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities from the medicinal plants, A. marmelos, G. glabra and R. centrefolia proves the possibility of its utilization as an additional potent source medicinal uses.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, FTIR, HR-LCMS, Phyto chemical, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.209}, author = {Vasanth MP and KG Purushotham} } @article {1321, title = {Seagrass in the Control of Hyperglycemic and Hyperlipidemic States of Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1716-1721}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1716}, abstract = {

Background: The present study intended to evaluate the beneficial effects of the seagrass Halophila beccarii, against induced diabetes mellitus in rat models. Halophila beccarii is a type of Seagrass abundant in Pulicat Lake of Andhra Pradesh, India. Objective: Evaluating the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic properties of seagrass extract in comparison with standards. Materials and Methods: STZ induced diabetic rat models were adopted to analyze the effect of long-term treatment with seagrass extract on blood glucose, HbA1c and serum lipids. Results: The methanolic extract of seagrass demonstrated a significant drop of blood glucose levels (52\%), in diabetic rats, after 6 h of supplementation. After 40 days of treatment with 500 mg/day of seagrass extract, STZ diabetic rats exhibited tremendous decrease in fasting blood glucose with significant improvement in glycemic control as evidenced by controlled levels of HbA1c. Lower levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL cholesterols and higher levels of HDL cholesterol in STZ-induced diabetic rats provided an evidence for significant anti hyperlipidemic property of seagrass extract. Conclusion: Phytochemicals of seagrass like phenols, flavonoids and bioactive lipids contribute to the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic activities and Halophila beccarii extract serves as a natural supplement in the management of diabetes.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, FBG, Halophila beccarii, HbA1c, HDL, LDL}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.232}, author = {M Vani and P Uma Maheswari Devi} } @article {1186, title = {Simultaneous Quantification of Lupeol, Stigmasterol and β- Sitosterol in Extracts of Adhatoda vasica Nees Leaves and its Marketed Formulations by a Validated RP-HPLC Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {850-856}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {850}, abstract = {

Background: Adhatoda vasica Nees (Acanthaceae) is a well-known medicinal plant used for the treatment of respiratory disorders such as asthma and bronchitis. Objective: To develop a simple and precise RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous assessment of lupeol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol of various extracts of Adhatoda vasica Nees. Materials and Methods: The compounds were separated on RP-Phenomenex C18 (250mm{\texttimes}4.6mm; 5μ) column with a mobile phase comprising of 0.1\%v/v formic acid in water and methanol (28:82\%v/v) splashed at a flow of 0.8mL/min with PDA detector at 208nm. Results: The retention time of lupeol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol was found to be 16.89, 18.26 and 20.72 minutes respectively. The amount of lupeol was abundant in hexane extract (0.952\%w/w) and formulation III (23.72ng/g) whereas, stigmasterol (0.285\%w/w) and β-sitosterol (8.649\%w/w) was highly abundant in chloroform extract and formulation I stigmasterol (2.57ng/g) and β-sitosterol (0.98ng/g). The optimized method was validated for different parameters and all the validated constraints were within the limits as per ICH guidelines. The proposed method was linear over the concentration range of 12.5-200μg/mL with correlation coefficients greater than 0.997. The LOD and LOQ values of lupeol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol were found to be 0.66, 5.64 and 12.8μg/mL and 2.01, 17.10 and 36.62μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: To conclude, the developed method for the simultaneous estimation of lupeol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol was simple, precise, accurate and thus reliable for the quality control investigations of crude drugs and its herbal formulations.

}, keywords = {Adhatoda vasica Nees, HPLC, Lupeol, Simultaneous quantification, Stigmasterol, β-sitosterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.122}, author = {Nandhini S and Ilango K} } @article {1263, title = {Southeast Asian Medicinal Plants with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibition Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1429-1439}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1429}, abstract = {

Introduction: This article aims to provide a summary of medicinal plants in the Southeast Asian countries that have an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity that is therapeutically useful for treating hypertension. Methods: This review paper is a result of extensive searches via electronic database platforms, including Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct with the keyword search terms: ACE enzyme, Southeast Asia countries, plants, and extracts. Results: Thirty-four articles on ACE inhibition activity of 76 Southeast Asian medicinal plants were found and further reviewed. Several plants from Malaysia (Chassalia curviflora, Citrus hystrix, Murraya koenigii, Senna garrettiana), Indonesia (Gnetum Gnemon, Momordica charantia, Nasturtium officinale, Peperomia pellucida, Pereskia saccharose), and Thailand (Mammea siamensis) were found to exhibit strong ACE inhibitory activity in vitro. Bioactive compounds such as 3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright}, dihydroxy-3-5 dimethoxy flavone-7-O- β-rhamnose and quercetin-3-O-glucoside showed the highest potency in exhibiting the ACE inhibition activity in this review. Conclusions: This review suggests for an in-depth investigation on the potent crude extracts for the potential development of complementary herbal medicines as well as on the potent ACE inhibitor compounds for further development as new ACE inhibitor candidates for hypertension therapy.

}, keywords = {ACE, Angiotensin-converting enzyme, Antihypertensive, Medicinal plants, Southeast Asia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.197}, author = {T A Faiz T Anuar and Azlini Ismail} } @article {1148, title = {Standardization Bark of Cinnamomum burmannii Nees Ex Bl. from Five Areas of Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {578-588 }, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {578 }, abstract = {

Background: The Cinnamomum burmannii Nees ex Bl species is a native plant that grows in many places in Indonesia. The bark of Cinnamomum burmannii Nees ex Bl (C. burmannii bark) in Indonesia is commonly used as a medicinal ingredient, but information related to specific and non-specific parameters of C. burmannii bark from several regions in Indonesia is very limited. Objective: To investigate the standardization C. burmannii bark from five areas of Indonesia. Methods: Determination of non-specific parameters and specific parameters of C. burmannii bark and metabolite profile of essential oil of C. burmannii bark Results: We found there are differences in the nature of C. burmannii bark from five regions in Indonesia. Conclusion: It can be concluded that C. burmannii bark from Mount Kerinci is the best. C. burmannii bark from Mount Kerinci showed that it had the strongest odor and the highest water-soluble extract and alcohol soluble extract as well as the highest essential oil content and the highest cinnamaldehyde content.

}, keywords = {Cinnamaldehyde, Cinnamomum burmannii Nees Ex Bl, Metabolite profilin, Non-specific parameters, Specific parameters, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.87 }, author = {Budiastuti and Yusnia Wahyu Andini and Intan Ayu Cahyasarl and Riesta Primaharinastiti and Sukardiman} } @article {1127, title = {Standardization of Indonesian Traditional Antihypertensive Medicines (Jamu) through the ACE Inhibitor Mechanism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {422-429}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {422}, abstract = {

Introduction: Herbal medicine (jamu) is a traditional Indonesian drug that has been used by the community in efforts to overcome health problems. One of the herbs that are frequently used by the public is antihypertensive jamu. This study aimed to determine the standardization parameters of 8 antihypertensive jamu in the form of specific and nonspecific parameters, antioxidant and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) activity. Materials and methods: Jamu were extracted using ethanol. Nonspecific parameters that are water content, ash content, ash insoluble acid content, level of substances dissolved in alcohol and water, Coliform microbial contamination, and mold/yeast numbers. Determination of specific parameters including determining organoleptic (color and texture), chemical content, identification of infrared spectrum, in-vitro antioxidant activity, and ACE inhibitor activity. Results: nonspecific parameter such is the average water content of 5.92-8.1 v / w; total ash content of 5.85-7.2 w / w, levels of ash insoluble acid content were 0.45-0.55 w/w and the level of substances dissolved in alcohol and water were 24.22-54.21 and 24.22-54,21, respectively. The eight extracts were uncontaminated with coliform, mold, and yeast microbes. Antioxidant and ACE inhibitor activity test showed that all eight extracts had antioxidant activity in vitro with IC50 values ranging from 9.31 - 157.9 ppm and ACE inhibitor activity with the IC50 value is in the range of 18.37-740.8 ppm. Conclusion: The eight antihypertensive jamu met the standard of extract parameters both the specific and nonspecific and have potential in-vitro activities as ACE inhibitors.

}, keywords = {ACE inhibitor, Antihypertensive, Antioxidant, Herbal medicine (jamu)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.65}, author = {Aprilita Rina Yanti Eff and Sri Teguh Rahayu and Putu Gita Mahayasih and Muhammad Unggul Januarko} } @article {1175, title = {Standardization Study of Simplicia and Extract of Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) Peel, Quantification of Hesperidin and Antibacterial Assay}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {777-783}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {777}, abstract = {

Introduction: Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) is a commodity which is widely grown in Indonesia, including in western Sumatera. Aim: This study was conducted to Standardization Study of Simplicia and Extract of Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) Peel, Quantification of Hesperidin and Antibacterial Assay. Materials\ and Methods: The semi-solid extract of Calamondin peel was made by the maceration method using 70\% ethanol solvent. Then standardization study chamomile extract (Organoleptic examination of extracts, Chromatographic analysis, Total Ash, Acid-insoluble ash, Water content), quantification of hesperidin by TLC-densitometry method and antibacterial activity assay for diffusion method. The antibacterial activity of extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis\ and Pseudomonas aeruginous. Results: The organoleptic properties of the calamondin peel showed that the outer surface was brown and the inside was yellow, slightly smelly and sour taste. Microscopic characterizations obtained identifiers of calcium oxalate crystal fragments, fibers, parenchyma with oil cells, ladder-shaped transport tissue. Water and alcohol-soluble extractive are not less than 19.73\% {\textpm} 0.97\% and 10.26\% {\textpm} 0.25\%, loss on drying is not more than 10.78\% {\textpm} 0.05\% and the total and acidinsoluble ash is not more than 4.33\% {\textpm} 0.03\% and 1.01\% {\textpm} 0.07\%. The calamondin peel extract is described in the form of thick extract, a specific smell, a black color, bitter taste and yield not less than 25.33\% {\textpm} 1.3\%. Quantification of hesperidin obtained not less than 4.78\% {\textpm} 0.09\%, a water content of no more than 17.47\% {\textpm} 0.82\% and the total ash content and acid insoluble ash are not more than 4.65\% {\textpm} 0.06\% and 0.13\% {\textpm} 0.04\%. Antibacterial activity of extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginous at 15\% concentration with inhibitory diameter range of 7.65 mm {\textpm} 0.36 mm to 9.96 mm {\textpm} 0.52 mm and at a concentration of 20\% with inhibitory diameter ranges of 9.26 mm {\textpm} 0.72 mm to 13.39 mm {\textpm} 0.28 mm. Conclusion: Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) peel have antioxidant and antibacterial activity.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antioxidants, Citrus microcarpa Bunge, Hesperidin, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.111}, author = {Elidahanum Husni and Friardi Ismed and Dony Afriyandi} } @article {1135, title = {A Study Comparing Antibacterial Activity of Ageratum Conyzoides L. Extract and Piper Betle L. Extract in Gel Dosage Forms Against Staphylococcus Aureus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {473-477}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {473}, abstract = {

Background: Microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses often infect humans in their living environments. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) are gram-positive bacteria that are widely used in antibacterial activity experiments and cause infection in the body surface of mammals. Ageratum conyzoides L. (AC) and Piper betle L. (PB)are the natural herbs which have antibacterial activity against SA. Objective: This research was aimed to compare the antibacterial activity of AC with PB extracts in gel dosage form against SA. Methods: The antibacterial activity of both extracts were determined by disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were evaluated by the microdilution method. These extracts were formulated into gel dosage form using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with various concentrations and then evaluated for pH, viscosity and antibacterial activity. Results: The results show that both AC and PB extracts have antibacterial activity against SA with MIC value of 2 \% and 5 \%, respectively. Then, the gel containing 4 \% sodium CMC showed the best physical stability, either containing AC or PB extract. The gel dosage forms of both extracts did not show any difference in organoleptic properties, pH and viscosity after 28 days storage. The gel dosage forms of AC and PB extracts have antibacterial activity with inhibition zone of 20.3 mm {\textpm} 1.3 mm and 15.21 {\textpm} 1.3 mm, respectively. Conclusion: ,The antibacterial activity of AC extract was higher compared to that of PB extract in the gel dosage form.

}, keywords = {Ageratum conyzoides L. extract, Gel, Piper betle L. extract, Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.73 }, author = {Arif Budiman and Diah Lia Aulifa} } @article {1119, title = {The Study of External Signs, Microscopy and Chemical Composition of Medicinal Plant Materials of Verоnica beccabunga L. Herb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {391-403}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {391}, abstract = {

Introduction: Veronica beccabunga L. belongs to the class dicotyledons, order Lami{\'a}les, family Scrophulariaceae. Representatives of the genus Veronica have long been used in folk medicine as antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antiseptic, wound healing, hemostatic, choleretic and antispasmodic drugs. Widely studied species are Veronica officinalis and Veronica chamaedrys. Veronica beccabunga L., which is the object of our study, remains a poorly studied plant. Aim: The study of external signs, microscopy and chemical composition of medicinal plant materials of Verоnica beccabunga L. herb. Materials and Methods: Chromato-mass spectrometry was used in the work. Results and Discussion: When describing external signs and microscopy, diagnostic signs of Verоnica beccabunga were revealed. 27 compounds were identified by chromatography-mass spectrometry. The maximum content falls on: Citronellol epoxide (R or S) (30.5 \%), Linolenic acid, ethyl ester (15.18), Diethyl succinate (12.17\%), Ethyl palmitate (6.43\%), Phytol (4.89\%), Acetaldehyde ethyl amyl acetal (3.94\%), Dibenzylamine (3.01\%), Oleamide (2.77\%), 2-(1-Methylbutyl)oxirane (2.7\%), Butyl octyl phthalate(1.7\%), Ethyl 10-bromodecanoate (1.68), Valeric acid, 4-methyl-, ethyl ester (1.58). Glycoside detected : 1-Benzyl-1Hbenzimidazole 3-oxide (0.76\%). Conclusion: The revealed morphological and anatomical signs of Verоnica beccabunga herb can be used to diagnose this species and develop authenticity indicators for promising medicinal herbs. 27 compounds were identified by chromatographymass spectrometry. Using the method of simple normalization, the relative percentage of identified compounds was determined.

}, keywords = {1-Benzyl-1H-benzimidazole 3-oxide, Verоnica beccabunga L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.61}, author = {Angelina V Strelyaeva and Olga A Larina and Alla M Antsyshkina and Roman M Kuznetsov and Alina A Bondar and Vladimir A Sorokin} } @article {1104, title = {Study of Quality Medicinal Plants Bark Walnuts and Extract from it}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {282-286}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {282}, abstract = {

Objective: The bark of walnut is currently poorly understood and is not represented in the Russian State Pharmacopeia. The purpose was to study the quality indicators medicinal plants walnut crust and extracts therefrom were studied: moisture content, total ash, ash insoluble in 10\% hydrochloric acid feedstock walnut crust; content of tannins and juglone in walnut crust; GC-mass spectrometric study of the composition petroleum extract from the bark of a walnut. Materials and Methods: Microscopy was prepared by the pharmacopoeial method. The chemical composition of the petroleum extract was investigated by chromatomass spectrometry. Results: The content of glycosides amount in terms of gidroyuglone glucoside and absolutely dry RL was 5.30 {\textpm} 0.15. Humidity was 9,41\% {\textpm} 0,21. total ash content was 10,18\% {\textpm} 0,1. The ash content insoluble in 10\% hydrochloric acid was 4.8 {\textpm} 0.16. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method in petroleum extraction from the bark of walnut were identified following compounds: oktadetsilgeksanoat (28\%) of 4-isopropenyl- 1-methyl-2-cyclohexenol-1 (38\%), cineole (1,6\%), thujone (0.7\%), camphor (16.6\%), 2 - benzamidoantrahinone (0.45\%), 4,5 - dihydroxy - 3,4 - dihydro - 1 (2H) - naftalenon (6.4\%) ethyl ester of palmitic acid (8.25\%) Toxic effects petroleum extract was TD50 = 2,5. Chronic absent. All mice in the experimental group had diarrhea. It was established that the extraction has petroleum anthelmintic properties at askaridioze. Conclusions: The analysis of petroleum extraction from walnut partitions was carried out, the content of basic biologically active substances was revealed. The main anatomical and diagnostic signs of walnut bark walls were studied.

}, keywords = {Juglans regia, Total ash, Toxic effect}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.44}, author = {Strelyaeva AV and Lezhava DI and Luferov AN and Kuznetsov RM and Bobkova NV and Lazareva YuB and Kostikova EN} } @article {1123, title = {Study of the Effect of Lampeni (Ardisia humilis Vahl.) Planting Condition toward the Alpha-glucosidase Inhibition Activity in vitro}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {377-385}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {377}, abstract = {

Background: The quality of a medicinal plant is influenced by agronomic conditions and harvesting time. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of planting method (openair (OA) and shedding house (SH)) and harvesting time (2, 4, 6 months) of Lampeni (Ardisia humilis Vahl.) toward the inhibitory activity of alpha-glucosidase. Methods: The Lampeni seedling were placed under controlled light conditions (SH) and on direct sun exposure (OA). Harvesting of the leaves was carried out at the age of 2, 4, and 6 months after plantation (2m, 4m, and 6m). Each leaves dry powder was refluxed with methanol 70\% and followed by liquid-liquid partition using n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and water. All samples were evaluated toward inhibition of the alpha-glucosidase enzyme in vitro. Total phenol levels were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Results: The results showed that EtOAc fractions of both plantation techniques exhibited the highest inhibition of alpha-glucosidase. The highest activity was demonstrated by the 4m-OA-EtOAc fraction (IC50, 93.50 ppm) and followed by the 6m-OA-EtOAc fraction (IC50, 98.13 ppm). Based on the kinetic study, the inhibition type of the two most active samples were categorized as a non-competitive type. Total phenolic contents were decreased in the following order: 6m-SH-EtOAc \> 4m-OA-EtOAc \> 6m-OAEtOAc \> 4m-SH-EtOAc fraction. It was shown that there was no positive correlation between the strength of inhibition with total phenolic content. Conclusions: This study concluded that Lampeni at open-air plantation harvested on fourth months demonstrated the highest alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity, although there was no positive correlation between the inhibition activity and phenolic content.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase, Ardisia humilis Vahl., Lampeni, Open-air, Shedding house, total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.59}, author = {Sri Ningsih and Fifit Juniarti and Idah Rosidah and Adam Arditya Fajriawan and Kurnia Agustini and Syofi Rosmalawati and Agung Eru Wibowo and Erliana Sasikirana and Wahono Sumaryono} } @article {1136, title = {Study on Pharmacognosy Curricula in UAE B. Pharm Programmes and Possible Implications}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {478-484}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {478}, abstract = {

Introduction: The current Pharmacy Curricula development initiatives in developing countries are focused on the expansion of courses in Patient-oriented Pharmacy Education. This resulted in the decrease of credit hours allotted to Pharmacognosy curricula. Methods: The current curricula for the Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) programme of universities in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) were studied. The curricula stated in the Study-Plans of these universities were divided into eight divisions based on the specialty of courses. The divisions: Pharmaceutics; Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Pharmacology; Pharmacognosy; Patient-oriented Courses; Training; Biomedical and University Requirements. Study-Plans data were obtained from related universities{\textquoteright} official websites. The percentage analysis of credit hours allotted to each division was calculated. In addition to UAE, B Pharm programmes of representative universities from Africa and the Middle East were also studied for comparison. Results: Results obtained from UAE Universities show that Pharmacognosy division has (4.7\%); Pharmaceutics (15\%); Pharmaceutical Chemistry (14.4\%); Pharmacology (9.7\%); Patient-oriented Courses (18.8\%); Training (11.5\%); Biomedical courses (10.8\%) and University Requirements (15.7\%). Our analysis of study-plans of other representative universities from Middle East (8.6\%) and Africa (8.9\%) demonstrated a higher percentage for Pharmacognosy compared to UAE (4.7\%) Universities. Conclusion: The inadequate credit hours allotted to Pharmacognosy division may have adverse implications on Drug Industry, Patient Health Care and Herbalism. Recommendations are given on how to amend this inadequacy in Pharmacognosy curricula.

}, keywords = {B. Pharm. Curricula, Drug discovery, Pharmacognosy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.74 }, author = {IM Abu-Al-Futuh} } @article {1283, title = {A Study on Phyllanthus amarus; Pharmacognostic, Mycobactericidal and Mutagenic Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1732-1739}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1732}, abstract = {

Background: Phyllanthus amarus is a medicinal plant used in the treatment of various ailments which include gonorrhoea, jaundice, diabetes, kidney diseases, bladder and intestinal infections, influenza, measles, viral infections, and tuberculosis. Tuberculosis treatment is faced with many challenges, resulting in a prolonged treatment regimen and potential treatment failure. There is a need to search for more favourable treatment options. Objective: This study aimed at investigating the pharmacognostic and mycobactericidal properties of P. amarus. Since toxicity could also be an issue, the mutagenic activity of this plant was also assessed. Materials and Methods: The macroscopic, microscopic, and physicochemical characteristics were assessed with reference to the Quality Control Methods for Herbal Material WHO (2011). The mycobactericidal activity was determined by the agar diffusion and broth dilution methods, while mutagenicity was investigated by the Ames test. Results: P. amarus contained tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins and steroids. The 50\% ethanol extract exhibited activity against M. smegmatis at 100 mg/mL with an inhibitory zone of 2.0 cm. P. amarus had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 50 mg/mL while that of rifampin was 0.1 μg/mL. P. amarus showed weak mutagenicity at a concentration of 10 μg/mL. Conclusion: The documented pharmacognostic characteristics can be used for quality control of the crude plant material. The mycobactericidal activity also affirmed its folkloric use in the treatment of tuberculosis. The mycobactericidal activity can be further exploited for drug development.

}, keywords = {Fluorescence, Mutagenic activity, P. amarus, Pharmacognostic, Tuberculosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.235}, author = {Emelia Oppong Bekoe and Cindy Kitcher and Philip Debrah and Patrick Amoateng and Paul Owusu Donkor and Sarfoa Martinson} } @article {1069, title = {Subacute Toxicity of Butanol Fraction of Tali Putri Plants (Cassytha filiformis L.) Against Hematology Parameters of White Male Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {25-28}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

Hematotoxicity study of butanol fraction of Cassytha filiformis L. on white male mice has been performed. A total of 12 white male mice were used, and they were divided into four groups. Each group consists of 3 mice. These animals were treated with Cassytha filiformis L. butanolic fraction at several doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg for seven days. Hemoglobin value, erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils counts were measured at the 1st, 3rd, and 7th day of treatment. The data of this study were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, followed by Duncan{\textquoteright}s multiple region tests. The results showed that the doses of butanol fraction did not affect hemoglobin value, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and neutrophils (p \>0.1), but it significantly reduced platelet, monocyte, lymphocyte count, and increases eosinophils (p \<0.01) counts within their normal limits. There is no influence on the duration of administration and the interaction of dosage, and also the duration of use of the parameters above. This result implies that the Cassytha filiformis butanol fraction at doses of 2.5-10 mg/kg does not affect hematology parameters if it were used for seven days.

}, keywords = {Butanol fraction, Cassytha filiformis L, Haematology, Subacute toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.5}, author = {Dwisari Dillasamola and Annisa Yatursyi and Armenia} } @article {1297, title = {Supplementation of Lactobacillus Probiotic Strains Supports Gut- Brain-Axis and Defends Autistic Deficits Occurred by Valproic Acid-Induced Prenatal Model of Autism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1658-1669}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1658}, abstract = {

Background: Gut microbiota can interact with the brain by bidirectional communication through Gut-Brain-Axis. Gut microbiota colonization is essential for the establishment of symbiotic relation between gut and brain. A healthy gut can properly directs the brain for its functions. Autistic people are deficient in gut microbiota, a condition known as Dysbiosis. Gastro-Intestinal symptoms are comorbid conditions in autism. Re-colonization with daily supplementation of microbiota is needed in autism. Methods: Autism induced by Valproic acid (VPA) at a dose of 400 mg/kg, i.p. on an embryonic day (ED) 12 to the pregnant rats. Born rats exhibited many autistic features, for the treatment we selected specific Lactobacilli strains such as L. Plantarum, L. Casei, L. Acidophilus, L. Bulgaricus, with a dosage of not less than (NLT) 1 Billion Colony-forming units (CFU) /ml given orally every day for 42 days. Results: The results showed that Lactobacillus strains significant ameliorated the behavioral anomalies such as T-Maze, Memory, Social interaction studies as compared to the autistic group. Furthermore, Lactobacillus supplementation helped to shift the hypersertonomia (27.33{\textpm}2.33 vs 8.167{\textpm}0.72), increasesd BDNF (59.00{\textpm}2.08 vs 48.17{\textpm}0.60) increased IL-6 (46.00{\textpm}1.52 vs 32.00{\textpm}1.73) and TNF- α levels (145.0{\textpm}3.21 vs 98.67 {\textpm} 2.028) to baseline. Histopathology examination of the cerebellum revealed that apoptosis and degeneration were reversed with lactobacillus treatment. Conclusion: This study proved, daily supplementation of Lactobacillus strains has reversed autistic deficits and improved immune functions might because of gut and brain symbiotic relationship.

}, keywords = {Autism, Dysbiosis, Gut-Brain-Axis, Lactobacillus strains, VPA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.226}, author = {K Sunand and G Krishna Mohan and Vasudha Bakshi} } @article {1108, title = {Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Gallic Acid Nanoparticles Towards Breast T47D Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {321-327}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {321}, abstract = {

Introduction: Gallic acid is a naturally polyphenolic acid which shows cytotoxicity against several cancer cells, as well as it displays chemo-preventive activity which is attributed to its strong apoptosis- inducing and antioxidant effects. Thus, gallic acid has become an attractive substance to be further developed due to its strong cytotoxic activity. This study aimed to synthesize gallic acid nanoparticle coating with alginate-chitosan, and evaluate its cytotoxicity against breast T47D cancer cells. Methods: Gallic acid nanoparticle was synthesized using ionic gelation method. The yield, size and morphology of the nanoparticles were determined by UV-Vis Spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity evaluation of gallic acid nanoparticle towards breast T47D cancer cell is carried out by MTT(3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide) assay. Results: Spherical nanoparticles of gallic acid with the size of 100-200 nm has been successfully synthesized in 96\% of yield. Compared to gallic acid (IC50: 20.86 μg/mL) and alginate-chitosan nanoparticle (IC50: 38.46 μg/mL), gallic acid coating with alginate-chitosan nanoparticles demonstrated higher cytotoxicity towards breast T47D cancer cells with IC50 value of 9.03μg/mL. Conclusion: Our results clearly confirmed that gallic acid nanoparticles coating with alginate-chitosan showed a strong cytotoxicity towards breast T47D cancer cells, which is potential to be developed as a candidate for new anti-breast cancer agent.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, Gallic acid, Nanoparticle, Synthesis, T47D cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.51}, author = {Ade Arsianti and Anton Bahtiar and Fadilah Fadilah and Vincent Kharisma Wangsaputra and Rafika Indah Paramita and Norma Nur Azizah and Lince Dameria Nadapdap and Ajeng Megawati Fajrin and Hiroki Tanimoto and Kiyomi Kakiuchi} } @article {1216, title = {Tacrolimus Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Vietnamese Renal Transplant Recipients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {984-992}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {984}, abstract = {

Background: Use of tacrolimus (Tac) is pivotal to renal transplant (RT) immunosuppressive maintenance regiments. The most frequently used means of Tac monitoring is the measurement of the trough concentration (C0) in whole blood to maintain drug efficacy and minimize the consequences of overexposure. Most previous studies focused on therapeutic drug monitoring of Tac in renal transplant recipients and assessed the clinical response of patients. Our study aimed to describe a real Tacrolimus therapeutic drug monitoring transplantation and determine the clinical outcomes in Vietnamese adult renal transplant recipients. Methods: This retrospective study including 114 adult renal transplant patients (89 men and 25 women) with a mean age of 35.4 {\textpm} 8.98 years has been performed from August 2012 to March 2018 at Military Hospital 103 (Vietnam). Tac trough concentrations were adjusted according to the target range proposed by the European consensus conference on tacrolimus optimization. Samples for determination of tacrolimus blood levels were subdivided according to the posttransplantation period into three groups (0- 3 months (G1), 3-12 months (G2) and over 1 year (G3). Median Years of follow-up was 15.4 months [range 0.233 to 68.4 months]. Results: A total of 3037 blood samples for the determination of tacrolimus trough concentration were obtained. Median concentrations were 6.7 (4.5 {\textendash} 10.2) ng/ml, 6.4 (5.1 {\textendash} 8.3) and 5.6 (4.5 to 7.1) ng/ml for G1, G2, G3, respectively. After transplantation, three acute rejection (AR) events were documented (Cellular AR: 2, Humoral AR: 1). Cytomegalovirus, BK polyomavirus, Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus were detected in 7, 4, 7 and 3 renal post- transplant recipients, respectively. There were 5 patients with post-transplant diabetes (NODAT) and all of them had to convert to cyclosporine. 6 patients developed chronic kidney disease (CKD) after transplantation and 2 case with Tac-associated nephrotoxicity with proven biopsy. This observational study provided a real Tacrolimus therapeutic drug monitoring transplantation in Vietnamese renal transplant recipients. Main outcomes were acute rejection, post-transplant viral infections, neurotoxicity, NODAT, CKD, and Tac-associated nephrotoxicity.

}, keywords = {Renal transplantation, Tacrolimus, Therapeutic drug monitoring, Vietnam}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.139}, author = {Van Anh T Nguyen and Thang Viet Le and Manh Van Bui and Toan Quoc Pham and Son The Trinh and Binh Nhu Do and Lien Huong T Nguyen} } @article {1078, title = {Tender Coconut Water Inhibits the Process of Lipid Peroxidation, Reduce Glucose Levels and Increase Plasma Insulin in Pregnant Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {162-167}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {162}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes during pregnancy or Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) causes oxidative stress and have bad effect for mother and baby, risk of abortion, still birth, premature and preeclampsia. GDM can be prevented by monitoring the glucose level and providing rich antioxidants meals. TCW is a nutritious healthy drink rich in antioxidants, diet rich in antioxidants promotes better health, Inhibits lipid peroxidation and enhances the total antioxidant status. Aim and Objectives: This research to investigate the effect of tender coconut water can prevent lipid peroxidation, reduce glucose levels and increase insulin plasma level on pregnant diabetic rats. Material and Methods: Experimental study by post test only control group design, population of pregnant wistar strain rats. Twenty four samples used in this study were randomly divided into 4 groups, K1 (pregnant rats), K2 (pregnant rats+diabetic), K3 (pregnant rats+diabetic+ glibenklamid 0.23 mg/kg BW ) and K4 (pregnant rats+diabetic+TCW 8mL/200grBW). Diabetes Mellitus were induced using Streptozotocin (STZ) 65mg/kgBW and Nicotinamid 230 mg/kgBW. Data on insulin plasma, glucose and MDA levels were analyzed using One Way Anova with significant level 0.05. Result: The results showed that the average insulin plasma levels in group 2 decreased compared to group 1 , in group 3 and 4 it increased compared to group 2. Average glucose and MDA levels in group 2 increased compared to group 1 , in group 3 and 4 it decreased compared to group 2. The results of the analysis has the p values 0.000 (p\<0.05). Conclusion:\ TCW can inhibit the process of lipid peroxidation, reduce glucose levels, increase insulin plasma levels and in pregnant diabetic rats.

}, keywords = {GDM, Glucose, Insulin plasma, Lipid peroxidation, Tender coconut water (TCW)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.24}, author = {Friday Super Nova and Shofa Chasani and Atina Hussanna and Siti Thomas Zulaikhah} } @article {1088, title = {Thin Layer Chromatography Fingerprinting and Clustering of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. from Different Origins}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {79-87}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {79}, abstract = {

Introduction: Orthosiphon stamineus has been widely used across Asian countries for the treatment of various diseases. The quality of herbal medicine determine its safety as well as efficacy; and geographical origin is important factor contributing on the quality of herb and its products. Materials and Methods: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method combined with chemometric, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), has been employed to evaluate the quality of Orthosiphon stamineus leaves collected from eleven origins in Indonesia. Results: The results showed that mobile phase suitable for Orthosiphon stamineus was chloroform, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate (7:4:1). The method used has met the requirements of TLC system stability and precision. TLC-fingerprints analyzed with chemometrics showed an ability to discriminate Orthosiphon stamineus from various origins. PCA score plot of the first two principal components (PC) clearly distinguished 3 clusters of samples, whereas the loading plot of the first two PC showed that compounds with the Rf values of 0.0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.3, and 0.9-1.0 are the most important compounds for clustering of samples. Conclusions: TLCfingerprint combined with the PCA was able to discriminate among the leaves of Orthosiphon stamineus originated from various locations. TLC-fingerprints analyzed with chemometrics can be used as an alternative of marker-oriented method to evaluate the quality of Orthosiphon stamineus.

}, keywords = {Geographical origin, Herbal medicine, Marker, Principal Component Analysis, Quality, TLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.13}, author = {Kartini Kartini and Ervina Rustiana Dewi and Fandi Achmad and Nikmatul Ikhrom Eka Jayani and Mochammad Arbi Hadiyat and Christina Avanti} } @article {1293, title = {Topical Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Bromelain}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1586-1593}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1586}, abstract = {

Introduction: Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme found in pineapple plants. Aim: This study conducted to determine the activity of bromelain enzyme as an anti-inflammatory using the Granuloma Pouch method. Methods: The experimental animals were divided into five groups, namely the positive control group, the bromelain concentration group of 0.1\%; 0.5\%; 1\%, and the comparison group. Experimental animals induced carrageenan 2\% subcutaneously. The dosage form is given topically for 2, 4, and 6 days. The observation was made by measuring the volume of edema, the total number, and the percentage of leukocyte cells on days 2, 4, and 6. Results: The observation results of a positive control group, bromelain concentration 0.1\%, 0.5\%, 1\%, and the comparators, there was a significant decrease for the volume of exudate on days 2, 4, and 6 (p\<0.05). The average total number of leukocytes also decreased significantly (p\<0.05) in the positive control, the bromelain, and comparison group in day 2, 4, and 6. At the same time, the mean leucocyte percentage had no effect (p\>0.05). Conclusion: From the results of the study, it was concluded that the bromelain enzyme at concentration 0.1\%, 0.5\%, and 1\% have an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing the volume of exudate, and the total number of leucocyte.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Bromelain, Exudate, Gel, Granuloma, Leukocyte}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.217}, author = {Elsa Badriyya and Salman and Amalia Refina Pratiwi and Dwisari Dillasamola and Yufri Aldi and Elidahanum Husni} } @article {1247, title = {Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Extracts of Cordia sebestena L. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1311-1316}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1311}, abstract = {

Background: Cordia sebestena L. (Boraginaceae) wildly planted in Jakarta, Indonesia. The secondary metabolites of plants have biological and pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant. The antioxidant activity of plants might be due to their phenolic compounds. Objective: To determine the total phenolic content and evaluate the antioxidant activity of C. sebestena leaves extracts (n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and 70\% ethanol). Materials and Methods: The total phenolic content was determined using spectrophotometric methods with a Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by its ability to inhibit DPPH radicals through IC50 values (ppm). Results: The highest total phenolic content (167.61 {\textpm} 0.56 mg GAE/g) and best antioxidant activity (31.41 ppm) were found in 70\% ethanol extract of C. sebestena compared to other extracts (ethyl acetate \> dichloromethane \> n-hexane). Conclusion: The C. sebestena leaves have a good potential as a source of natural antioxidant, and further research, is recommended to evaluate the antioxidant activity using another method.

}, keywords = {Boraginaceae, Cordia sebestena, DPPH, Folin-Ciocalteu}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.180}, author = {Ni Putu Ermi Hikmawanti and Endang Hanani and Yuni Sapitri and Wulan Ningrum} } @article {1259, title = {Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid and Phytochemical Screening by FTIR Spectroscopic of Standardized Extract of Mikania micrantha Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1395-1401}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1395}, abstract = {

Background: Mikania micrantha is a great plant that has been used as raw material for traditional medicines. Objective: This paper aims to evaluate total phenols, total flavonoids, and phytochemical screening by FTIR spectroscopy of standardized extract of Mikania micrantha leaf to confirm its medicinal values. Materials and Methods: The leaves were extracted by maceration method using ethanol 96\% and evaporated by rotary evaporator. The determination of total phenolic and total flavonoid were performed by spectroscopic method. The phytochemical constituent was screened through the bioactive group of the chemical by FTIR analysis. Results: The total phenolic of extract of Mikania micrantha leaf ranged from 13.19{\textpm}0.74 to 34.24{\textpm}1.24 mg gallic acid equivalent/g and total flavonoid ranged from 1.11{\textpm}0.11 to 20.63{\textpm}0.16 mg quercetin/g. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of O-H, aliphatic CH, and C=O functional group. Conclusion: the result of this study confirm that Mikania micrantha possesses the potential of bioactive compounds which are responsible for the biological activities that are useful for raw material of traditional medicines.

}, keywords = {FT-IR, Mikania micrantha, total flavonoid, total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.193}, author = {Imam Bagus Sumantri and Henny Sri Wahyuni and Lolyta Fiti Mustanti} } @article {1219, title = {Toxicity Assessment, Evaluation of Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity on Cordia obliqua Fruit Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1005-1011}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1005}, abstract = {

Background: Cordia obliqua Willd plant is a genus of flowering plants in the borage family, Boraginaceae. It is also known as clammy cherry. Very little research was carried out for identification of its medicinal importance when compared to other Cordia species Objective: To determine the safe dose and to explore the in vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of Cordia obliqua fruits Methods: As per our previous study the ethanolic and aqueous extracts were rich in phytoconstituents and exhibited good in vitro antioxidant effect. So the ethanolic and aqueous extracts were used for evaluation of activity. Acute toxicity study (LD50) was conducted according to OECD guidelines. For hepatoprotective activity paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity was studied using standard drug like Silymarin. The antioxidant potential] of the plant extracts were tested using three tests viz, Reduced GSH, Catalase and SOD activity Results: Acute toxicity studies showed the non-toxic nature of Cordia obliqua fruit extract upto dose of 3000mg/kg body weight. Administration of Paracetamol to rats increased the levels of marker enzymes like ALT, AST and ALP. Increase in the levels of these enzymes in serum indicates damage to the liver cells. Pretreatment with aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Cordia obliqua decreased the levels of ALT, AST, ALP and increased levels of total protein, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and comparisons histology of cells of extract which are an indication for the hepatoprotective activity. Conclusion: The fruits of Cordia obliqua are safe and effective in treatment of hepatic disorders and prevent oxidation of cells.

}, keywords = {Cordia obliqua, Hepatotoxicity, Paracetamol, Silymarin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.142}, author = {G Tharun and S Sivakrishnan and JVC Sharma} } @article {1060, title = {Toxicity Assessment of Vachellia karro (Hayne) Banfi and Galasso Pods using Brine Shrimp Assay}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {1-5}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background and Objective: Vachellia karroo is widely used in folk medicine in the Eastern Cape Province South Africa, however, the pods are usually discarded as waste. This study evaluated the toxicity of acetone, hexane, aqueous and methanol extracts of Vachellia karroo pods using brine shrimp model. Materials and Methods: Different concentrations (0.0625-1 mg/mL) of the extracts were used to incubate the cysts and nauplii of brine shrimp (Artemia salina) to evaluate their effects on the hatching of the cyst and mortality of the nauplii respectively. The percentage of hatched cysts and Lethal Concentration (LC50) needed to kill 50\% of the nauplii were recorded. Results: Successful hatching of the cysts was in order: Aqueous extract\> methanol extract\> hexane extract\> acetone extract. The hatching of nauplii was in a concentration dependent fashion, with hatching success decreasing with increase in concentration of extracts. Conclusion: Lethality of extracts determined based on Meyers{\textquoteright} index of toxicity, revealed that acetone and hexane extracts of V. karroo were moderately toxic.

}, keywords = {Brine shrimp, Cyst, Lethality, Nauplii, Toxicity, Vachellia karroo}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.1}, author = {S Maposa and AJ Afolayan and GA Otunola} } @article {1306, title = {UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS Profiling of Clerodendrum inerme and Clerodendrum splendens and Significant Activity Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1518-1524}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1518}, abstract = {

Introduction: Antibiotic resistance is a major problem that is spreading and increasing while the development of new antibiotics is ceasing. As a result, some bacterial infections that were easily treated previously became untreatable. The antibacterial activity of Clerodendrum inerme and Clerodendrum splendens leaves were investigated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the widely known multi-drug resistant bacterium. UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS is characterized by high sensitivity, resolution and speed for identification of plant metabolites even the minor ones. The chemical constituents of the leaves of C. inerme and C. splendens were investigated by UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS metabolic analysis. Methods: The antibacterial activity of the ethanol extracts of the leaves of the two species under investigation was evaluated against the multi-ethanol drug resistant bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis using MABA assay. The methanol extracts of the leaves of C. inerme and C. splendens were subjected to comparative UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS analysis. Results: The ethanol extract of C .inerme leaves showed significant antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, while that of C. splendens showed moderate activity. The UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS analysis revealed a total of 36 metabolites detected and tentatively identified in the two species under investigation, among them 28 chromatographic peaks were assigned in C. inerme while only 14 were assigned in these C. splendens. The main classes of secondary metabolites detected were Phenylpropanoid and, iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, diterpenoids, phenolic acid and fatty acid derivatives. Conclusion: The results of the antibacterial activity and UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/ MS analysis showed stronger activity and higher number of metabolites for C. inerme as compared to C. splendens.

}, keywords = {Clerodendrum, Diterpenoids, Iridoids, Mycobacterium, Phenyl-propanoids, UPLC profiling}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.208}, author = {Hesham I Elaskary and Omar M Sabry and Asmaa M Khalil and Soheir M El Zalabani} } @article {1318, title = {Vietnamese Medicinal Plants Useful in Treatments of Gout}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1693-1697}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1693}, abstract = {

Gout is a metabolic pathology associated with an increase in the concentration of uric acid in the blood, characterized by episodes of acute arthritis or chronic arthritis caused by deposition of mononatri urate crystals in joints and connective tissue. Long ago, gout was considered a rare disease and a disease of the rich. Since the early years of the 21st century, the incidence of gout and increased uric acid is increasing rapidly around the world. Clinical manifestations of the disease, the age and gender of the patient, related diseases, response to treatment, adverse consequences of the disease, its association with cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, etc. There are many changes in the negative direction that make the disease become incurable in many patients. Even in developed countries, the disease is not managed and monitored closely, increasing the rate of illness, death, disability and quality of life. The article focuses on the causes, manifestations of gout and, most importantly, the introduction of some herbs used in Vietnam. The scientific components, its effective effects have been confirmed by some documents and trusted by patients.

}, keywords = {Gout, Health, Medicinal herbs, Treatment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.228}, author = {Huynh Tan Hoi} } @article {1242, title = {Wound Healing Activity of an Ointment from Solanum tuberosum L. "Tumbay Yellow Potato" on Mus musculus Balb/c}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1268-1275}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1268}, abstract = {

Background: Solanum tuberosum L. is an Andean tuber that is mainly characterized by its antioxidant properties. Objective: To evaluate the healing activity of an S. tuberosum-based ointment on wounds induced in mice. Material and methods: Ethanolic extracts of peel and pulp of tubers of S. tuberosum "Tumbay yellow potato" were prepared, which were incorporated into 1\% and 2\% ointment formulations. Mus musculus Balb/c with induced wound were distributed in the following working groups: Group I (Negative Control), Group II (Positive Control: Neomycin, Polymyxin B and Bacitracin Ointment) and Groups III and IV (Ointment at 1 \% and 2\% of S. tuberosum extract, respectively), daily administration of topical treatments were carried out for 07 days. Wound closure was determined during the experimentation time, then euthanized with sodium pentobarbital 60 mg/kg b.w. (i.p.) to obtain skin samples for histopathological analysis. Results: Groups III and IV showed that better evidence of wound closure and scarring in the histopathological analysis, the greatest effect being in Group IV. Conclusions: S. tuberosum ointments show healing activity in induced wounds in mice, the most effective treatment being the 2\% ointment formulation.

}, keywords = {Histology, Skin, Solanum tuberosum, Wound Healing, Yellow potato}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.175}, author = {Galy P Rosas-Cruz and Carmen R Silva-Correa and Abhel A Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and V{\'\i}ctor E Villarreal-La Torre and Cinthya L Aspajo-Villalaz and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco and Jorge Del Rosario-Ch{\'a}varri and Juan C Rodr{\'\i}guez-Soto and Orlando E Pretel-Sevillano and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Anabel D Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha} } @article {1094, title = {Wound Healing Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Selaginella Bryopteris on Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {335-341}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {335}, abstract = {

The objective of the present study was to determine wound healing activity of ethanolic extract of Selaginella bryopteris on rats. The whole plant of S. bryopteris Linn. was collected from Andhra Pradesh, India and extraction was done using ethanol. GC-MS analysis was performed to determine active metabolites present in the extract followed by determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents. In vivo wound healing activity of ethanolic extract was evaluated using excision wound model. The extract was applied topically on animals by preparing ointment in two concentrations (5\% and 10\%) where soframycin (10\%) was taken as positive control. Antioxidant activity of S. bryopteris extract was observed by measuring oxidative enzymatic levels i.e. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), reduced Glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in animal tissues. Histopathological studies of excised skin were carried out after the experimental period. The contraction rate of the wound was higher and dose-dependent in rats treated with 5\% and 10 \% ointment of extract in comparison to untreated control group. The drug treated groups showed recovery phase and the percentage of healing was more in 10\% at the end of experimental period. Results exhibited sufficient insights on the healing process with normal recovery stages and restored oxidative enzymatic levels. Histopathological findings provided additional positive results; the dermis with proliferating capillaries and skeletal muscle were replaced by cellular fibrous tissue and collagen fibers. Overall, the results showed that ethanolic extract of S.bryopteris was an interesting traditional agent that possess significant wound healing activity.

}, keywords = {Flavonoid content, Oxidative stress, Selaginellabryopteris, total phenolic content, Wound Excision Model}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.53}, author = {Shravan Kumar Paswan and Sajal Srivastava and Chandana Venkateswara Rao} } @article {961, title = {Aloe Vera Peel Extract Administration Increased Antioxidant Enzyme Levels of Serum and Seminal Plasma in Type 2 Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {962-967}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {962}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered as a complex metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Aloe vera peel extract on the antioxidant levels of serum and seminal plasma of type 2 diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rat was injected by 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) combined with 230 mg/kg of Nicotinamide acid (NA) intraperitoneally. The rats were declared to have diabetic with fasting blood glucose level \> 200 mg/dl 72 hours after induction. Diabetic rat samples were divided into four groups, control group (diabetes without treatment) and three groups were treated by Aloe vera peel extracts orally: 100 mg (P.1), 200 mg (P.2), and 400 mg/kg body weight (P.3), respectively. Antioxidant levels of serum and seminal plasma, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) were examined after 28 days of treatment. Results: The levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH in the group receiving Aloe vera peel extract were statistically significant (p \<0.05) higher than the control. There were also significant differences between the dose variations group. Conclusion: Aloe vera peel extract can significantly increase antioxidant levels in serum and seminal plasma of type 2 diabetic mice.

}, keywords = {Aloe vera peel extract, Antioxidants, Diabetes, Seminal Plasma, Serum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.152}, author = {Wulan Christijanti and Achmad Zulfa Juniarto and Lisyani B. Suromo} } @article {758, title = {Alpha Mangostin and Xanthone Activity on Fasting Blood Glucose, Insulin and Langerhans Islet of Langerhans in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {64-68}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {64}, abstract = {

Objective: This research elaborated role of alpha mangostin and xanthone on fasting blood glucose, insulin and langerhans islet in alloxan induced diabetic mice. Methods: Fasting blood glucose, insulin and langerhans islet test were conducted using male Mus musculus mice, divided into 10 groups randomly, which were normal, control (alloxan induced only), glibenclamide, various doses of α-mangostin and xanthone (5, 10, 20 mg/kgbw). Mice were treated for 21 days. Overnight-fasted mice (12 h) were sacrificed by cervical decapitation on day 21st, following the ethical norms granted by the ethics committee. Fasting blood glucose and insulin plasma were checked. Pancreatic tissues were excised from sacrificed animals, and then fixed in 10 \% (v/v) neutral buffered formalin. Histologic observations for Langerhans area were performed after staining using Gomori staining method. Results: The effects of alpha mangostin and xanthone on fasting blood glucose different significantly to control, and were not significantly different from glibenclamide and metformin. Increasing alpha mangostin/xanthone dose from 5 mg/kgbw to 20 mg/bw also did not cause significant differences, although the best results were obtained at a dose of 20 mg/kgbw. Insulin plasma analize showed that there were no significant difference between alpha mangostin/xanthone to normal group, except xanthone 10 mg/kgbw. Langerhans area showed significant difference between alpha mangostin/xanthone to control group. But there{\textquoteright}s still had significant difference if we compare to glibenclamid/metformin group. Conclusion: Alpha mangostin and xanthone are two substances that showed antidiabetic effect on fasting blood glucose level, insulin plasma and Langerhans islet.

}, keywords = {Fasting blood glucose, Insulin plasma, Langerhans, Xanthone, α-mangostin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.12}, author = {Welly Ratwita and Elin Yulinah Sukandar and I Ketut Adnyana and Neng Fisheri Kurniati} } @article {881, title = {Altitude and Seed Phenotypic Effect on Amygdalin Content in Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Kernel}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, year = {2019}, pages = {xx-xx}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {xx}, abstract = {

Objective: Genetic component influencing amygdalin content in apricot kernel is well documented. This study aims to evaluate influence of altitude and seed phenotypic characters on amygdalin content in apricot kernel. Methods: Fruits from 126 genotypes differing in kernel taste and seed coat colour were collected from seven locations from 3008-3346 m asl in trans-Himalaya. Amygdalin content in kernel was determined. Results: Amygdalin content in bitter kernel was significan tly higher (44.6{\textpm}9.0 mg.g-1) than that of sweet kernel (3.1{\textpm}1.8 mg.g-1) with brown seed coat. The geographical elevation had no influence on kernel amygdalin content. Similarly, seed and kernel physical characters, except seed coat color, had no significant effect on kernel amygdalin content. High variability within genotypes was observed suggesting that genotype played significant role on amygdalin content in apricot kernel. Low amygdalin content (2.4{\textpm}1.2 mg.g-1) in apricot kernel with white seed coat phenotype confirmed our earlier finding that the white phenotypic marker is associated with sweet kernel. Conclusion: The geographical elevation had no influence on kernel amygdalin content. White seed coat phenotype can be taken as a marker for low amygdalin content in future studies.

}, keywords = {Bitterness, Cyanide, Elevation, Ladakh, Seed Coat, Sweetness}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.xx}, author = {Avilekh Naryal and Pushpender Bhardwaj and Anil Kant and OP Chaurasia and Tsering Stobdan} } @article {883, title = {Anatomical and Histochemical Characterization of Leaves of Luffa cylindrica (L.) M. Roem}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {511-514}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {511}, abstract = {

Background: Luffa cylindrica (L.) M. Roem. (Cucurbitaceae) is an herbaceous plant used for food as compose salads and do sweets and also used in traditional medicine as treat parasitic infections and intestinal diseases. Although this information, there are not many relates about anatomic characters for use in your quality control. Objective: The aim was investigating the anatomical characters of petiole and leaf blade and characterizing the metabolites in the leaf blade of L. cylindrica. Materials and Methods: Semipermanent histological slides were prepared for analysis of petiole and leaf blade in optical microscopy. Histochemical tests were also performed in the leaf blade. Results: The anatomical study revealed information about the type of trichomes, cuticle, vascular bundles and arrangement of the tissues that determine the botanical identity of this species. It was also identifying, for the first time, the presence of two types of trichomes in both of leaf blades faces. The histochemistry allowed determining which metabolites are in the leaf blade and also their location. Conclusion: The study described new characters for L. cylindrica and the results provide support to quality control of the species.

}, keywords = {Anatomy, Cucurbitaceae, Histochemistry, Luffa cylindrica, microscopy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.81}, author = {La{\'\i}s Emanuelle Bernardo Vieira and Rafaela Damasceno S{\'a} and Karina Perrelli Randau} } @article {1047, title = {Anatomical Study of Pachyphragma macrophyllum (Hoffm.) N. Busch}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1587-1590}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1587}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pachyphragma macrophyllum (Hoffm.) N. Busch is not studied endemic of the Caucasus (Russia) and Turkey. Now in medicine, it is not applied yet, but preliminary data confirm potential use of this plant. For this purpose, it is necessary to carry out the analysis of P. macrophyllum, and we began with morphological, anatomic studying. Materials and Methods: P. macrophyllum herb was collected during the flowering period on the Mount Mashuk in Pyatigorsk, Stavropol region, Russia in April 2019. The anatomical structure of P. macrophyllum is considered in accordance with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia XIV. Results: The main morphological signs of P. macrophyllum: basal leaves have petioles; cordate or reniform. Stem leaves oval, petioles short. The leaves have a serrated margin. The inflorescences grow in a raceme. Fruit cordate silicula. Microscopic signs: on the edge of the leaf blade are outgrowths, walls of cells of the upper and lower epidermis heavily sinuous, stomata as a rule anisocytic type. In cross-section of the leaf, two types of mesophyll: palisade and spongy; vascular bundle collateral round shape. On the cross-section of the stem, the epidermis, collenchyma, parenchyma, collateral vascular bundles are located around. Cells of epidermis of a petal and sepal of a flower polygonal. Conclusion: The received standards will provide reference information for identification, purity, standardisation for the use of P. macrophyllum as raw materials for medicines.

}, keywords = {Collenchyma, Cross-section, Mesophyll, Outgrowths on the edge of the leaf, Pachyphragma macrophyllum, Stomata anisocytic type, Vascular bundle}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.242}, author = {VV Fedotova and DA Konovalov and АА Kruglaya} } @article {1044, title = {Anthelmintic Activity of Millettia pachycarpa Root Bark Extract on an Intestinal Roundworm, Ascaridia galli}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1428-1433}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1428}, abstract = {

Background: Millettia pachycarpa Benth. is member of the family Fabaceae and is a wellknown traditional medicinal plant used for different health conditions. Its roots and seeds are rich in bioactive compounds such as chalcones, isoflavones and rotenoids, which are attributed to the anticancer, antiparasitic and insecticidal properties of the plant. In Mizo traditional medicine, the root bark is also used for parasitic infections. Objective: The study was designed to understand the anthelmintic efficacy and effects of M. pachycarpa on an intestinal roundworm, Ascaridia galli. Materials and Methods: The methanolic extract of the root bark was prepared and survival test was performed against A. galli. The structural effects were studied using scanning electron microscopy and histological preparations. Results: The roundworm showed extensive structural changes and damages. The cuticle showed extensive shrinkage and cracks. Lacerations and scars distorted the fine transverse rings. The mouthparts collapsed with shrunken lips and degenerated denticles. Internal tissues such as musculature and reproductive organs were also impaired. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the plant extract is effective against parasitic roundworms.

}, keywords = {Ascaridia galli, Cuticle, microscopy, Millettia pachycarpa, Roundworm}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.221}, author = {Kholhring Lalchhandama} } @article {811, title = {The Anti-Angiogenic Properties of Morinda citrifolia. L (Mengkudu) Leaves Using Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Assay}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {12-15}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {12}, abstract = {

Background: Anti-angiogenesis or inhibition of blood vessel formation is the best way to prevent the growth and metastasis of tumors. The use Morinda citrifolis. L extracts have been reported to exhibit a broad range of therapeutic effects, including antibacterial and antitumor. Objective: This study aims to investigate the anti-angiogenic properties of Morinda citrifolia. L leaves extracts using Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) assay. Materials and Methods: The Fertile White Leghorn eggs were divided into five groups which were control, Bevacizumab drug and treatment groups with 25\%, 50\% and 75\% of Morinda citrifolia. L leaves extracts respectively. The reduction of the blood vessel was counted after 12 h and 24 h post-treatment. Results: Analysis have shown significant differences (P\<0.05) in the reduction of the blood vessel between each group at 24 h post-treatment. The group with 75\% extracts showed 37.1\% reductions of blood vessel compared to groups 50\% and 25\% extracts which showed 4\% and 12.8\% respectively. The phytochemical screening has showed that Morinda citrifolia. L leaves extracts was positive for flavonoid, phenols and phytosterols. Conclusion: Morinda citrifolia. L leaves extracts consist of the phytochemical compounds that have the ability to inhibit the angiogenesis.

}, keywords = {Anti-angiogenesis, Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) assay, Morinda citrifolia. L leaves, Phytochemical, White Leghorn eggs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.3}, author = {Zulhabri Othman and Hamimi Rasyiqah Hassan Khalep and Azrina Zainal Abidin and Halijah Hassan and Santosh Fattepur} } @article {856, title = {Antibacterial Activity of Carica papaya Leaves and Allium sativum Cloves Alone and in Combination against Multiple Strains}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {600-602}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {600}, abstract = {

Aim: Screening of natural extracts is a focused intensive study that aims to find active principles sorted from plant resources both safe and environmental friendly. The present study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of direct crude extracts of Carica papaya leaves and Allium sativum cloves alone and in combination against multiple drug resistant strains. Methods: Two Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and three strains of Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Carica papaya leaves and Allium sativum using Agar Disk Diffusion Method. Results: The results of this study showed that both extracts showed moderate antibacterial activity against the test bacterial strains and the potency of the extracts was increased when these two extracts were combined. Conclusion: These extracts directly can be used as natural alternative preventives to control various food poisoning diseases and preserve food stuff avoiding healthy hazards of chemically antimicrobial agent applications.

}, keywords = {Allium sativum cloves, Antibacterial activity, Bacillus cereus, Carica papaya leaves, crude extract, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.95}, author = {Srividya Lonkala and A. Rama Narsimha Reddy} } @article {924, title = {Antibacterial Activity of Coastal Plants and Marine Sponges from Kei Island Indonesia against Bacterial Fish Pathogens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {812-817}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {812}, abstract = {

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of coastal plants and marine sponges extracts against fish bacterial pathogens. Methods: Samples were extracted by maceration and the extracts were examined for their antibacterial activities against Streptococcus sp. BJ0509, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Aeromonas hydrophila BA03 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus 29S by means of paper disc diffusion method. Active extracts were partitioned and purified by column chromatography. The purified substance was tested for Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against seven bacterial fish pathogens namely Streptococcus sp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi, Photobacterium damselae, Aeromonas hydrophila and A. dhakensis. Results: The highest antibacterial activity against all bacteria used in the assay was demonstrated by OKA 6, a bark extract sample of a coastal plant, Diospyros maritima. It showed a diameter of inhibition zones against Streptococcus sp. BJ0509, S. aureus ATCC 6538, A. hydrophila BA03 and V. parahaemolyticus 29S of 19, 33, 18, and 18 mm, respectively. The column chromatography fraction of OKA 6 inhibited the growth of S. aureus ATCC 6538 with MIC of 3.125 μg/mL. The MIC of this fraction against seven bacterial fish pathogens ranged \< 0.098 to 3.125 μg/mL. The antibacterial activity of partially purified substance obtained from column chromatography fractionation of OKA 6 was higher than those of oxytetracycline and kanamycin. Conclusions: This result indicates that antibacterial activity of the partially purified substance is potentially higher than those of the commercial antibiotics tested. It further indicates that OKA 6 extract from D. maritima can serve as a promising resource for the development of therapeutic agents against bacterial infections in aquaculture.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Bacteria, Coastal plant, Fish pathogen, Marine sponge, Secondary metabolite}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.130}, author = {Andi Hamdillah and Alim Isnansetyo and Indah Istiqomah and Indun Dewi Puspita and Desy Putri Handayani and Takushi Kaneko} } @article {814, title = {Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Jojoba Wax Liquid (Simmondsia chinensis)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {191-194}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {191}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plants are a rich source of bioactive compounds. Simmondsia chinensis, also known as Jojoba, is the sole member the Simmondsiaceae{\textquoteright}s family and has been known traditionally for many medical uses. Objectives: Herein we evaluate the value of crude jojoba oil (J.O) as an antimicrobial agent in vitro. Methods: J.O was tested for potential antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, P. mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Asperigillus flavus. Results: Our results did not show any effect on fungi or yeast. However, a significant antibacterial activity was observed against B. subtilis, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis. A high activity was observed for J.O at Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) level of 12.5 mg/ml. Interestingly, S. typhimurium, E. coli and Ps. aeruginosa were found to be highly resistant. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that J.O may have a medicinal potential as natural antibacterial agent.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antimicrobial activity, Jojoba oil, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Simmondsia chinesisis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.31}, author = {Ahmed Al-Ghamdi and Thanaa Elkholy and Shahd Abuhelal and Hatim Al-Abbadi and Dina Qahwaji and Nahlaa Khalefah and Hanaan Sobhy and Mohammad Abu-Hilal} } @article {855, title = {Antibacterial and Antifungal Approaches of Ficus racemosa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {355-357}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {355}, abstract = {

Ficus racemosa also called as Ficus glomerata Roxb. is a species of plant in the family Moraceae. Popularly known as the Audumbar, cluster fig tree, Indian fig tree or goolar (gular). Different parts of plant shows Antibacterial, Antitussive, Anthelmintic, Antidiarrhoeal, Anticancer, Anti-inflammatory activities etc. on various extracts. Latest and previous studies have concluded the beneficial aspects of fruit of the plant shows Antimicrobial, Antibacterial and Antifungal activity using different cultures and extracts. Materials and Methods: The method was adopted for preparation of plant extracts. The media used for antibacterial test was Nutrient agar/broth. The culture medium was inoculated with the microorganism separately suspended in nutrient broth. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by measuring the diameter of zone of inhibition observed. The broth dilution method was adopted for determination of MIC value against the pathogens. Results and Discussion: The ethanoic and ethyl acetate extract showed more promising antimicrobial activity as compared to Water, Hexane and Chloroform extract. In well diffusion method, the ethyl acetate extract had showed significant bactericidal activity.

}, keywords = {Anthraquinone glycosides., Ficus racemosa, Moraceae, Soyabean casein digest agar}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.53}, author = {Tanvi Pingale and Pallavi Duse and Sunita Ogale} } @article {972, title = {Antidepressant-Like Effects of Dracocephalum moldavica L. in Mouse Models of Immobility Tests}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {976-983}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {976}, abstract = {

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the antidepressant activity of the ethanolic extracts of {\textquotedblleft}toronjil azul{\textquotedblright}(Dracocephalum moldavica L.). Methodology: The forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) were performed on CD-1 mice to evaluate the antidepressant activity of the ethanolic extracts. The ethanolic extracts were administered orally at an 80 and 100 mg/kg. The animals were dosed 1, 6 and 24 h before initiating the FST assay and 40 minutes before for the TST assay. Imipramine and fluoxetine were dosed at 15 mg/kg, while the flavonoid quercetin was given an a lower concentration of 10 mg/kg as a positive controls. Results: The extracts of Dracocephalum moldavica L. and significantly decreased the immobility time in the FST and TST assays when compared with the negative control and reported similar values than those obtained with the positive controls. Conclusion: The results obtained indicate that extract of Dracocephalum moldavica L. have antidepressant effect similar to those obtained by.

}, keywords = {Depression, Dracochepalum moldavica L., Forced swim test, Tail suspension test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.154}, author = {Marcos Ignacio Jimenez Zuniga and Alejandro Jonathan Hurtado Mariles and Jose Luis Castrejon Flores and Jose Antonio Mondragon Herrera and Maria Guadalupe Ramirez Sotelo and Genaro Ivan Ceron Montes and Yolanda de las Mercedes Gomez y Gomez} } @article {867, title = {Antidiabetic, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Different Extracts from Brucea javanica (L.) Merr Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {479-485}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {479}, abstract = {

Introduction: The seeds of B. javanica are known as herbal material for anticancer, antimalaria and antiamoeba. Limited report is available on their antidiabetic and antibacterial properties. Methods: Methanol (ME) and Ethyl acetate extracts (EAE) were studied for their inhibition activities on α-glucosidase in vitro, including combination of ME with acarbose and inhibition mechanism. Antibacterial activity was tested by well diffusion and microdilution methods. The extracts were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant property by DPPH assay, as well as their phenolic and flavonoid contents. Results: ME exhibited a strong α-glucosidase inhibition activity (IC50 271.97 μg/ml) compared to EAE and acarbose (IC50 of 1745.05 and 823.99 μg/ml, respectively). A low dose of ME gave an additive inhibition on α-glucosidase when combined with acarbose. By a kinetic analysis, ME was found to inhibit α-glucosidase in a mixed-type inhibition. Both ME and EAE showed strong antibacterial activities against gram negative and positive bacteria. The strongest inhibition was observed against C. violaceum and S. mutans for ME (MIC of both 0.387 mg/ml) and P. aeruginosa for EAE (MIC 2.938 mg/ml). Both extracts showed weaker antioxidant activities than standards; IC50 664.73 and 4225.40 μg/ml, respectively. ME was rich in phenolics (277.54 mg GAE/100 g DW), unlike EAE (1.86 mg GAE/100 g DW). Conclusion: This study can recommend B. javanica seeds as a source for antidiabetic and antibacterial agents. Combination with acarbose may have important role for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Additive inhibition, Antibacterial, Brucea javanica, Mixed type inhibition, α-glucosidase inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.76}, author = {Adelina Simamora and Kris Herawan Timotius and Adit Widodo Santoso} } @article {862, title = {Antidiabetic Aptitude of Cordia sebestena and its Outcome on Biochemical Parameters, Serum Electrolytes, and Hematological Markers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {418-423}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {418}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study investigated the antidiabetic outcome of ethanolic extract of Cordia sebestena fruit (EECSF) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetogenic rodents and evaluated its consequence to improve the level of biochemical parameters, serum electrolytes level, and hematological indices along with its impact on body weight. Materials and Methods: The albino rodents were selected to observe oral glucose tolerance test by oral intake of aqueous glucose solution (4 g/kg, body weight) in normal rodents and assessment of blood glucose level after administration of EECSF at 100 and 200 mg/kg and standard drug glibenclamide at 0.6 mg/kg, body weight. Antidiabetic activity was estimated in the chronic biological model by STZ (65 mg/kg/i.p.)-induced diabetes in rodents escorted by the determination of blood glucose. Further pharmacological research was carried out to explore the effect of EECSF on body weight, variations in biochemical parameters including aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and total protein, transformations in serum electrolytes such as Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca2+ along with estimation of hematological indices such as red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes. Results: It was discovered that EECSF significantly lowered the blood glucose level of diabetic rodents along with enhancement in body weight. Correspondingly, EECSF significantly ameliorated the biochemical parameters, serum electrolytes, and hematological indices. Conclusion: The results demonstrated the antidiabetic potential of EECSF in STZ-induced diabetes in rodents, and it could be selected to benefit from diabetes and its affiliated complexities inclusive of anemia, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and hepatitis.

}, keywords = {Anemia, Antidiabetic, Cordia sebestena, Glucose, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.65}, author = {Sachin Chaudhary and Harish Chandra Verma and Mandeep Kumar Gupta and Hitesh Kumar and Sudhansu Ranjan Swain and Ramesh Kumar Gupta and Abdel-Nasser El-Shorbagi} } @article {876, title = {Antidiabetic Potential and HPTLC Fingerprinting of Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {469-474}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {469}, abstract = {

Introduction: Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken., also known as Lac tree, is a traditional plant used to treat different ailments since ancient time. The folkloric use of this plant as hypoglycemics is still un-revealed scientifically. So, the present study includes the in-vivo evaluation of hypoglycemic activity with HPTLC fingerprinting, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of the extracts of the plant. Methods: Ethanolic extract of the plant (SOE) was subjected for phytochemical screening and HPTLC finger printing (using CAMAG LINOMAT 5 instrument). For the evaluation of hypoglycemic activity Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats were treated with glibenclamide (0.5mg/kg body weight) and ethanolic extract (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight) of the plant. Acute and chronic studies were performed for the evaluation of blood glucose levels. Results: The presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenolics and flavonoids were confirmed in the preliminary phytochemical screening. Quantitative screening of total tannins (6.15{\textpm}4.20), total flavonoids (25.13{\textpm}3.21) and total phenolic compounds (48.09{\textpm}2.58) were reported. HPTLC fingerprinting analysis of SOE affirmed the presence of quercetin. Conclusion: The positive outcome was observed in the results of hypoglycemic activity, as all the treatments significantly decreased blood glucose level. During the study, SOE and glibenclamide maintained the body weight of the rats while diabetic control reduced the body weight by 11.33\%. In support of its traditional use Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken. was proved to be a potent antidiabetic herbal plant.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Hypoglycemic, Quercetin, Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.74}, author = {Shambaditya Goswami and Ravindra Pal Singh} } @article {939, title = {Anti-Elastase Activity of Rumput Teki (Cyperus rotundus L.) Rhizome Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {754-758}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {754}, abstract = {

Objective: Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) often trigger the activation of elastase to degrade the elastin, an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein that provides resilience and elasticity of the skin. Therefore, the inhibition of elastase could reduce the wrinkles formation in the skin. Rumput teki (Cyperus rotundus L.) is used empirically to increase the skin elasticity but the scientific justification was still limited. This study aimed to determine the activity of Cyperus rotundus L (CyR) in inhibiting the elastase activity. Methods: Extraction of CyR was performed by maceration method using 70\% ethanol. The inhibition percentage and IC50 were determined by the colorimetric method using porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) and N-Succ-(Ala)3-p- nitroanilide (SANA) as substrate. Phytochemical screening, determination of Total Phenolic content (TPC), and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) were also performed to calculate the level of phenolic and flavonoid content in the sample. Results: The extract of CyR rhizomes contained TPC and TFC of 62.72 mgGAE/g and 10.72 mgEQ/g extract respectively and showed an inhibitory activity on elastase with IC50 of 178.72 μg/mL, smaller than IC50 of quercetin as reference drug (200.00 μg/mL). Conclusion: This finding suggested that extract of CyR rhizomes could be used as elastase inhibitor but the further research still needs to be developed.

}, keywords = {Cyperus rotundus L., Elastase, Skin ageing, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.119}, author = {Isni Rizqi Putri and Rosita Handayani and Berna Elya} } @article {927, title = {Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Murraya koenigii Leaves Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts on Serum Lipid Profile of High Fat-Fructose Fed Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {836-841}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {836}, abstract = {

Background: Dyslipidemia has been considered as one of coronary risk factors contributing to the cardiovascular diseases. The beneficial effects of Murraya koenigii leaf on HFFD induced hyperlipidemia in rats has been very less reported in the recent review of literature. Aim and Objectives: To study the hypolipidemic activity of Murraya koenigii leaves on the serum lipid profile in HFFD rat model. Material and Methods: Thirty-six rats of either sex were randomly divided into six groups of six animals each. HFFD was fed p.o to all rats from Groups I, II, IV, V and VI except Group III throughout the period of 14 weeks. Group III rats received normal diet and water ad libitum only. Group I, II, IV and V were treated respectively with AEMK (200 mg/kg/day, p. o), MEMK (200 mg/kg/day, p. o), MET (50 mg/kg/day, p. o) and ATO (10 mg/kg/day, p. o). On the last day of experimental study, blood was collected by retro-orbital puncture method. BSL and lipid profile were assessed. Results: Elevated levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C and diminished level of HDL-C were observed in group VI. Murraya koenigii leaves extract exhibited significant hypolipidemic effect on serum TC and LDL-C in rats owing to its hypocholesterolemic properties. AIP was highly significant in both of AEMK and MEMK extracts. Conclusion: Results of the present study have suggested that the antihyperlipidemic activity of Murraya koenigii leaves leading to decrease in serum lipid parameters mainly TC, LDL-C along with atherogenic risk might be due to its presence of bioactive compounds.

}, keywords = {Atherogenic index, High fat-fructose diet, Hyperlipidemia, lipid profile, Murraya Koenigii}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.134}, author = {Rohan S. Phatak and Chitra C. Khanwelkar and Somnath M. Matule and Kailas D. Datkhile and Anup S. Hendre} } @article {782, title = {Anti-Inflammatory and Neurobehavioral Effects of the Leaves from Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz and Pavon) Briquet in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {75-80}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {75}, abstract = {

Context: Maytenus macrocarpa (Chuchuhuasi) has long been employed in Peru as a traditional alternative therapy for several diseases, including cancer, arthritis and diarrhea. Recent studies show that several species of Maytenus have effects on nociceptive and inflammatory signaling, as well as toxic effects on behavioral neuronal pathways. Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects and neurobehavioral side manifestations of the leaf of Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz and Pav{\'o}n) Briquet. Methods and Materials: Experimental study, double blind. 60 male albino mice strain Balb/c were divided in ten groups and each group, was orally feed with different doses of ethanolic extracts of Maytenus macrocarpa (500, 750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 mg/kg), others group received distilled water, caffeine 32 mg/kg, diazepam 32 mg/kg, diclofenac 15 mg/kg and the last group without substance. Neurobehavioral effects were assessed by the Irwin test. The anti-inflammatory activity was measured by the Carrageenan paw oedema test. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA test and Fisher exact test. Results: Anti-inflammatory effects of M. macrocarpa were observed in a non-significant trend of dose dependent form. M. macrocarpa displayed an anti-inflammatory effect at 1250 mg/kg and these effects were higher in comparison with diclofenac (74.14\% vs 58.62\%, one way ANOVA, p\<0.05). Neurobehavioral side effects secondary to M. macrocarpa therapy were also identified, these included excitation, abnormal gait, abdominal cramps, piloerection, stereotypes and scratching (Fisher exact, p\<0.05, CI 95\%). Conclusion: M. macrocarpa leaves presented anti-inflammatory activity and concomitants neurobehavioral side effects.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammation, Diclofenac, Leaves, Maytenus, Mice, Neurobehavioral manifestations}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.14}, author = {Luj{\'a}n-Carpio Elmer and Medina-Salazar Henry and Mayor-Vega Alexander and Medrano-Canchari Karola and Mazuelos-Rivas Mar{\'\i}a and Lizarraga-Casta{\~n}eda Zaida and Pante-Medina Carlos and Salazar-Granara Alberto} } @article {1016, title = {Anti-inflammatory Effect of Phyllanthus niruri L. from Indonesia (Pre-clinical Study)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1347-1350}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1347}, abstract = {

Indonesian people often use Phyllanthus niruri L. (P. niruri L.) to treat pain. Pain is the one of symptoms of inflammation. Some people take traditional medicine to treat this pain, because some analgesic drugs have several adverse effects. The aim of this research is to explore the anti-inflammatory effect of ethyl asetat fraction of ethanolic extract of P. niruri L. (EAPN) from Indonesia in rats induced by carrageenan. A total of 25 rats were divided into 5 groups. Group 1 (diclofenac sodium 50 mg/kgbb), group 2 (aqueous extract), groups 3,4and 5 were ethyl asetat fraction at dosage of 250; 500 and 1000 mg/kgbw respectively. Group 1 was treated by diclofenac sodium at dose of 50 mg/kgbw, group II was treated by aqueous 2mL/rats, groups III, IV and V were treated by EAPN at dosage of 250; 500 and 1000mg/kgbw respectively. Thirty minutes later, all rats were injected by carrageenan 0,1 mL 1\% w/v sub cutaneous into back rat{\textquoteright}s left paw. Paw volumes were measured by Plethysmometer on minutes 0, 60, 90, 150, 210, 330. Area under the curve (AUC) were calculated from these results (AUC 0-30; AUC 0-90; 0-150; AUC 0-210 and AUC 0-330). The AUC of EAPN at dosage of 250; 500 and 1000mg/ kgbw smaller than negative control significantly (P\<0.05). EAPN contains alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and triterpens. EAPN has anti-inflammatory effect in rats induced by carrageenan.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Carrageenan, Phyllanthus niruri L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.208}, author = {Em Sutrisna and Maryati and Sri Wahyuni and Tanti Azizah S} } @article {902, title = {Anti-inflammatory Effect of the Aqueous Fruit Pulp Extract of Tamarindus indica Linn in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Macrophages}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {669-673}, type = {Original Research Study}, chapter = {669}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the aqueous fruit pulp extract of Tamarind indica Linn on NO production and iNOS expression in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Material\ and Method: The efficacy of tamarind extract on nitric oxide production was determined using RAW macrophages. RT - PCR was used to examine the expression of the iNOS gene in activated macrophages. The Statistical analysis for multiple comparisons was evaluated by one way ANOVA followed by the Dunnett{\textquoteright}s test when significant differences were detected. The data were considered to be statistically significant at p \< 0.001, p \< 0.01 and p \< 0.05. Results: LPS stimulated RAW macrophages strongly up regulated the iNOS gene expression levels. The iNOS levels were significantly suppressed in the presence of different concentrations of tamarind extract, compared to LPS treatment alone. The tamarind extract also exhibited dose {\textendash} dependent decrease in the production of NO. The IC50 was found to be 35.69 μg/ml. LPS stimulated group showed 89.61 {\textpm} 0.47 \% of NO. Conclusion: Nitric oxide production is found to be more in conditions such as periodontitis, oral squamous cell carcinoma and many other diseases. This study could prove the ability of tamarind fruit pulp extract to inhibit the production of nitric oxide and the iNOS gene expression. Hence, Tamarind indica Linn pulp extract may be used as a good anti-inflammatory agent in periodontitis as well as in conditions associated with over production of nitric oxide in different cancers such as oral squamous cell carcinoma.

}, keywords = {iNOS expression, Nitric oxide, Oral squamous cell carcinoma, Periodontitis, Tamarind indica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.105}, author = {Mathews Meriam Leya and Roy Anitha} } @article {1053, title = {Antimalarial Activity of Microalgae Extracts Based on Inhibition of PfMQO, a Mitochondrial Plasmodium falciparum Enzyme}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1477-1482}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1477}, abstract = {

Malaria is an important global disease that threatened human life. The resistance Plasmodium sp. to the available medicines encourages the search for new antimalarial substances based on new mechanisms on the inhibition of PfMQO (the mitochondrial Plasmodium falciparum enzyme). Objective: The purposes of this study was to screen antimalarial substances from microalgae based on the inhibition of PfMQO. Materials and Methods: Five microalgae were extracted by maceration using chloroform pa and ethanol pa. These ten crude extracts obtained were tested for the inhibitory activity against the PfMQO enzyme. Results: The highest inhibitory activity against PfMQO enzyme was chloroform extract of S. costatum with 91.050\% of inhibition and 0.043 μg/mL of IC50. The ethanol extract of S. platensis showed 91.999\% and 5.25 μg/mL of inhibition and IC50, respectively. These results indicated that the two extracts provide high antimalarial activity exceeded a theoretical standard of antimalarial bioactive compounds. Conclusion: Chloroform extract of S. costatum and ethanol extract of S. platensis are promising sources of antimalarial compounds based on the inhibition of PfMQO.

}, keywords = {Antimalarial, Inhibitory activity, Microalgae, P falciparum, Screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.228}, author = {Endang Ariyani Setyowati and Alim Isnansetyo and Tjut Sugandawaty Djohan and Raden Wisnu Nurcahyo} } @article {959, title = {Antimicrobial and Antidiarrheal Activities of Methanolic Fruit Peel Extract of Pouteria caimito}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {944-950}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {944}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pouteria caimito is a native Amazonian fruit specie, popularly known as "abiu", that belongs to the Sapotaceae family. It has a wide popular use to relieve diarrhea, cough, fever and inflammation, among other purposes. However, few reports in the scientific literature deal with its phytochemical composition and biological activity. This study aimed to evaluate the antidiarrheal and antimicrobial activity of Pouteria caimito fruit peel extract. Methods: The antidiarrheal activity was evaluated in mice, using modulation models of normal defecation, cathartic agent-induced diarrhea and stimulated intestinal transit. Antimicrobial activity was, in turn, analyzed against strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, S. epidermidis, S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumonie, E. faecalis and Salmonella tiphy) through the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by the microdilution in broth method. Results: This study showed that there was no antidiarrheal activity in the experimental models analyzed and that the methanolic extract of P. caimito (MEPC) can positively modulate normal defecation. Regarding the antimicrobial activity, the crude extract and the ethyl acetate fraction presented a satisfactory action against most of the strains evaluated except for Enterococcus faecalis and Salmonella tiphy. Conclusions: The MEPC did not present any measurable antidiarrheal activity, but more possibly a laxative effect. The extract and acetate fraction showed antimicrobial activity against strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The activity of the crude extract was more potent than the results obtained by the use of acetate fractions; the fractions with lower polarity did not present any relevant antimicrobial activity.

}, keywords = {Abiu, Antidiarrheal activity, Antimicrobial activity, Sapotaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.150}, author = {Abreu MM and Nobrega P De A and Sales PF and Oliveira FRDe and Nascimento AA} } @article {1040, title = {Antimicrobial, Cyto and Genotoxic Activities of Equisetum hyemale}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1563-1571}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1563}, abstract = {

The popular use of natural products has great benefits for the health of the human population. In this study we highlight Equisetum hyemale, belonging to the phylum Sphenophyta and the family Equisetaceae. Popularly, the stems of this plant are used for their diuretic, digestive, anti-anemic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Given this context, and the fact that the growth of antimicrobial resistance is a serious problem for global public health, this plant could be used as an alternative, to increase our therapeutic arsenal. Therefore, it is important to more clearly elucidate the complex structures present in plants, because these substances are mainly responsible for their beneficial and/or toxic effects. Thus, the objective of this study was evaluate the antimicrobial activity, cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the phenolic compounds separately. The substances luteolin, ferulic acid and coumarin were identified at high concentrations by ultra-high performance chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS). Antimicrobial activity was elucidated through microdilution in broth; the phenolic compounds were able to inhibit the visible growth of the standard bacterial strains at low concentrations. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT and genotoxicity was analysed through cellular damage using a Comet assay; the results showed that it did not present cytoxicity or genotoxicity at the corresponding concentrations. With this, we suggest that E. hyemale may be an alternative for the treatment of infections by microorganisms that are resistant to synthetic drugs.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Cytotoxicity, Equisetum hyemale, Phenolic compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.239}, author = {Camilla Filippi dos Santos Alves and Pauline Cordenonsi Bonez and Marcia de Souza Ebling and Camila Casagrande and Litiane Freitas and Carolina Dolwitsch and Fernanda Pires and Michele Rorato Sagrillo and Gerson Fernandes de Brum and Marli Matiko Anraku de Campos and Roberto Christ Vianna Santos} } @article {937, title = {Antiosteoporosis Effects of 70\% Ethanolic Extract Combination of Dayak Onion Bulbs (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb) and Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) on the Hypoestrogen Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {632-638}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {632}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cowpea and Dayak onion bulbs extracts were proven to have an effect on bone, cause by the content of daidzein and eleutherinol which has been known to have an affinity to bind with estrogen receptor selectively. The objective of this study to determine the effects of Dayak onion bulbs and cowpea extract combination on the level of bone calcium, bone weight, and the scoring of bone marrow fat in the hypoestrogen rats compared with the single dose of cowpea extract. Material and Methods: This study used 32 female, white Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into eight groups. The SHAM group was given CMC 0.5\%; the negative group was given CMC 0.5\%, the positive group was given raloxifene 1.08 mg/200 g BW, cowpea group was given cowpea extract 100 mg/200 BW. The dose variation was given 70\% ethanolic extract combination of Dayak onion bulbs and cowpea with four doses variation 36 mg/200 g; 100 mg/200 g BW, 18 mg/200 g; 100 mg/200 g BW, 9 mg/200 g; 100 mg/ 200 g BW, and 4.5 mg/200 g; 100 mg/200 g BW. Ovariectomy was performed on all groups except the SHAM to obtain the condition of hypoestrogen. Four weeks after the surgery, the rats were treated with an oral administration of extract daily for 28 days. Determination of the levels of tibia bone calcium, tibia bone weight, and the scoring of tibia bone marrow fat counted on day 29. Results: The result showed that Dayak onion bulbs and cowpea extract combination were able to elevate the level of bone calcium and bone weight significantly, and reduced the scoring of bone marrow fat higher than a single dose of cowpea extract. Conclusions: The results showed that Dayak onion bulbs and cowpea extract combination could be developed to be a drug for osteoporosis in the future.

}, keywords = {Antiosteoporosis, Bone calcium, Bone marrow fat, Bone weight, Cowpea, Dayak onion bulbs, Raloxifene}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.101}, author = {Anton Bahtiar and Renita Dewi} } @article {1054, title = {Antioxidant Activity, HPTLC Fingerprint and Discriminant Analysis of Plantago major Leaves from Diverse Origins in Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1483-1489}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1483}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) is a perennial herb having contribution to the folk medicine all around the world, including Indonesia with wide geographical distribution. Plant materials origin is one factor that significantly influences the quality of herbal medicines. Materials and Methods: In this paper, High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) method using pattern-oriented approach has been employed to evaluate the quality of Plantago major leaves collected from seven origins in Indonesia. To differentiate the antioxidant capacities of those plant materials, the crude extracts were tested using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total phenolics, and total flavonoids assay methods. Results: The results showed that radical scavenging activity, total phenolics, and total flavonoids of plant material from seven origins were significantly different. Moreover, HPTLC fingerprints analyzed with chemometrics showed an ability to discriminate the leaves samples from various origins as well as detect chemicals responsible for discrimination. Two models using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS-DA) were built in chemometrics test. The PCA model was able to describe the studied samples by using four principal components with a value of explained variance of 95\%, whereas PLS-DA model accurately classified the leaves samples with prediction ability of 100\%. In the PCA, loading plot of the first PC showed that peaks number 10 and 12 are the most important peaks for clustering of the samples. Conclusions: Plantago major collected from different origins revealed different radical scavenging activity and concentration of total phenolics as well as total flavonoids. HPTLC fingerprints coupled with chemometrics analysis can be used as an alternative to marker-oriented method for the quality control of Plantago major.

}, keywords = {Chemometrics, Flavonoids, Herbal medicines, Pattern-oriented, Phenolics, PLSDA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.229}, author = {Kartini Kartini and Christina Avanti and Chutima Phechkrajang and Omboon Vallisuta} } @article {930, title = {Antioxidant Activity of Cumin Oil Mediated Silver Nanoparticles}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {787-789}, type = {Original Research Study}, chapter = {787}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of the study was to employ cumin oil in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and check the antioxidant activity of the cumin oil mediated silver nanoparticles. Background: The introduction of Nanoparticles (NPs) has revolutionized every field including medicine, nutrition and energy. The use of nanotechnology in medicine especially for drug delivery is shown to have various benefits. Nanoparticles are being used to reduce toxicity and side effects that drugs may impose to the patient. Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) is a common spice used for its distinct aromatic effect. Plant mediated biological synthesis of nanoparticles has been gaining importance due to its simplicity and eco friendliness. This study therefore was aimed to synthesize cumin oil mediated silver nanoparticles and assess its antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Cumin oil mediated silver nanoparticles were initially synthesised and characterised by UV-Visible spectrophotometer and TEM. Further the cumin oil mediated AgNPs were subjected to DPPH assay to determine the antioxidant activity. Results: Cumin oil mediated AgNPs were biosynthesised with ease and showed good antioxidant activity compared to standard. Conclusion: This study conclude that cumin seed oil mediated silver nanoparticles have the potential to be used as an effective antioxidant. Hence, it may be employed in large scale production and may be used in many medicinal applications where there is a need for antioxidant.

}, keywords = {AgNP, antioxidant activity, Biosynthesis, Cumin oil, Nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.125}, author = {Nagarajan Keerthiga and Roy Anitha and S Rajeshkumar and Thangavelu Lakshmi} } @article {921, title = {Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic Extract and Various Fractions from Green Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {771-776}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {771}, abstract = {

Background: Free radicals are one of the causes that can cause premature aging and degenerative disease. To overcome this problem, the body needs antioxidant intake. Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) leaves are one of the plants known as antioxidant agent due to its flavonoids and phenolic compounds or better known as catechin compounds. Catechin is polar flavonoid compounds so it is necessary to separate it from non-polar compounds so their antioxidant activity becomes effective. Objective: This study aims to determine antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of green tea leaves and its fractions namely ethyl acetate and water fraction, and measure the total flavonoid content, total phenolic content and catechin content. Materials and Methods: Green tea leaves extracted using maceration method with 96\% ethanol. Fractionation was conducted using liquid-liquid extraction using a solvent of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water. Screening of flavonoid and phenolic and antioxidant activity was performed against the ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction. Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method using ultravioletvisible spectrophotometry with ascorbic acid as standard. Results: The ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction contains flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The IC50 value of ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction were 9.017; 3.926 and 7.408 μg/mL consecutively. The ethyl acetate fraction also showed better antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid (4.855 μg/mL). Conclusion: The ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction showed very powerful antioxidant activity but ethyl acetate fraction has the best antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, DPPH method, Ethanolic extract, Ethyl acetate fraction, Green tea leaves}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.122}, author = {Karmika Indarti and Elsa Fitria Apriani and Agung Eru Wibowo and Partomuan Simanjuntak} } @article {894, title = {Antioxidant Activity of the Germinated Seed of Four Varieties of Amaranthus Caudatus L. from Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {588-593}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {588}, abstract = {

Introduction: The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of four varieties of germinated seeds of Centenario, Cristalino, Oscar Blanco and Taray of Amaranthus caudatus L. compared to non-germinated seeds. Material and Methods: The determination of total phenols was carried out by using Folin-Ciocalteu, total flavonoids by the method of aluminum chloride and the antioxidant activity by the methods of DPPH, ABTS and FRAP. Results: Cristalino variety had the highest germination (3.0 cm of height) and all varieties had a 50\% germination rate. Cristalino and Taray varieties had the highest content of total phenolics (GAE 32.92 and 35.00 mg/g sample), Cristalino variety had higher content of flavonoids (580.95 mg QE/g) (P \< 0.05); Cristalino and Taray varieties showed greater scavenging activity of DPPH radical (151.85 and 151.38 mg TE/g sample), ABTS (178.09 and 180.18 mg TE/g sample); and reducing capacity of the ferric ion (FRAP) (132.75 and 136.42 mg TE/g of sample). Conclusion: Sprouts of Cristalino and Taray varieties had higher antioxidant activity than non-germinated seeds and they are directly related to higher content of total phenols and flavonoids.

}, keywords = {Amaranthus caudatus L., antioxidant activity, Germinated seeds, Phenolics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.93}, author = {Enrique Javier Aguilar-Felices and Marta Romero-Viacava and Edwin Enciso-Roca and Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Pablo Com{\'u}n-Ventura and Ricardo {\'A}ngel Yuli-Posadas and Luz Chacaltana-Ramos and Bertha Pari-Olarte} } @article {787, title = {Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Bauhinia ungulata L. (Fabaceae) on LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {37-42}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial activities of Bauhinia ungulata L. Method: A flavonoid-rich fraction was obtained from the Bauhinia ungulata L stem, called the ethyl acetate fraction of Bauhinia ungulata (FABU). The total antioxidant capacity of the FABU was determined through the phosphomolibdenium reduction method. For the evaluation of its antioxidant activity on a cell culture model, LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were treated with different concentrations of FABU and the reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) production levels were measured. For the analysis of its immunomodulatory capacity, TNF-α, TGF-β and IL-10 levels were determined in the culture supernatant. In order to determinate the antimicrobial activity of FABU, antifungal and antibacterial susceptibility testing was performed against Candida albicans, methicillinsensitive Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Result: The FABU demonstrated neither significant antimicrobial activity nor immunodulatory capacity; on the other hand, its potential antioxidant activity was demonstrated by the phosphomolibdenium reduction assay. Also, FABU treatment inhibited the ROS, NO, H2O2 and TBARS levels in the supernatant of LPS-stimulated cells. Conclusion: A significant reduction in the amount of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) was observed, in addition to lipid peroxidation inhibition. Our data suggest that the FABU is a natural antioxidant complex that may interfere in the cascade of cell damage caused by free radicals and a promising potential drug in chronic disease models in which immunopathogenicity involves high levels of RONS.

}, keywords = {Bauhinia ungulata; RAW 264.7 cells; Lipopolysaccharide; Free radicals; Antioxidant activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.7}, author = {Raphael de Oliveira Rodrigues and Juliana Navarro Ueda Yaochite and Milena Aguiar Braga and Amanda Ribeiro de and Sousa and Greyce Luri Sasahara and Said Gon{\c c}alves da Cruz Fonseca and Thiago Dias de Vasconcelos Ara{\'u}jo and Gilvandete and Maria Pinheiro Santiago and Le{\^o}ncio Mesquita de Sousa and Jarbas Lima de Carvalho and Francisca Bruna Stefany Aires and do Nascimento and H{\'e}lio Vitoriano Nobre J{\'u}nior and Aparecida Tiemi Nagao-Dias} } @article {910, title = {Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Attributes of Paris polyphylla Smith from Sikkim Himalaya}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {705-711}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {705}, abstract = {

Introduction: Paris polyphylla Smith is a high value medicinal plant available in Sikkim Himalaya which is well known in local traditional medicine system. Scientific study to ascertain its claimed biological activity is lacking. The objective of this work was to determine the antioxidant and anticancer activity of Paris polyphylla rhizomes. Methods: Phytochemical analysis were carried out by standard methods. Antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract was carried out by DPPH, ABTS, OH-radical and Fe2+chelating activity assays. Cytotoxicity of the extract was determined by MTT assay on three cancer cell lines: HeLa, HepG2 and PC3. Results: Of the P. polyphylla from two altitudinal zones, P. polyphylla from Tholung (PPT), the one from the higher altitude showed higher total phenolic contents in methanolic extracts of rhizomes as compraed to that from the lower altitude i.e., P. polyphylla from Uttaray (PPU). PPT also showed a higher content of total falvonoid and total flavonols. Both types of plant were excellent scavenger of DPPH and ABTS radical and Fe2+ chelator. A trend of a relatively greater antioxidant activity of PPT was established through these assay methods. In MTT assay, both the extract showed significant dose-dependent inhibition of HeLa cell growth after 72 hrs of treatment, while the extract had a moderately positive effect on the inhibition of PC3 and HepG2 cells growth. Conclusion: The study suggested a strong antioxidant activity and appreciable cytotoxic activity of P. polyphylla from Sikkim Himalaya. Of the two varieties, PPT was more pronounced in both type of activities.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Paris polyphylla, Phytochemicals, Sikkim Himalaya}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.112}, author = {Dawa Lhendup Lepcha and Abhijit Chhetri and Dhani Raj Chhetri} } @article {847, title = {Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitor Activities of Ethanol Extracts of Brown Seaweed (Turbinaria conoides) as Lightening Ingredient}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {379-382}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {379}, abstract = {

Background: Turbinaria conoides is one of abundant brown macroalgae in Indonesian oceans contains phenolic derivatives. Phloroglucinol is a multifunctional phenolic derivative in brown algae. Phloroglucinol has been known to have activity inhibitor tyrosinase, because phloroglucinol is copper chelating agent. The antioxidant and the tyrosinase inhibitor activities are parameters of the skin lightening active ingredient. The mechanism of tyrosinase inhibitors is to decrease skin pigmentation by inhibit the catalytic steps of the enzyme to the pigmentation associated with melanin production in the pathway of melanogenesis. Antioxidant activity protects skin against oxidative stress mediated by UVR. Numerous report have determine phenolic compound of T. conoides as antioxidant but none is reported as tyrosinase inhibitor. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the activities of T. conoides as antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor. Methods: Turbinaria conoides were extracted with ethanol with different concentration (30\%, 50\% and 70\%) by maceration method. Crude ethanolic extracts of T. conoides were determined its total phenolic content, antioxidant activity (DPPH) and tyrosinase inhibitor. Results: E50 showed the highest total phenolic content (27.63{\textpm}1.05 mg PGE/g extract). Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor activities of E50 showed IC50 value of 215.96 μg/mL and 188.85 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of Turbinaria conoides is potential as antioxidant agent and tyrosinase inhibitor.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Lightening agent, Phloroglucinol, total phenolic content, Turbinaria conoides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.58}, author = {Diani Mega Sari and Effionora Anwar and Nurjanah and Ayun Erwina Arifianti} } @article {991, title = {Antioxidant Content in Different Parts of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) from Cold Arid Ladakh region of Trans- Himalaya (Jammu and Kashmir)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1064-1070}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1064}, abstract = {

Raphanus sativus (radish) which is consuming in Ladakh from many decades coming as one of the heirloom root vegetables. It is consumed mostly during winter where there is scarcity of vegetables due to prolong cut off from the rest of the world. The aim of this study was done to investigate the phenolic and antioxidant profile in different parts of radish (root. leaf, peel and seed). The aerial part leaves and peel of root of Raphanus sativus L. are always discarded which possess the potent antioxidant properties. The combine (Methanolic and acetone) extract of radish- Sprout was showing the maximum TPC in all the three radish cultivars of Gya Labuk- 34.5 {\textpm} 4.9 mgGAE/g DW, Tsentay Labuk- 38.5 {\textpm} 6.3 mgGAE/g DW and Pusa Himani- 39.4 {\textpm} 2.6 mgGAE/g DW) minimum values was for the peel (Gya Labuk-1.7 {\textpm} 0.1 mgGAE/g DW, Tsenaty Labuk- 1.8 {\textpm} 0.1 mg GAE/g DW and Pusa Himani-1.9 {\textpm} 0.3 mgGAE/g DW statistically significant at p˂0.05. FRAP- The maximum values were for the leaf of Gya Labuk-50.1 {\textpm} 6.1 9 FeSO4.7 H2O mmol/g, Tsentay Labuk- 61.5 {\textpm} 5.8 FeSO4.7 H2O mmol/g and Pusa Himani- 8.2 {\textpm} 0.0 FeSO4.7 H2O mmol/g and minimum values were for the peel of Gya Labuk-2.8 {\textpm} 0.9 FeSO4.7 H2O mmol/g, Tsentay Labuk-2.9 {\textpm} 1.5 FeSO4.7 H2O mmol/g, Pusa Himani-0.6 {\textpm} 0.2 FeSO4.7 H2O mmol/g statistically significant at p˂0.05 and in case of DPPH maximum values were for leaf of Gya Labuk- 2.10 {\textpm} 0.16 DPPH mg/ml, Tsentay Labuk-1.77 {\textpm} 0.09 DPPH mg/ml, Pusa Himani- 0.25 {\textpm} 0.04 DPPH mg/ml and minimum values were for the peel of Gya Labuk-0.06 {\textpm} 0.01 DPPH mg/ml, Tsentay Labuk-0.06 {\textpm} 0.03 DPPH mg/ml, Pusa Himani-0.02 {\textpm} 0.01 DPPH mg/ml statistically significant at p˂0.05. Epidemiological evidence suggests that consumption of vegetables can prevent degenerative diseases caused by oxidative stress. Considering the less data available on antioxidant activity of roots vegetables consumed in area where there is very less production of vegetables due to harsh climatic condition that prevail in the high mountain area such as Ladakh mostly root vegetables are consumed during the winter season as there used to be no vegetables outside only those vegetables having long shelf life is consumed during winter like radish, turnip, carrot, swede, cabbage, etc. Hence leaves and peel which were often discarded possessed a considerable amount of antioxidant and phenolic and can be used as an ingredient in foods.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Heirloom, Raphanus sativus, Root vegetable}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.166}, author = {Sonam Chorol} } @article {1004, title = {Antiplasmodial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Macaranga Gigantea Leaf and Its Major Constituent}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1181-1188}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1181}, abstract = {

Introduction: This research main goal is to study the antiplasmodial activity of Macaranga gigantea leaf ethanolic extract and its major components on malaria parasites using ex vivo model. Methods: This study was conducted by extraction of M. gigantea leaves using ethanol and isolation of its major constituent. The extract and isolate were tested ex vivo on Balb-C mice{\textquoteright}s blood after i.p. administration of Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA. Antiplasmodial activity was observed from mice blood treated by various concentration of either extract or isolate and the parasitaemia percentage were determined by calculating infected blood cell after 24 h of the treatment. It is expressed as decreased of parasitaemia levels and percent of inhibition. Qualitative analysis of active fraction were tested by HPLC method. Chemical structure of isolate were characterized by using UV, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS spectrophotometry. Results: Ex vivo antiplasmodial study gave the percent inhibition as much as 92.1; 85.7; 64.1; 41.5 and 21.7\% at extract concentrations of 300, 100, 30, 10 and 3 μg/ mL respectively. The IC50 values of the extract was 27.1 μg/ml. With respect to the percent of inhibition, at the same concentration, the isolate showed activity as much as 70.2; 62.5; 39.1; 21.7 and 10.8\%. The IC50 value of the isolate was 60.2 μg/ml. At the same concentration with extract and Isolate, Pyrimethamine as positive control gave percent inhibition of 94; 87.5; 44.8; 15.; and 12\%, with IC50 of 31.4 μg/ml. The results showed that major constituent of M. gigantea leaves is flavonoid. HPLC analysis using a photo diode-array detector showed that the active fraction have same retention time with that of apigenin as standard. Based on instrumental analysis data and compared with literature, a flavonoid derivate known as apigenin can be said has been isolated. Conclusion: It can be concluded that either M. gigantea leaves extract or isolated active constituent known as apigenin have potent antiplasmodial property.

}, keywords = {Antiplasmodial, Ex vivo, Flavonoid, Macaranga gigantea, Plasmodium berghei}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.183}, author = {Muhaimin Muhaimin and Yusnaidar Yusnaidar and Wilda Syahri and Madyawati Latief and Riski Dwimalida Putri and Andita Utami and Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa and Andreas Yoga Aditama and Josephine Elizabeth Siregar} } @article {956, title = {Antiplasmodial Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Mangrove Plants against Plasmodium berghei}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {929-935}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {929}, abstract = {

Introduction: A mosquito-borne disease infected by Plasmodium is named as Malaria. Some drugs subjected to be active againts protozoans has developed resistance. It is very urgent to find alternative sources of new antimalarial agent. The main aim of this research was to study the activity of methanolic extracts of the leaf from mangrove plants on Plasmodium berghei by using ex vivo model. Method: Screening of antiplasmodial activity from methanolic leaf extracts of Sonneratia alba, Acanthus ilicifolius and Sonneratia caseolaris against Plasmodium berghei was carried out in this study. Antiplasmodial study was subjected ex vivo against P. berghei strain ANKA infected into Balb-C mice. Calculation of the percentage of parasitemia after 24 h observed in the model and a decrease in parasitemia level and inhibitory propagation were defined as the results. Results: Potential antiplasmodial activity shown by a decrease in parasitemia level and high inhibitory percentage was revealed by S. alba leaf methanolic extract at concentrations of 300, 100, 30, 10 and 3 μg/mL which provide the inhibition percentage of 95.5; 92,9; 78.7; 42.7 and 18.8\%, respectively. Antiplasmodial activity can also be identified by the life cycle inhibition of plasmodium. Methanolic leaf extract of S. alba showed inhibition activity in the development of ring stage at minimum extract concentration of 300 μg/mL. At lower concentrations, trophozoites and schizones persisted with defects in morphological conditions. Moreover, Antiplasmodial activity of methanolic extracts of S. alba leaf was better than methanol extracts of A. Ilicifolius and S. caseolaris leaf. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that among the mangrove plants have been studied, S. alba mangrove exhibited the highest antisplasmodial activity which moreover assumed as a potential source for natural antimalarial drug candidate.

}, keywords = {Antimalaria, Ex vivo, Mangrove, Plasmodium berghei, Sonneratia alba}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.148}, author = {Muhaimin Muhaimin and Madyawati Latief and Riski Dwimalida Putri and Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa and Andreas Yoga Aditama and Normalita Eka Pravitasari and Josephine Elizabeth Siregar} } @article {801, title = {The Anti-proliferative and Anti-bacterial Activity of Argan oil and Crude Saponin Extract from Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {26-31}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {26}, abstract = {

Introduction: Argan oil is a well-known cosmeceutical that is commercially available. It is traditionally used for the treatment of acne and skin inflammation among others. The objective of this study was to assess the anti-proliferative and antibacterial activities of argan oil and a crude saponin extract from the argan tree (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) that is endemic to Morocco. Materials and Methods: The anti-proliferative activity of argan oil and the crude saponin extract was assessed by the 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium- 5-carboxanilide (XTT) assay on A431; HaCat; HeLa; MCF-7 and UCT-Mel 1 cells. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by the broth microdilution method against two species of bacteria: Cutibacterium acnes and Prevotella intermedia. Results: The results of this study indicated that the argan oil sample did not inhibit the cell growth of the specified cell lines up to 1000μg/ml, while the crude saponin extract had low anti-proliferative activity. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for both the argan oil and the crude saponin extract were found to be 500μg/ml against Cutibacterium acnes. No antibacterial activity from the argan oil or the crude saponin extract was evident against Prevotella intermedia up to a concentration of 12.5mg/ml. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that argan oil and the crude saponin extract might have direct inhibitory effects on the growth and proliferation of Cutibacterium acnes. This finding supports the use argan oil as a treatment for acne vulgaris.

}, keywords = {Acne, Broth microdilution method, Cutibacterium acnes, Prevotella intermedia, XTT assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.5}, author = {Namrita Lall and Marco Nuno De Canha and Karina Szuman and Zoubida Charrouf and Lester M. Davids and Sunelle Rademan} } @article {861, title = {Antithrombotic Effect of Mucuna pruriens L. and Coriandrum sativum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {413-417}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {213}, abstract = {

Background: Mucuna pruriens (MP) L. and Coriandrum sativum (CS) have been found for in vitro antithrombotic activity. However, the in vivo studies for both plants have not been discovered yet. Objective: The objective of the study is to prove the efficacy of MP L. and CS by conducting in vivo antithrombotic activity test with bleeding time and survival rate as the parameters. Materials and Methods: MP and CS extracts with three different doses were given orally to the experimental animals for 7 days. Aspirin was used as a positive control. The bleeding time was observed on mice tail that had been cut, and the survival rate was determined by inducing thrombosis with collagen{\textendash}epinephrine injection. Results: Seven-day treatment of plant extracts significantly prolonged the bleeding time of the treated group compared to the normal control group. The result demonstrated the increasing number of survived animals in the treated group compared to the negative control group. Conclusion: Both extracts had shown antithrombotic activity by significantly prolonged the bleeding time and increased the survival rate.

}, keywords = {Antithrombotic, Bleeding time, collagen, Coriandrum sativum, Mucuna pruriens L, Survival rate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.64}, author = {Nuriza Ulul Azmi and Astari Rachma Nityasa and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {799, title = {Antitumor and Antioxidant Effects of Flavonoid Fraction of Citrus sinensis peel Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {57-63}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {57}, abstract = {

Background: Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and globally the numbers of cases of cancer are increasing gradually. However, surgeries, chemotherapies have become safer, but these treatments have debilitating side effects. Flavonoids present in the human diet comprise many polyphenolic secondary metabolites with broad-spectrum pharmacological activities including their potential role as anti-cancer agents. Objective: The objective of the present study was to extract, orange peel flavonoids (Orange Peel Extract) and to screen anticancer potential of OPF. Methods: In the present study tryphan blue dye exclusion, clonogenic assay and nuclear damage studies by ethidium bromide staining were performed to estimate in vitro antitumor properties of Orange Peel Extract and subsequently in vivo studies also performed using the Dalton lymphoma ascites (DLA) tumor model in Swiss albino mice. Results: In vitro studies revealed the moderate toxicity, high regenerative capacity of Orange Peel Extract and also showed changes in nuclear morphology similar to that of apoptotic cells which is one of the important aspect of an anticancer drug. In vivo studies confirmed the anticancer activity of Orange Peel Extract and has increased the average life span of treated animals and restored the antioxidant enzyme levels and hematological parameters to normal which was comparable to that of standard methotrexate. Conclusion: Overall, these findings have proved that out of the two doses (50mg/kg bw and 200mg/kg bw) employed for the study lower dose (50mg/kg) was found to be more effective than higher dose (200mg/ kg). Hence flavonoid fraction of orange peels can be the better alternative to treat cancer.

}, keywords = {Dalton lymphoma ascites, Ethidium bromide, Methotrexate, Orange peel flavonoids, Tryphan blue}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.11}, author = {Godishala Shirisha and Kiranmai Mandava and Uma Rajeswari Batchu and Kesava Rao Thammana and Vijaya Laxmi Turpu} } @article {859, title = {Antiulcer Property of Mussaenda philippica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {603-607}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {603}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mussaenda philippica (Rubiaceae) is a shrub distributed in all the planes of India, Philippines and South-East Asia. Its synonyms are M. grandiflora, M. acutifolia, M. frondosa etc. The plant is preferred as medication for the treatment of jaundice, dysentery, stomachache and influenza. The current study was based on the evaluation of antiulcer property of M. philippica leaves extract. Methods: The methods used were pylorus ligated, ethanol induced and 0.2(M) NaOH induced ulcer in rats. Results: In pylorus ligation model, aqueous extract (200 mg/kg) produced a substantial reduction in ulcer index followed by decrease in gastric volume, total acidity associated with a raise in pH, which, confirmed that tested extract of the plant act by altering the mucosal barrier Thus, the gastro protective effect of this extract may be due to the presence of flavonoid in the plant. In the same way, aqueous extract of the plant showed significant effect against ethanol induced gastric ulcer in rat as compared to methanol-treated group, which, may be due to leukotriene antagonistic effect or the inhibition of 5-lipooxygenase pathway. In NaOH induced ulcer model, aqueous extract of M. philippica revealed significant antiulcer effects on the basis of pH effect and ulcer index in rats. The anti-ulcerogenic and anti-secretory effect of the tested M. philippica leaves extracts point out its possible cyto-protective effect. Conclusion: In conclusion the aqueous extract of M. philippica leaves possess potential antiulcer activity in experimental rat models.

}, keywords = {Anti-secretory, Gastric volume, Methanol extracts, Mussaenda philippica, Pylorus ligation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.96}, author = {Rasmita Jena and Durga Madhab Kar and Diptirani Rath and Kaushik Sur Roy and Goutam Ghosh} } @article {952, title = {The Assay of Quercetin Solid Dispersion as a Potential Nephronprotector in Acute Renal Failure Induced Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {907-912}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {907}, abstract = {

Quercetin has been used with other nutraceutical components to improve renal function. Its potential to be developed as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, however, is limited by poor aqueous solubility and low rate of dissolution leading to low bioavailability in rats (\< 17\%) and in human (1\%). Solid dispersion of quercetin with PVP K30 has increased its solubility 13.24 times and the amount dissolved (95.12 {\textpm} 1.83\%) in comparison to pure quercetin. This study aimed to determine the nephron-protection effect of the solid dispersion on Acute Renal Failure (ARF) mice. The animals were divided into 6 groups, normal mice as a negative control group (G1), ARF induced mice as a positive control group (G2), ARF induced mice given pure quercetin 50 mg/kg BW (G3), ARF induced mice given solid dispersion containing 10 mg/ kg BW (G4), 5 mg/kg BW (G5) and 2.5 mg/kg BW (G6) quercetin respectively. The ARF was induced by injection of gentamycin sulphate 100 mg/kg BW for 7 days consecutively. Renal function was monitored by measuring the serum creatinine at day 8th. The protection effect was also observed from the histopathology score of the nephrons. Results showed that ARF induction increased serum creatinine above normal. Solid dispersion doses variations significantly influence the serum creatinine (p \< 0.05). The stage of renal impairment based on histopathology score was significantly influenced by the doses of quercetin in solid dispersion (p \< 0.05). It was concluded that solid dispersion containing quercetin at doses 2.5 and 5.0 mg/ kg BW respectively did not effective as a nephron-protector. The solid dispersion containing quercetin 10.0 mg/kg BW was effective to reduce the serum creatinine and showed a nephronprotection effect on the ARF induced mice.

}, keywords = {Acute renal failure mice, Nephron-protector, Quercetin, Solid dispersion}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.145}, author = {Henny Lucida and Poppy Agustin and Suhatri} } @article {854, title = {Assessment of Phyto-Constituents by GC-MS and Anti-Tumour Activity of Garlic Grown in Different Altitude: A Comparative Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {350-354}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {350}, abstract = {

Background: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is most important spice containing highest sources of total phenolic compounds. It has been used as a component of traditional and modern medicine. Pharmacological properties of garlic is mainly depend on its phyto-constituents content, which varies between geographical regions. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the phyto-constituents content of garlic sample collected from high ranges of Idukki (Kanthallur) with that of Tamil Nadu (Mettupalayam market) garlic sample. Materials and Methods: garlic clove sample were collected from high ranges of kanthallur region (GSK) and Mettupalayam region (GSM). The garlic oil was extracted from the collected garlic sample by solvent extraction method. The phytochemical study of extracted garlic oil were conducted using standard methods of analysis and subjected GC-MS analysis. Further, the extracted oil samples were studied for their anti-tumour activity against Dalton Lymphoma Cell Lines (DLA) in an in vitro model. Results: The obtained results revealed that garlic oil of GSK showed highest percentage of yield of oil (1.1\%) than garlic oil of GSM (0.6\%). The phytochemical screening of GSK indicated the presence of alkaloids and flavonoid, whereas GSM showed presence of alkaloids only. GC-MS analysis of garlic oil study indicated that garlic oil of GSK was found to have eugenol as a novel source compared with garlic oil of GSM. Garlic oil of GSK showed significant anti-tumour activity against DLA cells, compared with garlic oil of GSM. Conclusion: Garlic oil of GSK exhibited potential anti-tumour activity against DLA cells due to presence of eugenol compound as novel source.

}, keywords = {Anti-tumour, Garlic oil, GC-MS, MTT, Phyto-constituents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.52}, author = {Susha Antony and Kunnambath Krishna Kumar and Jalaja Sudhi Menon} } @article {1046, title = {Azadirachta indica: Antibacterial Activity of Neem Against Different Strains of Bacteria and their Active Constituents as Preventive in Various Diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1597-1604}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {1597}, abstract = {

Neem has become valuable plant in the world which shows the solutions for hundreds to thousands problems. Azadirachta indica (Neem) is a rapidly growing evergreen well known tree found Pada generally in various regions of world like America, Africa and India. It has been widely used in Chinese, Ayurveda and Unani medicines across the world especially in Asians countries for the prevention and treatment of diseases. The different parts of neem plant contain biological compounds responsible for antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activities. It is considered as safe medicinal plants and modulates the numerous biological processes without any adverse effect. Neem tree produces some active compounds which contain biological activities, parts of neem tree such as Root, bark, leaf, flower, seed and fruit together possesses biological activities. Various compounds have been obtained from various parts of neem. Biological activities of few of them have been studied. Hence, the article is aims to utilize the medicinal properties of whole neem plant in various disorders of mankind.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Azadirachta indica, Natural antibiotics, Natural products}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.244}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Kainat Ejaz and Mahnoor Wajid and Muzzamil Shehzad and Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo and Edwin Enciso-Roca and C{\'e}sar Franco-Quino and Ricardo {\'A}ngel Yuli-Posadas and Victor Chumpitaz-Cerrate} } @article {1048, title = {Betel Leaf Extract Amends Dehydroepiandrosterone Induced PCOS Related Hormonal Abnormality and Histopathological Alterations in Rat Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1442-1448}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1442}, abstract = {

Introduction: PCOS is a hormonal disorder with missed or irregular periods at the reproductive ages of women, which was mainly due to increased androgen levels. Objective: To evaluate the antiandrogen activity of EEBL (ethanolic extract of betel leaf) in DHEA induced PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) and improving ovulation rate, consequently its effects on hormonal and biochemical profile of the blood serum and Histopathology of the ovary. Methods: Divide the 30 immature (4-week-old) female Sprague Dawley rats into 5 groups. Four groups except the control group were injected each morning with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (6 mg/100 g body weight/0.2 ml sesame oil) for 20days. The control group was injected with 0.2ml sesame oil for 20days. Pretreatment completed after 21st day then animals are subjected to posttreatment with EEBL (LD-100, HD-200mg/kg, p.o) and CC (100 μg/kg, p.o) from 21 to 41 days. After the treatment animals are subjected to biochemical, hormonal and histopathological examinations. Results: In negative control group SOD, Catalase were decreased. Total protein, SGOT, SGPT, TG, LDL and cholesterol levels were increased than the control group. Hormones LH and Testosterone levels increased. FSH, estradiol, and progesterone levels were decreased when compared with the control group. Histopathology has revealed that the presence of cysts in the negative control group and recovery of cysts seen in treatment groups. Conclusion: Treatment with EEBL is effectively attenuated to the DHEA induced PCOS and it is significant in comparison results with clomiphene citrate attributing its therapeutic potential towards the treatment of PCOS.

}, keywords = {Anti-androgenic activity, Betel Leaf, Clomiphene citrate, DHEA, PCOS, Rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.223}, author = {K Sunand and Mahipal Yellow and P Naveen and Yasho Deepika and G Krishna Mohan and Vasudha Bakshi} } @article {936, title = {Biochemical Changes During Flowering of Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {842-847}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {842}, abstract = {

Backround: Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv., exhibits a phenomenal structure often referred to as water calyces from within which the entire floral whorls presumed to be developing. Purpose: The present study was an attempt on the exceptional development of corolla under the influence of the bathing fluid of water calyces in Spathodea campanulata. Methods: Three different developmental stages of flower buds were used for anatomical, physiological (PWC, RWC and ᴪW) and biochemical studies (reducing sugars, amino acids, proteins, phenols, IAA and amylase activity) using standard methods. Results: Biochemical composition was found to be directly influencing the unique pattern of floral ontogeny. The exponential expansion of the corolla was found to be corresponding with significant increase in IAA concentration. Conclusions: The bathing fluid with its contents viz., sugars, amino acids, proteins, IAA and phenols seems to play a pivotal role in the development, nourishing and protecting the inner whorls of the flower buds. Anatomical studies also support the idea that the biochemical changes, especially the quantity of sugars and IAA could be the reason for the exponential expansion of the petals.

}, keywords = {Biochemical composition, Flower development, Water calyces}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.135}, author = {Jayanthi D and Martin Paul A and Thamizhseran N} } @article {913, title = {Bio-Physicochemical Studies on Water Calyx Fluid in the African Tulip Tree, Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {594-599}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {594}, abstract = {

Background: Flowers of Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. development is unique as inner whorls develop immersed in a fluid called water calyces. Purpose: The present study is an investigation into the biochemical composition and physicochemical properties of water calyx fluid from Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. Methods: Fluid composition of small, medium and large stages of S. campanulata flower buds were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for biomolecules viz., reducing sugars, total free amino acids, proteins, phenols and Indole- 3-Acetic Acid (IAA). Physiochemical analyses were done using particle size analyzer. Results: Reducing sugars, total free amino acids, proteins and IAA were present in appreciable amounts whereas total phenol content was low and the content of biomolecules were significant between groups and within the groups. The water calyx fluid is highly stable and absolute necessity for the floral development. Conclusions: The concentrations of all the analyzed biomolecules were found to be decreasing with bud maturity. The contents of water calyx fluid is obligatory for the development of floral whorls.

}, keywords = {Biochemical composition, Water calyx fluid, Zeta potential}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.94}, author = {Martin Paul. A and Jayanthi. D and Thamizhseran. N} } @article {824, title = {Cakile maritima Scop. Extracts Inhibit Caco2 and HeLa Human Carcinoma Cell Growth: GC-MS Analysis of an Anti-Proliferative Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {258-266}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {258}, abstract = {

Introduction: Exposure to high levels of antioxidants has been linked to the treatment and prevention of some cancers. Although Cakile maritima has a high antioxidant capacity, it is yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. Methods: Solvent extracts prepared from C. maritima plant material were analysed for antioxidant capacity by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Anti-proliferative activities against Caco2 and HeLa cancer cells were determined by an MTS based cell proliferation assay. Toxicity was determined by the Artemia franciscana bioassay. The most potent anti-proliferative extract (hexane) was further investigated using non-targeted GC-MS headspace analysis. Results: Good DPPH radical scavenging activity was calculated for all C. maritima extracts. The methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts had particularly strong antioxidant activity (IC50 of 4.7 and 3.4 μg/mL respectively). Interestingly, the hexane extract which had the lowest DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 13.6 μg/mL), was the most potent inhibitor or Caco2 and HeLa carcinoma cell growth, with IC50{\textquoteright}s of 12 and 126 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract was also a potent inhibitor of proliferation (IC50 values of 185 and 468 μg/mL against Caco2 and HeLa, respectively). The methanolic extract (IC50 values of 2261 and 2046 μg/mL against CaCo2 and HeLa respectively) displayed only moderate anti-proliferative activity, demonstrating that antioxidant activity did not correspond with anti-proliferative activity. All of the extracts were determined to be nontoxic in the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with LC50 values substantially \>1000 μg/mL. Non-biased GC-MS headspace analysis of the C. maritima hexane extract highlighted several interesting compounds that may contribute to the therapeutic bioactivities of the extract. Conclusion: The lack of toxicity and the anti-proliferative activity of the hexane and ethyl acetate C. maritima extracts against HeLa and Caco2 cancer cell lines indicates their potential in the treatment and prevention of some cancers.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Antioxidant, Brassicaceae, CaCo2, European searocket, HeLa, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.40}, author = {Elsayed Omer and Abdelsamed Elshamy and Rihab Taher and Walaa El-Kashak and Joseph Shalom and Alan White and Ian Cock} } @article {950, title = {Characterization Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Alpha Cellulose Betung Bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {894-900}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {894}, abstract = {

Objective: Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) is one of pharmaceutical excipients that can be used to increase viscosity in topical, oral and parenteral pharmaceutical formulation, beside that it can also be used as binder and disintegrant in tablet formulation. Betung bamboo is one of natural material that contains high concentration of holocellulose for about 83.80\%. The purpose of this study was to characterize Na-CMC obtained through alkalization and carboxymethylation reaction. Methods: Alkalization was carried out using 25\% sodium hydroxide and 1.7\% sodium tetraborate. Carboxymethylation was done with sodium monochloroacetate to alpha cellulose ratio 1.3 : 1. Product was identified by FTIR and further characterized by XRD, SEM, DS value and pH. Result: The product was white colour powder which has similarities of its infrared spectrum to reference. Other characteristics that showed similarities to reference was degree of substitution 0.7073, pH 7.61, average of particle size distribution 71.54 μm, moisture content 5.88\%, sulfated ash content 32.64\% and loss on drying 9.85\%. Conclusion: Based on the comparison of X-ray diffraction, there is similarity between reference and product (Na-CMC) from betung bamboo. However, there were differences in melting temperature, viscosity and morphological analysis with SEM to reference.

}, keywords = {Alkalization, Betung bamboo, Carboxymethylation, Cellulose, Characterization, Sodium carboxymethylcellulose}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.143}, author = {Herman Suryadi and Sutriyo and Ghina Fauziah} } @article {888, title = {Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Effect of Mentha rotundifolia Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {521-526}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {521}, abstract = {

Aim: This report was aimed to investigate both the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of two extracts from Mentha rotundifolia aerial parts. Methods: Aqueous and acetonic extracts were obtained by decoction and Soxhlet apparatus, respectively. Total polyphenols contents were determined using Folin- Ciocalteu reagent whereas flavonoids were evaluated by AlCl3 method. LC-MS/MS method was carried out to reveal the phytochemical composition of extracts. Some tests were used to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts such as DPPH free radical scavenging assay, ABTS+ radical cation decolorization assay, OH{\textbullet} radical scavenging assay, ferrous ion chelating, reducing power and β-caroten/linoleic acid bleaching assay. Results: The results showed that the aqueous extract was richer on polyphenols and flavonoids comparing to the acetonic extract. The analysis by LC-MS/MS allowed to identify many phenolic compounds in extracts, predominated by rosmarinic acid. In addition, the extracts were found to possess a significant antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Accordingly, it can be concluded that M. rotundifolia is quite rich in phenolic compounds and has a good antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Extraction, LC-MS/MS, Mentha rotundifolia, Phenolic compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.83}, author = {Ferdjioui Siham and Belhattab Rachid and Raed M Al-Zoubi} } @article {946, title = {Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of the Essential Oil Isolated from the Leaves of Achillea fragrantissima Growing Wild in Yemen}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1077-1081}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1077}, abstract = {

Background: Yemen is diverse in its geography and rich in its natural flora. Achillea fragrantissima grown wild in Yemen is widely used in folkloric medicine. Objectives: To investigate the chemical composition, cytotoxicity, xanthine oxidase inhibitory and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the essential oil isolated form the leaves of Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk.) Sch. Bip. growing wild in Yemen. Materials and Methods: The oil was collected after hydrodistillation for 3 h, the oil composition was analyzed by GC-MS and assayed for biological activities. Results: Artemisia ketone (49.53\%), camphor (14.73\%), α-bisabolol (11.20\%), α-bisabolol oxide B (2.62\%) were the main components of the oil. The MTT assay of the oil on two human colorectal cancer cell lines (SW480 and HCT-116) showed IC50 values of 110.1 and 134.6 μg ml$^{-}${\textonesuperior}, respectively. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory and tyrosinase inhibitory activity assays were performed but exhibited only marginal activities. Conclusion: the components of the essential oil could be excellent anticancer drugs for treatment of colon cancer.

}, keywords = {Achillea fragrantissima, Artemisia ketone, Cytotoxicity, Essential oil, GC-MS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.168}, author = {Iman Mansi and Nasser A. Awadh Ali and Nizar M. Mhaidat and Khaled Hussain and Ali G. Al-kaf and Sirajudheen Anwar and William N. Setzer} } @article {1035, title = {Chemical Constituents and Antifungal Activity of Leaf Essential Oil from Oreopanax ecuadorensis Seem. (Pumamaki), Endemic Plant of Ecuador}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1544-1548}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1544}, abstract = {

Background: Oreopanax ecuadorensis Seem. is a plant from Ecuador, that is found in the Andean region of the country. The plant is commonly used in protective rituals, and as an antiflu, analgesic and disinfectant medicine. Aim: The research aims to extract and analyze the chemical composition and evaluation of its antifungal potential of the essential oil extracted from its leaves. Methods: steam distillation was used for the extraction of essential oil, the evaluation of its components was performed by GC/MS, and the antifungal evaluation by the disc diffusion method. Results: The essential oil was obtained with a yield of 0.05\%. 33 compounds were detected of which 30 were identified, corresponding to 99.28\%; the most abundant molecules were: thujene \<α-\> (36.63\%), followed by bicyclogermacrene with (8.76\%), pinene \<β-\> with (8.32\%) and limonene with 5.15\%. Three of the four strains evaluated were affected by the oil at concentrations of 1.25\%, inhibiting its growth. The strains were: Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis. Conclusion: The essential oil shows good antifungal activity, which could be less than 1.25\%. In this way, this medicinal plant is valued by verifying ancestral knowledge in the use of medicinal plants by the Andean people of Ecuador.

}, keywords = {Antifungal activity, GC/MS, Oreopanax ecuadorensis, Puma Maki}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.236}, author = {Paco Noriega and Bryan Vergara and Carlos Carillo and Tatiana Mosquera} } @article {1003, title = {Chemical Constituents and Anti-Ulcer Activity of Ethylacetate Extract of the Leaves of Sanchezia nobilis Hook.F.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1172-1180}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1172}, abstract = {

Study have two objectives. First objective is about the identification of the five components. The second objective is about the antiulcer activity of the ethylacetate extract. Five compounds (1{\textendash}5) were isolated from the leaves of Sanchezia nobilis Hook.F. collected in Nam Dinh province by chromatographic methods. These compounds were identified as: Quercetin (1), Scopoletin (2), Kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), Quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}3)-β-D-glucopyranoside (4),3{\textquoteright}-Omethyl- 3,4-methylenedioxy ellagic acid (5).Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Compounds 3, 4, 5 were isolated from the leaves of Sanchezia nobilis Hook.F. for the first time. Evaluation the effect of gastric and duodenal anti-ulcer on cyteamine induced gastric ulcer models indicates at this ethylacetate extract has the effect to improve the extent of ulcer lesions treatment (54,17 \%); obviously reduced the average of number pocket of ulcers (1,85 {\textpm} 0,80) and ulcer index (5,61 {\textpm} 2,69), however, it does not change the area of the ulcer.

}, keywords = {Anti-ulcer activity, Quercetin, Sanchezia nobilis, Scopoletin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.182}, author = {Loi Vu Duc and Xuan Bui Thi and Ngoc Tran Minh} } @article {973, title = {Chemical Standardization of Thetran Vithai Kutinir Chooranam-An Antidiabetic Siddha Polyherbal Formulation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1106-1113}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1106}, abstract = {

Introduction: Belief of general public on herbal drugs led to the stable growth of herbal drug industry thereby necessitated the standardization of herbal drugs and pharmacopoeial standards for their quality control. Aims: Thetran Vithai Kutinir Chooranam (TVKC) is a Siddha polyherbal formulation used for type II diabetes. Aim of the present study is to standardize the drug chemically. Methods and Material: Drug was prepared as per the literature, stored in air tight container and subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis, physico-chemical, thin layer chromatographic photo documentation, high performance thin layer chromatographic finger printing along with chemical markers such as emodin, chrysophanol and gallic acid, quantitative assay of marker compounds, heavy metal analysis, pesticide residue, aflatoxin and microbial load analysis. Results: The results revealed that the drug contains emodin in minor quantity and gallic acid in considerable quantity. The drug is free from microbial, heavy metal contaminations, aflatoxin and pesticide residues. Conclusion: The derived results could serve as a ready reference for quality control assessment of the drug.

}, keywords = {Anthraquinone, Katukkai, Thetranvithai, Vilam Pisin Alkaloid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.173}, author = {Elankani P and Murugammal S and Shakila R and Pitchiahkumar M and N.Kabilan} } @article {821, title = {Cinnamon species: In vivo Anti-Oxidant Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Cinnamon Zeylanicum and Cinnamon Cassicae Barks}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {245-247}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {245}, abstract = {

Background: The diabetic population is increasing highly in the worldwide due to the poor control of diabetes and environmental conditions. It disturbs the carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism. The natural medicines obtained from the plant source may be the effective treatment of diabetes. Objective: The aim of the present study is to investigate the antioxidant activities of the ethanolic bark extract of Cinnamon zeylanicum and Cinnamon cassiacae. in streptozotocin (STZ) induced oxidative stress in rats. Methods: Oxidative stress is induced with a single dose of STZ 60 mg/kg b.w. and then the animals are treated with a dose of various concentrations of ethanolic bark extract of Cinnamon zeylanicum and Cinnamon cassiacae (200 mg/kg b.w, 400 mg/kg b.w, and 600 mg/ kg b.w) for 45 days. After the treatment lipid peroxides (LPO), reduce glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels are determined. Glibenclamide is used as a standard drug (3 mg/kg b.w.). Results: The present study exposed that the administration of ethanolic bark extract of Cinnamon zeylanicum and Cinnamon cassiacae showed a significant decrease in LPO levels. The treatment also finds that the significant increase in GSH, GPx, SOD and CAT levels in the liver, when compared with diabetic control rats. Conclusion: The results proved that the ethanolic bark extract of Cinnamon zeylanicum and Cinnamon cassiacae treated group may effectively regulate the antioxidant status in STZ induced diabetic treated groups.

}, keywords = {Anti-oxidant activity, Cinnamon cassicae, Cinnamon zeylanicum, Diabetes mellitus, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.38}, author = {Balasubramanian Prasanna and Arumugam Vijaya Anand} } @article {863, title = {Clinical Uses and Toxicity of Aloe vera: An Evidence-Based Comprehensive Retrospective Review (2007-2017)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {424-428}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {424}, abstract = {

Background: Aloe vera (AV), mostly known as succulents, or the healing plant of the genus Aloe of Liliaceae family. It contains large range of vitamins, amino acids, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, and sulfur compounds to control and eliminate mold, bacteria, viruses; however, AV toxicity is most of the times described poorly among AV consumers. Aim of the Study: To report and highlight AV clinical uses and toxicity cases to compare and highlight its therapeutic as well toxic profile. Materials and Methods: AV cases were gathered from databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and E-Resource Portal of Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University using the keywords, i.e., AV case report, AV toxicity, hepatitis, clinical trials about AV, interactions, the current uses of AV, etc. Results: Ten cases met the eligibility criteria where the toxicities were mostly associated with the usage of AV except the intended use, i.e., to be administered topically or AV capsules ingestion or as a drinkable solutions. Major symptoms observed in these cases were related to hepatocytes inflammation (hepatitis), fatigue, nausea, vomiting, thyroid dysfunction, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea along with severe weight loss. These results were not associated with a specific age; however they were more predominant in female gender. Conclusion: AV should be taken within normal/specified dose range which can only be achieved through asking an herbal specialist, and in approved suitable dosage form which is topical.

}, keywords = {Acemannan, Aloe vera, Cosmetics, Hepatitis, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.66}, author = {Ahmed Muhammad Ibrahim and Hussain Al Sadah and Rizwan Ahmad and Niyaz Ahmad and Atta Abbas Naqvi} } @article {866, title = {Clinical uses and Toxicity of Ephedra sinica: An Evidence-Based Comprehensive Retrospective Review (2004-2017)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {439-444}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {439}, abstract = {

Background: Ephedra sinica (ES) (Ma-huang) is a well-known plant due to its widespread therapeutic uses. However, many adverse effects such as hepatitis, nephritises, and cardiovascular toxicity have been reported for this plant. Few of these side effects are reversible whereas others are irreversible and may even lead to death. Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical uses and toxicity cases/consequences associated with the use of ES. The review will compare and evaluate the cases reported for ES and identify the causes which make the plant a poisonous one. Materials and Methods: An extensive literature review was conducted from 2004 to 2017, and research literature regarding the clinical cases were collected using databases and books such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, Research gate, PubMed, and Web of Science/Thomson Reuters whereas the keywords searched were {\textquotedblleft}Ephedra sinica,{\textquotedblright} clinical cases of Ephedra sinica, {\textquotedblleft}Ma-hung poisonous,{\textquotedblright} {\textquotedblleft}Ma-hung toxicity reported cases and treatment,{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}Ephedra Sinica toxicity reported cases and treatment.{\textquotedblright} Results: eleven different cases were identified which met the eligibility criteria and were studied in detail to extract out the findings. It turned out that most of the patients and participants developed adverse side effects following the use of ES, and after a proper course of treatment or trail, some of the side effects were reversible, whereas others were found irreversible. The most common adverse effects and toxicity observed in patients were liver problems, renal failures, and cardiac toxicity which resulted in two mortalities whereas the other two got recovered. On an in-depth study, it was revealed that most of the toxicities in such cases were associated with the use of ES in combination with other conventional drugs, long-term use, or use in patients with cardiac and renal problems without a medical supervision. Conclusion: Hence, it is concluded that ES may have reversible as well as irreversible adverse effects and may even result in death; however, the use of a plant with the proper knowledge and under sound medical supervision may reduce such exaggerations

}, keywords = {Cardiac problems, Clinical cases, Ephedra sinica, Liver problems, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.68}, author = {Walaa Al saeed and Marwa Al Dhamen and Rizwan Ahmad and Niyaz Ahmad and Atta Abbas Naqvi} } @article {953, title = {Co-Chemotherapeutic Effect of Ageratum conyzoides L. Chloroform Fraction and 5-Fluorouracil on Hela Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {913-918}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {913}, abstract = {

Objective: This study was to determine the co-chemotherapeutic effect of the chloroform fraction of bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides L.) (CFB) and its combination with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) by in vitro and in silico assay. Methods: Ethanolic extract of bandotan were fractionated with chloroform. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) used to identify active compound and in vitro study with MTT Assay to determine the viability of HeLa cells after extract treatment. Molecular docking used Autodock Vina for in silico study to visualize molecular interaction and affinity between nobiletin and 5-FU with Bcl-XL protein. Results: The result of TLC for CFB showed the Rf value of 0.75, it has the similar value with quersetin standard and indicated that CFB contains flavonoid compound. The Molecular docking had ΔG for nobiletin and 5-FU were -8.0 and -4.7 kcal/mol, respectively. This result showed that the affinity of nobiletin with Bcl-XL protein higher than 5-FU. Single cytotoxic assay of CFB and 5-FU showed the IC50 value of 30 μg/ml and 45 μg/ml, respectively. Combination assay of CFB and 5-FU showed the CI value of 0.36, meaning the presence of synergistic effects. Conclusion: CFB has a positive effect to inhibit viability of HeLa cervical cancer cells and potential to develop as co-chemotherapy agent with 5-FU.

}, keywords = {Ageratum conyzoides L., Bcl-XL protein, Cytotoxic assay, Molecular docking, Nobiletin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.146}, author = {Rifki Febriansah and Titi Komalasari} } @article {830, title = {Combating Diabetes and its Emerging Complications Utilizing Natural Phytochemicals}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {445-449}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {445}, abstract = {

Introduction: Natural phytochemicals are considered a primary health care measure for many chronic diseases and for assurance of urban health and wellbeing. Diabetes and its related complications are major chronic diseases increasingly threatening human health and wellbeing. Till date, these diseases are not fully managed by the current therapies. Thus, there is an increasing need to find more safe and efficient therapies for diabetes and its related complications. Methods: An evidence-based review of the novel phytotherapies to diabetes and its related complications and discussing their main mechanisms of actions are the main aims of the current study. Data collection were done for the phytotherapies that were extracted, chromatographically standardized, fractionated and the main effective compounds were isolated and evaluated for their potentials against diabetes and its related complications. Special emphasis was given for the extracts and their isolated phytochemicals that had significant hypoglycemic and antinociceptive effects towards diabetes and its related complications, particularly diabetic-neuropathy. Results: The phytochemicals main mechanisms of action were found to be mainly due to their insulin secretagogue, beta-cells regeneration, anti-oxidant potentials. Conclusion: Therefore, clinicians should consider natural phytochemicals when treating chronic diseases and when reassuring better urban health and wellbeing.

}, keywords = {Combating Diabetes, Complementary medicine, Emerging Complication, Natural Phytochemicals Mechanism of action}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.69}, author = {Karim Raafat} } @article {877, title = {The Combination of Spirulina Extract and Sambiloto Effect Histopathologically on Medial Colon from Plasmodium berghei Anka Infected Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {564-569}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {564}, abstract = {

Introduction: Malaria is one of the biggest burden in medical section in Indonesia, as the prevalence is still high and half of the provinces in Indonesia considered as endemic area.1-4 Moreover, the drug resistant case number has grown larger within years.3-7 Indonesian people are very close with traditional drug regiment that derived from plants, for example Sambiloto and Spirulina.7-9 This research done in order to see the effect of Sambiloto and Spirulina combination from histopathologic aspect in medial colon of P. berghei infected mice. Method: The data taken from experimental study using male Swiss Webster mice that has been infected with Plasmodium berghei Anka. The four groups of mice were given different treatment. The first group treated with Sambiloto only, the second one with Sambiloto and Spirulina extract, the third group with Sambiloto and Spirulina powder and the last one the control group with administration of DHP. Results: The result shows that the group with extract and powder spirulina show a significant result in the inflammatory focus and angiogenesis. However, this research does not necessarily prove the correlation between Sambiloto-Spirulina and their effect on the goblet cell and dysplasia grade on the infected mice, as the result for both category is insignificant. Conclusion: The study showed that spirulina has positive effect on inflamatory focus and angiogenesis, but the goblet cells count and dysplasia grade result is not noteworthy, as it requires prolonged inflammation process in order to achieve the optimal result.

}, keywords = {Malaria, Medial colon, Plasmodium berghei Anka, Sambiloto, Spirulina}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.90}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Rahyussalim and Rizky Priambodo Wisnubaroto and Dilla Firzani} } @article {783, title = {A Comparative Antibacterial Activity of Three Common Spices Extract and their Anti-Proliferative and Apoptotic Effectiveness against Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {88-93}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {88}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study was performed to analyse the antibacterial potential as well as the anti-proliferative and apoptotic efficacy of three common spices viz. Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) and Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare). Methods: Antibacterial activity was determined by well diffusion assay against selected bacterial strains. Anti-proliferative activity was evaluated by cell viability assay and the apoptotic effect was observed by nuclear fragmentation analysis in MCF-7 cells. Results: The antibacterial activity result revealed that Cinnamon extract (CIE) showed maximum antibacterial activity against selected test organism followed by Cardamom (CAE) and Fennel (FEE). The cell viability results revealed that FEE induces the highest cytotoxicity (IC50 73.9 μg/ml) against MCF-7 cells, while CIE showed the lowest efficacy (IC50 98.2 μg/ml) as compared to control. Conclusion: The findings revealed that CIE has the most potent antibacterial efficacy, whereas FEE was found to be a more potent anti-proliferative and apoptotic agent against human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells.\ 

}, keywords = {Anti-proliferative, Antibacterial, Apoptotic, Cell viability, Nuclear fragmentation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.16}, author = {Shabana Bano and Asif Jafri and Nashrah Ahmad and AK Sharma and Md Arshad} } @article {1018, title = {Comparative Antioxidant Activities of Selected Apiaceous Plants Using EPR Technique}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1359-1364}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1359}, abstract = {

Introduction: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a unique technique able to identify and quantify free radicals in the complex biological matrices. In this study, free radical scavenging activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of fruits, shoots and roots of dill and parsley was examined using EPR technique, in addition to the determination of their contents of total polyphenols (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC). Method: The hydroxyl anion scavenging activity (HASA) of the tested extracts was determined using EPR spin trapping technique and hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system generating (O{\textbullet}-2). The TPC and TFC were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric assays. Results: Both aqueous shoot of dill (ADSh) and methanol root of parsley (MPR) demonstrated the strongest inhibition of HASA. On the contrary, the aqueous extract of dill fruit at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml was found to be pro-oxidant (49.43 \%), but at 10 mg/ml demonstrated potent inhibition of HASA (98.12 \%). TPC was found to be the highest in the methanol extract of parsley fruit (MPF, 88.62 {\textpm} 0.6 mg GAE/g) and the lowest in MPR (4.34 {\textpm} 0.050 mg GAE/g). On the other hand, TFC was the highest in MPF (584.29 {\textpm} 2.10 mg GAE/g) and the lowest in the methanol extract of dill fruit (MDF, 1.28 {\textpm} 0.02 mg rutin/g). Conclusion: In this study, EPR provided a direct insight that all tested apiaceous plants extracts showed effective HASA except two extracts that proved to be pro-oxidant at 0.5 mg/mL This study confirmed that there is no correlation between antioxidant potential and TPC and TFC.

}, keywords = {Anethum graveolans, Free Radicals, Petroselinum crispum, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.210}, author = {Ayat M Emad and Sherifa F Ali and Meselhy R Meselhy and Essam A Sattar} } @article {841, title = {Comparative DNA Fingerprinting and Botanical Study of Certain Haworthia and Gasteria Species Growing in Egypt}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {388-394}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {388}, abstract = {

Introduction: Haworthia Duval and Gasteria Duval are succulent plants, native to South Africa. They have been used worldwide in folk medicine. They are members of the Alooideae subfamily, which has been always viewed as a taxonomically confusing sub-family. The present study aims to differentiate between Haworthia limifolia Marloth, Gasteria carinata (Mill.) Duval and Gasteria minima Poelln. growing in Egypt. Methods: A comparative botanical and genetic investigation is presented. Macromorphological and micromorphological botanical features of the leaves and stems of the species under investigation using the entire specimens, transverse sections and isolated elements. Moreover, their DNA was extracted from the leaf samples and RAPD-PCR analysis was made using 10 primers. Results: The comparative botanical criteria of the examined leaves and stems were identified. Furthermore, the total number of amplified products produced by the ten primers was 98 fragments. Primers OPB-07, OPB-01 and OPB-02, recording high percentage of polymorphism (78.6, 70.6 and 57.1\%, respectively), can be used to differentiate between the examined species. While primers OPB-01, OPB-04, OPB-07 and OPB-08, generating fragments with wide molecular size (17, 14, 14 and 11fragments, respectively), can be used for the identification of Haworthia limifolia, Gasteria carinata and Gasteria minima. Conclusion: The macromorphological, micromorphological and genetic identifying parameters presented in the current study revealed good crieteria to authenticate and differentiate between Haworthia limifolia Marloth, Gasteria carinata (Mill.) Duval and Gasteria minima Poelln.

}, keywords = {Gasteria, Haworthia, Macromorphology, Micromorphology, RAPD-PCR}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.60}, author = {Ali Mohamed El Shamy and Seham Salah El Din El Hawary and Heba Ahmed Fahmy and Shahira Mohammed Ezzat} } @article {974, title = {Comparative Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Ethanolic Extract of Leaf, Bark and Flower of Tecoma stans with Ibuprofen- An In vitro Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1088-1092}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1088}, abstract = {

Background: Endodontics has always been indebted to pharmaceutical sciences to provide it with necessary analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents. More specifically, there has always been a need for anti-inflammatory phytotherapeutic agents as the commercially available synthetic anti inflammatory drugs have their own limitations due to undesirable side effects. Hence, novel potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs without considerable side effects from the natural sources are under evaluation. Tecoma stans (Bignoniaceae) is an ornamental plant found throughout India. It has been shown to have variety of medicinal properties. In the present study, we have shown that potential anti inflammatory activity of different parts of Tecoma stans (T.stants) and compared with standard drug. Aim: To evaluate the in vitro anti inflammatory potential of different parts of T.stans ethanolic extract and to compare the anti inflammatory activity with standard drug ibuprofen. Methodology: The ethanolic extraction of T.stans{\textquoteright}s bark, leaves and floweres was done as per the standard method. Different concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 μg/ml) of the extracts were used for anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of albumin denaturation. All samples were analyzed in triplicate. The results were statistically analyzed. Results: All the three parts of the plant extract have shown to have anti inflammatory activity in a dose-dependent manner. However, the leaf and flower extracts of T.stans were found to have 100 percent anti-inflammatory pontential than standard drug ibuprofen. Conclusion: It is concluded from the present findings that T.stants possess anti-inflammatory properties which could be due to presence of active constitutents presen in the plant extracts. Hence, T.stans may serve as one of the anti inflammatory herbal durgs for Endontic infection-induced inflammation and related to dental diseases. Further studies on the identification of the active principles present in the leaf and flower extract are warranted to assertatin its potentials.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory Effect, Bark, Flower, Leaf, Tecoma stans}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.170}, author = {Swarna SK and Nivedhitha MS and Vishnu Priya V and Gayathri R and Selvaraj J and Madhan K and Shyamala Devi B} } @article {1008, title = {Comparative Free Radical Scavenging Efficacy of Leaves Extract of Moringa Oleifera and Petals Extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1342-1346}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1342}, abstract = {

Background: Use of molecules with antioxidant properties have evolved as effective strategy for preventing oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species. Moringa oleifera and Hibiscus sabdariffa are ancient plants with antioxidant properties, and have served numerous therapeutic purposes, in addition to their nutritional benefits. Aim: This in vitro study compared the free radical scavenging efficacy of ethylacetate leaves extract of Moringa oleifera and ethylacetate petal extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa. Method: Determinations were carried out following standard procedures for analytical experiments. The leaves of Moringa oleifera and petals of Hibiscus sabdariffa were extracted by cool maceration with distilled water and ethylacetate, independently for 48 hours using soxhlet extractor. The free radical scavenging activities of the extracts were determined spectrophotometrically. DPPH free radical was used to determine the free radical scavenging activities of the extracts. The reducing power efficacy of the extracts was determined by their ability to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ ions using FERAP. Results: Ethylacetate extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa petals had higher free radical scavenging efficacy and more reducing power with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.57 mg/ml compared to the ethylacetate extract of Moringa oleifera leaves which had an IC50 of 2.60 mg/ml. Phytochemical profile revealed that the predominant compounds in both extracts were flavonoids, phenols, and amino acids. Conclusion: This study has established that ethylacetate extract of the Petals of Hibiscus sabdariffa has more reducing power and free radical scavenging efficacy compared to ethylacetate extract of Moringa oleifera leaves. These plant parts could serve as novel sources for clinically efficient antioxidants.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Free radical scavenger, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Moringa oleifera, Oxidative stress, Oxygen-free radicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.207}, author = {Garba Auwalu and Emeka John Dingwoke and Adamude Fatima Amin and Nwobodo Ndubuisi Nwobodo and Mohammed Mohammed Lawan} } @article {789, title = {Comparative GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Phytochemicals from Different Plant Parts and Callus of Leptadenia reticulata Wight and Arn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {129-140}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of this study is identification and comparative analysis of bioactive phytochemicals present in methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of different plant organs and callus of Leptadenia reticulata by GC{\textendash}MS technique. Methodology: The shade dried plant samples (leaves stem and root) and callus produced from leaf of L. reticulata were powdered and then sequentially extracted in methanol and ethyl acetate solvents. Total eight extracts were prepared which were Methanolic Leaf Extract (MLE), Methanolic Stem Extract (MSE), Methanolic Root Extract (MRE), Methanolic Callus Extract (MCE), Ethyl Acetate Leaf Extract (EALE), Ethyl Acetate Root Extract (EARE), Ethyl Acetate Stem Extract (EASE) and Ethyl Acetate Callus Extract (EACE). Then, each of the extracts was further subjected to Gas Chromatography{\textendash} Mass Spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS) analysis. Results: The GC{\textendash}MS analysis of the eight extracts revealed the presence of 77 different types of high and low molecular weight phytochemicals and bioactive compounds in varying quantities. Some of the phytochemicals detected for first time in L. reticulata are γ-sitosterol, Campesterol, Pristane, Hexahydrofarnesol, Stearic acid, Arachidic acid, Coniferyl alcohol, n-Tetracosanol-1, Ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate, (2S,3S)-3,7,4{\textquoteright}-Trihydroxy-5-methoxy-6-methylflavanone etc. These chemical compounds are considered biologically active and pharmacologically important. Conclusion: This study gives a detailed comparison of detection and identification of various bioactive phytochemicals from different plant parts (leaves, stem and root) and callus of L. reticulata. This provides a basis for the biological and biochemical characterization of some newly detected biologically and pharmacologically important phytochemical components from this plant.

}, keywords = {Callus, Fatty Acid, Root, Stem, Steroids, Terpenoids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.22}, author = {Priyanka Godara and Bunty Kumar Dulara and Neelam Barwer and Navneet Singh Chaudhary} } @article {793, title = {Comparative Studies Between Mauritia flexuosa and Mauritiella armata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {32-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Mauritia flexuosa and Mauritiella armata belong to the family Arecaceae and are widely found in Brazil. Aim: In this work were evaluated: the phytochemical profile of the secretion popularly known as M. flexuosa wine, antioxidant activity of leaf, root and petiole hydroethanolic extracts of the two species, as well as the quantification of flavonoids and the chromatographic profile by means of high performance liquid chromatography. Material and Methods: The chromatographic profile was determined by high performance liquid chromatography, quantification of flavonoids and antioxidant activity, were performed by spectrophotometric method. Results: Antioxidant activity and presence of flavonoids were observed in the extracts of all the analyzed structures of the two species. The phytochemical profile of the wine evidenced the presence of secondary metabolites reported in other structures of M. flexuosa. In the chromatographic analysis, it was observed that the extracts evaluated have between three and nine compounds. Conclusion: Further studies should be performed to identify the active compounds in the two species.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Arecaceae, Flavonoids, Phytochemical, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.6}, author = {Vanessa de Andrade Royo and Juliana Almeida Rocha and Kamylla Teixeira Santos and Jeane Ferreira Leal Freitas and Clarice Avelar Almeida and Bianca Ribeiro and Elytania Veiga Menezes and Dario Alves de Oliveira and Murilo Malveira Brand{\~a}o and Afranio Farias de Melo J{\'u}nior} } @article {816, title = {Comparative Study for the Volatile Oil Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Rhanterium epapposum Oliv. Growing in Qassim, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {195-199}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {195}, abstract = {

Background: Rhanterium epapposum is an herbaceous plant widely distributed in the Gulf region and used by Bedouins as antiseptic for wounds, skin infections and in gastrointestinal disturbances. Aim: The study aimed to compare the results obtained from volatile oil analysis of R. epapposum growing in Buraydah, Qassim with reported data of the same plant growing in Riyadh {\textquotedblleft}Al-Majmaah{\textquotedblright} and Northern border region of Saudi Arabia. Both cold and hot extracts of the R. epapposum were used to find the best extraction method to be adopted as an antimicrobial agent. Methods: Volatile oils were distillated using Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by GC-MS. The plant powder was extracted by cold maceration and hot contentious extraction methods. Furthermore, antimicrobial activity was conducted using the agar diffusion method. Results: The hydro-distillation of R. epapposum growing in Qassim region yielded 0.5 \% w/w of the total volatile oils. Moreover, forty-three compounds of 97.68\% of the volatile oil components were identified while modephene, caryophyllene, linalyl acetate and epizonarene were the major components of volatile oils. Nevertheless, the volatile oils diversity and concentrations were found to be different in R. epapposum growing in Buraydah, as compared with the plant growing in Riyadh and the northern border region of Saudi Arabia which almost due to the differences in the environmental condition. Among all extracts, ethyl acetate hot extract showed the best inhibition to bacterial strains while fugal strain Candida albicans growth was better inhibited by hot n-hexane extract. Conclusion: Volatile oils were active against all microbial strains. Hot extracts were more active against bacterial strains while the opposite effects were found against Candida albicans which was generally inhibited by the cold extracts.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Comparative study, Essential oils, Hot extraction. Cold extraction, Rhanterium epapposum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.32}, author = {Hamdoon Abdelhamid Mohammed and Mohsen Saleh Al-Omer and Adel Mohammed Ahmed and Nadia Elbialy Hashish and Hasan Meshal Alsaedi and Suliman Abdulaziz Alghazy and Ahmed Abdelfattah Hafez Abdellatif} } @article {1009, title = {Comparative Study of the Effects of Annona muricata and Tapinanthus globiferus Extracts on Biochemical Indices of Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2018}, pages = {1365-1370}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1365}, abstract = {

Introduction: Annona muricata and Tapinanthus globiferus (mistletoe) are medicinal plants used in traditional medicine to combat an array of human diseases. However, there is dearth of scientific prove for the activity of these plants in the management of non-infectious human diseases such as cancer, insomnia, hypertension, ulcers and diabetes. Method: The present study was designed to assess comparatively the effects of methanol extracts of Annona muricata (AME) and Tapinanthus globiferus (TGE) on biochemical indices of alloxan induced diabetic rats. The animals were allocated to eight (8) groups, group I were normal non-diabetic rats, group II (diabetic untreated group), group III treated with metformin alone, groups IV \& V were diabetic rats treated with AME at dose of concentration 200 mg/kg BW \& 400 mg/kg BW respectively, groups VI \& VII were diabetic rats treated with 200 mg/kg BW \& 400 mg/kg BW of TGE respectively. Group VIII were diabetic rats treated with AME + TGE at concentration of 200 mg/kg BW each. Concentrations of serum total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG) of alloxan diabetic rats, creatinine and urea were assayed after 21 days of the respective treatments. Results: Diabetic untreated rats had significant increase p\<0.05 in TC, TG, urea and creatinine compared to normal control group as opposed to the significant decrease observed for HDL in diabetic rats. However, treatment of diabetic rats with AME and TGE significantly suppressed (p\<0.05) the concentrations of TC, TG and creatinine when compared with the diabetic untreated rats. A similar trend was observed for the calculated atherogenic index of treated rats when compared with diabetic untreated rats. Interestingly, co-administration of AME + TGE improved the biochemical indices of diabetic rats better than using each plant separately. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that AME and TGE could offer some benefits in the management of diabetic complications especially with regard to cardiac and renal health.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Annona muricata, Diabetes, Mistletoe, Tapinanthus globiferus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.211}, author = {Atanu FO and Avwioroko OJ and Ilesanmi OB and Oguche M} } @article {834, title = {Comparison between the Effect of Precipitate and Supernatant Aloe vera Gel on Experimental Cutaneous Wound Healing Using Optical Coherence Tomography}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {405-412}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {405}, abstract = {

Background: Wound healing is a fundamental response to injured tissue that results in the restoration of tissue integrity. One of the famous herbs that promote wound healing is Aloe vera. Despite well known for its therapeutic effect, several studies reported inconclusive evidence regarding this. Besides, lack of evidence to postulate the superior effect of two components of Aloe vera which are the precipitate and supernatant. Objective: Study compares the effects of precipitate and supernatant in promoting tissue repair. Evaluation takes place by using optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and is comparable with histopathology study. Methods: Twelve male mice were randomly divided into four groups (precipitate, supernatant, control 50\% ethanol, and normal). 200 mg of Aloe vera was extracted. A standardized 2 cm longitudinal incision wound was created. All mice were given topical Aloe vera, 0.5 g each, once daily and assessment of wound surface was performed using OCT. The animals were sacrificed on day 10 to evaluate histopathologically. Results: R parameter from the OCT was utilized to analyze the data. There is no significant difference in the treatment effect between Aloe vera treated group and control on day 10 post-injury. Treated animals with precipitate did not differ significantly from supernatant treated group. Nevertheless, from histopathology analysis, precipitate showed better wound reepithelialisation, collagen formation and angionesis despite having numerous inflammatory cells. Conclusion: OCT using R parameter is not the best choice to detect wound healing. Nevertheless, from histopathological perspective, Aloe vera accelerates wound healing and precipitate Aloe vera gel does have a superior effect from supernatant in promoting wound healing.

}, keywords = {Aloe vera, OCT, Precipitate, Supernatant, Wound Healing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.63}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Nurrashida Binti Mok Hallim and Aryo Tedjo and Anwar Ibrahim and Salinah} } @article {1015, title = {Comparison of Extraction Methods, Antioxidant Activities, Total Phenol in Seeds and Seed Shells of Kabau (Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C. Nielsen) From Lampung and South Sumatra}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1278-1284}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1278}, abstract = {

Background: Kabau is one of the famous plants in Lampung and South Sumatra. Kabau is usually used as an ingredient to increase the aroma of cooking. Kabau is a plant belongs to the same genus with Archidendron pauciflorium (Benth.) IC. Nielsen and in the same family with Leucaena leucocephala L. Objective: The purpose of this research was to compare the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity between seed and fruit carp (shell) of kabau grown in Lampung and South Sumatra. Method: Kabau seeds and the shells were obtained from Lampung and South Sumatra. Extractions were conducted by maceration and a continuous extraction using Soxhlet apparatus with ethanol as the solvent. Phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of the extract were then measured. Results: The antioxidant activity and high phenol levels were found in kabau shell extract obtained by maceration method with IC-50 value of seed shell from Lampung 17.61 μg/mL and 44, 7 μg / mL for those from South Sumatra. Phenol content of seed shell from Lampung 11.74 g GAE / 100 g and South Sumatra 5.88 g GAE / 100 g. Conclusion: Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded that high antioxidant activity and high levels of total phenol were found in shell extract obtained by maceration of shell from Lampung and South Sumatra.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) Nielsen, Phenols, Seed shell, Seeds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.198}, author = {Hesti Riasari and Sani Nurlaela Fitriansyah and Rika Hartati and Kusnandar Anggadiredja and Sukrasno} } @article {815, title = {Comparison of Fatty Acid Profiling and RBC Membrane Stabilization Activity of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides and Hippophae salicifolia) Seed Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {200}, type = {Corrigendum}, chapter = {200}, keywords = {Nil}, author = {Suchita Dubey and M.V. Ramana and Anuradha Mishra} } @article {979, title = {Correlation of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid and Tannin Content of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) (Crassulaceae) Extract with the Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1003-1009}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1003}, abstract = {

Bryophyllum pinnatum is a perennial herb used in traditional medicine against varieties of ailments such as memory disorder. This study quantitatively estimated the total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC) and total proautocyanidin (TPA) contents of extract and fractions of B. pinnatum and correlated them with its antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities. Methanolic extract of the dried leaves was partitioned into n-hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions. Total phenolic, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins content were estimated as gallic acid or quercetin equivalents. DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging activity as well as ferric reducing power assays were used to evaluate antioxidant activity, using 2,6-di-tert-butyl- 4-methylphenol (DDM) and ascorbic acid as standards. In vitro anticholinesterase activity was evaluated by Ellmann{\textquoteright}s colorimetry assay with phsiostigmine (serine) and donepezil as positive control. The crude methanol extract had the highest phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content. The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest DPPH radical scavenging effect (IC50 0.004 mg/ml) while the aqueous fraction had the highest NO scavenging and ferric reducing effects with values of IC50 0.012 mg/ml and 0.007 mg/ml respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction had the best cholinesterase inhibitory effect (IC50 0.951 μg/ml AChE; 3.546 μg/ml BuChE). DPPH radical scavenging effect correlated strongly with total phenolic, flavonoids and proautocyanidins (r2 0.896, 0.651 and 0.619 respectively) while ferric reducing power showed weak correlation and NO scavenging as well as AChE inhibition had no correlation. The study shows DPPH radical scavenging could be due to the phenolic content while other class of compounds are responsible for the cholinesterase inhibition.

}, keywords = {Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Total flavonoids, Total Phenolics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.158}, author = {Taiwo O. Elufioye and Damilare M. Olusola and Adebola O. Oyedeji} } @article {916, title = {Cytoprotective Effect of the Eryngium foetidum "Sacha Culantro" Methanolic Leaf Extract Versus Sodium Fluoride Exposed Mice using the Micronucleus Test and the Comet Assay}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {461-465}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {461}, abstract = {

Introduction: Eryngium foetidum, commonly known as sacha culantro, is a plant that grows in the Peruvian Amazonian jungle, studied for its high concentration of antioxidant substances and various ethnopharmacological properties. The main goal of the study is to observe the cytoprotective and antioxidant effect of the extract from its leafs in Mus musculus previously administered with Sodium fluoride (NaF) using the Micronucleus test and the Comet assay. Methods: The extract was administrated orally in four different concentrations: 180, 360, 720, 1440 mg/Kg for ten days, at the 11th day a single dose of NaF was administrated via intraperitoneal at 20 mg/Kg. The genotoxicity study was made with mice from the strain BALB/c, using the Micronucleus test on bone marrow and the Comet assay on peripheral blood according the OECD guides 474 and 489 respectively. The statistical analysis was made by the media{\textquoteright}s analysis with ANOVA. Results: Significant differences were found in Micronucleus frequency between the highest concentrations of Eryngium foetidum and NaF. The Comet assay showed significant reduction in NaF induced damage according to different concentrations of the extract. Conclusion: The Eryngium foetidum extract has cytoprotective activity against oxidant substances such as NaF.

}, keywords = {Comet assay, Cytoprotective, Eryngium foetidum, Genotoxicity, Micronucleus test, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.72}, author = {Paola Raunelli and Danae Liviac and Rafael Alvis and Silvio Puente and Ivan Best and Oscar Reategui} } @article {1029, title = {Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activities of Selected South African Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1532-1539}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1532}, abstract = {

Introduction: Indigenous plants are known to play a pivotal role in the well-being of Africa{\textquoteright}s native societies. These plants are believed to be endowed with healing effects against various ailments rooting from oxidative stress. However, most of these plants including Ziziphus mucronata, Warburgia salutaris and Eucomis autumnalis lack scientific reports validating their medicinal properties. Thus, the current study, aimed to investigate the cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of selected South African medicinal plants. Methods: Scavenging activity of the extracts were evaluated on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion (O2 -) nitric oxide (NO-), hydroxyl anion (-OH) radicals and lipid peroxide (LP) values at varying concentration (20 - 100 μg/mL). Cytotoxic evaluation using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) was conducted on HEK293 cells. Reducing power and metal chelating ability of the extracts were assessed. In the same vein, protective index of DNA plasmid (pET151/D TOPO plasmid) induced free radical by incubating with Fenton{\textquoteright}s reagents were tested, in vitro. Reducing and metal chelating ability of the extracts were evaluated in this study. Results: The crude extracts displayed radical scavenging activity and limit peroxidation process. The extracts showed potent ferric reducing power and chelating effects. Cytotoxic effects of the extracts analyzed using the MTT assay displayed low toxicity levels. Furthermore, the extracts were able to protect pET151/D-TOPO plasmid DNA nicking induced by hydroxyl radicals in a Fenton{\textquoteright}s reaction mixture. Conclusion: It is evident in this study that the plant extracts are potential antioxidant therapeutics and justify inclusion of indigenous herbs as a complementary agents in the treatment regimen.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, DNA, Eucomis autumnalis, Warburgia salutaris}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.234}, author = {G Ayeni and OJ Pooe and M Singh and N Nundkumar and MBC Simelane} } @article {1027, title = {Detailed Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Screening of Stem and Stem Bark of Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. Ex sm. - An Extra Pharmacopoeial Drug of Ayurveda}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1303-1311}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1303}, abstract = {

Introduction: Stem bark of Bhumi udumbara (Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.) is used traditionally in the treatment of leprosy, ulcer, dysentery, wound, pregnancy, complaints of gastric, liver, bladder and various disorders. In present study, stem and stem bark of F. semicordata are explored for their microscopic including powder microscopy, physiochemical and preliminary phytochemical aspects. Materials and Methods: Stem and stem bark of the plant, after proper authentication by BSI Kolkata, were evaluated following standard procedures. Results: Stem is hard, cylindrical, cut pieces measures about 10 - 25cm in length and 0.4 {\textendash} 0.8 cm in diameter. Diagrammatic transverse section of stem shows outer cork followed by wide parenchymatous cortex with prismatic and rhomboidal crystals, starch grains and tannin content. Powder light brown in colour; odour woody; taste tasteless to astringent; texture fibrous. Stem bark is hard, single quilled after drying, outer dark reddish brown in colour with presence of lenticels, longitudinal cut fibres, rough in surface. Diagrammatic section, of the bark, shows outer several layered cork followed by cortical region along with medullary rays. Powder tortilla(brown) in colour; odour slightly aromatic; taste astringent; texture fibrous. Loss on drying at 110{\textdegree}C was found to be 7.41\% and 8.60\% of stem and stem bark respectively. HPTLC results shows 3 peaks and 0 peak at 254 and 366 nm of stem and 3 peaks at 254 and 366 nm of stem bark respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: Woody stem and presence of brown content, tannin, rhomboidal and prismatic crystals in stem and stem bark are the diagnostic characters.

}, keywords = {Anukta Dravya, Bhu-udumbara, Bhuindumer, Extra-pharmacopoeial, Ficus semicordata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.202}, author = {Gupta Shashi and Acharya Rabinarayan and Harisha CR and Shukla Vinay} } @article {928, title = {Determination of Specific and Non-Specific Parameters of Simplicia and Ethanolic 70\% Extract of Gadung Tubers (Dioscorea hispida)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {759-763}, type = {Original Research Study}, chapter = {759}, abstract = {

Background: D. hispida can be used as a painkiller, rheumatic drugs and antioxidant. Based on its medicinal properties, D. hispida can be used as a traditional medicine that must be guaranteed on quality, safety and benefit. Therefore, standardization is needed. This aim of this study was to obtain some specific and non-specific parameter of simplicia and ethanolic 70\% extract of D. hispida tubers from three different regions. Materials and Methods: The samples were macerated by using ethanol 70\%. Results: The results showed that the specific parameters of D. hispida simplicia; the total water soluble extract was 11.25-16.20\%; the total ethanol soluble extract was 6.42-9.39\%; the chromatogram profile was obtained by using thin layer chromatography in toluene-ethyl acetate-chloroform (5:1:4) mobile phase with β{\textendash}sitosterol as standard, the total phenolic content was 2.15{\textendash}2.50 expressed in mgGAE/g simplicia. The non-specific parameters of D. hispida simplicia; the total loss on drying was 10.53-12.40\%; the total ash content was 5.81-5.94\%; the total acid insoluble ash content was 0.20-0.22\%. The specific parameters of D. hispida extract; the total phenolic content was 10.30-11.72 expressed in mgGAE/g extract. The non-specific parameters of D. hispida extract; the total water content was 10.27-10.47\%; the total ash content was 2.84-2.93\%; the total acid insoluble ash content was 0.14-0.19. Conclusion: conform the parameters.

}, keywords = {D. hispida, Gadung, Non-specific parameter, Specific parameter, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.120}, author = {Sasmita Retno Sari and Berna Elya and Katrin} } @article {980, title = {Development and Validation of a Spectrophotometric Procedure for Determining Silicon in Common Horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) Herb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1124-1131}, chapter = {1124}, abstract = {

Background: An accurate, simple and selective UV-spectrophotometric method was developed for the estimation of silicon in medicinal plant raw material {\textendash} horsetail herb (Equisetum arvense L.) of Russian origin. Methods: The determination of total silicon content in terms of silicon dioxide (SiO2) by the direct ultraviolet{\textendash}visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry method (at a wavelength of 815 {\textpm} 5 nm) in the horsetail herb is based on the formation of yellow-colored silicomolybdic acid, and its further reduction to molybdenum blue. Results: Recoveries were found to be in the range of 100.2 to 105.1\% and \%RSD was less than 2\%. Conclusion: The developed method is accurate, specific, precise within an interval 2-12\% and suitable for the analysis of horsetail herb commercial samples.

}, keywords = {Equisetum arvense, Horsetail herb, Medicinal plant raw material, Silicon}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.175}, author = {Aleksandr Vladimirovich Nikulin and Olga Georgievna Potanina and Evgeniy Alexandrovich Platonov and Dmitry Olegovich Bokov and Olga Aleksandrovna Smyslova and Rimma Aleksandrovna Abramovich} } @article {1025, title = {Development of Ethosome Containing Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia Linn.) Fruit Fraction and In Vitro Skin Penetration}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1242-1251}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1242}, abstract = {

Objective: Bitter melon fruit, which is containing charantin, has poor penetration through the skin. This problem can be solved with the lipid vesicle called ethosomes that offers better skin penetration. This study was aimed to develop ethosomes for improving skin penetration ability of charantin. Methods: Bitter melon was extracted with ethanol 80\% and fractionated with dichloromethane. Ethosomes were formulated with a various concentration equal to 2\% (F1), 3\% (F2) and 4\% (F3) of bitter melon fruits fraction (BMFF) and prepared using thin layer hydration method. The obtained ethosomes were characterized, then the penetration study was conducted using Franz diffusion cells. Results: The results showed that the BMFF was a dry, brown-greenish fraction and gave a positive test for a steroid. The entrapment efficiency of ethosomes F1, F2 and F3 was 91.50 {\textpm} 0.40\%, 92.62 {\textpm} 0.26\% and 83.85 {\textpm} 1.10\%, respectively. Moreover, the particle size (Dv90) of ethosomes F1, F2 and F3 was 1083.33 {\textpm} 15.27 nm, 1736.67 {\textpm} 11.55 nm and 1976.67 {\textpm} 5.77 nm, respectively. Ethosomes F1, F2 and F3 resulted polydispersity index of 0.42 {\textpm} 0.02, 0.35 {\textpm} 0.05 and 0.50 {\textpm} 0.11, as well as zeta potential of -54.33 {\textpm} 0.75, -57.50 {\textpm} 0.44 and -50.60 {\textpm} 0.98, respectively. Besides, all ethosomes had a spherical shape. The research revealed that ethosome F2 was the optimal ethosome among another formulas. Cumulative percentage of penetrated stigmasterol glycoside for ethosome F2 was 18.25 {\textpm} 0.08\%, while the control solution did not penetrate within 20 h. Conclusion: This research demonstrated that the ethosome could increase the skin penetration of stigmasterol glycoside, which is charantin content, from the fraction of bitter melon fruit.

}, keywords = {Bitter melon fruits, Charantin, Ethosomes, Skin penetration}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.193}, author = {Silvia Surini and Antik R Arnedy and Raditya Iswandana} } @article {934, title = {Difference of Acidic Adding Effect in Ethanol Extraction of White Mulberry Stem Bark (Morus alba) and DPP-4 Inhibiting Activity Screening for Identifying its Antidiabetic Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {790-795}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {790}, abstract = {

Objective: Murberry (Morus alba) is one of the plants that can be used to treat diabetes and bioactive compounds that play a role are apigenin. Apigenin compounds have been reported to have an antidiabetic effect and are found in the form of glycosides. To separate apigenin from its glycosides, it takes the process of hydrolysis using acid. This study aims to look at the differences between ethanol extracts without hydrolysis with acids and ethanol extracts which are hydrolyzed by acid and determine their activity as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors in vitro. Methods: Morus alba stem bark dry powder was extracted MAE using 96\% ethanol with acid hydrolysis using HCl 2 N and extracted without acid hydrolysis then apigenin levels can be measured by each extraction process using HPLC. DPP-4 activity was evaluated using glycyl-prolyl-7-amino-4-methyl coumarin (Gly-Pro-AMC) substrate then the inhibitory effect of extracts was determined based on the number of free AMCs by measuring fluorescence at excitation wavelengths of 350-360 nm and emission wavelengths of 450-465 nm using micro-plate readers. Sitagliptin is used as a positive control of DPP-4 inhibition in this test. Results: The ethanol extraction method with acid hydrolysis can attract more apigenin compounds than the ethanol extraction method without acid hydrolysis. The level of apigenin in the sample of ethanol extract with acid hydrolysis was 0.16\%, and in the ethanol extract without acid hydrolysis was 0.04\%. The amount of inhibitory activity of DPP-4 Morus alba stem bark extract was 23\%, which is 0.33 times the inhibition of sitagliptin activity. Conclusion: Extraction methods with acid hydrolysis are more effective in attracting apigenin compounds than without acid hydrolysis. Morus alba stem bark extract has an anti-diabetic effect through the mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors can be used as a reference for therapy of diabetes mellitus from natural ingredients.

}, keywords = {Apigenin, DPP IV, Morus alba}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.126}, author = {Muhajri Agusfina and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Aditya Sindu Sakti and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {983, title = {The Diversity of Biologically Active Compounds in the Rhizomes of Recently Discovered Zingiberaceae Plants Native to North Eastern Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1014-1022}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1014}, abstract = {

Objective: To identify and quantify the bioactive compounds, along with biological activities, of native Thai edible Zingiberaceae. Methods: The bioactive compounds evaluated were phenolic acids, flavonoid, vitamin C, curcumin, 6-gingerol, eugenol and essential amino acids; analyses involved HPLC and LCMS/MS. Antioxidant activities were assessed by DPPH and FRAP assays. Results: Zingiber officinale was the richest source of bioactive compounds, followed by Z. officinale, Alpinia zerumbet and Alpinia conchigera. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid contents ranged widely across these species (17 to 200 mg GAE/100 g DW and 17 to 66 mg RE/100 g DW). All the species studied possessed strong antiglycation properties, ranging from 82 to 98\%, with strong positive correlations of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The contents of curcumin, 6-gingerol, eugenol and vitamin C were in the range of 1 to 26, 1 to 140 μg/ g DW, 5 to 1600 and 4 to 21 mg/100 g DW, respectively. Seven essential amino acids identified by using LCMS/MS were found in most samples studied ranging from 2 to 6752 μg/100 g DW. Conclusion: Z. officinale is an abundant source of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in all these samples. These plants are fresh sources for developing novel functional ingredients in either food or cosmetics.

}, keywords = {Antiglycation, Antioxidants, Bioactive compounds, Essential amino acids, Ginger family}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.160}, author = {Theeraphan Chumroenphat and Issaraporn Somboonwatthanakul and Surapon Saensouk and Sirithon Siriamornpun} } @article {1033, title = {The Effect Hypoglycemic of Ethanol Extract Combination Red Betel Leaf (Piper crocatum) and Dayak Onion (Eleutherine palmifolia Merr) in Streptozotocin-Induced}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1401-1405}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1401}, abstract = {

Background: Red betel leaf and Dayak onion is used traditionally to treat diabetes mellitus, The use of this combination of extracts to assess the effectiveness of the combination therapy is getting better by working synergistically. Objective: This study aimed to determine the hypoglycemic effect and the effective dose of ethanol extract combination of red betel leaf and Dayak onion of male rats (Rattus norvegicus). Methods: The number of 35 male rats were divided into 7 groups and each group consisted of five rats. The first group (normal control) was given Na CMC; the second group (negative control) streptozotocin-induced ; the third group (positive control) glibenclamide , while the 4th, 5th,6th, and 7th were successively given a single dose of ethanol extract of red betel leaf 25 mg/KgBB, a single dose of Dayak onion50 mg/ KgBB, combination red betel leaf and forest onion bulbs, 25+50 and 50+100 mg/kg bb. Each rat group was intraperitoneally (IP) induced with STZ 40 mg/KgBB and then treated for 21 days. The hypoglycemic effect was tested by using the God- Pap method. Result: Phytochemical analysis revealed that flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phytosterols and phenols were present in ethanol extract of red betel leaf and forest onion bulbs. The study concluded that the combination of red betel leaf and Dayak onion at doses 25 mg/KgBB and 50 mg/KgBB were synergistic in reducing glucose. Conclusion: In conclusion, the ethanol extract combination of red betel leaf and dayak onion have hypoglycemic effects.

}, keywords = {Dayak onion, Hypoglycemic, Red betel leaf, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.216}, author = {Viani Anggi and Magfirah} } @article {890, title = {Effect of Agricultural Model of using Fertilizer, Harvesting Time and Extraction Method on Phytochemical Contents and Antioxidant Activities from Mulberry Leaves Grown in Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {531-535}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {531}, abstract = {

Aims: Phytochemical contents and free radical scavenging of Mulberry leaf extracts by using different fertilizer, time of harvesting and solvent extraction were evaluated. Materials and Methods: Dried Mulberry leaves were extracted by using different solvent including aqueous, 50\% ethanol and 95\% ethanol. The phytochemical screening were determined by Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Contents (TFC). The anti-oxidation were tested by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical scavenging and 2,2 -azinobis-(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS+) assay. Results: This experimental study found that the mulberry leaf extract were given extraction with 95\% ethanol, all of fertilizer and at Week 4 showed highest total phenolic contents espectcially BET2 was high amount of TPC (124.444{\textpm}0.609 mgGE/gExt). The harvest time, all of groups at the Week 4 were significantly higher than all of groups at the Week 2. On the other hand, total flavonoid contents, the DET1 (Fertilizer formula 15-15-15, extraction with 95\% ethanol at the Week 2; 110.913{\textpm}3.208 mgQE/gExt) showed highest amount. The Antioxidant activities, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, The groups were given extraction with 95\% ethanol, all of fertilizer at the Week 4 including CHT2 (IC50 =0.00459{\textpm}0.00001 mg/mL), BHT2 (IC50 =0.00487 {\textpm}0.00005 mg/mL), AHT2 (IC50 =0.00499{\textpm}0.00007 mg/mL), DHT2 (IC50 =0.00499{\textpm}0.00005 mg/mL) and EHT2 (IC50 =0.00667 {\textpm}0.00039 mg/mL) were more potent on free radical scavenging higher than all of groups. The ABTS+ assay, at the Week 2 of all fertilizer groups were given with all solvent extraction including BHT1 (IC50 =0.03191{\textpm}0.00257 mg/mL), CHT1 (IC50 =0.03247{\textpm}0.00044 mg/mL), AHT1 (IC50 =0.03320{\textpm}0.00120 mg/mL), EHT1 (IC50 =0.03342{\textpm}0.00116 mg/mL) and AAT1 (IC50 =0.03792{\textpm}0.00076 mg/mL) showed free radical scavenging activity not different from standard substances, ascorbic acid (IC50 =0.00699 {\textpm}0.00004 mg/mL) and Trolox\ (IC50 =0.01594{\textpm}0.00116 mg/mL). Conclusion: The study was undertaken to investigate it{\textquoteright}s fertilizer use, harvest time and extraction method for biologically activities also chemical composition contents and their antioxidant potentials. Therefore, our data might be help to good cultivation and harvesting practice selection in order to produce better of mulberry leaf production.

}, keywords = {Antioxidation, Fertilizer, Harvesting, Mulberry leaves, Phytochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.85}, author = {Pharnuwan Chanhan and Ampa Konsue and Rachanee Nammatra} } @article {1058, title = {Effect of Aqueous Extract of Liquorice (G. Glabra L) in Treatment of Stress Induced Gastric Ulcer in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1526-1531}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1526}, abstract = {

Background: Peptic ulcer is a disease affecting a large number of people, caused due to various reasons including infection with H pylori, consumption of alcohol, NSAIDs and stress. Although not a life-threatening disease, it causes undue distress and discomfort and accounts for increased time off from work thereby leading to manpower and economic losses. In this condition, histamine receptor blockers provide relief. Objectives: Natural remedies for peptic ulcer have not been effectively utilized in clinical set up. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of water extract of Glycyrrhiza Glabra L, commonly known as Liquorice on stressinduced gastric inflammation. Materials and Methods: Liquorice extract was prepared. Male Wistar rats (n=5 in each group) were procured from the central animal house and divided into four groups namely Group 1(control); Group 2 (low dose treatment); Group 3 (high dose treatment) and group 4 (prophylactic). They were housed individually and subjected to restraint stress in PVC pipes for 2 hours daily and their stomach was examined for ulcer in Licorice (oral) fed groups and control. Results: Control group showed the inflammatory changes, ulcer index showed a significant lesion, whereas the animals treated with low dose and high dose showed proportionate decrease in the severity of inflammation as evidenced by the histological features. Fourth group of rats which was treated prophylactically before they were subjected to stress, showed no sign of stress-induced inflammatory changes in the gastric mucosa. Conclusion: The results of this study strongly suggested that the G Glabra extract reduces the inflammation and relieves the ulcers and also it can be used as a prophylactic agent to prevent the peptic ulcer in vulnerable subjects.

}, keywords = {Glycyrrhiza glabra, Immobilization stress, Peptic ulcer, Prophylactic use}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.233}, author = {Saksham Mathur and Cheryl Sarah Philipose and Ganaraja B} } @article {997, title = {Effect of Beta Glucosidase Inhibitor from Lichen Extract in Microcrystalline Cellulose Preparation from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1199-1203}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1199}, abstract = {

Objective: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is an excipient commonly used in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical preparations, especially tablet. MCC has been successfully made from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) through enzymatic hydrolysis process. This study aimed to find the effect of β-glucosidase inhibitor from lichen extract to the yield of MCC, the optimum conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis including pH and reaction time and characteristics of MCC obtained compared to reference, Avicel PH-101. Method: The study was began with extraction of cellulose enzyme and followed by determination of optimum beta-glucosidase inhibitor concentration. Then, this conditions were used for enzymatic hydrolysis of α-cellulose to MCC, followed by identification and characterization of MCC obtained and compared with Avicel PH- 101. Results: The optimum concentration of inhibitor was 120 ppm. A little higher yield of MCC was obtained when inhibitor extract is used in hydrolysis alfa-cellulose to MCC. The identity of MCC obtained was similar to infrared spectrum of reference. Other characteristics of MCC obtained were powder in the form of a slightly coarse, odorless and tasteless and slightly yellowish than reference. Conclusion: Addition of extract of Beta glucosidase inhibitor did not improve the MCC yield significantly, but identity and characteristics of MCC obtained showed similarities to the microcrystalline cellulose reference (Avicel PH = 101).

}, keywords = {Enzymatic hydrolysis, Lichen extract, Microcrystalline cellulose, Water hyacinthm, β-glucosidase inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.186}, author = {Citra Bonnita Putri and Sutriyo and Herman Suryadi} } @article {1012, title = {The Effect of Coriander Ethanol Extract (Coriandrum sativum L.) Against Phagocytosis Activity and Capacity of the Macrophage Cells and the Percentage of Leukocyte Cells in White Male Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1290-1298}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1290}, abstract = {

Coriander has long been used by humans as a traditional drug and to enhances the taste of foods. This study aims to know the effects of coriander ethanol extract against phagocytosis activity and capacity of the macrophage cells and the percentage of leukocytes. The test animals used were white male mice which divided into 4 groups and each group consists of 5 mice. The first group (control) was given with 0.5\% Na CMC suspension. The second, the third, and the fourth groups were given with coriander extract each with doses of 100 mg/kg, 140 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg orally for 7 days long. On the 8th day, the mice were induced by Staphylococcus aureus to help their immune system. The results showed that the administration of coriander extract at doses of 100, 140 and 200 mg/kg can increase the phagocytic activity of macrophages by 44.6\%; 54.2\%; and 60.2\% each, while the phagocytic capacity replaces the results of 95.8; 104.4; and 126 cells. The total number of leukocytes showed were 5210, 6190, and 7310 /μL blood. In the number of leukocyte cells, the amount of coriander extract can reduce the number of neutrophil and monocyte cell segments. The conclusion of this study regarding coriander ethanol extract at doses of 100, 140 and 200 mg/kg can increase phagocytosis activity and capacity of the macrophage cells and the total leukocyte cell counts in male white mice.

}, keywords = {Activity, Coriandrum sativum, Leukocytes, Macrophages, Phagocytosis capacity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.200}, author = {Dwisari Dillasamola and Yufri Aldi and Marselani Kolobinti} } @article {932, title = {Effect of Diallyl Disulphide (DADS) on Gluconeogenesis: A Study in Isolated Alloxan Induced Diabetic Liver}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {777-781}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {777}, abstract = {

Background: Coordinated regulation between cellular glucose uptake and endogenous glucose production is indispensable for maintenance of constant blood glucose concentrations. Liver contributes significantly by altering levels of hepatic glucose release, through controlling gluconeogenesis. Objective: To assess effect of Diallyldisulphide on hepatic gluconeogenesis by assessing gluconeogenic substrates and activity of regulatory enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase and to compare the Diallyldisulphide effect on gluconeogenesis with Metformin. Methodology: Wistar albino rats were categorized into four groups; group Inormal control. Group II, III and IV rats were administered single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate 150 mg/kg body weight. Rats were maintained on rat diet and water adlibitum for 30 days. On 31st day rats were sacrificed and procured liver tissues. Each liver tissue cut into small slices and group-III and group-IV liver tissues were separately incubated with Diallyldisulphide 4 mg/g liver tissues and Metformin 4 mg/g liver tissues for 60 minutes at 37oC. The total amino acids and total keto acids levels were estimated after exposure. And post exposure effect on activity of glucose -6-phoshatase and transaminases were also estimated. Results: Alloxan induced diabetes resulted significant raise in total amino acids, total ketoacids, glucose -6-phosphatase and transaminases activities. Whereas incubation of liver tissues with diallyldisulphide significantly reduced total amino acids, total ketoacids, glucose-6-phosphatase, transaminases activities and ratio of total amino acids and ketoacids as compared to diabetic control rat liver tissues. Conclusion: Study suggested that diallyldisulphide suppressed gluconeogenesis as liver glucose-6-phosphatase activity is significantly decreased and precursors for gluconeogenesis were significantly reduced. Suggesting Diallyldisulphide has role in gluconeogenesis and can hold potentials for glucose homeostasis.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Diabetes mellitus, Diallyldisulphide, Gluconeogenesis, Glucose-6-phosphatase, Total amino acid, Total keto acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.123}, author = {Prashanth kumar Goudappala and Ethirajan Sukumar and C V Yogaraje-Gowda and Kashinath RT} } @article {1038, title = {Effect of Fibroblast Growth Factor Combination with Ethanol Extract of Morinda citrifolia L. on Blood Glucose Levels}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1558-1562}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1558}, abstract = {

A research has been conducted on the effect of giving Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) with Morinda citrifolia L. ethanol extract. This study aims to determine whether the administration of a combination of FGF with ethanol extract of noni fruit can reduce blood glucose levels in diabetes mice induced by alloxan. FGF requires amino acids in regenerating pancreatic β cells, where the amino acids expected from noni fruit can provide a signal response in regenerating pancreatic β cells. In addition, the active substances contained in noni fruit namely xeronine and flavonoid alkaloids can function to reduce blood glucose levels. Test animals were divided into 6 groups, each group consisted of 10 male white mice. Group 1 is a normal control group is a group without any given. Group 2 was a negative control group given 150 mg/kg alloxan. Group 3, 4, and 5 are the treatment groups that are given alloxan and the combination of noni fruit ethanol extract with 3 variations of dose (125; 350; and 1000) mg / KgBW plus FGF dose of 800 mg / kgBW, group 6 is the comparison which is only given FGF alone at a dose of 800 mg / kgBW. The study was conducted for 21 days, observed every 7th, 14th, 21st day using the Easy Touch{\textregistered}\ GCU digital device. The results of this study showed that administration of noni fruit ethanol extract with FGF was able to reduce blood glucose levels by significance (p \<0.05) and based on the percentage calculation of blood glucose levels as much as 44.9\% at a dose of 1000 mg / kgBW on the day observations 21st.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, FGF, Morinda citrifolia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.238}, author = {Dharma S and Rahmawati Y and Nessa and Dillasamolla S} } @article {810, title = {Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Some Pharmacological Properties and Microbial Activities of Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon Linn.) Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {177-182}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {177}, abstract = {

Background: Ionizing radiation, such as gamma irradiation, serves as a useful approach to inhibit spore germination and to control pathogens in postharvest seeds. Recently, its application on phytochemical sources and its influence on antioxidant activity of various phytochemical compounds has become an interesting topic to be explored. Objective: The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of gamma irradiation as sterilization method on the resveratrol content and its antioxidant, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitory activities of Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) seeds. Methods: In this research, melinjo seeds were irradiated by 0.0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5; and 10.0 kGy with gamma irradiation and then extracted with ethanol. The extracts were tested for resveratrol content with HPLC, antioxidant activities by DPPH assay, HMG-CoA inhibitory activity using HMG-CoA reductase assay kit and DPP-4 inhibitory activity using DPP-4 Inhibitor Screening Assay Kit. Gamma irradiation has effect on resveratrol content, antioxidant activity, HMG-CoA reductase inhibition and DPP-4 inhibitory activity. Results: From the research, the highest value of resveratrol content is 0.18{\textpm}0.004 mg/g seeds powder found in 5.0 kGy gamma irradiation treatment with IC50 94.64{\textpm}0.236 μg/mL, while the highest HMG-CoA reductase inhibition is shown in 2.5 kGy irradiation dose. Melinjo seeds irradiated by 2.5 kGy gamma irradiation also shown a significant increase of DPP-4 inhibition activity. Conclusion: This study suggests that 2.5-5 kGy radiation is the effective gamma irradiation dose to improve the quality of melinjo seeds.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Dipeptidyl peptidase-4, Gamma irradiation, Gnetum gnemon, HMG-CoA reductase, Resveratrol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.29}, author = {Rezi Riadhi Syahdi and Aditya Sindu Sakti and Agung Kristiyanto and Riky Redmawati and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {982, title = {Effect of Maturation on Phenolics and Flavonoids Content of Greenhouse-Grown Beet Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1010-1013}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1010}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aims to determine how maturation stages of greenhouse-grown beet leaf influence the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Methods: Beet leaf was grown under two different passive solar greenhouses in trans-Himalayan Ladakh. Leaves harvested at three maturity stages were evaluated for TPC and TFC. Results: Significant difference in TPC and TFC was observed between the three maturity stages. Midmature leaves had the highest TPC and TFC followed by mature and immature leaves. When TPC and TFC for all maturity stages were averaged, a marked difference in TPC and TFC was observed in beet leaf grown under the two passive solar greenhouses. Higher TPC and TFC were observed in the greenhouse with higher photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and UV-transmittance. Conclusion: Beet leaf should be harvested at the midmaturity stage for consumer to benefit from elevated levels of phenolics and flavonoids.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Greenhouse, Ladakh, Maturity, Vegetable}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.159}, author = {Phunchok Angmo and Sonam Chorol and Desyong Namgail and OP Chaurasia and Tsering Stobdan} } @article {905, title = {The Effect of Noni Fruit Extract (Morinda citrifolia L.) in Gingivitis Patient}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {678-682}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {678}, abstract = {

Introduction: Antiseptic mouthwash (chlorhexidine and povidone iodine) is usually used to decrease the number of colonies of pathogenic bacteria. But, somehow it gives side effect if it used for a long time. So, it should take another alternative as a raw material to make a mouthwash with minimal side effects, economical and efficacious. Aim: The aim of this research was to examine the effect of noni fruit extract (Morinda citrifolia L.) that given as mouthwash on 15 gingivitis patients. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted for 7 days in a row and gingival index of each patient was measured before and after the treatment. The patients were divided into 3 group and given 3 different treatments. Group I used mouthwash noni fruit extract 5\%; Group II used chlorhexidine 0.1\%; and Group III used a mixture of extracts of noni: chlorhexidine (2.5\% : 0.05\%). The mouthwash was used in the morning and at the night before going to sleep as much as 15 ml and gargling it for 30 sec. Results: The results showed the gingival index was declined in every group treatment (mouthwash noni fruit extract 5\%, chlorhexidine 0.1\% and a mixture of extracts of noni: chlorhexidine (2.5\% : 0.05\%). The differences between each group were not significant (p \> 0.05). Conclusion: Despite it give the same effect, the extract of noni fruit should be used as an alternative to mouthwash because it gives the same effect as much as chlorhexidine and it also economical, efficacious and minimal side effects.

}, keywords = {Chlorhexidine, Gingival index, Morinda citrifolia L., Mouthwash, Noni fruit extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.107}, author = {Yufri Aldi and Hasanatul Khairiyah and Nila Kasuma and Afriwardi and Agus Sri Banowo} } @article {986, title = {Effect of Ocimum sanctum Leaf Extract on Entero-Insular Axis by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1138-1142}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1138}, abstract = {

This research study evaluates the effect of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract on the entero-insular axis and the hyperglycemia due to oral glucose tolerance test in albino rats. Methanolic leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum was prepared by Sami labs, Bangalore and used for the study. After obtaining Institutional Animal ethical committee clearance male albino rats (155{\textendash}215 g) were divided into 4 groups. 6 albino rats were randomly assigned to Control (Normal saline) group, Standard (Vildagliptin 50 mg/kg) group, Ocimum sanctum leaf extract (100 mg/kg) and (200 mg/kg) groups. After overnight fasting the baseline biochemical evaluation in the fasting state blood glucose, Insulin level, Glucagon level, GLP-1 (Glucagon like peptide-1), GIP (Glucose dependent Insulinotropic peptide) level were measured for all the above groups. Control, Vildagliptin (STD) and the extracts were orally administered by using rat oral feeding tube. 30 minutes later oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done. Blood samples were evaluated for blood sugar, Insulin, Glucagon, GLP-1 and GIP at 0, 15 and 45 minutes after oral glucose load. Ocimum sanctum (200 mg/kg) showed significant (p <= 0.05) reduction in blood glucose at 45 minutes when compared to control. Ocimum sanctum (100 mg/kg \& 200 mg/kg) showed significant (p <= 0.001) increase in GIP levels at 45 minutes of OGTT. Ocimum sanctum leaf extract showed significant antihyperglycemic and incretin enhancing effects. Further indepth animal and clinical studies are necessary to demonstrate the therapeutic potential of this extract for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Antihyperglycemic, Entero-Insular axis, Glucagon, Insulin, Ocimum sanctum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.177}, author = {Inbaraj SD and Muniappan M} } @article {1045, title = {Effect of Perillyl Alcohol (POH) A Monoterpene on Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Status in High Fat Diet-Low Dose STZ Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Experimental Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1434-1441}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1434}, abstract = {

Aim: The plan of this study was to assess the protective activity of Perillyl alcohol (POH) on the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) by-products and antioxidant defense systems in the plasma and other tissues of normal and High Fat Diet-Low Dose Streptozotocin (STZ) induced type 2 diabetes in wistar rats. Materials and Methods: The experimental diabetes was induced in animals by High Fat Diet-Low Dose STZ (35 mg/kg i.p.) injection, and treatment with Perillyl alcohol at the dose of (50mg/kg b.w and 100mg/kg b.w) was continued for 30 days. At the end of treatment period, oxidative stress parameters like lipid peroxidation by-products; enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and non-enzymic antioxidants including reduced glutathione, Vitamin C and Vitamin E were measured in the plasma and tissues of experimental rats. Results: In untreated diabetic rats an increase was seen in the levels of lipid peroxidation by-products and significant decrease was seen in antioxidant enzymes. Oral administration of Perillyl alcohol a monocyclic monoterpene to diabetic rats for 30 days caused a significant reduction in the levels of lipid peroxidation by-products and an increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, when the same were compared with the untreated diabetic group. Conclusion: The result of this study indicates that Perillyl alcohol has anti lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status potential in experimental diabetes.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, High Fat Diet, Lipid peroxidation, Perillyl alcohol, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.222}, author = {Towseef Hassan and Elanchezhiyan C and Insha Naseer and S Marimuthu} } @article {870, title = {Effect of Porana paniculata Whole Plant on Blood Glucose Levels and Lipid Profile of STZ Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, year = {2019}, month = {March 2019}, pages = {xx-xx}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {xx}, abstract = {

Background: To establish the antidiabetic potential of Porana paniculata whole plant belongs to Convolvulaceae family. Methods: Extraction and preliminary phytochemical screening were conducted by standard methods. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated by streptozotocin induced diabetic rats where the hydroalcoholic extract of plant was administered orally at a dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg for 30 days. Blood glucose levels were estimated at 1st, 10th, 20th and 30th day of study. Lipid profile was studied 30th day of study and body weight of the animals was measured at day 1 and 30. Results: Plant extract significantly (p\<0.01) reduced the blood glucose levels at both the tested dose levels of 250 and 500 mg/kg. The lipid profile was estimated in which the plant extract showed significant improved in both tested dose level that is 250 and 500 mg/kg. The body weight of the animals under study was also estimated on day 1 and 30 in which a good control was observed by the plant extract. Conclusion: Antidiabetic activity of Porana paniculata whole plant extract may be due to the presence of various phytoconstituents. Present study gives a scientific evidence for the folklore claim of the plant under study for its use in diabetes.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Folklore, lipid profile, Porana paniculata, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.xx}, author = {Sanjeeva Kumar A and Raveendra Reddy Juturu and Rama Mohan Gupta Vankadari} } @article {838, title = {Effect of Porana paniculata Whole Plant on Blood Glucose Levels and Lipid Profile of STZ Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, year = {2019}, month = {March 2019}, pages = {xx-xx}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {xx}, abstract = {

Background: To establish the antidiabetic potential of Porana paniculata whole plant belongs to Convolvulaceae family. Methods: Extraction and preliminary phytochemical screening were conducted by standard methods. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated by streptozotocin induced diabetic rats where the hydroalcoholic extract of plant was administered orally at a dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg for 30 days. Blood glucose levels were estimated at 1st, 10th, 20th and 30th day of study. Lipid profile was studied 30th day of study and body weight of the animals was measured at day 1 and 30. Results: Plant extract significantly (p\<0.01) reduced the blood glucose levels at both the tested dose levels of 250 and 500 mg/kg. The lipid profile was estimated in which the plant extract showed significant improved in both tested dose level that is 250 and 500 mg/kg. The body weight of the animals under study was also estimated on day 1 and 30 in which a good control was observed by the plant extract. Conclusion: Antidiabetic activity of Porana paniculata whole plant extract may be due to the presence of various phytoconstituents. Present study gives a scientific evidence for the folklore claim of the plant under study for its use in diabetes.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Folklore, lipid profile, Porana paniculata, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.x} } @article {1037, title = {Effect of Sacha Inchi Oil (Plukenetia volubilis L.) on Genotoxicity in Mice (Mus musculus) and Subchronic Toxicity in Goldfish (Carassius auratus)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1549-1557}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1549}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plukenetia volubilis is known as Sacha Inchi (SI) is originary from the peruvian amazone and it has been cultivated and consumed since the pre and Inca{\textquoteright}s time. Objective: Sacha inchi oil was assessed for genotoxicity in Balb C albino mice and subchronic toxicity in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Material and Methods: The genotoxicity was assessed in Mus musculus Balb C (n = 25) separated into five groups randomly selected of twenty-five each one. Groups were 10 mL / kg normal saline (NS), 40 mg / kg cyclophosphamide group (CP) and the three other groups received cyclophosphamide and sacha inchi oil of concentrations 10, 100 and 1000 mg / kg respectively. The substances were administered three times during 24 hours. The genotoxicity in mice was evaluated determining micronucleus levels in blood and bone marrow. The subchronic toxicity was assessed in goldfish (Carassius auratus) (n = 48) separated into four groups randomly selected of six each: normal saline group (control) and three groups that received doses of 10, 100 and 1000 μg sacha inchi oil per litre of water respectively for 45 days. Results: The values of weight, length, growth rate, condition factor (K) and number of survivors were recorded. CP group showed higher micronuclei levels in blood and bone marrow compared with sacha inchi oil 10, 100 and 1000 mg / kg groups (ANOVA Test p \<0.01 Scheffe{\textasciiacute}s Post Hoc p \<0.05, p \<0.01 and p \<0.001 respectively). The subchronic toxicity assessment in goldfish showed isometric growth, a decline in "K" and a similar specific percentage growth rate per day in all groups (ANOVA test p\> 0.05). Conclusion: Sacha inchi oil was not toxic under experimental conditions.

}, keywords = {Genotoxicity, Plukenetia Volubilis, Sacha Inchi Oil, Subchronic Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.237}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Roberto Ch{\'a}vez-Asmat and Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas and Edwin Enciso-Roca and Victor Chumpitaz Cerrate and C{\'e}sar Franco-Quino and Luz Chacaltana-Ramos and Ricardo {\'A}ngel Yuli-Posadas} } @article {1020, title = {Effect of Tender Coconut Water to Prevent Anemia on Wistar Rats Induced by Lead (Plumbum)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1325-1330}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1325}, abstract = {

Background: Tender coconut water (TCW) is a nutritious healthy drink, some content as L-arginin, iron, vitamin C, vitamin B6, folic acid and fatty acid have roles during the process of blood formation (hematopoesis). Lead (Pb) is one of heavy metal which can trigger the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), causing oxidative stress and hematopoetic stem cell disorders which cause the decrease of hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocyte levels as the sign of anemia. Aim and Objectives: This research to investigate the effect of tender coconut water to prevent anemia on lead induced rats. Material and Methods: Experimental research by post test only control group design, using 18 white wistar strain male rats randomly divided into 3 groups. Group K1 served as control, Group K2 was fed lead (10 mg/day/rat), Group K3 was given tender coconut water (8 mL/200gr BW rats/ day) orally for four weeks. Rats{\textquoteright} blood from ophtalmicus venous was analyzed using Hematology Analyzer to measure the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte levels. Data were analyzed using Anova test and Kruskal Wallis. Results:That decreased levels of hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocyte were show in group K2 compared with group K1. Increased levels of hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocyte were observed significantly in both groups K3 than K2. Conclusion: Results of the present study have administration of tender coconut water (8 mL/200gr BW rats/ day for 4 weeks) could increased of hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocyte levels (p \<0.05). The administration of tender coconut water has proven to prevent the anemia indicated by the increase of hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocyte levels on wistar strain male rats induced by lead.

}, keywords = {Anemia, Lead (Pb), Tender coconut water}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.204}, author = {Siti Thomas Zulaikhah and Joko Wahyuwibowo and Aziz Rakha D and Dede Rizky P and Ahmad Fauzi N} } @article {1007, title = {Effect of Trigonella Foenum Graecum Seed Extract on Entero- Insular Axis by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1371-1375}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1371}, abstract = {

The research study evaluates the effect of Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract on the entero-insular axis and the hyperglycemia due to oral glucose tolerance test in albino rats. Methanolic seed extract of Trigonella foenum graecum was prepared by Sami labs, Bangalore and used for the study. Institutional Animal ethical committee clearance obtained. Male albino rats (155{\textendash}215 g) were divided into 4 groups each having 6 albino rats were randomly assigned Control (Normal saline) group, Standard (Vildagliptin 50 mg/kg group), Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract (100 mg/kg) and (200 mg/kg) groups. After overnight fasting the baseline biochemical evaluation in the fasting state blood glucose, Insulin level, Glucagon level, GLP- 1 (Glucagon like peptide-1), GIP (Glucose dependent Insulinotropic peptide) level were measured at -30 minutes for all the above groups. Control, Vildagliptin (STD) and the extracts were orally administered by using rat oral feeding tube. 30 minutes later oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done. Blood samples were evaluated for blood sugar, Insulin, Glucagon, GLP- 1and GIP at -30, 0, 15 and 45 minutes after oral glucose load. Trigonella foenum graecum (2 gm/kg) showed significant reduction in blood glucose (p= \<0.001) at 45 minutes when compared to control. Trigonella foenum graecum (1 gm/kg and 2 gm/kg) showed significant (p=\<0.001) increase in GIP levels at 45 minutes of OGTT and (1 gm/kg) showed reduction in glucagon levels (p=\< 0.001) at 15 minutes and at 45 minutes (p=\<0.05). Trigonella foenum graecum extracts showed significant antihyperglycemic and incretin enhancing effects through entero-insular axis. Further in-depth animal and clinical studies are necessary to bring out the therapeutic potential of this seed extract for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Antihyperglycemic, Entero-Insular axis, GIP, GLP-1, Glucagon, Insulin, Trigonella foenum graecum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.212}, author = {SD Inbaraj and M Muniappan} } @article {1031, title = {The Effect of Ultraviolet-B Radiation Exposure on Hibiscus cannabinus Linn with its Phytochemical and Pharmacological Responses}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1540-1543}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1540}, abstract = {

Aim: Exposure of UV-B Radiation on\ Hibiscus cannabinus Linn and to evaluate both Phytochemical and Pharmacological responses. Objective: UV-B can increase the nutrients contents from plants, plants become tastier and increases the yield and UV-will make plants resistant to fungal infections and stimulate the production of phytomarkers. Material and Methods: Hibiscus cannabinus Linn seeds were soaked with 50\% H2O2 for 12 hours and then inoculated with the Azospirillum. UV-B radiation cabinet was provided by UV lamps which are above 15 cm from control maintained. Normal daylight exposed control group Seedlings irradiated for 2 hour per day (12.30 pm to 2.30 pm) for 20 days. Results and Discussion: 20 days treatment increases total phenolic contents and sugars content were decreased in uncovered leaf tissue. Protein content was at first diminished but expanded on the 20 day of UV-B treatment. Also, perform pharmacological studies no toxic elements are observed 20 days treatment and pharmacological activity by using anticancer activity by using human colon HT-29 cancer cell line. UV light exposed plants shows good anticancer activity when compared with non UV exposed Plant.

}, keywords = {Cancer cells line HT-29, Hibiscus cannabinus Linn, Total Phenolic Contents, UV-B radiation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.235}, author = {T Sundarrajan and V Velmurugan and MK Kathiravan and K Manikandan and KS Lakshmi and MR Ganesh} } @article {872, title = {Effectiveness of Methanol Solvent Extraction for Red Macroalgae Acanthophora spicifera Antitumoric Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {450-454}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {450}, abstract = {

Introduction: Red macroalgae Acanthophora spicifera is commonly found in most parts of Indonesia coastal areas. However, information regarding their potential pharmaceutical uses remains largely unexplored. This study evaluates the antiproliferative activity of Acanthophora spicifera collected from Indonesian extracted with different solvents of ethanol and methanol. Methods: Cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activity of A. spicifera crude ethanol extract (AS-EtOH) and A. spicifera crude methanol extract (AM-MetOH) were evaluated with Lactate dehidrogenase (LDH) and Trypan blue exclusion assay in Human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells for 72h. Concentration of extracts treated in HeLa cells were 6.25 to 200 μg/mL. Viability staining with fluorescence stain Hoechst33342/PI was conducted to investigate apoptotic activity. Potential apoptotic activity of treatments was confirmed by DNA fragmentation assay. Results: AS-MetOH demonstrated high cytotoxicity in HeLa cells with IC50 of 127.3 {\textpm} 33.13 μg/mL. However, AS-EtOH IC50 values could not be determined in this study. Antiproliferative activity was highly significant in AS-MetOH treated cells as cell density was suppressed to 20 x 104 cells/mL compared to AS-EtOH (73 x 104 cells/mL) and untreated cells (83 x 104 cells/mL). Finally, apoptotic activity could be determined in AS-MetOH treated cells with increase PI fluorescence emitting cells and DNA fragmentation. On the other hand, apoptotic activity was not observable in AS-EtOH treated cells based on fluorescence viability staining and DNA fragmentation assay. Conclusion: Current results show methanol solvent as an effective solvent to promote potential pharmaceutical properties of macroalgae A. spicifera. Further advanced studies in a compound level from A. spicifera methanol fraction would be reasonable for development of macroalgae based anticancer agent.

}, keywords = {Acanthophora, Antiproliferative, Cytotoxicity, Indonesia, Macroalgae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.70}, author = {Eka Sunarwidhi Prasedya and Ni Wayan Riyani Martyasari and Candra Dwipayana Hamdin and Masao Miyake and Daisuke Kobayashi and Sri Widyastuti and Akihiro Hazama and Haji Sunarpi} } @article {907, title = {Effectiveness of Moringa oleifea Extract in Attenuating the Toxic Effect on Platelet Count: An Experiment on Cadmium Exposed Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {689-693}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {689}, abstract = {

Aims and Objective: To determine the role of Moringa oleifera on total platelet count alterations (T-PC) in rats treated with cadmium. Materials and Methods: In the present study female adult Wistar Albino rats, (180-200) gm were divided into, Group I-normal control, Group II-pretreated control, group III-cadmium treated , group IV- pre-treated with Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOE) and then administered oral cadmium for a day, with n=6 each Results: Indicate that the pre-treatment with MOE (100 mg/kg/bw) prior to cadmium infusion augmented the level of total platelet count (p<=0.001) as compared to the cadmium-exposed group, which might have a role in clotting mechanisms also. Conclusion: Moringa oleifera extract has a beneficial effect on platelet count in cadmium-induced animal model.

}, keywords = {Cadmium, Clotting Mechanisms, Moringa oleifera, Platelet Count, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.109}, author = {Vinodini NA and Pratik Kumar Chatterjee and Kunal and Suman VB and Rashmi KS and Nayanatara AK and Anupama N and Ramesh M. Bhat and Sheela Joice P} } @article {803, title = {Effects of Aqueous and Ethanol Root Extracts of Olax subscopioidea on Inflammatory Parameters in Complete Freund{\textquoteright}s Adjuvant-Collagen Type II Induced Arthritic Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {16-25}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {16}, abstract = {

Aim/Background: Rural and Urban dwellers in Nigeria claim to treat their arthritis with Olax subscorpioidea root extracts. One of the reasons they chose this treatment is that it is effective and cost less than orthodox drugs with their accompanying side effects. Hence the aim of this study is to investigate the anti-arthritis effects of Olax subscorpioidea Afzel ethanol and aqueous root extracts on chicken type II-Complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis rat model. Materials and Method: The anti-arthritic potential of ethanol and aqueous root extracts of Olax subscorpioidea was evaluated using the chicken type II-Complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant model in 135 female wistar albino rats. The rats were treated with aqueous and ethanol root extracts of Olax subscorpioidea at varying doses and standard indomethacine drug. Results: The ethanol and aqueous root extracts of Olax subscorpioidea showed significant anti-arthritic activity that was statistically similar to that of indomethacine. Our results suggest that the alcoholic extract of Olax subscorpioidea showed significant (P\<0.05) anti-arthritic potential.

}, keywords = {Adjuvant, Arthritis, Indomethacine, Plant extracts, Rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.4}, author = {Nkiru Nwamaka Ezeani and Udu Ama Ibiam and Obasi Uche Orji and Ikechuku Okorie Igwenyi and Chinyere Aloke and Esther Alum and Partrick Mmaduabuchi Aja and Okechukwu Paul Chima Ugwu} } @article {1022, title = {Effects of Beta Glucosidase Inhibitor on Cellulase Enzyme Activity for Preparation of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1225-1230}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1225}, abstract = {

Objective: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was a highly desirable excipient which being used for making tablets with direct compression method in Pharmaceutical manufacture. The purpose of this study was to compare microcrystalline cellulose preparation from water hyacinth powder with and without addition of β-glucosidase inhibitor followed by identification and characterization of the resulting powders. Methods: The study was began with isolation of potential organisms from soils in mangrove followed by extraction of {\textbullet} -glucosidase inhibitor. MCC was prepared through enzymatic hydrolysis of alpha-cellulase with and without addition of beta-glucosidase inhibitor. Identification was done using FTIR, then characterized by organoleptic examination, qualitative analysis, starch test, pH test, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of particle size and distribution, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), moisture content, loss on drying test, particle density test, flow rate test and angle of repose test compared to microcrystalline cellulose which had been available on the market. Results: The hydrolysis conditions were carried out at 30{\textdegree}C, for 2 h and the powder was dissolved in acetate buffer pH 7 by addition of enzyme and 2.5 ml inhibitor. MCC yield with addition of beta-glucosidase inhibitor (80\%) was higher than without addition of beta-glucosidase (68\%). Conclusion: Addition of beta glucosidase inhibitor showed positive impact to increase MCC yield from alpha cellulose sample.

}, keywords = {Charaterization, Enzyme hydrolyisis, Microcrystalline cellulose, Water hyacinth, β-glucosidase inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.190}, author = {Annisa Shabrina and Herman Suryadi and Sutriyo} } @article {1013, title = {Effects of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) Alcoholic Root Extract Against Oral Pathogens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1299-1302}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1299}, abstract = {

Introduction: Eurycoma longifolia jack (E.L) is a herbal medicinal plant of South-East Asian origin, popularly recognized as {\textquoteleft}Tongkat Ali.{\textquoteright} The plant roots have been scientifically proven to have many biological effects including antibacterial activity however, no previous research to date has studied the effect on oral pathogens including cariogenic bacteria. This study was done to determine the antibacterial and antifungal activities of E.L. root extract against three common oral pathogens. Material and Methods: The microorganisms used were Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei. E.L root was extracted using soxhlet method. Disc diffusion assay was conducted using extract concentration of 200 mg/ml. Nystatin and Ampicillin were used as positive control for fungal and bacterial tests respectively. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was done to determine the lowest inhibitory concentration of the extract on the microorganisms. Results: E.L extract inhibited the growth of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans at a concentration of 200 mg/ ml with a zone of inhibition of 16.0 {\textpm} 3.0 mm and 7.0 {\textpm} 1.0 mm respectively. There was no antimicrobial effect of the extract on Lactobacillus casei. The MIC of E.L extract against both Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans was 25 mg/ml. Conclusions: The results from this study revealed the potential use of Eurycoma longifolia jack as an antimicrobial agent which can be used to produce new oral care products.

}, keywords = {Antifungal, Candida albicans, Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Lactobacillus casei., Root extract, Streptococcus mutans}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.201}, author = {Irani Binti Alloha and Nurul {\textquoteleft}Ain Liyana Binti Aziz and Ghasak Ghazi Faisal and Zurainie Abllah and Mohd Hafiz Arzmi} } @article {985, title = {Effects of the Ethanolic Extracts of Guava Leaves, Licorice Roots and Cloves on the Cariogenic Properties of Streptococcus mutans}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1029-1036}, type = {Original Research Article}, chapter = {1029}, abstract = {

Introduction: Streptococcus mutans is a major causative pathogen of dental caries. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the ethanolic extracts of Psidium guajava, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Syzygium aromaticum against cariogenic properties of Streptococcus mutans. These medicinal plants have been used traditionally as the ingredients in the herbal mouthwash for the management of dental caries. Methods: The 95\% ethanolic extracts of these medicinal plants were prepared and their phytochemical contents were analyzed by using thin layer chromatography-densitometry. Antibacterial activities of the extracts against S. mutans were evaluated according to broth dilution method. The effects of the extracts against cariogenic properties of S. mutans, which are surface adherence, biofilm formation and acid production, were also investigated. Results: The biological active constituents, quercetin, glycyrrhizic acid and eugenol, were found in P. guajava, G. glabra and S. aromaticum, respectively. The three extracts possessed anti-bacterial activity against S. mutans with the MICs of 1.562, 0.195 and 1.562 mg/mL, respectively. The extracts at every concentration tested (at lower than their MICs) significantly inhibited cariogenic properties of S. mutans, which included inhibitions against surface adherence, biofilm formation and acid production. Conclusion: The ethanolic extracts of guava leaves, licorice roots and cloves produced anti-bacterial and anti-cariogenic activities against S. mutans. These plant extracts thus can potentially be developed as a product for the prevention of dental caries in the near future.

}, keywords = {Cariogenic properties, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Psidium guajava, Streptococcus mutans, Syzygium aromaticum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.162}, author = {Nalita Phaiboon and Pawitra Pulbutr and Bunleu Sungthong and Sakulrat Rattanakiat} } @article {796, title = {Effects of Withania somnifera Nicotine Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {43-47}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {43}, abstract = {

Background: Herbal medicines can be novel treatment strategies for management of nicotine addiction. Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) is an Indian medicinal plant of great medicinal value; used in many clinically proven conditions. Objective: In present study we aimed at investigating the effect of withania somnifera extract (WSE) on preventing nicotine mediated effects attributed for the development of addiction. Material and Methods: Mice were treated with nicotine and/or WSE and subjected to nicotine induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in male albino mice was checked. Results: Application of two-way ANOVA showed that with preconditioning and post-conditioning values as a within-subjects (column) factor and treatment as an independent between subject (row) factor. Two-way ANOVA revealed significant effect of treatment [F(3,40)=4.119, p\<0.05], time [F(1,40)=23.76, p\<0.001] and interactiontreatment x time [F(3,40)=5.244, p\<0.01] on Intra-peritoneal (ip) administration of nicotine (1 mg/kg). WSE did not produce any changes in the preference to drug-paired compartment. Factors like treatment [F(3,40) = 0.656, p\>0.05], time [F(1,40) = 7.383, p\<0.01] and interactiontreatment x time [F(3,40) = 0.5748, p\>0.05] showed insignificant effects. Withania somnifera (50,100,200 mg/kg ip) coadministered with nicotine during the 6 days conditioning sessions completely abolished the acquisition of nicotine-induced CPP in mice. Conclusion: Above data indicate that withania somnifera attenuate nicotine induced CPP. Hence it has potential as an anti-addictive therapy.

}, keywords = {Condition place preference, Nicotine, Withania somnifera}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.8}, author = {Nitin Govindrao Dumore and Milind Janrao Umekar and Brijesh Gulabrao Taksande and Manish Manohar Aglawe and Nandkishor Ramdasji Kotagale} } @article {849, title = {ELISA Test on Cordia myxa L. Leaf Extract for alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {358-361}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {358}, abstract = {

Aimed: Determine the potential of Cordia myxa L. leaf on inhibited α-glucosidase. Material: ELISA Kit, Ethanol 96\%, Colomn Chromatography, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, Glocobay{\textregistered}.\  Method: Sample from Cordia myxa L. leaf extracted by ethanol 96\% then evaporated to get the sticky extract. The sticky extract of Cordia myxa L. leaf fractionated by column chromatography with n-hexane, n-hexane: ethyl acetate (90:10; 80:20; 75:25; 70:30; 65:35; 60:40; 55:45; 50:50) Assay: The fractions assayed by ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) with acarbose (Glucobay {\textregistered}) as the comparator. Result: The results showed that the n-hexane fraction is the highest potency on inhibited α-glucosidase with the noncompetitive mechanism. The IC50 of n-hexane fraction is 0.53 ppm been while the acarbose is 6.85 ppm. Conclusion: The n-hexane fraction of Cordia myxa L. leaf has the highest potency to use for possible decrease blood glucose level.

}, keywords = {Acarbose, Cordia myxa L., ELISA, IC50, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.54}, author = {Ahmad Najib and Aktsar Roskiana Ahmad and Virsa Handayani} } @article {1002, title = {Establishment of a 3D-structure Database for Chemical Compounds in Indonesian Sponges}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1211-1218}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1211}, abstract = {

Objective: Nowadays, There hasn{\textquoteright}t any three-dimensional (3D) chemical structure database yet for biologically active compound in sponges from Indonesian origin. Therefore, this study aimed to create in silico a 3D-structure database of such compound and to evaluate the preferred software for this purpose. Methods: 2D- structure of selected compounds was established using MarvinSketch software. Conversion from 2D- into 3D-structures was evaluated by comparing MarvinSketch, OpenBabel and VegaZZ software packages. Visualization of the respective 3D-structures was perfomed by using PyMOL software. From 68 scientific articles, 212 chemical compounds were selected from 53 Indonesian sponge species. Results: The conversion of 2D-structures of the selected 212 chemical compound into 3D-structures lead to 7118 files, respectively consisting of 2508 files from the MarvinSketch, 1672 files from the OpenBabel and 1051 files from the VegaZZ software. The results based on the extention files were 1043 SDF, 1258 MOL and 2930 PDB format files of the three-dimensional structure. The valid and correct three-dimensional structure of chemical compound were 914 .sdf format files, 916 format .mol files and 72 .pdb format files. From the three-dimensional structures visualization, the database prefers established by using MarvinSketch with SDF or MOL format files since the results is consistent to literature and contain less number of errors.

}, keywords = {2D-and 3D-chemical structures, 3D-database of chemical structures, Evaluation of software packages, Indonesian sponges}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.188}, author = {Retno Prihatiningtyas and Rezi Riadhi Syahdi and Masteria Yunovilsa Putra and Arry Yanuar} } @article {820, title = {Estimation of Phytochemical, Vitamins Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Pelargonium inquinans Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {237-244}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {237}, abstract = {

Aims: To estimate the phytochemical and vitamins composition and the antioxidant activity of Pelargonium inquinans leaves. Background: Some plants that are used in the traditional setting for the management of different ailments have documented observations and scientific studies. However many other plants lack scientific reports to support their medicinal use. One of such plant is Pelargonium inquinans Ait that is traditionally used to treat headaches and flu by tribes in South Africa. Not much is known about its chemical composition. Methods: The phytochemical composition of acetone, aqueous and ethanol extract of leaves of Pelargonium inquinans as well as the vitamins A, C and E of its dried weight leaves and the antioxidant activities were evaluated using standard in vitro methods. The phytochemical composition and vitamins were determined spectrophotometrically, while the antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and phosphomolybdenum (total) antioxidant activity. Statistical analysis: The One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test were used to determine the differences among the means of the various samples. Results: The phytochemical composition differ significantly in the various extracts. The total phenolics were higher than other phytochemicals in all the extracts used. The hydrogen peroxide and DPPH scavenging activity were very high and dose-dependent. The aqueous extract had the highest antioxidant activity at 98.4 \% of control (hydrogen peroxide), while the ethanol extract had the lowest at 37.5\% control (nitric oxide). Conclusion: The results supports the notion that the Geraniaceae family and Pelargonium inquinans in particular is rich in polyphenolic compounds and has good antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cancers, Pelargonium inquinans, Phenols, Phytochemical, Vitamins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.37}, author = {Ogochukwu Izuegbuna and Gloria Otunola and Graeme Bradley} } @article {1049, title = {Ethanol Extract of Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr. Flowers Produces Sleep Improvement in Rat Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1449-1454}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1449}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sleep disorder may have detrimental consequences on health and one of the treatments is the use of hypnotics. Unfortunately, hypnotics treatment may also be accompanied by side effects and lead to dependence. The present study aimed to investigate the sleep improving effects of ethanol extract of Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr. flowers in rat model. Methods: Rats were assigned into group receiving the extract (at 0.9 or 1.8 g/kg), the reference drug crocetin (at 0.9 mg/kg) or vehicle, once a day orally for 15 days. Results: Tested on day 1 and 14 of treatment, the rats receiving 1.8 g/kg of the extract showed improvements in sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, wake episodes, and sleep cycle, which were significantly different from crocetin. Furthermore, tested on day 2 and 15 of treatment, the rats treated with 1.8 g/kg extract demonstrated superior sedative rating scale compared to crocetin. Conclusions: Results of the present study indicates the potential of Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr. flower extract to be used as an adjunct treatment for sleep disorder.

}, keywords = {Flowers, Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr., Improvement, Rats, Sleep}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.224}, author = {Kusnandar Anggadiredja and I Ketut Adnyana and Dewi Safitri and Siti Farah Rahmawati and Tomi Hendrayana} } @article {955, title = {Ethnobotanical Study of Qur{\textquoteleft}an Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {919-928}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {919}, abstract = {

Introduction: In Islam, ethical teachings of biomedical ethics are linked with a Holy Qur{\textquoteleft}an and Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Al-Quran is one of the best reference books describing the importance of plants for medical benefits. There are 28 chapters (Surah) which mention specific name of plants in Al-Qur{\textquoteleft}an. This paper aims to compile the up-to-date information about some medicinal plants that mentioned in Al-Qur{\textquoteleft}an. Methods: Comprehensive and detailed information about plants has been collected from Ayat and Surah in the Qur{\textquoteright}an which states the specific name of the plant. Plant identities are arranged in a systematic sequence of confirmed botanical names from literature such as books, journal articles, and online databases, followed by Indonesian names, English names, families, references from the Qur{\textquoteright}an, parts used, chemical content, And medicinal properties. The pharmacological claims of plants mentioned in the Qur{\textquoteright}an, enriched by the search for scientific evidence available in journals and books. Results: Based on the collected data, there are 27 plant species mentioned in Al-Qur{\textquoteleft}an. In this paper, plants species were arranged in a systematic order of identity of the plant, followed by Indonesian name, English name, Family, references cited from Holy Quran, Part used, Chemical constituents, and efficacy of herbal medicine that has been used both empirically and scientifically. Conclusion: In this paper, attempts have been made to compile up-to-date knowledge of 27 species medicinal plants mentioned in the Qur{\textquoteright}an, which can be used as a quick reference guide for further studies in ethnobotany.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotanical study, Medicinal plants, Qur{\textquoteleft}an plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.147}, author = {Nurul Qamariah} } @article {900, title = {Ethnobotanical Survey of the Medicinal Plants used in the Southern Mediterranean. Case Study: The Region of Bissa (Northeastern Dahra Mountains, Algeria)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {647-659}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {647}, abstract = {

Introduction: The present study falls within the framework of valorization of medical plants and traditional knowledge{\textquoteright}s in the Northeastern part of Dahra Mountain, Algeria. Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted between 2016 and 2018 in order to study the traditional and therapeutic use of medical plants amongst the local population. Data collected was analyzed using quantitative indices such as the Fidelity Level (FL) and Informant Consensus Factor (FIC). Results: The results revealed 70 medicinal species belonging to 38 botanical families, among which, five families were the most commonly used by the local population, especially the families Lamiaceae and Asteraceae. In term of species, the highest frequencies of medicinal use were shown respectively by Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. (6.49\%), Pistacia lentiscus L. (6.11\%), Myrtus communis L. (5.34\%) and Thymus vulgaris L. (4.96\%). Among the various parts of the plant, leaves were the most used part and decoction was the most frequent form of use. Finally, the gastro-intestinal system disorders were the most treated diseases with a percentage of 28.24\%. Conclusion: This first ethnobotanical study conducted in the region of Bissa revealed a very rich local knowledge in term of traditional herbal medicine; this fact was reflected by the high diversity of species used in the treatment of several diseases. In light of this, it is therefore very important to subject some of the major species to further phytochemical and pharmacological studies in order to validate their traditional use and to probably discover new bioactive molecules.

}, keywords = {Algeria, Ethnobotany, Indigenous population, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.103}, author = {Fatima Senouci and Adda Ababou and Mohammed Chouieb} } @article {938, title = {Ethnobotanicals used for the Treatment of Skin Diseases with Special Emphasis on Carbuncle Disease from Purulia District of West Bengal in India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {745-753}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {745}, abstract = {

Background: From time immemorial ethnic people of Purulia district of West Bengal are well acquainted with different plant resources for the treatment of various skin diseases including {\textquoteright}carbuncle{\textquoteright} and others skin diseases. Carbuncle, caused by the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus is of major concern in this part of India, mostly dominated by tribes like Majhi, Munda, Santal, Birhor, Ho and Rajwar etc. Hot climate, overcrowded households, improper sanitation, very poor economic background and frequent burn accidents are of major issues for spreading of these bacterial infections. Objective: Present authors are trying to summarize these ethno-medicinal knowledge of the local, conservative traditional healers by using structured questionnaires given to them and are trying to analyze these information from scientific perspective. Materials and Methods: Plant samples were collected from March 2014 to May 2016, mostly during their flowering stage and a total of 62 people, both male (84\%) and female (16\%) were interviewed. Informant consensus factor, fidelity level and use value were calculated. Results: Fifty-nine herbal plants belongs to 35 families were recorded for the cure of various skin diseases, among which 10 plants are used individually during medication whereas 9 polyherbal formulations were used in various combinations during treatment. Five species of the families Moraceae and Asteraceae was found to be the most common medicinal plants, among which 44.89\% are herbaceous in habit. Leaves (55.55\%) are the most common plant part for their use. Conclusion: Therefore, the present paper has been written to document this rapidly vanishing huge knowledge of folklore which should be digitally conserved for futuristic approach on medicinal plants in India.

}, keywords = {Carbuncle, Ethnobotany, Fidelity level, Informant consensus factor, Purulia, Use value}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.118}, author = {Ghanashyam Mahato and Bangamoti Hansda and Nilanjana Banerjee} } @article {858, title = {Evaluation of Anthelmintic Potential of Leaves and Fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {475-478}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {475}, abstract = {

Background: Zanthoxylum rhetsa of family Rutaceae is traditionally employed for treatment of intestinal worms, urinary tract infection, tooth ache, asthma, bronchitis and rheumatism. Thus, the objective of the study was to screen in vitro anthelmintic activity of leaves and fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa on Eisenia fetida and Tubifex tubifex. Material and Methods: Total methanol extract and solvent fractions of methanol extract were prepared by maceration and solvent solvent extraction process respectively. The chromatographic fingerprints of total methanol extracts of leaves and fruits were developed using HPTLC. Results: The leaf and fruit extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins, essential oils and saponins. The extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity as evidenced by decrease in paralysis death time in the treatment groups when compared to standard. Conclusion: The results suggest that fruits and leaves of Z rhetsa have promising anthelmintic activity and further studies are required to identify the phytochemicals responsible for anthelmintic activity.

}, keywords = {Anthelmintic, Fruit, HPTLC, Leaf, Phytochemicals, Zanthoxylum rhetsa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.75}, author = {Rashmi Mallya and Fehmina Malim and Akanksha Naik and Milind Bhitre} } @article {984, title = {Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Lemongrass Oil Against Oral Clinical Isolates {\textendash} An In vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1023-1028}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1023}, abstract = {

Background: There are 1,200 oral species out of which 400 are potentially important and 20 organisms are periopathic. Periodontal flora plays the important role in initiation and progression of periodontal diseases. There are various conservative and surgical procedures to treat and prevent periodontal diseases. Local drug delivery agents reduce microbial burden, blocks collagenase activity and inhibits bone loss; out of which tetracycline is common in use. Unwanted side effects and resistance of microorganisms towards antibiotics due to their widespread use have modified the general prescription about their efficacy. Various researches elucidate that herbal extracts exhibit wide range of antibacterial activity. In recent years, Lemongrass essential oil gains scientific interest as it targets even the periodontal pathogens. The purpose of this study is to comparatively evaluate the antibacterial activity of lemongrass essential oil with that of tetracycline. Aim and objective: To comparatively evaluate the antibacterial activity of lemongrass essential oil with tetracycline against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Lactobacillus and to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of lemongrass essential oil. Study design: In vitro. Materials and Methods: It is an in vitro study done to demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of lemongrass against the oral microbes. Based on their involvement in various clinical conditions Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Lactobacillus were selected for the study. These organisms were inoculated to a solid media and incubated overnight aerobically at 37{\textdegree}C to obtain a pure culture. The culture was made as a suspension in sterile saline with the turbidity matching 0.5 Macfarland standard. This is used to make a lawn culture on the Mueller Hinton Agar. Antimicrobial effect of tetracycline was tested using standard disc of doxycycline 30 mcg (Himedia, SD012) and sterile disc was used to prepare lemongrass essential oil which contained 10 μl, 15 μl and 20μl. In each category 5 discs were tested to get a mean zone of inhibition. After 24 hours of incubation the zone of inhibition was measure in mm using a scale. The measured zone size was tabulated and compared among the groups. Results: The minimal inhibitory concentration of lemon grass essential oil was estimated to be 10μl. Statistically significant zone of inhibition and antibacterial zone was greater in lemongrass essential oil than tetracycline for Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus epidermis. Conclusion: Lemongrass essential oil showed higher antibacterial activity than tetracycline. Hence, it can be used as a good alternative to tetracycline or adjunctive in the treatment of periodontitis.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Lemongrass essential oil, Minimal inhibitory Concentration, Tetracycline}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.161}, author = {Paavai Ilango and Vasugi Suresh and Ayswarya V Vummidi1 and Vanessa Ravel and Veejai Chandran and Arulpari Mahalingam and Vineela Katam Reddy} } @article {941, title = {Evaluation of Anti-diarrheal and Anti-nociceptive Activity of Methanolic Unripe Fruit Peels Extract of Masua ferrea Linn. on Mice Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {828-835}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {828}, abstract = {

Background: Though traditionally the plant Masua ferrea has been used by south east Asian people in inflammation and septic conditions, the present study was designed to investigate the anti-diarrheal and anti-nociceptive activities of unripe fruit peel of Mesua ferrea on animal models. Methods: Various methods were employed for investigating these activities such as castor-oil induced diarrhea, castor-oil induced enteropooling and gastrointestinal motility test, acetic acid induced writhing test, tail immersion and hot plate methods. Results: From the experimental data it was found that the diarrheal episode was inhibited by 39.68\% and 49.21\% for methanol extract at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg respectively. The extract significantly lessened the intestinal volume for methanolic extract at 200 mg/Kg dose 0.54 {\textpm} 0.01 ml (p \< 0.05) and at 200 mg/Kg dose 0.47 {\textpm} 0.02 ml (p \< 0.01) compared to control 0.65 {\textpm} 0.03 ml in castor-oil induced enteropooling and also decreased intestinal transit 29.07 {\textendash} 48.54\% for methanolic extract comparable with standard (loperamide 5 mg/kg). Mesua ferrea peels significantly (P \< 0.05, P \< 0.01 and P \< 0.001) reduced the number of writhing, increased latency to flick tail in tail immersion method and elevated the mean basal reaction time in hot plate method respectively. Besides, no delayed toxicity was observed in given doses. Conclusion: The methanolic extract exhibited highly significant anti-diarrheal and antinociceptive activity in a dose-dependent manner, which supports its use in traditional herbal medicine.

}, keywords = {Anti-diarrheal, Anti-nociceptive, Castor oil, Intestinal transit, Mesua ferrea, Tail immersion method}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.133}, author = {Kishor Mazumder and Ziku Chandra Dey and Suparna Dey and Md. Fazlul Kabir and Minhazur Rahman and Sadiur Rahman Sajon} } @article {960, title = {Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Leaves, Barks, Stems and Fruits of Alphitonia philippinensis (Rhamnaceae) From Brunei Darussalam}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {951-961}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {951}, abstract = {

Phytochemical screening of Alphitonia philippinensis extracts revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins and steroids in different plant parts. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total flavonol content (TFlC) were measured using spectrophotometric methods where gallic acid and quercetin were the standards. Antioxidant activity of extracts was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2̉-azino-bis(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays using ascorbic acid and trolox were used as standards. Among the four different crude methanol extracts studies, leaves showed highest antioxidant capacity. EC50 values of the leaves extract from DPPH and ABTS method found 32 and 45 μg/mL respectively. The higher antioxidant activity of the leaves extract could be correlated with the presence of higher total phenolic content, total flavonoid, and total flavonol contents. According to antioxidant contents and assay results leaves extract possesses highest antioxidant property following fruits, barks and stems.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant property, philippinensis, Phytochemical investigation, Total Phenolic Contents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.151}, author = {Jamiuddin Ahmed and Kamariah Abu Salim and Linda B.L. Lim and Abdalla Mohamed Jama} } @article {1056, title = {Evaluation of Anti-proliferative Potential and Antioxidant Activity of a Wild Edible Mushroom Macrocybe crassa (Sacc.) Pegler and Lodge}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1504-1510}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1504}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aims to quantify the anti-oxidant activity of the methanolic extract of Macrocybe crassa and its anti-proliferative activity on normal and cancer cells. Methods: The anti-oxidant potential of the extract was determined by several in vitro assay system like DPPH radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion scavenging activity, percentage inhibition of lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity. Anti-proliferative activity was tested by MTT assay on breast cancer cell line MCF7, Human acute T lymphoblastic leukaemic cell MOLT-4 and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells or PBMC isolated from a healthy donor to check its cytotoxic effect on normal cells. Results: Results indicated that the methanolic extract of Macrocybe crassa shows appreciable anti-proliferative activity against breast cancer cell line MCF7 and negligible effect on MOLT4 cells. In contrast no significant anti-proliferative effect has been observed in normal PMMCs. Moderate anti-oxidant activity was recorded in methanolic extract. Conclusion: Methanolic extract of of Macrocybe crassa with moderate anti-oxidant activity and specific anti-proliferative effect on MCF7 holds a great promise can be used for isolation of bio molecules for treating Breast Cancer.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Macrocybe crassa, MCF7, MOLT-4, MTT Assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.231}, author = {Amrita Pal and Anirban Chouni and Arpan Das and Ribhu Ray and Santanu Paul} } @article {857, title = {Evaluation of Anti-psoriatic Potential of the Fruit Rind of Punica granatum L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {466-468}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {466}, abstract = {

Background: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is universally known for its therapeutic properties due to its potential bioactive compounds. However, there is no established scientific study on antipsoriatic activity of pomegranate fruit rind. The aim of the study is to evaluate the anti-psoriatic activity of the isolated compounds and the extract from the fruit rind of P. granatum. In our previous study, the isolated compounds were evaluated for antioxidant potential. In continuation to the previous investigation, the present study is taken up to evaluate the extract and compounds for in vitro anti-psoriatic activity. Methods: Chromatographic techniques were employed to isolate the compounds from the aqueous acetone extract and in vitro anti-psoriatic activity was determined by thymidine phosphorylase inhibition assay. Results: From previous phytochemical investigation, three compounds were identified as Punicalagin, 2,3(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-D-glucose and Punicalin. In the present study, the extract and the compounds were evaluated for anti-psoriatic activity. The results reveal that the isolated three compounds showed inhibitory activity of 89\% to 95\% against thymidine phosphorylase. Aqueous acetone extract also exhibited 87\% inhibition. Conclusion: Punica granatum is an ideal plant for further investigation to prove its anti-psoriatic activity.

}, keywords = {Anti-psoriatic activity, Punica granatum, Thymidine phosphorylase inhibition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.73}, author = {Janani Jacob and Gopalan R and Lakshmanaperumalsamy P and Ramanaiah Illuri and Damaji Bhosle and Gopala Krishna Sangli and Deepak Mundkinajeddu} } @article {911, title = {Evaluation of Antispasmodic Effect of Arcapillin on Smooth Muscles of Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {712-717}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {712}, abstract = {

Background: Arcapillin, 2{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright},5-trihydroxy-5{\textquoteright},6,7{\textendash}trimethoxyflavone, is a flavone aglycone isolated from several Artemisia species, though, it was first identified from A. capillaris. The Artemisia species are used in folk medicine as a remedy for gastrointestinal and liver illnesses, hypertension, fever and inflammation. Studies indicated a potential role of arcapillin to relieve symptoms of liver disorders; however, there is no report yet in the literature of its effect on smooth muscles. Objective: Our study aims to evaluate the effect of arcapillin, isolated from A. monosperma, on the contractile activity of rat smooth muscles. Materials and Methods: Increased concentrations of arcapillin were tested on isolated rat ileum, pulmonary artery, trachea, and urinary bladder. The muscle contraction was recorded upon addition of arcapillin in eight cumulative concentrations of half log units in the range of [10-7 M -3{\texttimes}10-4 M]. Depending on the organ-containing muscles, the preparations were treated with arcapillin either at basal tonus or after pre-stimulated via a contractile agent; 10-3 M O-acetylcholine on ileum and 10-5 M L-phenylephrine on pulmonary artery rings. Control tissues were treated with sodium hydroxide in an equivalent concentration to that used to dissolve the flavone. Results: Arcapillin caused a dose-dependent relaxation on ileum preparation and pulmonary artery. The inhibition of the contractile activity of ileum was reversible within 60 seconds after washing off the flavone. The urinary bladder showed a slight increase in contraction at the highest concentrations starting at [10-4 M] of arcapillin. There was no observed effect on the contraction of tracheal smooth muscles by all tested concentrations of arcapillin. Conclusion: The antispasmodic activity of arcapillin may contribute to the pharmaceutical importance of A. monosperma in particularly to treat gastrointestinal disorders.

}, keywords = {Antispasmodic, Arcapillin, Artemisia monosperma, Flavone, Smooth Muscles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.113}, author = {Lubna F. Abu-Niaaj and Ibrahim Katampe and Shtaywy S. Abdalla} } @article {899, title = {The Evaluation of Dietary Black Soybean and Purple Sweet Potato on Insulin Sensitivity in Streptozotocin - Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {639-646}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {639}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hyperglycemia mediates the production of excess free radicals and reduces endogenous antioxidant in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Black soybean (BSB) is rich in antioxidant mainly from isoflavones, whereas the antioxidant of purple sweet potato (PSP) comes from high anthocyanin. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of BSB, PSP, and its combination on malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations, insulin and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) expression in T2DM rats. Methods: T2DM induced by high-calorie diet for five weeks and then injected with a low dose of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg BW) intraperitoneally. The DM rats then treated with black soybean (DM + BSB), purple sweet potato (DM + PSP) and the combination of BSB and PSP 1:3, 2:2, 3:1 respectively (DM + C1- 3). Treatments were given for thirty days. The effect of BSB, PSP and its combination evaluated by measuring SOD and MDA, necrosis in pancreas evaluated through hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and insulin and IRS-1 expression in pancreas through immunohistochemistry-fluorescence (IHC-F). Results: Our result indicated that there were no significant differences of BSB and the combination in decreasing MDA concentrations. The ratio of BSB and PSP combination of 2:2 increase SOD towards near normal, decrease necrosis, and improve insulin and IRS-1. Conclusion: The combination of BSB and PSP had the potential to improve insulin sensitivity through the increase of SOD, reduce necrosis, and improve insulin and IRS-1 expression.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Malondialdehyde, Necrosis, Superoxide dismutase, T2DM}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.102}, author = {Abdul Gofur and Agung Witjoro and Erni Widya Ningtiyas and Evi Setyowati and Siti Aminatul Mukharromah and Mochammad Fitri Atho{\textquoteright}illah and Sri Rahayu Lestari} } @article {992, title = {Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Potential of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. Stem Bark as Abhava Pratinidhi Dravya (Substitute) of Rohitaka (Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem.) Against Paracetamol Induced Hepatotoxicity in Experimental Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1148-1154}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1148}, abstract = {

Background: Rohitaka (Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem.) has been considered as threatened and listed as rare at international level (IUCN, 2000). In Ayurveda classics, Rohitaka is described as Yakritpleehgulmodarhara (useful in liver and spleenic disorders). Rhododendron arboreum Sm. is used by folklore practitioners for treatment of Jaundice and marketed as Rohitaka in Nepal. Aim: To evaluate Rhododendron arboreum Sm. as an effective pratinidhi dravya (substitute) in abhava (absence) of Rohitaka (Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem.) with special reference to hepatoprotective activity in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: In the present study, hepatoprotective effect of Choorna (powder) and Kwatha (decoction) of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. and Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. (Choorna-0.54 g/kg body wt. and Kwatha- 4.32 ml/kg body wt. p. o. for 10 days along with paracetamol toxicant 3 g/kg body wt. p. o. on 6th and 8th day) were investigated against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity. Silymarin (100 mg/kg body wt.) was used as standard hepatoprotective reference drug. Statistical Analysis Used: The obtained data were analyzed by ANOVA with Dunnet{\textquoteright}s multiple {\textquoteleft}t{\textquoteright} test and level of p\<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Paracetamol treatment led to elevated levels of liver marker enzymes and disorientation in histological observations which were significantly reversed by treatment with Rhododendron arboreum Sm. and Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. dependent on dosage forms. Conclusion: The study revealed that both the drugs have similar hepatoprotective effect and thus Rhododendron arboreum Sm. as {\textquotedblleft}Abhava Pratinidhi Dravya{\textquotedblright} for Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. with special reference to hepatoprotective activity is justified.

}, keywords = {Abhava Pratinidhi Dravya, Choorna, Hepatoprotective, Kwatha, Rhododendron arboreum, Rohitaka, Substitute, Tecomella undulata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.179}, author = {Puneshwar Keshari and Pradeep and Sudhakar Bhat} } @article {1055, title = {Evaluation of Immune Boosting Properties and Combating of Multiple Respiratory Viral Infections by fifteen Euphorbiaceae Plant Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1490-1503}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1490}, abstract = {

Objective: Fifteen Euphorbiaceae plant extracts were evaluated for their antiviral and immune boosting properties. Methods: The maximum non-toxic concentration of each extract in specific pathogen{\textendash}free embryonated chicken eggs was estimated and their antiviral efficacy was determined in terms of reduction in viral titers, measured by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. The antiviral efficacy was compared with ribavirin. The active extract was further subjected to estimation of total polyphenolic and flavonoid contents. Also, GC/ MS analysis was used to analyze its unsaponifiable and saponifiable matters. Results: The cytotoxic concentration fifty (CC50) of Breynia distacha recorded the value of \>200 and \>300 for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1, respectively. This extract showed antiviral inhibition concentration (IC50) values of <= 2 and <= 3, respectively and antiviral therapeutic index of 100\% compared with ribavirin as standard. The serum of the vaccinated chicks treated with B. distacha has recorded the highest HI titers (7.1 and 8.3 log2) at the day of 28 post vaccination with high protection percentage (100 and 90\%) post NDV and AIV H5N1 challenge, respectively. Also, a high HI titer (6.9 log2) was recorded in serum of the vaccinated chicks treated with Aleurites moluccana, Jatropha curcas, Ricinus communis, Putranjiva roxburghii with protection percentage of 95-100\% post-NDV challenge. GC/MS analysis allowed identification of 91.10\% of the total unsaponifiable matter, (1-heptatriacotanol represented the major component, 24.61\%) and 82.51\% of the fatty acid methyl esters content (methyl palmitate represented the major component, 26.13 \%). Conclusion: This study highlighted the potential of many Euphorbiaceae plants especially B. distacha, to be new candidate of plant-based prototypes that carry antiviral and immunogenic features against respiratory viral infections.

}, keywords = {Euphorbiaceae, GC/MS, Hemagglutination, Immune, Respiratory viral infections, SPF-ECEs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.230}, author = {Howaida I Abd-Alla and Heba-tollah M Sweelam and Walaa A El-Kashak and Mounir M El-Safty} } @article {794, title = {Evaluation of Pharmacological Properties of Caesalpinia bonducella Seed and Shell Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January-2019}, pages = {150-154}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {150}, abstract = {

Background: Caesalpinia bonducella L. is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Caesalpiniaceae. It is a prickly shrub widely distributed all over the world especially in Indian tropical regions such as Kerala, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Sri Lanka. There are claims that its leaves or seeds/ seed kernel possess antipyretic, antidiuretic, antibacterial, antiviral, antiestrogenic and antidiabetic activities Due to the above properties several preparations of the plant were used in folk medicine. Materials and Methods: The aqueous extract of Caesalpinia bonducella nut containing the seed and the shell, has been evaluated for qualitative analysis of secondary metabolites (tannis, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, coumarins, quinone and phenols), in-vitro anti -inflammatory, anti-diabetic assay, antioxidant, antimitotic and antimicrobial activity. The studies were carried out using HRBC membrane stabilization, inhibition of alpha amalyse enzyme, DPPH method, green gram growth inhibition, agar diffusion method respectively. Results: Our results indicate the presence of Alkaloids, Flavanoids and Saponins. We report in our study the antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial and antimitotic activity of Caesalpinia bonducella.

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-mitotic, Anti-oxidant, Caesalpinia bonducella}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.25}, author = {Vigasini Subbiah and Pannaga Nagaraja and Priya Narayan and Holenarasipur GunduRao Nagendra} } @article {809, title = {Evergreen Conventional and Modern Microscopic Methods for Solving Various Cases of Forensic Botany by Morphological and Histological Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {171-176}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {171}, abstract = {

Introduction: The study concerning forensic evidences commences from the physical examination. Microscopic examination serves a good preliminary technique and provides a relatively quick and non-destructive means of obtaining qualitative information without much sample preparation. Various plants or plant materials such as pollens at the crime scene or a rare plant type present near a murder victim can be helpful in connecting suspect to a victim or scene. For examination of such evidences, the initial step is the identification of collected botanical evidences. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) produces images that rely on secondary electrons image and is concerned primarily with the observation of surface topography. SEM images at all direction (X-Y-Z rotation) giving a three dimensional view of the sample under study. Methods: For morphological and histological examination, compound microscope and SEM has been used. Three plant specimens have been taken i.e. Cannabis sativa, Ricinus communis and Papaver somniferum. For compound microscopic examination, sample has been stained with saffranin dye and for SEM examination; sample surface has been coated with gold-palladium layer to make it conductive. Results: The morphological and histological examination by compound microscope and SEM revealed many characteristic features like ellipsoidal pollens in Ricinus, cystolythic trichomes in Cannabis, large oval stomata in poppy, etc. Conclusion: The microscopic examination of botanical evidences by such sophisticated technique like SEM holds a lot of scope in forensic investigations with minimal evidence destruction and maximum details can be obtained in a preliminary examination only without using other complicated techniques.

}, keywords = {Botanical evidences, Cannabis sativa, Papaver somniferum, Ricinus communis, Scanning electron microscope}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.28}, author = {Astha Pandey and Shalvi Agrawal and Amruta D Patel and Dushyant Pendarkar and Jalpa D Bambhaniya} } @article {906, title = {Exploration of Anti-Urolithiasis Potential of Traditional Siddha Formulations Amukkara Chooranam and Karisalai Karpam Chooranam by Struvite Crystal Growth Inhibition Assay}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {683-688}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {683}, abstract = {

Background: Urolithiasis is a medical condition characterized by formation of stone which comprises of calcium oxalate, magnesium ammonium phosphate and uric acid. Reoccurrence becomes the primary hindering factor in providing relief for urolithiasis; hence there is a need of alternate therapeutic strategy that may effectively combat and halt the formation and nucleation of the crystals. Objective: The main aim of the present investigation is to explore the anti-urolithiasis potential of the two versatile siddha formulations Amukkara Chooranam (AKC) and Karisalai Karpam Chooranam (KKC) using diffusion gel growth technique. Materials and Methods: Silica hydrogel matrix was divided in to three groups which were control, AKC and KKC treated groups. Test drugs were screened at two dose levels of 0.5\% and 1\%. The efficiency of the formulations was screened by comparing the crystal size of the control and treatment medium. Results: The average size of the crystals in the control medium was found to be 2.12 {\textpm} 0.22 cm, whereas the crystal size was significantly decreased in medium contains 0.5\% and 1\% of AKC with the size of 1.4 {\textpm} 0.15 and 1.14 {\textpm} 0.18 cm. Similar type of findings were observed in medium consist of 0.5\% and 1 \% KKC with the size of 1.52 {\textpm} 0.13 and 1.08 {\textpm} 0.17 cm. Conclusion: Results clearly indicates that both the siddha formulations offers maximum percentage inhibition on the crystal growth in the tested medium, this efficacy may be due to presence of versatile phytocomponents present in the formulations.

}, keywords = {Amukkara Chooranam, Crystals, Karisalai karpam chooranam, Lithotripsy, Polyherbal, Traditional medicines}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.108}, author = {D.Sivaraman and N.Anbu and N.Kabilan and M.Pitchiah Kumar and P.Shanmugapriya and G.J.Christian} } @article {895, title = {Extraction and Identification of Cactus Opuntia dillenii Seed Oil and its added Value for Human Health Benefits}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {579-587}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {579}, abstract = {

Cactus Opuntia dillenii presents multiple health benefits. The current study aims to investigate the seed composition and content of prickly pear fruits from Iraq. Results obtained showed that Opuntia dillenii contained 9.5\% of seeds of the entire fruit while extracted oil presented 6.5\% of total seed composition. Fatty acid analysis revealed that the polyunsaturated linoleic acid (72.9\%), the saturated palmitic acid (15.12\%) and stearic acid (7.51\%) presented the main seed fatty acids of Opuntia dilleniid. Other essential oils were detected but at low percentage. Interestingly, stearic acid content in Cactus oil presented 7.51\%, which is much higher than soybeans (~3\%) that are considered as the largest source of animal protein feed and the second largest source of vegetable oil worldwide. Stearic acid presents neutral effects on the concentration of blood serum LDL cholesterol and does not exhibit cholesterolemic effects on human health. The analysis of cactus seed oil demonstrated a strong antioxidant ability estimated by their capability to reduce oxidation. Treated cake with BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) at concentration of 0.02 mg/100g of butter from cactus seed-oil exhibited lower peroxide values ranging from 0.67 to 1.5 milli-equivalents (meq) peroxide per 1 kg of oil throughout 15 days of storage time at 4 {\textdegree}C. In contrast, treated cake with 0.11 mg/100g of butter from cactus seed-oil presented lower peroxide values ranged from 0.69 to 2.5 meq peroxide per 1 kg of oil among all treatments. Because of its high-saturated fatty acid composition (\>22\%) and rich linoleic acid (72.9\%) composition, Opuntia dillenii present an alternative source with several health benefits by lowering cholesterol risks and for biodiesel production.

}, keywords = {Cactus, Cake, Fatty Acid, GC-MS, Peroxide value, Seed-oil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.92}, author = {Alya Jameel Ali Alsaad and Ammar B. Altemimi and Salah Naji Aziz and Naoufal Lakhssassi} } @article {823, title = {An Eye-Catching Review of Aegle marmelos L. (Golden Apple)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {207-224}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {207}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plants and their products are a major source for food and medicine that are highly beneficial for various animals and humans. This article focuses on complete profile of Aegle marmelos L. which belongs to the family Rutaceae, is commonly known as bael, widely available in several places in India. Ethnobotany: Traditional use of A. marmelos for various diseases includes abdominal disorders, ulcer, cholera, diarrhea, nerve disorders, gonorrhea, heart disorders, dog bite, jaundice, snake bite and many more. A number of biologically active compounds isolated from various parts of A. marmelos which belongs to various chemical groups. Phytochemistry: The isolated components belong to Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Vitamins, Coumarins, Tannins, Carbohydrates, Flavonoids, Fatty Acids, Essential Oils and some other miscellaneous compounds. Pharmacological Activities: The plant also possess various pharmacological activities such as Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antidiarrheal, Antidiabetic, Antiproliferative, Cytoprotective, Hepatoprotective, Antifertility, Analgesic, Antiarthritis, Contractile, Antihyperlipidemic, Cardioprotective, Radioprotective, Anticancer, Antiviral, Antiulcer, Immunomodulatory and Wound Healing properties. Conclusion: Hence this review can be a good reference for researchers who are willing to undertake further investigation about A. marmelos.

}, keywords = {Aegle marmelos, Ethnobotany, Pharmacological activities, Phytochemistry, Traditional use}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.34}, author = {Kausik Bhar and Sumanta Mondal and Padilam Suresh} } @article {990, title = {Flavonoids in Passiflora incarnata L. Dry Extract of Russian Origin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1143-1147}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1143}, abstract = {

Background: Flavonoids are one of the main classes of biologically active substances providing the pharmacotherapeutic effect of passionflower (Passiflora incarnata L.) preparations. In this article studies on the standardization of Passiflora incarnata L. dry extract (PDE) by flavonoids are presented. The aim of this work was to study the composition and content of flavonoids in PDE with the help of precise modern physicochemical methods. Materials and Methods: PDE was prepared from crude herbal drug {\textendash} P. incarnata herb of Russian origin. Reverse phase HPLC-UV analysis was performed with Agilent 1100 liquid chromatograph. Chromatographic column was Atlantis C18 (250 mm {\texttimes} 4.6 mm {\texttimes} 5 μm); analytical wavelength {\textendash} 350 nm; mobile phase {\textendash} 0.01\% formic acid solution and methanol: acetonitrile (25:75); column temperature {\textendash} 35{\textdegree}C; analysis time {\textendash} 90 min; flow rate of the mobile phase {\textendash} 0.8 ml/min in gradient elution mode. Commercially available samples of flavonoids were used for identification and quantitative determination. Results: 20 compounds of flavonoid structure are presented in the PDE. 9 flavonoid compounds have been identified, they are: isovitexin, vitexin, rutoside, hyperoside, luteolin, kaempferol, kaempferitrin, orientin, and isoorientin. The content of vitexin is 0,867 {\textpm} 0,011\%, the total flavonoids content in terms of vitexin is 3,762 {\textpm} 0,049\%. Conclusion: The obtained data will be used to create regulatory documentation for drugs based on PDE.

}, keywords = {Dry extract, Flavonoids, Passiflora incarnata, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.178}, author = {Guseinov MD and Bobkova NV and Svistunov AA and Tarasov VV and Bokov DO and Sergunova EV and Kovaleva TYu} } @article {884, title = {Flavonoids of East Asian Species Serratula manshurica Kitag}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, year = {2019}, month = {March 2019}, pages = {xx-xx}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {xx}, abstract = {

Aim/ Background: The flavonoid composition of the East Asian species Serratula manshurica Kitag. (Family Asteraceae) growing in the Primorsky Territory, the Amur region and in the South of the Khabarovsk Territory of Russia was studied. Materials and Methods: Flavonoids quercetin-4{\textquoteright}-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (1) and apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (2) were isolated from Serratula manshurica by methods of liquid extraction and recrystallization. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by UV, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. Separation and quantitative content of flavonoids in the extracts of the aerial part (Leaves, stems, inflorescences) of Serratula manshurica was observed by RP HPLC. Results and Conclusion: The change in the amount of some flavonoids in various phenological phases in the overhead part of Serratula manshurica Kitag was studied. It was revealed that the maximum concentration of flavonoid aglycones in the plant was observed during the before budding in the budding period and their glycosides prevaily in the flowering phase. Widespread across the Far East, Serratula manshurica is promising and renewable source of bioactive compounds.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Leaves, NMR spectroscopy, Serratula manshurica, Steams}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.xx}, author = {Myagchilov Aleksey V and Sokolova Larisa I and Gorovoy Peter G and Dmitrenok Pavel S} } @article {1024, title = {Formulation and Characterization of Bitter Melon Extract (Momordica charantia) Loaded Phytosomes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1235-1241}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1235}, abstract = {

Objective: Phytosomes are a novel drug delivery system that offers better absorption and bioavailability for extract or phytoconstituents. The aim of this study was developing bitter melon extract load phytosomes with appropriate characteristics for transdermal delivery. Methods: Three formulas were developed, F1, F2 and F3 with weight ratios of extract and phosphatidylcholine were 1: 1, 1: 2 and 1: 3, respectively. Bitter melon fruit was extracted using a maceration method and the marker compounds were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Phytosomes were prepared using thin layer method and then characterized, in terms of morphology, particle size distribution, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency. Results: The results of pytosomes characterization reveals that the F3 was the optimal formula. It has a spherical shape, particle size (DV-mean) was 282.3 {\textpm} 16.4 nm, zeta potential value at -39.2 {\textpm} 0.14 mV and entrapment efficiency of 90.06 {\textpm} 1.07 \%. Conclusion: Bitter melon extract loaded phytosomes with a weight ratio of extract and phosphatidylcholine 1:3 (F3) was selected as an optimal formula with appropriate characteristics for transdermal delivery.

}, keywords = {Bitter melon, Momordica charantia, Phytosomes, Thin layer method, Transdermal delivery}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.192}, author = {Rhatih Eka Sasongko and Silvia Surini and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1017, title = {Free Radical Scavenging Capacity and Total Phenolic Contents in Peel and Fleshy Crude Extracts of Selected Vegetables}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1351-1358}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1351}, abstract = {

Context: Vegetables are sources of natural antioxidants which have beneficial health-promoting properties. Aims: This research was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant potentials and total phenolic contents in vegetable extracts. Settings and Design: The experiment was divided two groups using six vegetable peels and fleshes, including potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), carrot (Daucus carota L.), bitter gourd (Monordica Charantia L.), pumpkin (Cucurbita moschana Duchesn), Chinese radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Materials and Methods: The samples were extracted with 95\% ethanol for 24 hrs and then analyzed the antioxidant activities by DPPH and FRAP assay and total phenolic contents was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Statistical analysis used: All the analysis was done in triplicate, and values are represented as means {\textpm} standard deviations. The data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significance differences between mean values were determined by Tukey{\textquoteright}s multiple comparison tests (p \< 0.05). Pearson correlation coefficient was determined between the antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents using SPSS version 21. Results: The results revealed that antioxidant activities were different statistically significant in each group (p \< 0.05). Carrot peel was the most potent in DPPH radical scavenging activity (61.80 {\textpm} 6.14\%) and reducing power (0.75 {\textpm} 0.25 mM Fe2+/g extract) and potato flesh could inhibit DPPH radical (35.60 {\textpm} 0.63 \%) and had the highest FRAP value (0.61 {\textpm} 0.78 mM Fe2+/g extract). Pumpkin peel and Chinese radish flesh had the most total phenolic contents as 110.45 {\textpm} 22.49 and 142.15 {\textpm} 3.53 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. Although no correlations was between antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents in extracts but were significant correlations between DPPH and FRAP assay in vegetable peels and fleshes as 0.931 and 0.819, respectively. Conclusion: This study substantiates the potential of vegetable peels to be used as functional foods and natural free radical scavengers.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Free Radicals, Total Phenolic Contents, Vegetable fleshes, Vegetable peels}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.209}, author = {Chanate Wanna} } @article {908, title = {Free Radicals Scavenging Activity and Oxidative DNA Damage Protecting Property of Methanol Extract from Honeycrisp Apple}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {694-698}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {694}, abstract = {

Objectives: This research reports the qualitative phytochemical constituents and considers the in vitro free radicals scavenging activities based on DPPH and nitric oxide assays and oxidative DNA damage protection activity of methanol extract from Honeycrisp apple. The foremost interest for this research was to use standard measures to determine nitric oxide scavenging activity, DPPH-scavenging activity and DNA damage protecting activity to assess the antioxidant potential of methanol extract from the apple. Materials and Methods: Concentrations of apple extracts with the intervals 20 μg/ml to 100 μmg/ml were prepared and mixed with suitable volumes of reagents and the corresponding absorbances read at the respective wavelength. Results: The outcomes of this research specify that methanol extract of Honeycrisp apple contain multiple phytochemical compounds that can expertly shield the body against oxidative stress caused by free radicals and might then be used as a source of potent natural antioxidant compounds. The IC50 values of methanol extract from Honeycrisp apple varied from 10.30 to 36.29 μg/ml which indicates the high radical scavenging activity of the sample. Conclusion: The DNA damage defensive potential of the extracts was also revealed, which could be used in cancer inhibition.

}, keywords = {DNA damaging, DPPH, Free Radicals, Honeycrisp apple, Nitric oxide, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.110}, author = {Williams Kweku Darkwah and Matthew Nkoom} } @article {892, title = {Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry Analysis of Methanol Extracts from Marine Red Seaweed Gracilaria corticata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {547-554}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {547}, abstract = {

Introduction: The objective of the work is to analyse the methanol extract of marine red macro algae species Gracilaria corticata using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to reveal the presence of various secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds present in the algae and study its diverse properties. Methods: Gracilaria corticata was collected along the shore of Mandapam and was identified and authenticated. The methanol extract of the algae was prepared and analysed using GC-MS Perkin-Elmer, Clarus 680 model to reveal the various bioactive present in the algae. Results: The analysis revealed several bioactive compounds:undecane; 2-decyloxirane (2.023\%); Methy n-tridecanoate;n-hexadecanoic acid (74.198\%); eicosanoic acid (2.262\%); nonanoic acid (2.084\%); oleic acid (6.609\%); oleic acid (4.156\%); pentadecanoic acid (2.176\%); bicycle [3.2.1] oct-3-en-2-one,3,8-dihydroxy- 1-1methoxy-7-(7-methoxy-1, 3 benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-methyl-5 (2.901\%);N-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl) dodecanamide (2.048\%); and cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol,4-methyl (1.542\%). The bioactive compounds from methanol extract of algae after GC-MS analysis and their essential medicinal properties were studied in this research work. Conclusion: Gracilaria corticata has potential against bacteria, fungi, free radical scavenging, etc and can used in the drug discovery and development sector.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, GC-MS, Gracilaria corticata, Medicinal properties, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.87}, author = {Venkataraghavan Ragunathan and Jayashree Pandurangan and Thiruchelvi Ramakrishnan} } @article {831, title = {Gas Chromatography{\textendash}Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) Analysis, Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Emblica officinalis Fruit Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {315-323}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {315}, abstract = {

Introduction: Emblica officinalis is one of the common plants being used traditionally in different ways to search for cures and relief from various diseases. Among these diseases, Emblica officinalis had many of medicinal uses in treating a wide variety of bacterial and fungal infections. In this study, Ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) was efficiently used for the preparation of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Embelica officinalis fruits (EOFE). The phytoconstituents was detected through GC-MS/MS analysis to confirm antimicrobial effect of EOFE. Materials and methods: The extraction was carried out at 20{\textordmasculine}C, for 20 min using a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1: 60 w/v. The extracts were subjected to GC-MS/MS analysis. The in-vitro effect of extracts against twenty one microbial strains was investigated by an agar well diffusion method in different concentrations (25 μg/mL-1000 μg/mL). Results: The percentage yield was found to be 41.33\% w/v and 23.0 \% w/v with water and methanol, respectively. Phenol,3,5-bis1,1 dimethylethyl, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and heptasiloxa ne1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13-tetradecamethyl were confirmed by GC-MS/MS analysis. Effectiveness of extracts against Gram negative bacteria; Providencia alcalifaciens and Gram positive bacteria; Bacillus pumilis, Bacillus polymyxa and fungal strains; Neurospora crassa, Aspergillus brasileinsis and Cladosporium oxysporum are reported for the first time. Aqueous extract revealed excellent antibacterial activity at 50 μg/mL and antifungal activity at 100 μg/mL whereas methanolic extract showed antifungal activity at 250 μg/mL. Conclusion: Results highlight the considerable inhibitory effect of EOFE against various microbial species was mainly due to the presence of phenolic compounds and other phytocompounds.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Emblica officinalis, GC-MS/MS, Ultrasonic assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.47}, author = {Ali Mohammed Mohammed Ali Al-Samman and Kahkashan and Nadeem Ahmad Siddique} } @article {792, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Bio-active Compounds in Ethanol Extract of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Fruit Peel}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {146-149}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {146}, abstract = {

Introduction: Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. has long been used in folkloric medicine for treating arthralgia, fever, hemorrhoids, muscle pain and rheumatism. But no reports were found regarding phytochemical constituents in P. roxburghii fruit peel. Therefore, this study was designed to analyze extract of P. roxburghii fruit peel (PRFP). Methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the ethanol extract of PRFP was carried out by using a GC-MS equipment. Results: The GC-MS analysis has revealed the existence of different phytochemical compounds in the ethanolic extract of PRFP. The major compounds in PRFP extract are Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)- (4.56\%), 6-Octen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl- (41.07\%), Geraniol (2.45\%), (1R,2S,5R)-2-(2-Hydroxy-2-propanyl)-5-methylcyclohexanol (14.09\%), 2,6-Octadiene, 2,6-dimethyl- (7.04\%), p-Menthane-3,8-diol, cis-1,3,trans-1,4- (3.39\%), 2,6-Octadien- 1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate (6.69\%) and 13-Docosenamide, (Z)- (2.83\%). A total of 25 compounds identified representing 99.98\% of total ethanolic extract. Conclusion: Overall finding suggests that PRFP contain various phytocomponents and is recommended as an important source of pharmaceutical ingredients.

}, keywords = {Ethanol Extract, Fruit peel, GC-MS, Pharmaceutical ingredients, Putranjiva roxburghii}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.24}, author = {Md. Mahmudul Hasan and Md. Rezuan Al Mahmud and Md. Gaziul Islam} } @article {989, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Phytochemicals in Methanol Extract of Aerial Part and Callus of Dipterygium glaucum Decne}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1055-1063}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1055}, abstract = {

Introduction: This study was designed to evaluate the phytocomponents present in aerial part and in vitro induced callus methanol extracts of Dipterygium glaucum by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Methods: GC-MS analysis of aerial part sample and callus produced from leaf of D. glaucum extracted in methanol solvents was performed using GC-MS QP 2010 Plus (Shimadzu, Japan) system comprising an auto sampler (AOC-20i) and a gas chromatograph interfaced to a mass spectrometer. Results: This study was carried out to identified and comparative analysis of bioactive phytochemicals from aerial part extract and callus extract of D. glaucum. This analysis revealed that both the extracts have 69 different types of phytochemical components in varying quantities. Some of the important phytochemical compounds were Stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol, Campesterol, Squalene, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Stearic acid, Myristic acid, Quinazoline, Linalyl acetate etc. These chemical compounds have anticancer, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antioxidants properties. Conclusion: This study represents the detection and identification of different phytochemical compounds from aerial part and callus extract of D. glaucum. Thus, due to the presence of various important bioactive phytocomponents this plant is recommended as a pharmaceutically important plant.

}, keywords = {Callus, Campesterol, Capparidaceae, Fatty Acid, Stigmasterol, Terpenoids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.165}, author = {Choudhary D and Shekhawat JK and Kataria V} } @article {945, title = {Glucosinolates, Degradation Products and Myrosinase Activity in Raphanus sativus Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {866-872}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {866}, abstract = {

This research was conducted to assess the gluocosinolate (GSL), isothiocyanate (ITC) and myrosinase content in two cultivars of Raphanus sativus Linn. (white and red) roots. LC-ESIMS investigation was done on desulfated GSLs since this methodology has been previously established for efficient GSL analyses. The major GSLs: sinigrin (1) 1,2-dihydroxy-2-phenylethyl glucosinolate (2), 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin (3), glucoraphasatin (4) and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin (5) were found in red radishes; whereas, only 1 and 4 were obtained in white radishes. Myrosinase was analyzed in the tubers due to its ability to catalyze and hydrolyze GSLs into ITCs. This β-thioglucosidase enzyme was found to be over 10 times more active in red tubers (2.05E-02 units) than in white radishes (1.55E-03 units) and the results were linked to the presence/absence of the outer covering of the tubers. Due to the promising medicinal properties of the aglucone derivative of compound 4, 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate (6), the ITC analog was monitored using gas chromatographic mass spectral analyses after myrosinase-mediated hydrolysis. From the results, it can be construed that the occurrence of GSLs 1-5 and the bioactive agent 6 were inherent in the R. sativus cultivars evaluated.

}, keywords = {GC-FID, GC-MS, Glucosinolates, Isothiocyanates, LC-ESI-MS, Myrosinase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.139}, author = {Maria Carmen S. Tan and Marissa G. Noel} } @article {835, title = {Gymnema sylvestre (Gurmar): A Potent Herb with Anti-diabetic and Antioxidant Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {201-206}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {201}, abstract = {

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder with high blood sugar level. Type 2 is the common form. The herbal remedies for diabetes treatment is an area of research with a huge potential for the progress in the growth of inexpensive alternative medicine with low or no side effects. In this paper, reviews mainly focused on traditionally used medicinal herb, Gymnema sylvestre and its bioactive components and their mode of actions. Method: Relevant information was collected from scientific journals, research papers, books and various medicinal reviews. Result: This review provides a comprehensive report on Gymnema sylvestre having antidiabetic and antioxidant activity due to its bioactive compounds like oleanines (gymnemic acid, gymnema saponins), dammarenes (gymnemasides), anthraquinones, flavones, hentriacontane, pentatriacontane, phytin, resin, tartaric acid, formic acid, butyric acid, lupeol, β-amyrene related glycosides and anthraquinones, alkaloid like gymnamine, flavonoids, cinnamic acid, folic acid, ascorbic acid etc. Conclusion: Considering the presence of bioactive compounds present in Gymnema sylvestre, this review is aimed to summarize the information of the chemical constituents and their antidiabetic activities and specially to detect the relation between antioxidants and antidiabetic compounds regarding blood sugar reduction in diabetes.

}, keywords = {Alternative medicine, Anti- diabetic, Antioxidant, Bioactive compounds, Gymnema sylvestre}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.33}, author = {Suparna Laha and Santanu Paul} } @article {977, title = {Hairy Root Technology: Effect of Etiolation on Datura sp. Transgenic Root Induction and Hyoscyamine Production}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {991-995}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {991}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hyoscyamine, because of its medicinal properties, is an important tropane alkaloid. In order to implement a biotechnological process for its production, hairy roots of Datura species resulting from genetic transformation by Agrobacterium rhizogenes A4 strain have been the subject of this work. In the in vitro alkaloids production programs, optimization of the transformation is a crucial step for obtaining a large number of root lines allowing the selection of efficient lines. Methods: The conditions for hairy roots induction were explored by studying the effect of Datura sp. in vitro seedling etiolation on the genetic transformation. The first step was the establishment of Datura in vitro plantlet cultures followed by the hairy roots induction with A4 strain of A. rhizogenes. The confirmation of the genetic transformation was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of rolB gene in the roots. After hyoscyamine extraction, it was analyzed (quantitatively and qualitatively) by gas chromatography. Results: 343 root lines were obtained in total, 96 root lines from non-etiolated Datura in vitro seedlings and 247 root lines from etiolated in vitro plantlets. After the selection of six transgenic root lines, tow root lines from each species (D. tramonium, D. tatula and D. innoxia), one from non-etiolated in vitro plantlet and one from etiolated in vitro plantlet, the most hyoscyamine content was 8.43 mg/g D.W. obtained with D. tatula etiolated in vitro seedling. Conclusion: The etiolated in vitro plantlets seem more favorable to hairy roots induction.

}, keywords = {Datura sp., Etiolation, Gas chromatography, Hairy roots, Hyoscyamine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.156}, author = {Boualem HARFI and Lakhdar KHELIFI} } @article {1001, title = {HerbalDB 2.0: Optimization of Construction of Three-Dimensional Chemical Compound Structures to Update Indonesian Medicinal Plant Database}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1189-1194}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1189}, abstract = {

Objective: Development of novel drugs is an important challenge in the pharmaceutical world and industry. In-silico methods are often considered in refinement / correction processes of drug design because they may lower the costs. The in-silico drug discovery process requires a three- Dimensional Structure (3DS) of the chemical compounds as input. Computational 3DSs often exhibit structural mismatches thus affecting the validity of the in-silico drug design process. In a previous study, a 3DS database with 1405 of Indonesian herbal compounds was developed, named HerbalDB. In this database, various structural mismatches were identified in some of the 3DSs. Our study aimed to identify and correct the structural mismatches in the herbalDB and to determine the best method in creating correct 3DS of chemical compounds. Methods: Structural mismatches in the herbal database were identified by molecular visualization. Results: The identification process yielded 170 compounds with structural mismatches that were corrected with 10 different parameters using the MarvinSketch and VegaZZ software, evaluated by molecular visualization. Conclusions: based on 3DS of chemical compound visualization, *.mol and *.sdf file format created using Dreiding force fields of MarvinSketch are the best method to construct the proper structure of Indonesian medicinal plant{\textquoteright}s chemical compound database compared with MMFF94, AMBER and CHARMM forcefields.

}, keywords = {Herbal database, MarvinSketch, Three-dimensional structure, VegaZZ}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.184}, author = {Rezi Riadhi Syahdi and Jasmine Tiara Iqbal and Abdul Munim and Arry Yanuar} } @article {949, title = {A High Antibacterial Efficacy of Fruits of Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers from Nepal. GC-MS and Antioxidative Capacity Analyses}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {889-893}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {889}, abstract = {

Background: Biological activities of the plant materials may vary with different geographic origin. Litsea cubeba fruits are consumed in Nepal as a spice ingredient and are considered to be possessed antibacterial property. Objectives: Aims of this work are: to compare phytoconstituents present in litsea oil by GC-MS analysis, and to evaluate antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the volatile oil and the fruit extracts. Materials and Methods: Hydrodistillation of L. cubeba fruits was performed to obtain litsea oil followed by extractions with boiling methanol. Fractionations of the extract provided hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts. The oil and extracts were analysed for the phytochemicals present. They were evaluated by using antibacterial susceptibility, brine-shrimp lethality and antioxidant capacity assays. Results: All together 49 compounds (accounting 93.66\%) were identified in the litsea oil by GC-MS. Monoterpenes being dominant components, the oil constituted 15.96\% of citral (geranial and neral). Other major constituents were capric acid (12.44\%), β-caryophyllene oxide (7.69\%), linalool (5.96\%), eucalyptol (5.13\%) and cis- β-terpineol (4.22\%). Litsea oil, hexane extract and dichloromethane extract displayed very effective antibacterial property. Ethyl acetate extract (LC50 = 21.52 μg mL-1) and litsea oil (LC50 = 31.62 μg mL-1) were found highly cytotoxic against brine-shrimp nauplii. Ethyl acetate (IC50 = 124.57 μg mL-1) and dichloromethane (IC50 = 271.08 μg mL-1) extracts displayed a modest DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Conclusion: Phytoconstituents present in the L. cubeba fruits from Nepal were analysed. Litsea oil and the extracts have displayed high antibacterial and potentially anticarcinogenic activities.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Brine-shrimp assay, DPPH assay, GC-MS analysis, Litsea oil, Minimum bactericidal concentration}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.142}, author = {Gan B Bajracharya and Pratigya KC} } @article {975, title = {Honokiol and Magnolol Induce Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1114-1123}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1114}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ovarian cancer is a major cause of cancer-related death among women. The growth, persistence, and cancer metastasis are causes of poor prognosis and high mortality rate. Honokiol and magnolol are derivative compounds extracted from the root and stem bark of Magnolia officinalis. Many studies have reported that honokiol and magnolol have anti-tumour effects on various types of cancer. The present study investigates the anti-tumour effect of these compounds on human ovarian cancer. Methods: Ovarian cancer cell lines, SKOV3 and ES-2 cells were tested with honokiol and magnolol to determine their responses including the cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, induction of cell apoptosis and metastasis ability. Result: The results indicate that low concentrations of honokiol and magnolol suppressed the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells through induction of cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 and down-regulation of the cyclin D1 protein. These compounds also exhibited an anti-metastatic ability mediated by inhibiting migration, adhesion, and MMP activities. Additionally, high concentrations of honokiol and magnolol could activate cell death associated with the apoptosis signalling pathway, either along an intrinsic or extrinsic pathway. Conclusion: The data provides evidence that honokiol and magnolol have potential anti-tumour properties and minimal toxicity on normal cells, and could therefore be applied in the treatment of ovarian cancer.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Honokiol, Magnolol, Metastasis, Ovarian Cancer, Proliferation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.174}, author = {Worawat Songjang and Arunya Jiraviriyakul} } @article {829, title = {HPLC Quantification of Hydroxycinnamic and Organic Acids of Canadian Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {400-404}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {400}, abstract = {

Background: Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine across the world for several hundred years. According to literature data, S. canadensis contains various groups of biologically active substances, including tannins, flavonoids, etc. The aim of the study was to identify and quantify hydroxycinnamic and organic acids in aerial parts of Canadian goldenrod, as these groups of substances demonstrate a broad spectrum of therapeutic activities. Materials and Methods: Ethanolic extracts of S. canadensis, gathered in Central Russia, were analyzed using highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCA) determination was carried out by HPLC method with UV detection at 330 nm using HCA reference standards (RS). Organic acids (OA) determination was performed in the same manner, utilizing UV detection at 210 nm and corresponding OA RS. Results: It was established that S. canadensis HCA composition is represented by cichoric, caffeic, chlorogenic, quinic and ferulic acids. The total HCA content in was 1.16 g {\textpm} 10.7 mg / 100 g. Main OA, found in S. canadensis, are ascorbic, citric, tartaric, succinic, gallic, malic, oxalic and fumaric acids, with the total OA content of 426.5 mg {\textpm} 6.4 mg / 100 g. Conclusion: The described HPLC method was successfully used for analysis of S. canadensis aerial parts ethanolic extracts. The method can be utilized for HCA and OA identification and quantification in both herbal raw material and herbal medicinal products containing Canadian goldenrod.

}, keywords = {Canadian goldenrod, HPLC, Hydroxycinnamic acids, Organic acids, Solidago canadensis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.62}, author = {Fidan Suleymanova and Olga Nesterova and Alexey Matyushin} } @article {947, title = {The Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agaradh and Computational Studies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {873-883}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {873}, abstract = {

Aim/Background: The present work was carried out to identify some of the bioactive components present in the Brown seaweed Turbinaria ornata by GC-MS technique, and to ascertain its medicinal properties. Materials and Methods: GC-MS analysis of some of the potent volatile constituents present in the pet ether of Turbinaria ornata was performed. MD simulations were performed for complex structures of human secretory PLA2 and P38 kinase. GC-MS chromatogram showed peaks indicating the presence of various compounds of interest. The interpretation of the mass spectrum of GC-MS was done using the Database of Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology (IICPT). Twenty compounds were identified in pet ether extract of Turbinaria ornata. All 20 compounds were screened using PASS online activity prediction server, for the possession of anti-inflammatory potency and the selected target proteins were subjected to molecular docking studies. MD simulations were also performed for the top listed compound 16 which was identified from D3P extract (2,3-Diphenylcyclopropyl)methyl phenyl sulfoxide, trans-). Similarly, the complex structure of PLA2 (phospho-ethanolamine, PE) and P38 kinase (3-(2-pyridine-4-ylethyl)-1H-indole) were simulated for comparative study. Results and Conclusion: Based on the in silico results, the binding affinities for compounds of T. ornata were judged against known standards for its capability to restrain inflammation and to promote possibility for scheming potential antiinflammatory lead from natural compounds were discussed.

}, keywords = {Bioactive components, Brown algae, GC-MS, Molecular docking and simulation studies, T. ornata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.140}, author = {S. Deepa and K. Sujatha and D Velmurugan} } @article {1042, title = {Immunomodulator Activity of Ethanol Extract of Tapak Liman Leaves (Elephantopus scaber Linn.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1419-1427}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1419}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tapak Liman (Elephantopus scaber Linn) is a medicinal plant in Indonesia which traditionally used as a treatment for fever, gout, dysentery, hepatitis, and infections. Aim: This study aims to determine the immunostimulants activity of tapak liman extract with carbon clearance method and to determine the percentage and total leukocytes and relative lymph weights. Materials and Methods: Twenty white male mice divide assigned to 1 control group and 3 experimental groups. It treated by oral administration of tapak liman extract; 10, 30, and 100 mg/kgBW. After six days of administration, mice intravenously injected with 0.1 ml/10gBW colloidal carbon. Blood obtained from the mice tail at; 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th and 15th minutes. The determined absorbance then calculated to obtain the phagocytotic index, the percentage and the total of leukocyte cells and lymph weights. Results: Phagocytosis index increased significantly at 1, 12, 1.24 and 1.47. The percentages of neutrophil segment are 57\%, 60\% and 60\%, for lymphocytes are 3, 80\%, 32.80\% and 34.20\%, monocyte cells are 4.60\%, 3.00\% and 2.60\%, neutrophil are 3.40\%, 3.20\%,2.20\%, and for the eosinophil cells are 3.20\%, 1.8\% and 1.20\%. Total leukocyte cells are 10,760, 11,630 and 15,880 cells/microliter. The relative lymph weight of each dose in the sequence is 0.36, 0.49 and 0.66. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of tapak liman leaves (Elephantopus scaber Linn) can increase the immunity of mice.

}, keywords = {Carbon clearance, Elephantopus scaber Linn., Immunomodulator, Leucocytes, Lymph}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.220}, author = {Yufri Aldi and Dwisari Dillasamola and Gita Rahma Yanti} } @article {1051, title = {Impact of Solvent on the Characteristics of Standardized Binahong Leaf (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1463-1470}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1463}, abstract = {

Background: Binahong is a plant that has the potential to be used as a traditional herbal medicine in Indonesia, and has several kinds of classes of compounds, one of them is a flavonoids glycosides (vitexin). Previous research reported that binahong leaves have pharmacological activities as antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, antibacterial, and others. A traditional plant that has proven efficacious needs to be standardized to ensure the quality and its safety. Objective: This study aimed to characteristics of binahong leaves simplicia obtained from Bogor, West Java. Materials and Methods: The crude extract was obtained by the maceration method using 40\%, 70\%, and 96\% ethanol solvent. The selected extract then standardized, which includes macroscopic and microscopic observations and sets the standard parameter values binahong leaf extract. Parameters LCMS to identify active compounds semiquantitatively. Results: The yield of binahong ethanol extract from 40\%, 70\%, 96\% showed a value of 10.9\%, 11.4\%, and 12.32\%, respectively. From these results, 96\% ethanol extract has proceeded for standardization. Macroscopic observation results showed that binahong leaves simplicia has a fine and notched form with 5-10 cm long and 3-7 cm diameter. The microscopic binahong leaves contain palisade tissue, parenchymal tissue, chlorophyll grains, rosette Caoxalate crystals, and spiral type. Phytochemical screening of binahong leaves showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and phenolic compounds.The standardization of binahong leaves ethanol extract down showed a levels of ethanol-soluble extract\> 14.8\%, water-soluble extract content \> 13.5\%, drying \< 10\%, water content \< 8.9\%, total ash content \< 7.2\%. LCMS profiles showed that ethanolic extract 40\%, 70\%, and 96\% all contained vitexin at retention time 5.02 minutes, and m/z values 433.1111. Conclusion: 96\% ethanolic extract of binahong leaves contains vitexin with pharmacognostic parameters carried out following the standards listed in the Indonesian herb pharmacopeia.

}, keywords = {Anredera cordifolia, Extract, LCMS, Simplicia, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.226}, author = {Dwitiyanti and Yahdiana Harahap and Berna Elya and Anton Bahtiar} } @article {996, title = {In silico Analysis of Flavonoid Glycosides and its Aglycones as Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1252-1255}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1252}, abstract = {

Background: HIV continues to be a major global public health issue, having claimed more than 35 million lives so far. In 2016, 1 million people died from HIV-related causes globally. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is one of HIV{\textquoteright}s vital enzymes for virus reproduction. If the enzyme is inhibited, the virus multiplication could be significantly decreased. There are currently many treatments for HIV, but more effective treatment is always needed because of the possibility of drug resistance and side effects for long-term use. Based on the previous study, there are some natural compounds with high affinity to the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase enzyme. Some of these compounds are flavonoid glycosides. Aims and Method: This study was aimed to learn more about in silico HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities of flavonoid glycosides using docking method. Results: The results showed that the most recommended flavonoid glycosides are those with the lowest binding energy, which were kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside and quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside. This was due to the interactions of all three flavonoid rings and sugar moiety with key amino acid residues, which were Leu100, Lys101, Glu138, Tyr181, His235 and Tyr318. Conclusion: Flavonoid glycosides with rhamnose as glycone showed lower binding energy on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.

}, keywords = {Flavonoid, Glycosides, HIV, Molecular docking, Reverse transcriptase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.194}, author = {Stefandi J Wijaya and Arry Yanuar and Rosita Handayani and Rezi Riadhi Syahdi} } @article {940, title = {In vitro Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Senecio asperulus and Gunnera perpensa from Mohale{\textquoteright}s Hoek, Lesotho}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {730-739}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {730}, abstract = {

Background: Traditional medicinal plants have been widely used to treat or manage various ailments for centuries in Lesotho. With an increase in multi drug resistance and undesired adverse events to current drugs challenges, there is a need for alternative drugs. Aim: In this study we aimed at the investigation of antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Senecio asperulus and Gunnera perpensa roots extracted in three solvents of different polarities. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial activity was determined using the disc diffusion method, while antioxidant activity was determined using free radical scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. The Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage in vitro model was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of both plants. Resveratrol was used as a positive control. Results: Methanol extracts of Senecio asperulus inhibited microbial growth even at the lowest concentration of 50 μg/ml. Senecio asperulus dichloromethane extract was active on most bacteria with MIC{\textquoteright}s between 50 μg/ml and 500 μg/ml. However, the water and methanol extracts of Gunnera perpensa had no activity against all organisms tested. Aqueous extracts of Senecio asperulus and Gunnera perpensa showed free radical scavenging activity yielding EC50 values of 100 μg/ml and 25 μg/ml, respectively. The aqueous extracts of Senecio asperulus showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity from 50 to 200 μg/ml. while the methanol extract was at 200 μg/ml and with no cytotoxicity. No anti-inflammatory activity was observed from all Gunnera perpensa extracts using LPS-induced macrophages, this suggests that this species may be using other mechanisms for anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusion: The antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities observed from water extracts of Senecio asperulus support its ethnomedicinal use for the management of inflammation related diseases.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory activity, Antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, Gunnera perpensa, Medicinal plants, Senecio asperulus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.116}, author = {Mfengwana Polo-Ma-Abiele H and Mashele Samson S and Manduna Idah T} } @article {904, title = {In vitro Antidiabetic Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs by Glucose Uptake Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {674-677}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {674}, abstract = {

Medicinal plants play a key role to cure many diseases from time immemorial. The usage of medicinal plants in traditional medicinal system is the vital process of India. Diabetes Mellitus is a systemic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, abnormal elevated levels of lipid and fat in blood and hypoinsulinaemia. The current epidemic of diabetes indicates the need of proper and effective medications that are limited in their potency to have many side effects. Thus, introduction of alternative and complementary medicine is now in picture. Objective: The main objective of this work is to evaluate the in vitro anti diabetic activity of methanolic extracts of Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs in skeletal muscle cell line. Methods: The in vitro cytotoxicity was performed for leaf extract (Methanol) on L-6 (Rat skeletal muscle) cell line to find toxic concentration of the leaf extract by MTT assay. Glucose uptake activity of test substance was determined in differentiated L-6 cells. Results: In Glucose uptake assay, Methanol Extract exhibited moderate toxicity to skeletal muscle cell line and glucose uptake assay it shows dose dependent glucose uptake. Glucose uptake rate increased with the increasing concentration of the leaf extract. Conclusion: The results of the current study clearly demonstrated the antidiabetic potency of methanolic leaf extract obtained from Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs. under in vitro model.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic activity, In vitro cytotoxicity, Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs, L-6 cell line, Methanolic leaf extract, MTT Assay, Skeletal muscle Cell Lines, Therapeutic agents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.106}, author = {Sangeetha DN and S. Rajamani} } @article {1006, title = {In vitro Antioxidant Properties and α-Glucosidase Inhibition of Combined Leaf Infusions from Psidium guajava L., Syzygium polyanthum L., and Annona muricata L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1269-1277}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1269}, abstract = {

Introduction: Guava (P. guajava), bay (S. polyanthum), and soursop (A. muricata) known as natural medicine. Limited report is available on their antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of leaf infusion. The aims of this research were to compare the antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of leaf infusion from guava, bay, and either as individual or combined infusions, and to analyze the chemical composition of the leaf infusion. Methods: Air dried leaf powder of guava, bay and soursop were infused separately with boiled aquadest. The infusions were analyzed for their antioxidant activity against DPPH. The α-glucosidase inhibitory assay was conducted against α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Then the infusions scanned with UV-Vis spectroscopy and analyzed with LC-MS. The synergism activities of the combined infusion were measured. Results: Antioxidant activities of leaf infusions of guava and bay showed a comparable result IC50 12.53 {\textpm} 0.55 and 10.76 {\textpm} 0.20 μg GAE/mL, but the infusion of soursop showed lower (IC50 19.77 {\textpm} 0.35 μg GAE/mL) than BHT as positive control (11.6 {\textpm} 0.31 μg GAE/mL). If soursop infusion was not added, then the mixture of the guava and bay infusion showed an antioxidative synergistic effect. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the guava, bay and soursop infusion (0.083 {\textpm} 0.01; 0.025 {\textpm} 0.007; 0.533 {\textpm} 0.039 μg GAE/mL, respectively) were stronger than acarbose (1285 {\textpm} 148 μg/mL). The α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the combined infusions showed a synergistic effect. The main constituents of the guava infusion were identified tentatively as chrysin and caffeoylquinic acid, for the bay infusion it was caffeoylquinic, and for the soursop infusion it was luteolin. Conclusions: There is a significant synergism of antioxidant activity of Guava and Bay mixture. The combined infusion of Bay and Soursop or Guava and Soursop showed antagonistic effect.

}, keywords = {Anonna muricata, Leaf infusion, Psidium guajava, Synergism, Syzygium polyanthum, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.197}, author = {Ika Rahayu and Pamela Hendra Heng and Kris H Timotius} } @article {887, title = {In vivo Comparative Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Root Bark, Stem and Leaf Extracts of Capparis erythrocarpus (Capparaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {515-520}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {515}, abstract = {

Introduction: The root bark powder of the medicinal plant Capparis erythrocarpus is used at the Centre for Plant Medicine Research (In Ghana) against inflammatory pain disorders. The whole plant is destroyed to obtain the root bark which constitutes only 11.1 \% of the plant. Hence, the plant is going extinct. We therefore sought to evaluate anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the root bark, stem and leaf of C. erythrocarpus in order to explore them as substitute(s) anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent to the root bark. Methods: Carrageenan induced paw oedema assay was used to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity. Hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing assays were employed to ascertain analgesic activity. Results: The extracts of the root bark (CRB) and leaf (CL) produced significant (p\<0.05) antiinflammatory activity of 48.93 and 37.42 \% at 50 and 200 mg/kg p.o. respectively whereas the stem extract (CS) was inactive. Moreover, the extracts produced significant (p\<0.05) analgesic activity. The analgesic activity (178.20 {\textendash} 248.70 \%) of the extracts were higher than that of morphine (136.70\%) at 5 mg/kg i.m. in the hot plate assay. CS (200 mg/kg p.o.) produced the highest analgesic activity (54.61\%) among the extracts and diclofenac sodium (41.15\%) at 5 mg/kg p.o. in the writhing assay. Conclusion: These results indicates that the leaf of C. erythrocarpus can be substituted for the root as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. Whiles, the stem can also be used as analgesic agent. This will save the plant from extinction.

}, keywords = {Hot plate, Oedema, Pain, Phytochemical constituents, Writhing assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.82}, author = {Emmanuel Kofi Kumatia and Stephen Antwi and Henry Brew-Daniels and Alfred Ampoma Appiah and Augustine Ocloo} } @article {878, title = {In vivo Toxicopathological Evaluation of a Purified Bioflocculant Produced by Arthrobacter humicola}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {486-492}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {486}, abstract = {

Introduction: In spite of the commendable flocculating activities of microbial flocculants, a good number of them potentiate significant toxicity. This study evaluated the in vivo toxicological implications of treatment with the Purified bioflocculant (PB) from Arthrobacter humicola using OECD guidelines. Materials and Methods: In the acute toxicity assessment, a single oral administration of 2000 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) of PB was given to the Wistar rats and the animals were observed for 2 weeks. The daily dose toxicity testing was performed through daily oral treatment with graded doses (50, 200 and 500 mg/kg b.w.) of PB for 4 weeks. Clinical signs of toxicity, behavioral changes, hematological and biochemical parameters were thereafter evaluated. Results: PB at 2000 mg/kg b.w. produced no treatment-mediated signs of toxicity, behavioral changes or mortality in the animals. Thus, its no-observed-adverse-effect level was estimated to be above 2000 mg/kg b.w. In the repeated dose toxicity testing, treatments with PB also revealed no significant differences in the feeding patterns, lipid profiles, hematological and clinical biochemistry parameters when compared with the control group. Although, at 500 mg/kg b.w. PB, a significant increase was observed in the serum activities of alkaline phosphatase, nonetheless, cage side observations recorded no treatment-induced signs of toxicity and macro-histopathological examinations of all the investigated organs also revealed no obvious morphological changes. Conclusion: The overall results suggested that PB was well tolerated by the animals and is endowed with monosaccharides bearing functional groups of flocculation importance, thus, suggesting its potential application as a safe actinomycetes bioflocculant for water treatment.\ 

}, keywords = {Actinomycetes, Arthrobacter humicola, Bioflocculant, Hematological, Polysaccharides, Wastewater treatment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.77}, author = {Mayowa Oladele Agunbiade and Sabiu Saheed and Esta Van Heerden and Carolina Henritta Pohl} } @article {1050, title = {Influence of Extraction on the Yield, Phytochemical and LCMS Profile from Standardized Kemuning Leaf (Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1455-1462}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1455}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mahanimbine alkaloid is carbazole alkaloids found in kemuning (Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack) potentially as antihyperlipidemia. Chemical compounds from plants can be obtained by extraction. The aim of this study was to determine influence of extraction solvents on the yield, phytochemistry and LCMS profiles from standardized kemuning to produce safe and quality medicinal raw materials. Materials and Methods: The study was used kinds of ethanol concentration with different polarity as a solvent for extraction. Solvent 40\%, 70\% and 96\% of ethanol were used for maceration of simplicia from Bogor, West Java. The extract obtained was evaluated for the content of alkaloid compounds for LCMS then extracts were selected to be proceed to standardized extract quality. Results: The LCMS results showed that all 40\%, 70\% and 96\% ethanol extracts contained Candidate Mass 354,19014 compounds which were thought to be e alkaloids based on the m/z value. Phytochemical screening in all extracts contained alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and steroids/triterpenoids. 96\% ethanolic extract contained non-specific parameter such as content of compounds soluble in water 22,73\%, soluble in ethanol 17,37\%, drying down 9,10\%, water content 18,36\%, total ash content 4,18\%, the yield of extracts was 33,45\%, microbial contamination \<3,0.104 (7,0.104) colony/g and mold yeast number 0 colony/g. The total gravimetric alkaloid level was 1,031\%. Conclusions: 96\% ethanolic extract of kemuning contains mahanimbine alkaloids and has met the standard quality requirements of extracts.

}, keywords = {Murraya paniculata, Non-specific parameters, Pharmacognosy, Specific parameters, Standardization of extracts}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.225}, author = {Elly Wardani and Yahdiana Harahap and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Anton Bahtiar} } @article {1019, title = {Influence of Milk on Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Power of Black Tea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1262-1268}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1262}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tea leaves are rich in several polyphenolics and flavonoidal compounds that could potentially have health-promoting properties. The objective of the present study was to analyze the antioxidant capacity of black tea and to study the effect of addition of fresh milk and packed milk on the phenolics concentrations and antioxidant efficacy. Methods: The black tea infusion (BT), black tea infusion with fresh milk (BTFM) \& black tea infusion with packed milk (BTPM) samples were comparatively analyzed for total phenolics, flavonoids and HPLC profiling of major phenolic content. All samples were investigated for their total antioxidant capacity and glutathione level in different organs (brain, liver, kidney and heart). Results: The results shown that BT(black tea infusion) had higher total phenolics and flavonoids followed by BTPM (black tea infusion with packed milk) and then the BTFM (black tea infusion with fresh milk). The analytical HPLC results obtained also indicated that BT contained higher amount of catechins and garlic acid derivatives than BTFM, and BTPM may be due to chelation of free phenolics with some fats and protein in the tested milk samples, which reduces the levels of free phenolics significantly. Concerning antioxidants capacity both tested milk samples reduced antioxidant capacity to more than 50\% in different tested tissues. Conclusion: We conclude that black tea is a valuable source of antioxidants and that the inhibitory effect of milk on the total antioxidant capacity may be related to complex formation of the fat \& protein content of the milk with major phenolics in the black tea.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Black tea, Glutathione, HPLC. Flavonoids, Milk, Phenolics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.196}, author = {KM Meselhy and Ghada A Abdel-latif and Amany A sleem and Walaa Ayman and Maram K Imam and Kholoud A Kassab and Sherouk Eissa} } @article {819, title = {Inhibition of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP IV) Activity by Some Indonesia Edible Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {231-236}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {231}, abstract = {

Background: Some edible plants are promising to control blood sugar level. These plants contained phenolic substances that suggested to be able to inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP IV). Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of several selected Indonesia plants on inhibiting of DPP IV activity and to determine the total phenolic content of the most active extract. Methods: Twelve Indonesia edible plants were macerated using 80\% ethanol at room temperature. DPP IV activity was evaluated by using glycyl-prolyl-7-amino-4-methyl coumarin (Gly-Pro-AMC) substrate and the inhibitory effect of extracts were determined based on the level of free AMC group by measuring its fluorescence on excitation wavelength 350-360 nm and an emission wavelength 450-465 nm using a microplate reader. Total phenolic contents of the active extracts were determined with Folin-Ciocalteu 1:4 on 765 nm using microplate reader. Total anthocyanins from extract were determined using the pH differential method. Results: Among the tested samples, the extract of Ipomoea batatas roots at a concentration of 10 μg/mL showed the highest inhibition, followed by Cajanus cajan leaves and Gnetum gnemon rind, with percentage inhibition of 28.8, 24.9 and 24.1, respectively. I. batatas extract have an IC50 value of 65.53 μg/mL, while the IC50 value of the positive control Sitagliptin 9.37 μg/mL. Total phenolic content from the extracts of I. batatas, C. cajan and G. gnemon rind extract were 279.3; 152.8; and 141.3 mg GAE/gram, respectively. Total anthocyanin from I. batatas extract was 462.14 mg cyanidin- 3-glucoside/L. Conclusion: The extract of I. batatas showed the highest inhibition on DPP IV among other plants investigated and showed high content of phenolic compound and anthocyanin that correlated with activity as inhibitor DPP IV.

}, keywords = {Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4, Indonesian edible plant, Ipomoea batatas}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.36}, author = {Muhammad Saiful Amin and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {1000, title = {Inhibitory Effects of Different Varieties of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Tubers Extracts on Lipoxygenase Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1195-1198}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1195}, abstract = {

Background: Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) with purple, orange and white varieties can be differentiated by their skin and flesh tubers{\textquoteright} colors. Research on anti-inflammatory activity of this plant is still limited although has been used traditionally. Objective: This study aimed to determine IC50 value of sweet potato tubers extracts in inhibiting lipoxygenase activity. Methods: Dried tubers of sweet potato were macerated with ethanol 70\%. Each extracts were tested for soybean lipoxygenase inhibitory activity, phytochemical screening and total flavonoid contents. IC50 value and total flavonoid contents obtained from each extracts were analyzed statistically. Results: IC50 value of purple, orange and white sweet potato tubers extracts are 46.09, 52.12 and 63.69 μg/mL respectively. Each extracts contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and glycosides. Total flavonoid contents in purple, orange and white sweet potato extracts are 8.45{\textpm}0.41; 7.57{\textpm}0.03; and 6.12{\textpm}0.14 mgQE/g extract respectively. Conclusion: Total flavonoid contents and IC50 values of each extracts are strongly correlated and inversely proportional with significance value of 0.026 and correlation value of -0.999 which indicate that the higher total flavonoid contents, the stronger inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Ipomoea batatas L, Lipoxygenase, Sweet potato tubers, Total flavonoid contents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.185}, author = {Sendangratri and Rosita Handayani and Berna Elya} } @article {1023, title = {Inhibitory Effects of Sangketan (Achyranthes aspera L.) Roots Extract on Arginase Activity and Determination of Its Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1231-1234}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1231}, abstract = {

Background: Achyranthes aspera, or commonly called as Sangketan in Indonesian is a wild plant that is used as a traditional medicine. The roots of Sangketan can be used as a wound healer by involving the role of arginine and its metabolites, nitric oxide, that directly affect the wound healing process itself. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the potential of Sangketan roots extract in inhibiting arginase activity. Methods: The roots were extracted using multistage ultrasound-assisted extraction method with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol solvent. Each extract from different solvents was tested for the inhibition of arginase activity using a microplate-based colorimetric method, followed by determination of total phenolic concentration and total flavonoid concentration. Results: The results of inhibition test of arginase activity by n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts were 9.56; 17.58; and 29.77\% sequentially/respectively at concentration of 100 μg/ml; the total phenolic concentration were 3.91; 4.83; dan 11.18 mgGAE/g of sample respectively; and the total flavonoid concentration are 0.29; 0.80; and 0.88 mgQE/g of sample respectively. Conclusion: From this research, it can be concluded that Sangketan roots extract had low potency of arginase inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {Achyranthes aspera, Arginase, Inhibitory effect, Sangketan, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.191}, author = {Dieah Siti Rahmawati and Berna Elya and Arikadia Noviani} } @article {828, title = {The Interactive Antimicrobial Activity of Conventional Antibiotics and Petalostigma spp. Extracts Against Bacterial Triggers of some Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {March 2019}, pages = {292-309}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {292}, abstract = {

Introduction: An increase in antibiotic resistance and a corresponding decrease in antimicrobial discovery have directed researchers towards alternative therapies, including plant-based medicines. However, synergistic combinations of plant extracts with conventional antibiotics are a far more effective approach in overcoming resistance and potentiating the activity of antibiotics that are otherwise ineffective against resistant bacterial strains. Methods: In this study, Petalostigma spp. (native Australian medicinal plants) extracts were combined with a range of conventional antibiotics and tested against various microbial triggers of autoimmune diseases. The fruit and leaves were extracted separately with solvents of varying polarity and investigated for the ability to inhibit bacterial growth using disc diffusion and liquid dilution MIC techniques. Results: The methanolic and water extracts showed low to moderate inhibitory activity against several microbes. However, combinations of the mid-low polarity extracts with conventional antibiotics proved significantly more effective in inhibiting the growth of Proteus mirabilis and Acinetobacter baylyi (bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis respectively). In total, 14 different combinations proved to be synergistic. Notably, two antibiotics (chloramphenicol and erythromycin) with no inhibitory activity against P. mirabilis alone were shown to have substantial activity when tested in combination with Petalostigma spp. extracts. Conclusion: Although the mechanisms of synergy are still unclear, studies indicate that compounds within Petalostigma spp. may mimic the actions of resistance modifying agents, thus potentiating the activity of several antibiotics that are relatively ineffective alone. Isolation of these agents may be highly beneficial in drug design against several bacteria including the microbial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

}, keywords = {ankylosing spondylitis, Conventional antimicrobials, Drug combinations, Efflux pump inhibitor, Interaction, Medicinal plants, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Synergy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.45}, author = {Aishwarya Ilanko and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {915, title = {Investigation of Secondary Metabolites and Cytotoxicity of Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {718-723}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {718}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this study is to isolate and identify sterols and terpenes from the chloroform/methanol extract (3:1) of aerial parts of Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) and evaluation of cytotoxic activity of crude extract and phytol for the first time from this plant. Methods: Different chromatographic techniques for the aerial parts of Jacquemontia pentantha extract were used resulting in isolation of eight compounds. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 1HNMR, 13CNMR, EI/MS spectrometry and by comparing their data with those reported in the literature. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay. The mode of action of the extract was predicted by using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay Kit for Tubulin beta (TUBb). Results: Eight compounds for the first time from this plant were identified as Palmitic acid (1), Phytol (major) (2), Stigmast-4-en- 3-one (3), mixture of α-amyrin (4) and β{\textendash}amyrin (5), 1,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexaen-3- ol,2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl (all-E) (6) and mixture of α{\textendash} amyrin acetate (7) and β-amyrin acetate (8). The extract showed potent cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 breast carcinoma cell line as well as HCT-116 colon carcinoma cell line at different concentrations (100-6.25 ug/ml) with IC50 (21.8 {\textpm} 0.9) and (40.9 {\textpm} 1.3) respectively. Phytol showed potent cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 cell line at different concentrations (100-12.5 ug/ml) with IC50 (60 {\textpm} 2.4), while it had no cytotoxic effect on HCT-116 cell line. The extract showed significant TUBb polymerization inhibition activity. Conclusion: The extract of aerial parts of Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) and also phytol compound has cytotoxic activity due to the presence of phytochemicals such as sterols and terpenes.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxic activity, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Jacquemontia pentantha, MTT Assay, Sterols, Terpenes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.114}, author = {Dina M Eskander and Ezzel -Din A El-Khrisy and Mary H Grace and Marian Nabil and Mahmoud I Nassar and Marwa M Mounier} } @article {818, title = {Investigation on Pharmacognostic Parameters of Sirunagapoo (Mesua ferrea L): A Traditional Indian Herbal Drug}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {225-230}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {225}, abstract = {

Introduction: Flower buds of Sirunagapoo (Mesua ferrea) are used in Siddha system of medicine as carminative, astringent and anti-vatha. It is traditionally used to treat various diseases like cough, venerial, white discharge, diarrhea, over-bleeding and peripheral neuritis. It is one of the major ingredients in Amukkara choornam, Inji choornam and Elathi choornam which are used for indigestion, loss of appetite and gastritis. Methods: Pharmacognostic characters of M. ferrea flower bud were studied through powder microscopy. Both ethanol and aqueous extracts were investigated for phytochemical screening, total phenolic content, in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and the ethanolic extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis. Results: Powder microscopy of flower buds of M. ferrea revealed the presence of brachysclereids, macrosclereids, starch grain, crystals and parenchyma cells. The powdered material exhibited 6.07\% of loss on drying, 2.93\% of total ash, 11.34\% of water-soluble extractive and pH value 5.35. Data showed the presence of sterols only in ethanol extract and phenols, flavanoids, saponins and coumarins in both ethanol and aqueous extracts. Ethanolic extract was found to contain higher concentration of total phenols (1030 mg GAE/L) when compared to aqueous extract. Totally forty compounds were detected in GC-MS analysis and the major compound is eugenol (61\%) and cinnamaldehyde (15\%). In vitro studies revealed antioxidant in terms of DPPH free radical scavenging property (IC-50 = 229.7 mg/ml) remarkable anti-inflammatory activity using RBC membrane stabilization assay (70.27\%) were noted. Conclusion: This study provides the pharmacognostic standards, phytochemical profile, major volatile compounds and in vitro properties of Mesua ferrea flower bud.

}, keywords = {GC-MS, In vitro studies, Mesua ferrea, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.35}, author = {Perumal Rajalakshmi and Vellingiri Vadivel and Natesan Ravichandran and Pemaiah Brindha} } @article {874, title = {In-vitro Anti-diabetic and Antioxidant Efficacy of Methanolic Extract of Encephalartos ferox leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {455-460}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {455}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus has been identified as one of the global cause of disability and death. Objectives: The study aim to investigate the in-vitro antidibetic and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Encephalartos ferox leaves. Materials and Methods: The plant was screened for its Phytochemical composition. The plant material was extracted with methanol and the methanolic extract was screened (in-vitro) for its antioxidant activity using ABTS and DPPH assays. The potential antidiabetic activity of the plant extract was evaluated against some carbohydrates (α- amylase and α-glucosidase) and lipid (pancreatic lipase) digestive enzymes. The inverted intestinal sac model was also used to investigate the effect of the extract on intestinal glucose absorption. The anti-protein glycation activity of the extract was determined using haemoglobin. Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of most of the phytochemicals (Tannins, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, Alkaloids etc) that were screened for. The crude extract exhibited the antidiabetic potential as it significantly (P\< 0.05) inhibited α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase in a dose dependent fashion. The extract also effectively reduced intestinal glucose absorption. The extract further showed antioxidant activity by efficiently scavenging ABTS and DPPH radicals with IC50 values of 68.3 μg/ml and 308 μg/ml, respectively. The extract also inhibited haemoglobin glycation, thus displaying the anti-protein glycation potential. Conclusion: It is apparent that E. ferox extract could serve as scaffold for diabetic therapy. For future study, cytotoxicity profile and in vivo investigation of the antidiabetic activity of the crude extract are essential.

}, keywords = {Diabetic, Flavonoids, Hyperglycaemia, Hyperlipidemia, Hypoglycaemic, Protein- glycation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.71}, author = {Michael Chukwuka Ojo and Foluso Oluwagbemiga Osunsanmi and Godfrey Elijah Zaharare and Rebamang Anthony Mosa and Nkosinathi David Cele and Michael Osawemi Oboh and Andy Rowland Opoku} } @article {1032, title = {Isolation and Structural Elucidation of Allantoin a Bioactive Compound from Cleome viscosa L.: A Combined Experimental and Computational Investigation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1391-1400}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1391}, abstract = {

Allantoin, a crystalline compound was isolated from the methanolic extract of Cleome viscosa and it was reported for first time from this plant. The structure of Allantoin was elucidated by single crystal XRD and it was further confirmed through FTIR and ESI-MS spectroscopy techniques. It was crystallized in monoclinic crystal system with the space group P2i/c. Electronic structure characterization of the isolated Allantoin was done through density functional theory calculation. The atomic charges, dipole moment, frontier molecular orbital and the electrostatic potential map of the molecule in the gaseous phase and in the active site have also been analyzed. The optimized geometry was used for molecular docking to identify the possible binding mode. Furthermore, the in vitro antibacterial activity of the isolated Allantoin against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was evaluated. Maximum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of isolated Allantoin results showed 4 μg/mL for B. subtilis and 8 μg/mL for S. aureus, E. coli and K. pneumoniae.

}, keywords = {Allantoin, Antibacterial activity, Cleome viscosa, Molecular docking, XRD}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.215}, author = {Lakshmanan G and Sivaraj C and Ammar A and Anantha Krishnan D and Gopinath S and Saravanan K and Gunasekaran K and Murugesan K} } @article {931, title = {Isolation of Oxoaphorpine Alkaloid from Bark of Cryptocarya Ferrea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {782-786}, type = {Original Research Study}, chapter = {782}, abstract = {

Extraction, isolation, identification and characterization of the compounds isolated from the bark of Cryptocarya ferrea yielded three known oxoaphorpine alkaloids. They are o-metilmoschatoline 1, ateroline 2 and subsesiline 3. Structural elucidation was established through spectroscopic methods 1D-NMR and 2D-NMR, UV, IR, and Mass Spectrometry and comparison with the published data.

}, keywords = {Atheroline, Cryptocarya ferrea, O-moschatoline, Subsessiline}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.124}, author = {Nurdin Saidi and Khalijah Awang and Mustanir Yahya} } @article {993, title = {LC-MS Analysis of Phytocomponents in the Methanol Extract of Piper Sarmentosum Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1071-1076}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1071}, abstract = {

Background: Piper sarmentosum is a cultivated plant that grows wildly in the tropical and subtropical region including in Malaysia. It has a wide usage in traditional medicine and have a variety of active chemical constituents. Aim: The aim of this study is to isolate and identify the active compounds from the methanol extracts of leaves of P. sarmentosum. Methods and Materials: The fresh leaves of Piper sarmentosum were collected from the Ethnobotanic garden of Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) after being identified and confirmed by a plant taxonomist from Medicinal Plant Divison (Voucher specimen code no: FRI 45870). The methanolic extraction procedure were performed at FRIM labrotory. The extract was then sent to Research and Instrumentation Management Centre (CRIM) UKM for Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) analysis. Results: Fifteen compounds were isolated from the fresh leaves of Piper sarmentosum. Six of these have been previously isolated from the roots and essential oil of this plant: (2) Naringenin, (3) Methyl piperate, (5) Beta-Asarone, (6) Brachyamide B, (8) Piperitol and (9)(10) Guineensine. (1)(12) Didymin, (4) Quercetin, (7) Amurensin (11) Hesperidin, and (15) Difucol are new for P. sarmentosum (Piperaceae). Conclusion: From the result, it is evident that Piper sarmentosum contains various bioactive compounds. (1)(12) Didymin, (4) Quercetin, (7) Amurensin, (11) Hesperidin, and (15) Difucol are new natural compounds that have not been reported before.

}, keywords = {Flavanoids, Lignan, Liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, Naringine, Piper sarmentosum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.167}, author = {Cutt Fazzlieanie Bactiar and Nur Azlina Mohd Fahami} } @article {901, title = {Liquid Chromatography Single Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (LC/SQ MS) Analysis Reveals Presence of Novel Antineoplastic Metabolites in Ethanolic Extracts of Fruits and Leaves of Annona muricata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {660-668}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {660}, abstract = {

Background: Annona muricata, a tropical plant species belonging to family Annonaceae is one of the most used plants in folk medicine because of its many medicinal uses. Despite its wide usage, there is still need to continue scientifically evaluating its medicinal properties in order to avoid any adverse effects. Elucidating the detailed chemical composition of this plant is a significant step towards this evaluation. Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct LC MS analysis on the ethanolic extracts of fruits and leaves of Annona muricata for detection of novel metabolites. Materials and Methods: Leaves and fruits of Annona muricata were collected from Eastern Uganda during the month January 2018. Extraction was conducted using the tissue homogenization method and the extracts were analyzed on an LC/SQ MS detection system. The results were obtained by analyzing the MS spectra using the retentions time and fragmentation patterns on the NIST Library. Results: The study revealed that the fruits extracts contain 1,3-Dimethylthiourea and (4-chlorophenyl)-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-[(Z)-3-(dimethylamino) prop-1-enyl]quinolin-6-yl]-(3-methylimidazol-4-yl)methanol, which are reported antioxidant and antineoplastic agents. The leaves contained 2,4,6-Tribromoaniline another antioxidant and antineoplastic agent, while compound (dichlorozirconium(2+);dimethyl-bis(2-methyl-4- phenylinden-1-id-1-yl)silane was found in both extracts of fruits and leaves. Conclusion: The current study suggests that ethanolic extracts of fruits and leaves of Annona muricata contain compounds which are potent antioxidant, antineoplastic and therapeutic agents for various conditions and paves the way for the development of several treatment regimens from these plant parts. Finally, the compounds reported in this study have been identified for the first time as being found in Annona muricata.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata, Antineoplastic, Antioxidant, Ethanolic extracts, LC/SQ MS, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.104}, author = {Yahaya Gavamukulya and Esther N Maina and Amos M Meroka and Edwin S Madivoli and Hany A El-Shemy and Gabriel Magoma and Fred Wamunyokoli} } @article {885, title = {Macro-Microscopic Identification of Dried Flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. and its Differentiation from Adulterant Rhododendron arboreum Sm.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {613-616}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {613}, abstract = {

Background: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. (Fam.Malvaceae) is a small evergreen shrub cultivated in gardens throughout India. The decoction of flowers is used in Indian system of Medicine for bronchial inflammation, urinary astringent and cardio tonic, to promote growth and to prevent graying of hair. The dried flowers of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. (Fam.Ericaceae) are morphologically looking similar to Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and used as adulterant in the market. Hence, the morphological, Micro-morphological and powder microscopical studies on dried flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Rhododendron arboreum was carried out and reported. Objective: To identify the dried flowers of Hisbiscus rosa-sinensis macro-microscopically and to differentiate it from adulterant Rhododendron arboreum. Methods: The morphology and powder microscopy were observed following standard methods and photographed. Results: The colour, taste, arrangement and appearance of calyx, corolla and stamen, trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, sclereids, oil globules and pollen grains are found to be differentiating diagnostic characters in raw drug/powdered form of dried flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Rhododendron arboreum. Conclusion: The finding of present study is helpful in standardization of formulation consists of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis as ingredient in their powdered form and also for authentication/identification of dried flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.

}, keywords = {Adulteration, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Macro-microscopy, Rhododendron arboreum, Semparathai}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.98}, author = {Nartunai Govindarajan and Susikumar Sundharamoorthy and Narayanan Kannan and Ilavarasan Raju} } @article {925, title = {Macroscopic and Microscopic Studies of Polyscias guilfoylei L. H. Bailey Leaves (Araliaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {824-827}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {824}, abstract = {

Introduction: The leaves of Polyscias guilfoylei L. (Araliaceae) were reported to have medicinal value. Therefore, authentication of the leaves of Polyscias guilfoylei L. is important to ensure the reproducible quality of herbal raw materials. Objective: This study aims to evaluate macroscopic and microscopic parameters of the leaves of Polyscias guilfoylei L. Methods: Organoleptic, macroscopy, and microscopy of fresh leaves and microscopy parameters of leaves powder were observed. Results: Organoleptic and macroscopic studies found that the leaves had a smooth surface with green color, pinnate venation, elonged to lanceolate shape, cuspidate apex, serrated margin, broad base steam, a bit of distinctive smell, and characteristic taste. The leaves microscopy indicated the presence of anisocytic and paracytic stomata, druses type of calcium oxalate crystals, spiral type xylem, and essential oil were found. Conclusion: The results obtained can be used as quality control parameters, especially diagnostic features for the herbal raw material of Polyscias guilfoylei L.

}, keywords = {Araliaceae, Morphological studies, Plant anatomy, Polyscias guilfoylei, Puding leaves}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.132}, author = {Siti Marwah Lestari and Berna Elya and Sutriyo} } @article {935, title = {Medicinal Plants in Basic Care: A Study of Clinical Practice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {796-802}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {796}, abstract = {

According to World Health Organization, 80\% of world population uses traditional practices for primary health care, and 85\% of this shares the use of medicinal plants or plants-based preparations. Thus, the present work had as objective to investigate the profile of herbal medicine use as well as the conditions to the alive pharmacy implementation in four basic health units in the city of Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil. For such, 84 family health professionals were interviewed about the use of medicinal plants. Concerning the indication of medicinal plants, 41.67\% of the health staff prescribes medicinal plants, 55.95\% reported never having prescribed medicinal plants and 2.4\% abstained from responding. Despite the intention to use phytotherapy as a therapeutic practice, this practice is not yet fully inserted in the analyzed units due to factors such as lack of training and specific protocols to assist professionals in the use of medicinal plants and phytotherapics.

}, keywords = {Brazilian Unified Health System, Healthcare Unit, Phytotherapy, Traditional and Complementary Medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.127}, author = {Carlos A.S. Souza and Wesley M.G. Andrade and Tha{\'\i}s S. Ramos and Alex J. S. Filho and Anderson L. Freitas and Tamires C. Lima and {\^A}ngelo R. Antoniolli and Wellington B. Silva and Francilene A. Silva} } @article {1041, title = {The Medicinal Plants Used in Anjir Pulang Pisau, Central Kalimantan-Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1572-1579}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1572}, abstract = {

Background: The use of medicinal plants in Anjir Pulang Pisau Village has been carried out for a long time through knowledge that is passed down through generations to family members. But there is no documentation of local knowledge about medicinal plants. Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the use of medicinal plants in Anjir Pulang Pisau Village, Central Kalimantan-Indonesia. Methods: The data were collected through individual interviews using semi{\textemdash}structured interviews. Information regarding the local names of the plant, medicinal uses, parts used, methods of preparation, and administration route were documented. Results: A total of 28 medicinal plants were identified. The family Anacardiaceae, Lamicaeae, Poaceae, and Myrtaceae had the highest proportion of medicinal plants used (7\% each). The most frequently utilized medicinal plant parts were roots (47\%). The plant species used to treat the high percentage of disease was Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe. (16\%). In terms of frequency of medicinal plant uses, the highest percentage of plant species (21\%) was used to treat wound. Majority of the plant remedies in this study were prepared by decoction (40\%), and most medicinal plant preparations were taken orally (75\%). Conclusion: Further research is needed to identify unidentified family and plant species. Pharmacognostical and pharmacological studies are also needed for the identification of chemical compounds and proving the efficacy of medicinal plants used by local people.

}, keywords = {Curcuma zedoaria, Ethnomedicine, Kahayan Hilir, Pulang Pisau, Traditional Knowledge}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.240}, author = {Susi Novaryatiin and Indah Indah} } @article {917, title = {A Methanolic Extract of Ocimum basilicum Exhibits Antioxidant Effects and Prevents Selenite-induced Cataract Formation in Cultured Lenses of Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {496-504}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {496}, abstract = {

Objective: An extract (Methanolic) of the Ocimum basilicum leaf was analysed for potential to abrogate experimental formation of cataract in-vitro. Methods: Phytoconstituents were first detected in O. basilicum extracts (Aqueous or methanolic) by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis. The putative antioxidant activity of these extracts was then assessed by measuring in-vitro radical-scavenging activity, ion-chelating potential and reducing potency. Potential cytotoxicity of the extract on Human lenticular epithelial B3 (HLE-B3) cells was also sought. Finally, possible prevention of cataract formation by the methanolic extract was gauged in selenite-exposed lenses obtained from Wistar rats. There were 3 groups (8 Lenses in each): Group I (Lenses incubated in Dulbecco{\textquoteright}s modified Eagle{\textquoteright}s medium [DMEM] alone); Group II (Lenses incubated in DMEM with sodium selenite [100 μM/ml]); Group III (Lenses incubated in DMEM with selenite [100 μM/ml] and the O. basilicum methanolic extract (200 μg/ml DMEM). Gross lenticular morphology was assessed. Levels of lenticular malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also measured. Results: A higher intensity of antioxidative activity was noted in the methanolic extract than in the aqueous extract. The methanolic extract exhibited negligible cytotoxicity. On morphological examination, marked opacification was seen in all 8 Group II lenses whereas there was no opacification in 7 of 8 Group III lenses. Near normal mean levels of reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde, were noted within Group III lenses. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of the O. basilicum leaf appears to prevent selenite-induced cataract formation in-vitro.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Cataract, Crystallins, Ocimum basilicum, Oxidative stress, Phytoconstituents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.79}, author = {Thiraviyam Anand and Mahalingam Sundararajan and Muniyandi Anbukkarasi and Philip Aloysius Thomas and Pitchairaj Geraldine} } @article {805, title = {Micromorphology of Salt glands and content of marker compound Plumbagin in the leaves of Plumbago zeylanica Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {161-170}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {161}, abstract = {

Background: Salt glands are highly specialized epidermal structures developed in recretohalophytic plants, intended for salt storage (reservoir) and as a means to alleviate the salt stress of the saline habitat by exo-recreto releases excess salts from the mesophyll tissues to the surrounding environment. Plumbago zeylanica Linn belongs to the family Plumbaginaceae is an important medicinal plant and espoused as a source for the drug Chitraka. Aim: The present study concerns the delineation of micromorphological characteristics of the paradermal and cross sections of the leaf epidermis, lamina, salt glands, petiole and mucilage secreting glands of the calyx of the flowers of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Materials and Methods: Delimiting the morpho-histological profile of the leaves and to develop the chromatogram of the methanol extract of the leaves and quantification of the marker compound plumbagin in the leaves using High Performance Thin- Layer Chromatographic (HPTLC) method. Results: Distribution of uniseriate, cruciate type clothing trichomes, characteristic contour of midrib, presence of amphistomatic epidermis with anisocytic stomata, crystals in idioblast of ground tissues of petiole and mesophyll, large palisade ratio, small stomatal index, multicellular salt gland structure with 8 cells, cuticular secretory cells, crescent shaped petiole, densely distributed mucilage secreting glands on the calyx of flowers were features characteristic of the taxon. The HPTLC finger printing profile of the leaves revealed six phyto-constituents. Densitometric scanning of plumbagin had shown the absorption spectra λ max at 270 nm. Spectral matching by overlaying the absorption spectra of standard marker compound with the phto-constituents present in the methanol extract of sample could fail to obtain any spectral matching at λ max 270 nm, suggestive that dried leaves of P. zeylanica did not contain any appreciable amount of Plumbagin. Calibration data obtained by polynomial regression had revealed that dried leaves of P. zeylanica Linn contained below 105 ng/μl of plumbagin in methanol extract of leaves.

}, keywords = {Absorption spectra, Chromatogram, Halophytes, Plumbagin, Salt glands, Stomatal index}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.27}, author = {Madathilparambil Vasu Sudhakaran} } @article {807, title = {Microscopic Characters, Phytochemical Screening Focus on Alkaloid and Total Phenolic Content of Uncaria gambir Roxb. and Uncaria sclerophylla Roxb. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {119-123}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {119}, abstract = {

Objective: Uncaria gambir Roxb. and Uncaria sclerophylla Roxb. are medicinal plants widely grown in Indonesia. Genus Uncaria is well known for catechin content that has potent antioxidant activity. Uncaria also was reported containing alkaloid that has antihypertensive action. This study aims to provide microscopic characters and phytochemical profiles associated with the phenolic and alkaloid compounds contained in these two species of Uncaria. Methods: Microscopic characteristics were performed on fresh leaf samples using a microscope. Presence of alkaloids from ethanol and chloroform extract of U. gambir and U. sclerophylla leaf were performed using Dragendorff reagents. Thin Layer Chromatography profile was developed in the mobile phase that consisted of acetone: chloroform (8:2). Total Phenolic Content was determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method using microplate reader spectroscopically at λ = 765 nm. Results: Microscopy of U. gambir leaf revealed the presence of vascular bundle fragment, oil fragments, parenchyma cells, midrib transverse-section and lower epidermis with paracytic stomata. Whereas in U. sclerophylla can be observed midrib transverse-section and lower epidermis unicellular with trichomes. Both U. gambir and U. sclerophylla positively contain alkaloids. Chloroform extract showed the presence of alkaloids while ethanolic extracts showed negative results. The TLC profile shows the presence of catechin compound in the ethanolic extract, whereas in the chloroform extract does not show the presence of catechin. The total phenolic content of U. gambir and U. sclerophylla leaf ethanolic extract and chloroform extract was 7.309; 5.734 and 0.437; 0.161 mg of gallic acid equivalents each gram sample, respectively. Conclusion: Microscopic characteristics, TLC and phytochemicals obtained can be used for the authentication of Uncaria gambir Roxb. and Uncaria sclerophylla Roxb leaf.

}, keywords = {Microscopic Characters, Phytocemical Screening, Thin Layer Chromatoghraphy, total phenolic content, Uncaria gambir, Uncaria sclerophylla}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.20}, author = {Aditya Sindu Sakti and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {800, title = {Mineral Content Analysis of Polyherbal Energy Bar Using X-Ray Fluorescence Technique}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {53-56}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {53}, abstract = {

Aim: The objective of the present study was to develop a novel energy bar which is nutritious and cost effective. Materials and Methods: The components used for the novel energy bar were banana, orange, peanuts, raisins, cocoa butter, stevia leaves and oats. Mineral contents of energy bar were analysed by XRF technique. Results: The mineral contents were present in comparable amount. Major elements viz. K 17.15\%, P 4.57\%, Mg 1.43\%, Ca 0.93\%, Na 0.66\%, S 0.54\%, Fe 0.15\%, Zn 0.05\% and Cu 0.02\% were present in energy bar. Conclusion: Minerals are good for overall growth of body. The energy bar also contains no preservatives, binding agents and sugar free. So, the energy bar is major source of energy and minerals for all age group individuals.

}, keywords = {Calcium, Energy bar, Iron, Mineral content, Polyherbal, Potassium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.10}, author = {Mansi Chitkara and Rajneet Kohli and Inderjeet Singh Sandhu and Didar Singh and Gagandeep Kaur and Rakesh Kumar Sindhu} } @article {933, title = {Modification of Hexavalent Chromate Hepatotoxicity by Ethanol Extract of Moringa oleifera in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {764-770}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {764}, abstract = {

Background: The association of hexavalent chromate toxicity with oxidative stress necessitated the search for antidote from medicinal plants with antioxidant properties. One of such plants is Moringa oleifera. Objective: To investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidative properties of ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera (EEMO) against potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) induced hepatocellular damage and oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty rats were assigned into six groups of five animals each: distilled water, 12 mg/kg bd.wt K2Cr2O7, 3.5 mg/kg bd.wt EEMO, 7.0 mg/Kg bd.wt EEMO, 3.5 mg/Kg bd.wt EEMO+K2Cr2O7, 7.0 mg/kg bd.wt EEMO+K2Cr2O7. The EEMO was administered consecutively for thirty-five days, while K2Cr2O7 was injected intraperitoneally once weekly before the animals were sacrificed. Liver function and oxidative stress markers including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione -S-transferase (GST) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were monitored in the serum and liver. Histopathology of the liver was also carried out. In addition, proximate analysis of the powdered leaves and phytochemical composition of EEMO were also evaluated. Results: The K2Cr2O7 significantly (p \< 0.05) increased AST, ALT and MDA levels coupled with decreased SOD and GST activities as well as hepatic lesions when compared with control. However, the two doses of EEMO modified the hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress towards that of control. The EEMO is rich in phenolics and other phytochemicals including hexamethylquercetagetin and hexa-Omethylmyricitin that may account for the observed antioxidative and ameliorative effect. Conclusion: Our results suggest that ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera modify hexavalent chromate hepatotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Hepatotoxicity, Moringa oleifera, Oxidative stress and potassium dichromate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.121}, author = {Akinwumi Kazeem A and Osifeso Olabode O and Jubril Afusat J and David Olaitan O} } @article {827, title = {Molecular Docking Studies of Phytochemicals from Leucas aspera Targeting Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis Subcellular Proteins}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {March 2019}, pages = {278-285}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {278}, abstract = {

Objective: Bacterial subcellular proteins play a vital role in cell division, pilus assembly and virulence. In addition, such proteins were perceived as potential antimicrobial targets. Therefore, in this article we attempt to screen for potential phytochemicals that can target those subcellular proteins. Methods: A computational screening for phytochemicals from Leucas aspera with better bioavailability followed by molecular docking studies for better understanding of interaction between phytochemical and target proteins. Results: erythro-2-(4-allyl-2,6- dimethoxyphenoxy)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) propan-1-ol and Leucasperone B from Leucas aspera possess great binding affinity (\> -100 kcal/mol) towards one or more bacterial subcellular protein targets and possess bioavailability. Conclusion: Based on the docking result we claim that erythro-2-(4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) propan-1-ol and Leucasperone B could serve as an effective antimicrobial compounds to treat bacterial infections.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobials, Computational screening, Docking, Phytochemicals, Subcellular proteins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.43}, author = {Vivek Jagadeesan Sharavanan and Muthusaravanan Sivaramakrishnan and Ram Kothandan and Shanmugaprakash Muthusamy and Kumaravel Kandaswamy} } @article {1010, title = {Momordica Charantia L. Variety from Northeastern Brazil: Analysis of Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Components}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1312-1324}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1312}, abstract = {

Introduction: Momordica charanthia L., Curcubitaceae, is a pantropical food and medicinal plant. The plant is included in the Official List of Brazilian Medicinal Plants of interest to the Brazilian Unified Health System. The study aimed to perfom microbiological studies with extracts of Momordica charanthia L. including chemical characterization of the active extracts. Methods: The antimicrobial activity was evaluated with the hydroalcoholic and acetone extracts of M. charantia leaves, fruits and seeds from northeastern Brazil using microdilution broth technique on the selected clinical bacterial and fungal strains. Extracts that presented antimicrobial were subjected to ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-ESI-MS). Results: The in vitro antimicrobial assays demonstrated that the leaves extracts presented good antibacterial effect against four Staphylococcus aureus strains, and a weak antifungal activity agaist Candida albicans. Fourteen compounds were identified in the hydroalcoholic extract, while 12 were found in the acetone extract. The most important compounds were kaempferol, quercertin and triterpenoids like cucurbitacins. Conclussion: The present study demonstrated the potential antibacterial activity of M. charantia L. from northeastern part of Brazil, in addition to important phytochemical metabolites known to possess antibacterial activities, particularly against microrganisms of clinical importance. The UPLC phytochemical profile of the Brazilian variety is reported here for the first time. The phytochemical profile of the LHE and FAE demonstrated the presence of biologically and pharmacologically active compounds. There is lack of biological and pharmacological studies to support the medicinal uses of this important plant. The Brazilian variety of M. Charantia could be a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of infections.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Ethnopharmacology, in vitro activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.203}, author = {William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui Guarniz and Kirley Marques Canuto and Paulo Riceli Vasconcelos Ribeiro and Hilania Valeria Dodou and Karla Nascimento Magalhaes and KellenMiranda S{\'a} and Patr{\'\i}cia Georgina Garcia do Nascimento and Karine Lima Silva and Gleilton Weyne Passos Sales and Mirian Parente Monteiro and Nadia Accioly Pinto Nogueira and Sikiru Olaitan Balogun and Mary Anne Medeiros Bandeira} } @article {846, title = {Morpho-anatomical Observations on Homoeopathic Plant Drug Hygrophila spinosa T. Anderson}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {286-291}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {286}, abstract = {

Background: Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine synonym Hygrophila spinosa T. Anderson is used in the homoeopathic system of medicine belongs to the family Acanthaceae. Plant contains terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids and is traditionally known as an aphrodisiac, renal tonic and for its health-promoting properties, this drug is most popularly used by homoeopathic practitioners for the treatment of urticaria, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, nausea etc. Complete morphological characterization of whole plant has not been reported so for. This study may provide complete information on the basis of morphological, anatomical and powdered studies. That will assist to differentiate between adulterants and authentic raw drug to maintain the quality of drugs. Objective: The aim of the present study is to examine the morpho-anatomical, powder and fluorescence analysis of whole plant i.e. root, stem, and leaf of the plant used in homoeopathy. Material and methods: The macroscopical, microscopical and powdered analysis of drug was performed. For morphological study simple observational methods applied while for anatomical and bio-statistical parameters microscopy including powder microscopy was performed by using different methods. Results: The drug was in form of dried pieces of leaves, small quadrangular pieces of stem with spines and roots. Microscopy showed few features like aerenchymatous cortex in the middle region of root; semi-quadrangular outline, four vascular bundles at each corner in young stem and developing fascicular vascular bundles between them, in mature stem 6 vascular bundles viz. 4 vascular bundles at corner and 2 vascular bundles present in between opposite to each other; broad cortical aerenchyma in mature stem, leaf amphistomatous, anomocytic stomata, crescent-shaped meristele in leaf. Conclusion: Present study can assist the diagnostic characters of Hygrophila spinosa may be taken as pharmacognostical standards for the identification of plant drug.

}, keywords = {Drug, Homoeopathy, Macroscopy, microscopy, Organoleptic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.44}, author = {Digvijay Verma and Shilpi Singh and Renu Arya and Soundararajan Rajan and Bhopal Singh Arya and Anil Khurana and Raj Kumar Manchanda} } @article {1059, title = {Neuroprotective Effect of Sacha Inchi Oil (Plukenetia volubilis L.) in an Experimental Model of Epilepsy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1591-1596}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1591}, abstract = {

Background: Experimental studies have demonstrated that fatty acids such as omega 3 and 6 have anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, cardio protective and anti-tumor effects. Objective: The main objective was to determine the protective effect of sacha inchi oil on pentylenetetrazoleinduced seizures in albino mice. Material and Methods: Thirty male Balb/C albino mice of 8 weeks of age were purchased from the National Institute of Health (Lima-Peru). The animals were divided into 5 groups of 6 animals each one. Group I: Control; PTZ (pentylenetetrazole 80 mg / kg, s.c.). II: PTZ + Diazepam (1 mg / kg; s.c.). Group III, IV, V: PTZ + sacha inchi oil at single doses of 250, 500, 1000 mg / kg respectively orally. Sacha inchi oil was administered 30 minutes before induction of seizures by PTZ. Next, various parameters such as latency, seizure frequency, duration and score were scored according to Racine scale. The program Graph Pad Prism v.4 was used for statistical analysis. Results: As result, the experimental group treated with sacha inchi oil at maximum dose of 1000 mg/kg showed better results in response to PTZ induced seizure; low levels of seizures, frequency and duration (P\<0.001; ANOVA, P \<0.001 Post-hoc Dunnett test). Conclusion: It is concluded that Sacha inchi oil presented anticonvulsant effect at the highest doses tested being very similar to Diazepam. The main mechanism could be by reducing free radical and improving GABA levels in the brain.

}, keywords = {Convulsion, Epilepsy, Omega, Pentylenetetrazole, Plukenetia Volubilis, Sacha inchi}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.243}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Ricardo {\'A}ngel Yuli-Posadas and Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo and Edwin Enciso-Roca and C{\'e}sar Franco-Quino and Victor Chumpitaz-Cerrate and Linder Figueroa-Salvador} } @article {988, title = {Neuroprotective Effects of Ganoderma curtisii Polysaccharides After Kainic Acid-Seizure Induced}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1046-1054}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1046}, abstract = {

Background: Epilepsy is one of the major neurological disorders affecting world population. Although, some Ganoderma species have shown neuroprotective activities, the effects of polysaccharides isolated from Ganoderma curtisii on epileptic seizures have not been reported. Objective: The aims of the present study were to determine whether treatment with a polysaccharide fraction (GCPS-2) from a Mexican Ganoderma curtisii strain can reduce seizures, and the increases in the levels of apoptotic molecules and inflammatory cytokines in kainic acid-induced seizure mouse model. Materials and Methods: Rats were separated in groups: Control group received 2.5\% Tween 20 solution; GCPS-2 groups were administered GCPS-2 (10, 40, or 80 mg/kg); KA group received KA 10 mg/kg; GCPS-2+KA received GCPS- 2 and 30 min later KA. Pathological changes in neuronal morphology, expression of B-cell lymphoma-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin1-β and tumor necrosis factor-α) in the rat hippocampus and cortex were determined by immunohistochemistry. Results: Ganoderma curtisii soluble polysaccharides (GCPS-2) inhibited convulsions in rats. Moreover, treatment with GCPS-2 reduced the increased levels of apoptotic signaling molecules (Bcl-2) and proinflammatory mediators (in the kainic acid-treated hippocampus and cortex). Conclusion: Ganoderma curtisii soluble polysaccharides have a neuroprotective potential against epilepsy, partially through its ability to inhibit neurotoxic events in the in vivo hippocampus and cortex.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anticonvulsant, Ganoderma curtisii, Neuroprotective, β-glucan}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.164}, author = {Ismael Leon-Rivera and Juana Villeda-Hernandez and Elizur Montiel-Arcos and Isaac Tello and Maria Yolanda Rios and Samuel Estrada-Soto and Angelica Berenice Aguilar and Veronica Nunez-Urquiza and Jazmin Mendez-Miron and Victoria Campos-Pena and Sergio Hidalgo-Figueroa and Eva Hernandez and Gerardo Hurtado} } @article {962, title = {A New LC/MS/MS Method for the Analysis of Phyllanthin in Rat Plasma and its Application on Comparative Bioavailability of Phyllanthin in Different Formulations after Oral Administration in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {968-975}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {968}, abstract = {

Introduction: A simple, short UPLC/MS/MS method for quantitation of phyllanthin in rat plasma in less than 2 minutes have been developed and fully validated. The validated method was used to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of phyllanthin in PA extract and phospholipid complex of PA extract in rat. Methods: The separation was carried out on Acquity C18 (50 x 2.1 mm; 1.7 μm), with a mobile phase of 10 mM aqueous amonium acetate and acetonitrile (10:90; v/v), at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Felodipin was used as internal standard. Phyllanthin is extracted from a small volume of rat plasma (100 μl) by means of liquid-liquid extraction method with tert butyl methyl ether. Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry was applied in positive mode at capillary voltage of 4000 V for both phyllanthin and IS, cone voltage of 24 V for phyllanthin and 20 V for IS, desolvation temperature of 360oC, cone gas flow of 25 L/h, collision energy of 12 V for phyllanthin and 10 V for IS. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to monitor the transitions at m/z (Q1/Q3) 436.41/355.36 for phyllanthin and 384.20/352.18 for IS. Results: The linear calibration curve of phyllanthin was obtained over the concentration range of 0.5 {\textendash} 100 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precisions were less than 7.08 \% and the accuracies were within {\textpm} 7.55\%. The Cmax values of phyllanthin from two different preparations in rat plasma after oral administration of 2.0 mg/kg were 11.44 and 31.44 ng/ml, and the AUC values were 18.07 and 41.43 h.ng/ml, respectively. Conclusion: A simple, short UPLC/MS/MS method for quantitation of phyllanthin in rat plasma in less than 2 minutes have been developed and fully validated. The bioavailability of phyllanthin from the phospholipid complex of PA extract in rat plasma was significantly improved compared with that of raw PA extract after oral administration.

}, keywords = {LC-MS/MS, Pharmacokinetics, Phospholipid, Phyllanthin, Plasma, Quantitation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.153}, author = {Nguyen Van Long and Chu Van Men and Anh Vu Tuan and Nguyen Van Manh and Thanh Chu Duc and Ha Bui Thi Thu and Hoang Van Luong and Le Bach Quang and Pham Gia Khanh} } @article {795, title = {Niacin Regulates Glucose Reactive Protein (GRP78), Protein Carbonyl Content (PCC) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in the Hyperglycemic Human Lens Epithelial Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {8-11}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {8}, abstract = {

Introduction: Niacin is part of the chemical structure of coenzymes nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). Previous studies suggested that a high niacin intake could decrease the prevalence of cataracts, which may delay the onset of diabetic cataract. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of niacin on the hyperglycemia-induced osmotic stress and oxidative stress in human lens epithelial cells. Materials and Methods: Human lens epithelial cells were cultured in a high glucose condition. Oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl content (PCC) and glucose reactive protein (GRP), were measured using TBARS analysis (MDA) and ELISA (PCC and GRP) after 72 h incubation. Results: The MDA levels increased after high glucose administration relative to that in the control group (p \<0.05). Further, the groups that were co-treated with niacin showed decrease in the MDA levels for all doses of niacin and the lowest mean MDA level was obtained with 100 μM niacin. There was a decrease in the PCC levels for all doses, whereas the lowest mean PCC level was observed at a 100 μM niacin dose. The GRP levels increased after high glucose administration as compared with the control group. Also, the groups that were co-treated with niacin exhibited statistically significant reduction. Conclusion: These results suggest that niacin can inhibit the osmotic stress and oxidative stress which may lead to the progression of a diabetic cataract. Also, it may maintain lens transparency by acting as a precursor for glutathione biosynthesis and an antioxidant.

}, keywords = {Diabetic cataract, Glucose, GRP78, MDA, Niacin, Oxidative stress, PCC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.2}, author = {Nina Handayani and Hidayat Sujuti and Nur Permatasari and Achmad Rudijanto} } @article {836, title = {A Novel Poly-herbal Formulation Hastens Diabetic Wound Healing with Potent Antioxidant Potential: A Comprehensive Pharmacological Investigation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {324-331}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {324}, abstract = {

Objective: Currant investigation was aimed to evaluate the wound healing and antioxidant potentials of the novel Poly-herbal Formulation (PHF) in diabetic rat{\textquoteright}s models and in-vitro antioxidant assays respectively. Methods: The wound models viz., excision, incision and dead space by using wistar strain albino rats were adopted for this investigation. The free radical scavenging assays were employed for investigation of Antioxidant potential in poly herbal formulation. The constraints studied for assessment of wound repair were percentage closing percentage of wound, tensile strength of repaired tissue, breaking strength of granulation tissue and valuation of hydroxyproline content on dried tissue. The histopathological sections of granulation tissues obtained in dead space wound model were studied for the distribution of collagen and other histopathological changes. Four groups were used in this study with six animals each. Group I and Group II acts as normal control and diabetic control whereas Group III and Group IV was used as glibenclamide treated (1mg/kg b.w.) and PHF (500 mg/kg b.w.) treated group respectively. On the other hand the various antioxidant assays like DPPH, scavenging assays, hydrogen peroxide assay etc. were investigated. Results: The PHF has been significantly healing the wounds in diabetic rats within 18 days, while diabetic control rats healed the wound about 86.12\% in the same conditions and time. The wound breaking strength and histopathological studies of healed skin was signified the results. Significant (p\<0.01) increase in wound breaking strength as well as epithelialization and the level of hydroxyproline was observed in PHF treated animals comparison with diabetic control group. PHF has also shown significant antioxidant potential in in-vitro assays. Conclusion: All these investigation indicates the significant wound healing and antioxidant potential of PHF in the experimental animal groups in diabetic condition.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Diabetes, Poly herbal formulation, Streptozotocin, Wound model}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.48}, author = {Pulak Majumder and M Paridhavi} } @article {808, title = {Olea europaea and Its Constituents Promote Bone Health by Enhancing Osteoblast Differentiation and Proliferation: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {1-7}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: The human bone is in a constant state of balance between bone resorption and bone formation, maintained by the osteoclasts and osteoblasts respectively. Association of Mediterranean diet and bone health has been prevalently studied in recent years. Olive and its constituents have been suggested to be the major contributor to the benefits of the Mediterranean diet in bone health. Method: In this review, cellular and molecular mechanism of bone homeostasis and the influence of olive and its constituents were discussed. Result: Many studies ranging from clinical, animal and in vitro cell culture reported benefits of olive and its constituents in bone health. Olive and its constituent exerted its beneficial effect in bone health through stimulation of bone formation as opposed to inhibition of bone resorption. Conclusion: Olive and its constituents promotes osteoblast differentiation and proliferation.

}, keywords = {Bone, Hydroxytyrosol, Oleuropein, Olive, Osteoblast}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.1}, author = {Ruszymah Bt Hj Idrus and Aminuddin Bin Saim} } @article {957, title = {Optimization Method for Determination of Swelling Factor Linum usitatissimum Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {936-943}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {936}, abstract = {

Aim: Aspire of the investigation is to amend the method for determination of swelling factor of seeds, so it can be determined to optimize the minimum errors which will be reproducible. Swelling factor is play key role if the phytoconsitituent rich in mucilage and polysaccharide which constitute a diverse class of biological macromolecules. Background: Sugar molecules play a broad range of physiochemical properties which are widely used for applications in Pharmacy and the present investigation work is related to determine the effect of parameters such as quantity of seed, volume and nature of solvent, time interval of agitation, time of measurement of result, Effect of quantity of seeds on swelling factor determination. Solvent Optimized technic gives superlative results over IP method. Methods: The swelling factor of Linum usitatissimum was evaluated by using different polar to non-polar solvents by using the standard procedure. During the determination, the role of physical parameter were calculated by comprising the swelling factor with agitation and temperature. Results: According to the observations, the lower concentration levels of swelling index used as an alternative binder to starch. keeping one parameter as variable while all other parameters constant, it was observed that the swelling index of gives better results using the solvents plain distilled water, seeds moistened with alcohol. It was also observed that agitation at every three hours till the process of 24 hours is maintained would give better results, keeping one parameter as variable while all other parameters constant.

}, keywords = {Formulation parameter, Seed, Swelling index}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.149}, author = {S Dhanalakshmi and C N Hemalatha and Sai Ramya Bharathi and C Dhivya and S Vanishree and V Rekha and V Vijayalakshmi and A Hari priya and Sai Monisha} } @article {994, title = {An Overview of Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potentials of Punica granatum L}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1167-1171}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1167}, abstract = {

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is considered as {\textquotedblleft}A pharmacy unto itself{\textquotedblright} in Ayurvedic medicine and also used in several other systems of medicine. The plant belongs to the family Lythraceae containing pomegranate as a predominant species. Various parts of the plant exhibits significant pharmacological activities due to its wide range of potential bioactive compounds. Many biological activities proved its antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti- athersclerotic, antidiabetic actions and many more. This article provides a review of phytoconstituents of Punica granatum and its diverse array of biological properties.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Lythraceae, Pharmacological activities, Phytoconstituents, Punica granatum, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.181}, author = {Janani Jacob and Rajiv P and Gopalan R and Lakshmanaperumalsamy P} } @article {873, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Antimicrobial Activity of Root of Careya arborea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {608-612}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {608}, abstract = {

Background: Careya arborea is known for its traditional medicinal properties and reported for potent antitumor, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and many other activities. Its stem bark, leaves and fruits were studied biologically, but so far its root has not been studied. Aim: The aim of the present study is to standardize the root of Careya arborea and its extracts pharmacognostically and also to screen its extracts for their antimicrobial activities against several bacteria and fungi using standard procedures. Materials and Methods: Loss on drying, extractive and ash values, fluorescence and phytochemical analysis of the root and its extracts were studied using standard procedures. Antimicrobial activity was carried out by determining minimum inhibitory concentration. Results: Among all the extracts, the successive ethyl acetate extract was found to be the most active with lowest MIC values against L. acidophilius, S. aureus, C. freundii, P. aeruginosa and M. luteus. The successive chloroform extract was also found to be highly active against P. aeruginosa and fungi, M. furfur and C. albicans. Conclusion: The results are helpful in standardizing the root of the plant and since several of the root extracts possess antimicrobial properties, there is a need to isolate its constituents.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Careya arborea, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.97}, author = {Bandenawaz Ramadurga and Rakesh Kumar Jat and Shrishailappa Badami} } @article {1043, title = {Pharmacognostic Profile of Root and Stem of Indigofera Tirunelvelica Sanjappa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1580-1586}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1580}, abstract = {

Background: The focus on herbal plants as medicine is increasing rapidly because of their efficacy and less side effects. The medicinal plants are great alternative as they are renewable and non exhaustive resources. In India these medicinal plants have been part of the people{\textquoteright}s life dating back from centuries. Objectives: The present study is aimed to evaluate anatomical characterization of stem and root of Indigofera tirunelvelica Sanjappa for the first time which can be used in the identification and standardisation of Indigofera tirunelvelica Sanjappa. Results: The stem and root of the plant were evaluated for their microscopic features. In that histochemical localisation of secondary metabolites and transverse section of stem and root were studied. The histochemical localisation result reveals the presence of terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids and lignin were found in epidermal, cortical and xylem regions of the stem. Alkaloids, Terpenoids, phenols and lignin were found in the different areas of root. Conclusion: The present study thus emphasis the potentiality of the plant as a drug.

}, keywords = {Alkaloid, Flavonoid, Indigofera tirunelvelica Sanjappa, Root, Stem}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.241}, author = {Srinivasa Naidu Parijatham Kanchana and Agnel Arul John Nayagam and Sandra Horta} } @article {802, title = {Pharmacognostic Specifications, Quercetin and Quercitrin Quantification in Bauhinia malabarica Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {155-160}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {155}, abstract = {

Introduction: Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. is a tropical tree that found throughout Thailand. Leaves have a sour taste and have been used in Thai remedies for wound healing, diuretic, dysentery and emmenagogue. Objective: This study aimed to focus on pharmacognostic specification and quantitative analysis of quercetin and quercitrin in B. malabarica leaves. Methods: Various methods such as macroscopic and microscopic evaluations of B. malabarica leaf were studied along with physico-chemical parameters and quantitated quercetin and quercitrin using RP-HPLC. Results and Conclusion: Whole plant, structures of dried powder crude drug, cross section of midrib and leaf measurement were established. Paracytic stomata and multicellular trichome were found on lower epidermis. B. malabarica leaves from 15 sources throughout Thailand were examined the pharmacognostic specification according to WHO guideline. Physico-chemical parameters showed that loss on drying, total ash, acid insoluble ash and water content should not be more than 8.00, 7.08, 1.79 and 8.28 \% of dry weight while ethanol and water soluble extractive values should not be less than 13.78 and 16.47 \% of dry weight respectively. Quercetin and quercitrin were the markers for quantitative analysis using RP-HPLC with diode array detector in B. malabarica ethanolic extract. Quercetin and quercitrin contents were found to be 0.18 g and 0.38 g in 100 g of dried crude drug. Method validation was determined according to ICH guideline. All results were in the acceptable range and could be used for identity, safety, efficacy and quality of B. malabarica leaves in Thailand.

}, keywords = {Bauhinia malabarica Roxb, HPLC, Leaf measurement, Pharmacognostic specification, Quercetin, Quercitrin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.26}, author = {Paphitchaya Thetsana and Chayanon Chaowuttikul and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {1021, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies and Artemisinin Content of Artemisia Annua L. Grown in Togo}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1331-1335}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1331}, abstract = {

Objective: Artemisia annua grown in Togo is used as an antimalaria drug. The present study shows a detailed analysis of pharmacognostic evaluation of leaf powder and root that will be used for the purpose of identification, authentication, and consequent standardization. Materials and Methods: Both the leaf and root were evaluated for their macroscopic and microscopic features. The physicochemical parameters of the leaf powder and its phytochemical screening were done based on its total phenols and flavono{\"\i}d content. Artemisinin content was also performed using weigh method after extraction. Results: Physicochemical evaluation yielded water, alcohol, acetone, methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether soluble extractive values which are 2.25\%, 1.25\%, 4.22\%, 8.12\% and 3.77\% (w/w), respectively. Fluorescence analysis imparted characteristic colors to the leaf powder when observed under visible, UV light 254 and 365 nm. Phytochemical screening of leaf powder showed the presence of alkalo{\"\i}ds, flavono{\"\i}d, and anthracene derivatives. Total phenols and flavono{\"\i}d content were 32.5 {\textpm} 0.67 mEq Gallic Acid/100 mg and 11.3 {\textpm} 1.52. mgEq Quercetin/100 mg, respectively. Artemisinin content value was 0.009\% (w/w). Conclusion: Various pharmacognostic parameters which were evaluated assisted in identification and standardization of A. annua leaf in powder and crude form.

}, keywords = {Artemisia, Artemisinin, Flavonoid, Pharmacognostic, Total Phenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.205}, author = {Messan Koffi Adjogbl{\'e} and Batomayena Bakoma and Kossi Metowogo and Kodjovi Dots{\`e} Amouzou and Yao Potchoo and Kwashie Eklu-gadegbeku and Kodjo A Aklikokou and Menssanvi Gbeassor} } @article {786, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies of the Leaves, Stem and Root of Capparis erythrocarpos Isert (Capparaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {112-118}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {112}, abstract = {

Introduction: The roots of Capparis erythrocarpos are used traditionally across Africa for the management of pain, arthritis and other forms of inflammatory conditions. Owing to its proven efficacy, it has gained commercial value, particularly as a key ingredient in several herbal products and alcoholic beverages. The increased scarcity owing to demand outstripping supply lend the roots of C. erythrocarpos to adulteration. This paper presents a detailed pharmacognostic evaluation of the leaf, stem and root of C. erythrocarpos which will be used in its identification and consequent standardization. Methods: The leaf, stem and root were evaluated for their macroscopic and microscopic features as were the physicochemical parameters and phytochemical screening done. Results: Leaves are alternately arranged, have collateral vascular bundle, crystal sheaths and a pericyclic fibre. Actinocytic stomata and secretory cells were contained in powdered leaves. The stem showed lenticels and thorns, stellate and branched trichomes which leave off cicatrices in older stems. The powdered stem and roots contained stone cells, secretory cells and scalariform vessels. However, the roots lacked thorns, trichomes and had smaller secretory cells. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves, stem and roots were slightly acidic to neutral. Ash values of leaves, stem and roots are (16.58 {\textpm} 0.09) \% w/w, (5.01 {\textpm} 0.09) \% w/w and (6.53 {\textpm} 0.19) \% w/w respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaves, stem and roots showed the presence of glycosides, flavonoids and tannins. Conclusion: The determined parameters for the leaf, stem and root of C. erythrocarpos constitute quality parameters for their unequivocal identification.

}, keywords = {Capers, Cicatrices, crystal sheaths, Herbal medicine, Morphological features, Physicochemical parameters}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.19}, author = {Twumasi Mary A and Ekuadzi Edmund and Mante Priscilla K and Boakye-Gyasi Mariam E and Mensah Merlin LK and Woode Eric} } @article {1011, title = {Pharmacognostic study of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1376-1385}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {1376}, abstract = {

Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. has the vernacular name of, {\textquotedblleft}Mundi{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}East Indian globethistle, family Asteraceae. It is a spreading aromatic herb. It is indigenous at Rater of Chhindwara District, M.P and even found in most of the moist damp places of tropical zones of Garhwal Himalaya. The herbs contain a deep cherry coloured essential oil and a bitter alkaloid Sphaeranthine. It also contains many other active ingredients, namely, eudesmenolide-7α- hydroxy eudesm-4-en-6, 12-olide, 2-hydroxycostic acid, β-eudesmol, ilicic acid, methychavicol, α-ionone, d-cadinene, α-terpinene, citral, geraniol, geranyl acetate, sphaerene, indicusene and sphaeranthol. The herb has been investigated for many diseases and used in ethnomedicne. The review of this medicinal plant can revealed some important and valuable information with respect to pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects. The main objective of this paper is to gather some valuable information with respect to its standardization, which has been done along with active ingredients by some researchers.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Ethnomedicine, Flavonoids, Gorakhmundi, Mundi, Pharmacological uses, S. indicus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.213}, author = {Sonia Singh and Bhupesh C Semwal and Dr Prabhat Kr Upadhaya} } @article {963, title = {Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Evaluation of Cordia sebestena L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1100-1105}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1100}, abstract = {

Background: Cordia sebestena L. belongs to family Boraginaceae is commonly known as {\textquotedblleft}Geiger Tree{\textquotedblright} in Indonesia, it is generally found in Indonesia included Jakarta, and many other countries. Some researchers have revealed the presence of several pharmacology activities. Thus this study is an attempt to present an overview of pharmacognostic and phytochemical evaluation reported on this plant. Objective: In the present investigation, various pharmacognostic standards have been investigated to prove the authenticity of the plant for the claimed traditional uses. This will help in the identification of powder drug prior to using in medicine. Methods: Macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical evaluation, of the drug was performed using standardized procedures as mentioned in the WHO and Indonesian Herb Pharmacopoeia guidelines.Thin layer chromatography profile was done using some different mobile phase system to the identification of the drug. Results: The physicochemical parameters such as moisture content, ethanol- and water-soluble extractive, total ash, acidinsoluble ash value, were determined. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, steroids, terpenoids in the ethanolic extracts of leaf of this plant. The TLC profile of n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extract were carried out 5, 7 and 2 spots respectively. Conclusion: The present study on pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical standards could be useful information for authentication and preparation monograph for C.sebestena.

}, keywords = {Boraginaceae, Chromatography Profile, Fluorescence, Microscopic, Physicochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.172}, author = {Endang Hanani and Sri Harsodjo Wijono Soewandi and Hayati and Nellysa Revita} } @article {826, title = {Pharmacognostical, Physicochemical Standardization and In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Punica granatum Linn fruit}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {272-277}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {272}, abstract = {

Introduction: Punica granatum Linn. fruit (Family: Punicacea), known as Pomegranate is ethno-medicinally prescribed in various part of world for treatment of different diseases it is used as antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anticancer and antiparasitic agent. Method: The present study was thus undertaken to find out the necessary pharmacognostical standards for evaluating the fruit of P. granatum. Different assessment such as macroscopical characters, microscopical studies, physicochemical evaluations (loss on drying, moisture content by Karl Fischer titration, ash values, extractive values) and TLC/HPTLC finger print profiling were performed and the relevant quantitative and qualitative parameters were reported. Invitro antioxidant activity is also performed by HPLC-DPPH method. Results: Fruit of P. granatum are Reddish brown in color, Globular and Oval, smooth, 5.0 o 12.0 cm in diameter. Powdered fruit confirmed the presence of Stone cell, Endospermic cell, Group of stone cells, Nonlignified fiber, Starch grain and Lignified fibers and vessels. TLC of the extracts was also carried out in the current study. Physicochemical standards quantified include loss on drying (36.62 {\textpm} 4.17 \%), moisture content (32.15 {\textpm} 3.64 \%) total ash (8.58\% {\textpm} 1.06 \%), water soluble ash (7.15 {\textpm} 0.97 \%), acid insoluble ash (0.45 {\textpm} 0.03 \%). Safety profile of plant part was recognized by quantify microbial limit test, pesticide residue and heavy metals (Cd, As, Hg and Pb) evaluation. Here is no visible microbial growths were seen in sample. Pesticide residue and heavy metals were observed to be present within the acceptable limits. Conclusion: Scientific investigations do not yet exist to identify the exact plant part and to determine its quality and purity. These studies provided referential information for accurate identification and standardization of this herbal material. These analyses will also be useful to distinguish P. granatum from the closely associated to other species of Punica.

}, keywords = {DPPH, HPLC, Pharmacognostical, Punica granatum, Quality control}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.42}, author = {Mohd Amir and Niyaz Ahmad and Md Sarfaroz and Wasim Ahmad and Sayeed Ahmad and Mohd Mujeeb} } @article {1026, title = {Pharmacognostical Studies and Determination of Total Flavonoids of Paitan (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1256-1261}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1256}, abstract = {

Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray is one of the plants used in traditional medicine and belongs to Compositae family. In different parts of Indonesia, it is commonly known as {\textquotedblleft}paitan and kembang bulan{\textquotedblright}. The study provides an early description of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray) and complete the monographs data extract. This plant prospects to the main source of the raw material for the herb-drug product and some parameters identified were needed to ensure the safety, quality and efficacy of the product. The present study is to evaluate macrosand microscopic characteristic of the Indonesian plant and its quality parameter including fluorescence, physicochemical characteristics and phytochemical screening. Moisture content, ethanol and water-soluble extract was determined, and were discovered to be 11,27\%, 4,73\% and 18,01\%. Total ash value and acid insoluble ash value were determined which was 10.29 and 0.72 \% respectively. Phytochemical screening of aqueous ethanol extract of Tithonia diversifolia showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and triterpenoids. The result showed that average content of flavonoid total is 69.1653 mg QE/g extract.

}, keywords = {Pharmacognostical, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.195}, author = {Vera Ladeska and Ema Dewanti and Deviana Indah Sari} } @article {806, title = {A Pharmacognosy Approach to the Botanical Source of a Cinnamon Fruit Traded as N{\={a}}gake{\'s}ara and Sirunagappu in Raw Drug Markets}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {81-87}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {81}, abstract = {

Background: Adulteration and substitution of Nagakesara is a well-established fact in the medicinal plant literature though it is referred by the authors of important Ayurvedic texts to cure piles, dysentery, hiccup etc. The botanical identities of controversial sources of Nagakesara are flowers of Mesua ferrea L. and Ochrocarpus longifolius Benth. and Hook. f., Calophyllum inophyllum L., Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. and perchance their allied species. Though immature fruits of some Cinnamomum species are also reported to be sold as Nagakesara/Sirunagappu in the crude drug markets there are no pharmacognostic studies available for the identification and analysis of this crude drug. Materials and Methods: In this study, marketed Nagakesara/ Sirunagappu samples were procured from Chennai raw drug market and analyzed as per the standard methodologies for pharmacognostic studies. Results: Macro-microscopical characters and chemical identity of the samples of immature fruits were established to derive set of characters for the identification of this marketed material. The proposed results would help in identification of this crude drug while used as substitute drug for the official source. Conclusion: The botanical Nagakesara or Sirunagappu is neither stamen nor flower, but it is fruit of Cinnamomum species. As Western Ghats is habitat for several similar looking species of Cinnamomum, there is necessity to study the pharmacognostical characters of all species of Cinnamomum before concluding the botanical source of this ambiguous raw drug of Ayurveda and Siddha.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Lauraceae, Market substitute, Quality standards, Siddha, ulteration}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.15}, author = {Chinnapillai Arunachalam and Balasundaram Maheshwari and Govindarajan Nartunai and Raju Ilavarasan and Koppala Narayana Sunil Kumar and Parameswaran Sathiyarajeswaran} } @article {943, title = {Phenolic Profile and In Vivo Cytotoxic Activity of Rice Straw Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {849-857}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {849}, abstract = {

Background: Previous work of our team exhibited that rice straw (RS) has antitumor activity in vitro and inhibit proliferation of liver, lung, prostate, and breast cancer human cell lines. In this work, we extended our research to screen the antitumor activity of RS ethanol extract as a single treatment and in the presence of combined radiotherapy with a low dose of gamma radiation against murine Ehrlich solid carcinoma (EAC) model. Objective: To evaluate the most common waste in Egypt RS to screen out its in vivo cytotoxic activity and as combined therapy with radiotherapy. Method: Tested sample RS was investigated for its content of phenolics by LC/MS/MS, in addition, ethanolic extracts of the tested sample were investigated as antitumor on female mice inoculated with EAC cells as a single treatment and in the presence of combined radiotherapy with a low dose of gamma radiation (LDR). Results: LC/MS/MS revealed that rice straw was rich in phenolic acids (vanillic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acid) along with catechin and flavonoids aglycones (quercetin, apigenin, and kaempferol). Rice straw and/or exposure to a low dose of γ-radiation caused a marked suppression of tumor growth and induced significant reduction in VEGF level \& in IL-6 level with significant elevation in IL-10 serum level. Rice straw caused a significant down regulation in the gene transcription level of MCL1 and b-catenin, and a significant up-regulation of Caspase-3 and Bax gene expression. RS extract and LDR (EC + RS + R group) revealed that there was a mild form of necrosis with severe apoptosis in the tumor cells. Conclusion: From the aforementioned results, it can be concluded that RS/LDR effectively and synergistically work towards inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. These findings were well supported with histopathological studies suggesting that RS/low dose gamma radiation can serve as a good therapeutic agent against cancer but still need further clinical studies.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxic, Histopathology, LC/MS/MS, Phenolics, Rice straw}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.137}, author = {Meselhy KM and Shams MM and Sherif NH and El-Sonbaty SM} } @article {840, title = {Phytochemical Analysis, In vitro Antioxidant Capacity and Toxicity Assessment of Copaifera paupera Oleoresin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {March 2019}, pages = {374-378}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {374}, abstract = {

Introduction: The present study was taken to determine the phytochemical analysis, the antioxidant activity in vitro (FRAP and TBARS methodologies), the oral acute toxicity and antigenotoxicity of the oleoresin Copaifera paupera. Methods: The oleoresin was tested for in vivo cytoprotective capacity using the Micronucleus Test and the Comet Assay in mice bone marrow cells and mice erythrocytes cells, respectively. Results: The oleoresin had low levels of total flavonoids and phenol content and also of antioxidant capacity. Orally, the LD50 appeared to be \> 5000 mg/kg (no toxic or low toxic). The results showed all the doses evaluated (180 360, 720 and 1440 mg/kg) antigenotoxic effect by reduce the DNA damage induced by cyclophosphamide, being a 100 \% DNA damage reduction at the highest dose evaluated. Conclusion: According to the Micronucleus test, the oleoresin Copaifera paupera had the ability of increase the cell proliferation despite the exposition of cyclophosphamide. (abstract is not arranged properly, improper sentences)

}, keywords = {Antigenotoxicity, Comet assay, Copaifera paupera, Micronucleus test, Oleoresin, Phytochemical analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.57}, author = {Danae Liviac and Paola Raunelli and Rafael Alvis and Silvio Puente and Ivan Best and Oscar Reategui} } @article {1057, title = {Phytochemical and Pharmacological Support for the Traditional Uses of Zingiberacea Species in Suriname - A Review of the Literature}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1511-1525}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1511}, abstract = {

The Zingiberacea or ginger family is a family of flowering plants comprising roughly 1,600 species of aromatic perennial herbs with creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes divided into about 50 genera. The Zingiberaceae are distributed throughout tropical Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Many members are economically important as spices, ornamentals, cosmetics, traditional medicines, and/or ingredients of religious rituals. One of the most prominent characteristics of this plant family is the presence of essential oils in particularly the rhizomes but in some cases also the leaves and other parts of the plant. The essential oils are in general made up of a variety of, among others, terpenoid and phenolic compounds with important biological activities. The Republic of Suriname (South America) is well-known for its ethnic and cultural diversity as well as its extensive ethnopharmacological knowledge and unique plant biodiversity. This paper first presents some general information on the Zingiberacea family, subsequently provides some background about Suriname and the Zingiberacea species in the country, then extensively addresses the traditional uses of one representative of the seven genera in the country and provides the phytochemical and pharmacological support for these uses, and concludes with a critical appraisal of the medicinal values of these plants.

}, keywords = {Pharmacological activity, Phytochemical composition, Rationale, Suriname, Traditional uses, Zingiberaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.232}, author = {Dennis RA Mans and Meryll Djotaroeno and Priscilla Friperson and Jennifer Pawirodihardjo} } @article {920, title = {Phytochemical Characterization of Rhizome, Fruit, Leaf and Callus of Rheum emodi Wall. using GC-MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {617-623}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {617}, abstract = {

Background: Rheum emodi is an immensely useful medicinal herb of Himalaya having remarkable antidiabetic and anticancerous activities reported mainly from rhizomatous portion of the plant. The present study reports Gas Chromatographic- Mass spectroscopic characterization of both the conventionally used part i.e., the rhizome as well as other parts of R. emodi including callus to exploit the nonconventional parts for future use. Objective: To explore the bioactive constituents in the methanol extract of rhizome, fruit, leaf and callus of R. emodi. Methods: Phytochemical characterization of the plant extracts was performed by using GC-MS QP 2010 Plus. Various constituents were identified after matching their mass fragmentation pattern with data available in GC-MS library of National Institute of Standards Technology (NIST) and Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data{\textquoteright}s, New York (Wiley). Results: Total of 95 bioactive compounds were obtained in methanol extract of R. emodi out of which rhizome, fruit, leaf and callus revealed 31, 38, 27 and 47 compounds respectively. Two anthraquinones, chrysophanol (43.97\%) and physcion (3.23\%) were obtained from rhizome whereas fruit possessed only physcion (4.66\%). Conclusion: The present findings characterizes and helps to supplement the chemical profile of the plant for its futuristic role in nutritional, pharmaceutical and therapeutic industries.

}, keywords = {Callus, Fruit, GC-MS analysis, Leaf, Rheum emodi, Rhizome}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.99}, author = {Ruchi Singh and Preeti Chaturvedi} } @article {850, title = {Phytochemical Composition, Proximate Analysis and Antimicrobial Screening of the Methanolic Extract of Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst ex a. Dc (ebenaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {362-368}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {362}, abstract = {

Aim: Diospyros mespiliformis is one plant used by the natives for the treatment of certain diseases including wounds. In this present study, preliminary screening of the methanolic leaf extract of D. mespiliformis was carried out for its phytochemical and proximate constituents in addition to investigating its antimicrobial activity against four bacteria species. Methodology: Preliminary phytochemical and proximate analysis were carried out using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity was conducted using the whole in-plate and broth serial micro dilution assays on two Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhymurium) and two Gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). Results: The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, anthraquinones, flavonoids and volatile oil. Similarly, preliminary proximate analysis of the root, bark and leaf extracts of D. mespiliformis exerts revealed the presence of carbohydrate, crude protein, moisture, lipid and nitrogen, ash and fibre. The extract demonstrated greater inhibitory activity on P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and E. coli (MIC=156.25 μg/ml) than on S. typhymurium (MIC=312.5 μg/ml). Conclusion: These findings revealed that the crude methanolic extract of D. mespiliformis and its fractions demonstrated broad spectrum antimicrobial activity in a dose dependent manner.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Diospyros mespiliformis, Extract, Phytochemical, Proximate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.55}, author = {Abdullahi Aliyu Ebbo and Dahiru Sani and Mohammed Musa Suleiman and Abubakar Ahmed and Adamu Zoaka Hassan} } @article {822, title = {Phytochemical Compounds Of Cichorium intybus by Exploring its Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {248-257}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {248}, abstract = {

Introduction: The current study aims to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Cichorium intybus n-hexane extract on diabetes mellitus and its antioxidant effect in vivo in alloxinated animals. Diabetic neuropathy improvement was also tested as well as insulin levels and histology of the pancreas were performed. Methods: The chromatographic standardization of C. intybus extract was performed using isocratic HPLC, which indicated the presence of numerous phyto-constituents. The hexane extract was studied for its effect on blood glucose levels and painful diabetic neuropathy (DN) in diabetic mice. Hyperalgesia and mechanical-allodynia were evaluated using thermal stimuli, pain response to radiant energy experiments and a mechanical sensitivity test respectively. Subsequently, after eight weeks of being alloxinated, BGL, body weight, antioxidant activity, insulin levels and glycated hemoglobin were recorded to evaluate antidiabetic potential and the DN. Results: The administration of Cichorium intybus extract (50, 75 and 100 mg/kg) and a combination of Cichorium intybus extract and Camellia sinensis (50 + 200 mg/kg, respectively) have revealed an acute hypoglycemic effect ranging from 14.15\% and 42.4\%. The sub-chronic anti-diabetic effect ranged from 23.41\% and 44.8\%. They diminished hyperalgesia and tangible allodynia significantly (p\<0.05), (n=7 per group). The powerful neuroprotective properties might serve as potential lead-compounds for further analysis. Conclusion: The histological study and the potent antioxidant effect showed that they could assist in the management of diabetes mellitus and DN by amelioration of insulin levels and regeneration of pancreatic beta cells.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic effects, Antioxidant, Cichorium Intybus, Phytochemical analysis, Serum insulin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.39}, author = {Dina Kanj and Karim Raafat and Abdalla El-Lakany and Safaa Baydoun and Maha Aboul-Ela} } @article {1036, title = {Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activities of Crude Extracts from Acacia Senegal Leaf Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1409-1414}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1409}, abstract = {

Background: Acacia senegal (Fabaceae) Wild is a leguminous tree with economic values, but its leaves are under-utilised. Objective: To investigate the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potential of crude extracts from A. Senegal{\textquoteright}s leaves. Methods: Methanol and acetone crude extracts of leaves of A. senegal were prepared by maceration using organic solvents, methanol and acetone respectively. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of the crude extracts were evaluated using Association of Agricultural and Chemist (AOAC) protocols. Antioxidant activities of the crude extracts were determined using 2, 2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) respectively. Results: The crude extracts (acetone and methanol) showed vary quality of phytochemical constituent including flavonoid, alkaloids, carbohydrate, saponins, tannin, steroids, and terpenoids. Acetone crude possessed significant (P \< 0.05) higher total flavonoid and proanthocyanidin content in comparison with methanol extracts. Whereas, methanol crude extract possessed significant higher total phenol content compared with acetone crude extract. The crude extracts showed antioxidant activities as evidence in scavenging ABTS and DPPH radicals. However, acetone crude with lower IC50 of 0.09 mg/mL possessed significant higher ABTS scavenging ability compared to methanol (0.07 mg/mL) and ascorbic acid (0.07 mg/mL). Conclusion: The crude extracts could serve as a promising natural antioxidant agent in management of oxidative stress diseases. For further studies, bioactive compounds need to be ascertained.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Acacia Senegal, Antioxidants, crude extract, DPPH, Free Radicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.218}, author = {Edwina O Uzunuigbe and Foluso O Osunsanmi and Priscilla Masamba and Rebamang A Mosa and Rebamang A Mosa and Andrew R Opoku and Abidemi P Kappo} } @article {923, title = {Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Potential of Crude Extracts from Lippia Javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {803-807}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {803}, abstract = {

Background: Oxidative stress is implicated in most life threaten diseases. Objectives: This study evaluated the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Lippia javanica{\textquoteright}s crude extracts. Methods: Phytochemical screening was carried out on pulverized Lippia javanica leaves using standard protocols. Crude extracts were prepared using various solvents (hexane, acetone, ethylacetate, methanol, dichloromethane respectively), and percentage yields calculated. The antioxidant activities of crude extracts were monitored with DPPH, ABTS and nitric oxide (NO) radicals using spectra techniques. Results: The phytochemical presents in Lippia javanica were tannin, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids and phenols. Percentage yield increased in order; Acetone \> Methanol, \> Dichloromethane \> Ethyl-acetate \> Hexane. All the crude extracts showed differ degrees of antioxidant potential as evidence by significantly (P \< 0.05) scavenging DPPH, ABTS and NO radicals, Acetone crude extract showed the lowest IC50 (2.22 {\texttimes} 10-3 and 2.42 {\texttimes} 10-3 mg/ml) toward DPPH and ABTS radical respectively in comparison to other crude extracts, and the positive controls (Ascorbic acid and Butylated hydroxyl anisole), Hexane crude extract showed the lowest IC50 (3.95 {\texttimes} 10-1 mg/ml) toward NO radical compared with other treatments. Conclusion: Therefore, this study proves that Lippia javanica crude extracts are good source of natural antioxidants in alleviating oxidative stress diseases. Isolation of bioactive compounds from crude extracts are desirable for future studies.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Antioxidants, DPPH, Lippia Javanica, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.128}, author = {Foluso Oluwagbemiga Osunsanmi and Godfrey Elijah Zharare and Andy Rowland Opoku} } @article {832, title = {Phytochemical Constituents and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Madang Gatal (Schima wallichii) Choisy Stem Bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {395-399}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {395}, abstract = {

Introduction: Madang gatal (Schima wallichii) Choisy is one of typical Indonesian plants that used traditionally as insomnia and hypertension drug. Background: The environment is highly polluted by free radicals which may contribute to the aging process of tissue and cause chronic diseases. The aims of the research were to study the phytochemical constituents and free radical scavenging activity of Schima wallichii stem bark. Materials and Methods: Extraction of S.wallichii stem bark was carried out by maceration method using methanol and then the methanol extract was partitioned using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol successively. The methanol extract was then screened to determine the presence of different classes of secondary metabolites. The ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to silica column chromatography followed by exclusion chromatography on sephadex LH-20 to yield two partially purified isolates, SA and SE4. FTIR and GC-MS analyses indicated SA asa mixture of pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl esterand patchouli alcohol, while SE4 was made up predominantly of pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, 13-hydroxy methyl ester. Free radical scavenging activity was performed by using2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical oxidation method. Results: The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenes and quinones. All tested samples, methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol extracts showed strong antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 8.58, 17.36, 8.17 and 8.79 μg/mL, respectively. The isolates showed strong antioxidant activity with SE4 exhibiting an IC50 value of about 5.5 times stronger than quercetin used as a standard antioxidant.

}, keywords = {13-hydroxy methyl ester, 14-methyl-, antioxidant activity, Chromatography, DPPH, Pentadecanoic acid, Schima wallichii stem bark}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.61}, author = {Galuh Widiyarti and Winda Fitrianingsih} } @article {912, title = {Phytochemical Identification and Anti-Oxidant Study of Essential Oil Constituents of Ocimum basilicum L. Growing in Iraq}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {724-729}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {724}, abstract = {

Introduction: Essential oil of Iraqi growing Ocimum basilicum (Thia basil) was studied for their chemical components investigation and antioxidant activity. Methods: Essential oils of leaves and stems of Ocimum basilicum were collected using hydrodistillation by Clevenger apparatus. Components of the collected essential oils were examined by the techniques such as Gas chromatography and Gas chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry. Results: The analysis showed that the major components of essential oils were linalool (48.69\%), 1,8-cineole (14.00\%), trans-α-bergamotene (8.23\%) and eugenol (6.64\%). The antioxidant investigation was achieved using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as a radical scavenger and bleaching of β-carotene/linoleic assay. The essential oil displayed strong inhibition with 110.8\% against autoxidation of linoleic acid, while the scavenging of DPPH radical gave a value of IC50 145.35 μg/mL. Conclusion: The results signify that essential oils of O. Basilicum could be used for pharmaceutical studies and preservative in the food industry. This is the first study of the essential components of new cultivate of Thai basil in Iraq.

}, keywords = {DPPH, Linalool, O. basilicum, Thai basil, β-carotene}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.115}, author = {Abed S. Ahmed and Abo Khthr M. Fanokh and Mahood A. Mahdi} } @article {926, title = {Phytochemical, in vitro Antioxidant and in vivo Safety Evaluation of Leaf Extracts of Tragia plukenetii}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {848}, type = {Corrigendum}, chapter = {848}, abstract = {

In principle, this figure represents non-toxic effect of TP. As all the treatment groups are non-toxic, we have optimistically represented the figure. Due to the manual error while copying the figure 4, BE image was taken from different group instead of actual one. This has been rectified in the corrected image of figure 4. In ground reality, however, the present modifications in the figure do not alter the scientific meaning of the figure or the outcome of the study conclusions. Read more...

}, keywords = {Nil}, author = {Srinivasa Reddy Bonam and Sathish Kumar Manoharan and Vijayapandi Pandy and Anji Reddy Raya and Rama Rao Nadendla and Manjunathan Jagadeesan and Ankem Narendra Babu} } @article {852, title = {Phytochemical, in vitro Antioxidant and in vivo Safety Evaluation of Leaf Extracts of Tragia plukenetii}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {338-345}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {338}, abstract = {

Objective: To investigate the phytochemical properties, in vitro antioxidant and in vivo safety profile of leaf extracts of Tragia plukenetii (TP). Methods: TP leaves were obtained from the south part of India (Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh) and it was extracted with different solvents (benzene extract (BE), chloroform extract (CE) and methanolic extract (ME)). These TP extracts were analyzed for the in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH reducing power, β-carotene-linoleic acid complex and iron chelation assays followed by in vivo acute oral and dermal toxicities using Swiss mice and Wistar rats respectively. Results: The present study results revealed ME exhibited an effective and powerful antioxidant activity when compared to a standard antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). ME was found to be effective in DPPH, β-carotene-linoleic acid complex and iron chelation assays respectively. In vivo acute oral toxicity study revealed that mice treated with up to 5000 mg/kg of BE, CE and ME did not show any signs of toxicity. Furthermore, similarly, acute dermal toxicity study demonstrated that BE, CE and ME did not exhibit any signs of dermal toxicity up to 1000 mg/kg in rats. Conclusion: TP extracts possess an excellent antioxidant activity with a devoid of any signs of acute oral and dermal toxicities.

}, keywords = {Dermal toxicity, DPPH assay, Iron chelation, Oral toxicity, Tragia plukenetii., β-carotene-linoleic acid complex}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.50}, author = {Srinivasa Reddy Bonam and Sathish Kumar Manoharan and Vijayapandi Pandy and Anji Reddy Raya and Rama Rao Nadendla and Manjunathan Jagadeesan and Ankem Narendra Babu} } @article {891, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity Study of Methanol Extract of Stems and Roots of Codonopsis clematidea from Trans-himalayan Region}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {536-546}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {536}, abstract = {

Aim: The present report aimed to study the therapeutic and phytochemical properties of stems and roots of trans-himalayan plant Codonopsis clematidea. Material and Methods: The crude samples of stems and roots were explored for their chlorophyll, carotenoid and carbohydrate content in order to understand the matrix of these two plant parts. The extraction of phytochemicals was carried out by three different methods viz. sonication, maceration and soxhlet in methanol to identify the best extraction method. Further, analysis of Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) and Total Polyphenolic Content (TPC) were carried out using rutin trihydrate and gallic acid as a reference standard. Antioxidant capacity was estimated using three methods viz. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. In addition to this, GC-MS analysis was also performed for the identification of volatile constituents of Methanol Extract of Stems (MES) and Methanol Extract of Roots (MER). Results: The MES and Dimethylsulfoxide Extract of Stems (DES) were found to have higher Chlorophyll a (Cha) content in comparison to Chlorophyll b (Chb) and Carotenoids (Cca). Carbohydrate profile showed that stems and roots have the highest content of fructose in comparison to other sugar moieties. The soxhlet method showed the highest percentage extractive yield in the stems as well as roots. Results revealed that the MES showed higher antioxidant potential as compared to the MER. A correlation has also found to exist between the results of TPC, TFC and antioxidant assays, since TPC and TFC are key constituents responsible for the antioxidant potential. Conclusion: These results have been found to suggest the richness of MES in natural phenols, flavonoids and antioxidants. Further, study should be conducted over identification and characterization of compounds present in the extract.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Codonopsis clematidea, Fructose, GC-MS, MER, MES}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.86}, author = {Pushpender Bhardwaj and Mohan Singh Thakur and Sahil Kapoor and Ashwani Kumar Bhardwaj and Ajay Sharma and Shweta Saxena and Om Prakash Chaurasia and Raj kumar} } @article {1039, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Effect of Ethanol Leaf and Trunk Bark Extracts of Cordyla pinnata (Lepr. Ex A. Rich.) Milne-Redh. (Caesalpiniaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1415-1418}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1415}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant effect of ethanol leaf and trunk bark extracts of an African wild plant, Cordyla pinnata (Lepr. Ex A. Rich.) Milne-Redh. C. pinnata is used in Senegalese folk medicine to treat asthenia, spasm and various infections. Methods: The phytochemical investigation of the extracts was done using physico-chemical reactions while antioxidant effect was assessed by DPPH and FRAP assays. Results: Tannins, flavonoids, cardiotonic heterosides and triterpenoids were present in leaf and trunk bark extracts of C. pinnata. Meanwhile, anthracenic derivatives were detected in the leaf extract of C. pinnata. In DPPH assay, IC50 values of the leaf, trunk bark extracts and ascorbic acid were respectively 21.07 {\textpm} 0.11 μg/ml, 19.53 {\textpm} 0.42 μg/ml and 0.33 {\textpm} 0.11 μg/ml. In FRAP assay, the leaf and trunk bark extracts and ascorbic acid reduced significantly ferric ion. Ascorbic acid was seen to be more active in FRAP assay than the leaf and trunk bark extracts of C. pinnata. Conclusion: Ethanol leaf and trunk bark extracts of C. pinnata had revealed antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cordyla pinnata, Leaf, Phytochemical screening, Trunk bark}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.219}, author = {Alioune Dior FALL and Serigne Ibra Mback{\'e} DIENG and Abdou SARR and Mbaye DIENG} } @article {922, title = {Phytochemical Screening, HPTLC Fingerprinting and Invitro Antioxidant Activity of Root Extract of Asparagus racemosus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {818-823}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {818}, abstract = {

Background: Asparagus racemosus is a climber shrub used in Indian medicine for centuries. It has been used as galactogogue and nerve tonic in folk medicine. The recent research on A. racemosus has revealed its disease fighting properties such as anti-bacterial, immunomodulatory, cardio protective, anti-stress, etc. Phytochemicals present in the plants are associated with their therapeutic capabilities. Hence, phytochemical screening of a therapeutic plant is essential. Materials and Methods: A preliminary qualitative screening of phytoconstituents present in the ethanol and aqueous extract of the plant was done. high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) was used to create a phytochemical fingerprint of the plant extract. Further, a series of antioxidant assays, i.e., 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DDPH) radical, Nitric oxide (NO) radical, Superoxide (SO) radical and 2,2{\textquoteright}-azinobis( 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays were done. Results: The phytochemical screening and the HPTLC fingerprint showed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenoids, saponins etc. They also showed free radical scavenging property and hence can be used as potential primary antioxidant. Conclusion: A preliminary screening created a phytochemical profile of A. racemosus extracts. These phytoconstituents may be linked to the various known therapeutic applications of the plant. This may aid in further extensive studies for identifying and isolating compounds with potential therapeutic value in A. racemosus.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Asparagus racemosus, Chromatography, Phytochemistry, Phytoconstituents, Therapeutics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.131}, author = {Kalaivani Selvaraj and Girija Sivakumar and Aruthra Arumugam Pillai and Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan and Srinivasa Rao Bolla and Geetha Royapuram Veeraraghavan and Gayathri Rengasamy and Joel P Joseph and Janardhana PB} } @article {791, title = {Phytochemical Study and Biological Activities of Hydro-Alcoholic Extract of the Leaves of Bridelia ferruginea Benth and its Fractions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {141-145}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {141}, abstract = {

Context and purpose: The roots of B. ferruginea are used in traditional Togo medicine in the treatment of diabetes. Studies have shown that leaves have a low antihyperglycemic effect. This study aims to improve the effect of leaves. Methods: The hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves underwent a fractionation (separation in cold alcohol) and an OGTT (Oral Glucose tolerance test) on healthy mice, a phytochemical screening and antioxidant tests (in vitro: DPPH and ex vivo: AAPH) were performed on the extract and its fractions. Results: Phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins as well as the absence of condensed tannins, alkaloids, saponosides and anthracene derivatives. The extract also showed antioxidant activity. The supernatant fraction showed antihyperglycemic activity at 100 mg / kg in the 30th and 60th after glucose administration. Phytochemical screening of the supernatant revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins. The supernatant also showed more pronounced antioxidant activity than the total extract. Conclusion: In view of these results, the most active fraction obtained by the separation technique in cold alcohol is the supernatant.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Bridelia ferruginea, Diabetes, Fractionation, OGTT}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.23}, author = {Batomayena Bakoma and Sabrina Sanvee and Kossi Metowogo and Yao Potchoo and Kwashie Eklu gadegbeku and Kodjo Aklikokou and Menssanvi Gbeassor} } @article {889, title = {Phytochemical Study of Odorous Celery Root (Apium graveolens L.) Grown in the North Caucasus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {527-530}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {527}, abstract = {

Context: Flavoring celery (Apium graveolens L.) from the umbrella family (Apiaceae) is a common food plant, its use as a spice has been known since Ancient Greece. Stems, leaves and root are widely used in cooking in various dishes: soups, salads and side dishes. Celery fragrant has mild laxative, diuretic, antiseptic, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, enveloping and wound healing properties. Aims: The aim of our research was the phytochemical study of celery root odorous, quantitative definition of flavonoid, carotenoid, polysaccharides, tannin, free organic acids, essential oils and lipid. Methods and Material: The research material was dried and chopped celery fragrant root passing through a 3 mm sieve. We carried out quantitative determination of biologically active substances in the celery root odorous by the following methods: flavonoids (In terms of rutin) by the spectrophotometric method; carotenoids by the photocolorimetric method; essential oil, polysaccharides, lipophilic substances by the gravimetric method; free organic acids and tannins by the titrimetric method. Statistical analysis used: The results of the studies are given in the table. Statistical data processing was performed according to the method {\textquotedblleft}Statistical processing of the results of a chemical experiment and biological tests{\textquotedblright} presented in State Pharmacopoeia XI [1]. The sample size (n) is 6, the confidence level (P) is 95\%, the student criterion (t (P, f) is 2.57). Results: For the first time, we carried out a quantitative assessment of the content of seven groups of biologically active compounds of celery root odorous, grown in the North Caucasus: essential oil - 2.04 {\textpm} 0.01\%, flavonoids - 1.44 {\textpm} 0.01,\% lipophilic substances - 4, 05 {\textpm} 0.01\%, carotenoids - 3.03 {\textpm} 0.02\%, free organic acids - 2.38 {\textpm} 0.02\%, tannins - 8.06 {\textpm} 0.01\%, water-soluble polysaccharides - 8, 33 {\textpm} 0.01\%, pectin substances - 3.45 {\textpm} 0.01\%, hemicellulose A - 1.54 {\textpm} 0.01\%, hemicellulose B - 1.47 {\textpm} 0.01\%. Conclusion: Celery root odorous grown in the North Caucasus is a source of biologically active compounds.

}, keywords = {Carotenoids, Essential oil, Flavonoids, Free organic acids, Polysaccharides, Tannins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.84}, author = {Tsakhkhaeva Zuhra Sarmanovna} } @article {987, title = {Phytosomal Nanoparticles Preparation of Curcuminoids to Enhance Cellular Uptake of Curcuminoids on Breast Cancer Cell Line MCF-7}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1037-1045}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1037}, abstract = {

Objective: Curcuminoids, the bioactive compounds extracted from Curcuma longa consisting of Curcumin (CUR), demethoxycurcumin (DMC) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), have shown promising biological effects, including anticancer activity. This study sought to prepare a physically stable phytosomal nanoparticles of curcuminoids (Curs-Phyto) to facilitate uptake of curcuminoids on breast cancer cells line, and further increase the cytotoxicity against cancer cells. Methods: The evaporation combined extrusion technique was employed to prepare phytosomal curcuminoids nanoparticles. The interaction between curcuminoids and phospholipid by a hydrogen bond was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). Their physicochemical characterizations and stability in simulated gastric and intestinal media were investigated. The effects of Curs-Phyto on MCF-7 cells were evaluated by flow cytometry, MTS assay and cell cycle analysis. Results: We found that the Curs-Phyto were formed at a spherical shape with good size (~ 180 nm), a narrow size distribution (PDI \< d0.2), high complexation rate (~ 87\%, 95\%, and 90\% for BDMC, DMC, and CUR respectively) and high loading capacity of curcuminoids. More importantly, the Curs-Phyto showed the increased cellular uptake and enhanced cytotoxicity against MCF- 7 cancer cells, compared to free curcuminoids. Conclusion: These results indicated that the phytosome could be a promising oral delivery system for curcuminoids for cancer treatment.

}, keywords = {Cellular uptake, Curcuminoids, FACS analysis, Nanoparticle, Phytosome}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.163}, author = {Nguyen Van Long and Bui Thi Thu Ha and Anh Vu Tuan and Hoang Van Luong and Nguyen Tung Linh and Thanh Chu Duc and Phung Cao Dai and Chul Soon Yong and Chu Van Men} } @article {929, title = {The Potential Herbs of Medicinal Forests from Central Kalimantan as a Inhibitor of Staphylococcus aureus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {740-744}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {740}, abstract = {

Background: Central Kalimantan is one of the largest provinces in Indonesia with a wealth of medicinal herbaceous plant species. This province was the origin of various medicinal plants such as tabat barito, akar kuning, pasak bumi and some other medicinal plants that were useful for human health. Methods: This paper explain about inhibitory test extracts etanol of Hati Tanah (Angiotepris Sp) tubers and Sangkareho leaves (Callicarpa longifolia Lam.) in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with concentration 1\%, 5\%, 10\%, and 15\%. Both plants has been utilized by the community as a traditional medicine to treat minor to moderate injuries such as postpartum. Results: The results for extract Hati Tanah was 15.63 mm, 16.97 mm, 25.42 mm, 28.40 mm and the results for and Sangkareho leaves was 1 mm, 2.68 mm, 3.9 mm, 6.2 mm. Inhibitory test studies have also been performed on the N-Butanol fraction from ethanol extract Hati Tanah tubers of the soil at the same concentrations and bacteria. The inhibited zone results was 15.65 mm, 23.20 mm, 24.15 mm, 26.25 mm. Conclusion: Medicinal forest plants origin of Central Kalimantan is Hati Tanah tubers and Sangkareho leaves has potential as a traditional medicine in inhibiting and killing Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

}, keywords = {Inhibitory test, Medicinal forest, Staphylococcus aureus, Traditional medicines}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.117}, author = {Rezqi Handayani} } @article {1034, title = {Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation of Hypnea valentiae with Antigluconegenesis Activity in Goat Eye}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1406-1408}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1406}, abstract = {

ROS is known to the main spark off the pathogenesis of cataract. In the Red seaweed the protein content along with Carotenoids are highly having the anti-oxidant activity to nullify the Oxidative stress. Along this ward, the Selected Red Seaweed where macerated in different solvent system. From that, the phytochemical parameters, were investigated. However, it showed that the Aqueous extract of Hypnea valentiae posse the protein, Carbohydrate, tannin and cartotenoids. The indexed extract pointed with the antigluconesgenesis effect in the isolated goat eye. The results suggest that the Hypnea valentiae extract under investigation can delay the diffusion onset and/or prevent the progression of cataract. In this, anti-cataract potential may be attributed to the presence of high protein and carotenoids. Photographic evaluation, further, confirmed the observation.

}, keywords = {Anti gluconeogenesis, Aqueous extract, Goat eye, Hypnea valentiae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.217}, author = {S Dhanalakshmi and S Jayakumari} } @article {844, title = {Preparation and Evaluation of Nutraceutical Product Mixture of Seeds of Cucumis melo, Punica granatum, Linum usitatissimum, for Antioxidant, Prebiotic and Nutraceutical Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {383-387}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {383}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pharmaceutical formulation scientists are currently developing new materials and formulations which vividly include Nutraceuticals. {\textquotedblleft}Nutraceutical{\textquotedblright} is a substance that is considered a food or part of a food processed as pharmaceutical, which provides medical or health benefits, encompassing prevention and treatment of diseases. Materials and Methods: Under this research Nutraceutical Product Mixture was prepared using seeds of Cucumis melo, Punica granatum and Linum usitatissimum. Individually these three seeds are reported to contain rich nutrients along with antioxidants, probiotic soluble fibres and thus the mixture of three increased this potential. Individual seed and the mixture was evaluated by In- vitro and In-vivo methods for Nutraceutical Potential. Results: Proximate analysis of the mixture showed rich nutrient content and provided good combination of nutrients. Individual seed powder as well as mixture was tested for prebiotic potential using lactobacilli culture, which showed positive results. Each seed powder as well as mixture was tested for antioxidant potential using DPPH free radical scavenging assay, with promising results. It{\textquoteright}s in- vivo effect was studied using Wistar albino rat as animal model. This study involved haemogram and lipid profile determination which showed certain promising results. The powder mixture was developed into two products namely capsule and health drink powder formula. Conclusion: The nutraceutical powder mixture of seeds of Cucumis melo, Punica granatum and Linum usitatissimum could be a promising product with antioxidant, prebiotic and nutraceutical potential for diabetic and cardiac patients where oxidative stress is a major underlying cause.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant potential, Cucumis melo, Linum usitatissimum, Nutraceutical potential, Nutraceuticals, Prebiotic potential, Proximate Analysis, Punica granatum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.59}, author = {Meera Chandradatt Singh and Kishore N. Gujar} } @article {804, title = {Preparation of Triphala Churna using the Ingredients Obtained from Local Market and Comparative Standardization}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {102-111}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {102}, abstract = {

Introduction: In the recent years there has been rapid growth in the field of herbal medicine most of the tradition systems of medicine are accepted universally after standardization only. it very important to develop an essential techniques to standardization of herbal related drugs. The present study standardization of Triphala Churna majorly focused on that area under WHO guidelines. Method: This polyherbal Churna used treat the constipation and other gastric disorders. In this study a prepared Thriphala Churna was comparatively standardized with the reference obtained from market. For the standardization of the above formulations were done by evaluating the macroscopical, microscopical, powder flow properties, extractive values, Physicochemical characters, heavy metal content detection, qualitavte and quantitive determination of tannins and alkaloids, TLC finger print, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and cytotoxic activity to assess the quality and safety and therapeutic activity of formulation. Results: The above parameters for the both formulation complies with the strands. The flow properties are poor. From the preliminary phytochemical test revealed the presence of various bioactive constituents. Majorly the concentration of tannins and flavonoids are high in water extract and also the water extract having the good anti-oxidant and in vitro cytotoxic activity. Hence the Triphala extracts may be used for various Ayurvedic preparations to chronic diseases like cancer.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxic activity, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity, standardization, Thriphala Churna, TLC finger print}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.18}, author = {Gunji Venkateswarlu and Seru Ganapaty and Akula Murali Sri Sudhakar} } @article {954, title = {The Prevalence, Attitude and Awareness of Herbal Medicine Products Use Among Pharmacy Practitioner in Jordan}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1082-1087}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1082}, abstract = {

Background: There has been a universal increase in the use of herbal medicine products (HMPs). Herbal medicine considered to be the oldest form of healing and treating different diseases. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence, attitude of HMPs use and awareness among pharmaceutical practitioner in Jordan. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire on a sample of 230 Jordanian pharmacy practitioner (pharmacist and pharmacy assistant), within 90 different private pharmacies in different cities of Jordan during the period of 6 months in the mid of 2018. The survey questionnaire included: the socio-demographic characteristics of participants, the source of information of the use of the HMPs, the attitude towards the use and safety of the HMPs and their combination with conventional drugs. Results: Out of 230 pharmacy practitioners interviewed in this study, the utilization rate of the HMPs use was just 41.7\%. A large number of practitioners (58.3\%) preferred conventional medicine because they believed that conventional medicine had better efficacy and better feedback than herbal products. A significant difference between pharmacist participants knowledge and work experience for more than 7 years (p-value=0.002). Majority of the participants (88.9\%) reported that they had a narrow background about the safety of these products and hadn{\textquoteright}t satisfied information regarding herb-drug interaction. Conclusion: This study counteracts other studies reported in Jordan, the usage of herbal medicine products among pharmacy practitioners isn{\textquoteright}t prevalent and isn{\textquoteright}t disseminated. They had fair information{\textquoteright}s about the usage of the herbal products especially between the pharmacist, but they were less awareness about side effects and interactions of these products. It is crucial to refresh pharmacy practitioner knowledge periodically and enhance their information by arranging different programs focused on the rational use of these products, side effects and interactions by Jordanian pharmacist association, which had a potential role in this field. In addition, they must use reliable sources for information on herbal products in order to provide desired pharmaceutical care

}, keywords = {Conventional medicines, Herbal medicine products (HMPs), Pharmacy practitioner}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.169}, author = {Noha Abd Kareem Younis Younis} } @article {853, title = {Protective Effect of Terminalia catappa Leaves and Terminalia chebula Fruits on the Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic Anti-oxidant Levels in the Doxorubicin Induced Toxicity Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {346-349}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {346}, abstract = {

Background: Oxidative stress plays an important role in chronic complications of diabetes, cancer, liver disorder etc. The free radicals such as superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxides are causing the oxidative stress and it involves the cellular damage. Evidences recommended that the natural medicines from plant sources are treated to overcome the oxidative stress complications. Objective: The aim of the present is to find the antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of Terminalia catappa leaves and Terminalia chebula fruits in the doxorubicin (DOX) induced toxicity rats. Methods: Oxidative stress is induced with a single dose of doxorubicin and then the animals were treated with a dose of various concentration of ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and T. chebula fruits (200, 300 mg/kg/b.w) for 21 days. After the treatment, lipid peroxide (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathiones- transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase levels are determined. Propranolol 25mg/kg is used as standard drug. Results: In the present study, after the treatment of doxorubicin the levels of SOD, CAT, GSH, GST, GPX, vitamin C, vitamin E levels are decreased and LPO level is increased. After the treatment of T. catappa leaves and T. chebula fruits the levels were returned to the normal level. Conclusion: The results proved that the ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and T. chebula fruits may protects the cells from oxidative stress induced by the doxorubicin induced toxicity rats.

}, keywords = {Doxorubicin, Enzymatic antioxidant, Non-enzymatic antioxidant, Oxidative stress, Termianlia catappa, Terminalia chebulla.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.51}, author = {Panneerselvam Punniyakotti and Rengasamy Lakshminarayanan Rengarajan and Shanmugam Velayuthaprabhu and Kalaiyarasan Vijayakumar and Ramasamy Manikandan and Arumugam Vijaya Anand} } @article {944, title = {Protective Effect of the Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves of Chuquiraga spinosa Less and Baccharis genistelloides on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {858-865}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {858}, abstract = {

Introduction: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common conditions affecting middle-aged men, with oxidative stress postulated as an important factor in its development. Objective: To evaluate the protective effect of the association of the ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga spinosa (ChS) and Baccharis genistelloides (BaG) on benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Materials and Methods: Sixty-six male rats were randomized into groups: 1) Inductor Group: Testosterone enanthate (ET) 25 mg/Kg on days 8 and 14 intramuscularly. 2) Group P80: Polysorbate-80 3\% 10 mL / Kg. 3) Positive Group: ET + Dutasteride (DU) 0.5 mg / Kg, 4) ET + ChS 250, 5) ET + ChS 500, 6) ET + BaG250, 7) ET + BaG 500, 8) ET + ChS 250 + BaG 250, 9) ET + ChS 500 + BaG 500, 10) ET + ChS 250 + BaG 500, 11) ET + ChS 500 + BaG250. PSA, nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), prostate dimensions by ultrasound and histopathological findings were quantified as main markers. Results: Lower levels of NO, MDA and PSA were observed in all groups treated with extract compared to the Inductor group (p \<0.01), with the reductive capacity of the mixture ChS 250 + BaG 500 and ChS 500 + BaG 250 compared with Dutasteride (p \<0.05). The volume of the prostate was lower in the Dutasteride, P80 and ChS250 + BaG500 groups compared to the inducer (p \<0.05). Regarding the histopathological study, it was observed that the association of variable doses (ChS250 + BaG500 and ChS500 + BaG250) had a better protective effect. Conclusion: Under experimental conditions, the association of the extracts of Chuquiraga spinosa and Baccharis genistelloides has an effect in the protection of BPH induced with testosterone, which could be linked to its antioxidant capacity of the extracts.

}, keywords = {Baccharis genistelloides, Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Chuquiraga spinosa, Dutasteride, Testosterone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.138}, author = {Robert Palomino-De-La-Gala and Hugo Justil-Guerrero and Jorge Arroyo-Acevedo and Juan Rojas-Armas and Cristian Aguilar-Carranza and Jaime Mart{\'\i}nez-Heredia and Edwin Cieza-Macedo and Carlos Garc{\'\i}a-Bustamante and Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Edwin Enciso-Roca and Roberto Ch{\'a}vez- Asmat and Lester Dominguez-Huarcaya} } @article {914, title = {Protective Role of Eurycoma longifolia Jack Root Extract Against High-Fat Diet Induced Testicular Damage in Sprague-Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {808-811}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {808}, abstract = {

Objective: The aims of this study were to investigate the adverse effects of the high-fat-diet (HFD) on the testosterone level and testicular structure of male rats as well as to examine whether Eurycoma longifolia (EL) is able to ameliorate these effects. Methods: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups each containing 6 rats. Group ND was given only normal diet, group NDEL was given normal diet and EL extracts (15 mg/ kg) dissolved in distilled water, group HFD was given only high-fat-diet and group HFDEL was given high-fat-diet and EL extracts (15 mg/kg). EL was administered orally for 12 weeks. The animal{\textquoteright}s testosterone level was measured at week 0, 6 and 12. The rats were sacrificed at the end of 12th weeks and the testes samples were processed for histological examination Results: The testosterone level was significantly increased (p \< 0.05) in the in the treated rats with EL (NDEL and HFDEL) compared with ND and HFD groups. Treatment with HFD revealed a marked degeneration of the seminiferous tubule epithelium and disruption of interstitial cells of the testis thereby interfering with spermatogenesis. Treatment of HFD rats with El reduced the adverse effects of HFD and improved the morphological structure of the seminiferous tubules. Conclusion: These findings revealed that EL has ameliorative effects against the testicular damage caused by high-fat-diet.

}, keywords = {Eurycoma Longifolia, High-Fat-Diet, Seminiferous Tubules Tongkat Ali, Testis, Testosterone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.129}, author = {Imad M Al-Ani and Norsidah Ku-Zaifah and Fakhria A. Al-Joufi and Rafidah H.Mokhtar and Norlelawati A. Talib and Ghasak Ghazi Faisal} } @article {813, title = {Pteleopsis suberosa Engl. and Diels (Combretaceae) aqueous stem bark extract extenuates oxidative damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {183-190}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {183}, abstract = {

Context: Pteleopsis suberosa Engl. and Diels (Combretaceae) is an ethnomedicinally valued deciduous shrub with significant therapeutic application against diabetes in West Africa. Aims: This study evaluated the hypoglycaemic and antioxidant activity of its aqueous stem bark extract (PSAE) over a 15-day experimental period in streptozotocin (STZ)-challenged diabetic rats. Methods and Material: STZ-induced diabetic rats were administered 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of the extract once daily and the blood glucose levels were monitored for 15 days. The bioactive constituents of PSAE were analyzed using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Results: Treatment with PSAE markedly (p\< 0.05) ameliorated the concentrations of blood glucose and improved the lipid metabolism imbalance in the diabetic animals. Also, while PSAE significantly (p\<0.05) improved glycogen and glutathione (reduced) levels as well as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, the concentrations of glucose and malondialdehyde coupled with the activity of α-amylase were significantly reduced in the liver of PSAE-administered diabetic animals when compared with those of the normal control and untreated diabetic groups. The observed improvements could be associated with the phytoconstituents of PSAE as evident from the results of the GC-MS analysis. Put together, the elicited effects compared favorably well with metformin (a standard hypoglycemic drug) and are suggestive of antidiabetic and antioxidant capabilities of the extract. Conclusion: The scope of the data presented in this study indicates that the extract ameliorated streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats and it is suggested to be mediated via antioxidant and concerted blood glucose lowering actions.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Arjunglycoside, Diabetes, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Hyperglycaemia, Pteleopsis suberosa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.30}, author = {Aladodo Abimbola Raliat and Sabiu Saheed and Sulyman Olarewaju Abdulhakeem} } @article {981, title = {Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Organic Acids in Crude Herbal Drugs and Medicinal Herbal Preparations for Quality Control in Russian Federation by Modern Physicochemical Methods}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1132-1137}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1132}, abstract = {

Background: Organic acids (malic, citric, tartaric, oxalic, acetic, formic, isovaleric, ascorbic acids) make up a large group of biologically active substances and play an important role in plant and human metabolism. They are found in large quantities in the fruits of Rosaceae family medicinal plants that included in State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation. Standardization of crude herbal drugs containing organic acids by modern physicochemical methods is a high-priority task. Materials and Methods: The determination of total organic acids amount was carried out in aqueous extracts from different fruits of Rosaceae family plants by galvanostatic coulometry and potentiometry methods. Galvanostatic coulometry was performed with the help of the {\textquotedblleft}Expert-006{\textquotedblright} coulometer with a current of 5 mA (integrated pH meter). Iodine as an electrogenerated titrant was used for ascorbic acid determination; electro generation of hydroxide ions was carried out for determination of total organic acids amount. A potentiometer {\textquotedblleft}Aquilon pH-410{\textquotedblright} with attached glass and silver chloride electrodes was used for potentiometric determination of total organic acids amount. Individual organic acids have been determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultra-violet detection (RP-HPLCUV) method. The following conditions were established: Gilson HPLC system, Alltech OA- 1000 Organic Acids (6.5{\texttimes}300 mm, 9 μm) chromatography column, a gradient elution mode, component A of the mobile phase is 98\% (0.1\% phosphoric acid, 10 mM KH2PO4, solution in water) with 2\% acetonitrile, component B is acetonitrile, the eluent feed rate is 1 ml/min. Results: Modern physicochemical methods for the analysis of biologically active substances, organic acids, for quality control of crude herbal drugs and medicinal herbal preparations, are developed and discussed. The optimal conditions for the qualitative and quantitative organic acid analysis are selected and described taking into account modern pharmacopoeial requirements. Conclusion: Galvanostatic coulometry and potentiometry methods, as well as RP-HPLC-UV, can be successfully used in the quality control of crude herbal drugs and medicinal herbal preparations, specifically fruits of Rosaceae family plants. Development and validation of analytical methods for monitoring the content of this BAS group is an important research area in the pharmacopoeial standardization of crude herbal drugs.

}, keywords = {Coulometry, Crude herbal drugs, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Organic acids, Potentiometry, Redox titration, Titrimetric Methods}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.176}, author = {Ekaterina Vyacheslavovna Sergunova and Alla Anatolyevna Sorokina and Dmitry Olegovich Bokov and Anna Igorevna Marakhova} } @article {964, title = {Quantitative Analysis of Hispidulin Content in Clerodendrum petasites Roots Distributed in Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1093-1099}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1093}, abstract = {

Introduction: Clerodendrum petasites (Lour.) S. Moore (locally known as Mai-Thao-Yaai-Mom), belonging to the Verbenaceae family, is widely formulated into multi-herb remedy, Ben-Cha- Lo-Ka-Wi-Chian remedy, possessing antipyretic activity. C. petasites exhibits many biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, etc. The flavonoid hispidulin is one of the main active compounds present in C. petasites, containing anti-atheromatous, antitumor and antispasmodic effects. Objective: The present study aimed to determine the hispidulin content in the dried roots of C. petasites using HPLC technique. Methods: C. petasites dried roots, collected from twelve different areas, were extracted with ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus, and then subjected to HPLC-PDA to quantify hispidulin content. The quantitative method using HPLC-PDA technique was validated. Results: The optimized HPLC coupling with PDA detector (HPLC-PDA) was validated for the quantitative analysis of hispidulin content in C. petasites roots in terms of linearity (y = 210,200,536.6667x {\textendash} 448,756.2667; R2 = 0.9997), accuracy (88.82-107.69\% recovery), precision (0.66\% RSD for repeatability precision; 1.17\% RSD for intermediate precision), limit of detection (2.30 μg/mL), limit of quantitation (7.00 μg/mL), specificity (peak purity index = 1.0000) and robustness (\% RSD \< 1). The amount of hispidulin content in the extracts of C. petasites roots conducted from the validated method was found to be 0.0182 {\textpm} 0.0109 g/100 g crude drug. Conclusion: The HPLC-PDA analysis was able to effectively determine hispidulin in C. petasites roots. The hispidulin contents in C. petasites dried roots from various areas in Thailand were revealed which could be used for the specification of this crude drug with reference to its chemical marker.

}, keywords = {Ben-Cha-Lo-Ka-Wi-Chian remedy, Clerodendrum petasites, hispidulin, HPLC-PDA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.171}, author = {Thanyathorn Tangsongcharoen and Somchai Issaravanich and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {1014, title = {Rationale for Manufacturing of Cut-Pressed Granules from Herbal Raw Material Rich in Essential Oil: An Example of Chamomile Flowers and Sweet Flag Rhizome}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1285-1289}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1285}, abstract = {

Background: Currently, there are at least 43 different dosage forms present on the Russian Federation pharmaceutical market. A novel, unique dosage form {\textendash} cut-pressed granules (CPG) {\textendash} was developed in order to improve manufacturing characteristics and, therefore, quality of herbal drug products released in tea bags. However, treatment conditions may result in decreased levels of active substances in some of the plants, especially those containing essential oil, which is prone to degradation. The aim of this study was to assess feasibility of CPG manufacturing from herbal raw material rich in essential oil. Materials and Methods: Different morphological groups of raw material from two commonly used medicinal plants, chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) flowers and sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.) rhizome, were chosen as the objects of the study. Qualitative composition of lipophilic constituents in herbal raw materials and CPG was assessed using thin-layer chromatography. Essential oil content was determined by steam distillation. Results: The results confirmed equivalence of chromatographic profiles for the analyzed raw materials and CPG; thus, granulation didn{\textquoteright}t affect qualitative composition of lipophilic components in chamomile flowers and sweet flag rhizome. The study also showed that the granulation process, in fact, promoted stability of the dosage form: during long-term storage the content of essential oil in all of the assessed cut-pressed granules was equivalent or higher than in corresponding herbal raw material. Conclusions: It can be concluded that Matricaria recutita L. flowers and Acorus calamus L. rhizome can be used as herbal raw material for CPG manufacturing.

}, keywords = {Chamomile, Cut-pressed granules, Dosage form, Essential oil, Herbal drugs, Sweet flag}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.199}, author = {Olga Trifonova and Olga Evdokimova and Vera Prokofieva and Alexey Matyushin} } @article {848, title = {Reduction of Colchicine Content from Radix Gloriosae Superbae Preparata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {310-314}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {310}, abstract = {

Introduction: Gloriosae Superbae Radix is a crude drug employed in Thai herbal remedies for several ailments. Colchicine is known as an active constituent in the roots. It was reported that 7-11 mg. of colchicine may causes lethal effect in human. In Thai traditional medical practice, the roots must be treated prior use to prepare Thai herbal preparations. However, pre-treated method has not yet been well established in any literature. This study aimed to document the pre-treated method and to quantitatively compare the amount of colchicine both before and after pre-treated. Methods: Firstly, interviewing with Thai traditional medicine experts and document the pre-treated methods of Gloriosae Superbae Radix to conclude the 2 commonly used methods. Two pre-treated methods (roasting and burning) were chosen for further study. Colchicine in Gloriosae Superbae Radix from 8 sources were analyzed before and after pre-treat by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results: After pre-treat by roasting and burning, amount of colchicine in root were significantly decreased by 40.61{\textpm}9.55\% (p=0.000) and 26.79{\textpm}10.89\% (p=0.001), respectively. Comparison of colchicine contents of samples after roasting and burning, the amount of colchicine decreased non statistically insignificantly (p=0.110). Conclusion: Pre-treats of Gloriosae Superbae Radix by roasting and burning had significantly reduce colchicine content. Both methods have been proven to be the effective ways in preparing certain potentially toxic crude drugs before using in compounding into Thai herbal remedies.

}, keywords = {Colchicine, Gloriosae Superbae Radix, HPLC, Pre-treat method, Thai herbal remedy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.46}, author = {Sasithorn Tandhavadhana and Chayan Picheansoonthon} } @article {797, title = {Reversible Hepatotoxicity of Cassytha filiformis Extract: Experimental Study on Liver Function and Propofol-Induced Sleep in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {69-74}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {69}, abstract = {

Objective: To study the liver toxicity of Cassytha filiformis L. extract and its reversibility in mice. Methods: A total of 108 male mice were used to investigate the hepatotoxicity of Cassytha filiformis extract (CFE) and the reversibility of its toxicity to the liver. Seventy-two mice were treated with CFE orally for 7 consecutive days. A half of these animals were used to study the sleep time on propofol-induced sleep that comprised the sleep onset time (SOT) and duration of sleep (DOS), while another half was used for the quantitation of serum alanine transaminase (ALT) activity. To investigate the reversibility of the liver toxicity, thirty-six mice were treated with daily CFE for 7 days. Activities of ALT and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined and the liver weight ratio was measured on day 0, 1, 3 and 7 after the termination of the CFE treatment. Data of liver toxicity determination were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Duncan{\textquoteright}s multiple range test, while data of the reversibility was analyzed by Pearson{\textquoteright}s correlation. The significance level was taken at 95\% of confidence interval. Results: CFE shortened the SOT and prolonged the DOS significantly compared with control (p\<0.05). The activity of ALT was increased due to the toxicity of CFE. However, the ALT/ALP activities decreased and liver weight ratio increased gradually after the extract treatment was discontinued. The trend of these data was correlated significantly (p\<0.05). Conclusion: Cassytha filiformis L. extract is toxic to the liver but the toxicity is reversible depending on doses.

}, keywords = {Cassytha filiformis, Liver function, Propofol, Reversible toxicity, Sleep time}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.13}, author = {Yori Yuliandra and Armenia Armenia and Rahmad Arief and Mifta Hul Jannah and Helmi Arifin} } @article {958, title = {Review on Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Genus Anthemis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1155-1166}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1155}, abstract = {

Genus Anthemis of Family Asteraceae contains mainly flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones belonging to germacranolides, eudesmanolides, guaianolides, sterols and essential oils. The Plants of genus Anthemis have been known to have anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities due to their rich contents of important physiological and biological compounds. They are referred to as nature{\textquoteright}s biological response modifier{\textquoteright}s and are involved in energy transfer, photosensitization and morphogenesis. Several clinical studies have shown that people who take diets rich in flavonoids and sesquiterpenes have reduced risk of developing cancer and cardiovascular diseases. This article covers most of constituents of plants of genus Anthemis reported from 2002 up to 2018. Furthermore, the biological activities of plants of genus Anthemis will be presented.

}, keywords = {Anthemis, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-oxidant, Flavonoids, Sesquiterpenes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.180}, author = {Rima Boukhary and Maha Aboul-Ela and Abdalla El-Lakany} } @article {903, title = {A Review on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {624-631}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {624}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks. or the blue pine is one of the important conifer that grows all along the Himalayan range from Afghanistan in the west to Myanmar and China in the east covering the Himalayan regions of Pakistan, Nepal and India. It is found in the upper region of the mountains and often remains associated with other gymnosperms. The plant is of immense ethnobotanical relevance and finds extensive use among the people inhabiting the mountainous region. They are primarily valued for its timber and used for construction and infrastructural purposes. Medicinally the plant is very much important. Throughout the Himalayan region the plant is used for the cure of a number of diseases including treatment of fever, cough and cold, bone fracture, healing of injury and wounds, rheumatic pain, arthritis, inflammations etc. The plant is rich in terpenoids and flavonoids all of which possess strong antioxidant properties. Methods: Extensive literature survey was made in the internet with pubmed, google scholar forming the search platform to illustrate the traditional usage of the plant among inhabitants of various regions of Himalayas. Informations of traditional usage, chemical constituents and selected pharmacological activities of the plant were pooled from available research papers to frame the review. Results and Outcome: In this review, an attempt has been made to compile the ethnobotanical usage of Pinus wallichiana, its phytochemistry and pharmacological activity highlighting its potentiality as a cheap and affordable source of drugs for the benefit of population of Indian subcontinent and adjoining areas.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Arthritis, Conifer, Flavonoids, Himalaya, Terpenoids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.100}, author = {Dwaipayan Sinha} } @article {896, title = {Screening and Evaluation of Lectin and Anti-Cancer Activity from the Phloem Exudate/Sap of the Indian Dietary Ethnomedicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {570-578}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {570}, abstract = {

Objective: Lectins are extremely significant biomolecules to study several biological progressions. In this present investigation, we are screening the crude phloem exudate/ sap sample from different ethnomedicinal plants were evaluated for lectin and anticancer activity. Methods: The lectin activity of crude phloem exudate/sap samples were confirmed by haemgglutination assay and anticancer activity by using trypan blue, MTT and in-ovo CAM angiogenic assay. The tumor cell nuclei resulting in Giemsa stain, AO/EtBr stain, DNA Fragmentation and Caspase- 3 inhibitor assay. Results: Our experimental data show that the phloem exudate/sap sample S2 (Musa Acuminata), sample S4 (Euphorbia Geniculate) exerting the potent lectin activity, sample S5 exerting very low lectin activity against the trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes and decreases the cell viability in EAC cells in-vitro. Sample S2, S4 and S5 exerts significant cytotoxic effect against the various human cancer cell lines and regressed the neovasculature (development of new blood vessels) in the developing CAM embryos when compared to the other crude samples. The apoptotic inducing activity of crude phloem exudate/sap samples was revealed by DNA fragmentation assay, caspase-3 inhibitor assay and cellular morphology were studied by fluorescence staining methods. Conclusion: This study reports that some of the isolated crude phloem exudate/sap samples show potent lectin activity and anti-cancer activity in different human cancer cell lines. The further additional experiment needs to purify and characterize the bioactive lectin components from the potent sample which is responsible for pro-apoptotic, anti-angiogenic activity and mechanism involved.

}, keywords = {Angiogenesis, Apoptosis, EAC, Haemagglutination, Lectin, VEGF}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.91}, author = {Balaji Kyathegowdanadoddi Srinivas and Madhu Chakkere Shivamadhu and Preethi Saligrama Devegowda and Gurukar Mathew and Theethagounder Tamizhmani and Senthilkumar Gnanavadevel Prabhakaran and Shankar Jayarama} } @article {948, title = {Screening In vitro Anticancer Activity of Alseodaphne semecarpifolia Nees Stem Bark Extracts against some Cancer Cell lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {884-888}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {884}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cancer is considered as the prime lethal disease that affects different organs of the body. Even with the rapid developments in the medical sciences, there are no proper medicines to cure specific kind of cancer without side effects. The inhibition of tumour cell growth without side effects either by the use herbal or synthetic drugs is considered as an important target in cancer therapy. In traditional medicinal system A. semecarpifolia stem bark is the prime source of herbal drug to treat lymphatic and skin cancers. Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anticancer potential of A. semecarpifolia stem bark extracts against some cancer cell lines. Methods: The in vitro anticancer activity was evaluated against DLA, EAC, HeLa, HepG2 and L929 cell lines by trypan blue dye exclusion assay and SRB assay. Results: The results of the anticancer activity revealed that, when compared to standard drug Cyclophosphamide, SBPEE and SBCE of A. semecarpifolia showed significant anticancer activity against DLA and EAC cell lines, without causing any toxicity to the normal mouse fibroblast cells L929. Whereas, none of the three extracts showed cytotoxicity against HeLa, HepG2 and L929 cell lines. Conclusion: The present study suggested that, SBPEE and SBCE possesses significant cytotoxic activity against DLA and EAC cell lines, which confirms the traditional medicinal claim of A. semecarpifolia as a potent anticancer plant against lymphatic and skin cancer.

}, keywords = {Alseodaphne semecarpifolia, Carcinoma, Cell lines, Cell viability, Cytotoxicity, Lymphoma}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.141}, author = {Chethankumara Ganadhal Puttaramaiah and Krishna Venkatarangaiah and Nagaraj Kakanahalli} } @article {1005, title = {Screening of Nasal and Hands Carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci Colonization among Lebanese Nutraceuticals Handlers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1336-1341}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1336}, abstract = {

Introduction: Poor personal hygiene of the nutraceuticals handlers could be a potential source of diseases due to the high occurrence of bacterial contamination. Methods: A cross sectionnal study was conducted among Lebanese nutraceuticals handlers. A pretested structured questionnaire was used for collecting information on age, sex, marital status, service years, educational status, status of training of nutraceuticals-handlers. Results: Nasal and hands swabs were investigated for S. aureus, MRSA, CoNS and MRSE.Among 144 nutraceuticals handlers, 41\% and 69\% exhibited no bacterial growth in their nasal and hand swabs.The carrier rate of S. aureus was 11.8 and 5.6\% for nose and hands in nutraceuticals handlers.The nasal and hands carrier rate of MRSA is 6.3\% and 2.1\%, respectively.MRSE presented a rate of 10.4\% and 7.6\% for the nasal and hands carriage. Conclusion: The findings showed that the Lebanese nutraceuticals handlers are a vehicle of different resistant bacterial strains in their nasal and hands carriage,which poses a significant risk to the Lebanese consumer.

}, keywords = {Carriage, Hands, Nasal, Nutraceuticals handlers, Resistant, S.aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.206}, author = {Nada El Darra and Karim Raafat and Iman El-Ghazzawi} } @article {918, title = {Screening of Tyrosinase Inhibitor, Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity of Dried Sea Cucumber from Tomini Bay, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {555-558}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {555}, abstract = {

Background: Indonesia, as a tropical country, is one of the important producers of sea cucumbers (beche-de-mer). Sea cucumber is a marine invertebrate that contains attractive bioactive secondary metabolites and these metabolites can be used for health as well as cosmetics. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the activity of tyrosinase inhibitors, antioxidants, and cytotoxicity of sea cucumber methanolic extract. Methods: Dried sea cucumber samples were taken from Boalemo waters, Tomini Bay, Indonesia. Tyrosinase inhibitor assay was carried out spectrophotometrically using tyrosinase enzymes and L-DOPA as a substrate and antioxidant tests were carried out by DPPH method. Cytotoxicity test against human breast cancer cell line (T47D) was conducted using the MTT assay. Results: The study showed that Bohadschia vitiensis had the best tyrosinase inhibitor activity with IC50 value of 0.28 mg/ml. The DPPH free radical scavenging testing showed that all sea cucumbers had weak antioxidant activity. On the other hand, cytotoxicity assay revealed that several sea cucumbers had good cytotoxicity against T47D cells, where Holothuria atra and Bohadschia marmorata showed strong cytotoxicities with IC50 values of 23.0 and 28.1 ug/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the study, it can be concluded that the dried sea cucumber from the Tomini bay region, Indonesia, has the potential to be developed as a source of tyrosinase inhibitors and cytotoxic agents.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Screening, Sea cucumber, Tyrosinase inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.88}, author = {Muhammad Nursid and Endar Marraskuranto and Azizah Kuswardini and Tjahyo Winanto} } @article {879, title = {Secondary Metabolites from Pterocaulon alopecuroides and their Antiproliferative Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {493-495}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {493}, abstract = {

Objective: To isolate secondary metabolites from the aerial parts of Pterocaulon alopecuroides, elucidate their structures and evaluate their antiproliferative activities on selected human cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of P. alopecuroides afforded five compounds, which were characterized using spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with data from the literature. Antiproliferative activities of all isolates were evaluated. Results: The compounds 7-(2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)-6-methoxycoumarin (1), 5,6-methylenedioxy- 7-(2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutoxy) coumarin (2), Dihydrokaempferol (3), 5,7,4{\textasciiacute}-trihydroxy- 6-(α,α-dimethylallyl)dihydroflavonol (4) and 5,4{\textasciiacute}-dihydroxy-7-(γ,γ-dimethylallyloxy)dihydroflavonol (5) were isolated. The antiproliferative activity of all compounds was evaluated in a panel of six human solid tumor cell lines showing GI50 values for the most active compounds in the low micromolar range. Conclusion: Compound 2 is reported for first time from P. alopecuroides. Isolated coumarins show no antiproliferative activity, whilst among flavonoids compound 5 showed the best antiproliferative activity.

}, keywords = {4{\textasciiacute}-dihydroxy-7-(γ, 5, Antiproliferative activities, Coumarins, Flavonoids, Pterocaulon alopecuroides, γ-dimethylallyloxy)dihydroflavonol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.78}, author = {Qu{\'\i}rico A Castillo and Jos{\'e} M. Padr{\'o}n and Anastacio Emiliano} } @article {784, title = {Sequential Fractionation by Organic Solvents Enhances the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Fruits and Leaves of Terminalia bellerica from North Western Himalayas, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {94-101}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {94}, abstract = {

Background: Terminalia bellerica belonging to family combretaceae is one of the major components of {\textquotedblleft}Triphala{\textquotedblright}, an Ayurvedic formulation. Objective: To evaluate antioxidant potential in the ethanolic extract and its active fraction (chloroform, ethyl acetate, n- butanol and aqueous fraction) from fruits and leaves of Terminalia bellerica. Materials and Methods: Folin-Ciocalteau method and aluminium chloride method was used to quantify total phenolic and flavonoid content respectively in ethanolic extract and their fractions from fruits and leaves of T. bellerica. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using total antioxidant activity, DPPH, FRAP and total antioxidant activity methods. Results: Total phenolics (254.72{\textpm}3.03 mg/g GAE and 227.52{\textpm}1.38 mg/g GAE) and flavonoids (64.77{\textpm}1.24 mg/gm RE and 75.57{\textpm}1.38 mg/gm RE) content was higher in ethyl acetate fraction of both fruits and leaves sample of T. bellerica, respectively. The order of free radical scavenging activities was ethyl acetate fraction \> crude ethanolic extract \> n-butanol fraction \> chloroform fraction \> aqueous fraction. Similarly, ethyl acetate fraction of both fruits and leaves exhibited more antimicrobial activity as compared to that of ethanolic extract as revealed from agar well diffusion method with diameter of zone of inhibi{\textlnot}tion of 14.0{\textpm}1.41 mm, 21.0{\textpm}1.41 mm, 14.0{\textpm}1.41 mm, 14.5{\textpm}0.71 mm in fruits and 18.0{\textpm}1.41 mm, 22.5{\textpm}2.12 mm, 15.5{\textpm}2.12 mm, 14.5{\textpm}3.53 mm in leaves against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, respectively. MIC values for fruits were 3.125 mg/ml, 0.375 mg/ml, 3.125 mg/ml, 3.125 mg/ml and for leaves were 1.5625 mg/ml, 0.19 mg/ml, 0.78 mg/ ml, 0.78 mg/ml against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, respectively. Conclusion: The present study provides the evidence for comparative antioxidant and antibacterial potential of ethanolic extracts of fruits and leaves of T. bellerica. . Moreover, leaves can be promoted to be used for therapeutics and natural antioxidants.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Ethanolic extract, Fruits, Leaves, Terminalia bellerica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.17}, author = {Shikha Rangra Chandel and Vikas Kumar and Shikha Guleria and Nitin Sharma and Anuradha Sourirajan and Prem Kumar Khosla and David J. Baumler and Kamal Dev} } @article {825, title = {Simultaneously Extraction of Caffeine and Chlorogenic Acid from Coffea canephora Bean using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {267-271}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {267}, abstract = {

Background: NADES is an alternative solvent in the extraction of metabolites from plants which has many environmental benefits, such as low toxicity, biodegradability, can dissolve polar and non-polar compounds, low costs and simple preparation. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of natural deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (NADES-UAE) on enrichment of caffeine and chlorogenic acid in extract from green coffee beans (Coffea canephora). Methods: The powders were extracted using NADES-UAE method in several types of extraction condition, including the composition of NADES, water addition in NADES and extraction time. Caffeine and chlorogenic acid content were analyzed using HPLC, reverse phase system and C18 ODS-3 column. Results: The highest of caffeine and chlorogenic acid content was respectively, 7.89 mg/g and 28.62 mg/g (composition of NADES betaine: sorbitol [1:1.2] ratio and NADES-water addition [1:2] ratio for 30 min). Conclusion: This research showed that the composition of NADES, extraction time and water addition are important parameter in extracting caffeine and chlorogenic acid content in green coffee beans.

}, keywords = {Caffeine, Chlorogenic acid, Coffea canephora, Natural deep eutectic solvent, Ultrasonic assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.41}, author = {Adisya Miftah Syakfanaya and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {978, title = {Some Pharmacognostic Studies of the Bird Cherry (Padus avium Mill.) and Mountain Ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) Fruits Collected from Moscow (Russia)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {996-1002}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {996}, abstract = {

Background: Light microscopic analysis is appropriate pharmacopoeial method for quality control of fresh and fast-frozen Rosaceae family plants fruits. It is widely used for crude herbal drugs analysis and helps to identify significant anatomical and diagnostic signs. The aim of the research was to establish the identity characteristics of the dried and frozen fruits of mountain ash and bird cherry and to perform phytochemical analysis of studied objects harvested in Moscow. Materials and Methods: Light microscopic analysis was used for Rosaceae fruits identity estimation. The fruits of mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) and bird cherry (Padus avium Mill.) were collected in the fruiting phase on the territory of the Botanical Garden of Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University. Fruits samples were dried at the temperature of 60-80{\textdegree}C and frozen at the temperature of -18-20{\textdegree}C. The epidermis surface preparation and the fruit pulp squash preparation were prepared for microscopic examination. The photographs were obtained from an AXIO IMAGER D1 biological laboratory microscope (Carl Zeiss Microscopy) with the help of a Canon Power shot A 650 IS camera. The elemental composition of the P. avium and S. aucuparia fruits was determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XFA) using an S4 Pioneer X-ray spectrometer. Simple sugar analysis was performed by using reverse phase HPLC with refractometric detection, analysis of organic acids {\textendash} by using ion-pair HPLC with UV-detection (210 nm) in the isocratic elution mode (Agilent 1260 Infinity LC). Results: Characteristic signs of the anatomical structure of dried and frozen S. aucuparia, P. avium fruits were determined. Diagnostic anatomical signs of S. aucuparia, P. avium fruits are: the form of epidermal cells, stone cells, inclusions of calcium oxalate (prismatic crystals and druses), vessels, parenchyma with biologically active substances (anthocyanins, carotenoids). The presence and content of Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr were evaluated. Organic acids profile of S. aucuparia, P. avium fruits is presented by citric, malic, oxalic, succinic, tartaric, fumaric, quinic, ascorbic, sorbic acids. Total content of simple sugars, presented by glucose, fructose, sucrose, is in the interval of 8-9\%. Conclusion: The results of a comparative microscopic analysis of bird cherry and mountain ash dried and frozen fruits were obtained. They allowed to identify diagnostically significant elements of the anatomical structure that can be used to establish the fruits identity. The obtained data is of great value for S. aucuparia, P. avium fruits pharmacopoeial analysis in the Russian Federation.

}, keywords = {Anatomical Signs, Fruits, Mineral Composition, Organic acids, Padus avium Mill., Rosaceae, Simple Sugars, Sorbus aucuparia L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.157}, author = {Ekaterina Vyacheslavovna Sergunova and Dmitry Olegovich Bokov} } @article {909, title = {Studies on an in-vitro Investigation of Anti Diabetic Property of a Hemiparasitic Taxa Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh (Loranthaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {699-704}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {699}, abstract = {

Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh, belong to the family Loranthaceae an unique hemiparasitic taxon, spreads almost all the entire forest in South West Bengal. It is generally stem hemi parasitic taxa and habitat mostly on aerial part of host plant having strong in spite of common root system. It is depend on the host plant for mainly water and to some extend carbon. It synthesizes its own food. The haustoria have penetrated to the vascular bundle mainly in the xylem tissue of the host plants. It has numerous medicinal values with a long history of its use in Chinese traditional medicines. Objectives: The present work deals with the anti-diabetic property medicinal aspect. Methods: The leaves extract mixed with the amylase enzyme then add the starch solution and allow the reaction for few minutes after that the reaction mixture interrupted with DNS. Results: The responsible enzyme i.e. Alpha-amylase breaks the large starch molecules which produces free glucose and simultaneously increases the blood sugar level and as a result hyperglycemia occurs. In this experiment increase the concentration of leaves extract which has decreased the activity of this potent enzyme. Conclusions: This study also reveals that, the plant{\textquoteright}s leaves extracts have inhibitory activity on this key enzyme viz. alpha amylase which is very crucial data for drug preparation and other research purposes.

}, keywords = {Alpha-amylase, Dendrophthoe falcata, Loranthaceae, Medicinal value}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.111}, author = {Ayan Kumar Naskar and Souradut Ray and Sanjukta Mondal Parui and Amal Kumar Mondal} } @article {1052, title = {Study of Molecular Docking of Vitexin in Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) Leaves Extract on Glibenclamide-CYP3A4 Interaction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1471-1476}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1471}, abstract = {

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a disease that has a high prevalence in Indonesia. About 90-95\% of all diabetes cases were caused by the failure or incapability of insulin target cells to respond to the insulin in normal state. The use of glibenclamide antidiabetic drugs with herbs has been occurred frequently in the community. Vitexin, one of active compounds in binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) leaves, has been known to have an antidiabetic effects. This study aimed to determine the molecular docking interaction of glibenclamide and vitexin in binahong leaves against CYP3A4 as antidiabetic drug. Method: Molecular docking methods were carried out using Autodock Vina software and interaction was visualized using discovery studio. Results: The study indicated that the value of glibenclamide complex free energy with CYP3A4 was -3.2 kcal/mol and the stability has increasing to -4.4 kcal/mol after docked with vitexin. The glibenclamide and vitexin complexes had 7 Pi alkyl hydrophobic bonds, 1 hydrocarbon hydrogen bond 1 Pi-cation electrostatic interactions, other interactions between Pi bond and sulfur atoms in cysteine amino acid residues, Pi bond interactions in phenylalamin aromatic groups with electron pairs oxygen atom. Conclusion: This study concluded that vitexin could improve glibenclamide stability.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Glibenclamide, Molecular docking, Vitexin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.227}, author = {Dwitiyanti and Yahdiana Harahap and Berna Elya and Anton Bahtiar} } @article {864, title = {Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp: A Potential Phytomedicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {429-438}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {429}, abstract = {

Ethnomedicinal plant is one of the important sources for drug discovery. Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp is one of the ethnomedicinal plants that is currently gaining attention for its various pharmacological potentials. This review evaluates its traditional uses, chemical profiles, toxicological aspects, nutritional values, as well as its pharmacological properties. From our literature search in Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, it was found that S. polyanthum has valuable therapeutic potentials including antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antitumor, antidiarrheal, acetylcholinesterase, inhibitory, and dental plaque inhibition properties. However, few research areas, especially its toxicological profiles, mechanism of actions, as well as identification of its bioactive compound, require more in-depth studies.

}, keywords = {Chemical, Nutritional, Pharmacological, Syzygium polyanthum, Toxicological}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.67}, author = {Azlini Ismail and Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad} } @article {919, title = {Tetrahydroxy Flavone from Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn Ex Benth. (Fabaceae) with Novel Kinase Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {559-563}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {559}, abstract = {

Background: The decoctions of the bark of Acacia auriculiformis are used in folkloric medicine to relieve pain and inflammation and as remedy for cancer. Objective: The aim of this work is to screen the extract and fractions of Acacia auriculiformis for protein kinase inhibitory activity and also to isolate and characterize chemical entities from this plant and evaluate their protein kinase inhibitory activity. Materials and Methods: Kinase inhibitory activity were assayed in appropriate buffer, with either protein or peptide as substrate in the presence of 15μM (33-P) ATP (3,000Ci/mmol; 10mCi/ml) in a final volume of 30μL. Controls were performed with appropriate dilutions of dimethyl sulphoxide. A portion of the Chloroform extract, ethylacetate and n-butanol soluble fractions of the stem bark of Acacia auriculiformis were screened against a panel of disease-related protein kinases and the active fractions was tested over a wide range of concentrations from 0.016 to 50μg/ml and the IC50 values were determined from the dose response curve. The most active fraction was subjected to chromatographic separation using Silica gel G column chromatography and sephadex LH-20 to give compound I. The structure of the isolated compound was elucidated using NMR and LCMS. Results: The Primary screening of the extract and fractions showed that the chloroform extract was inactive against all the protein kinases investigated, while the ethylacetate and n-butanol soluble fractions inhibited all the protein kinases tested. Compound I also inhibited all the kinases tested. The IC50 of the active fractions and compound were also evaluated. Ethylacetate fraction inhibited all the kinases tested with the highest activity against Haspine kinase with IC50 of 1.0 μg/ml, while n-butanol also gave the highest activity against Haspine kinase with 1C50 of 1.3 μg/ml. From the active ethylacetate fractions 3, 4{\textquoteright}, 7, 8- tetrahydroxy flavone was isolated. The Compound exhibited the maximal activity against DYRK1A kinase with an IC50 of 2.05 μg/ml followed by CDK9 with an IC50 of 2.28 μg/ml. Conclusion: 3, 4{\textquoteright},7, 8- tetrahydroxy flavone was isolated was found to be a DYRK1A and CDK9 inhibitor which might justify the anticancer potential of this plant.

}, keywords = {CDK9, DYRK1A, Protein kinases, Tetrahydroxyflavone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.89}, author = {Augustine A. Ahmadu and Bilqis A. Lawal and Anas Haruna and Lukman Mustapha} } @article {790, title = {Total Phenolic Contents, Quercetin Determination and Anti Elastase Activity of Melastoma malabathricum L. Leaves Extract from Different Method of Extractions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {124-128}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Objective: Leaves of M. malabathricum has been detected to contain quercetin and other phenolic contents. Quercetin has been proven to have elastase inhibitory activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of extraction method on total phenolic and quercetin contents as well as elastase inhibitory activity of M. malabathricum leaves extracts. Methods: Leaves powder was extracted by two conventional methods, maceration and reflux. Two different concentrations of ethanol were used as a solvent, 70 and 96\% ethanol. Leaves were also defatted with chloroform before further extraction. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and quercetin content was determined by using the high-performance liquid chromatography method. Elastase inhibitor activity of leaves extract was determined on human neutrophil elastase in vitro. Results: Generally, 96\% ethanol obtained higher total phenolic and quercetin content than 70\% ethanol. However, defatted extract of 70\% ethanol contained higher total phenolic content than defatted 96\% ethanol. The highest elastase inhibitory activity of the sample was obtained from 70\% ethanol extract with the value of 89.50\% at 200 ppm, which is no significant difference compared to quercetin with the value of 93.86\%. Conclusion: Extraction methods and different concentration of solvents affect the total phenolic and quercetin contents of the extracts. M. malabathricum leaves have potential effect as anti-elastase as well as quercetin, where the anti-elastase activity of M. malabathricum leaves is not only due to quercetin.

}, keywords = {Anti-Elastase, Extraction methods, Melastoma malabathricum L., Quercetin, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.21}, author = {Thia Amalia and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Silvia Surini} } @article {882, title = {Traditional Usages and Phytochemical Screenings of Selected Zingiberaceae from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {505-510}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {505}, abstract = {

Background: Zingiberaceae is one of the significant components of the herbaceous ground flora of Southeast Asia tropical forests. This family includes some medicinally important species, in particular the members of genera of Alpinia, Curcuma, Etlingera and Zingiber (Van Balgooy, 2001). Objective: to identify the traditional usages and evaluate for phytochemical screening of selected Zingiberaceae from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Material and Methods: Zingiberaceae samples were collected from the Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), Central Sulawesi Indonesia and its surroundings and evaluated for their phytochemical contents by using TLC method with particular spraying reagents. Results: the plants were used by the local ethnics for different daily and medicinal purposes. All part of each selected species of Zingiberaceae contain flavonoid, tannins, saponins, triterpenoid and alkaloid although steroids were only found in the leaves of Etlingera flexuosa, Curcuma mangga and Alpinia galanga. Alkaloids were only found in the rhyzome of Etlingera flexuosa, Curcuma aerugynosa, Zingiber montanum. Besides it was also detected in leaves of both Alpinia rubricaulis and Etlingera acanthoides. Additionally, Alkaloids were also discovered in the stem of Ammomum aculeata, Alpinia galanga and Curcuma mangga.

}, keywords = {Central Sulawesi Indonesia, Phytochemical screening, Traditional usages, Zingiberaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.80}, author = {Ramadanil and Damry and Rusdi and Baharuddin Hamzah and Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair} } @article {785, title = {Triterpenes and Sterols from Leaves of Hoya meliflua Merr}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {48-52}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {48}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hoya plants are also called wax plants due to the waxy appearance of their leaves and flowers. Most species are cultivated as ornamental plants. In the Philippines, there are at least 109 species of Hoya; 88 of these are endemic to the country. One of the endemic species is Hoya meliflua often confused with H. diversifolia, which can also be found in other countries. This study is part of our research on the chemical constituents of Philippine native Hoyas. Methods: The compounds were isolated by silica gel chromatography and identified by NMR spectroscopy. Results: Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract from the leaves of Hoya meliflua afforded squalene and mixtures of β-amyrin (1a), α-amyrin (1b) and lupeol (1c) in about 1:1:0.25 ratio; oleanone (2a), ursenone (2b) and lupenone (2c) in about 1:1:0.3 ratio; β-amyrin cinnamate (3a), α-amyrin cinnamate (3b) and lupenyl cinnamate (3c) in about 0.5:0.3:1 ratio; and β-sitosterol and stigmasterol in about 5:1 ratio. Conclusion: The results of our study indicate that Hoya meliflua shares similar chemical characteristics with other members of the genus Hoya. The triterpenes and sterols obtained from H. meliflua were also identified from other Hoya species. It is interesting to note that although most Hoya plants have no known biological activity and medicinal property, the compounds isolated from H. meliflua possess diverse bioactivities.

}, keywords = {Apocynaceae, Hoya meliflua, Lupenone, Lupenyl Cinnamate, Lupeol, Oleanone, Squalene, Stigmasterol, Ursenone, α-amyrin, α-amyrin Cinnamate, β-amyrin, β-amyrin Cinnamate, β-sitosterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.9}, author = {Vincent Antonio S. Ng and Raymond S. Malabed and Fernando B. Aurigue and Consolacion Y. Ragasa} } @article {1030, title = {Two Triterpenoid Saponins with alpha-glucosidase Inhibitory Activity from Harpullia pendula Seed Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1386-1390}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1386}, abstract = {

Background: Harpullia pendula Planch (family Sapindaceae) is a small to medium rainforest tree native to Australia. Objective: This study aims to isolate triterpenoid saponins from H. pendula and test them as α-glucosidase inhibitors. Materials and Methods: The saponin compounds were obtained using variable chromatographic techniques and characterized by spectral analysis. Results: Two new triterpenoid saponins were obtained as an inseparable mixture from H. pendula methanolic seed extract. Their structures were determined as 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}2)-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}3)]-βD-glucuronopyranosyl22-OangeloylA1- barrigenol and 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}2)-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}3)]-β-Dglucuronopyranosyl 22-O-(2-methylbutyroyl)-A1 barrigenol, respectively. The triterpene part 22-O-(2-methyl butyroyl) A1-barrigenol has never been characterized before. The α- glucosidase inhibitory activity of the two saponin mixture was evaluated invitro and proved to exhibit strong activity with IC50 value equals to 13.3 {\textpm} 5.0 ppm and IC90 value equals to 21.5 {\textpm} 8.0 ppm. Conclusion: Two new saponins were characterized from their mixture and found to exhibit α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {Harpullia pendula, Sapindaceae, Triterpenoid saponins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.214}, author = {Marian Nabil and Neveen S Ghaly and Iman AA Kassem and Mary H Grace and Farouk R Melek} } @article {951, title = {Validation of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Determination of Bromelain in Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L) Merr) Water}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {901-906}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {901}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the present study was to validate HPLC method for analysis bromelain levels in pineapple water and application that method to determine the storage time of pineapple water. Methods: The reversed phase of HPLC method was tested and optimized before it is validated. The composition and the flow rate of the mobile phase is the optimized parameter. The analytical parameters validated were detection limits, linearity, accuracy and precision. Pineapple water was stored for 8 h at 10{\textordmasculine}C and bromelain was determined using the validated HPLC method. Result: The optimum mobile phase composition was methanolwater (70:30) with a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The detector concentration-response was linear with coefficient of determination of 0.993. The accuracy of HPLC method at a recovery of 1 and 2\% bromelain was 106.37 {\textpm} 1.94\% and 98.12 {\textpm} 1.29\% (n = 5), respectively. The precision, expressed as the coefficients of variation (CV), at 1 and 2\% bromelain were 1.83 and 1.32\% (n = 5), respectively. Bromelain level at zero time was 81.53\%. After storage for 8 h at 10{\textordmasculine}C, bromelain levels in pineapple juice appeared to decrease not statistically significant (p \> 0.05), with to mean value of 78.46 {\textpm} 2.88\%. Conclusion: The HPLC method developed was valid to analyze accurately concentrations of bromelain in pineapple water and it can be used to study the shelf life of pineapple water based on bromelain content. The bromelain content in pineapple juice was not statistically significantly different after 8 h storage at 10{\textdegree}C.

}, keywords = {Bromelain, HPLC, Pineapple water, Storage}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.144}, author = {Novi Yantih and Alfadella Methananda and Yahdiana Harahap and Wahono Sumaryono and Lestari Rahayu} } @article {999, title = {Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database as Adenosine A2A Antagonist using AutoDock and AutoDock Vina}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1219-1224}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1219}, abstract = {

Objective: Previous research found that Adenosine A2A antagonist allows to reduce motor fluctuations, dyskinesia, protect from neurodegenerative disorder in Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease in the human brain which is chronic progressive of losing dopaminergic neurons. The aim of this study is to explore Indonesian herbal compounds as Adenosine A2A inhibitor using virtual screening method. Methods: In this study, virtual screening of Indonesian herbal database as Adenosine A2A inhibitor was done by AutoDock and AutoDock Vina and was validated by database from A Directory of Useful Decoys: Enhanced (DUD-E). The method was validated by Enrichment Factor (EF) and Area Under Curve (AUC) of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve Results: Based on the validation results, grid box that was used in virtual screening using AutoDock is 60 {\texttimes} 60 {\texttimes} 60 with EF1\% 16.5869 and AUC 0.8406. The two compounds Chitranone and 3-O-Methylcalopocarpin with binding energy -10.19 and -9.55 kcal/mol, respectively showing interaction with Adenosine A2A active site at residues ALA63, ILE66, ALA81, LEU85, PHE168, GLU169, MET177, TRP246, LEU249, ASN253 and ILE274. Conclusions:\ This study concludes that Chitranone and 3-O-Methylcalopocarpin could be proposed to be developed as Adenosine A2A antagonists.

}, keywords = {Adenosine A2A antagonist, AutoDock, Autodock vina, Indonesian herbal database, Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease, Virtual Screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.189}, author = {Nabilah Nurtika Salamah and Widya Dwi Aryati and Arry Yanuar} } @article {998, title = {Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database as alpha-Amino-3- Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4 Isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) Antagonist}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1204-1210}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1204}, abstract = {

Objective: Ischemic stroke is one type of circulatory disturbance caused by blood clots that block blood flow to the brain. One of the impact of ischemia is nerve cell damage due to excitotoxicity. Inhibition of the ionotropic glutamate receptor such as the AMPA receptor, becomes an essential approach to the treatment of ischemia. This study aims to explore the possibility of an Indonesian herbal compound as an AMPA receptor antagonist. Methods: In this study, virtual screening of 2233 herbal compounds was performed by docking method using AutoDock to find the antagonist candidate of AMPA receptor from Indonesian herbal database. The virtual screening method was validated by an area under curve (AUC) of the ROC curve and enrichment factor (EF). Lipinski{\textquoteright}s Rule of Five was used to filter the screening result. Results: The validation of virtual screening result showed that AUC was 0.9385 and EF 1\% was 23.5550. The screening result of Indonesian herbal database showed top five compound sanggenol O, blazeispirol X, progesterone, nimolicinol and boeravinone F (-8.51; -8.39; -8.19; -8.17; -8.08 kcal/mol, respectively) and have interaction with TYR61 and THR91 residues of AMPA receptor. Conclusion: Five compounds of the Indonesia herbal database were shown as hits of AMPA receptor antagonist based on the docking method.

}, keywords = {AMPA receptor, AutoDock, Herbal plants, Neuroprotective, Virtual Screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.187}, author = {Rezi Riadhi Syahdi and Chindy Dwi Martinah and Arry Yanuar} } @article {871, title = {Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database for Discovery of Procaspase-3 Activators Using Autodock and Autodock Vina}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {xx}, year = {2019}, pages = {xx-xx}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {xx}, abstract = {

Objective: Cancer is a disease where body cell grows abnormal, spread to every part of human body. Previous studies have found excessive expression of Procaspase-3 on cancer that must be activated to Caspase-3 to induce apoptotic in cells. Methods: Virtual screening of Indonesian Herbal Database was carried out to discover Procaspase-3 activators. This study was validated using enrichment factor (EF), receiver operating characteristics (ROC) area under curve (AUC) parameters. Among 1412 compounds were screened using Autodock and Autodock Vina software. Results: The virtual screening results using Autodock obtained the best ten compounds with binding energy -8.28 ~ -9.31 kcal/mol and Autodock Vina obtained the best ten compounds with binding energy -8.1 ~ -8.8 kcal/mol. Both virtual screening software showed two compounds in common, i.e., betulinic acid and maslinic acid. Conclusion: Betulinic acid interacts with Leu136A, Lys137A, Tyr195A and Pro201 residues in Autodock and Autodock Vina. While maslinic acid interacts with Leu136A, Lys137A and Pro201 residues in Autodock and Autodock Vina.

}, keywords = {Apoptotic, Cancer, Herbal, Procaspase-3 activator, Virtual Screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11xx}, author = {Rezi Riadhi Syahdi and Ayu Annissa and Arry Yanuar} } @article {839, title = {Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database for Discovery of Procaspase-3 Activators Using Autodock and Autodock Vina}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, year = {2019}, pages = {xx-xx}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {xx}, abstract = {

Objective: Cancer is a disease where body cell grows abnormal, spread to every part of human body. Previous studies have found excessive expression of Procaspase-3 on cancer that must be activated to Caspase-3 to induce apoptotic in cells. Methods: Virtual screening of Indonesian Herbal Database was carried out to discover Procaspase-3 activators. This study was validated using enrichment factor (EF), receiver operating characteristics (ROC) area under curve (AUC) parameters. Among 1412 compounds were screened using Autodock and Autodock Vina software. Results: The virtual screening results using Autodock obtained the best ten compounds with binding energy -8.28 ~ -9.31 kcal/mol and Autodock Vina obtained the best ten compounds with binding energy -8.1 ~ -8.8 kcal/mol. Both virtual screening software showed two compounds in common, i.e., betulinic acid and maslinic acid. Conclusion: Betulinic acid interacts with Leu136A, Lys137A, Tyr195A and Pro201 residues in Autodock and Autodock Vina. While maslinic acid interacts with Leu136A, Lys137A and Pro201 residues in Autodock and Autodock Vina

}, keywords = {Apoptotic, Cancer, Herbal, Procaspase-3 activator, Virtual Screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.x}, author = {Rezi Riadhi Syahdi, and Ayu Annissa and Arry Yanuar} } @article {976, title = {Wound Healing Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Selaginella Bryopteris on Rats (Retracted)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {984-990}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {984}, abstract = {

This Article has been retracted due to Authors{\textquoteright} request.\ 

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.155}, author = {Shravan Kumar Paswan and Sajal Srivastava and Chandana Venkateswara Rao} } @article {842, title = {Xanthones Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Analysis (Applying ESR) of Six Different Maturity Levels of Mangosteen Rind Extract (Garcinia mangostana Linn.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {March 2019}, pages = {369-373}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {369}, abstract = {

Background: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) is tropical fruit that known to contain bioactive compounds which has particular function as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. Mangosteen rind extract is known to have high contents of xanthone compounds which have antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. This study was aiming to determine the contents of xanthone derivatives using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and antioxidant activity of six different maturity levels of mangosteen rind extract using electron spin resonance (ESR). Method: Mangosteen was classified based on the maturity level by its visual characteristic and divided into six criteria of maturity. The mangosteen rinds were extracted through maceration and freeze drying method. Qualitative analysis of xanthone was obtained using LC-MS/MS. Antioxidant activity was determined using ESR spectrometer. To evaluate antioxidant activity, using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used as free radical scavenger method. Results: The LC-MS/MS analysis showed that the highest concentrations are filled by mangosteen rind with maturity level 6. Moreover, each maturity levels of mangosteen rind extract has different g value compared to DPPH free radical. Different g value indicated the different type of free radical and decreasing g value indicated the declining intensity of free radical. The higher decreasing of g value was mangosteen rind with maturity level 4, 5 and 6. Conclusion: Mangosteen rind extract contains xanthone and its derivatives and ESR analysis showed that different maturity levels on mangosteen rind has different antioxidant activity as indicated by declining free radical intensity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Electron spin resonance (ESR), Free radical, Mangosteen rind extract, Xanthone Garcinia mangostana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.56}, author = {Marisca Evalina Gondokesumo and Bambang Pardjianto and Sutiman Bambang Sumitro and Wahyu Widowati} } @article {566, title = {Accumulation of Potential Photo-Protective Compound Groups in Mangrove (Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler.) Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {576-580}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {576}, abstract = {

Objective: To analyze the accumulation of potential photo-protective compound groups, include phenol, flavonoid, and tannin in the leaf tissues of Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler. Methods: The research used Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler leaves as materials. The total of compound groups and photo-protective ability level of each tissue was measured using spectrophotometry, while detection of compound group accumulations in the leaf tissue were observed using histochemical assay. Results: Epidermis extract contained the highest content of total phenolic compounds (phenol, flavonoid, and tannin), followed by those of mesophyll and whole leaf. Moreover, Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value of epidermis was also higher than those of mesophyll and whole leaf, considering that there were no significant difference of SPF value between mesophyll and whole leaf. Result of histochemical assay of S. caseolaris fresh leaf sections showed that phenol, flavonoid, and tannin were highly accumulated in the epidermis and some parts of mesophyll. Conclusion: Potential photo-protective compound groups of S. caseolaris leaves were accumulated in epidermis and mesophyll. However, epidermis showed the highest level of potential photo-protective compound groups than those of other tissues. Photo-protective ability of epidermis also showed higher value than those of mesophyll.

}, keywords = {Leaf anatomy, Photo-protective, Secondary metabolite, Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler, SPF}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.94}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/527}, author = {Haviah Hafidhotul Ilmiah and Tri Rini Nuringtyas and Laurentius Hartanto Nugroho} } @article {541, title = {Accumulation of Potential Photo-Protective Compound Groups in Mangrove (Sonneratia caseolaris (l.) Engler.) Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {x}, pages = {XX-XX}, type = {x}, chapter = {x}, abstract = {

Objective: To analyze the accumulation of potential photo-protective compound groups, include phenol, flavonoid, and tannin in the leaf tissues of Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler. Methods: The research used Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler leaves as materials. The total of compound groups and photo-protective ability level of each tissue was measured using spectrophotometry, while detection of compound group accumulations in the leaf tissue were observed using histochemical assay. Results: Epidermis extract contained the highest content of total phenolic compounds (phenol, flavonoid, and tannin), followed by those of mesophyll and whole leaf. Moreover, Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value of epidermis was also higher than those of mesophyll and whole leaf, considering that there were no significant difference of SPF value between mesophyll and whole leaf. Result of histochemical assay of S. caseolaris fresh leaf sections showed that phenol, flavonoid, and tannin were highly accumulated in the epidermis and some parts of mesophyll. Conclusion: Potential photo-protective compound groups of S. caseolaris leaves were accumulated in epidermis and mesophyll. However, epidermis showed the highest level of potential photo-protective compound groups than those of other tissues. Photo-protective ability of epidermis also showed higher value than those of mesophyll.

Key words: Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler, Secondary metabolite, Photo-protective, SPF, Leaf anatomy.

}, keywords = {Leaf anatomy., Photo-protective, Secondary metabolite, Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler, SPF}, doi = {10.5530/jppcm.2018.2s.xx}, author = {Haviah Hafidhotul Ilmiah and Tri Rini Nuringtyas and Laurentius Hartanto Nugroho} } @article {616, title = {Acute and Sub-Acute Antihypertensive Effects of Syzygium polyanthum Leaf Extracts with Determination of Gallic Acid using HPLC Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {663-671}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {663}, abstract = {

Context: Aqueous decoction of Syzygium polyanthum (ADSP) leaf is one of Malay traditionalremedial- preparations for hypertension. Intravenous ADSP reduced blood pressure of anesthetized Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Spontaneously-Hypertensive rats (SHR); however, acute and sub-acute effects of oral ADSP on conscious rats and its bioactive compound(s) are not comprehensively studied. This study aims to examine the acute and sub-acute effects of ADSP in comparison to methanol extract (MESP) on systolic blood pressure (SBP) of conscious WKY and SHR rats, as well as to identify their major phenolic-compound using highperformance- liquid-chromatography (HPLC). Methodology: For acute study, SHR and WKY rats were gavaged with single-dose of ADSP or MESP (2.00, 2.50 or 3.00 g/kg), vehicles, or losartan (0.01 g/kg). SBP was measured after 1, 3, 5, 6 and 24 hr-post-administration. For subacute experiment, SHR rats were gavaged once-daily with ADSP or MESP (2.50 g/kg/day), vehicles, or losartan (0.01 g/kg/day) for 3-week and their SBP was weekly-measured. Phenolic compounds were screened using ferric-chloride test, then gallic acid was determined using HPLC. Results: Acute administration of ADSP (2.50 to 3.00 g/kg) and MESP (2.00 to 3.00 g/ kg) significantly reduced SBP of SHR, but not of WKY rats. Repeated-daily-dose administration of MESP (2.5 g/kg/day) significantly reduced SBP of SHR after 2-week and sustained until 3-week, while ADSP (2.5 g/kg/day) significantly reduced SBP only after 3-week. Gallic acid was the major phenolic-compound in ADSP (157.09 \± 4.18 ppm) and MESP (134.04 \± 10.30 ppm). Conclusion: Oral ADSP and MESP that contain gallic acid possess acute and sub-acute antihypertensive effects in SHR, but MESP\’s effect was more prominent than ADSP

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive, Gallic acid, HPLC, Hypertension, Syzygium polyanthum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.109}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/647}, author = {Azlini Ismail and Nurul Syahida Ramli and Mahaneem Mohamed and Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad} } @article {638, title = {Acute Toxicity, Anti-ulcer and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Methanol Extract of Gladiolus segetum in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {758-762}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {758}, abstract = {

Objectives: To evaluate the in vivo anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract of the aerial parts of Gladiolus segetum. Methods: First methanol extract of Gladiolus segetum was subjected to the acute oral toxicity test according to the OECD, guideline no 423.The anti-ulcer activity of Gladiolus segetum was investigated by ethanol induced gastric ulcer in Wistar rats. Methanol extract was administered by gavage one hour before ethanol to the different groups at a dose corresponding of 100,250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. The control group received normal saline in comparable volume (10ml/kg body weight) by the same route. The anti-inflammatory activity of the tested extract was evaluated in adult wistar rats by the egg albumin induced paw edema method. Results: A significant reduction (p \<0.001) was observed in the results of the present study, revealed that methanol extract possessed gastroprotective activity and exerts a topical anti-inflammatory effect in vivo. Conclusion: These results suggest that methanol extract of Gladiolus segetum may represent an important clinical alternative in anti-inflammatory and antiulcer genic therapeutics.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer genic, Gastric ulcer, Gladiolus segetum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.127}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/665}, author = {Salah Eddine Marref and Naima Benkiki and Mohamed Akram Melakhessou and Soumia Bouzidi} } @article {456, title = {Aloe Vera (Medicinal Plant) Research: A Scientometric Assessment of Global Publications Output during 2007-16}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {1-8}, type = {Invited Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

The paper examines 1988 global publications on Aloe Vera research, as covered in Scopus database during 2007-16. The Aloe Vera research registered 3.91\% growth and averaged its citation impact to 9.57 citations per paper. The top 12 most productive countries individually contributed global share 5.36\% to 52.17\%. India accounted for the largest global publication share (32.55\%), followed by USA (11.52\%), Iran (8.15\%), China (4.63\%) etc. Together, the top 12 countries accounted for 79.18\% global publications share and 84.94\% global citation share during 2007-16. Seven of top 12 countries scored relative citation index above the world average i.e. 1.04: U.K. (1.82), Thailand and USA (1.63 each), Spain (1.23), Pakistan and China (1.15 each) and Italy (1.12) during 2007-16. The country share of international collaborative publications across top 12 most productive countries varied from 5.36\% to 52.17\%, in Aloe Vera research during 2007-16. Medicine, among other subjects, accounted for the highest publications share (40.90\%), followed by pharmacology, toxicology and pharmaceutics (35.16\%), agricultural and biological sciences (23.09\%), biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology (20.27\%), chemistry (7.90\%), immunology and microbiology (6.24\%) and engineering (5.38) during 2007-16. The top 20 most productive research organizations and the authors collectively contributed 11.47\% and 8.55\% respectively global publication share and 12.87\% and13.82\% respectively global citation share during 2007-16. The journals medium accounted for the largest 79.08\% global share with top 15 journals accounting for just 16.01\% of total output that was reported in journals during 2007-16. Only 18 papers in Aloe Vera research registered 100 plus citations between 104 to 242 citations per paper, and together these papers cumulated 2656 citations, averaging to 147.55 citations per paper. These 18 highly cited papers involved the participation of 66 authors and 41 organizations and were published in 15 journals.

}, keywords = {Aloe vera, Bibliometrics, Global research output, Medicinal plant, Scientometrics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.1}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/356}, author = {BM Gupta and KK Mueen Ahmed and SM Dhawan and Ritu Gupta} } @article {643, title = {Alpha-Mangostin Effect on Inhibition Development Stadium and Globin Accumulation Against Plasmodium falciparum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {783-788}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {783}, abstract = {

\α--Mangostin is a widely reported group of Xanthone compounds from the Clusiaceae family of 40 genera and over 1000 species spread across the tropics and subtropics area. The Objective for determine effect of \α-mangostin from Garcinia tetrandra Pierre stem bark against development stadium inhibition and globin accumulation of Plasmodium falciparum. Inhibition stadium development assay used based on the Rosenthal method. Plasmodium falciparum parasitic globin accumulation assay. Globin accumulation assay used the highest concentration of in vitro antimalarial test using SDS-PAGE with positive control E-64 and \α-mangostin were incubated together with the malaria parasite during 24 h. Result of Inhibition stadium development of Plasmodium falciparum against \α-mangostin show inhibition from development stadium of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, Electrophoresis show globin accumulation from electrophoresis followed by staining using Coomassie brilliant blue. \α-mangostin showed inhibition the growth of malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum with dose 10 \μg/ml is expected to occur a large accumulation of globin, which can be viewed both morphologically and by the method of SDS-PAGE.

}, keywords = {Development stage inhibition, Garcinia tetrandra, Plasmodium falciparum, SDS-PAGE, α-mangostin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.132}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/670}, author = {Hadi Kuncoro and Aty Widyawaruyanti and Taslim Ersam} } @article {767, title = {Ameliorative Effect of Moringa oleifera Fruit Extract on Reproductive Parameters in Diabetic-induced Male Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s54-s58}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s54}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus negatively impact the male reproductive parameters. The ability of Moringa oleifera fruit to improve the reproductive parameters in diabetic-induced male has yet to be documented. Aim: To investigate the anti-hyperglycaemic potential of M. oleifera fruit aqueous extract and its effect on reproductive parameters in diabetic-induced male rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups; normal control (without diabetic induction), negative control (diabetes without treatment), positive control (diabetes with metformin) and treatment group (diabetes with 500 mg/kg M. oleifera fruit aqueous extract). Treatments were given via oral gavage for 21 consecutive days. Analysis of fasting blood glucose level, sperm quality, testicular histology and relative testis weight were performed. Results: The administration of M. oleifera fruit aqueous extract exhibited a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose level and a pronounced increase in sperm quality (sperm count, motility, viability and morphology) compared with the negative control group. M. oleifera fruit extract restored the histology of the testes as they were seen to be packed with sperms and showed an organised spermatogenesis. The relative testis weight showed no significant difference between all groups. Conclusion: The results obtained suggested that M. oleifera fruit aqueous extract possessed an antihyperglycaemic property and improved the reproductive parameters in diabetic-induced rats

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Fasting blood glucose level, Male reproductive, Moringa oleifera fruit, Sperm quality}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.10}, author = {Amira Kamalrudin and Malina Jasamai and Mahanem Mat Noor} } @article {504, title = {Ameliorative Role of Vitamin D on Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure of Monosodium Glutamate Induced Steatohepatitis in Rat Pups}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {371-375}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {371}, abstract = {

Background: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widely used flavor enhancer has been linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome, including progressive liver disease. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the most common hepatic disorder with an etiology related to changes in diet and lifestyle. Prenatal and postnatal exposure to MSG been shown to affect developing tissues in growing animals. Increased Risk of Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis has been associated with Vitamin D deficiency. The present study was aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of vitamin D on MSG induced animal models of steatohepatitis in neonatal rats. Materials and Methods: Eighteen nulliparous female wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=6/group). Group-I received a daily oral dose of 5g/kg body weight of MSG. Group-II received the same dose of MSG along with calcitriol (0.2\μg/kg BW). Group-III was treated with saline served as the control. The rats could mate, and treatment was given for the entire period of gestation and thirty days thereafter, during lactation. The histological changes in the liver was observed. Results: Pan-lobular microvesicular steatosis, lobular inflammation and ballooning of hepatocytes was observed in the MSG-treated group. These histotoxic changes were ameliorated in the vitamin D treated group. Conclusion: Vitamin D might be beneficial in the protection of the pre-and postnatal exposed MSG induced steatohepatitis. Further, induction of steatohepatitis in a shorter period could also make it an ideal study model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

}, keywords = {Gestation, Glutamate, MSG, Steatohepatisis, Vitamin D}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.62}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/493}, author = {Nandan Padmanabha and Nirupama Muralimunglimane and Nayanatara Arun Kumar and Bhagyalakshmi Kodavanji and Jyoti Ramnath Kini and Roopesh Poojary} } @article {698, title = {Analysis of bioactive constituents of n-hexane and methanol fractions of Vernonia calvoana Extracts using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {854-858}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {854}, abstract = {

Aim: Bioactive constituents of n-hexane and methanol fractions of Vernonia calvoana (VC) leaves were evaluated using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry. Method: The leaves were harvested, cleaned and air dried for 7 days. They were ground to yield 5kg weight powder which was macerated and extracted in 8000 mL of 80\% ethanol for 48 hours, yielding 310.3g (6.2\%) of crude extract after evaporation of the solvent. The paste (251.8g) was subjected to column chromatography over silica gel (mesh 60 \– 120\μm) and eluted with 1.5L of n-hexane and methanol respectively. The fractions were analyzed for bioactive constituents using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (30m x 0.25mm ID x 0.25\μm film thickness). Result: The results of GC-MS analysis showed the presences of twelve compounds with phytol (46.67\%), 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (33.40\%), octadecanoic acid (11.25\%), pentadecane carboxylic acid (10.69\%), 9, 12, 15-octadecatrien-1-ol (8.12\%) and ethyl palmitate (7.68\%) in the n-hexane fraction, while methanol fraction was observed to have 14 compounds with oleic acid (33.40\%), hexadecanoic acid (12.49\%), 2-butanone (14.32\%), palmitadehyde (8.36\%), 11-octadecenoic acid (5.56\%), Z-4-nonadecen-1-ol-acetate (5.36\%) and limonene Oxide (4.37\%) as well as other compounds in trace concentrations. Conclusion: it may be concluded from the results that, extracts of Vernonia calvoana contain various bioactive components that may be exploited as a good source of new drug for pharmaceutical industries.

}, keywords = {Bioactive constituents, Methanol, n-hexane, Vernonia calvoana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.144}, author = {Iwara A. Iwara and Godwin O. Igile and Friday E. Uboh and Mbeh U. Eteng and Patrick .E. Ebong} } @article {702, title = {Anatomical Study and Characterization of Metabolites in Leaves of Momordica charantia L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {823-826}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {823}, abstract = {

Background: Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae), is an herbaceous plant used for food and traditional medicine. It presents a proven antidiabetic activity in the literature, being a promising species for the development of phytotherapics. Objective: The objective was performing an anatomical study and characterizing the metabolites in leaves of M. charantia. Materials and Methods: Semipermanent histological slides were prepared for analysis of petiole and leaf blade in optical, polarization and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Maceration and histochemical tests were also performed in the leaf blade. Results: The anatomical characterization revealed information about the type of trichomes, cuticle, vascular bundles and arrangement of the idioblasts and tissues that determine the botanical identity of this species. The histochemistry allowed determining the location of the metabolites and, along with the chemical microanalyses, to identify the type of crystal in the leaf blade. Conclusion: The study described new characters for M. charantia and the results provide support to quality control of the species.

}, keywords = {Anatomy, Bitter melon, Crystals, Histochemistry, Mel{\~a}o-de-S{\~a}o-Caetano}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.140}, author = {Rafaela Damasceno S{\'a} and Mar{\'\i}lia Barbosa Cadena and Rafael Jos{\'e} Ribeiro Padilha and Luiz Carlos Alves and Karina Perrelli Randau} } @article {531, title = {Andrographolide Induced Apoptosis in NALM-6 Cells Mediated Through the Cell Cycle Arrest and Nuclear Fragmentation}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January-2018}, pages = {210-214}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {210 }, abstract = {

Introduction: Andrographis paniculata is an herb widely cultivated in South and Southeastern Asia. It has been traditionally used to treat infections and other Physiological disorders for several hundreds. We investigated the anti-leukemic potential of Andrographolide (AGP) isolated from the leaves of this plant against an array of cancer cells to investigate its most efficacies in a particular cancer type. Methods: AGP was isolated from Andrographis paniculata leaves by using column chromatography. The structure was further determined by LC-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. AGP was initially tested against four different cancer cell lines, namely NALM-6 (pre B-ALL), K562 (CML), A549 (lung carcinoma) and MCF-7 (breast carcinoma) using MTT assay at different time points and different concentrations. The effect of the isolated biomolecule was also investigated in inducing apoptosis through the study of cell cycle progression using flow cytometry by PI staining and nuclear fragmentation pattern by DAPI staining and fluorescence microscopy. Results: the spectral analysis of the isolated bio-molecule assured that the compound was AGP. MTT assay data indicated that AGP was most potent to induce cytotoxicity in NALM-6 cells. Further investigation revealed that it effectively induced apoptosis by arresting cell cycle progression and increased the nuclear break down in NALM- 6 leukemic cells. Conclusion: Our study efficiently demonstrated that the AGP isolated from Andrographis paniculata induced apoptosis in NALM-6 cells, which could be used in the therapeutic intervention of leukemia in the future.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Andrographolide, Apoptosis, Cell cycle, Cytotoxicity, Leukemia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.36}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/466}, author = {Swadesh Sarkar and Priya K Gopal and Santanu Paul} } @article {464, title = {Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition of Fractions from Eleusine indica Leaf Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {25-28}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

Solvent fractions and decoction of Eleusine indica leaves were tested for their ability to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), an important component of the Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone System which is a critical regulator of arterial blood pressure. The ACE inhibitory activity of each fraction was measured by employing a colorimetric assay based on the hydrolysis of histidyl-hippuryl-leucine (HHL) by ACE. Preliminary assay results revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest antihypertensive activity with a percent inhibition of 51.51\%. This fraction was considered for further isolation using a bioassay-guided fractionation scheme.

}, keywords = {Bioactive extracts, High-blood pressure, Hypertension, Medicinal, Plant extracts}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.5}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/360}, author = {Jasmin T Tutor and Christine L Chichioco-Hernandez} } @article {507, title = {Anthelmintic Activity of Fruit Extract and Fractions of Piper longum L. In vitro}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {333-340}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {333}, abstract = {

The present study was aimed to assess the in vitro ovicidal, larvicidal and adulticidal activity of methanolic extract and its fractions from fruits of Piper longum against strongyle ova, larvae and adult amphistomes respectively. The fruits of P. longum was identified and the accession number 006 was obtained. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, diterpenes and triterpenes in extract and fractions of P. longum. The extract and fractions were diluted serially in 6.25 per cent tween 80 to obtain concentrations of 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.63, 7.81, 3.91 and 1.95 mg/mL. Ivermectin and thiabendazole at 10 \μg/mL acted as positive controls and 6.25 per cent tween 80 as negative control. The methanolic extract was highly active against ova with IC50 of 0.026 mg/mL. The n-hexane fraction was potent in inducing larval mortality with IC50 of 1.383 mg/mL while chloroform fraction inhibited larval migration with IC50 of 1.796 mg/mL. Amphistomes were highly sensitive for methanolic extract of P. longum which possessed IC50 of 5.493 mg/mL Based on IC50 values, the methanolic extract was found to be most potent while chloroform fraction was effective against ova, larvae and also adults. GCMS analysis of potent methanolic extract revealed the presence of piperidinone, hydrocinnamic acid, ethylhexahydro azepine, methyleugenol, hexadecanoic acid and caryophyllene oxide which may have contributed for the anthelmintic activity. The acute oral toxicity study revealed mild vascular changes in liver. From the present study, it can be concluded that chloroform fraction of P. longum possessed maximum broad spectrum anthelmintic activity comparable to controls.

}, keywords = {Adulticidal, GCMS, IC50, Larvicidal, Ovicidal, Piper longum.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.57}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/487}, author = {Krishnaprasad Ganapati Koorse and Sujith Samraj and Preethy John and Priya Manakkulaparambil Narayanan and Devi SS and Usha PTA and Surya Sunilkumar and Gleeja VL} } @article {683, title = {Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities of Sponges Collected off the Coast of Togean Islands, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {988-992}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {988}, abstract = {

Context: Marine sponges (Porifera: Demospongia) have astonishing structural diversity and broad biological activities. Aims: To evaluate the antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of five sponges collected off the coast of Togean Islands, Indonesia, identified as Spheciospongia inconstan, Melophlus sarasironum, Oceanapia amboinensis, Biemna sp and Axinella sp. Methods and Material: All dried sponges materials were extracted by maceration method using methanol and then evaporated by the rotary evaporator to obtain viscous extracts. The determination of antibacterial activity was performed by well agar diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli while the cytotoxic activity was determined by MTT methods on human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and human colon colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116), followed by determination of the apoptosis mechanism by Annexin V-FTIC assay. Results: M. sarasinorum and Axinella sp showed strong inhibition against S.aureus and E.coli with the diameter of inhibition of 14.21 \± 0.92 mm and 14.36 \± 0.92 mm, and 10.01 \± 2.65 mm and 12.07 \± 1.54 mm, respectively. Moreover, they also exhibited potent cytotoxicity on HCT-116 with IC50 values of 0.002 and 8.518 \μg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, on MCF-7, only M. sarasinorum showed moderate inhibition with an IC50 value of 87.35 \μg/mL. Annexin V-FTIC assay clearly showed that the cytotoxic mechanism of M. sarasinorum and Axinella sp on HCT-116 and MCF-7 was via apoptosis induction. Conclusion: The sponges of M. Sarasinorum and Axinella sp are undergoing further analysis to identify the active constituents which could be developed as potential antibacterial and anticancer agents.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Cytotoxicity, MTT, Sponges, Togean Islands}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.168}, author = {Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair and Subehan Lallo and Masteria Yunovilsa Putra and Tri Aryono Hadi and Ibrahim Jantan} } @article {745, title = {Antibacterial Property and Molecular Docking Studies of Leaf Calli Phytochemicals of Bridelia scandens Wild.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1221-1229}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1221}, abstract = {

Background: Bridelia scandens Wild. (Euphorbiaceae) leaves are widely used to cure asthma, bronchitis pleurisy, exudation, sores in mouth and genital cancers. Objective: To evaluate antibacterial activity of the leaf calli methanol extract (LCME). Materials and Methods: Mass production of leaf calli was established on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BAP and 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D. Methanol extract of the dried calli was subjected to HR-LCMS analysis, antibacterial screening of the extract was carried out against human pathogenic clinical isolates. Molecular docking study of HR-LCMS identified compounds was performed by docking with bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase. Results: HR-LCMS analysis of LCME shows that the compounds azaperone bifonazole, fusidic acid, lasalocid and quinine as the major constituents. The antibacterial screening of LCME against clinical pathogens showed significant bactericidal activity against the strains Staphylococcus aureus (17.67\±0.88 mm.d.), Streptococcus pneumonia (13.67\±0.33), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.33\±0.67), Salmonella typhi (17.67\±0.33), and Vibrio cholera (15.33\±0.33) as compared to the standard drug ciprofloxacin. The molecular docking of lasalocid against the bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase exhibited good binding affinity of -4.9 kcal/mol, good drug likeness (2.5589), 2 hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interaction with 7 amino acid residues, so that lasalocid processes good inhibitor as compared to other 4 compounds. Conclusion: LCME of Bridelia scandens showed significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi. Lasalocid is the major phytocomponent of LCME which exhibited good inhibitory activity against bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase. This investigation supported traditional claim of LCME as potential antibacterial drug.\ 

}, keywords = {ADMET, Antibacterial, Bridelia scandens, DNA Gyrase, Molecular docking}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.209}, author = {Ravikumar Shivakumar and Krishna Venkatarangaiah and Sudhesh Shastri and Ravishankara Burladinni Nagaraja and Ajith Sheshagiri} } @article {753, title = {Antidepressant and Antipsychotic-like Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of the Leaves of Maytenus macrocarpa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s33-s37}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s33}, abstract = {

Introduction: Maytenus macrocarpa (Chuchuhuasi) is an Amazonian Peruvian traditional plant, traditionally used as anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antihemorrhagic and antidiarrheic agent. Also, chuchuhuasi is known as a master plant, attributing to it properties in the central nervous system. In addition, depression is a disorder of the mood that cause disability to millions of people around the world. For this reason, the aim of this study was to determinate the antidepressant and antipsychotic-like activity of the ethanolic extract of Maytenus macrocarpa. Methods: It was used the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Maytenus macrocarpa (EELMM) in female mice at the experimental model of the Forced Swim Test described by Porsolt. As control, it was used distillate water, fluoxetine and haloperidol. Results: The immobility time of the groups of EELMM has a mean of 38.26 \± 21.57, 84.32 \± 26.68 and 32.17 \± 25.55 for the doses of 750, 1000 and 1250 mg/Kg respectively; and the immobility time had a median of 7.5 [4.07 \– 20.3] and 20.93 \± [17.63 \– 23.75] for the doses of 500 mg/Kg and 1500 mg/Kg. It was seen a positive dose-response between the dose of 500 to 1000 mg/Kg (Pearson correlation of r=0.8339 and R=0.6954) and a negative dose-response between the dose of 1000 to 1500 mg/Kg. (Pearson correlation of r= -0.7590 and R= 0.5760). Conclusion: It was demonstrated the antidepressant-like activity of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Maytenus macrocarpa with a dose of 500 mg/kg and an antipsychotic-like activity with a dose of 1000 mg/kg.

}, keywords = {Chuchuhuasi, Depression, Fluoxetine, Forced swim test, Haloperidol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.6}, author = {T{\'a}cuna-Calder{\'o}n Ana Lucia and Huaccho-Rojas Juan Jesus and Zimic-Zare Carolina and Pante-Medina Carlos and Salazar-Granara Alberto} } @article {492, title = {Antidiabetic Activity Studies of White Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Ethanolic Extracts in Streptozotocin-nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {186-189}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {186}, abstract = {

Background: The high polyphenol content of white tea exhibits antiseptic and antioxidant properties that can prevent free radicals, inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation associated with various diseases such as obesity, diabetes and other degenerative diseases. Oral administration of white tea ethanolic extract (WTE) is expected to use as an alternative in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effect of WTE on reducing fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. Methods: Antidiabetic activity study of white tea extract performed on diabetic Sprague-Dawley male rats induced streptozotocin-nicotinamide for 14 days of oral administration. The antidiabetic effect compared to normal control, diabetic control, and standard control groups. Results: The administration of WTE for 14 days showed decreased fasting blood glucose level in diabetic rats. The dose of 100 mg/kg BW of WTE has the highest effect on reducing fasting glucose level significantly compared to negative control group (p\<0.05). The content of flavonoids, especially catechin compounds are suspected to play a role in lowering fasting blood glucose levels. Conclusion: The administration of WTE for 14 days has potentially antidiabetic activity in diabetic rats induced streptozotocin-nicotinamide.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Camellia sinensis, Catechin, Hypoglycemic, Streptozotocin, White tea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.31}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/417}, author = {Lia Ardiana and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya} } @article {581, title = {Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Adipogenic Potential of Quercetin Rich Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Prunus persica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {463-469}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {463}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus is enfeebling threatening diseases with continuously increasing rates of incidence and mortality and it may rise tremendously by 2025. Objective: Quercetin rich ethyl acetate fraction (PP-EtOA) of leaves of Prunus persica was evaluated for antidiabetic, anti-oxidant and anti-adipogenic activities. Material and Methods: Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and normalglycemic rat models were investigated at the doseof 100 and 200 mg/kg,p.o. of PP-EtOA. Results: At 200 mg/kg, significant anti-hyperglycaemic activity(p\<0.05) was observed in all the rat models. In STZ induced diabetic rat model, improvement in body weight and lipid profile was also observed.DPPH (2,2\’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging method showed dose dependent scavenging. Preadipocyte differentiation assay (3T3-L1) showed significant inhibition of differentiation. HPLC fingerprinting analysis of fraction was also performed. Conclusion: PP-EtOA possesses potent free radical scavenging property. Its antihyperglycemic and antiadipogenic activities may be due to quercetin (flavonoid) and may prove to be effective in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and diabetes driven dyslipidemic conditions.

}, keywords = {Anti-adipogenic, Anti-diabetic, Anti-oxidant, Prunus persica, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.76}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/509}, author = {Gaurav Sharma and Sunil Kumar and Megha Sharma and Navneet Upadhyay and Sunil Kumar and Zabeer Ahmed and Neeraj Mahindroo} } @article {481, title = {Antiemetic Activity of Trigona spp. Propolis from Three Provinces of Indonesia with Two Methods of Extraction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {120-122}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {120}, abstract = {

Introduction: Propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees to protect their hives. One of the least explored function of propolis is its antiemetic activity. The present study aimed to investigate the antiemetic activity of Trigona spp. propolis from three provinces of Indonesia. Methods: Ultrasound-assisted extraction using two kinds of solvent, water and ethanol was conducted to extract propolis from South Sulawesi, South Kalimantan and Banten. Antiemetic activity was observed on copper sulfate\–induced emesis in young chicks. Result: All propolis indicated antiemetic activity, in which water extract had higher activity than ethanol extract. Regardless the type of solvents, propolis from South Sulawesi showed higher antiemetic activity than others. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that propolis has antiemetic activity, in which propolis from South Sulawesi showed the highest activity and water extraction is recommended.

}, keywords = {Antiemetic, Propolis, Retching, Stingless bee, Trigona spp}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.21}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/407}, author = {Al Mukhlas Fikri and Ahmad Sulaeman and Sri Anna Marliyati and Mokhamad Fahrudin} } @article {512, title = {Antiepileptic Effect of Nux vomica, Homeopathic Remedy, Against Strychnine-Induced Seizers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {245-248}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {245}, abstract = {

Objective: To investigate the antiepileptic effect of homeopathic remedy Nux vomica on mice and its comparison with standard therapeutic diazepam. Methods: BALB-c mice were taken and divided into three groups comprising ten mice in each group. The first group was treated as control; the second group received standard therapeutics (diazepam, i.p.) and the third group received Nux vomica CH7. All groups were treated with strychnine intra peritoneally. Following parameters were observed; start time of convulsions, the number of animals had convulsions, and survival time until death. Results: Nux vomica CH7 homeopathic preparation was found effective in suspending onset of convulsions (P˂ 0.01), and extending survival time until death (P˂ 0.01) in comparison to control mice. It also increased percentage survival in comparison to control as well as diazepam treated animals. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated efficacy of Nux vomica in epilepsy management.

}, keywords = {Anticonvulsant, Epilepsy, Nux vomica, Strychnine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.43}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/473}, author = {Anjana Goel and Aditya Saxena and Ashok Kumar Bhatia} } @article {474, title = {Anti-inflammatory Activity of Methanolic Extract from Pistacia atlantica Desf. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {71-76}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {71}, abstract = {

Introduction: The extracts of the Pistacia species are known for their anti-inflammatory activity, including fruits and oil of P.\ atlantica. However, the inflammatory effect of the methanolic extract of P.\ atlantica leaves has not been studied. This work aimed at assessing the antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities of P.\ atlantica leaves extract in relation to phytochemical studies of flavonoids. Methods: The extract was obtained using sonication of leaves powder in 80 \% methanol. The analysis of phenolic compounds was carried out using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by the reduction of carrageenaninduced hind paw edema in mice. Results: The TLC revealed 3 glycosylated flavonoids and gallic acid derivatives. The flavonoids identified corresponded to rutin, quercetrin and other heterosides of quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin. Total phenolics and flavonoids contents were comparable for the male and female trees. The antioxidant activity did not show a significative difference between the two sexes, except for that evaluated by the FRAP assay which was significantly greater for the male tree leaves extract. The leaves extract permitted significative reduction of the edema at h3 and 6 in a dose-dependent manner (100 and 250 mg/kg), while diclofenac used as control reduced the edema at h 1.5. This difference could be explained by the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of diclofenac and P. atlantica leaves compounds. Conclusion: P. atlantica has a strong anti-inflammatory activity and constitutes a potential source for the development of new treatments.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Flavonoids, Methanolic extract, Plantar edema, TLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.14}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/369}, author = {Oukacha Amri and Abderrahmane Zekhnini and Abdellah Bouhaimi and Saida Tahrouch and Abdelhakim Hatimi} } @article {639, title = {Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-pyretic and Acute Toxicity Effects of n-Butanol Extract of Atractylis flava Desf in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {763-767}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {763}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study was aimed to explore the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of n-butanol etract of Atractylis flava Desf (A. Flava) using experimentally induced inflammation and pyrexia models in rats. Methods: In the acute toxicity study, a single oral dose of 2000 mg/kg of n-butanol extract was given to rats. The antipyretic activity was evaluated using brewer\’s yeast induced pyrexia in rats. In addition, albumin induced rat paw edema was performed by the injection of 100 \μL undiluted fresh egg albumin to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of the plant. Results: The results of the present study revealed that n-butanol extract of A. Flava significantly (P\<0.001) reduced fresh egg albumin-induced rat paw edema and also inhibited fever significantly in brewer\’s yeast induced pyrexia. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that A. flava possesses antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity in the models studied.

}, keywords = {Atractylis flava desf, Brewer{\textquoteright}s yeast, Egg albumin, Inflammation, Pyrexia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.128}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/666}, author = {Melakhessou Mohamed Akram and Benkiki Naima and Marref Salah Eddine and Bouzidi Soumia} } @article {562, title = {Antimicrobial Potential of Crude Extracts of Thespesia populnea L. Flower on Multiple Drug Resistant Opportunistic Pathogens in HIV/AIDS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {590-597}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {590}, abstract = {

Background: Thespesia populnea L. commonly known as tulip tree or \‘portia\’ tree has been traditionally used for different illnesses. Thespesia populnea L. is considered to have high tannin content and have high therapeutic value. Purpose: The antifungal and antibacterial potential of T. populnea L. should be checked on multiple drug resistant opportunistic pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans in HIV/AIDS patients. Methods: In order to check the effect of antibiotics antibiogram was studied with antibiotic sensitivity discs. To study the major factor affecting resistance test on formation of biofilm was done by tube and plate methods. The dried flower powder was subjected to sauxlaut hot extraction and the crude extract was analysed by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrophotoscopy. Antimicrobial potential of the ethyl acetate extract of the flower was checked by well agar diffusion, UV Spectrometry for growth rate and docking of selected compounds on the microbes of our study by the application of a software. Results: The tested extracts and the selected compounds have showed significant results in the antimicrobial activities against the opportunistic pathogens in human. Higher the concentration of the extracts better is the inhibition of microbes. Conclusion: The study provides a scientific rationale for the traditional use in the management of opportunistic pathogens which are multidrug resistant.

}, keywords = {Antibiogram, Antimicrobial, Biofilm, Docking, Inhibition, Multidrug Resistant, Opportunistic Pathogens}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.97}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/530}, author = {Jancy Varghese and S. Rajamani and Betty Daniel} } @article {759, title = {Antimicrobial Screening of Medicinal Plants Popularly used in Mato Grosso for Treating Infections: Advances on the Evaluation of Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist in vitro and in vivo Antibacterial Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s152-s166}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s152}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of this study was to screen a group of medicinal plants\’ extracts used in the treatment of ailments related to infections in the Brazilian popular medicine. And to carry out in vivo toxicity and antibacterial studies on Conyza bonariensis (Asteraceae) leaves and roots methanolic extracts selected based on the screening. Methods: Eleven methanolic extracts obtained from nine plants, reportedly used in the treatments of infections from the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, were initially screened for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities employing disc diffusion and broth micro dilution assays. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out. The most promising extract based on our results and previous literature reports was then evaluated in the in vivo antibacterial activities using mouse model of bacterial infection induced by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In addition, in vivo acute toxicity was conducted to evaluate the safety profile of the extracts. Results: All of the extracts tested were active against at least one of the bacterial and fungal strain tested with activities ranging from moderate to weak. Phytochemical analyses of MECbl and MECbr demonstrated the presence of free steroids and coumarins in MECbl and flavonoids, tanins, free steroids, reduced anthraquinones and coumarins in MECBr. Oral administration of MECbl and MECbr up to 5000 mg/kg did not provoked any toxicological events in the mice, thus suggesting that the LD50 is higher than 5000 mg/kg. In vivo antibacterial assay demonstrated superior prophylactic activity of MECbl compared to MECbr. Conclusion: MECbl and MECbr are safe when administered acute orally at doses up to 5000 mg/kg. Methanolic extracts of Conyza bonariensis possessed in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. Considerable in vivo antibacterial activities were observed in bacterial infection model for both MECbl and MECbr, effects comparable to that of meropenem, in some cases. Both extracts present in common free steroids and coumarins. The current in vivo antibacterial activity study further lend supports to the use of Conyza bonariensis in the treatment of infections in many traditional medicines.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Antimicrobial, Conyza bonariensis, Mato Grosso, Medicinal plants, Preliminary phytochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.28}, author = {Cristiane Coimbra de Paula and Domingos Tabajara De Oliveira Martins and Karuppusamy Arunachalam and Sikiru Olaitan Balogun and Quessi Irias Borges and Marcelo Garcia Picone and Wander Miguel de Barros and Regilane Matos da Silva Prado} } @article {696, title = {Antioxidant Activities, Acute Toxicity and Chemical Profiling of Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior Jack.) Inflorescent Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {979-982}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {979}, abstract = {

Aim/Background: The objectives of the study were to determine total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities and assess acute toxicity of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior Jack.) inflorescent hydroethanolic extract. Methods: The analysis of total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities were analyzed spectrophotometrically using micro-titer plate reader. With regard to acute toxicity assessment, Wistar rats were fed with a single dose of torch-ginger either 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 g extract/kg body weight in comparison with control group. Results: Total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents of the extract were 0.17\±0.02 mM gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 0.30\±0.01 mM quercetin equivalent/g extract, respectively. The antioxidant evaluation using DPPH radical scavenging assay, FRAP assay and ABTS radical scavenging assay were 0.14\±0.08 mg/ml (EC50), 0.13\±0.01 mmol Fe2+ equivalent/g extract and 0.30\±0.12 mM trolox equivalent/g extract, respectively. According to acute toxicity, no mortality or bizarre behavior had been observed throughout 14 days. Clinical chemistry including blood glucose, AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, total serum protein, albumin, globulin and total bilirubin were in normal ranges and comparable to the control (p\<0.05). In conclusion, phenolic compounds and flavonoids of torch-ginger could be measured and indicated the quality of the extract as well as antioxidant activities. Regarding acute toxicity assessment, the extract was safe for experimental animals up to 2.0 g extract/kg body weight. Conclusion: Torch-ginger extract exhibited high amounts of phenolic contents, flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities and was safe in animal model.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Antioxidant Activities, Torch ginger, Total flavonoid contents, Total Phenolic Contents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.166}, author = {Bunleu Sungthong and Buavaroon Srichaikul} } @article {743, title = {Antioxidant Activities of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Asparagus racemosus Roots}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1129-1132}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1129}, abstract = {

Background: Asparagus racemosus (AR) is commonly known as shatavari, satawar or satmuli in India and in Thailand it is call sam-sib or rak-sam-sib. The dried root of AR is used in Ayurveda as an antiulcerous and antiinflammatory and has medicinal/pharmacological value. Objective: To investigate the antioxidant activities of Asparagus racemosus root extracts via total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Methods: Antioxidant capacity measurements were carried out by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the aluminum chloride colorimetric method, respectively. Results: The ethanolic extract possessed higher antioxidant capacities than the aqueous extract in the three antioxidant assays (p\<0.05).These results have shown high phenolic and flavonoid contents. The ethanolic extract of AR root possessed higher amounts of phenolic and flavonoid contents than the aqueous extract. Conclusion: The antioxidant capacity of the ethanolic extract was higher than that in the aqueous extract.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Asparagus racemosus, Flavonoid, Phenolic compound}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.192}, author = {Ladachart Taepongsorat and Surapong Rattana} } @article {604, title = {Antioxidant Activities of Terpenoids from Thuidium tamariscellum (C. Muell.) Bosch. and Sande-Lac. a Moss}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {645-649}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {645}, abstract = {

Introduction: Thuidium tamariscellum is a small creeping epiphytic moss growing on trunks and branches of trees as well as on moist shady rocky surface at high altitudes areas. Methods: The present study was undertaken to analyze the phytochemicals in the species and its antioxidant potentialities interms of DPPH, ABTS, H2O2, FRAP and metal chelating ability. Results: Total terpenoids level was remarkable. Interestingly, a concentration dependent free radical scavenging potential was noticed and was comparable with the synthetic antioxidant ascorbate. Further, the FTIR analysis of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract confirmed the presence of alcohols/phenols, primary, secondary amines, amides, alkanes, aldehydes, saturated aliphatic alkenes aromatics and aromatic amines, nitro compounds, carboxylic acids, esters, ethers, aliphatic amines, alkyl halides and carbonyls in the moss indicating the presence of medicinally important compounds like flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids in the various solvent extracts of the moss. Conclusion: The overall result of the present study showed that the moss is rich in important pharmaceutical compounds and was reflected as its antioxidant potential. Further studies are warranted to isolate, identify and purify the lead terpenoid present in the moss.

}, keywords = {Moss, Phenols, Terpenoids, Thuidium tamariscellum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.106}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/644}, author = {Greeshma Geetha Mohandas and Murugan Kumaraswamy} } @article {630, title = {Antioxidant Activity of Fractions from Garcinia hombroniana Pierre Leaves Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {682-685}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {682}, abstract = {

Introduction: Radicals were compounds that generated in normal metabolism and create cell damage. A significant increase of free radical and decreased radical elimination can lead to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of many diseases. Enhanced supply of antioxidants will help prevent the morbidity of many diseases. Garcinia hombroniana Pierre has potency as an antioxidant, but study to evaluate the active fractions as an antioxidant has not been done. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate antioxidant activity of fractions separated from ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH) extract of Garcinia hombroniana leaves and to obtain active fractions to facilitate finding a pure antioxidant compound. Methods: The extract was fractionated using column chromatography, while antioxidant activity assay was conducted in vitro using spectrophotometric methods with DPPH and FRAP method. Results: EtOAc extract of G. hombroniana leaves yielded EA-8 with radical scavenging percentage 32.67\% (10 ppm, with DPPH method) and EA-11 with antioxidant activity percentage 25.73\% (10 ppm, with FRAP method) as the most active fraction from EtOAc extract, while MeOH extract yielded M-3 with radical scavenging percentage 37.42\% (10 ppm, with DPPH method) and 26.70\% (10 ppm, with FRAP method) as the most active fraction from MeOH extract Conclusion: Most active fractions has good antioxidant activity, worthy for further study to isolate antioxidant compound which is responsible for antioxidant activity. However, the percentage of radical scavenging or antioxidant activity of all active fractions were smaller than quercetin as a positive control.

}, keywords = {Column chromatography, Free Radicals, Spectrophotometric thin layer chromatography}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.112}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/650}, author = {Nita Triadisti and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya} } @article {770, title = {Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Berberis aristata DC. and Berberis thomsoniana C.K. Schneid. from Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s167-s171}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s167}, abstract = {

Background: Medicinal plants are the major sources of the crude drugs and natural antioxidants. Berberis species have been used in the treatment of various ailments around the world including Nepal. However, systematic study on phytochemistry and pharmacology of Berberis species from Nepal is lacking. Objectives: To evaluate the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Berberis aristata and Berberis thomsoniana from Sagarmatha National Park. Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activity was measured through 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were estimated using Folin\–Ciocalteau and aluminum chloride method respectively. Results: Samples showed dose-dependent radical scavenging activity. Radical scavenging activity of the methanolic extracts of different parts of B. aristata and B. thomsoniana ranged from 19.38 to 98.47\%, with leaf extracts of B. thomsoniana showing the strongest activity. The total phenolic content of the samples varied from 11.04 to 65.30 mg GAE g-1 dry weight whereas total flavonoid content was in between 2.4 to 16.46 mg quercetin/g dry weight. Conclusion: Among the tested samples, leaf extracts of B. thomsoniana showed the strongest antioxidant activity and contained the highest amount of total phenolic and flavonoid content.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Berberis, Flavonoid content, Nepal, Phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.29}, author = {Lok Ranjan Bhatt and Bina Wagle and Minu Adhikari and Santoshi Bhusal and Anjana Giri and Shandesh Bhattarai} } @article {629, title = {Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content and Total Flavonoid Content of Water and Methanol Extracts of Phyllanthus species from Malaysia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {677-681}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {677}, abstract = {

Aims: The effects of 2 types of solvents, water and methanol were investigated to determine the presence of antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) from three Phyllanthus species namely, Phyllanthus urinaria, Phyllanthus niruri and Phyllanthus debilis. Materials\ and\ Methods: The antioxidant activities were measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,20- azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays. The chemical contents of the Phyllanthus sp. were presented as total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Statistical analysis used: All statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS for Windows, Version 22. All data were presented as mean \± standard deviation. Results: Our result showed that P. urinaria showed higher TPC, followed by P. debilis and P. niruri for both methanol and water extracts. Similarly, P. urinaria showed higher TFC than P. debilis and P. niruri. The antioxidant activity by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrydydrazyl (DPPH) assay showed EC50 of samples ranged from 15.8 to 29.3 \μg/mL for methanol extract and 33.5 to 73.0 \μg/mL for water extract. The 2,20- azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assay showed EC50 ranges which were from 11.2 to 26.0 \μg/mL for methanol extract and 13.5 to 37.4 \μg/mL for water extract. Conclusion: Methanol extract showed higher TPC, TFC value and lower EC50 values for antioxidant activities when compared to water extract. In both methanol and water extracts, P. urinaria had higher TPC and TFC value and lower EC50 for both DPPH and ABTS assay followed by P. debilis and P. niruri.

}, keywords = {ABTS, DPPH, Flavonoid, phenolic, Phyllanthus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.111}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/649}, author = {Siti Nur Dalila Mohd Zain and Wan Adnan Wan Omar} } @article {678, title = {Antioxidant and Anti-Collagenase Activity of Sargassum Plagyophyllum Extract as an Anti-Wrinkle Cosmetic Ingredient}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {932-936}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {932}, abstract = {

Background: Sea algae are widely used as food and cosmetics in the world. There are several algae including brown algae which are us for human used to maintain health and skin care. Brown algae have various potential biological activities because contain substantial phytochemical constituent. Numerous report has identified phytochemical compound of Sargassum sp. extract but the activity as anti-collagenase almost none. Objective: To study the antioxidant, and anti-collagenase activity of Sargassum plagyophyllum extract as active pharmaceutical ingredient for anti-wrinkle cosmetics. Methods: Sargassum plagyophyllum obtained from Pasauran Beach, Banten, West Java, Indonesia. The extract Sargassum plagyophyllum extracted with three concentration ethanol-water: (E1) ethanol 25\%, (E2) ethanol 50\% and (E3) ethanol 75\%, by using maceration extraction method for 24 h, thrice. The extract was evaluated include total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and the best extract was tested for the anti-collagenase activity. Results: Total phenol in the extract were 0.588 \± 0.01 (E1), 0.272 \± 0.01 (E2), and 0.220\± 0.03 (E3) mg PGE/ 100 g extract, respectively. Antioxidant activity of the extract (50 mg/mL) was 41,61\±0,02\% (E1), 39,16\±0,01\% (E2), 37,58\±0,03\% (E3) and ascorbic acid 78.03\±0,65 \% (22.44 \μg/mL) as a standard. The best extract (E1) had inhibited the activity of collagenase by 54.46 \± 0.37\%. Conclusion: The brown seaweed (Sargassum plagyophyllum) extract can be used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient for anti-wrinkles cosmetic

}, keywords = {Anti-collagenase, Anti-wrinkle, Antioxidant, Sargassum plagyophyllum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.157}, author = {Mansauda Karlah Lifie Riani and Effionora Anwar and Tati Nurhayati} } @article {681, title = {Antioxidant and Antidiabetes Capacity of Hexane, Ethylacetate and Ethanol Extracts of Durio zibethinus Murr. Root}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {937-940}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {937}, abstract = {

Introduction: Active natural products from medicinal plants are good sources for the antioxidant and antidiabetic agent. Natural antioxidants protect human health against oxidative stress and free radicals which cause degenerative disease such as diabetes. Objectives: This study was conduct to try one approach to treat diabetes that is to reduce gastrointestinal glucose absorption through the inhibition of the \α-glucosidase enzyme. Methods: We make three different root extracts from Durio zibethinus Murr. The extracts were examined for their DPPH radical scavenging activity, antioxidant activity using \β-carotene-linoleic acid assay, and their \α-glucosidase inhibitory activity by a standard method. Additionally, we have also determined their total polyphenols and total flavonoids quantitatively using spectrophotometer UV-Vis. Results: The root extracts Durio zibethinus Murr. were effectively scavenged DPPH radicals in varied rate. The hexane (EHD), ethyl acetate (EEAD), and ethanol (EED) extracts revealed DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 541.28, 83.95 and 11.24 \μg/ml respectively and their \β-carotene-linoleic acid assay showed activity with IC50 of 273.58, 139.53, and 166.83 \μg/ml, respectively. In vitro assay of the \α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the EHD, EEAD, and EED extracts showed an IC50 of 119.84, 23.69, and 3.35 \μg/ml, respectively. Conclution: In this present study, we found that ethanol extract revealed the most active antioxidant activity and the highest inhibitory activity against \α-glucosidase enzyme. The total phenolics and total flavonoids contents of the extracts were studied, where the ethanol extracts were found to have the highest than that of other extracts. This study proofs the medicinal potencies of Durio zibethinus Murr. root extracts.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Durio Zibethinus Murr., Extracts, roots, α-glucosidase inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.158}, author = {Yayu Mulsiani Evary and Amir Muhammad Nur} } @article {631, title = {Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potential of Galing Stem Extract (Cayratia trifolia Domin)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {686-690}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {686}, abstract = {

Galing (Cayratia trifolia Domin.) have been used empirically to treat various diseases, one of them is antidiabetic. Objective: To determine the phytochemical content and the activity of the ethanol extract of the galing stem as antioxidant and antidiabetic. Method: The galing stem extract was investigated for phytochemical by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and its antioxidant activity using DPPH scavenging activity assay. In vivo, antidiabetic test was conducted by animal diabetes modeling that has given streptozotocin 150 g/kg BW and 10\% of sucrose solution intraperitoneally. The average level of fasting blood glucose at 307 mg/dL. Mice were divided into 6 groups, normal control group, diabetes induction group, positive group (treated by glibenclamide) and treatment group consisted of three groups were treated by ethanol extract of galing stem in dose 400, 500, and 600 mg/kg BW, respectively. Mice treated with appropriate doses of each treatment once a day for 7 days. The measuring blood glucose level was using a photometer 5010V5+. Results: The ethanol extract of galing stem contained the alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, and triterpene. It is potential as an antioxidant with the IC50 61,52 mg/L which indicated that the extract had strong antioxidant. The antidiabetic activity showed that the effect of extract 400 and 500 mg/kg BW are not different significantly with glibenclamide in reducing blood glucose levels subset of the statistics ANOVA (p\> 0.05). Conclusion: The ethanol extract of galing steam is potent as an antioxidant due to the phytochemical content inside particularly the flavonoid compound.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Galing stem, Mice, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.113}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/651}, author = {Muhammad Ilyas Yusuf and Wahyuni and Sri Susanty and Ruslan and Muammar Fawwaz} } @article {763, title = {Antioxidant Capacity and Cytotoxicity of the Aqueous Extract of Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s135-s140}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s135}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ethnobotanical studies report that Myrcia guianensis (Myrtaceae), belonging to a group of plants known as pedr\á-ume-ca\á or insulin plant, is used as a tea to treat various diseases, including diabetes, a metabolic disorder that leads to the constant production of free radicals. The objective of this work was to determine the antioxidant capacity and the cytotoxicity of the AEMg. Methods: The content of phenolic compounds in AEMg was determined by colorimetric assays. In vitro tests of the antioxidant capacity of AEMg, in the sequestration of DPPH radicals, in \β-carotene bleaching, in the FRAP, as well as in human fibroblast cells of the MRC-5 lineage, were performed. The cytotoxic activity of AEMg was evaluated in assays with eukaryotic cells from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in PBMC. Results: The results showed that the AEMg is rich in phenolic compounds, presenting high antioxidant potential in all the tests carried out, including in human fibroblast cells of the MRC-5 lineage, besides not being toxic to eukaryotic cells. Conclusion: The AEMg, rich in antioxidant compounds and no toxicity, can be used as source of natural antioxidant in the treatment of metabolic diseases to combat free radicals.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Myrtaceae, Oxidative stress, Pedra-ume-ca{\'a}, Phenolic compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.25}, author = {Regiane Sablina Almeida Bernardes and Sandra Layse Ferreira Sarrazin and Flaviana Alves dos Santos and Moacyr Jesus Barreto de Melo R{\^e}go and Maira Galdino da Rocha Pitta and Marina Ferraz Cordeiro and Patr{\'\i}cia Danielle Oliveira de Almeida and Ricardo Bezerra de Oliveira and Leoneide {\'E}rica Maduro Bouillet and Jos{\'e} Guilherme Soares Maia and Rosa Helena Veras Mour{\~a}o} } @article {542, title = {Antioxidant Potential and Ionomic Analysis of Two Buckwheat Species from Kashmir Region}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {x}, pages = {XX-XX}, type = {x}, chapter = {XX}, abstract = {

Background: Buckwheat in the past had been the staple food for many regions in the Himalaya\’s and its utilization has declined with time. In recent times buckwheat gained a lot of attention as it has been placed in the list of underutilized crops by FAO. There is a strong sentiment and realization for buckwheat revival because of its neutraceutrical properties due to which it provides the consumers with extra choice for his food basket. In this context the present investigation aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential and mineral element analysis of two buckwheat species grown in Kashmir region. Methods: To achieve this goal, antioxidant potential of two buckwheat species was done by using standard protocols. For ionomic analysis, atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) was done to unravel the macro-and micro-nutrient composition. Result: Aqueous extract of Fagopyrum tataricum exhibits higher TPC (159.51\±10.3 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 DW) and TFC (79.49\±9.76 mg rutin equivalent g-1 DW). The F. tataricum samples exhibit high radical scavenging activity (RSa50=26.67\μg ml-1) as compared to F. kashmirianum (RSa50=34.15\μg ml-1). Elemental analysis revealed that calcium (Ca) was found high in F. tataricum (5125\±56.76ppm) while as the iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) were found in high concentration in F. kashmirianum (1122.5\±25.77ppm) and (122.75\±12.34ppm) respectively. Conclusion: These findings suggested that buckwheat extract possess excellent antioxidant property and is rich source of minerals indispensable for human health. Thus, buckwheat could be a promising alternative in functional food sector for improving the social well-being and diminishing malnutrition especially for the impoverished community.

Key words: Aqueous extract, Antioxidants, AAS, Buckwheat, DPPH, FRAP.

}, keywords = {Aas, Antioxidants, Aqueous extract, Buckwheat, DPPH, FRAP.}, doi = {10.5530/jppcm.2018.2s.xx}, author = {Tanveer Bilal Pirzadah and Bisma Malik and Inayatullah Tahir and Reiaz Ul Rehman} } @article {761, title = {Antioxidant Potential and Ionomic Analysis of Two Buckwheat Species from Kashmir Region}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s83-s88}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s83}, abstract = {

Background: Buckwheat in the past had been the staple food for many regions in the Himalaya\’s and its utilization has declined with time. In recent times buckwheat gained a lot of attention as it has been placed in the list of underutilized crops by FAO. There is a strong sentiment and realization for buckwheat revival because of its nutraceutrical properties due to which it provides the consumers with extra choice for his food basket. In this context the present investigation aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential and mineral element analysis of two buckwheat species grown in Kashmir region. Methods: To achieve this goal, antioxidant potential of two buckwheat species was done by using standard protocols. For ionomic analysis, atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) was done to unravel the macro-and micro-nutrient composition. Result: Aqueous extract of Fagopyrum tataricum exhibits higher TPC (159.51\±10.3 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 DW) and TFC (79.49\±9.76 mg rutin equivalent g-1 DW). The F. tataricum samples exhibit high radical scavenging activity (RSa50=26.67\μg ml-1) as compared to F. kashmirianum (RSa50=34.15\μg ml-1). Elemental analysis revealed that calcium (Ca) was found high in F. tataricum (5125\±56.76ppm) while as the iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) were found in high concentration in F. kashmirianum (1122.5\±25.77ppm) and (122.75\±12.34ppm) respectively. Conclusion: These findings suggested that buckwheat extract possess excellent antioxidant property and is rich source of minerals indispensable for human health. Thus, buckwheat could be a promising alternative in functional food sector for improving the social well-being and diminishing malnutrition especially for the impoverished community.

}, keywords = {Aas, Antioxidants, Aqueous extract, Buckwheat, DPPH, FRAP}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.16}, author = {Tanveer Bilal Pirzadah and Bisma Malik and Inayatullah Tahir and Reiaz Ul Rehman} } @article {757, title = {Antioxidant Role of Beta Carotene: Protection against Cadmium Induced Testicular Toxicity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s66-s70}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s66}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cadmium (Cd) is an industrial pollutant that affects the male reproductive system. The purpose of present study was to investigate the protective role of Beta carotene on cadmium induced testicular damage. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted following approval from Institutional Bioethical Committee and strict internationally accepted guidelines, for the usage of animals in experimental study were. Rats were divided into four groups with 8 rats in each.The Gr. I rats were administered with the single dose of normal saline intraperitoneally. Group II received Beta carotene (10 mg/kg bw) orally for 30 days. Group III received a single dose of 1 mg/kg bw cadmium chloride and Group IV received Beta carotene for 30 days prior to cadmium administration. After the desired protocol, rats were sacrificed and both the testes were removed for biochemical and histopathological evaluation. One testis was fixed in Bouvins fluid and processed or histopathological studies. The levels of lipid peroxides (LPO) and glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected in the tissue homogenates of other testis. Results: In the present study, the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) was significantly high and GSH and SOD (P\<0.001) were low in cadmium treated rats compared to normal control. Pre-treatment with beta carotene showed a protective effect by decreasing LPO and increasing GS Hand SOD level (P\<0.001). The morphological changes like atrophy of tubules, edema and decreased spermatogenesis in the testis of rats exposed to cadmium chloride. But, antioxidant showed the normal architecture of the testis. Conclusion: Results of the present study showed the antioxidative role of beta carotene in protecting the testis from cadmium induced toxicity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Lipid peroxidation, Oxidative stress, Superoxide demutase, Testis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.13}, author = {Rekha Durgadas Kini and Nayanatara Arun Kumar and Anupama Noojibail and Bhagyalakhshmi K and Sneha Shetty Bhoja and Pratik Kumar Chatterjee} } @article {540, title = {Antioxidative Properties of Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig Stem Bark Extract and Inhibitory Effects on Carbohydrate Hydrolyzing Enzymes Associated with Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {376-383}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {376}, abstract = {

Background and Aim: In Africa, the fruit, seed, leaf, and stem of Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig are used as remedy for a range of diseases. This study characterized the phytochemicals, assessed the antioxidant and inhibitory properties of the stem bark of Blighia sapida. Materials and Methods: Samples were consecutively extracted using ethanol solvent and investigated for phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging abilities, iron chelation, reducing power, \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase activities as markers of in vitro anti-diabetic activities. Phytochemicals were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Results: The extract had radical scavenging capabilities, iron chelation and reducing power. Furthermore, the results reveal the extract had considerably high \α-glucosidase and \α- amylase inhibitory activities as the concentration increases with IC50 values of 4.17 \± 0.24 mg/mL and 5.30 \± 1.25 mg/mL, respectively. Enzyme kinetic studies indicated that the extract displayed uncompetitive inhibitor for \α-glucosidase and was a competitive inhibitor of \α-amylase. The ethanolic extract is rich in several aromatic phenolic compounds and long chain aliphatic acids. Conclusion: These results reveal the bark possessed antioxidant as well as \α -glucosidase and \α -amylase inhibitory activities.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, antioxidant activity, Blighia sapida K D Koenig, α-amylase, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.63}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/494}, author = {Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo and Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye and Oluwatosin Debbie Imiere and Oluwatosin Adeyonu and Israel Olayide and Adewale Fadaka} } @article {569, title = {Anti-Proliferative Properties of Terminalia sericea Burch. Ex Dc Leaf Extracts Against Caco2 and HeLa Cancer Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {408-415}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {408}, abstract = {

Introduction: Terminalia spp. are characterised by their high levels of antioxidant phytochemicals and several species have anticancer activity. This study examines the anti-proliferative activity of T. sericea leaf extracts against Caco2 and HeLa carcinoma cell proliferation. Methods: Solvent extracts were prepared from T. sericea leaves and their antioxidant capacities were determined by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Anti-proliferative activities against Caco2 and HeLa cancer cells were determined by an MTS based cell proliferation assay. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Results: The methanolic and aqueous T. sericea leaf extracts displayed high antioxidant capacities (equivalent to 150 and 340 mg of ascorbic acid per gram of plant material extracted respectively). In contrast, the ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane extracts had relatively low antioxidant contents (\≤5 mg of ascorbic acid equivalents per gram of plant material extracted). The antioxidant contents of the T. sericea leaf extracts correlated with the ability of the extracts to inhibit proliferation of Caco2 and HeLa cancer cell lines. The high antioxidant methanolic and aqueous extracts were potent inhibitors of cell proliferation, with IC50 values 120-1400 \μg/mL. The aqueous T. sericea leaf extract was particularly effective, with IC50 values of 528 and 120 \μg/mL against Caco2 and HeLa cells respectively. The methanolic extract also displayed good, albeit substantially less potent, antiproliferative activity against HeLa cells, with an IC50 of 1358 \μg/mL. In contrast, the lower antioxidant content extracts generally did not inhibit cancer cell proliferation. Cell imaging studies detected morphological features consistent with apoptosis in Caco2 cells exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the methanolic and aqueous T. sericea leaf extracts, indicating that these extracts are functioning by cytotoxic mechanisms. The aqueous T. sericea leaf extract displayed low to moderate toxicity in the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with an LC50 value of 737 \μg/mL. All other extracts were nontoxic. Conclusion: The antiproliferative activity and low toxicity of the T. sericea methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts extracts against HeLa and Caco2 cancer cell lines indicates their potential in the treatment and prevention of some cancers.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Antioxidant Capacity, Antiproliferative Activity, Apoptosis, Combretaceae, DPPH, Silver Cluster Leaf}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.67}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/499}, author = {BiYun Gu and Joseph Shalom and Ian E. Cock} } @article {613, title = {Antiradical and Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitory Activity of Ripe and Unripe Fruit of Rubus steudneri Schweinf. (Rosaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {818-822}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {818}, abstract = {

Objectives: A free radical is a molecular species characterized by the presence of an unpaired electron in its outer orbital. Free radicals are highly reactive and are known to damage biomolecules including lipids resulting in a myriad of pathophysiological conditions. The present investigation was carried out to screen antiradical and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity of ripe and unripe fruit of R. steudneri. Methods: The powdered ripe and unripe fruit materials were extracted by maceration process using methanol. Antiradical activity of extracts was evaluated by DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Lipid peroxidation inhibition assay was carried out by estimating the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Both ripe and unripe fruit extracts were screened for the presence of phytochemicals viz. alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins, glycosides, sterols and triterpenoids by standard tests. Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis indicated that both ripe and unripe fruit extracts contain saponins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, sterols and triterpenoids. When compared to unripe fruit extract, ripe fruit extract displayed marked scavenging of DPPH and hydroxyl radicals and inhibition of lipid peroxidation as indicated by lower IC50 values. Conclusion: Overall, ripe fruit extract displayed marked free radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity. The presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the extracts might be responsible for observed bioactivities of ripe and unripe fruit of R. steudneri.

}, keywords = {Free radical, Lipid peroxidation, Maceration, Phytochemical, Rubus steudneri Schweinf}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.139}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/677}, author = {Raghavendra H.L and Prashith Kekuda T.R} } @article {480, title = {Anti-Staphylococcal and Antioxidant Properties of Crude Ethanolic Extracts of Macrofungi Collected from the Philippines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {106-109}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {106}, abstract = {

Introduction: Macrofungi have been used in the Philippines as source of food and traditional medicines. However, these macrofungi in the Philippines have not yet been studied for different biological activities. Thus, this research determined the potential antibacterial and antioxidant activities of crude ethanolic extracts of seven macrofungi collected in Bataan, Philippines. Methods: Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay and broth microdilution method were used to screen for the antibacterial activity and DPPH scavenging assay for the determination of antioxidant activity. Results: F. rosea, G. applanatum, G. lucidum and P. pinisitus exhibited zones of inhibition ranging from 6.55 \± 0.23 mm to 7.43 \± 0.29 mm against S. aureus, D. confragosa, F. rosea, G. lucidum, M. xanthopus and P. pinisitus showed antimicrobial activities against S. aureus with an MIC50 ranging from 1250 \μg/mL to 10000 \μg/mL. F. rosea, G. applanatum, G. lucidum, M. xanthopus exhibited excellent antioxidant activity with F. rosea having the highest antioxidant activity among all the extracts tested (3.0 \μg/mL). Conclusion: Based on the results, these Philippine macrofungi showed antistaphylococcal activity independent of the antioxidant activity. These can be further studied as potential sources of antibacterial and antioxidant compounds.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Mushrooms, Philippines, Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.19}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/405}, author = {Christine May Gaylan and John Carlo Estebal and Ourlad Alzeus G. Tantengco and Elena M. Ragragio} } @article {734, title = {Antithrombotic Effect of Kaempferia galanga L. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. on Collagen-epinephrine Induced Thromboembolism In Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1149-1153}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1149}, abstract = {

Objective: Kaempferia galanga L. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. have been proven to possess antiplatelet activity in vitro. The aim of this study is to investigate the antithrombotic effect of the rhizome extracts of Kaempferia galanga L. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb in a mouse thrombotic model. Methods: The ethanol extracts of K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza were orally administered with three different doses (7, 14 and 28 mg/20 g BW) in two experimental mouse models. Bleeding time prolongation was observed on mice tail that had been cut and the survival rate of mice was observed after thromboembolism induction by collagenepinephrine. These two experiments were observed after 7 days extracts pre-treatment and compared to the positive control, aspirin. Results: A potent effect of K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza extracts were demonstrated through significant bleeding time prolongation compared to control group. C. xanthorrhiza extract exhibited better activity than K. galanga extract. Moreover, both K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza extracts significantly protected mice from thromboembolic death, where the protective effect of C. xanthorrhiza extract was stronger than K. galanga extract in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza extracts have a potential to be developed as antithrombotic agents against platelet thromboembolism.

}, keywords = {Antithrombotic, Bleeding time, Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., Kaempferia galanga L., Survival rate}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.196}, author = {Fadlina Chany Saputri and Chavella Avatara} } @article {701, title = {Antiurolithiatic Activity of Daucus carota: An In vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {880-884}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {880}, abstract = {

Context: Urolithiasis is a polygenic disorder with complex etiology and even complicated treatment outcomes. Daucus carota is a widely cultivated crop with traditional claims for its antiurolithiatic potential. Aim: Present study was an attempt to investigate the antilithic potential of D. carota root extract (DCRE) against calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis by employing in vitro methods. Methods: Nucleation, growth and aggregation assay of CaOx crystallization were used. FT-IR analysis was used for characterizing CaOx crystals. Results: DCRE exhibited significant inhibition of nucleation, growth and aggregation of CaOx crystals. It produced a favorable morphological transformation of CaOx crystals from calcium oxalate monohydrate to calcium oxalate dihydrate. FT-IR analysis confirmed formation of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals to be utilized for growth and aggregation assays. Conclusion: DCRE possesses significant antiurolithiatic activity against CaOx urolithiasis in vitro which could be attributed to its saponins, tannins, flavonoids and polyphenolic content.

}, keywords = {Aggregation, Flavonoids, FT-IR, Nucleation, Urolithiasis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.148}, author = {Sweta Bawari and Archana Negi Sah and Devesh Tewari} } @article {737, title = {Arginase Inhibitory Activity and Total Flavonoid Content on Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart Stem Bark Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1180-1183}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1180}, abstract = {

Background: Flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds that are ubiquitous in nature, have been known for their pharmacological as antifungal, diuretic, antihistamin, antihypertension, insecticide, bactericide, antiviral, antioxidant, and enzim inhibitor. Flavanones found in all parts Scutellaria indica, has the ability to inhibit arginase, flavanols found in the seeds of Theobroma cacao L. Previous study showed that Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart stem bark contains flavonoid compound. Objective: The objective of this study to analyze arginase inhibitory activity and to determine the total flavonoid content of Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart stem bark by using AlCl3 colorimetric method. Methods: Dried Caesalpinia ferrea stem barks were refluxed with three different solvent with gradual gradient polarity i.en-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Each extract was tested to determine arginase inhibitory activity. Total flavonoid content was determined on extract showed the highest arginase inhibitory activity. Results: Methanolic extract showed arginase inhibitory activity of 12.81\% and flavonoid content was 2 mgQE/g. Phytochemical screening on Caesalpinia ferrea stem bark ethyl acetate extract showed that it contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids, meanwhile Caesalpinia ferrea stem bark methanolic extract contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. Conclusion: Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart stem bark extracts were not potential to inhibit arginase.

}, keywords = {Arginase, Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart, Flavonoids}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.202}, author = {Devi Indriani and Berna Elya and Arikadia Noviani} } @article {736, title = {Arginase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. Bark Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1174-1179}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1174}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the arginase inhibitory and the antioxidant activities of the bark extract of Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. (Dewi tree). Methods: The bark of Dewi tree was extracted successively under reflux condition with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Each extract was tested for its activity in inhibiting arginase activity by measuring the quantity of urea produced in the reaction mixture using a microplate reader. The active extracts were determined for their total flavonoid content followed by antioxidant activity by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry with ascorbic acid as standard. Phytochemical screening was conducted to determine the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids. Results: Arginase inhibitory activity test showed that the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts have average inhibition values of 14.43 and 33.59\%, respectively, at concentration of 100 \μg/mL. The total flavonoid content of the methanol and ethyl acetate extract were 7.75 and 6.30 mgQE/g sample, respectively. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts showed antioxidant activity with an IC50 values of 4.720 and 3.647 \μg/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate extract contained flavonoid, tannin, saponin, and steroid, while the methanol extract contained flavonoid, tannin, and saponin. Conclusion: In conclusion, C. coriaria bark extracts possessed low arginase inhibitory activity. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts have good antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Arginase inhibitory activity, C. coriaria, Phytochemicalscreening, total flavonoid content}, doi = {:10.5530/pj.2018.6.201}, author = {Arini Wulansari and Berna Elya and Arikadia Noviani} } @article {715, title = {Arginase Inhibitory, Antioxidant Activity and Pharmacognosy Study of Sterculia macrophylla Vent. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1109-1113}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1109}, abstract = {

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the arginase inhibitory activity, antioxidant activity, and also pharmacognostical study of Sterculia macrophylla leaves. The main component of genus Sterculia was flavonoid that was well known to demonstrate arginase inhibitory activity. Methods: Sample was extracted gradually using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvents, subsequently. The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract were determined for their arginase inhibitory activity. The most active extract was methanol extract. This extract was determined for its antioxidant activity, arginase inhibitory activity, identification of chemical compound, chromatogram profile and determined the content of total flavonoid. The leaves and powder of Sterculia macrophylla were identified with microscopic and macroscopic evaluation. Results: The most active extract was methanol extract with IC50 114,659 \μg/mL for arginase inhibitory activity and IC50 78.47 \μg/mL for DPPH scavenging activity. The secondary metabolite of methanol extract presence compound of alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, terpene, and glycoside. The total flavonoid content was 141.10 mg/gram extract. The star-shape trichoma was identified as a specific fragment. Conclusion: The methanol extract of Sterculia macrophylla showed activity as arginase inhibitor and antioxidant.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Arginase, Flavonoid, Pharmacognostical, Sterculia macrophylla}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.188}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya and Rani Sauriasari and Muhammad Hanafi and Yesi Desmiaty} } @article {617, title = {Assessment of Anti-Protease Property of Nutmeg in Causing Delayed Disintegration of Platelet Rich Fibrin {\textendash} an in vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {672-676}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {672}, abstract = {

Background: Platelet-rich fibrin is a second generation platelet concentrate enhances tissue healing and is in predominant use as a barrier membrane in periodontal regeneration. However, a normal PRF membrane has rapid degradability (1-2 weeks). Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) has been found to have antiprotease property. It was hypothesized if this property helps in inhibiting degradation of PRF. Aim: To assess whether nutmeg has any effect in inhibitingdegradability of PRF membrane and to compare the degradability of PRF at different concentrations (200mg, 100mg, 50mg) of ethanolic and crude extracts of nutmeg. Materials and Methodology: PRF was procured from 30 ml blood from 5 different donors were cut to equal sizes into 35 pieces. They were measured at baseline and dropped in 7 sets of ependorphs containing PBS, PBS containing 200 mg, 100mg and 50 mg crude extract of nutmeg, PBS containing 200 mg, 100mg and 50 mg ethanolic extract of nutmeg. After 1 week the PRF were retrieved and measured. The percentage of remaining PRF was calculated and data analysed. Result: It was found that there was a difference in percentages of remaining PRF between all the groups when compared to the control group, out of which, crude extract of nutmeg 200 mg group alone had a significantly lesser \% of remaining PRF than the control. All ethanolic extract groups had a significantly greater \% of remaining PRF when compared to that of the control. Conclusion: Nutmeg is effective in inhibiting the degradation of PRF membrane.

}, keywords = {Myristica fragrans, Periodontal guided tissue regeneration, Periodontitis, Platelet-rich fibrin, Proteolysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.110}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/648}, author = {Darshanaa Arunachalam and Sheeja Varghese and Lakshmi Thangavelu} } @article {682, title = {Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence by Some Indonesian Medicinal Plants Ethanolic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {983-987}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {983}, abstract = {

Context: One strategy to address the emergence of infectious diseases supported by the increasing cases of microbial antibiotic resistance is the development of anti-pathogenic drugs, a quorum quenching compound(s) capable of inhibiting microbial communication (quorum sensing inhibitor). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common source of chronic opportunistic infections, which demonstrates the most consistent resistance to antimicrobial agents. Quorum sensing (QS) controls secretion of virulence factors in P. aeruginosa. Aim: This study aims to discover quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) from some Indonesian medicinal plants ethanol extract to analyze their inhibitory activities against QS-mediated virulence factors in P. aeruginosa. Settings and Design: In-vitro experimental study-laboratory setting Material and Methods: Indonesian medicinal plant ethanolic extracts were tested for their capability to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility, biofilm formation using microtiter plate method, pyocyanin and LasA production using LasA staphylolytic assay. Statistical analysis used: Statistical significance of the data were determined using one way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett\’s test. Differences were considered significant with P values of 0.05 or less. Results: Ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and A. alitilis flower capable to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility as well as pyocyanin production and biofilm formation. Both extracts also showed capability in reducing LasA protease production. Conclusion: T. catappa and A. alitilis are an interesting sources of innovative plant derived quorum quenching compound(s), thus can be used in the development of new antipathogenic drug.

}, keywords = {Anti-pathogenic drugs, Ethanol Extract, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Quorum quenching, Quorum sensing inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.167}, author = {Sylvia Utami Tunjung Pratiwi and Titik Tri Handayani} } @article {575, title = {Bactericidal Kinetics and Antibiofilm Efficacy of Pimarane-Type Diterpenes from Viguiera arenaria Against Cariogenic Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {429-434}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {429}, abstract = {

Background: Dental caries is an infectious disease related to biofilm formation. Among the microorganisms presents in the oral microbiota, Streptococcus mutans can form biofilm on the tooth surface in the presence of dietary carbohydrates. This study aimed to evaluate the bactericidal kinetics and antibiofilm efficacy of ent-pimara-8(14),15-dien-19-oic acid (compound 1) and ent-8(14),15-pimaradien-3\β-ol (compound 2) obtained from Viguiera arenaria against oral pathogens; this study also aimed to determine the effect of these compounds on the morphology and architecture of the S. mutans biofilm by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: The bactericidal kinetics revealed different results depending on the tested bacteria. Compound 1 eliminated the viable bacteria within 24 hs of incubation. In the antibiofilm assay, compound 1 displayed promising results against S. mitis (ATCC 49456 and clinical isolate) and L. casei (clinical isolate), whereas compound 2 was not active at the evaluated concentrations. Conclusion: Compound 1 is an important metabolite in the search for new antibacterial agents against cariogenic bacteria both in the sessile and planktonic modes. The SEM image of Streptococcus mutans in the presence of compound 1 suggested that this metabolite acts by disrupting the bacterial membrane disrupting the bacterial membrane and/or cell wall and causing microrganism death.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Bactericidal kinetics, Scanning electron microscopy, Streptococcus mutans, Viguiera arenaria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.70}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/503}, author = {Juarez Henrique Ferreira and Rafael Martinez Garcia and Fariza Abr{\~a}o and Yadira Arnet Fernandez and Regina Helena Pires and S{\'e}rgio Ricardo Ambr{\'o}sio and Rodrigo Cassio Sola Veneziani and Carlos Henrique Gomes Martins} } @article {684, title = {Bio-activity in Flowers of Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br.- An Endangered Medicinal Plant from Thar Desert of Rajasthan (India)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {871-874}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {871}, abstract = {

Background: Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), an endangered medicinal plant distributed in various habitats in semi-arid region of Thar Desert of Rajasthan. Present study is focused on the extraction of bioactive compounds from the flowers of this plant by Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using Methanol and chloroform as solvents. Methods: Flowers were collected from hilly and stony regions from xeric and harsh conditions of Indian Thar Desert of Rajasthan, during the month of July-September. The phytochemical compounds were investigated using Perkin-Elmer gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract were matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology library. Result: Maximum \% area is found for 24-Norursa-3, 12-diene is present in maximum amount (26.25\%) with retention time (RT) =39.441 min, followed by Tetracontane (20.68\%) with RT=30.275min in the methanolic extract. Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, acetate, (3.beta.)- is present in maximum amount (35.70\%) with retention time (RT) =38.569 min, followed by Tetracontane (15.24\%) with RT=29.678 min in the chloroform extract of flowers of Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br. Conclusion: Flowers of Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br. shows important pinpoint pharmacological activity. These bio-active constituents can be used by pharmaceutical or other drug designing industry to find a novel drug and pharmacologically active constituents justifying the use of this plant to treat many ailments.

}, keywords = {Asclepiadeaceae, Chloroform, GC-MS, Hexatriacontane, Methanol, Phytochemicals, Retention time (RT), Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.146}, author = {Sunita Arora and Sonam Meena} } @article {501, title = {Bioassay Guided Fractionation and in vitro Anti-plasmodial Activity of Ficus deltoidea and Ficus benjamina}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {235-240}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {235}, abstract = {

Background: Malaria is infectious vector born disease affecting 212 million people belonging to 97 countries globally in the year 2016. Although this number has reduced progressively from last one decade but recent failure of currently available antimalarial drug therapy has accentuated the urgent need to explore different novel approaches in Anti-plasmodial drug discovery. Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the Anti-plasmodial activity of traditional medicinal plants Ficus deltoidea and Ficus benjamina. Materials and Methods: Crude petroleum ether and hydro alcoholic extract of both the plant species were evaluated for Anti-plasmodial activity by schizont maturation inhibition assay using 3D7 plasmodium strains. Results: It was observed that petroleum ether extract of F. benjamina leaves showed most promising inhibitory effect on the growth of schizonts with IC50 14.5 \μg/ml. Bio-assay guided fractionation of petroleum ether extract of F. benjamina led to the hexane and chloroform fraction with high Anti-plasmodial activity (IC50 4.0 \μg/ml and IC50 7.8 \μg/ml respectively). Further, phytochemical investigation of F. benjamina indicated the presence of various valuable phytochemicals belonging to class of steroids, terpenoids and phytosterols. Conclusion: This study has revealed the Anti-plasmodial activity of F. deltoidea and F. benjamina for the first time. Significant Anti-plasmodial activity and preliminary phytochemical studies of F. benjamina indicates its rich chemical diversity which make this plant a good candidate for isolating new molecule that could serve as new lead in Anti-plasmodial drug discovery.\ 

}, keywords = {Antiplasmodial, Bioassay guided fractionation, Ficus deltoidea Ficus benjamina, Malaria, Schizont maturation inhibition assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.41}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/471}, author = {Hayat Mohammad Mukhtar and Amandeep Singh and Hardeep Kaur} } @article {611, title = {Bombax ceiba: A Potential Anti-Anxiety Drug}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {712-714}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {712}, abstract = {

Background: Bombax ceiba is a famous plant used extensively in traditional medicine for various diseases. However, data pertaining to its effects at CNS level is limited. Objective: To analyze the anti-anxiety potential of ethanolic extracts of Bombax ceiba leaves on rats using the elevated plus maze protocol. Materials and Methods: Five groups containing six rats each were treated with respective drugs.Control rats were treated with 0.5ml of 10\% ethanol i.p. (negative control). Single treatments of diazepam (2mg/kg i.p) were used as a positive control and varied levels of ethanolic extracts of Bombax ceiba leaves (150 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, i.p.) were applied to other groups. The index of anxiety was measured by observing the entry and time duration in the open arm of the EPM. Results: Extract at 400 mg/kg significantly increased the time duration and number of entries into the open arm which was statistically significant (p value \<0.05) when compared to the control group (ethanol). Diazepam showed the most significant results when compared to other groups (p\<0.0005). Extracts at 150 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg demonstrated negligible results that were statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The results indicate the anti-anxiety potential of Bombax ceiba leaves at higher concentration. Further studies are required to analyze the implicated phytochemicals and the mechanism at cellular level.

}, keywords = {Anti-anxiety, Bombax ceiba leaves, Diazepam, Elevated Plus Maze, Ethanol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.118}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/656}, author = {Abdulrahman Alsayari and Mohammed Ghazwani and Dalia Almaghaslah and Yahya Alhamhoom and Maha Saad and Rawan Ahmed and Wafa Saeed and Wijden Ali and Sadia Batool} } @article {750, title = {A Brief Review of Synonyms and Properties of Gudūcī (Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers) from Selected Nighantus (Ayurvedic Drug Lexicons)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s9-s13}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {s9}, abstract = {

The use of Herbal medicines are continuously on the rise as they are known to be very efficient without causing much undesired effects. Herbs are the main source for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Persian and extensive literature and scientific research is being done in this aspect. Ethnobotanical studies are being conducted in specific areas to understand and analyse the relative priority, agreement percentage and the use value. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Tests are also carried out to substantiate the use.1 Plant toxins and plant poisoning have been reported in children.2 Unfortunately, though herbs are generally considered to be safe, it does contain chemical constituents that can be helpful or harmful when consumed individually or in combination with other herbs or drugs. For more and more scientific studies to come up, the basic literature review has to be done. Ayurveda is an Ancient System of Medicine practiced in India since centuries. The practice is based on Classical Ayurvedic Texts and the Nighantus that came in the later period. In this article, Guduci- Tinospora cordifolia (Tco) - a commonly used plant in Ayurveda that holds a great medicinal value.3 has been chosen and the review of the Synonyms and Properties of this plant mentioned in selected Nighantus has been done. The different properties of the plant like anti hyperglycemic action, antioxidant, hepato-protective activity, etc have already been researched and proven.4 Retrospectively, here a comparative analysis of synonyms and properties of Tco as mentioned in the Nighantu\’s from the Ayurvedic Point of view has been done.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Guduci, Nighantus, Properties, Synonyms, Tinopsora cordifolia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.2}, author = {Sujithra Ram Manohar and Vimala and Priyalatha and Raiby Paul and Priya S} } @article {495, title = {Cell-free Supernatant from Exiguobacterium acetylicum Isolated from Water Cabbage (Pistia stratiotes) Roots Inhibits Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {198-201}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {198}, abstract = {

Introduction: The study was carried out to isolate and identify potential antibiotic-producing bacteria associated with water cabbage (Pistia stratiotes) roots collected from Pampanga River, Pampanga, Philippines. Seven (7) bacterial colonies were randomly chosen at the 10-6 dilution factor. Antibiotic sensitivity test using agar well method revealed that only one isolate out of 7 selected colonies can inhibit the growth of the test organisms. Specifically, the isolate (namely T4) supernatant inhibited E. coli and B. subtilis but not S. aureus. T4\’s ability to inhibit E. coli was comparable with that of Tetracycline (positive control). Surprisingly, its inhibition of B. subtilis is significantly higher than that of Tetracycline. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis using NCBI Basic Local Alignment Search Tool revealed 99\% similarity of the isolate (T4) with Exiguobacterium acetylicum, a gram-positive, antibiotic-producing bacterium previously isolated from an apple orchard rhizosphere.

}, keywords = {Antibiotic, Cell-free supernatant, Exiguobacterium acetylicum, Pistia stratiotes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.34}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/420}, author = {Ashok Kumar Ranganathan and Renato A Dela Pe{\~n}a Jr and Marilyn T Malison and Oscar V Punzalan Jr and Christian R Pangilinan and Daniel E Gracilla} } @article {487, title = {Characteristics of Thai Pigmented Rice Milk Kefirs with Potential as Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Foods}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {154-161}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {154}, abstract = {

Aims: The characteristics, antioxidant property of Hawm Nil rice (Purple rice), Red Hawm rice (Red rice), Khao Dawk Mali 105 rice (White rice) milk kefirs and mixing of three color rice milk kefir in different ratios were investigated. Then, anti-inflammatory activity of Hawm Nil rice kefir was studied. Methodology: The physiochemical properties, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of these rice milk kefirs were investigated. Anti-inflammatory measurements were performed to study blood chemistry, hematological values and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) level in colitis rats compared with rats treated with prednisolone (positive control) and cow\’s milk kefir. Results: All the rice kefir formulas had lower pH values than the cow\’s milk kefir. Moreover, they all exhibited no changing viscosity. Lactic acid concentrations increased in cow\’s milk kefir during 24-48 h. Alcohol concentrations in all the rice formulas increased within 24-48 h, while cow\’s milk only increased at 72 h. Antioxidant activity, most of the rice milk kefirs had antioxidant activity higher than cow\’s milk by DPPH assay. In addition, the Hawm Nil rice milk kefir had high antioxidant activity by DPPH assay and FRAP assay. Blood chemistry, hematological values and tumor necrosis factor-\α (TNF-\α) levels in colitis rats treated with Hawm Nil rice milk kefir did not differ from those treated with prednisolone and cow\’s milk kefir. TNF-\α in the serum of colitis rats treated with Hawm Nil rice milk kefir was significantly reduced when compared to the PBS buffer. Conclusion: The findings indicated that color rice kefirs may offer protection against chemically induced tissue injury. Hawm Nil rice milk kefir exerted potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and was safe for human consumption. Other Thai colored rice will be used to develop Thai rice milk kefir products as new and antioxidant-rich beverages and functional foods for human health benefits in the future.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Lactic acid, Rice kefir, Thai color rice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.26}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/412}, author = {Sirirat Deeseenthum and Vijitra Luang-In and Supaporn Chunchom} } @article {768, title = {Characterization of the Anthelmintic Activity of Murraya koenigii (Linn.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s100-s103}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s100}, abstract = {

Objective: To identify the most potent sub fractions(s) of the different extracts of the leaves of Murraya koenigii for the anthelmintic property. Methods: The dried leaves were subjected to soxhlet extraction using methanol, fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol and water. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done using standard techniques. The potent fractions were subjected to TLC and the appropriate solvent was selected for flash chromatographic separation of the extract. The sub fractions were tested for their anthelmintic activity in vitro using egg hatch assay and larval motility assay on Haemonchus contortus eggs and the most potent fraction was found out. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic, tannins and saponins in all extracts and the effect of the extracts could be due to these components. On TLC, toluene: ethyl acetate in 9:1 ratio was found to be the best mobile phase for hexane and chloroform fractions whereas cyclohexane: ethyl acetate at 6:4 was found suitable for butanol fraction. Of the sub fractions (SF), SF 3 and 11 of chloroform fraction showed better ovicidal activity whereas SF 2,6,7,32 and 37 showed best larvicidal activity. The larvae that were used for testing the larvicidal activity, were found to be sluggishly motile after half an hour incubation with the extract and were progressively dead on a dose dependent manner. Conclusion: The chloroform extract of Murraya koenigii and its sub fractions 2, 3,6, 7, 11, 32 and 37 possessed good anthelmintic activity and the isolation of active molecules is necessary for development of a novel anthelmintic.

}, keywords = {Anthelmintic, Egg hatch assay, Haemonchus contortus, Larval motility assay, Murraya Koenigii}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.19}, author = {Sujith S and Priya MN and Deepa CK and Usha PTA} } @article {651, title = {Characterizationof the Anthelmintic Activity of Murraya koenigii (Linn.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July/2018}, pages = {73-76}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Objective:To identify the most potent sub fractions(s) of the different extracts of the leaves of Murraya koeniggi for theanthelmintic property.Methods: The dried leaves were subjected to soxhlet extraction using methanol, fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol and water. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done using standard techniques. The potent fractions were subjected to TLC and the appropriate solvent was selected for flash chromatographic separation of the extract. The sub fractions were tested for their anthelmintic activity invitro using egg hatch assay and larval motility assay on Haemonchus contortus eggs and the most potent fraction was found out. Results:Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic, tannins and saponins in all extracts and the effect of the extracts could be due to these components. On TLC, toluene: ethyl acetate in 9:1 ratio was found to be the best mobile phase for hexane and chloroform fractions whereascyclohexane: ethyl acetate at 6:4 was found suitable for butanol fraction. Of the sub fractions (SF), SF 3 and 11 of chloroform fraction showed better ovicidal activity whereas SF 2,6,7,32 and 37 showed best larvicidal activity. The larvae that were used for testing the larvicidal activity, were found to be sluggishly motile after half an hour incubation with the extract and were progressively dead on a dose dependent manner.Conclusions:The chloroform extract of Murraya koenigii and its sub fractions 2, 3,6, 7, 11, 32 and 37 possessed good anthelmintic activity and the isolation of active molecules is necessary for development of a novel anthelmintic.

Key words: Anthelmintic, Murraya koenigii, Haemonchus contortus, Egg hatch assay, Larval motility assay.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.14}, author = {Sujith S and Priya MN and Deepa CK and Usha PTA} } @article {723, title = {Chemical Characteristics and In vitro Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activities of Premna serratifolia L. Leaf Infusion and Decoction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1114-1118}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1114}, abstract = {

Introduction: Leaves of Premna serratifolia L. (local name: arogo) is well known as food ingredient for fish/meat-based soup in Tentena, Indonesia. Evaluation of its bioactivities is needed. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the \α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of infusion and decoction of P. serratifolia leaves. Methods: The leaf samples were prepared by infusion and decoction and analysed for their \α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities, as well as total phenolic contents and LC-MS profiles. Results: The total phenolic content of the decoction was higher than the infusion. The UV spectra of both infusion and decoction showed peak at 325 nm and shoulder at 285 nm. Their LC-MS yielded one dominant component at 132 (100) m/z fragment, which was tentatively identified as caffeic acid. Both infusion and decoction extracts exhibited strong \α-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 of 4.27 and 0.046 \μg GAE/ml, respectively. The IC50 for DPPH scavenging activity of the infusion and decoction were similar; 6.82 and 7.28 \μg GAE/ml, respectively. But the IC50 of the infusion and decoction for ferrous ion chelating activities were different; 161.66 and 28.34 \μg GAE/ ml, respectively. The \α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities were related to the phenolic content. Conclusion: The study concludes that both infusion and decoction of arogo leaves have antidiabetic effect and potential antioxidant activity. The decoction of the leaves may increase its antidiabetic capacity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Aqueous extract, Inhibition mechanism, P. serratifolia, α-glucosidase inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.189}, author = {Kris Herawan Timotius and Adelina Simamora and Adit Widodo Santoso} } @article {741, title = {Chemical Composition and Ethnobotany of Livistona jenkinsiana Griff: An Endangered Thatching Palm Tree of Eastern Himalayas}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1202-1207}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1202}, abstract = {

Objectives: To study the uses of various parts and cultivation of Livistona jenkinsiana among tribal people of Arunachal Pradesh in addition to study the chemical composition and the related health benefits if any. Methods: Field survey and interview were used for ethnobotany and GCMS was used in the studies of chemical compositions. Results: This study reports numbers of volatile and non-volatile compounds from the fruit of Livistona jenkinsiana with various health benefits. Presence of remarkable high percentage of trehalose sugar is reported in this work from the fruit of L. jenkinsiana. The study also reports various uses of the parts of this palm tree as thatching tree, fencing and house construction. The study also reports need of conservation of this bioculturally important endangered and threatened thatching palm tree. Conclusion: L. jenkinsiana is a bioculturally and economically important endangered thatching palm tree. The fruit could be a source of plant originated fats and trehalose sugar. Fifty percent of compounds present in this fruit are useful in various health problems. There should be further scientific studies in the domains of industrial utility of this underutilized palm tree.

}, keywords = {Biocultural, Ethnobotany, Fruit, Himalayas, Indigenous People, Phytochemical, Thatch, Trehalose}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.206}, author = {Temin Payum} } @article {775, title = {Chemical Composition and Hepatoprotective Activity of Saponaria officinalis on Paracetamol-Induced Liver Toxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s129-s134}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s129}, abstract = {

Background: The present day life style causing different illness including liver diseases and different health complications. So, there is a need to identify new chemical entities with more efficiency in the treatment of diseases and less side effects. There were many reports in recent times, about identifying new drugs from different medicinal plants and also precursors for synthesis new bioactive molecules for treating various diseases. Objective: The present study was carried out on root parts (rhizomes) of S. officinalis for phytochemical analysis and hepatoprotective activity on Paracetamol-induced liver toxicity. Materials and Methods: The phytochemical analysis was carried out to know biological active compounds in different extracts of S. officinalis using standard procedures and quantified the total alkaloid and phenolic contents. Hepatoprotective activity of the S. officinalis extracts were carried out by using Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Results: The phytochemical analysis of S. officinalis roots\’ extracts showed presence of sterols, terpenoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, proteins, flavanoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins and absence of saponins and oils. The methanolic extract showed more phenolic and alkaloid contents on their quantification. The S. officinalis roots extracts are found to be safe at 2000 mg/kg b. w. in acute toxicity study and showed dose dependent percentage protection on liver toxicity. Methanol extract showed more activity at 500mg/kg b. w. and is comparable with standard drug Liv 52 on altered liver biomarker enzymes AST (SGOT), ALT (SGPT), ALP, total bilirubin and total protein with percentage protection 56.17\%, 54.53\%, 61.55\% 57.29\% and 53.66\%. Conclusion: The present study results indicates that phytochemical constituent\’s diversity in S. officinalis and those extracts possess hepatoprotective activity. Further studies are needed and should involve the isolation of pure, biologically active compounds

}, keywords = {Liver, Paracetamol, roots, Saponaria officinalis, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.24}, author = {Mallikarjuna Rao Talluri and Veda Priya Gummadi and Ganga Rao Battu} } @article {740, title = {Chemical Composition and Hepatoprotective Activity of Saponaria officinalis on Paracetamol-induced Liver Toxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1196-1201}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1196}, abstract = {

Background: The present day life style causing different illness including liver diseases and different health complications. So, there is a need to identify new chemical entities with more efficiency in the treatment of diseases and less side effects. There were many reports in recent times, about identifying new drugs from different medicinal plants and also precursors for synthesis new bioactive molecules for treating various diseases. Objective: The present study was carried out on root parts (rhizomes) of S. officinalis for phytochemical analysis and hepatoprotective activity on paracetmol-induced liver toxicity. Materials and methods: The phytochemical analysis was carried out to know biological active compounds in different extracts of S. officinalis using standard procedures and quantified the total alkaloid and phenolic contents. Hepatoprotective activity of the S. officinalis extracts were carried out by using Paracetmol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Results: The phytochemical analysis of S. officinalis roots\’ extracts showed presence of sterols, terpenoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, proteins, flavanoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins and absence of saponins and oils. The methanolic extract showed more phenolic and alkaloid contents on their quantification. The S. officinalis roots extracts are found to be safe at 2000 mg/kg b. w. in acute toxicity study and showed dose dependent percentage protection on liver toxicity. Methanol extract showed more activity at 500mg/kg b. w. and is comparable with standard drug Liv 52 on altered liver biomarker enzymes AST (SGOT), ALT (SGPT), ALP, total bilirubin and total protein with percentage protection 66.67\%,60.63\%,65.93\%,64.24\% and 60.98\%. Conclusion: The present study results indicates that phytochemical constituent\’s diversity in S. officinalis and those extracts possess hepatoprotective activity. Further studies are needed and should involve the isolation of pure, biologically active compounds.

}, keywords = {Liver, Paracetamol, roots, Saponaria officinalis, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.205}, author = {Mallikarjuna Rao Talluri and Veda Priya Gummadi and Ganga Rao Battu} } @article {468, title = {Chemical Constituents from Salvia fruticosa libanotica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {45-48}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

Objective: Plants of genus Salvia are used in traditional folk medicine for their antidiabetic, anti-oxidant effects and for gastric disorders. The oil has an antiseptic property and it is used as a fragrance in soaps and perfumes. An infusion of the leaves is widely used as a mouthwash or gargle and for the treatment of inflammation of the mouth and throat. It is used as carminative, antiinflammatory, astringent, cytotoxic and antispasmodic. Materials and Methods: Air-dried powdered aerial parts and roots of Salvia fruticosa libanotica were extracted separately with ethanol and acetone then their residues were separately extracted with different solvents on silica gel columns. Results: From Salvia fruticosa libanotica, eight phenolic compounds were isolated from methylene chloride, ethyl acetate and butanol extracts of the chosen plant. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were determined by NMR, MS, IR and UV spectroscopic methods. Conclusion: Among these compounds three Flavonoids named apigenin, luteolin and rutin were identified in addition to three phenolic acids which are ferulic acid, gallic acid and rosemarinic acid from aerial parts. Moreover, carnosol and dehydro-abietic acid were also isolated from Salvia fruticosa\ libanotica \ root extract. All the isolated compounds were obtained for the first time from Salvia fruticosa libanotica .

}, keywords = {Anti-oxidant, Antidiabetic, Dehydroabietic acid, Rutin; Carnosol, Salvia fruticosa libanotica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.9}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/364}, author = {Rima Boukhary and Maha Aboul-Ela and Othman Al-Hanbali and Abdalla El-Lakany} } @article {603, title = {Chemical Constituents of Cymodocea rotundata Asch. and Schweinf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {620-621}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {620}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cymodocea rotundata Asch. and Schweinf, a widespread seagrass with reported antimicrobial activity, was investigated for its chemical constituents. Methods: The compounds were isolated by silica gel chromatography and identified by NMR spectroscopy. Results: This study has led to the isolation of \β-sitosteryl-3\β-glucopyranoside-6\′-O-fatty acid esters (1), chlorophyll a (2) and a mixture of \β-sitosterol (3a) and stigmasterol (3b) in about 1:1 ratio from the dichloromethane extract of C. rotundata. Conclusion: This is the first report on the isolation of 1-3b from C. rotundata. Compounds 2-3b were reported to exhibit antibacterial activity and may be partly responsible for the reported antimicrobial activity of the C. rotundata extract.

}, keywords = {Chlorophyll, Cymodocea rotundata, Cymodoceaceae, Stigmasterol., β-sitosterol, β-sitosteryl-3β-glucopyranoside-6'-Ofatty acid esters}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.101}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/639}, author = {Judy D. V. Perez and Chien Chang Shen and Consolacion Y. Ragasa} } @article {774, title = {Chemicals and Bioactivity Discrimination of Syconia of Seven Varieties of Ficus deltoidea Jack via ATR-IR Spectroscopic-Based Metabolomics}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s147-s151}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s147}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ficus deltoidea is one of the common Malaysian medicinal plants and currently commercialized as raw ingredients in some local food products. However, those products do not discriminate the varieties of Ficus deltoidea used. Methods: FTIR-based metabolomics coupled with chemometric technique was applied to discriminate chemical components in ethanolic extracts of syconia of seven varieties of Ficus deltoidea namely; var. deltoidea, var. trengganuensis, var. kunstleri, var. angustifolia, var. bilobata, var. intermedia and var. motleyana. Unsupervised multivariate data analysis (MVDA) including principal component analysis (PCA) was used as to evaluate chemical variability among the seven varieties. For discrimination, orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was applied, while partial least square (PLS) was used to evaluate the relationship between the alpha-glucosidase inhibition, antioxidant activity and Ficus deltoidea varieties. Results: As a result, OPLS-DA successfully discriminated the seven varieties. The FTIR fingerprints which were responsible for the discrimination includes 1729, 1705, 1448, 1095, 453, 443 cm-1. In addition, PPLS model demonstrated the correlation between var. kunstleri, var. deltoidea and var. intermedia respective chemicals fingerprints and their bioactivity (DPPH, FRAP and \α-glucosidase inhibition). Conclusion: The findings revealed that FTIR spectroscopy, in combination with MVDA, can be used for structural functional discrimination in relation to the sample bioactivity.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase Inhibition, antioxidant activity, Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy, Orthogonal Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis, Principal Component Analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.27}, author = {Alkasim Kabiru Yunusa and Zalilawati Mat Rashid and Nashriyah Mat and Che Abdullah Abu Bakar and Abdul Manaf Ali} } @article {727, title = {Cholesterol-lowering Effects of Extract from Garcinia daedalanthera in Hyperlipidemic rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1125-1128}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1125}, abstract = {

Background: A native plant from Indonesia, Garcinia daedalanthera has been scientifically proven have antidiabetic effects and antioxidant activity. We hypothesized that Garcinia daedalanthera can modulate the lipid profiles of hyperlipidemic rats. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic potential of Garcinia daedalanthera extract. Materials and Methods: Garcinia daedalanthera leaves extract (GDE) were orally administrated to high fat diet-induced rats for 15 days. After the end of experimental period (43 days) the lipid profiles were estimated along with histopathological liver examination of animals. Results: The results showed that Garcinia daedalanthera extract significantly reduced the level of serum total cholesterol, total triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein as compared to control group with an increasing level of serum high-density lipoprotein. Furthermore, the extract has a favorable effect on histopathological study. Conclusion: This study proved antilipidemic property by lowering altered levels of lipid profile in male wistar rats and suggest lipid lowering effects of Garcinia daedalanthera extract which serves as a new potential natural product for preventing hyperlipidemia.

}, keywords = {Anti-cholesterol, Garcinia, Herbal, In vivo, Pre-clinical study, Rat}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.191}, author = {Sarah Zielda Najib and Wilzar Fachri and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya and Raymond Tjandrawinata} } @article {499, title = {Chromosomal Disturbances during Mitotic Activity of Root Tip Cells in Allium by Certain Commonly Used Antibiotics}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {355-365}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {355}, abstract = {

Introduction: The certain commonly used antibiotics (cefixime, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, cefpodoxime and cetirizine) purchased from the chemist shop in Mokokchung town, Nagaland and effects on mitotic activity of root tip meristematic cells of Allium Cepa were observed. Methods: The different concentrations were prepared by retaining the original effective concentrations (400, 400, 500, 200 and 10 mg) of the antibiotics and treated the root tips of Allium at different times (6, 12 and 24 h) to record the effects or abnormalities. Results: All the concentrations (ppm) and time (h) were effective to induce the chromosomal disturbances during the mitotic activity of root tip cells in Allium. Conclusion: The mean value (\±S.E.) recorded for mitotic cells, mitotic stages, physiological and clastogenic abnormalities and showed a mixed response which could not predict dose response curve in actual.

}, keywords = {Allium cepa, Antibiotics, Chromosomal disturbances, Clastogenic abnormalities, Physiological disturbances}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.60}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/490}, author = {Sanjay Kumar} } @article {463, title = {Chuquiraga spinosa Lessing: A Medicinal Plant for Gastric Cancer Induced By N-Methyl-N-Nitroso-Urea (NMU)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {20-24}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most frequent diseases in human population: Many plants from Peruvian flora is used to treat cancer as alternative treatment. Chuquiraga spinosa Lessing (ChS) is a species with high potential therapeutic due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect as well as protective against prostate cancer. Objective: The main objective was to evaluate the possible protective effect of Chuquiraga spinosa extract on NMU (N-methyl-N nitrosourea)-induced gastric cancer in rats. Methods: Gastric carcinogenesis was induced in 30 male Holtzman rats by providing NMU 50 \μg/Kg by oral administration for 16 weeks. Ethanolic extract of ChS aerial parts was administered at doses 50, 250 and 500 mg/Kg per oral. The protective effect was determined through weight controls, biochemical and hematological parameters; the antioxidant capacity by superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and anti-inflammatory capacity by the level of C-reactive protein (CRP). The tumors were monitored by using histological examinations. Results: Oral administration of Chuquiraga spinosa extract significantly decreased superoxide dismutase malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, C-reactive protein levels (p\<0,01, p\<0,01, p\<0,01 and p\<0,01 respectively compared with Inductor group). There was a significant increase in the weights of animals (P\<0.05). Conclusion: Considering the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties of Chuquiraga spinosa extract, we conclude that it has a protective effect on NMU induced gastric cancer in rats.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Antioxidant, Chuquiraga spinosa, NMU}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.4}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/359}, author = {Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas and Victor Chumpitaz-Cerrate and C{\'e}sar Franco-Quino and Ren{\'a}n Ha{\~n}ari-Quispe} } @article {503, title = {Comparative Analysis of Biochemical Compounds of Leaf, Flower and Fruit of Couroupita guianensis and Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {315-323}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {315}, abstract = {

Couroupita guianensis is commonly known as cannonball tree, belonging to the family Lecythidaceae. This tree has enormous medicinal values since most of its parts are used as medicines traditionally. In this work, two major aspects were studied. Firstly, the phytochemical screening and biological activities of various extracts of leaf, flower and fruit are prepared and studied. Secondly, silver nanoparticles were synthesized from these parts, characterized instrumentally and checked for its antibacterial activity. This study reveals that except the aqueous extracts, all other extracts have good antioxidant and antibacterial activity hence stating the presence of bioactive compounds. Flower mediated nanoparticles showed better results than others which may be due to the presence of certain phytochemical compounds responsible for the reduction and capping of silver nanoparticles. These results showed the potential of Couroupita guianensis and further investigation to isolate such pharmacologically active compounds that can be used in the production of novel drugs for various diseases would be promising.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Couroupita guianensis, Nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.55}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/485}, author = {Prakash Pandurangan and Madhumitha Sahadeven and Swetha Sunkar and Sai Krishna Nerella Mohana Dhana} } @article {520, title = {Comparative in vitro Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activity of Various Extracts of Ficus Species}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {349-354}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {349}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ficus religiosa, Ficus benghalensis and Ficus glomerata are plants from Ficus species used traditionally for the treatment of various ailments. This study aimed to investigate in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of three plants from Ficus species and effect of extracting solvents, total flavonoids and phenolics content on its in vitro activity. Methods: Dried leaf powder was extracted successively by using solvents with increasing order of polarity index (PI). In vitro antioxidant (RP: reducing power assay, DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay and HP: Hydrogen peroxide assay) and antidiabetic (\αA: \α-amylase assay and \αG: \α-glucosidase assay) activities as well as total flavonoid (TF) and total phenolic (TP) contents of extracts were evaluated. The correlation between in vitro activities and solvent polarity index, total flavonoid and phenolic content were established by using pearson\’s correlation coefficient (R). Results: Strong positive correlation was observed with PI of extracting solvents and TP content of Ficus religiosa (PI/ TP, R=0.8159) and Ficus glomerata (PI/ TP, R=0.9172). Comparatively benzene and water extracts of Ficus glomerata were found to have significantly (P\<0.05) highest in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activity respectively. Strong positive correlation was observed between TF and \αG inhibitory (TF/ \αG, R=0.793) effects of Ficus benghalensis. In addition, strong positive correlation observed between TP and antioxidant activity (TP/DPPH, R=0.9744; TP/RP, R=0.9514 and TP/HP, R=0.8108) of Ficus glomerata. Conclusions: Finding of our research will help in selection of solvents for extracting antidiabetic and antioxidant rich phytoconstituents from Ficus species.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus glomerata, Ficus religiosa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.59}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/489}, author = {Shaikh Abusufyan and Mohammed Ibrahim and Khan Mohib} } @article {674, title = {Comparative Micromorphological Investigations of Red Godji Berries (Lycium barbarum L.) and Black Godji Berries (Lycium ruthenicum Murr.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {911-915}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {911}, abstract = {

The comparative morphological and anatomical research of the fruits and seeds of two species of the genre Lycium is conducted. An objective of this research was carrying out comparative studying of anatomical diagnostic signs of fruits of a red Godjy berries (Lycium barbarum L.) and black Godjy berries (Lycium ruthenicum murr.) for establishment of authenticity of medicinal vegetable raw materials. This work is a fragment of complex researches of plants of flora of the North Caucasus and also introduced species. Because of the conducted comparative this research the main signs allowing to carry out identification of medicinal vegetable raw materials both in integral and in the crushed look are revealed. The conducted researches can be used further for development of normative documentation on raw materials of these species.

}, keywords = {Chromoplastes, Fruits, Lycium barbarum L, Lycium ruthenicum, Micro-diagnostic features, Seeds, Testa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.153}, author = {Serebryanaya FK and Sekinayeva MA and Denisenko ON} } @article {653, title = {Comparative Micromorphological Investigations of Red Godji Berries (Lycium barbarum L.) and Black Godji Berries (Lycium ruthenicum Murr.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July/2018}, pages = {73-77}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

The comparative morphological and anatomical research of the fruits and seeds of two species of the genre Lycium is conducted. An objective of this research was carrying out comparative studying of anatomical diagnostic signs of fruits of a red Godjy berries (Lycium barbarum L.) and black Godjy berries (Lycium ruthenicum murr.) for establishment of authenticity of medicinal vegetable raw materials. This work is a fragment of complex researches of plants of flora of the North Caucasus and also introduced species. Because of the conducted comparative this research the main signs allowing to carry out identification of medicinal vegetable raw materials both in integral and in the crushed look are revealed. The conducted researches can be used further for development of normative documentation on raw materials of these species.

Key Words: Lycium barbarum L, Lycium ruthenicum, Micro-diagnostic features, Fruits, Seeds, Testa, Chromoplastes..

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.14}, author = {Serebryanaya FK and Sekinayeva MA and Denisenko ON} } @article {490, title = {Comparative Morphological and Anatomical Research of Leaves 6 Sorts of Laurels Noble (Laurus Nobilis L.), Growing in the Conditions of an Introduction in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {172-178}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {172}, abstract = {

This research is a fragment of complex studying of grades of laurels of the noble, growing in the territory of botanical gardens of Pyatigorsk medical and pharmaceutical institute and the Nikitsky botanical garden which is carried out based on department of botany and a pharmacognosy of the Pyatigorsk medical and pharmaceutical institute. Introduction: Research objective is to conduct a comparative morphological and anatomical research of leaves of 6 sorts of Laurus nobilis. Material and Methods: The exemplars of leaves of 6 grades of laurels noble, growing in the territory of the Nikitsky botanical garden (the settlement of Nikita, Crimea republic). When carrying out comparative morphometric, micromorphological, histochemical methods. Results: The comparative morphometric research of a leaf plate is conducted, at the same time the form of a leaf plate, character of a top, basis and margined of a leaf plate were estimated. In the analysis of features of a micromorphological structure carried out the analysis of an anatomic structure of scapes of leaves and a structure of a transversal cut of a sheet plate, a top and bottom epidermal of a sheet plate. The form of the cross- section of the petiole is horseshoe-shaped, dredging is absent or falciform with the expressed dredging, rounded triangular form, dredging is absent. The presence or absence of coverage trichomes, the presence only at the top party of a scape and it is presented by individual monocelled lengthiest hairs, is presented by a small amount of individual, monocelled small hairs on the top party of a petiole it is presented by individual monocelled small hairs. Existence and arrangement of a resin ducts are presented in big quantity, especially there is a lot of around a phloem part of a vascular bundle or the ducts are presented in a great many, there is a lot of them, both around a phloem part of a vascular bundle, and under epidermis. Existence and arrangement of a sclerenchyme \–around the vascular bundle from two parties or it is presented by groups of fibers around the vascular bundle or absent. Conclusion: As for an anatomic structure of an epidermis of a leaf plate, differences in a histological structure of an epidermis of the studied grades of laurels noble it is not revealed. The following signs are characteristic of all studied exemplars: leaf plate of hypostomatic type. Stomates are present only at the lower part of an epidermis. The stomatal type is anomocytic. Epidermal cages of the lower epidermis have the extended form with sinuous anticlinal walls. Anticlinal walls of the main cages of the top epidermis have the reference uniform thickenings In the analysis of features of a micromorphological structure carried out the analysis of an anatomic structure of scapes of leaves and a structure of a transversal cut of a sheet plate, a top and bottom epidermal of a sheet plate.

}, keywords = {Anatomical topographical schemes, Comparative micromorphological study, Cross-section of leaf and petiole, Laurus Nobilis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.29}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/415}, author = {Serebryanaya Fatima Kazbekovna and Orlov Aleksei Nikolaevich and Konovalov Dmitryi Alexeevich and Naida Mahmudovna Nasuhova} } @article {538, title = {Comparative Pharmacognostical and Pharmacological Evaluation of two Achyranthes species}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January-2018}, pages = {309-314}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {309}, abstract = {

Introduction: Achyranthes is a well-known herb used in folk lore and traditional systems of medicine for its therapeutic value. The two species Achyranthes aspera and Achyranthes bidentata are used interchangeably by people and by herbal industries due to their resemblance in appearance. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the comparative pharmacognostic and pharmacological properties of both species. Methods: Pharmacognostic characters were evaluated as per the guidelines of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. A quantitative HPTLC method was developed for quantification of linoleic acid and oleanolic acid using toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (6: 4: 0.5 v/v/v) as a mobile phase. Quantification was performed using linear regression analysis by plotting the peak area vs concentration curve with 2000-5000 ng/band (R2 = 0.998) for oleanolic acid and 2000-5000 ng/band (R2 = 0.994) for linoleic acid. The developed method was validated in terms of accuracy, recovery and inter and intraday study as per ICH guidelines. Antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts was estimated by five different models viz. DPPH free radical scavenging assay, total anti-oxidant capacity, reducing power assay, total flavonoid and phenol content. Anti-diabetic activity was analyzed by \α-amylase inhibition assay using 3, 5 di nitro salicylic acid and iodine starch model. Results: The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of oleanolic acid and linoleic acid were determined, respectively, as 0.426, 1.29 and 0.427, 1.29 \μg mL\−1. Inhibition of free radicals increases with concentration and IC50 of A. aspera and A. bidendata was obtained at 1.35 \± 0.173 mg/ml and 1.28 \± 0.169 mg/ml respectively. In in vitro antidiabetic activity, IC50 value shows that A. bidentata exhibit better activity than A. aspera. Conclusion: The present study generates data for the proper establishment of quality control standards of the crude drug.

}, keywords = {Achyranthes, Antioxidant, HPTLC, Linoleic acid, Oleanolic acid, α- amylase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.54}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/484}, author = {Pushpendra Kumar Shukla and Ankita Misra and Sharad Srivastava} } @article {524, title = {A Comparative study on Internet Of Things (IoT) and its applications in Smart Agriculture}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {260-264}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {260}, abstract = {

Agriculture plays a vital role in country\’s economy and it has an extensive contribution towards human civilization. Due to the growing expansions in sensor devices, RFID and Internet protocols the architecture of Internet of Things (IoT) has been made to support agriculture by making a Smart agriculture. This paper describes the implementation of various IoT techniques and intelligent decision support systems used in agriculture. It provides a wide review on methods and technologies like ANFIS and PLSR Model predictions, experiences in various challenges as well as further work are discussed through the review article.

}, keywords = {ANFIS and PLSR, Internet of things, RFID-radio frequency Identification}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.46}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/476}, author = {A. Srilakshmi and Jeyasheela Rakkini and K. R. Sekar and R. Manikandan} } @article {755, title = {Comparison between High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography and High Performance Liquid Chromatography Methods for Determination of Rubraxanthone in the Stem Bark Extract of Garcinia cowa Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s42-s47}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s42}, abstract = {

Objectives: To develop simple, rapid, accurate methods for determination of rubraxanthone in the stem bark extract of Garcinia cowa using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Methods: The HPTLC method was performed on aluminum plate precoated with silica gel 60 F254 using Chloroform: Ethyl acetate: Methanol: Formic acid (88:2:2:8) as a developing system. Quantification was achieved using densitometric measurements at 243 nm. The HPLC method involved a 5 \μm C18 column and an isocratic solvent using 0.4\% formic acid: methanol (12:88) with a flow rate 1 mL minute-1. Quantitation was also achieved with ultraviolet detection at 243 nm based on peak area. All necessary validation tests for both methods were done for their comparison. The results obtained by these two different quantification methods were compared by Tukey\’s-test. Results: Both assays provided good linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity and limits of detection and quantitation for determination of rubraxanthone in The Stem Bark extract of G. cowa. Conclusion: Both methods revealed reasonable validation parameters concerning linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity and limits of detection and quantitation. A statistical comparison of the quantitative analysis of rubraxanthone in extract did not show any statistically significant difference between two analysis methods. As both methods were found to be equal, they therefore can be used for the analysis of rubraxanthone in the Stem Bark extract of G. cowa.

}, keywords = {Garcinia cowa Roxb, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, High performance Thin layer Chromatography, rubraxanthone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.8}, author = {Meri Susanti and Sanusi Ibrahim and Yahdiana Harahap and Dachriyanus} } @article {648, title = {Comparison between Volatile Oil from Fresh and Dried Fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. and Cytotoxicity Activity Evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal,}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July/2018}, pages = {73-78}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Introduction: Zanthoxylum rhetsa is a tree found in northern Thailand. It has been used as a traditional herb with medicinal properties. However, the comparison of composition in volatile oil from fresh and dried fruit is still not fully investigated. In study, we evaluated the constituents in oil from fruits of Z. rhetsa and evaluated the cytotoxicity in non-small lung cancer cells. Methods: The hydro distillation was applied to afford the oil. The obtained oil was analyzed by GC-MS and evaluated the cytotoxicity and apoptosis in non-small lung cells by using MTT method and flow cytometry respectively. Results: Fresh and dried fruits provided a higher yield of volatile oil by approximately 10\% and 20\% respectively, compared to other studies. Twenty-eight compounds were identified and the major components of fresh and dried fruits were not distinctly different. The major component, \α-limonene, was found in dried fruits from Phayao, southern Nan and Chiang Rai province. A high content of \β-phellandrene was found in dried fruits from northern Nan province and the (+)-sabinene was found in high content of fresh fruits from southern Nan, Phayao and Chaing Rai province. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity tests displayed that all of oil products were active against lung cancer cells. Among the components investigated, fresh and dried fruits from southern Nan province showed to be the most potent (EC50 = 1.91 \± 0.53, 1.79 \± 0.43 \μL/mL, respectively). Conclusion: Volatile oil of Z. rhetsa exhibited a strong cytotoxic properties against cytotoxic may be potentially used as natural anticancer agents. Key words: Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Local variation, Volatile oil, Chemical composition, Cytotoxic activity.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.14}, author = {Sewan Theeramunkong and Maleeruk Utsintong} } @article {645, title = {Comparison between Volatile Oil from Fresh and Dried Fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. and Cytotoxicity Activity Evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July/2018}, pages = {73-78}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.14}, author = {Sewan Theeramunkong and Maleeruk Utsintong} } @article {679, title = {Comparison between Volatile Oil from Fresh and Dried Fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. and Cytotoxicity Activity Evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {827-832}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {827}, abstract = {

Introduction: Zanthoxylum rhetsa is a tree found in northern Thailand. It has been used as a traditional herb with medicinal properties. However, the comparison of composition in volatile oil from fresh and dried fruit is still not fully investigated. In study, we evaluated the constituents in oil from fruits of Z. rhetsa and evaluated the cytotoxicity in non-small lung cancer cells. Methods: The hydro distillation was applied to afford the oil. The obtained oil was analyzed by GC-MS and evaluated the cytotoxicity and apoptosis in non-small lung cells by using MTT method and flow cytometry respectively. Results: Fresh and dried fruits provided a higher yield of volatile oil by approximately 10\% and 20\% respectively, compared to other studies. Twenty-eight compounds were identified and the major components of fresh and dried fruits were not distinctly different. The major component, \α-limonene, was found in dried fruits from Phayao, southern Nan and Chiang Rai province. A high content of \β-phellandrene was found in dried fruits from northern Nan province and the (+)-sabinene was found in high content of fresh fruits from southern Nan, Phayao and Chaing Rai province. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity tests displayed that all of oil products were active against lung cancer cells. Among the components investigated, fresh and dried fruits from southern Nan province showed to be the most potent (EC50 = 1.91 \± 0.53, 1.79 \± 0.43 \μL/mL, respectively). Conclusion: Volatile oil of Z. rhetsa exhibited a strong cytotoxic properties against cytotoxic may be potentially used as natural anticancer agents.

}, keywords = {Chemical composition, Cytotoxic activity, Local variation, Volatile oil, Zanthoxylum rhetsa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.141}, author = {Sewan Theeramunkong and Maleeruk Utsintong} } @article {733, title = {Comparison of Antibacterial Efficacy of Cinnamon Extract and Calcium Hydroxide as Intracanal Medicament against E. fecalis: An In vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1165-1168}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {xx1165}, abstract = {

Background: There has been an increased use of natural products as medicament in endodontic treatment due to the increased adverse effect observed in chemical products used. The natural products used aims to disinfect the root canal and provide a sterile environment as efficiently as the comparable chemical products. Aim: To compare the antibacterial efficacy of cinnamon extract and calcium hydroxide as intracanal medicament against E. fecalis. Materials and Methods: The study is an in vitro randomized controlled study conducted on 40 single rooted permanent teeth. The study sample was divided into two groups- cinnamon extract as intracanal medicament and calcium hydroxide. The intracanal medicament was placed for 7 days. The outcome was measures using colony forming units per ml. Statistical analysis was done using Mann-Whitney\’s test to compare between the two groups. Results: Cinnamon extract intracanal medicament showed higher antibacterial efficacy as compared to calcium hydroxide. (p=0.002). Conclusion: Cinnamon extract showed better antimicrobial efficacy against E. feacalis as intracanal medicament as compared to calcium hydroxide.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial efficacy, Calcium hydroxide, Cinnamon extract, E. feacalis, Intracanal medicament}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.199}, author = {Veerale Panchal and Deepa Gurunathan and Lakshmi Thangavelu} } @article {675, title = {Comparison of Tongkat Ali Root Chemical Composition Extracted by Soxhlet, Conventional Steam and Microwave Assisted Extraction Techniques}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {916-920}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {916}, abstract = {

Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) roots are used in traditional medicines for its wide range of biological effects. The process of extracting out this essential oil from the plant requires a delicate and efficient method. In this research the extract of the essential oil of Eurycoma longifolia\’s root using Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE), Soxhlet Extraction and Conventional Steam Extraction (CSE) methods, is characterized to identify the components of essential oil extracted and then to compare the yield percentage and components of the extracts from both methods. The extract obtained was characterized using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) by comparing the compositions of components present in commercial Tongkat Ali oil stored in the GC-MS library. The findings showed that the MAE gives a maximum yield percentage of 5\% with six chemical components extracted in 20 min while SE and CSE gives high yield percentage of 28.3\% in 3 h and 2.5 \% in 6 h respectively with only three chemical components extracted. Therefore, MAE is the optimum method for extracting essential oil from Tongkat Ali with a high quality.

}, keywords = {Conventional Steam Extraction (CSE), Essential oil, Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Microwave assisted extraction, Soxhlet Extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.154}, author = {Ghazi Faisal Najmuldeen and Kamalanathan Narayanan and Deeveeya A/P Kirubananthan and Ghasak Ghazi Faisal} } @article {478, title = {Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Hydro-Alcohol and Aqueous Extracts Obtained from the Lamiaceae Family}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {81-91}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {81}, abstract = {

Context: Plant from the Lamiaceae family are considered as dietary spices and medicinal herbs traditionally used in medicine for the treatment of several pathologies. Objective: Evaluation of the in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanol and aqueous extracts of nine Moroccan plants from the Lamiaceae family against six bacterial strains regularly implicated in toxiinfection. Method: The antibacterial activities of hot (HAE), cold (CAE) aqueous extracts and ethanolic extracts (EE) were evaluated using agar-well diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and IC50 against six foodborne bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed as well. Results: In the present study, the ethanol extracts were rich in polyphenols, with middling values of flavonoids, and relatively poor in condensed tannins. The presence of saponins, essential oils, irroides, alkaloids, anthocyanins, and aldehydes was recorded. The effect of the extracts was directly bactericidal for B. cereus and L. monocytogenes; for the other strains, the MBC value was twice higher than that of MIC. However, the ethanol extract (EE) of O. majorana and T. satureioides showed the highest antibacterial activity. With the principal component analysis, it was demonstrated that the nine Lamiaceae family plants possess a powerful antibacterial effect, correlated with their phenolic content. Statistical analysis: Analysis of variance was performed by uni-varied ANOVA in the software SPSS 22 Fr. Conclusion: The active compounds were thermostable and soluble in ethanol and water. The antimicrobial activities of the plants extracts investigated may contribute to understand their involvement in traditional medicine against many microbial infections.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Aqueous Extract., Flavonoic Content, Hydro-Alcohol Extract, Lamiaceae Family, Phenolic compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.16}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/402}, author = {Ramdan Btissam and El Malki Fatima and Eddarraji Kamal and Greche Hassane and NHIRI Mohamed} } @article {578, title = {Correlation of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid and Carotenoid Content of Phyllanthus emblica Extract from Bandung with DPPH Scavenging Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {447-452}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {447}, abstract = {

Introduction: Many potential compounds have antioxidant activity, such as the flavonoid group, phenolics and carotenoids. Phyllanthus emblica is widespread in Bandung-Indonesia and is a very potent as an antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity and correlation with total flavonoids, phenolics and carotenoids from Phyllantus extract from Bandung-Indonesia have not been reported. The aim of this research were to determine the antioxidant activity from extract of various parts of P. emblica and its correlation of antioxidant activity with the total flavonoid, phenolics and carotenoid. Method: Successive extractions of various part of P.emblica were performed by maceration using differrent polarity solvent n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. The antioxidant activity of each extracts was performed using DPPH (2.2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazil) method. The determination of total flavonoids, phenolics and carotenoids were performed by UV-Spectrophotometry. Antioxidant activity was demonstrated by IC50 and its correlation to total flavonoids, phenolics and carotenoids using the Pearson\’s method. Result: The highest antioxidant activity was given by fruit ethyl acetate (BE) extract with IC50 3.032 \μg/mL. Etyl acetate extract of stem bark P.emblica (KE) had the highest of total phenol content (12.818 g GAE/100 g), ethanol extract of leaves P.emblica (DO) had the highest of total flavonoid content (3.594 g QE/100 g), and n-hexane extract of leave (DN) had the highest of total carotenoid content (0.759 g BE/100 g). Conclusion: According to coeficient correlation Pearson\’s between P. emblica extract with IC50 of DPPH scavengging activities, suggested that flavonoid and phenolic compound in stem bark extract and leaves extract of P. emblica were contributor major in its antioxidant activity with DPPH methode, and its same with carotenoid content in leaves extract of P. emblica.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Crotenoids, Flavonoids, Phenols, Phyllantus emblica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.73}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/506}, author = {Sani Nurlaela Fitriansyah and Diah Lia Aulifa and Yessi Febriani and Emi Sapitri} } @article {712, title = {Curcuma longa (Medicinal Plant) Research: A Scientometric Assessment of Global Publications Output during 1997-2016}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {998-1006}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {998}, abstract = {

The present study examined 5351 global publications in Curcuma longa as covered in international Scopus database during 1997-2016, with a view to understand their growth rate, global publication share, citation impact, international collaborative papers share, distribution of publications by broad subjects, productivity and citation profile of top organizations and authors, preferred media of communication and bibliographic characteristics of high cited papers. The global publications registered an annual average growth rate of 13.40\% and its citation impact averaged to 29.04 citations per paper. Among the top 15 countries, the global share ranged from 1.91\% to 31.04\%, with India contributing the largest share of 31.04\%, followed by USA (13.96\%), China (11.55\%), etc. 92.66\% and 96.84\% of the cumulative global publication and citation share comes from top 15 countries during 1997-2016, showing increase in publication share from 89.25\% to 93.62\% from 1997-2006 to 2007-17. Five countries registered relative citation index above the world average of 1.05: USA (2.29), U.K. (2.08), Taiwan (1.81), Italy (1.23) and South Korea (1.10) during 1997-2016. Medicine, among seven broad subjects, contributed the largest publications share of 37.38\%, followed by pharmacology, toxicology and pharmaceutics (32.07\%), biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology (31.68\%), agricultural and biological sciences (25.53\%), chemistry (12.78\%), etc. during 1997-16 Among various organizations and authors contributing to global Curcuma longa research, the 20 most productive global organizations and authors together contributed 13.89\% and 5.59\% global publication share and 20.75\% and 14.25\% global citation share respectively during 1997-2016. Amongst 5157 journal papers (in 2216 journals) in global Curcuma longa research, the top 20 most productive journals contributed 15.92\% share of total journal publication output during 1997-2016. Three hundred forty (340) publications were found to be high cited, as they registered citations from 100 to 3869 during 1997-2016 and they together received 81274 citations, which averaged to 239.04 citations per paper. It is suggested that developing countries need to increase their efforts in investment in R \& D to increase their output and also to perform better in terms of quality of research.

}, keywords = {Bibliometrics, Curcuma longa, Global research output, Medicinal plant, Scientometrics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.170}, author = {K K Mueen Ahmed and B. M. Gupta and Ritu Gupta} } @article {466, title = {Cytotoxic Activities of Fractions from Dioscorea bulbifera L. Chloroform and Methanol Extracts on T47D Breast Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {33-38}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {33}, abstract = {

Objective: To elucidate cytotoxic activity of fractions from chloroform and methanol extracts of D. bulbifera organs on T47D breast cancer cells. Method: The vegetative organs of D. bulbifera were extracted gradually using chloroform and methanol. Cytotoxicity tested on T47D cells using MTT Assay. The most toxic extract was fractioned by vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) followed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The extract and fractions potential were tested on the Vero cells using the same method as cancer cells. The most toxic fraction was analyzed using TLC followed by the application of various spray reagents for the identification of active compound. Results: The chloroform extract of the D. bulbifera leaves was the highest cytotoxic on T47D cells (IC50 115.63\±86.01 \μg/mL). Moreover, the cytotoxicity test on the combined fractions of leaves chloroform extract showed that fraction 5 (F5) and fraction 6 (F6) were the most toxic fractions compared to those of other fractions. The IC50 of both fractions were 14.55\±8.62 and 7.12\±4.43 \μg/mL respectively. However, Its were very weak compared to those of cancer medicine (Doxorubicin) with the IC50 was 0.04\±0.02 \μg/mL. Potential fractions were not toxic against Vero cells with IS\>10. The active compounds in those fractions were alkaloid and terpenoid. Conclusion: Chloroform extract of the D. bulbifera leaves had the highest cytotoxic effect on T47D cells. Potential fractions were not toxic against Vero cells. The active compounds in those fractions were alkaloid and terpenoid.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, D. bulbifera, MTT Assay, Secondary metabolites, T47D}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.7}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/362}, author = {Rinto Muhammad Nur and Laurentius Hartanto Nugroho} } @article {730, title = {Cytotoxic Activity of Ethanol Extract of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Induced Ginger Rhizome on T47D Breast Cancer Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1133-1136}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1133}, abstract = {

Objective: A study of investigate the cytotoxicity activity of ethanolic extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) induced with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) against T47D cells line breast cancer have been conducted. Methods: Cytotoxicity were determined using the \“microtetrazolium (MTT) Assay\”, by measuring the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenase in living cells that have ability to convert pale yellow of dissolved MTT to purple formazan product. The extract used at various concentration (0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 \μg / mL. The level of cytotoxic actifity was determined by calculating the inhibitory concentration (IC50) value that was based on the precentage of cell death after 24 h treatment with the extract. The change of cell morphology were observed by using inverted microscope. Results: The statistic results proved that ethanol extract of AMF induced ginger rhizome could barriers T47D breast cancers significantly at concentrations of 10 \μg / mL and 100 ug / mL, with IC50 value was 12.5 \± 3.73 \μg / mL. centration of 0.1 \μg / mL, 1.0 \μg / mL, 10 \μg / mL and 100 mg / mL. Results of statistical analysis showed that the ethanol extract of ginger rhizome induced AMF at a concentration of 10 \μg / mL and 100 \μg / mL was able to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells T47D significantly. Conclusion: The results showed the ethanol extract of AMF induced ginger rhizome was potential as herbal medicine for cancer-related ailments with IC50 value was 12.5 \± 3.73 \μg / mL.

}, keywords = {AMF, Breast cancer, Cytotoxicity, Ginger, MTT Assay, T47D}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.193}, author = {Netty Suharty and Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Dachriyanus} } @article {577, title = {Detection and Quantification of Major Phytochemical Markers for Standardization of Talinum Portulacifolium, Gomphrena Serrata, Alternanthera Sessilis and Euphorbia Heterophylla by HPLC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {439-446}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {439}, abstract = {

Background: High-performance liquid chromatography is one of the major analytical techniques used in the quality control of phytochemicals. Objective: This research article presents the development of HPLC method to detect and quantify the major marker components, kaempferol, and quercetin from four plant species. Materials and Methods: HPLC method was developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of plant extracts by using orthophosphoric acid and methanol (95:5) at 370 nm for kaempferol, methanol and orthophosphoric acid (60:40) at 262nm for quercetin. Results: Kaempferol was detected from the hydro alcoholic extracts of Talinum portulacifolium leaves (RT 13.720, concentration 1.08 mg/ml) and flowers of Gomphrena serrata (RT 13.758, concentration 2.13mg/ml). Kaempferol was reported for the first time from Gomphrena serrata. Quercetin was separated and identified from the hydro alcoholic extracts Alternanthera sessilis stems (RT 6.503, concentration 0.01mg/ml). The hydroalcoholic extract of Euphorbia heterophylla stems (RT 6.588, concentration 0.01mg/ml) was also evaluated for the presence of quercetin. Conclusion: The method developed is very useful tool for qualifying and quantifying the plant specimens as well as their extracts.

}, keywords = {Extracts., HPLC, Kaempferol, Marker, Plant specimens, Quality control, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.72}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/505}, author = {Mamillapalli Vani and Shaik Abdul Rahaman and Avula Prameela Rani} } @article {525, title = {Development of Standard Operating Protocol for Slide Preparation of Powdered Bark Samples with Varying Grinding Techniques.}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January-2018}, pages = {265-271}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {265}, abstract = {

Background: Powder microscopy is the most common method to authenticate herbal drugs. The botanical origin and quality can be determined based on cellular features. Objective: To develop a standard operating protocol to prepare slides of powdered bark samples obtained by using different grinding techniques. Materials and methods: Alstonia scholaris, Saraca asoca, Syzygium cumini, Terminalia arjuna and Pongamia pinnata were selected for study. Three samples of each bark were studied: Sample A was collected from NISCAIR Pusa, New Delhi. Sample B and C were procured from industries and were coded as: AP I, AP II, AP III, AP IV and AP V and MP I, MP II, MP III, MP IV and MP V respectively. The slides were prepared by soaking and chemical treatment and photographed by Motic microscope. The samples were observed for general and specific features of the bark and the impact of grinding (industrial grinding and blade grinding in laboratory) on probability of change in various microscopical features. Results: The microscopical features were found to be stable and specific, which can be used to determine the botanical identity of the drug. There was no significant difference in microscopical characters of powdered barks which emphasized that grinding technique does not have any impact on powder microscopy of different bark samples. The method of preparation of slide was also optimized. Conclusion: Powder microscopy, irrespective of grinding technique can be used as a cheap, fast, efficient and accurate method to authenticate herbs or distinguishing species with similar morphological characters without cutting and examining sections.

}, keywords = {Grinding technique, Powder microscopy, Slide optimization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.47}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/477}, author = {Dharya Singh and Vidhu Aeri and DB Ananthanarayana} } @article {493, title = {Dipeptidyl peptidase IV Inhibitory Activity of Fraction from White Tea Ethanolic Extract (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) ex vivo}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {190-193}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {190}, abstract = {

Background: Treatment for type-2 diabetes mellitus focuses on the incretin hormone, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1). However, it has a short half-life. Inhibition of the enzyme Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) required maintaining the active form of GLP-1. Based on the previous studies on the highest activity of DPP IV enzyme inhibition of white tea extract, this study conducted on the fraction of white tea extract using rat blood serum (ex vivo). Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the inhibitory activity of fraction from white tea extract. Methods: White tea leaves extracted with ethanol. The inhibitory activity determined by using rat blood serum as DPP IV enzyme source (ex vivo), AMC (7-amino 4-methyl coumarin) as fluorescence substrate of DPP IV and sitagliptin as the standard reference. The the cleavage of fluorescence reaction product observed by a microplate reader with \λex = 360 nm and \λem = 460 nm at 37oC. Data expressed as mean \± SD and the IC50 value determined by nonlinear regression curve and fit using Prism Graph 7. Result: Methanol fraction (250 \μg/mL) has the greater inhibition percentage (50.487\%), and the fraction of n-hexane and ethyl acetate are 32.417\% and 36.541\%. The methanol fraction IC50 value is 227 \μg /mL. Conclusion: The methanol fraction is the most active to inhibit DPP IV enzyme.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Camellia sinensis, Dipeptidyl peptidase IV, DPP IV, Fraction, White tea.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.32}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/418}, author = {Meiliza Ekayanti and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya} } @article {655, title = {The Effect of Coconut Water and Boiling on Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Contents in Schizophyllum commune Fr.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July/2018}, pages = {73-77}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Context: Schizophyllum commune Fr., a split gill mushroom has been acknowledged for its medicinal properties. Aims: The present study was to evaluate the effect of coconut water and boiling on antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents in Schizophyllum commune Fr. Settings and Design: The experiment was completely randomized design (CRD) using tender and mature coconut water compared to synthetic hormone at concentration of 50\% and 100\% in volume of 5 and 10 ml. The first group is fresh mushrooms and the second group is boiled mushroom then was dried in hot air oven at 45\°C for 48 hr. Materials and Methods: The S. commune was extracted with ethanol and then was evaluated the scavenging activity by DPPH and FRAP assay and Folin-Ciocalteau method was used to determine total phenolic contents. Statistical analysis used: The data were recorded as means \± standard deviations and analyzed by using SPSS version 21. The mean values of data were subjected to a oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the significance of the difference between means was determined by the Tukey\’s multiple comparison tests at 95\% least significance difference (p \< 0.05). Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents in sample extracts. Results: In fresh mushroom group showed higher antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents than boiled mushroom group. When compared to a loss of antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents after boiling only the experiments with coconut water found that tender coconut water 50\% of 5 ml has the lowest of loss in TEAC and total phenolic contents as 9.28\% and 9.85\% respectively. Mature coconut water 100\% of 10 ml has the lowest of loss in FRAP as 2.77\% and followed by tender coconut water 50\% of 5 ml as 4.82\% which were lower than control treatment but similar with synthetic hormone of 5 ml. The relationship between antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of mushrooms was low in both groups. Conclusions: It concluded that tender coconut water 50\% of 5 ml could maintain the antioxidant properties and total phenolic compounds in S. commune.

Key-words: Antioxidant, Free radicals, Total phenolic contents, Coconut water, Schizophyllum commune Fr.

Key Messages: The tender coconut water 50\% of 5 ml was suitable for holding the antioxidant properties and total phenolic contents and also boiling affect to loss of antioxidant compounds in S. commune. The findings from this study provide information for alternative selection of coconut water as natural hormone.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.14}, author = {Chanate Wanna and Montarop Sudhadham} } @article {676, title = {The Effect of Coconut Water and Boiling on Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Contents in Schizophyllum commune Fr.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {925-931}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {925}, abstract = {

Context: Schizophyllum commune Fr., a split gill mushroom has been acknowledged for its medicinal properties.\  Aims: The present study was to evaluate the effect of coconut water and boiling on antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents in Schizophyllum commune Fr. Settings and Design: The experiment was completely randomized design (CRD) using tender and mature coconut water compared to synthetic hormone at concentration of 50\% and 100\% in volume of 5 and 10 ml. The first group is fresh mushrooms and the second group is boiled mushroom then was dried in hot air oven at 45\°C for 48 hr. Materials and Methods: The S. commune was extracted with ethanol and then was evaluated the scavenging activity by DPPH and FRAP assay and Folin-Ciocalteau method was used to determine total phenolic contents. Statistical analysis used: The data were recorded as means \± standard deviations and analyzed by using SPSS version 21. The mean values of data were subjected to a oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the significance of the difference between means was determined by the Tukey\’s multiple comparison tests at 95\% least significance difference (p \< 0.05). Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents in sample extracts. Results: In fresh mushroom group showed higher antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents than boiled mushroom group. When compared to a loss of antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents after boiling only the experiments with coconut water found that tender coconut water 50\% of 5 ml has the lowest of loss in TEAC and total phenolic contents as 9.28\% and 9.85\% respectively. Mature coconut water 100\% of 10 ml has the lowest of loss in FRAP as 2.77\% and followed by tender coconut water 50\% of 5 ml as 4.82\% which were lower than control treatment but similar with synthetic hormone of 5 ml. The relationship between antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of mushrooms was low in both groups. Conclusions: It concluded that tender coconut water 50\% of 5 ml could maintain the antioxidant properties and total phenolic compounds in S. commune.\ 

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Coconut water, Free Radicals, Schizophyllum commune Fr, Total Phenolic Contents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.156}, author = {Chanate Wanna and Montarop Sudhadham} } @article {467, title = {Effect of Dalechampia indica Wight Extract Fractions on Behavioral and Biochemical Abnormalities following Ischemia-Reperfusion Insult in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {39-44}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the cerebro protective effect of Dalechampia indica (DI) ethanolic (EDI) and chloroform (CDI) extract fractions against cerebral ischemia- reperfusion insult in rats. Method: The rats were treated with different doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) of EDI and CDI orally once daily for 30 days. After completion of pre-treatment, ischemia was induced by blocking bilateral common carotid arteries (BCCAO) for 30 mins followed by reperfusion and ferric chloride induced thrombosis. The post treatment was continued for another week after surgery. The behavioral parameters were assessed and finally, rats were sacrificed to isolate the brains to estimate biochemical parameters.\ Results: Combination of global (BCCAO) and focal (Thrombosis) ischemic model along with reperfusion has induced prominent ischemic insult indicated by antioxidant enzymes depletion and elevation of lipid peroxidation. Pre-treatment with different doses of EDI and CDI significantly improved the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione enzymes (GPx, GSH, GST, GR), catalase (CAT) and decreased the lipid peroxidation. Conclusion: Results established Cerebro protective role of Ethanolic extract fraction of DI in cerebrovascular insufficiency states and cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury produced by bilateral common carotid artery ligation along with reperfusion and thrombosis which may attribute to presence of alkaloids,flavonoids, and phenolic compounds.

}, keywords = {BCCAO, Dalechampia indica, Ferric chloride, Reperfusion, Thrombosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.8}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/363}, author = {Sindhura Srinivasula and Chinna Eswaraiah Maram} } @article {586, title = {Effect of Gynura procumbens Extracts on Anti-Proliferative Activity and its Associated Morphological Changes of Human Glioblastoma multiforme Cell Line (U-87)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {492-496}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {492}, abstract = {

Objective: Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr is a well-known traditional herb and is widely used for traditional medicine by human. Previous clinical studies have shown the benefit effect of this leaves with inflammation, high blood pressure and others. This study aims to investigate the effect of methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of Gynura procumbens on U-87 cell line, human Glioblastoma multiforme cell line. Methods: In the present study, effect of methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts on U-87 cell line was determined by MTT-based anti-proliferative assay and any significant changes to the cells towards apoptotic changes was observed under a light microscope. Results: The ethanol and methanol extracts of Gynura procumbens was found to have high anti-proliferative effect on U-87 cell line with IC50 less than 20\μg/ml. By comparing IC50 value, ethanol and methanol extracts of Gynura procumbens had high potential for anti-proliferative effect on U- 87 cell line. Therefore, ethanol and methanol extracts can be a potential anti-proliferative effect on U-87 cell line. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of exploring the effect of Gynura procumbens extracts using three different polarity (methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate) effect on U-87 cell line, Human Glioblastoma multiforme cells.

}, keywords = {Antiproliferative, Ethanol, Gynura procumbens, Methanol, U87 cell line}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.81}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/514}, author = {Mohd Adzim Khalili Rohin and Mimie Noratiqah Jumli and Norhaslinda Ridzwan and Atif Amin Baig and Ahmad Zubaidi Abdul Latif and Norhayati Abd Hadi} } @article {555, title = {Effect of Gynura procumbens Extracts on Anti-Proliferative Activity and its Associated Morphological Changes of Human Glioblastoma multiforme Cell Line (U-87)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {x}, pages = {XX-XX}, type = {x}, chapter = {XX}, abstract = {

Objective: Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr is a well-known traditional herb and is widely used for traditional medicine by human. Previous clinical studies have shown the benefit effect of this leaves with inflammation, high blood pressure and others. This study aims to investigate the effect of methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of Gynura procumbens on U-87 cell line, human glioblastoma multiforme cell line. Methods: In the present study, effect of methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts on U-87 cell line was determined by MTT-based anti-proliferative assay and any significant changes to the cells towards apoptotic changes was observed under a light microscope. Results: The ethanol and methanol extracts of Gynura procumbens was found to have high anti-proliferative effect on U-87 cell line with IC50 less than 20\μg/ml. By comparing IC50 value, ethanol and methanol extracts of Gynura procumbens had high potential for anti-proliferative effect on U- 87 cell line. Therefore, ethanol and methanol extracts can be a potential anti-proliferative effect on U-87 cell line. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of exploring the effect of Gynura procumbens extracts using three different polarity (methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate) effect on U-87 cell line, Human glioblastoma multiforme cells.

Key words: Gynura procumbens, Ethanol, Methanol, U87 cell line, Antiproliferative.

}, keywords = {Antiproliferative., Ethanol, Gynura procumbens, Methanol, U87 cell line}, doi = {10.5530/jppcm.2018.2s.xx}, author = {Mohd Adzim Khalili Rohin and Mimie Noratiqah Jumli and Norhaslinda Ridzwan and Atif Amin Baig and Ahmad Zubaidi Abdul Latif and Norhayati Abd Hadi} } @article {720, title = {Effect of Lutein on Cytochrome P450 (Isoform CYP3A4) - An in vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1093-1095}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1093}, abstract = {

Background: Lutein is a carotenoids vitamin rich in many fruits and vegetables and also available in multivitamin products. It is consumed for its effect on eye disease, cancer, diabetes and other health conditions. Recently, herbal preparations are increasingly used in healthcare systems and concomitant administration of synthetic medications may cause pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions leading to very serious medical problems. Understanding the ability of herbal extracts and preparations to modulate the metabolizing enzymes can help the health system for proper treatment of patients and thereby can avoid many adverse effects associated with it. The aim of the study was to find the effect of lutein isolated from Tagetes erecta L on cytochrome P450 isoform CYP3A4. Materials and Methods: The different concentrations of lutein (5 \– 100\μg/ml), potassium phosphate buffer, CYP450 reagent and substrate 7-Benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (BFC) were added to a 96-well plate. The fluorescent intensities of the products were measured by Perkin Elmer Enspire fluorescence reader using an excitation and emission wavelength of 405 nm and 460 nm, respectively to examine the effect of lutein on Cytochrome P 450 isoform CYP3A4 and the IC50 was calculated by plotting concentrations of lutein against the corresponding percent inhibition. Results: All the tested concentrations of lutein showed potent inhibition against CYP3A4 in a dose \– dependent manner. The IC50 value was found to be 35.27\μg/ml. Conclusion: The inhibitory effect of lutein indicates the possibilities of herb-drug interaction if it is co \– administered with prescribed drugs that are normally metabolised by CYP3A4 enzyme.

}, keywords = {CYP3A4, Cytochrome P450, Inhibitory assay, Lutein, Marigold}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.185}, author = {Murthy Meenapriya and Roy Anitha and Thangavelu Lakshmi} } @article {553, title = {Effect of Thai Folklore Recipe from Abutilon indicum and Mimosa pudica in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {x}, pages = {x}, type = {x}, chapter = {x}, abstract = {

Context: Abutilon indicum and Mimosa pudica were a folklore recipe in Northeastern of Thailand. The recipe was reported that claim to diabetic treatment. Aims: The studies were evaluated to hypoglycemic effect, serum insulin secretion and blood biochemistry in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: The recipe were composed of whole plants from A. indicum and M. Pudica (1:1 w/w) powder. The pound plants were macerated with aqueous (AMA), hydro-ethanol (AMHE) and 80\% ethanol (AME) to crude extracts. The AMA, AMHE and AME at the doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) were administered orally daily in diabetic rats during eight weeks. Fasting blood glucose levels (FBG) were measured at weekly. The serum insulin levels and blood biochemical data including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CREA), total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were estimated at the end of experiment. Results: All doses of the extracts were showed significantly (p\<0.05) decreasing percent age of FBG in diabetic rats. Especially, AME 125 mg/ kg b.w. was showed more potent significantly (p\<0.05) decreasing percentage of FBG at week of 2, 5, 7 and 8. The serum insulin levels of all doses administered with the extracts were significantly (p\< 0.05) higher than diabetic control group. On the other hand, all doses of the extracts were significantly (p\< 0.05) decreasing ALT and ALP lower than diabetic control group. While, AMA and AMHE at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. were increased HDL, but decreased TC, TG and LDL. Conclusion: The study was proved to diabetic treatment and improvement of diabetic stage and blood biochemical parameters. In addition, the experiment was confirmed to folklore traditional use.

Key words: Thai folklore recipe, A. indicum , M. pudica , Fasting blood glucose.

}, keywords = {A. indicum, Fasting blood glucose., M. pudica, Thai folklore recipe}, doi = {10.5530/jppcm.2018.2s.xx}, author = {Ampa Konsue and Chusri Talubmook} } @article {584, title = {Effect of Thai Folklore Recipe from Abutilon indicum and Mimosa pudica in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {480-485}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {480}, abstract = {

Context: Abutilon indicum and Mimosa pudica were a folklore recipe in Northeastern of Thailand. The recipe was reported that claim to diabetic treatment. Aims: The studies were evaluated to hypoglycemic effect, serum insulin secretion and blood biochemistry in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: The recipe were composed of whole plants from A. indicum and M. Pudica (1:1 w/w) powder. The pound plants were macerated with aqueous (AMA), hydro-ethanol (AMHE) and 80\% ethanol (AME) to crude extracts. The AMA, AMHE and AME at the doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) were administered orally daily in diabetic rats during eight weeks. Fasting blood glucose levels (FBG) were measured at weekly. The serum insulin levels and blood biochemical data including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CREA), total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were estimated at the end of experiment. Results: All doses of the extracts were showed significantly (p\<0.05) decreasing percent age of FBG in diabetic rats. Especially, AME 125 mg/ kg b.w. was showed more potent significantly (p\<0.05) decreasing percentage of FBG at week of 2, 5, 7 and 8. The serum insulin levels of all doses administered with the extracts were significantly (p\< 0.05) higher than diabetic control group. On the other hand, all doses of the extracts were significantly (p\< 0.05) decreasing ALT and ALP lower than diabetic control group. While, AMA and AMHE at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. were increased HDL, but decreased TC, TG and LDL. Conclusion: The study was proved to diabetic treatment and improvement of diabetic stage and blood biochemical parameters. In addition, the experiment was confirmed to folklore traditional use.

}, keywords = {A. indicum, Fasting blood glucose, M. pudica, Thai folklore recipe}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.79}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/512}, author = {Ampa Konsue and Chusri Talubmook} } @article {735, title = {Effect of Trigonella foenum gracecum (fenugreek) Seed Extract in Experimentally Induced Gastric Ulcer in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1169-1173}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1169}, abstract = {

Background: Trigonella foenum graceum (Fenugreek) seeds are commonly used in India as traditional medicine for Diabetes, Dysmenorrhea, lactation and arthritis. The gastro-protective role of Fenugreek seeds are yet to be explored. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of Fenugreek seed extract in Indomethacin induced gastric ulcer models. Materials and Methods: Albino wistar rats were divided into five groups with eight animals in each. Gastric ulcer was induced using Indomethacin 20 mg/Kg. Fenugreek at dose of 200mg/Kg and 400mg/Kg was administered to group III, IV and group V received Rantidine 30mg/Kg. Ulcer index, volume of gastric juice and acidity was estimated. To study the anti-oxidant property the level of catalase, SOD, GST and T. Bars were done. Results: Fenugreek treated group III showed a significant decrease in ulcer index, volume of gastric juice and acidity when compared to control positive group II. Oxidative enzyme study indicated a significant increase in Catalase, SOD and GSH value in treated group when compared with control positive group II and significant decrease in T. Bars value in treated group. Conclusion: Fenugreek seed extract has both gastro-protective and Anti-oxidant property.

}, keywords = {Fenugreek, Gastro-protection, Indomethacin, seed-extract, Ulcer inhibition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.200}, author = {shreelakshmidevi singaravelu and Jaikumar Sankarapillai and Abilash Sasidaran Chandrakumari and Pammy Sinha} } @article {710, title = {Effects of Asparagus racemosus Root Extracts on Serum Lipid Profiles, Lipid Peroxidation and Superoxide Dismutase in Ovariectomized Rat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1036-1041}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1036}, abstract = {

Background: Once rats have been ovariectomized they have a high risk of cardiovascular disease due to changes in the blood cholesterol and lipid profile. Objective: To investigate the effects of Asparagus racemosus (AR) root extract on the serum lipid profiles, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant levels in ovariectomized rats. Methods: Twenty-five, two month-old female Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: SH, OVX,OEE, OAAR and OEAR. The daily doses of 500 mg/KgBW of the AR root extracts for five weeks.The levels of serum TG, TC, HDL, LDL, the liver, kidney and uterine tissue lipid peroxidation and SOD levels were determined. Results: Serum TC and LDL showed no significant differences in any groups. Serum TG of the OAAR and OEAR groups were not significantly different. The serum HDL of the OAAR and OEAR groups were significantly lower than the OEE group. The liver MDA levels of the OAAR and OEAR groups were significantly decreased compared with the OVX and OEE groups while the SOD level of the OAAR group was significantly increased. The MDA levels in the kidney and uterine of the treated group showed no significant difference. The SOD levels in the kidney of the treated group were not different but the SOD levels in uterine were significantly decreased. Conclusion: It can be believed that the lipid profiles were maybe regulated via estrogen.The AR extract has low effects on the lipid profiles at this dose and duration of treatment. The capacity of the extracts to decrease the MDA level and increase the SOD level in this study clearly reflected the antioxidant efficiency of these substances.

}, keywords = {Asparagus racemosus, Lipid profiles, Malondialdehyde, Ovariectomized rat, Superoxide dismutase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.175}, author = {Ladachart Taepongsorat and Methin Phadungkit} } @article {534, title = {Effects of Dayak Onion Bulbs (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb) on Bone Development of the Hipoestrogen Model Rat.}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January-2018}, pages = {299-303}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {299}, abstract = {

Background: Eleutherinol is a naphtoquinone derivative that has strong affinity to bind with estrogen alpha receptors (ER\α). This compound can be found in Dayak Onion Bulbs (Eleutherine bulbosa Mill.). Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of Dayak Onion Bulbs extract on the growth of the bone of hypoestrogen model rat. Methods: A total of 36 female white rats of Sprague-Dawley were divided into 6 groups. All 6 groups receive CMC Na 0,5\% (sham group), CMC Na 0,5\% (negative group), tamoxifen (positive group), three level of dayak onion bulbs extract doses namely dose 8 mg/ 200 g, 12 mg/ 200 g , and 18 mg/ 200 g. All groups, except the sham, is ovariectomized to obtain the conditions of hypoestrogen. After ovariectomy, all rats were evaluated for the success of ovariectomy on day 35, followed by the administration of the extracts by oral administration for 21 days. After 21 days administration, the level of bone calcium, bone weight, and bone length were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Results: Dayak onion bulbs extract at dose 3 (18 mg/200 g BW) could increase significantly bone calcium level, bone weight, and bone legnth of hypoestrogen rat. Conclusion: The results showed that Dayak onion bulbs extract could be developed to be a drug for menopause woman in the future.

}, keywords = {Bone calcium level, Bone length, Bone weight, Dayak onion bulbs, Hypoestrogen, Menopause}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.52}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/482}, author = {Anton Bahtiar and Riza Annisa} } @article {721, title = {Effects of Food Processing on Resveratrol and Total Phenolic Content in Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1096-1100}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1096}, abstract = {

Objective: Trans-resveratrol is a phenolic compound in the stilbene group present in Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seeds. In Indonesia, these seeds are consumed by roasting, frying (i.e., emping), and boiling. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of food processing on trans-resveratrol and total phenolic compound levels in melinjo seeds. Methods: Melinjo seed was roasted at 145oC for 10 and 20 min, boiled at 100oC for 5, 15, and 30 min, and fried at 160-170oC for 2 and 4 min. Samples were refluxed with 96\% ethanol. The determination of trans-resveratrol levels was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method. Results: Based on the results, it was found that trans-resveratrol and total phenolic content levels in Melinjo powder decreased from 36\% to 10\% (trans-resveratrol) and 15\% to 4\% (total phenolic) after 20 min of roasting, and in fried empings, it decreased 60\%, 68\%, and 92\% (trans-resveratrol) and 41\%, 45\%, 97\% (total phenolic) after 5, 15, and 30 min of boiling, respectively. Conclusion: There were significant changes in trans-resveratrol levels and total phenolic content in Melinjo seeds before and after various cooking processes (i.e., roasting, boiling, and frying).

}, keywords = {Food processing, Gnetum gnemon L., Melinjo seeds, Resveratrol levels, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.186}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Desta Andriyani and Christoper Gunawan and Nisrina Dhiah Fauziah and Sutriyo Sutriyo and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {704, title = {Effects of Kefir Fermentation on Antioxidation Activities (in vitro) and Antioxidative Stress (in vivo) of Three Thai Rice Milk Varieties Prepared by Ultrasonication Technique}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1061-1066}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1061}, abstract = {

Aims: The effects of kefir fermentation were investigated on antioxidation activities (in vitro) and antioxidative stress (in vivo) for different Thai rice; Hawm Nil rice, Red Hawm rice and Khao Dawk Mali 105 rice. Methodology: Antioxidant activity (in vitro) was investigated using ferric reducing antioxidant power and 2, 2\´-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assays. In addition, antioxidative stress (in vivo) was performed using colitis rat models to study nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) compared with rats treated with prednisolone and cow\’s milk kefir. Results: Antioxidant activity of rice kefir powder from both assays had higher antioxidant activity than cow\’s milk kefir powder. NO levels of colitis rats received Hawm Nil rice kefir powder (HNKP) was reduced when compared to phosphate buffered saline (PBS) group. Moreover, colitis rats received HNKP did not differ in NO levels from colitis rats that received prednisolone and non-colitis rats. The result of LPO product malondialdehyde (MDA) indicated that colitis rats treated with HNKP had reduced TBARS compared to PBS group, and did not differ in TBARS levels from rats that received prednisolone and non-colitis rats. Surprisingly, increase in SOD activity was observed in colitis rats that received HNKP compared to PBS, with similar results of increased SOD in rats that received prednisolone and cow\’s milk kefir powder. Conclusion: Hawm Nil rice kefir may offer a protective effect for antioxidative stress resulting from chemical induction; it has potential as a supplementary food with high antioxidant activity and is regarded as safe for consumer health.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Antioxidative stress, Lactic acid, Rice kefir, Thai rice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.179}, author = {Sirirat Deeseenthum and Vijitra Luang-In and Stephen Moses John and Pheeraya Chottanom and Supaporn Chunchom} } @article {486, title = {Effects of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Leaves Extracts in Culture of Human Umbilical Vein Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {148-153}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {148}, abstract = {

Oxidative stress can induce vascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetic and hyperlipidemia patients. Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit has been reported of possessing antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticholiesterase activity; as well as the toxic substance called mimosine. Aims: To determine antioxidant effects of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Leave extracts in oxidative stress induced vascular endothelial function. Methods and Material: Leave extracts were determined for antioxidant activity. Either or both of oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and glucose were applied to induce oxidative stress condition in human umbilical vein cultured (HUVCs) to observe superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, nitric oxide (NO) level and morphological changes. Results: Total polyphenol and flavonoid were 51.04 \± 0.91 mg GAE/g and 0.13 \± 0.01 mg catechin/g of dried weight (DW), respectively. Free radical reduction efficiency of crude extract observed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay showed IC50 value of 329.6 \μg of vitamin C equivalent/mg of extracts. Frap value was showed 428.54 \± 15.32 mM FeII equivalent/g of DW. The result observing in HUVCs showed that comparing to the control, SOD activity, NO and MDA level were maintained in 0.05 mg/mL of L. leucocephala treated group, but NO and MDA level were lowered when comparing with oxLDL and glucose-induced oxidative stress. No change was observed in 0.05 mg/mL of L. leucocephala treated group, comparing with control group. Conclusion: This study has been performed to exhibit the antioxidant activity of L. leucocephala in endothelium functions and has been found to have an appropriate concentration at 0.05 mg/mL in reducing oxidative stress condition in impaired fasting blood glucose patients. Nevertheless, the optimal level for toxic activity in inhibition of cancer angiogenesis should be further investigated.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, De Wit, Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.), Nitric oxide, Superoxide dismutase, Vascular endothelial.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.25}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/411}, author = {Ratikorn Chatchanayuenyong and Patcharawan Sujayanont and Auranut Vuttivirojana} } @article {462, title = {Effects of Miana (Coleus scutellariodes (L) Benth) to Expression of mRNA IL-37 in Balb/c Mice Infected Candida albicans}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {16-19}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {16}, abstract = {

Background: Miana (Coleus scutellariodes (L) Benth) are a herbal medicine with potential anti-inflammatory properties in patients infected with vulvovaginal candidiasis. The objective of this work was to the analyze IL-37 expression following administration of miana leaf extract (MLE) in an animal model of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Material and Methods: Adult Balb/c mice, aged 8\–12 weeks and weighing 30\–40 g, were divided into five groups. Four groups were administered Candida albicans via intravaginal inoculation with a diluted dose of 10-2/ ml and were treated with either MLE, a placebo, or ketoconazole; one group constituted the healthy control and was only treated with MLE. Real-time PCR was used to measure the expression of IL-37. Results: These findings indicated that a component within MLE may mediate its anti-inflammatory characteristics, as indicated by the increase in mRNA IL-37 expression in mice inoculated with C. albicans. The highest increase in fungal load to 101.6 CFU was observed in the placebo group at day 14. Whereas for the mice treated with MLE at 750 mg/kg b.w, the fungal load only increased to 30.0 CFU, similar to that of mice treated with ketoconazole (29.6 CFU). In the mice treated with MLE at 500 mg/kg b.w, the fungal load increased to 68.2 CFU. Conclusion:\ Fungiostatic effect of MLE 750 mg/kg BB is not less than ketoconazole and MLE may act as anti-inflammatory throught its role as an antioxidant so it could potentially be used as an alternative treatment in humans especially patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis.

}, keywords = {CFU, Interleukin-37 mRNA, Miana, Realtime PCR, Vulvovaginal Candidiasis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.3}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/358}, author = {Marni Karo and Mochammad Hatta and WaOde Salma and Ilhamjaya Patellongi and Rosdiana Natzir} } @article {554, title = {Elemental Composition of the Medicinal Plants Hypericum perforatum, Urtica dioica and Matricaria chamomilla Grown in Ukraine: A Comparative Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {486-491}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {486}, abstract = {

Objective: To determine concentrations of essential microelements Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn, as well as toxic metals Pb, Cd, Cr and Co, in three herbal remedies and compare the experimental data obtained with available literature data. Materials and Methods: Elemental compositions of three herbal remedies, Chamomile flowers, Urtica folia (nettle) and Hyperichi herba (St John\’s wort), grown and produced in Ukraine, were studied by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results: The Fe concentration decreases, as well as the Zn and Mn concentrations, increase in going from nettle through chamomile to St John\’s wort. The Cu content is virtually independent of the plant type. Statistically significant negative correlations between the element concentrations were found in Fe-Mn and Fe-Zn pairs. The studied samples of St John\’s wort are more contaminated with Cd than other plants, while the highest Pb content is observed in some samples of nettle. Conclusion: The measured levels of both Pb and Cd still secure against overuse of toxic metals with herbal remedies.

Key words: Medicinal plants, Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Elemental composition, Pb, Cd contamination.

}, keywords = {Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Cd contamination, Elemental composition, Medicinal plants, Pb}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.80}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/513}, author = {Tetiana Derkach and Volodymyr Khomenko} } @article {732, title = {Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) as a Source of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1143-1148}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1143}, abstract = {

Introduction: Endophytic fungi are becoming an important source of new natural bioactive products. Many interesting endophytic fungi have been isolated from traditional medicinal plants. Crocus sativus L. (saffron) is one of the most expensive and rarest spices in the world, used as a dye, aroma and for medicinal purposes. This study reports on the molecular characterization of endophytic fungi isolated from roots of saffron plants growing in Taliouine- Morocco, and the examination of the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of secondary metabolites extracted from these endophytes. Methods and Material: The fungi were isolated from sterilized saffron root fragments and identified using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA gene sequence analysis. Three endophytes were fermented and extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and chloroform (CHCl3). The antibacterial activity of fungi extracts was evaluated using the Agar Diffusion Method against six strains, Bacillus sp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Pseudomonas putida, Pantoea sp., Luteibacter sp. and Escherichia coli. The antioxidant activity was tested by using the \α,\α-diphenyl-\β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) analysis and \β-Carotene bleaching test (BCBT) methods. Results: Sixty fungal isolates were recovered and purified from saffron roots. ITS rDNA sequences were 99-100\% identical to three different species: Rhizopus oryzae, Aspergillus fumigatiaffinis and Aspergillus niger. Both Rhizopus oryzae extracts had high antibacterial activity against most of the bacteria tested, while Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae extracts showed an antioxidant capacity using DPPH and BCBT methods, respectively. Conclusion: The fungal endophytes inhabiting saffron roots could be a potential source of natural plant bioactive secondary metabolites especially for antibacterial and antioxidant purposes.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, Crocus sativus L., Endophytic fungi, ITS rDNA, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.195}, author = {Imane Chamkhi and Laila Sbabou and Jamal Aurag} } @article {748, title = {Essential Oil and Anatomical Study of Flowers Solidago caucasica Kem.-Nath.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s63-s65}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s63}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plant Solidago caucasica Kem.-Nath. (Asteraceae) is studied by us for the first time. We have established its diuretic and antimicrobial action. The study of essential oil and the anatomical structure of S. caucasica flowers is presented for the first time in this article. Materials and Methods: S. caucasica flowers were collected at the beginning of flowering in the botanical garden of the Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute. Essential oil was obtained by hydro distillation. The component composition of the essential oil was studied by liquid chromatography\–mass spectrometry. Results: The main components of essential oil and microscopic diagnostic signs of S. caucasica flowers were established. Solidago caucasica flowers contain 0.57\% essential oil. It contains humulene epoxide H (-)-spathulenol, \β-linalool, \α-terpinol, trans-geraniol, carvacrol and others. Numerous pappus hairs meet in the microscopy of the flower. Ligulate florets are characterized by round chromoplasts, covering trichomes multicellular. Epidermal cells of the tubular florets have polygonal chromoplasts, trichomes, consisting of several cells fused with each other, covering trichomes with a thick wall and a thin cavity inside. On the epidermis of the involucre there are stomata of anomocytic type, glandular trichomes, trichomes cone-shaped, trichomes wide and essential oil glands. Conclusion: The obtained standards will provide referential information for correct identification, purity, standardization and preparation of monograph of S. caucasica.

}, keywords = {Chromoplasts, Humulene epoxide, Pathulenol, Solidago caucasica Kem.-Nath., Trichomes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.12}, author = {Victoria Vladimirovna Fedotova and Dmitry Alexeevich Konovalov} } @article {576, title = {Estrogenic Effects of Euphorbia hirta L. Extract in Ovariectomized Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {435-438.}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {435}, abstract = {

Context: Euphorbia hirta L. has been wildly used for its health benefits. It has been used as a decoction and to treat diarrhea, peptic ulcers, menstrual problems and venereal diseases. Aims: The study aims to investigate the estrogenic effects of E. hirta on ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Methods: The ovariectomized rats were divided into four groups, including those that received the vehicle (1\% v/v Tween 80, p.o.), 17\β-estradiol at a dose of 0.01 mg/kg B.W. and the ethanolic extract of E. hirta at the doses of 100 and 500 mg/kg B.W. These were administered daily for 14 days. Estrogenic activity was determined by analyzing the body, vaginal and uterine weight as well as the uterine and vaginal histopathology characteristics of the estrogen-induced response. Results: At the dose of 500 mg/kg B.W., the plant extract produced a significant increase in vaginal weight when compared with the ovariectomized rats, a slightly increase in the uterine weight and could induce hyperplastic epithelium and endometrial thickness of the vagina. Conclusion: The data in this work suggests that the plant crude extract showed weak estrogenic effects in ovariectomized rats and could be useful for health benefits for vagina atrophy of females during the menopause.

}, keywords = {Estrogenic, Euphorbia hirta L, Ovariectomized rats, Uterus, Vagina.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.71}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/504}, author = {Wilawan Promprom and Wannachai Chatan} } @article {699, title = {Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants used by Ayta Communities in Dinalupihan, Bataan, Philippines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {859-870}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {859}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study documented the species of medicinal plants used by Ayta communities in Dinalupihan, Bataan. The plant parts used for medicinal purposes, preparations, mode of administration of these medicinal plants were determined. The most important species based on use values and informant consensus factors were also calculated. Methods: A total of 26 informants were interviewed regarding the plants they utilize for medicinal purposes. Free and prior informed consents were obtained from the informants. Taxonomic identification was done in the Botany Division of the National Museum of the Philippines. Informant consensus factor (FIC) and use values (UV) were also calculated. Results: Ayta communities listed a total of 118 plant species classified into 49 families used as herbal medicines. The Family Fabaceae was the most represented plant family with 11 species. Leaves were the most used plant part (43\%). Majority of medicinal preparations were taken orally (57\%). It was found that Psidium guajava L. and Lunasia amara Blanco were the most commonly used medicinal plants in the three communities with the use value of 0.814. Conclusion: This documentation provides a catalog of useful plants of the Ayta and serves as a physical record of their culture for the education of future Ayta generations.

}, keywords = {Ayta, Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, Philippines, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.145}, author = {Ourlad Alzeus G. Tantengco and MARLON LIAN C. CONDES and Hanna Hasmini T. Estadilla and Elena M. Ragragio} } @article {749, title = {Ethnobotanical Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Pterocarpus marsupium: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s1-s8}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {s1}, abstract = {

Pterocarpus marsupium is an important therapeutic and medicinal plant belonging to family Fabaceae and commonly named as Indian Kino tree, Bijasal, Venga or Vijayasara. It is a huge deciduous plant and widely distributed in the Central, Western and Southern regions of India. Role of P. marsupium is found in Ayurveda, Homeopathic and Unani systems of medicine. It is a decent source of tannins and flavonoids hence, used as influential astringent, anodyne, cooling, regenerating agent and also used for the treatments of leprosy, leucoderma, toothache, fractures, diarrhea, passive hemorrhage, and dysentery, bruises and diabetes. It is also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, gout, diabetic anemia, indigestion, asthma, cough, discoloration of hair, bronchitis, ophthalmic complications, elephantiasis and erysipelas. Researchers have been stated the presence of several phytoconstituents in P. marsupium and also their pharmacological activities. The current review aimed to define the phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of P. marsupium which will have been help in the researchers for further qualitative research.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Epicatechin, Indian Kino, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pterocarpus marsupium, Tannin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.1}, author = {Mohd Saidur Rahman and Md. Mujahid and Mohd Aftab Siddiqui and Md. Azizur Rahman, and Muhammad Arif and Shimaila Eram and Anayatullah Khan and Md Azeemuddin} } @article {556, title = {Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Extracts Commonly Used in Algerian Traditional Medicine against Some Pathogenic Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {x}, pages = {XX-XX}, type = {x}, chapter = {XX}, abstract = {

Introduction: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of hydromethanolic extracts of Berberis vulgaris, Cassia angustifolia, Cinnamomum cassia, Cistus monspeliensis, Nigella sativa, Punica granatum, Rhus tripartata, Withania frutescens and Zingiber officinale against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative reference bacterial strains. Methods: The evaluation of antibacterial activity for different extracts of each plant was carried out using the disc diffusion method and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: The plant extracts showed zone of inhibition ranging from 06.0 to 23.0 mm against one or more tested bacteria, and their efficacy in terms of MICs where ranged from 0.1 to 12.8 mg/mL. The Refluxed and Macerated extracts of these plants have shown relatively similar results in terms of diameters of inhibition and MICs. The extracts of B. vulgaris, C. monspeliensis and P. granatum demonstrated relatively high activity as compared to the other plant extracts mainly against S. aureus, E. faecalis and E. cloacae. Conclusion: Findings of this study indicate that hydromethanolic extracts of these plants have antibacterial activity against the different tested bacterial strains. This activity supports their use in treatment of infections caused by such resistant bacteria.

Key words: Medicinal plants, Hydromethanolic extracts, Antibacterial activity, Inhibition zones, MICs, Bacterial resistance.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Bacterial resistance., Hydromethanolic extracts, Inhibition zones, Medicinal plants, MICs}, doi = {10.5530/jppcm.2018.2s.xx}, author = {Mohamed Senouci Bereksi and Hafida Hassa{\"\i}ne and Chahrazed Bekhechi and Djamel Eddine Abdelouahid} } @article {588, title = {Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of some Medicinal Plants Extracts Commonly Used in Algerian Traditional Medicine against some Pathogenic Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {507-512}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {507}, abstract = {

Introduction: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of hydromethanolic extracts of Berberis vulgaris, Cassia angustifolia, Cinnamomum cassia, Cistus monspeliensis, Nigella sativa, Punica granatum, Rhus tripartata, Withania frutescens and Zingiber officinale against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative reference bacterial strains. Methods: The evaluation of antibacterial activity for different extracts of each plant was carried out using the disc diffusion method and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: The plant extracts showed zone of inhibition ranging from 06.0 to 23.0 mm against one or more tested bacteria, and their efficacy in terms of MICs where ranged from 0.1 to 12.8 mg/mL. The Refluxed and Macerated extracts of these plants have shown relatively similar results in terms of diameters of inhibition and MICs. The extracts of B. vulgaris, C. monspeliensis and P. granatum demonstrated relatively high activity as compared to the other plant extracts mainly against S. aureus, E. faecalis and E. cloacae. Conclusion: Findings of this study indicate that hydromethanolic extracts of these plants have antibacterial activity against the different tested bacterial strains. This activity supports their use in treatment of infections caused by such resistant bacteria.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Bacterial resistance, Hydromethanolic extracts, Inhibition zones, Medicinal plants, MICs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.83}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/516}, author = {Mohamed Senouci Bereksi and Hafida Hassa{\"\i}ne and Chahrazed Bekhechi and Djamel Eddine Abdelouahid} } @article {516, title = {Evaluation of Chemoprotective Effect of Quercetin from Argyreia speciosa against N-methyl-N-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine and NaCl-Induced Gastric Carcinomas in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {215-220}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {215}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the chemo protective potential of Quercetin, an isolated compound from Argyreia speciosa, on N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and NaCl-induced gastric carcinomas in Wistar rats. Methods: The rats were fed with a diet supplemented with 8\% NaCl and simultaneously given N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. After administration of the carcinogen, quercetin was administered. The whole stomach and a part of duodenum were sampled, cut open and tumors were recorded. The specimens were histopathologically investigated and the expression of surviving was examined with immunohistochemical analysis. Results and Conclusions: The treatment with quercetin significantly increases body weight in the rats after N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine administration. Survivin expression in glandular stomachs of normal rats, of rats in adenocarcinomas and quercetin at dose dependent manner treated rats were 0\%, 90\%, 75\%, 33.3-25\%, respectively. Compared with the survivin expression in negative rats, the differences were significant. Compared with the survivin expression in normal rats, the differences were significant. Histological observations of stomach tissues too correlated with the biochemical observations. These findings indicated that the Quercetin treatment could stimulate immunity activity in rats with N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine induced gastric carcinoma and have pronounced effect on survivin which is an attractive target for gastric cancer therapy.

}, keywords = {Argyreia speciosa, Gastric carcinoma, Immunochemistry, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.37}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/467}, author = {Lubna Azmi and Ila Shukla and Shyam Sundar Gupta and Aniruddh Chaudhary and Padam Kant and Narayan Prasad Yadav and Chandana Venkateswara Rao} } @article {705, title = {Evaluation of Different Fractions of Garcinia kola Extracts against Multidrug Resistant Clinical Bacterial and Fungal Isolates}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1055-1060}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1055}, abstract = {

Background: The effectiveness of antibiotics used in the treatment of bacterial infections has been on the decline due to bacterial resistance. To improve clinical management of recalcitrant bacterial infections, alternative therapy such as medicinal plant products are now being evaluated. This study investigates the antimicrobial effects of Garcinia kola fractions on clinical isolates of multidrug resistant gram negative bacteria and Candida. Materials and Methods: Escherichia coli\ , Acinetobacter baumannii, Serratia marcescens and Candida species were used for the study. Microbial isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out using basic microbiological procedures. Confirmation of all isolates was done using the VITEK 2 compact automated system (BioMerieux, Marcy I\’Etoile France). The powdered dried seeds of G. kola were extracted with 70\% methanol for 7 days, using a cold maceration method. The crude extracts were evaporated to dryness, using different solvents to obtain the fractions according to standard fractionation techniques. Results: The aqueous, butanol, chloroform and hexane fractions at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 25mg/ml were active against A. baumannii. Ethyl acetate fraction at MIC of 20 mg/ml also produced growth inhibition of same isolates. At the same MICs, the different fractions were observed to inhibit the growth of candida albicans (CF1) isolate. Overall, aqueous fraction of G. kola produced more growth inhibition followed by butanol fractions, with chloroform fractions producing the least effects. Conclusion: The antibacterial potencies of these extracts could be useful for the treatment of multi-drug-resistant A. baumannii. The aqueous fraction showed better activities than the other fractions studied.

}, keywords = {Clinical isolates, Garcinia kola, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Multidrug resistant bacteria, Sensitivity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.178}, author = {Lorina Ineta Badger-Emeka and Hany Ezzat Khalil and Promise Madu Emeka} } @article {725, title = {Evaluation of in vitro Antioxidant Potential of Amaranthus caudatus L. Grown in Kashmir Region}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1119-1124}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1119}, abstract = {

Background: Plants have a well-developed defensive machinery for minimizing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated damages in the form of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. The in-vitro mechanism of antioxidant action of plant extracts may involve direct inhibition of the ROS generation or ROS scavenging. The antioxidant activity of the extracts may be due to active constituents alone or the combination of constituents. However, the amount of constituents are known to vary according to the change in environment. Method: In our study, antioxidant activity of Amaranthus caudatus L. from two different sites (elevation sites) was investigated at three stages, (vegetative, pre flowering and post flowering) using ethanolic extract (EtOH). Result: The phenolic and flavonoid content increased at all stages from site 1 to site 2. The total reducing power, Ferrous reducing antioxidative power (FRAP), diphenyl picryl hydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, superoxide dismutase scavenging (SOD) assay and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity increased from site 1 to site 2 at all the three stages. Conclusion: The results reveal that the altitude and the growth stage have a significant effect on antioxidative potential of Amaranthus.

}, keywords = {Amaranthus, Ethanolic extract, Hydrogen peroxide, Phenolics, Reactive Oxygen Species, Superoxide dismutase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.190}, author = {Asiya Ramzan and Inayatullah Tahir and Reiaz Ul Rehman} } @article {470, title = {Evaluation of in vitro Antiviral Activity of Essential Oil Compounds Against Dengue Virus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {55-59}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {55}, abstract = {

Introduction: There are not effective drugs available for treatment of dengue fever despite intensive research on synthetic inhibitors. The search for active phytochemicals could serve for the discovery of new drugs. This study aims to evaluate the antiviral activity in vitro of compounds found in essential oils from medicinal plants. Materials and Methods: Nine synthetic-derived essential oil compounds were evaluated. Antiviral effect was screened measuring the reduction of viral NS1 and E proteins in HepG-2 and Vero cells. Results: \β-Caryophyllene was identified as the most active compound, it reduced the virus serotype-2 replication in HepG-2 cells at IC50 of 22 \± 5.6 \μM, and blocked replication of all four serotypes in Vero cells at IC50 between 8.0 \μM and 15.0 \μM. The selectivity indexes were between 5.3 and 10. According to results from time-in-addition assays, the antiviral effect of \β-caryophyllene appears to be associated with interruption of early steps of the virus life cycle. Citral revealed modest antiviral effect, it reduced the virus serotype-2 (IC50 of 31 \± 4.5 \μM) replication but not the other three serotypes. Seven terpenes did not reveal antiviral activity at maximum concentration of 30 \μM. Conclusion: Research on compounds found in essential oils can contribute to the drug discovery effort for dengue. \β-Caryophyllene could serve as a starting point.

}, keywords = {Antiviral, Dengue, Essential oil, Flavivirus, Terpene}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.11}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/366}, author = {Mar{\'\i}a C. Flechas and Raquel E. Ocazionez and Elena E. Stashenko} } @article {626, title = {Evaluation of Modulatory Effect of Combination of Spondias Pinnata and Whey Preparation on Intestinal Antioxidants and Inflammatory Markers in Etoposide Induced Rat Model for Mucositis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {640-644}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {640}, abstract = {

Background: Etoposide is an important chemotherapeutic agent that is used to treat a wide spectrum of human cancers. The efficacy of this drug is often limited due to severe sideeffects such as mucositis, anorexia, myelosupperssion, alopecia. At present there are no anti-mucositic agents without side effects. To combat these side effects of cancer treatment, innovative and specific nutritional interventions are needed. The experimental procedure included an oral treatment with combination of Spondias pinnata and whey preparation (100 mg/kg b.w).on etoposide induced mucositis. Methods: Study was conducted at Central Research Laboratory, Kasturba Medical College. Rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and duodenum collected for estimation of biochemical parameters. Estimation was carried out for assessing the levels of TAO, GSH, LPO, NO and activity of MPO. Correlation analysis was performed by one-way Anova using graph pad prism to find the relation between control and test. Result: The antioxidant (TAO and GSH) were found to be significantly high in the rats which received the combination compared to the individual Spondias pinnata and whey treated groups. Administration Spondias pinnata and whey in combination shows significant decrease in the TBARS, NO and MPO levels. Conclusion: Spondias pinnata and whey preparation supplementation in combination have shown mucoprotective effects in rat model. Hence it can be considered as anti-mucositis therapeutic agents which can be safely administered during chemotherapy and can reverse mucositis.

}, keywords = {Etoposide, Lipid peroxidation (LPO), Mucositis, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Nitric Oxide (NO), Spondias pinnata, Whey preparation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.105}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/643}, author = {Vyshnavi, Gayathri Rao and Shyamala Nayak and Beena Shetty} } @article {747, title = {Experience of Introduction of Two Species of Eryngium in the North Caucasus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s59-s62}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s59}, abstract = {

The article gives recommendations on the cultivation of Eryngium caucasicum Trautv. and Eryngium planum L. in the Caucasus. Introduction: In Russia, grows about 20 species of Eryngium, in the Caucasus - 8 species. Materials and Methods: The subjects of the study were two species: Eryngium caucasicum Trautv. and Eryngium planum L. The main methods of research: field, observation, mathematical. Results: The seedlings appear on the 14-16th day. In the first year of vegetation, a rosette of leaves is formed. In September, the rosettes of leaves have a diameter of 35-39 cm. Plants of the second year of vegetation pass through all phases of development: Eryngium caucasicum Trautv. - for 180 days, Eryngium planum L. - for 160 days. Conclusion: Seeds should be sown in late autumn (late October - early November) or early spring (late February - beginning of March). Seeds are sown to a depth of 1-2 cm, between rows - 50-60 cm. Care of plants requires weeding from weeds and watering. Collection of seeds and fruits is recommended in August - September.

}, keywords = {Eryngium, Eryngium caucasicum, Eryngium plan, Introduction, Recommendations}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.11}, author = {Shcherbakova Ekaterina Aleksandrovna and Eliseeva Lyudmila Mikhailovna and Konovalov Dmitry Alexeevich} } @article {560, title = {Extraction of Total Phenolics, Flavonoids and Tannins from Paederia foetida L. Leaves and their Relation with Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {x}, pages = {XX-XX}, type = {x}, chapter = {XX}, abstract = {

Introduction: Paederia foetida L. is a climbing shrub that possesses several ethnomedicinal uses with immense pharmacologic relevance. Objective: The study aims to determine an efficient extraction condition for phenolic compounds with substantial antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Solvent (aqueous, methanol, ethanol and acetone) extracts were made from fresh leaves (FL) and shade dried leaves (SDL) of P. foetida with different durations (12, 24, 36 and 48 h). Quantitative estimations of all extracts were made for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC) along with their total antioxidant activity (TAA). The phenolic contents of different extracts were correlated with their TAA. Extracts with highest phenolic yield and TAA estimates for each solvent were assessed by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2ˊ-azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulfonic acid (ABTS), superoxide (SO) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Results: Methanol exhibited the highest extraction ability for TPC, TFC and TAA while aqueous extractions are superior for TTC. The maximum estimates of all the studied components are noted at 48 h. Mostly, extracts of SDL are superior to FL. TPC and TFC are interrelated between themselves as well as showed positive and significant correlation with TAA. The antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, SO and FRAP) reveal higher antioxidant activity with methanolic extracts compared to other studied solvents. Conclusion: The study highlights antioxidant properties of phenolics, particularly flavonoids in P. foetida, which can be further explored for its pharmacological importance.

Key words: Antioxidants, Extraction conditions, Fresh and shade dried leaves, Paederia foetida, Polyphenols.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Extraction conditions, Fresh and shade dried leaves, Paederia foetida, Polyphenols.}, doi = {10.5530/jppcm.2018.2s.xx}, author = {Shaswat Ojha and Adarsha Raj and Alokesh Roy and Sudipta Roy} } @article {594, title = {Extraction of Total Phenolics, Flavonoids and Tannins from Paederia foetida L. Leaves and their Relation with Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {541-547}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {541}, abstract = {

Introduction: Paederia foetida L. is a climbing shrub that possesses several ethnomedicinal uses with immense pharmacologic relevance. Objective: The study aims to determine an efficient extraction condition for phenolic compounds with substantial antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Solvent (aqueous, methanol, ethanol and acetone) extracts were made from fresh leaves (FL) and shade dried leaves (SDL) of P. foetida with different durations (12, 24, 36 and 48 h). Quantitative estimations of all extracts were made for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC) along with their total antioxidant activity (TAA). The phenolic contents of different extracts were correlated with their TAA. Extracts with highest phenolic yield and TAA estimates for each solvent were assessed by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2ˊ-azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulfonic acid (ABTS), superoxide (SO) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Results: Methanol exhibited the highest extraction ability for TPC, TFC and TAA while aqueous extractions are superior for TTC. The maximum estimates of all the studied components are noted at 48 h. Mostly, extracts of SDL are superior to FL. TPC and TFC are interrelated between themselves as well as showed positive and significant correlation with TAA. The antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, SO and FRAP) reveal higher antioxidant activity with methanolic extracts compared to other studied solvents. Conclusion: The study highlights antioxidant properties of phenolics, particularly flavonoids in P. foetida, which can be further explored for its pharmacological importance.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Extraction conditions, Fresh and shade dried leaves, Paederia foetida, Polyphenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.88}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/521}, author = {Shaswat Ojha and Adarsha Raj and Alokesh Roy and Sudipta Roy} } @article {600, title = {Ficus religiosa Tree Leaves as Bioindicators of Heavy Metals in Gorakhpur City, Uttar Pradesh, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {416-420}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {416}, abstract = {

Objective: The present work investigates the metal uptake of the plant Ficus religiosa leaves collected from nine experimental sites in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh. Materials and Methods: The concentration of lead in leaves was determined with help of atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: The level of the lead in leaves of Ficus religiosa was much higher than the limits recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). The bioaccumulation of lead was highest in site 2 (Gayatri nagar) i.e. 14.1 mg kg-1 dry weight of F. religiosa. To determine the relationship between the lead concentration in leaves and traffic density the Pearson\’s correlation analysis has been performed. Conclusion: The value of Pearson\’s correlation coefficient was positive indicating that the traffic density plays an important role in the lead pollution in plants.

}, keywords = {Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Lead, Metal}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.68}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/501}, author = {Pooja Agrahari and Richa R and Kumari Swati and Supriya Rai and Vinay Kumar Singh and Dinesh Kumar Singh} } @article {714, title = {Formulation and Evaluation of Solid Dispersion Tablet of Andrographis paniculata Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1047-1054}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1047}, abstract = {

Objective: To enhance solubility of ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata by solid dispersion technique and to perform formulation and evaluation of solid dispersion tablet. Materials and Methods: Solid dispersion of Andrographis paniculata extract has been prepared by solvent evaporation technique using soluplus and PEG 6000. Prepared solid dispersions have been evaluated for various micromeritic properties. The tablets of solid dispersion were prepared by direct compression technique and were evaluated for various physical tests and in-vitro dissolution study. Results: The study showed that prepared solid dispersion has good flow property and compressibility. The solubility of extract was found to be more from solid dispersion prepared by using soluplus than that of prepared by using PEG 6000. The rate of drug release was found to be higher in acidic buffer at pH 1.2 as compared to that of in phosphate buffer at pH 6.8. Conclusion: The study concludes that the solid dispersion tablet of ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata can be effectively prepared using soluplus by solvent evaporation techniqu

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Ethanolic extract, PEG 6000, Solid dispersion, Soluplus, Solvent evaporation technique}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.177}, author = {Sachin Annasaheb Nitave and Nilesh B. Chougule and Kailasam Koumaravelou} } @article {606, title = {Functional and Morphological Studies of Organic and Inorganic Tomatoes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {715-719}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {715}, abstract = {

Aim: To study the functional and morphological characteristics of organic and inorganic tomatoes. Methodology: UV treated, and untreated organic and inorganic tomato powdered samples were assessed using an analytical technique FT-IR and SEM. Results: FT-IR spectra of organic control samples showed peaks at (3290.12, 2924.72 and 1611.61 cm-1) while, organic treated samples revealed some peaks at (3287.11, 2925.66 and 1612.91 cm-1), inorganic control tomatoes confirmed the peaks at (3289.47, 2925.76 and 1619.26 cm-1) and in inorganic treated tomatoes peaks was at (3289.42, 2925.34 and 1619.31 cm-1) respectively, on confirming the presence of O-H, C-H, C=C, C=O and C-OH functional groups. However, results confirmed slight changes in functional groups of organic and inorganic samples and UV treatment helps in decreasing the effect of fluoride, chloride and other synthetic chemicals level by disinfecting the samples. SEM micrographs showed non-significant changes with minimal effect of UV in all samples. Conclusion: The outcome of the study helps in effective understanding of functional and microstructural differences between organic and inorganic tomatoes.

}, keywords = {FT-IR, Inorganic, Organic, SEM, Tomatoes, UV treatment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.119}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/657}, author = {Shwetha M S and Sinija V R and M Durgadevi and B K Yadav and S Shanmugasundaram} } @article {632, title = {Functional and Morphological Studies of Organic and Inorganic Tomatoes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {715-719}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {715}, abstract = {

Aim: To study the functional and morphological characteristics of organic and inorganic tomatoes. Methodology: UV treated, and untreated organic and inorganic tomato powdered samples were assessed using an analytical technique FT-IR and SEM. Results: FT-IR spectra of organic control samples showed peaks at (3290.12, 2924.72 and 1611.61 cm-1) while, organic treated samples revealed some peaks at (3287.11, 2925.66 and 1612.91 cm-1), inorganic control tomatoes confirmed the peaks at (3289.47, 2925.76 and 1619.26 cm-1) and in inorganic treated tomatoes peaks was at (3289.42, 2925.34 and 1619.31 cm-1) respectively, on confirming the presence of O-H, C-H, C=C, C=O and C-OH functional groups. However, results confirmed slight changes in functional groups of organic and inorganic samples and UV treatment helps in decreasing the effect of fluoride, chloride and other synthetic chemicals level by disinfecting the samples. SEM micrographs showed non-significant changes with minimal effect of UV in all samples. Conclusion: The outcome of the study helps in effective understanding of functional and microstructural differences between organic and inorganic tomatoes.

}, keywords = {FT-IR, Inorganic, Organic, SEM, Tomatoes, UV treatment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.119}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/657}, author = {Shwetha Manchanabele Shankar and Sinija Vadakkepulppara Ramachandran Nair and Manoharan Duragdevi and Binod Kumar Yadav and Shanmugasundaram Saravanan} } @article {728, title = {Functional Ingredients and Medicinal Prospects of Ethanol Extract from Macrocybe lobayensis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1154-1158}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1154}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mushrooms are a good source of bioactive components and have been traditionally consumed across the globe for maintaining health. However, information concerning medicinal activity of ethnically popular macrofungi still remains limited. Aim: Therefore, the present study was aimed for determination of functional constituents and therapeutic efficacy of a less explored mushroom, Macrocybe lobayensis that has been habitually used in local diets. Method: In this context, an ethanol extract was prepared from dried basidiocarps and characterized by spectrophotometry and HPLC to identify bioactive constituents. Alongside, the fraction was also subjected for evaluation of medicinal properties namely antioxidant and antibacterial effects. Results: The formulation was found to be consisted mainly of phenolic compounds (pyrogallol\> cinnamic acid\> p-coumaric acid\> p-hydroxybenzoic acid). As a result, the fraction exhibited strong antioxidant activity evident by the ability of quenching DPPH and ABTS radicals, chelating capacity of Fe2+ as well as reducing components with EC50 of 1000 to 2264 \μg/ml. Besides, the formulation also emerged as a potent source of antibiotic as it inhibited growth of investigating microbes in order of Staphylococcus aureus\> Escherichia coli\> Bacillus subtilis\> Salmonella typhimurium\> Listeria monocytogenes. Conclusion: Thus, the outcome might encourage use of M. lobayensis as natural antioxidant and antibacterial agent in pharmaceutical, cosmetic or food industries.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant potential, Ethanol Extract, Wild edible mushroom}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.197}, author = {Somanjana Khatua and Krishnendu Acharya} } @article {494, title = {GC MS/MS analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Alcoholic Seed Extract of Gauzuma ulmifolia Lam}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {194-197}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {194}, abstract = {

Introduction: Gauzuma ulmifolia Lam. (GU) belonging to the family Malvaceae, commonly called Bastard Cedar is native to tropical American countries. It was introduced into India more than 100 years ago. Methods: In the present study, alcoholic seed extract of Gauzuma ulmifolia Lam. was subjected to GC MS/MS analysis and chemical compounds were characterized. Results: Totally sixteen compounds were characterized. Chemical analysis of the extract showed that it includes bioactive compounds like D-Asarinin (65.02 \%), 2,6-Bis (3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo (3.3.0) octane (20.12 \%), 1-Dodecanone, 2-(imidazol- 1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl) (7.54 \%) and o-Anisic acid, tridec-2-ynyl ester (3.33 \%) as major constituents. Minor components such as Vitamin E, \γ \– Tocopherol, Ergost-5-en-3-ol, (3\β), Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester is also present. Conclusion: Based on the above results, the seeds of this plant could posse\’s oxygen (92.27 \%), hydrocarbon (0.19 \%) and nitrogen (7.54 \%) derivatives of volatile principle. This is the first-time report on the composition of seed of GU.

}, keywords = {Alcoholic extract, D-Asarinin, Gauzuma ulmifolia, GC MS/MS analysis, Vitamin E.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.33}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/419}, author = {Sivakami Sundari Ponnusamy and Shanaz Banu and Murugan Vedigounder and Dhanashree Narayanswamy} } @article {513, title = {GC-MS Analysis and Anti-Microbial Activities of Volatile Oil of Nardostachys Jatamansi D.C. Rhizomes Obtained from Haridwar Region, Uttrakhand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {230-234}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {230}, abstract = {

The Rhizomes of Nardostachys jatamansi D.C (Family Valerianceae) were collected from Haridwar, Uttarakhand. Aim: To identify the various volatile constituents of Nardostachys jatamansi D. C. Rhizomes and evaluation of antimicrobial activity. Method: The essential oil was collected by hydro distillation and analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC- MS). Volatile oil constituents, antimicrobial potential of Nardostachys jatamansi D. C. Rhizomes have been studied using different concentrations of the volatile oil against some micro-organisms. Results: A total of 10 compounds were identified from their fragmentation pattern. The Identified compounds were Calarene (20.4\%), Vardiflorene (12.3\%), \α- Panasinsen (9.7\%), \α- Santalene (4.6\%), \γ-Himachelene (17.1\%), Jatamansone (7\%), Ionol 4 (9.9\%), 2,2,7,7- Tetramethyl tricyclo[6,2,1,0 (1,6)] undec-4-ene 3-one (1.7\%), Epiglobulol (1.9\%) and Resibufogenin (8.4\%). Among them major constituents characterized was Calarene (20.4 \%) and followed by \γ-Himachelene (17.1\%) and Vardiflorene (12.3 \%). The volatile oil showed significant activity against all tested microorganisms. The maximum antibacterial activity was shown with 1\%v/v of volatile oil on Staphylococcus aureus (12.8 mm) followed by Escherichia coli (12.4 mm), whereas maximum anti-fungal activity was shown by 1\% v/v of volatile oil on Candida albicans (12.3 mm) followed by Aspergillus niger (11.9 mm). Conclusion: All identified constituents showed antibacterial activity and antifungal activity. Thus, the constituents should be further identified and analyzed by other spectrosopical techniques.

}, keywords = {Anti-microbial activity, GC GC-MS analysis, Hydro distillation, Nardostachys jatamansi DC, Volatile oil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.40}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/470}, author = {Vijender Singh and Neha Rana and Mohd Ali} } @article {685, title = {GC-MS Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Spondias purpurea L (Anacardiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {941-945}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {941}, abstract = {

Background: There are ongoing efforts to identify the chemical composition of plants used as food or medicines in other to correlate their components with the numerous claims of their medicinal usefulness in folklore. Objective: This work is aimed at profiling the phytochemical composition of Spondias purpurea using GC-MS, as well as to determine the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and the antioxidant capacity by DPPH radical scavenging assay. Methods: Whole fruit and stem bark of Spondias purpurea were collected, dried, extracted with methanol and concentrated in vacou before assessing them for their total phenolic content by Folin-Ciocalteu\’s phenol reagent method; total flavonoid content and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities. The whole fruit and stem bark extracts were partitioned into n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions. The n-hexane fraction of the stem bark and whole fruit were analyzed on GC-MS. Results: The stem bark had the highest phenolic content of 29.81\± 1.18 GAE mg/g. Similarly, free radical scavenging activities assay showed the stem bark to be most active with IC50 of 6.20 \± 1.51\μg/ml, better than the standard, ascorbic acid with IC50 of 11.51 \± 0.3\μg/ml. The n-hexane partitioned fractions of the fruit and stem bark on GC-MS analysis showed 9 prominent compounds including 9,17-Octadecadienal (5.43\%), 3-((4Z,7Z)-Heptadeca-4,7-dien-1-yl) phenol(12\%), (Z)-3-(Heptadec-10-en-1-yl) phenol (11.76\%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (7.07\%) and 13 compounds including 9,17-Octadecadienal (20.51\%),trans-13-Octadecenoic acid (12.61\%), Pentadecanoic acid (8.3\%), n-Hexadecanoic acid(15.24\%). Conclusions: This study provides justification for some of the folkloric use of Spondias purpurea.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, DPPH, GC-MS, Spondias purpurea, Total flavonoids, Total Phenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.159}, author = {Taiwo Olayemi Elufioye and Tomayo Ireti Berida} } @article {482, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Phytochemical Compounds in Syzygium polyanthum Leaves Extracted using Ultrasound-Assisted Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {110-119}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {110}, abstract = {

Context: Syzygium polyanthum has been traditionally formulated by the folklore for the treatment of diseases including diarrhea, rheumatism, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, gastritis and hyperuricemia. Normally, its phytochemicals are always extracted using solvent, maceration and steam distillation methods, but the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method is still not well documented. Aims: This study aims to extract the phytochemical compounds present in S. polyanthum leaves using UAE and to identify them by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Methodology: The leaves were consecutively soaked with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol in a bath sonicator to derive n-hexane (HSP), ethyl acetate (EASP), and methanol (MSP) extracts of S. polyanthum leaves and then the extracts were subjected to GC-MS analysis. Mass-spectral databases of peaks were compared with database from Wiley, NIST and FNSCC libraries for compound identification. Results: GC-MS analyses of HSP, EASP and MSP showed the presence of 21, 27, and 31 peaks, respectively. The major compound for HSP (31.912\%), EASP (27.042\%), and MSP (22.386\%) were unknown compounds which were detected at retention time between 61.980 and 62.29 min, thus requires further characterization. Squalene and phytol were among the other major compounds present in all three extracts. Several identified compounds in the extracts such as squalene, phytol, hentriacontane, palmitic acid, \α-pinene, nerolidol, linalool, \α-tocopherol and \β-tocopherol were known bioactive compounds. Conclusion: GC-MS analyses of n-hexane (HSP), ethyl acetate (EASP), and methanol (MSP) of S. polyanthum leaves extracts have revealed the presence of some known bioactive compounds with therapeutic importance.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compound, GC-MS, Sonication, Syzygium polyanthum, Ultra-sound-assisted}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.20}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/406}, author = {Erlena Nor Asmira Abd Rahim and Azlini Ismail and Muhammad Nor Omar and Umi Nadhirah Rahmat and Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad} } @article {742, title = {Glycyrrhiza glabra (Medicinal Plant) Research: A Scientometric Assessment of Global Publications Output during 1997-2016}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1067-1075}, type = {Invited Article}, chapter = {1067}, abstract = {

The present study examined 3428 global publications in Glycyrrhiza glabra, as covered in multidisciplinary Scopus bibliographical database during 1997-2016, with a view to understand their growth rate, global share, citation impact, international collaborative papers share, distribution of publications by broad subjects, productivity and citation profile of top organizations and authors, preferred media of communication and bibliographic characteristics of high cited papers. The global publications registered an annual average growth rate of 10.87\% and its citation impact averaged to 19.09 citations per paper. Among the top 12 most productive countries, the global share ranged from 1.87\% to 19.81\%, with China contributing the largest share of 19.81\%, followed by India (13.71\%), USA (11.84\%), etc. More than 79.0\% of the cumulative global publication share comes from top 12 countries during 1997-2016, showing decrease from 100.0\% to 77.80\% from 1997-2006 to 2007-16. Seven countries registered relative citation index above the world average of 1.10: U.K. (2.39), USA (1.87), Canada (1.71), Italy (1.51), Japan (1.49), Turkey (1.24) and Taiwan (1.18) during 1997-2016. Medicine, among seven broad subjects, contributed the largest publications share of 44.41\%, followed by pharmacology, toxicology and pharmaceutics (35.04\%), biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology (26.84\%), agricultural and biological sciences (16.89\%), chemistry (14.59\%), etc. during 1997-16. Among various organizations and authors contributing to global Glycyrrhiza glabra research, the 20 most productive global organizations and authors together contributed 15.08\% and 9.16\% global publication share respectively and 14.57\% and 16.62\% global citation share respectively during 1997-16. Amongst 3322 journal papers (in 1153 journals) in global Glycyrrhiza glabra research, the top 20 most productive journals contributed 16.80\% share of total journal publication output during 1997-2016. One hundred thirteen (113) publications were found to be high cited, as they registered citations from 100 to 852 during 1997-2016 and they together received 22234 citations, which averaged to 196.76 citations per paper.

}, keywords = {Bibliometrics, Global research output, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Medicinal plant, Scientometrics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.180}, author = {B. M. Gupta and K K Mueen Ahmed and Ritu Gupta} } @article {607, title = {Hepatoprotective Potential of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb in Hepatotoxicity Induced by Simvastatin and its consequences on Biochemical and Haematological Indices}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {720-724}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {720}, abstract = {

Objective:To evaluate hepatoprotective activity along with hematological and defensive recital of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb against simvastatin induced hepatotoxicity in experimental rodents. Methods: In the present study, in- vivo hepatoprotective effect of 50\% methanolic fruit extract of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb (TME 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) was evaluated using experimental model, simvastatin (20 mg/kg, p.o.), induced hepatotoxicity in experimental animals. The hepatoprotective activity was estimatedby interpreting using various biochemical parameters like SGOT, SGPT, ALP, total bilirubin, total protein and albumin along with the haematological and histopathological studies. Results: The treatment with TME significantly (P\<0.05-P\<0.001) and dose-dependently reversed simvastatin induced elevation in serum level ofSGOT, SGPT, ALP, total bilirubin and restored the total protein and albumin level. Furthermore, TME also signify the blood parameters at dose of 1000 and 2000 mg/kg and restored the body defense mechanism. The histological examination revealed that TME at dose of 200 mg/kg showed regeneration of hepatocytes around central vein with near normal liver architecture. Conclusion: The results of this study exhibited liver protective effect of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb against simvastatin induced liver injury and there by scientifically support its traditional use.

}, keywords = {Hepatocytes, Hepatotoxicity, Liver, Simvastatin, Trichosanthes dioica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.120}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/658}, author = {Ramesh Kumar Gupta and Sudhansu Ranjan Swain and Jagannath Sahoo and Amresh Gupta and Sachin Chaudhary} } @article {509, title = {High Antioxidant and Phenolic Contents Related to Antibacterial Activity against Gastrointestinal Pathogenic Bacteria of Some Thai Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {341-348}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {341}, abstract = {

Objective: Thai medicinal plants were used as the traditional medicines and as part of everyday plants diet. Plants contain a mixture of phytochemical and exhibit a lot of functional food and medicinal properties. This project aims to investigate the potential of selected Thai medicinal plants according to the properties of their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Methods: The eighteen plants were extracted using maceration method with 95\% ethanol. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and FRAP assay. The total phenolic content was evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar disc diffusion method. The extract which exhibited high antioxidant and antibacterial activity was selected to observe morphological changes by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: The extract of Caesalpinia sappan showed the highest activities on both antioxidant assayed by FRAP method and total phenolic contents, however, exhibited high antioxidant assayed by DPPH compared to Bauhinia strychnifolia extract. Moreover, the extract of C. sappan showed the excellent antibacterial activities against six pathogenic bacteria in Gastro-intestinal tract. The morphological change by SEM was selected for further investigation antibacterial activities of C. sappan extract. The results showed that the inhibitory effect to those bacterial strains could be caused by the disruption of the cell membrane and decrease biofilm formation after treatment with the extract. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of C. sappan exhibited strong antioxidant and antibacterial activities against the six pathogenic bacteria. This result suggested that C. sappan could be applied to use for medicinal purpose and functional products.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, Caesalpinia sappan, Scanning electron microscope, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.58}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/488}, author = {Parichat Phalanisong and Kanit Vichitphan and Jaehong Han and Sukanda Vichitphan} } @article {549, title = {High Efficiency in vitro Plant Regeneration and Secondary Metabolite Quantification from Leaf Explants of Rhodiola imbricata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {x}, pages = {x}, type = {x}, chapter = {XX}, abstract = {

Aim: Rhodiola imbricata is an endangered medicinal plant of the trans-Himalayan Leh-Ladakh region belonging to the family Crassulaceae. An efficient propagation and regeneration system via direct shoot organogenesis from leaf explant and evaluation of cinnamyl alcohol (Secondary metabolite) was established in this study. Material and Methods: In vitro grown leaves were inoculated using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with (alpha)- naphtalene acetic acid (NAA) in combination with 6- benzyladenine (BAP) for callus proliferation and regeneration. Results: The highest percentage of rhizogenous callus was induced in medium containing NAA (10.0-15.0 M). The highest percentage of shoot formation from leaf derived callus was obtained in the medium containing of NAA (5.0 M) and BAP (2.5 M) as well as in NAA (1.0 M), BAP (5.0 M) (38.88\% and 37.49\%) respectively. Rooting of regenerated shoots were effective when a lower concentration of NAA (0.5 M) was used alone. A maximum number of roots (22.0) and higher length (0.6 cm) was observed. The in-vitro plantlets with well-developed shoots and roots were acclimatized successfully to natural field conditions with a survival rate of over 80\%. Cinnamyl alcohol (Secondary metabolite) evaluation was also done for the very first time and an upregulation of 49.6\% and 30.6\% were observed in in-vitro roots and shoots when compared with mother root and shoot respectively. Hence, it was proved that the content of secondary metabolites obtained from in-vitro raised plants is higher than mother plant. Conclusion: These results may lay a foundation for genetic improvement and can be used to determine sequential level of targeted secondary metabolites through cell culture in Rhodiola imbricata.

Key words: Regeneration system, Acclimatization, Endangered, Plant growth regulator, Cinnamyl alcohol.

}, keywords = {Acclimatization, Cinnamyl alcohol., Endangered, Plant growth regulator, Regeneration system}, doi = {10.5530/jppcm.2018.2s.xx}, author = {Ashwani Kumar Bhardwaj and Avilekh Naryal and Pushpender Bhardwaj and Ashish Rambhau Warghat and Balpreet Arora and Shikha Dhiman and Shweta Saxena and Pratap Kumar Pati and Om Prakash Chaurasia} } @article {582, title = {High Efficiency in vitro Plant Regeneration and Secondary Metabolite Quantification from Leaf Explants of Rhodiola imbricata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {470-475}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {470}, abstract = {

Aim: Rhodiola imbricata is an endangered medicinal plant of the trans-Himalayan Leh-Ladakh region belonging to the family Crassulaceae. An efficient propagation and regeneration system via direct shoot organogenesis from leaf explant and evaluation of cinnamyl alcohol (Secondary metabolite) was established in this study. Material and Methods: In vitro grown leaves were inoculated using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with (alpha)- naphtalene acetic acid (NAA) in combination with 6- benzyladenine (BAP) for callus proliferation and regeneration. Results: The highest percentage of rhizogenous callus was induced in medium containing NAA (10.0-15.0 M). The highest percentage of shoot formation from leaf derived callus was obtained in the medium containing of NAA (5.0 M) and BAP (2.5 M) as well as in NAA (1.0 \μM), BAP (5.0 M) (38.88\% and 37.49\%) respectively. Rooting of regenerated shoots were effective when a lower concentration of NAA (0.5 M) was used alone. A maximum number of roots (22.0) and higher length (0.6 cm) was observed. The in-vitro plantlets with well-developed shoots and roots were acclimatized successfully to natural field conditions with a survival rate of over 80\%. Cinnamyl alcohol (Secondary metabolite) evaluation was also done for the very first time and an upregulation of 49.6\% and 30.6\% were observed in in-vitro roots and shoots when compared with mother root and shoot respectively. Hence, it was proved that the content of secondary metabolites obtained from in-vitro raised plants is higher than mother plant. Conclusion: These results may lay a foundation for genetic improvement and can be used to determine sequential level of targeted secondary metabolites through cell culture in Rhodiola imbricata.

}, keywords = {Acclimatization, Cinnamyl alcohol, Endangered, Plant growth regulator, Regeneration system}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.77}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/510}, author = {Ashwani Kumar Bhardwaj and Avilekh Naryal and Pushpender Bhardwaj and Ashish Rambhau Warghat and Balpreet Arora and Shikha Dhiman and Shweta Saxena and Pratap Kumar Pati and Om Prakash Chaurasia} } @article {623, title = {High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Analysis for the Simultaneous Quantification of Two Polyphenolic Biomarkers in Methanolic Fraction of Bauhinia tomentosa L. Floral Buds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {773-777}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {773}, abstract = {

Objectives: A high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of caffeic acid and quercetin in methanolic fraction of Bauhinia tomentosa L. floral buds was developed for the first time. Method: For achieving good separation, a mobile phase of toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (7:3:0.5, v/v/v) was used. The densitometric determination was carried out at 366 nm in reflection/absorption mode. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 100-600 ng per spot for caffeic acid and quercetin. Results: During the analysis methanolic fraction of Bauhinia tomentosa L. floral buds showed the pres\¬ence of caffeic acid (0.02\%) and quercetin (0.018\%). Conclusion: The proposed method is simple, precise, specific, accurate, less time consuming and cost effective. The statistical analysis of data obtained proves that the method is reproducible and selective and can be used for routine analysis of reported phenolic compounds in crude drug and extracts. The simultaneous quan\¬tification of these compounds has not yet been reported in floral buds of Bauhinia tomentosa which may be utilized for the proper standardization of the plant.

}, keywords = {Bauhinia tomentosa, Caffeic acid, HPTLC, Quercetin, Validation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.130}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/668}, author = {Abhishek Gupta and Harinath Dwivedi and AKS Rawat} } @article {766, title = {HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitory Activity of Garcinia latissima Miq. Mesocarp Water Extract for Herbal Tea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s141-s146}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s141}, abstract = {

Context: High cholesterol in the blood is a risk factor for atherosclerosis that causes various diseases. The main pharmacologic intervention to reduce cholesterol levels is inhibiting the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. One of the genera of Garcinia, Garcinia dulcis, has potential as an anti-cholesterol. Based on chemotaxonomy, Garcinia latissima Miq. is also estimated to have a potency as anti-cholesterol. Aims: This study aims to test the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase water extract activity of G. latissima fruit flesh with different duration of infusions. Materials and Methods: Garcinia latissima Miq. mesocarp was extracted using infusion method with different duration of infusions. Each of extracts was tested the inhibitory activity of HMG-CoA reductase as well as the determination of total flavonoid and total phenol content. In addition, the simplicia of the mesocarp of G.latissima Miq. will be made as a herbal tea and a hedonic test is performed to find out the degree of liking for the tea. Result: The test results showed the inhibitory activity of 100 ppm G. latissima Miq. mesocarp water extract with infusion for 5, 10 and 15 min respectively 11.32; 29.02; 13.03\%. The 10 min extract with the largest enzyme inhibition had total flavonoids content of 31.24 mg QE / gram extract and total phenol content of 4.64 mg GAE/ gram extract. The result of the hedonic test for the colour, aroma, flavour of herbal tea formula A respectively 30; 30; 20\% and formula B respectively for 40; 33.3; 50\%. Conclusion: The water extract of G.latissima Miq mesocarp has a low potency in HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activities.

}, keywords = {Anti Cholesterol, Garcinia Latissima, Herbal Tea, HMG-CoA reductase, Mesocarp}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.26}, author = {Herra Williany Monalissa and Berna Elya and Nuraini Puspitasari} } @article {622, title = {Hydroalcoholic and Alkaloidal Extracts of Murraya koenigii(L.) Spreng Augments Glucose Uptake Potential against Insulin Resistance Condition in L6 Myotubes and Inhibits Adipogenesis in 3T3L1 Adipocytes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {633-639}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {633}, abstract = {

Background: Murraya koenigii, commonly known as \“curry leaves\” is native to India. The highly valued part of the plant is the leaves which possess various biological activities. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic effect of Murraya koenigii (MK) leaf extracts, of two different solvent ratios. Materials and methods: 70\% hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts of MK leaves were prepared by cold maceration method. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out for both the extracts. In vitro anti diabetic activity was screened by inhibitory action on \α \– amylase, \α \– glucosidase enzymes. Further, the 70\% hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts were assessed for glucose uptake potential, anti - adipogenic property, as well as inhibitory activity on diabetes associated complications. HPTLC quantification of major phytoconstituent was carried out. Results: The study showed presence of various phytoconstituents such as, polyphenols, alkaloids, tannins, reducing sugars etc. The 70\% hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts of MK leaves exhibited \>90\% inhibition against carbohydrate metabolising enzymes compared to aqueous and absolute alcohol extracts. Both the extracts showed enhanced glucose uptake in L6 myotubes attenuating the effect of Palmitate induced insulin resistance. Significant inhibition on adipogenesis was exerted by both 70\% hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts of MK leaves. Besides, marked inhibition of advanced glycation end products was exhibited by the extracts. HPTLC quantification analysis of the aforementioned extracts showed the presence of major phytoconstituent, Mahanine, in it. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that MK possesses significant antidiabetic property and also exhibited considerable effect in preventing diabetes associated complications. The potent antidiabetic activity of MK could be attributed to the presence of Mahanine, the major active constituent, which is a carbazole alkaloid.

}, keywords = {complications, Diabetes, glucose uptake, L6 myotubes, Mahanine, α - amylase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.104}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/642}, author = {Parameswari Royapuram Parthasarathy and Janani Murthy and Dinesh Murugan Girija and Srivani Telapolu and Chamundeeswari Duraipandian and Thyagarajan Sadras Panchatcharam} } @article {700, title = {Identification by Docking Simulation and in vivo Effect of Essential Oil from Cinnamommum burmannii as Anti-obesity with Leptin Receptor in the Olfactory System of Mice Balb C}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {875-879}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {875}, abstract = {

Aim: This study examines the effect of inhalation of essential oil of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) on the metabolic activity of hormone receptors olfactory system of mice Balb C. Methodology: Effects of agonist or antagonist compounds in cinnamon essential oil on metabolic hormone receptors in the olfactory system are predicted using molecular docking simulation. Changes in the metabolic processes that occur views of changes in body weight, change in food intake, as well as lipid profile and blood glucose of mice. Result: The results showed Expression of leptin receptors (Lep-R) in the brains of mice given either inhalation of essential oils derived from the leaves and stems, in contrast to the control group who did not get essential oils. Provision of essential oils through inhalation increased lep-R expression in the brain of mice. Both in silico and in vivo evidence that essential oils from cinnamon plants are extracted from Cinnamommum burmannii and given by inhalation in Balb C mice are known to improve glucose and lipid metabolism by reducing the concentration of serum leptin concentrations and increased sensitivity to insulin.

}, keywords = {Cinnamomum burmannii, docking simulation, immunohistochemistry, leptin receptors, olfactory system}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.147}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Aryo Tedjo and Fadilah Fadilah and Ade Arsianti and Rafika Indah Paramita} } @article {669, title = {Identification by Docking Simulation And In Vivo Effect of Essential Oil From Cinnamommum Burmannii as Antiobesity With Leptin Receptor In The Olfactory System of Mice Balb C}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July/2018}, pages = {73-77}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Aim: This study examines the effect of inhalation of essential oil of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) on the metabolic activity of hormone receptors olfactory system of mice balb C. Methodology: Effects of agonist or antagonist compounds in cinnamon essential oil on metabolic hormone receptors in the olfactory system are predicted using molecular docking simulation. Changes in the metabolic processes that occur views of changes in body weight, change in food intake, as well as lipid profile and blood glucose of mice. Result: The results showed Expression of leptin receptors (Lep-R) in the brains of mice given either inhalation of essential oils derived from the leaves and stems, in contrast to the control group who did not get essential oils. Provision of essential oils through inhalation increased lep-R expression in the brain of mice. Both in silico and in vivo evidence that essential oils from cinnamon plants are extracted from Cinnamommum burmannii and given by inhalation in Balb C mice are known to improve glucose and lipid metabolism by reducing the concentration of serum leptin concentrations and increased sensitivity to insulin.

Keywords: olfactory system, leptin receptors, Cinnamomum burmannii, docking simulation, immunohistochemistry

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.14}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Aryo Tedjo and Fadilah Fadilah and Ade Arsianti and Rafika Indah Paramita} } @article {722, title = {Identification of Phytoconstituents in Lawsonia inermis Linn. Leaves Extract by GC-MS and their Antibacterial Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1101-1108}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {xx1101}, abstract = {

Background: Plant extracts contains multiple active constituents which leads to the production of new drugs from plants and chemicals derived from various parts of plants. The objective of present study was to investigate the GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activity of L. inermis leaves extracts. Material and Methods: Crude methanol extract and its fractions were tested for the presence of active phytochemicals and GC-MS analysis of hexane; ethyl acetate and aqueous methanol fractions was performed. Antimicrobial activity against six bacterial strain\’s Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtelis, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was also tested. Results: Phytochemical screening of extract confirmed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, quinones, steroids and phenol. In GC-MS chromatograms, 56, 108 and 19 peaks were obtained and out of these, 13, 17 and 7 compounds were identified in hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous methanol fractions, respectively. Conclusion: For best of our knowledge in L.\ inermis leaves extract, Celidoniol and Vitamin E has not been reported earlier in hexane fractions. While 2, 3 dihydrobenzo furan, 1-H indole -1, 3 (2H)-dione, 1 (3H)-Isobenzofuranone, 1H Isoindole-1, 3 (2H) Dione, Napthelene, 2 ethoxy, 2 (4H) Benzofuranone, Vitamin E, Benzene, 1 isocyano 4 methyl are also identified for the first time in ethyl acetate fraction. Also, in aq. Methanol fraction 1(3H)-isobenzofuranone, Squalene and Vit E were not previously identified. Highest antibacterial activity was confirmed in crude methanol extract which might be due to all the antibacterial compounds present in its fractions. The present study helped in identifying phytoconstituents present in the extract and its fractions which are responsible for various biological and antibacterial activities.

}, keywords = {1, 4 Napthelenedione, Antimicrobial activity, Lawsone, Lawsonia inermis Linn, Medicinal plants, Methanol extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.187}, author = {Ritesh Kumar Sharma and Anjana Goel} } @article {615, title = {Immunoinformatics Study of Procyanidins as Mast Cell Stabilizers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {814-817}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {814}, abstract = {

Background: Allergens are foreign proteins that stimulate the production of immunoglobulin E (IgE), when they come in contact with human body. These allergens after binding with IgE through Fc\εRI receptor, triggers the signal transduction reaction in mast cell and basophil cells, leading to allergic reactions by releasing some mediators. Four correctly written as surface-exposed tryptpphans Trp 87, Trp 110, Trp 113 and Trp 156 of Fc\εRI receptor protein,play significant role in IgE and Fc\εRI receptor binding interaction. Polyphenols in apple are proven effective for allergic rhinitis treatment by preventing degranulation of granulocytes. Objective:To prevent release of mediators like histamine etc., a therapeutic strategy can be designed by inhibiting IgE and Fc\εRI receptor interactions.This strategy may provide a symptomatic treatment for allergic reactions due to exposure to pollen allergens. Materials and methods: Molecular docking studies are used to analyse the IgE with Fc\εRI receptor binding in presence and absence of procyanidin molecules, present in apple. Results: For procyanidin molecules, binding affinity of IgE molecule with its high affinity receptor (Fc\εRI receptor)decreases markedly. Thepositions of Trp 87, Trp 110, Trp 113 and Trp 156 are changed for the presence of procyanidin C1 molecule. Since IgE and Fc\εRI receptor binding is highly affected in presence of procyanidin C1, so this compound can inhibit mast cell degranulation by altering the binding affinity of IgE with its its high affinity receptor (Fc\εRI receptor). Conclusion: Procyanidin C1 can be used as natural anti-allergic drug by stabilizing mast cells during pollen allergic reaction after experimental verification.

}, keywords = {Allergy, IgE, IgE receptor FcεRI, Mast cell stabilizer, Molecular docking, Procyanidins, Tryptophan residues}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.138}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/676}, author = {Anamika Basu and Anasua Sarkar and Piyali Basak} } @article {713, title = {Immunostimulatory Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles on Wistar Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {892-898}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {892}, abstract = {

Background: The active components of natural products provide a potential alternative to conventional immunotherapy for a variety of diseases conditions and become subject to scientific investigations currently worldwide. Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the immunostimulatory activity of the chitosan nanoparticle on Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: The present investigation was carried out on various groups of healthy adult rats. The assessment of immunomodulatory potential was carried out by neutrophil adhesion test, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, haemagglutinating antibody (HA) titre, cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression and phagocytic activity were determined in various groups of animals. Results: The administration of chitosan nanoparticle at doses 300 mg/kg BW and 600 mg/kg BW but not at doses 150 mg/kg BW significantly increased in neutrophil adhesion fibers, haemagglutinating antibody titre values and potentiated the inhibited type hypersensitivity reaction induced by sheep red blood cells. Also, it had good response towards phagocytosis in carbon clearance assay and prevented myelosuppression of cyclophosphamide on rats. Conclusion: From these findings, it can be concluded that chitosan nanoparticle responsible for immunostimulatory activity and has therapeutic potential for the prevention of immune depressed conditions.

}, keywords = {Chitosan nanoparticle, Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity, Haemagglutinating antibody, Myelosuppression, Neutrophil adhesion, Phagocytosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.150}, author = {Giftania Wardani and Mahmiah and Sri Agus Sudjarwo} } @article {518, title = {Impact of Regularly Supervised Training of Pranayama and Omkar Meditation on the Cardio-Respiratory Parameters and Short-Term Memory of Persons with Special Needs}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {366-370}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {366}, abstract = {

Background: Yogic practices are known to affect the cardiac, respiratory and mental status of people. Objective: To investigate if the regularly supervised training of pranayama and meditation affects the basic cardio-respiratory parameters and short-term-memory (STM) of mentally challenged young adults. Material and methods: 80 mentally challenged young adults attending a special school were randomly divided into the control group and Yoga group. Yoga group performed Naadishodhan, Kapalbhati pranayama and Aum Chanting under total supervision for 30 min daily for 3 weeks, except on Sundays. Control group was involved with the regular school curriculum. The parameters were measured twice, before (baseline) and after (follow-up) the study period. STM was evaluated under two subcategories, first by the ability to repeat the numbers in reverse order and second, repeating the words in the same order. Respiratory rate, pulse, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured as cardio-respiratory parameters. Results: Both groups had similar baseline scores. At follow-up, highly significant improvements were observed in Yoga-group as compared to control. In the Yoga-group scores of both the sub-categories of STM were higher, respiratory-rate and heart-rate were lower but was within normal range. However, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures of Yoga group showed no changes as compared to control. Conclusion: The pranayama and meditation has beneficial influences on heart rate, breathing rate and STM of mentally-challenged people.

}, keywords = {Meditation, Mental retardation, Pranayama, Short term memory, Yoga}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.61}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/491}, author = {Kunal and Subbalakshmi Narasajjana Krishnadasa and Pai Sheila R and Rashmi Kaup Shiva and Nayanatara Arunkumar and Vinodini Nithyananda Anantharaya and Pratik Kumar Chatterjee} } @article {537, title = {Impact of Tridax procumbens on Hematological Parameters in aflatoxin Induced Liver Toxicity in Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January-2018}, pages = {304-308}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {304}, abstract = {

Objective: Tridax procumbens comes under the family Asteraceae Tridax which is found to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic properties. Materials and Methods: The morphological parameters such as the body weight, liver and kidney weight of experimental animals which were fed by alfatoxin and thereby treating with extracts of T. procumbens were studied along with the Hematological parameters such as Haemoglobin (Hb), Red Blood Corpus Cells (RBC), White Blood Corpus Cells (WBC) , Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Prothrombin time (PT). Results: The results of this study shows that there is an significant changes in the body weight liver and kidney weight in T. procumbens treated animals and also significant raise in blood level was seen in the T. procumbens treated animals. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, we concluded that T. procumbens have an antiaflatoxicosis potency.

}, keywords = {alfatoxin, etc, Haemoglobin, Packed cell volume, Prothrombin time, Red blood corpus cells, Tridax procumbens, White blood corpus cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.53}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/483}, author = {Palanisamy Sampathkumar and Subramanian Kalavathy and Arumugam Vijaya Anand and Thangavelu Sangeetha and Purusothaman Sujeetha} } @article {680, title = {Improved Bioactive Metabolite Production by Saccharopolyspora halotolerans VSM-2 Using Response Surface Methodology and Unstructured Kinetic Modelling}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {833-840}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {833}, abstract = {

Background: This study targets to optimize and analyse the interactive effects of process variables for improved bioactive metabolite production using RSM and unstructured kinetic modelling by S. halotolerans VSM 2. Materials and Methods: RSM was applied to optimize the interactive effects of five variables, viz., time of incubation, pH, temperature, concentration of maltose and meat extract on bioactive metabolite production and its effect against the five responses viz., S. flexneri, S. marcescens, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Models of Logistic and Luedeking-Piret were used to simulate the cellular increase and bioactive metabolite production. Results: RSM optimal conditions for the bioactive metabolite production recorded were incubation time (12days), pH (8), and temperature (250C), concentrations of maltose and meat extract (1 \% w/v) (each). The effect of the bioactive metabolite produced (zone of inhibition) against the responses were found to be 17 mm for S. flexneri, 17 mm for S. marcescens, 16 mm for P. vulgaris, 17 mm for P. aeruginosa and 18 mm for E coli. The data obtained from experimental values are in close agreement with the predicted values of RSM. Model adequacy was evaluated using ANOVA variance where the quadratic effect of p\<0.0001 which imply the significance of the model. The unstructured-, mathematical- kinetic models provided a better approximation of profiles of S. halotolerans VSM 2 growth, optimized media utilization and bioactive metabolite production. Conclusion: Optimization of the independent variables for the production of the bioactive metabolite using RSM by S. halotolerans VSM 2 and its effect against the five responses were documented. The predicted values are in good agreement with the experimental values. Unstructured models provided a better approximation of kinetic profiles for bioactive metabolite production by S. halotolerans VSM 2.

}, keywords = {Bioactive metabolites, Kinetic Modelling, Optimization, Response Surface Methodology, Saccharopolyspora halotolerans}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.142}, author = {Ushakiranmayi Managamuri and Muvva Vijayalakshmi and Mani Deepa Indupalli and Venkat Siva Rama Krishna Ganduri and Satish Babu Rajulapati and Sudhakar Poda} } @article {502, title = {Improvement of Immune System Analyzed through Various Cluster Techniques {\textendash} A Survey}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January-2018}, pages = {256-259}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {256}, abstract = {

The world health organization report says the immunity deficiency is the biggest problem in the all over the world. Immune system can be improved through many fruits, especially grape is inevitable fruit that provides high neutrinos. The grape contains phytonutrients, Phenols and Poly phenols in rich amount. It is used for constipation, indigestion, fatigueless, kidney disorder, Macular degeneration and cataracts. The grape seed reduces swelling, Eye disease caused by diabetics and acting as antioxidants. In the research article, plenty number of classifiers were used to identify good type of grapes that provides the above said. The methodology applied in the work were Ada Boost and Machine learning Meta algorithm. The above areas were reviewed to the core.

}, keywords = {Ada boost classifier, Color components, Grape detection, Immune systems, Phytonutrients, Segmentation techniques}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.45}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/475}, author = {M Veronica Arokia Mary and K R Sekar and R Manikandan and K S Ravichandran} } @article {601, title = {In silico and in vitro Studies on Lyngbya majuscula using against Lung Cancer Cell Line (A549)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {421-428}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {421}, abstract = {

Objective: To predict an anticancer drug from the members of cyanobacteria, in silico molecular docking was carried out between the cyanobacterial bioactive compounds and lung cancer causing receptor. The highest docking score was produced by Lyngbyastatin (Lyngbya majuscula). In the present study anticancer potential of L. majuscula was evaluated on human lung cancer cell line (A549) using its methanolic extract. Methods: Molecular docking was carried out between the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor tyrosine kinase and cyanobacterial compounds. Based on the docking results, Lyngbyastatin was found to be the most effective compound. As this compound is present in the L. majuscula, the cytotoxicity of this organism was assessed by standard cell viability assays like MTT method. Algal methanolic extract treated with A 549 cell line morphology was studied by DAPI staining. DNA fragmentation assay was also conducted to study the presence of DNA laddering. Results: Totally 75 bioactive compounds were docked with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor tyrosine kinase . Of them, 12 compounds were selected based on the docking score. Among the 12 bioactive compounds, Lyngbyastatin found to be most effective compound. L. majuscula showed potential anticancer activity against A549 cell line with IC50 value of 14.82\± 0.62 \μg/ml in MTT method. Most of the treated cells lost their characteristic stretched appearance with shrinkage of nucleus. DNA profile revealed the presence of sheared DNA in treated ones but no fragmentation was observed. Conclusion: The results indicated potent anticancer of algal methanolic extract on A549 cell line, which may be good candidates for further investigation to isolate bioactive anticancer compounds.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxic, Lyngbya majuscula, Lyngbyastatin, Molecular docking, MTT assay DAPI staining}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.69}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/502}, author = {Sangeetha Muniaraj and Vijayakumar Subramanian and Prabhu Srinivasan and Manogar Palani} } @article {625, title = {In silico, in vitro and in vivo Tests of Ficus deltoidea Jack Leaves Extract as Inhibitor for Beta-Catenin Expression in Colon Carcinogenesis Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {808-813}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {808}, abstract = {

Context: Ficus deltoidea Jack leaves extract as anticolorectal cancer. Aims: This study aims to analyze the potential of FD extract to be an anti-colon cancer by investigating the extract capability in reducing \β-catenin expression and inhibiting colon cancer cells growth. Settings |and Design: The research was conducted in Medical Faculty Universitas Indonesia with experimental design. Methods and Material: FD ethanol extracts was tested in vitro, in silico and in vivo. In vitro test was conducted to human colon cell lines. In vivo test was conducted to Balb/c mice induced with 10 mg/kg azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate 1\% (DSS). The colonic tissue collected was the distal portion. \β-catenin expressions in the cytoplasm and nuclei of the epithelial cells of the colon crypt were semi quantitatively assessed using the immunohistochemistry staining on ten visual fields with 400x magnification. Statistical analysis used: SPSS. Results: FD ethanol extracts inhibit the expression of \β-catenin in the crypt ephitelial cells of mice colon induced with AOM/DSS. The extracts also inhibit the growth of human colon cancer (HCT 116) with IC50 value of 5.41 mg/mL. Phytochemical screening to the extracts gave three groups of compounds: alkaloid, flavonoid, and tannin. Water fraction is the best fraction. Based on in the results of in silico analysis with molecular docking, FD extract is believed to influence the expression of \β-catenin, in which vitexin and isovitexin are the main candidate compounds to influence the expression of the protein. Conclusion: FD ethanol extract is potential to be an anti-colon cancer proven by the extract capability to reduce \β-catenin expression.

}, keywords = {Azoxymethane, Colon carcinogenesis, Ficus deltoidea, in silico, β-catenin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.137}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/675}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Tedjo Aryo and Wuyung Puspita Eka and Fadilah Fadilah and Priosoeryanto Bambang Pontjo and Fachri Wilzar} } @article {488, title = {In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles against Mycobacterium tuberculosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {162-166}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {162}, abstract = {

Background: Chitosan nanoparticles have gained growing interest for nanomedicine, biomedical engineering and development of new therapeutic with improved bioavailability, increased sensitivity and specificity, and reduced toxicity. Objective: The aim of the present study is to synthesis of the chitosan nanoparticles for antimycobacterial applications. Methods: Chitosan were isolated from the shrimp shell. Tripolyphosphate (TPP) will be used to prepare chitosan nanoparticles by ionotropic gelation method. The size and morphology of the chitosan nanoparticle was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The broth microdilution method is used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of nanoparticle chitosan on strain M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Results: The SEM micrographs of the nano-magnetic chitosan showed that they were approximately uniform spheres and the rough surface morphology, have a solid dense cubical or rectangular structure. Using the broth microdilution susceptibility method, chitosan nanoparticle was found to have the antimycobacterial effects with a MIC value of 1200 \μg/mL whilst MBCs value of 2400 \μg/mL for M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Conclusion: The conclusion from the study was chitosan nanoparticle have potential as a source of lead compounds that may be developed further into antimycobacterial drugs.

}, keywords = {Chitosan nanoparticle, M. tuberculosis H37Rv, Minimal bactericidal concentration., Minimal inhibitory Concentration}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.27}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/413}, author = {Giftania Wardani and Mahmiah and Sri Agus Sudjarwo} } @article {642, title = {In vitro Antifungal Effects of Hesperetin and Silibinin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {789-792}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {789}, abstract = {

Background: Increasing resistance of microorganisms against available antimicrobial agents is of major concern among scientists and clinicians worldwide. To overcome the resistance and other drawbacks of the current antimicrobial drugs and to obtain more efficacious drugs, an antimicrobial drug having a novel mode of action should be developed. The flavonoid compounds have demonstrated for their therapeutic potential as antimicrobial agents previously. Aim: To evaluate the antifungal efficacy of plant derived compounds such as hesperetin (HSP) and silibinin (SBN) compounds in vitro. Materials and Methods: In this study, we evaluated the antifungal effect of two plant derived flavonoid compounds i.e., SBN and HSP against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Malassezia furfur, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium oxalicum. The disk diffusion test was performed to test the antifungal effect of HSP and SBN with three different concentrations i.e., 15, 20, 25 mg/ml of HSP and SBN. The antifungal efficacy was studied for 72 h. Results: Our results indicate that SBN has significant antifungal effect than that of HSP. The high sensitivity of these compounds was found against C. albicans, C. tropicalis. Conclusion: These drugs could be good candidate to combine with regular antimicrobial agents.

}, keywords = {Candida albicans, Flavonoids, Fungal infection, Hesperetin, Silibinin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.133}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/671}, author = {Ramar Gowtham and Fysal Yousuf MA and Devaraj Ezhilarasan and Shanmugam Sambantham and Balakrishnan Anandan} } @article {559, title = {In vitro Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of Mangrove Fruit (Sonneratia caseolaris L.) Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {598-601}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {598}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mangrove fruit (Sonneratia caseolaris L) from Sonneratiaceae family known with local name \“Pidada Merah\” has bioactive components. The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of this plant. Method: The sample was macerated using methanol, the antimicrobial activity assay was performed using agar disc diffusion method against Escherichia coli ATTC9637, Staphylococcus aureus ATTC6538, and Candida albicans ATTC10231. Results: Antimicrobial activity of Mangrove fruit methanol extract were obtained the optimum concentration of S. aureus of 80\%, E. coli of 15\%, and C. albicans of 30\%. Conclusion: based on the results, the sample has antimicrobial properties, and this is a preliminary data for further study.

Key words: Sonneratia caseolaris L, Mangrove fruit, Antimicrobial activity, Agar disc diffusion method.

}, keywords = {Agar disc diffusion method, Antimicrobial activity, Mangrove fruit, Sonneratia caseolaris L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.98}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/531}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Arif Lukman and Muhammad Amir Masruhim and Laode Rijai and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {689, title = {In vitro Assay of Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor Activities of Three Seagrasses from Banten Bay, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {907-910}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {907}, abstract = {

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels. One of the approaches for treating DM is by regulating the postprandial blood glucose via inhibition of \α-glucosidase enzymes. Seagrass is known as a plant containing bioactive compounds, especially for therapy antidiabetic. This research aims to evaluate the \α-glucosidase inhibition activity of three species seagrasses (Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii and Cymodocea rotundata) from the Banten Bay, Indonesia. Methods: The extracts of all parts (root, leaf, and stem) from three seagrasses were prepared with maceration method using 80\% ethanol solvents. The \α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was conducted by microplate reader at 400 nm using acarbose as a positive control. Furthermore, the kinetics of \α-glucosidase inhibition, phytochemical screening, and total phenolics content were evaluated against extract which has the most potential \α-glucosidase inhibition. Results: The result showed that the 80\% ethanol extracts of Enhalus acoroides (IC50 values 168.15 \± 2.71 g/mL) had the most potential \α-glucosidase inhibitors activity compared with the positive control acarbose, Thalassia hemprichii and Cymodocea rotundata (IC50 values 197.27 \± 3.07 g/mL, 425.86 \± 5.15 g/mL and 429.28 \± 8.89 g/mL). The kinetic type of inhibition against \α-glucosidase was noncompetitive inhibition. The phytochemical compounds were phenols, flavonoid, terpenes, and tannin with the total phenolic content was 28.76 \± 2.46 mgGAE/g. Conclusion: Enhalus acoroides has the strongest inhibitor of \α-glucosidase and can be further developed for DM therapy agents.

}, keywords = {Cymodocea rotundata, Diabetes mellitus, Enhalus acoroides, Phytochemical compound, Thalassia hemprichii}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.152}, author = {Agung Widiyanto and Effionora Anwar and Tati Nurhayati} } @article {746, title = {In vitro Cytotoxicity Study on U87 Cells Using Root Extracts of Plumbago Species and GC-MS Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s71-s76}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s71}, abstract = {

Plumbago is a genus of medicinal plants that are used in recent years to induce significant levels of apoptosis in various cancer cells. Purpose: The test substances that are obtained from Plumbago species are studied for their cytotoxicity against U87 cell line in a dose dependent manner and were first subjected to GC-MS study to know the bioactive constituents present in them. Methods: GC-MS was done using ethanol extracts of the roots of both the species. In vitro cytotoxicity of the roots of two species of Plumbago \–P. zeylanica (sample I) and P.\ auriculata (sample II) were tested against U87 cell line. Test samples were taken at concentrations ranging from 400\μg/ml to 3.12\μg/ml to determine the percentage growth inhibition of both the test substances on U87 cell line. Results: GC-MS analysis on root extracts of P.zeylanica showed the presence of 27 phytochemical constituents and P.auriculata 16 in number .The test substances, Sample I and Sample II exhibited a cytotoxic CTC50 value of 88.07\±4.4 and 23.11\±0.9 respectively. Conclusion: P.\ zeylanica is more effective than P.\ auriculata in terms of its cytotoxicity as well in the number of useful bioactive compounds.

}, keywords = {Bioactive constituents, Cytotoxicity, GC-MS, U87 cell line}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.14}, author = {Sandhya Panicker and Veluthat Kolangara Haridasan} } @article {706, title = {In vitro Evaluation of Seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa for Cytotoxic Activity against Cervical HeLa Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1007-1011}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1007}, abstract = {

Background: Seaweed macroalgae of Gracilaria verrucosa has been known to have a potent anticancer activity, however the cytotoxicity against cervical cancer has not been explored further. Objective: This study aims to utilize Indonesia\’s marine resource which is focused on seaweed macroalgae G. verrucosa as a future anti-cervical cancer agent. Materials and Method: Seaweed G. verrucosa originated from Labuan Aji beach, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia, extracted, macerated, and fractionated into four organic solvents of different polarity, consisting of hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and ethanol. Then, the macroalgae extracts are diluted into 8 different concentrations. Afterwards, in vitro anticancer activity evaluation of hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and ethanol extracts of G. verrucosa against cervical HeLa cells were conducted by MTT cell proliferation assay. Triplo mechanism is also applied in this study to increase the accuracy of the results. The anticancer activity is measured using IC50 value. Results: The four concentrated extracts G. verrucosa showed cytotoxicity against cervical HeLa cells. The greatest anticancer activity is depicted by hexane extract with an IC50 of 14.94 \μg/mL, followed by chloroform (IC50 15.74 \μg/mL), ethyl acetate (IC50 16.18 \μg/mL), and ethanol (IC50 19.43 \μg/mL). Conclusion: Our results clearly indicate that hexane, ethanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts of seaweed G. verrucosa can be further developed to be anti-cervical cancer agents, with hexane extract displaying the greatest cytotoxic effect.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, Gracillaria verrucosa, HeLa cervical cancer cells, IC50 value, MTT Assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.171}, author = {Micheylla Kusumaning Dewi and Ade Arsianti and Cut Raisya Zahira Zagloel and Yully Astika Nugrahayning Aziza and Kartika Dwi Kurniasari and Baiq Kirana Dyahningrum Mandasari and Riathul Masita and Futihati Ruhama Zulfa and Norma Nur Azizah and Rista Putrianingsih} } @article {773, title = {In vitro Hypoglycemic and Antioxidant Activities of Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. fruits, Traditionally used to Cure Diabetes in Darjeeling Hills (India)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s119-s128}, type = {Orginal Article}, chapter = {s119}, abstract = {

Introduction: Fruits of Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. has been reported to be used traditionally in the treatment of diabetes in Darjeeling Himalayan region of India; though the hypoglycemic potential of the fruit has not been assessed till now, and the active constituents are yet to be discovered. Therefore, there is a necessity for the appraisal and characterization of the hypoglycemic properties of the fruits. Methods: Fresh fruits were collected and sequentially extracted with solvents of gradient polarity. In vitro antidiabetic activity was performed by α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays. Free radical scavenging activity was performed by DPPH, ABTS, TPTZ (FRAP assay), NO and OH radical scavenging assays. To identify the bioactive components, GC-MS analysis was also performed. Result: Phytochemical screening of secondary metabolites in different solvent extracts showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, and anthocyanins. Methanolic extract exhibited highest antidiabetic potential with IC50 values of 514.9 μg/ml and 1435.7 μg/ml in α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assay respectively followed by ethanol extract. Significant free radical scavenging activities were also found in the alcohol extracts. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of principle compounds like oleic acid, morin, apigenin etc. which might be responsible for hypoglycemic activity. Conclusion: Here we report the appraisal of traditional usage of L. cubeba (Lour.) Pers. fruits based on in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant assays along with GC-MS characterization of potent molecules. Our study confirms the traditional knowledge of the people of Darjeeling Hills regarding the use of the fruit of this plant in curing diabetes.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidative, GC-MS analysis, Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.23}, author = {Rakhi Chakraborty and Vivekananda Mandal} } @article {558, title = {In vitro Study of Antibacterial Activity of Hydro-Alcohol Morrocan Plants Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {519-526}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {519}, abstract = {

Context: Several aromatic and medicinal Morrocan plants have been used traditionally in pharmaceutical products and traditional medicine for the treatment of several pathologies. Objective: Evaluation of the protective power of nine Moroccan plants ethanol extracts against some strains of bacteria. Method: The antibacterial activities of ethanolic extracts (EE) were evaluated using agar-well diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and IC50 against nine foodborne bacteria [Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus (PN15 and 25923), Escherichia coli (TF2 and ATCC 25929), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P116 and 195) and Salmonella enterica]. Screening of chemical constituents was carried out as well. Results: We noted the presence of leuco-anthocyanins, anthocyanins, essential oils, alkaloids, and aldehydes in the extracts. The strains of S. enterica followed by S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were the most resistants to the extracts effect. The principal component analysis (APC) demonstrated that the highest antibacterial activity was that of L. nobilis and O. europaea ethanol extract (EE), which was directly bactericidal on all the strains tested with the exception of P. aeruginosa. While, R. tinctorum, S. indicum and L. sativum were characterized by the lowest activity. Statistical analysis: Analysis of variance was performed by uni-varied ANOVA in the software SPSS 22 Fr. Conclusion: The active compounds were soluble in ethanol. The antimicrobial activities of L. nobilis and O. europaea may contribute to understand their involvement in pharmaceutical products and traditional medicine against many microbial infections.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Chemical composition, Hydro-Alcohol Extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.85}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/518}, author = {Ramdan Btissam and E I Malki Fatima and NHIRI Mohamed} } @article {686, title = {In vivo Antibacterial Activity of Green Algae Ulva reticulata against Staphylococcus aureus in Drosophila Model of Infection}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {993-997}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {993}, abstract = {

Background: Expansion of multi-drug resistant bacteria in social communities and health facilities has been widely reported. To overcome this ever-growing problem, new antibiotics with novel mechanisms of action are urgently required. Purpose: This research was carried out aiming to investigate the in vivo antibacterial effect of green algae Ulva reticulata against Staphylococcus aureus in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) model of infection. Methods: Sample was dried and extracted with ethanol using maceration method. Wild type and mutant fruit flies were infected with S. aureus and subjected to survival and bacterial load analysis in the presence or absence of tetracycline or Ulva reticulata extract at different concentrations. All data were statistically analyzed. Results: Infection of D. melanogaster with S. aureus was characterized by two notable trends: reduction of host survival and increasing level of bacterial growth in the host during the course of infection. Such events were further augmented in mutant flies lacking normal immune responses. Nonetheless, improved survival rates and reduction of bacterial load were observed in wild type and immunodeficient mutant flies challenged with S. aureus in the presence of either tetracycline or ethanolic extracts of green algae Ulva reticulata. Conclusion: Taken together, our results suggest that Ulva reticulata yielded antistaphylococcal activity in vivo thus would be a prospective source for harvesting wide spectrum antibacterial compounds.

}, keywords = {Antistaphylococcal, Drug discovery, Fruit flies, Infection model, Marine products}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.169}, author = {Firzan Nainu and Rangga Meidianto Asri and Aryadi Arsyad and Marianti Anggreni Manggau and Muhammad Nur Amir} } @article {640, title = {Indonesian Herbal SGLT2 Inhibitor Discovery through Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {803-807}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {803}, abstract = {

Objective: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor had been evaluated in clinical trials as the basic strategy of hyperglycemia handling in diabetes. However, because of SGLT2 inhibitors is the new class of oral antidiabetic, it is rare to be found in Indonesia, and it is costly. This study was intended to find compounds from Indonesian herbal database that show capability to be used as SGLT2 inhibitors through a pharmacophore-based virtual screening approach. Methods: The SGLT2 inhibitor pharmacophore models were made from 10 training sets of SGLT2 ligand inhibitors using the Ligand Scout 4.1.5. Ten pharmacophore models which had been made were validated using test set and decoy set methods to know how the performance of pharmacophore model worked. Virtual screening were then applied to the best pharmacophore model. Results: The model-1 pharmacophore was the best model, with values of 0.9080, EF1\% = 56.5, EF5\% = 56.5 and AUC100\% = 0.87 which served as model for virtual screening. Model-1 consisted of one hydrophobic interaction, one aromatic ring, four hydrogen bond donors and five hydrogen bond acceptors. Virtual screening showed three compounds (Hits) with best pharmacophore fit scores according to model-1 among 1377 compounds, they were vitexin = 113.62; cucumerin A = 112.62; and cucumerin B = 113.51. Conclusion: These results showed that vitexin, cucumerin A, and cucumerin B potentially have activity as an SGLT2 inhibitor.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Pharmacophore, SGLT2 Inhibitor, Virtual Screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.136}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/674}, author = {Rezwendy R and Rezi Riadhi Syahdi and Arry Yanuar} } @article {618, title = {Inhibition of Advanced Glycation End-Product Formation by Lutein from Tagetes erecta}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {734-737}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {734}, abstract = {

Background: Advanced glycation end products(AGEs) are formed by non-enzymatic glycation of proteins that enhance vascular permeability in both micro and macro vascular structures by binding to specific macrophage receptors. AGEs affect nearly every type of cells and molecule in the body and play causative role in the vascular complication in diabetes mellitus. Materials and Method: AGE reaction solution was constituted with 10mg/ml bovine serum albumin in 50mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and 0.02\% sodium benzoate into 0.2M fructose and 0.2M of glucose. 2.5 ml of the reaction mixture was treated with lutein (10, 20, 40, 60, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 \μ g/ml in methanol). Amino guanidine was used as the positive control. After incubating at 37\°C for 7 days, the fluorescence intensity of the reaction was determined at excitation and emission wavelength of 350 nm and 450 nm, respectively, using a multimode reader. The percentage activity was calculated with respect to solvent control. Result: 7 days of exposure to lutein showed a maximum inhibition of 89.27\±0.24 \% at 140\μg/ml and Amino guanidine exhibited 90\% of inhibition. The IC50 of Lutein for AGE inhibition was found to be 77.78\μg/ml and for AG, 72.66\μg/ml.Conclusion: The non-enzymatic adduct formation between the keto group of sugar and amino group of proteins is one of the molecular basis of diabetic complications in hyperglycaemic state. Inhibition of this process will be useful in the management of diabetic complications. Lutein showed dose dependent inhibitory effect on the protein glycation.Hence, it may be used for the management of diabetic complication.

}, keywords = {Advance glycation end product, Amino-guanidine, Diabetes mellitus, Lutein}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.123}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/661}, author = {Karan Rajpurohit Gayathri and Roy Anitha and Thangavelu Lakshmi} } @article {772, title = {Inhibitory Actions of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Aqueous and Ethanolic Leaf Extracts against Carbohydrate-digesting Enzymes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s113-s118}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s113}, abstract = {

Context: The leaves of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. (banaba) have been consumed traditionally in several Southeast Asian countries for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The plasma glucose lowering actions of this medicinal plant were proposed to be linked with several mechanisms of action. However, its inhibitory actions against \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase, which play a major role in the regulation of postprandial plasma glucose, have not been clearly established. Aims: This study thus aimed to investigate the effects of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts (LSA and LSE extracts, respectively) on in vitro carbohydrate-digesting enzyme activities and enzyme kinetics. Settings and Design: In vitro carbohydrate-digesting enzyme activity assay. Materials and Methods: The activities of \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase were indicated by the amounts of maltose and p-nitrophenol generated in the reactions, respectively. Statistical analysis used: The data were analysed by using one-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test. Results: The LSA extract significantly inhibited both \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase enzymes with the IC50s of 1.21\±0.16 and 49.71\±0.86 \μg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the LSE extract selectively inhibited \α-amylase activity (IC50 = 22.21\±4.00 \μg/mL) with no apparent inhibition against \α-glucosidase activity. Both LSA and LSE extracts inhibited \α-amylase enzyme in a mixed inhibition manner whilst the LSA extract also acted as a mixed inhibitor against \α-glucosidase enzyme. The extracts possessed higher binding affinities toward the enzymes, indicated by the lower Ki values, when compared to acarbose (positive control). Conclusion: These results suggest the potential use of the extracts for a control of postprandial plasma glucose.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers., α-amylase, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.22}, author = {Wanwisa Khunawattanakul and Passakorn Boonma and Ronnarit Kampetch and Achida Jaruchotikamol and Benjamart Cushnie and Sakulrat Rattanakiat and Pawitra Pulbutr} } @article {587, title = {Inhibitory effect of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken leaf extract and their fractions on α-amylase, α-glucosidase and cholinesterase enzyme}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {497-506}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {497}, abstract = {

Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken leaves are employed as food and as traditional medicines. This study investigates the antioxidant activity (reducing power, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, H2O2 scavenging ability and metal ion chelating), carbohydrate digesting enzymes activity and inhibitory activity of cholinergic enzyme of aqueous extract and fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, residual aqueous fraction) of B. pinnatum leaves were investigated. Results showed that aqueous extract of B. pinnatum exhibited DPPH radical scavenging abilities, iron chelation, hydrogen peroxide scavenging abilities and reducing power (Fe3+- Fe2+). B. pinnatum aqueous extract also had considerably \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values 149.20 \± 14.44 \μg/mL and 126.15 \± 9.76 \μg/mL respectively. Our findings indicated that ethyl acetate fraction contained a considerably higher (p \< 0.05) amount of total phenolic, flavonoids, total antioxidant, FRAP, metal ion, ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity than other solvent fractions. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate fraction elicited a significantly higher (p \< 0.05) inhibitory effects on \α-glucosidase (IC50 = 70.90 \± 1.23 \μg/ml), \α-amylase (IC50 = 62.45 \± 1.22 \μg/ml), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (IC50 = 66.75 \μg/mL) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (IC50 = 62.97 \μg/mL) activities than other fractions. Hence, B. pinnatum leaves were rich in biologically active components; thus, could be employed to formulate new plant-based pharmaceutical and nutraceutical drugs to improve human health.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.), Cholinesterase, Enzyme inhibitory activity, Oken}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.82}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/515}, author = {Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo and Adebola Busola Ojo and Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye and Oluranti Olaiya and Ayodeji Akawa and Oyindamola Olaoye and Omosola Olufisayo Anifowose and Olajumoke Idowu and Oluwaseun Olasehinde and Tajudeen Obafemi and Joseph Awe and Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye} } @article {567, title = {Inhibitory Effect of Lantana camara L., Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. and Cosmos caudatus Kunth. Leaf Extracts on ADP-Induced Platelet Aggregation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {581-585}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {581}, abstract = {

Objective: The leaves of Lantana camara L., Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. and Cosmos caudatus Kunth. are rich in flavonoids, saponins and essential oils. This study was carried out to determine the antiplatelet effect of the three plant extracts on ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Methods: The samples consisted of clopidogrel as positive control, aquadest as negative control and test extracts with concentrations of 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/ml. Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) was added for each extract concentration. The absorbance test of the samples was measured at 600 nm, before and after the addition of 20 \μL adenosine diphosphate (ADP) 5 mM. After ADP added, then measured again the plasma absorbance was measured of the same wavelength. Antiplatelet aggregation activity was determined by calculating plasma absorbance before and after addition of ADP. Results: The results showed that the inhibitory percentage of platelet aggregation with extract concentrations of 100, 80, 60 and 40 mg/ml were Lantana camara L. leaf extract (91.17\%; 73.27\%; 72.86\% and 37.15\%), Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. leaf extract (74.55\%; 65.60\%; 48.00\% dan 39.08\%) and Cosmos caudatus Kunth. Leaf extract (59.17\%; 52.56\%; 14.25\% dan 13.82\%), respectively. The test extracts inhibited in vitro ADP-induced platelet aggregation with IC50 value were as follows: 47.09 mg/ml (Lantana camara L), 59.02 mg/ml (Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.) and 87.26 mg/ml (Cosmos caudatus Kunth.) Conclusion: The present work demonstrated that the three extracts could inhibit in-vitro ADP-induced platelet aggregation and the best potency was shown by Lantana camara L leaf extract. }, keywords = {Anti-platelet aggregation, Cosmos caudatus kunth, Eclipta prostrata (L.) L., Lantana camara L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.95}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/528}, author = {Ni Made Dwi Sandhiutami and Yesi Desmiaty and Noviyanti} } @article {614, title = {An Interactive Antimicrobial Activity of Embelica officinalis Gaertn. Fruit Extracts and Conventional Antibiotics against Some Bacterial Triggers of Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {654-662}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {654}, abstract = {

Background: Embelica officinalis Gaertn. is an Indian plant which is known for its therapeutic properties. It is especially well known as a component of the Ayuverdic medicine Triphala. This study focuses on the growth inhibitory activity of E. officinalis fruit extracts against some bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases, both alone and in combination with conventional antibiotics. Methods: E. officinalis fruit powder was extracted with solvents of varying polarity and screened for bacterial growth inhibition by disc diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was quantified by both liquid dilution and disc diffusion techniques. To screen for combinatorial effects, the E. officinalis fruit extracts were combined with a range of conventional antibiotics and tested against each bacteria using a liquid dilution assay. Toxicity was examined using Artemia nauplii and HDF bioassays. Results: The ethyl acetate E. officinalis fruit extract displayed the strongest growth inhibitory activity against all of the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory disease. This extract was a particularly potent inhibitor of P. aeruginosa growth, with an MIC values as low as 264 \μg/mL. The ethyl acetate extract was also a moderate to strong growth inhibitor of P. mirabilis, K. pneumonia and A. baylyi, with MIC values generally 1000-1500 \μg/mL. The methanolic and aqueous extracts also inhibited the growth of all bacteria, although generally with only moderate to low activity. Whilst no synergistic interactions were detected in combinations containing the E. officinalis fruit extracts and conventional antibiotics, a number of combinations produced additive effects. These combinations are beneficial as they provide enhanced antibacterial efficacy compared to treatment with the antibiotic or extract components alone. No antagonistic interactions were detected. Therefore, use of the extracts in combination with conventional antibiotics would not compromise the antibiotics efficacy. All extracts were nontoxic in the Artemia nauplii and HDF toxicity assays, further indicating their potential for medicinal use. Conclusion: The E. officinalis fruit extracts were moderate inhibitors of the bacterial triggers of selected autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, the extracts potentiated the activity of chloramphenicol and tetracycline against otherwise resistant bacterial strains. Isolation of the active compounds and the potentiating agents may be beneficial in antibiotic drug design.

}, keywords = {Amla, ankylosing spondylitis, Combinational therapies, Indian gooseberry, Multi-drug resistant bacteria, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Synergy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.108}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/646}, author = {Adrian Hutchings and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {709, title = {Interactive Antimicrobial and Toxicity Profiles of Scaevola spinescens R.Br. Extracts with Conventional Antibiotics}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1024-1035}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1024}, abstract = {

Background: Scaevola spinescens was traditionally used by Australian Aborigines to treat a variety of conditions including bacterial and viral infections, inflammation and cancer. Conventional antibiotics are amongst the most commonly prescribed groups of drugs in allopathic medicine. Therefore, these therapies may be used concurrently by practitioners of complementary medicine and there is a need to evaluate their effects in combination. Methods: Plant extracts were prepared using solvents of varying polarity and subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening analysis. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using disc diffusion and liquid dilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays against a panel of pathogenic triggers of some autoimmune diseases. Interactions between the S. spinescens extracts and conventional antibiotics were studied and classified by determining the sum of the fractional inhibitory concentration (\ΣFIC). Synergistic interactions were further examined across a range of ratios using isobolograms analysis. The toxicity of the individual samples and of the combinations was assessed using the Artemia lethality assay (ALA) and an MTS HDF cell viability assays. Results: Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts showed moderate to good inhibitory activity against several bacterial pathogens known to trigger autoimmune inflammatory diseases in genetically susceptible individuals. However, combinations of the methanolic, aqueous, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts with conventional antibiotics proved significantly more effective in inhibiting the growth of Klebsiellia pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes (bacterial triggers of ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatic fever respectively). In total, 4 combinations proved to be synergistic, all of which contained tetracycline as the conventional antibiotic component. Furthermore, all conventional antibiotics and S. spinescens leaf extracts were determined to be nontoxic when tested alone in the Artemia nauplii and HDF bioassays. Combining the extracts and antibiotics did not significantly affect the toxicity of the combinations. Conclusion: S. spinescens extracts were effective inhibitors of the growth of several bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases when tested alone. Additionally, the methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts potentiated the activity of tetracycline against bacterial otherwise resistant to its actions. Isolation of the synergising compounds in these extracts may be beneficial in drug design against several bacteria including the microbial triggers of ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatic fever.

}, keywords = {Antibiotic resistance, Australian plant, Conventional antimicrobials, Interaction, Maroon bush, Medicinal plants, Synergy, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.174}, author = {Baxter Blonk and Ian E.Cock} } @article {526, title = {Investigation of Immunomodulatory Potential of Whole Plant of Boerhavia erecta Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {241-244}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {241}, abstract = {

The present study was designed to investigate immunomodulatory activity of aqueous extract of whole plant Boerhavia erecta. The concept of immunomodulation has been gaining much significance worldwide as people started realizing the indispensible role of the immune system in maintaining a disease-free state. Natural products have been considered a plentiful source in the search for new chemical entities that modulate the immune system with reduced adverse effects. Pharmacological evaluation of the crude ethanolic extract of Boerhavia diffusa roots has shown to possess anti proliferative and immunomodulatory properties but not reported from Boerhavia erecta. Due to that, immunomodulatory activity was carried out for the aqueous extract of Boerhavia erecta (Family: Nyctaginaceae). In this present study, aqueous extract of whole plant of Boerhavia erecta exhibited phagocytosis stimulation of human neutrophils against Candida albicans in a dose dependent manner.

}, keywords = {Boerhavia erecta, Candida albicans, Phagocytosis stimulation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.42}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/472}, author = {Vasuki K and Murugananthan G and Banupriya C and Ramya R and Mohana priya C and Shenjudar D} } @article {744, title = {In-vitro Cytotoxic Activity of Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.)Suksathan and Borchs. On A549, A431, CaCo2, U87 and L929 Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1216-1220}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1216}, abstract = {

Introduction: Medicinal plants play a key role to cure many diseases from time immemorial. The usage of medicinal plants in traditional medicinal system is the vital process of India. Cancer is one of the killing diseases and causes severe defects on human being. There are many types of cancer diseases in human beings affects the different organs. There is no proper medicine to cure such kind of cancer diseases. Objective: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the test substances for their cytotoxicity against selected cell lines. Methods: In the present study the in-vitro cytotoxicity potential of chloroform and methanolic leaf extract of Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs. Was carried out against five cell lines, four of which were cancerous and one normal cell line i.e., A549, A431, CaCo2, U87 and L929. Results: The results revealed that the cytotoxicity potential of the leaf and rhizome increased with the increase in concentration of leaf and rhizome extracts. The chloroform leaf extract showed highest percentage of growth inhibition against A549 cell line. The methanol leaf extract showed highest percentage of growth inhibition against A431 cell line. The chloroform leaf extract showed highest percentage of growth inhibition against CaCo2 cell line. The chloroform rhizome extract showed highest percentage of growth inhibition against U87 cell line. The methanolic leaf extract showed highest percentage of growth inhibition against L929 cell line .This shows that for different cell lines the highest percentage growth of inhibition was shown by different extracts. Conclusion: The present study has suggested that the leaf and rhizome extracts of Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs. , Possesses potent anticancer property which can be used to prepare anticancer drug with proper standardization methods.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Cancer Cell Lines, Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs, Medicinal plant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.208}, author = {Sangeetha D N and S Rajamani} } @article {624, title = {In-vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Anti-collagenase Activity of Thalassia hempricii as a Potent Ingredients for Anti-Wrinkle Cosmetics}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {778-782}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {778}, abstract = {

Background: Thalassia hemprichii have reported containing antioxidant effects. However, information on other biological activities relating to the anti-wrinkle properties is limited. The free radical scavenging activity and enzyme inhibitory activity of the plant extracts investigated that they can help restore skin elasticity and thereby slow the wrinkling process. Objective: To evaluate in-vitro antioxidant and anti-collagenase activity of T. hemprichii as a potent ingredient for anti-wrinkle cosmetic. Methods: T. hemprichii was extracted with ethanol 100\% (E1) 75\% (E2) and ethanol 50\% (E3) using maceration extraction method for 24 h, thrice. The extract was examined for total phenolic content, antioxidant activity compared with vitamin C, and the best extract was tested for the inhibitory activity of collagenase. Results: The total phenolic content of T. hempricii extract was 0,525 \± 0,016 mg GAE/100 g extract (E1) 0,538 \± 0,006 mg GAE/100 g extract (E2) and 0,558 \± 0,090 mg GAE/100 g extract (E3) respectively. The antioxidant activity (\% inhibition) of the extract was 38,035 \± 0,252 \% (E1), 52,502 \± 6,225 \% (E2) and 57,261 \± 0,505 \% (E3). Ascorbic acid as a positive control of antioxidant activity showed much higher \% inhibition than the sample with 78,055 \± 0,756 \%. As the best extract from antioxidant activity, E2 and E3 have inhibited collagenase activity with 51,809 \± 0,164 \% and 52,212 \± 0,735 \% at 20\μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: In general the (T. hempricii) extract can be used as a potential active ingradient for anti-wrinkles cosmetic.

}, keywords = {Anti-wrinkle, Antioxidant, Collagenase, Seagrass, Thalassia hempricii}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.131}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/669}, author = {Kiki Zakiah and Effionora Anwar and Tati Nurhayati} } @article {708, title = {Isolation and Characterization of Flavones from Artemisia monosperma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1018-1023}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1018}, abstract = {

Background: Artemisia monosperma (Delile) is a green aromatic shrub that grows widely in the deserts of Middle East, Africa and China. This plant is commonly used in folk medicine as a remedy of a wide range of illness including gastrointestinal disorders, inflammation, diabetes and microbial infection. The different categories of the secondary metabolites identified from Artemisia species are recognized for their biological activities as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial compounds. Objective: This study aims to isolate new flavonoids from A. monosperma that might have potential biological activities thus be translated into pharmaceutical uses. Materials and Methods: Air-dried A. monosperma extraction was done using different organic solvents. The methanolic extract was selected for isolation of flavonoids using column chromatography and thin layer chromatography. The chemical structures of the isolated flavones determined based on spectroscopic analysis of ultraviolet, mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Results: Nine flavone aglycones were isolated and identified from the methanolic extract; four of which are reported for the first time from A. monosperma. These include: 5-Hydroxy-3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright}, 6,7-tetramethoxyflavone; 3{\textquoteright},5-dihydroxy-4{\textquoteright},6,7-trimethoxyflavone (eupatorin); 5,6-dihydroxy-4{\textquoteright},7-dimethoxyflavone(ladanein); and 2{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright},5-trihydroxy-5{\textquoteright},6,7\– trimethoxyflavone (arcapillin). The remaining five flavones were previously identified from this plant as : 4{\textquoteright},5-Dihydroxy-3{\textquoteright},6,7-tri-methoxyflavone(cirsilineol);5,7-dihydroxy-3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright},6-trimethoxyflavone (eupatilin);4{\textquoteright},5,7-trihydroxy-3{\textquoteright},6-dimethoxyflavone(jaceosidin);4{\textquoteright},5-dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy- flavone (circimaritin) and 4{\textquoteright},5,7-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone (hispidulin). In addition, two acetophenone derivatives were isolated from fractions yielded selected flavones and these were identified as 4-hydroxyacetophenone and 3-(2-hydroxymethyl-2-buten-4-yl)-4-hydroxyaceto- phenone. Conclusion: This successful isolation of these natural flavonoids from A. monosperma can contribute further to the evaluation of bioactive compounds against disorders including but not limited to inflammatory associated disorders and microbial infections.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidants, Artemisia monosperma, Flavones}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.173}, author = {Lubna Abu-Niaaj and Ibrahim Katampe} } @article {514, title = {Isolation, Characterization and in vitro Pharmacological Activities of Tagetes Erectus Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {384-393}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {384}, abstract = {

Tagetes erectus (family: Asteraceae), commonly known as \‘African marigold\’, is an ornamental plant widely distributed in India. The plant has been used in traditional medicines in India and elsewhere in the treatment of cold, bronchitis, rheumatism and inflammation. The flavonoid quercetin has been isolated from the methanol extract of the plant by column chromatography and identified by co-TLC, comparison of its melting point, UV, IR and NMR spectra. Quercetin content has been estimated as 1.22 (\±0.26) \% in the methanol extract of Tageteserectus whole plant based on HPTLC method using the solvent systemchloroform: methanol (8.5:1.5). The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation (oil yield 0.04\% v/w) and 25 compounds comprising 93.9\% of the constituents were identified by GC-MS analysis. Monoterpenoids Predominated the oil (78.5\%), with piperitone as the major compound (40.1\%) followed by terpinolene (12.7\%) and limonene (12.0\%). The in vitro antioxidant assays of the methanol extract showed moderate activity with IC50 values 109.45 (\±1.22) g/ml for DPPH radical scavenging assay and 201.53 (\±4.48) g/ml for superoxide scavenging assay and the marker compound quercetin showed IC50 values 26.40(\±1.75) and 13.87 (\±0.54) g/ml respectively. Reducing power assay also showed moderate activity. Antibacterial activity of the methanol extract and the essential oil against gram positive and gram-negative bacteria were done using disc diffusion method. The essential oil showed remarkable activity against the tested organisms, while the extract showed only moderate activity.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Disc diffusion method, DPPH radical scavenging assay, Flavonoids, Quercetin, Terpinolene}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.64}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/495}, author = {Resmi S and Divya V Nair and Athulya Subhash and Rose Jose and Vishnu V and Subin Mary Zachariah} } @article {716, title = {Isolation of Cellulolytic Fungi and Utilization of Its Cellulolytic Activity for Microcrystalline Cellulose Preparation from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1082-1088}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1082}, abstract = {

Introduction: Microcrystalline cellulose is a cellulase derivative which usually used as a pharmaceutical excipient in the manufacturing of direct compression tablet. High concentration of cellulose is found in water hyacinth (about 60\%) therefore it might be used in the manufacturing of microcrystalline cellulose. This study was aimed to obtain the best cellulolytic fungi, the best optimal conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis and comparing microcrystalline cellulose characteristics obtained from water hyacinth with microcrystalline cellulose standard, Avicel pH 101. Method: This study began with isolation of cellulolytic fungi, and then enzymatic hydrolysis of \α-cellulose was done with cellulase enzymes extracted from cellulolytic fungi with various pH, temperature, duration and enzyme concentration. Microcrystalline obtained was characterized by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and then the result was compared with Avicel pH 101. Results: The results showed the best cellulolytic isolate was isolate 2 and its optimal hydrolysis conditions at pH 5, 30$^{0}$C, for 1 h with 5 mL (5\% v/v) enzyme. Based on the pattern of diffraction there was a similarity between microcrystalline cellulose of enzymatic hydrolysis result compared with Avicel pH 101.

}, keywords = {Cellulase, Cellulolytic fungi, Cellulose, Enzymatic hydrolysis, Microcrystalline cellulose, Water hyacinth}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.183}, author = {Mitayani Wahyu Murti and Monica Angeline Sudarsono and Herman Suryadi} } @article {718, title = {Isolation of Kojic Acid Producing Mold using Complex Carbon Sources}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1089-1092}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1089}, abstract = {

Introduction: An independent effort in term of pharmaceutical raw materials procurement in Indonesia, especially skin brightening agent, is required due to the high demand of brightening skin care product. One of the skin brightening agent widely used in cosmetic skin care formulations is kojic acid. This study aimed to obtain the isolate of kojic acid producing mold from nature and its optimum fermentation condition by using various complex carbon substrates. Methods: Aspergillus oryzae was used as reference. The isolates of fungi were screened with different substrates variation, namely sucrose, corn starch, cassava starch, and cellulose hydrolysate. Then, each of culture was dripped with FeCl3 1\% and the most brownish-red color formed was selected as mold and media for further process. The preculture of selected isolate and A. oryzae, were inoculated into 100 ml of fermentation media respectively and incubated at room temperature, 180 RPM for 10 days. The concentration of substrate was varied to 5, 7.5, and 10\%. The levels of kojic acid were determined by TLC densitometry with UV detector at 318 nm. Results: IHJ2K isolate in corn starch-yeast extract was selected as the best mold and media. However, the highest level of kojic acid was produced by Aspergillus oryzae with 10\% of substrate, with kojic acid concentration of 5.22 g/L. The most efficient fermentation was obtained from A. oryzae with 7.5\% of substrate, with the obtained yield of 0.53 g/g. Conclusion: Potential kojic acid producing mold namely IHJ2K was successfully isolated. The selected carbon source for optimum kojic acid fermentation condition with IHJ2K isolate was corn starch combined with yeast extract, KH2PO4, and Mg2SO4.7H2O.

}, keywords = {Aspergillus oryzae, Complex carbon, Fermentation, Kojic Acid, Mold, TLC Densitometry}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.184}, author = {Ines Dawiyah Suwarjo and Adnina Fithra Azzahra and Herman Suryadi} } @article {731, title = {Larvicidal and Pupicidal activity of Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer Leaf Extracts against Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1137-1142}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1137}, abstract = {

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the larvicidal and pupicidal activity of Clerodendrum philippinum leaf extracts against disease causing vectors Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. Methods: Five different concentrations (200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 ppm) of leaves were prepared by using aqueous (distilled water), ethanol, methanol, n-hexane, chloroform and tested for both the activity. The LC50 and LC90 values of leaf extracts were determined with the help of probit analysis. Results: Among the different extracts of leaf screened, the ethanol extract of C. philippinum was recorded the highest larvicidal and pupicidal activity of 100 \± 1.9 \% (1st instar) and 58 \± 0.8 \% at 600 ppm concentration for controlling An. stephensi, respectively. Similarly for Ae. aegypti, 97 \± 1.2 (1st instar) and 51 \± 0.5 (pupa) percentage of inhibition were achieved for the same solvent extracts of the leaf which were maximum than others. Moreover, the values of LC50 and LC90 clearly indicate that the activity of both larvicidal and pupicidal are not only solvent extracts dependant but also depend on their concentration. Conclusion: The obtained data highlight the potential role of ethanolic extracts of C. philippinum for controlling An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes at their larval and/ pupal stages of development.

}, keywords = {Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, Clerodendrum philippinum, Larvicidal activity, Pupicidal activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.194}, author = {Pranati Dhal and Jyoti Ranjan Rout and Preeti Krishna Dash and Sagorika Panda and Pallabi Pati and Chandi Charan Rath and Chinmay Pradhan and Santi Lata Sahoo} } @article {548, title = {Larviciding Activity of Acroptilon repens Extract against Anopheles stephensi, Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefaciatus under Laboratory Conditions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {453-456}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {453}, abstract = {

Introduction: Due to the emergence of insecticide resistance among the vectors of human diseases, there is a need to explore the use of plant extracts which are safe alternatives to conventional chemical larvicides used in control of vector-borne diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of Acroptilon repens against third instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefaciatus. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of A. repens plants was dried in the shaded places for 3 days at 26-28\°C. The leaves, flowers and stems were blended to crashed form using an electric blender. The larvicidal activity of total extract of A. repens were evaluated against third instar larvae stage of mosquito vectors, An. stephensi, Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefaciatus under laboratory conditions with 24h exposure period. Data were subjected to probit regression analysis in order to estimate the lethal concentrations for 50\% and 90\% mortality values. Result: The extract of A. repens exhibited significant larvicidal activity against third instar larvae of An. stephensi, with 24h LC50 of 0.2970 and LC90 of 2.2097 mg/l. The LC50 and LC90 values were 2.5047 and 24.7374 mg/l for Cx. pipiens and 2.9047 and 16.1459 mg/l for Cx. quinquefaciatus. Conclusion: The extract of A. repens can serve as a natural larvicide against An. stephensi, Cx. pipiens and Cx.quinquefaciatus. According to the larvicidal properties of this plant, formulating an extract of A. repens which is known as an abundant agricultural weed in Iran creates an alternative to chemical larvicides and providing a job opportunities.

}, keywords = {Acroptilon repens, Anopheles stephensi, Culex pipiens, Cx. quinquefaciatus, Larvicidal activity, Total extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.74}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/507}, author = {Ramesh Toolabi and Mohammad Reza Abai and Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat and Hassan Vatandoost and Mansooreh Shayeghi and Saeed Tavakoli and Mohammad Sistanizadeh Aghdam} } @article {612, title = {Macro-Microscopic Atlas on Heartwood of Santalum album L. (Sandalwood)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {730-733}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {730}, abstract = {

Background: Santalum album L. (Fam. Santalaceae) is a small evergreen tree distributed in South India mainly on the Deccan plateau, especially in Mysore and Tamil Nadu. The heartwood is highly prized and medicinally useful; Santalum album is one of the ingredients in many Ayurvedic and Siddha formulations. Objective: The present study brings out macro-microscopic atlas on heartwood of medicinal plant Santalum album L. Materials and Methods: Sections and powder were observed and photographed under different magnifications with the help of Olympus BX51 Microscopic unit fitted with Olympus Camera. Results: Macroscopically odour and taste, microscopically tyloses, fibres, tailed pitted vessels, uni and biseriate medullary rays, brownish content and oil globules are the unique diagnostic characters reported. Conclusion: The finding of the present study is believed to be helpful in identifying the correct botanical source of the plant in crude form and also standardization of herbal formulation containing sandalwood as ingredient.

}, keywords = {Chandana, Macro-microscopic atlas, Pharmacognosy, Sandalwood, Santalum album}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.122}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/660}, author = {Susikumar Sundharamoorthy and Nartunai Govindarajan and Arunachalam Chinnapillai and Ilavarasan Raju} } @article {690, title = {Macrophage Immunomodulatory Activity of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Isolated from the Crown-of-thorns Star Fish (acanthaster planci)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {951-957}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {951}, abstract = {

Introduction: Immunomodulator are chemical compounds that can improve the body\’s defense mechanisms both specific and non-specific, and non-specific induction of both cellular and humoral defense mechanisms. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to investigate immunomodulator activity and to identify the chemical constituents of active fractions from star fish Acanthaster planci, based on bioassay guided isolation. Materials and Methods: A. planci was collected from Ternate Island, North Moluccas, extracted with distilled methanol, partitioned with gradient chloroform-hexane-water and fractionated in column chromatography using silica gel and gradient hexane-ethyl acetate. Profiling chemical constituent was done by thin layer chromatograpahy and GC-MS. The immunomodulator activity was measured based on percentage of phagocytic capacity (PC) and phagocytic index (PI). Results: The result showed that 3 partition fractions exhibited immunomodulator activity. Data analysis exhibited that the best fraction was hexane fraction, and the best dosesmost effective doses of PC and PI were at 0.5 mg/kg body weight (BW) and 0.7 mg/kg BW, respectively. Data analysis of the 3 hexane fractions exhibited that the best fraction was fraction 3 and the best doses of PC was at 0.5 mg/kg BW and that of PI was at 0.7 mg/kg BW. Metabolites analysis using GC-MS yielded a number of chemical constituents of fraction 2 dan fraction 3 that dominated by unsaturated fatty acid. The study concluded that star fish A. planci from Ternate Island has a potential source of immunomodulator.

}, keywords = {Acanthaster planci, Immunomodulatory, North moluccas, Phagocytic capacity, Phagocytic index, Ternate island}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.161}, author = {M Janib Achmad and Alim Isnansetyo and Noer Kasanah and Ustadi} } @article {498, title = {Maltase Inhibitory Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Zingiber officinale Rosc. and Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {226-229}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {226}, abstract = {

Context: An important approach to diabetes treatment involves the regulation of postprandial hyperglycemia by delaying the release of glucose into the bloodstream using inhibitors for carbohydrate digesting enzymes such as maltase. Current synthetic antidiabetic drugs are associated with side effects that have restricted their usage. Antidiabetic plants such as Zingiber officinale and Trigonella foenum-graecum, commonly used as medicinal herbs in India, provide an attractive alternative as a source of maltase inhibitors. Aim: This study aimed to determine maltase inhibitory activity in antidiabetic plants in comparison with that of a synthetic drug, Acarbose, used as a positive control. Study Design: In vitro Enzyme Inhibition Assay. Materials and Methods: Aqueous plant extracts were prepared using rhizome of Z. officinale and leaves of T. foenum-graecum. Varying concentrations of the aqueous plant extract were tested for maltase inhibitory activity using crude yeast maltase enzyme. Statistical Analysis: Unpaired, two tailed t-test was used to detect the significant difference between the mean maltase enzyme activity of the control and that of the test. Results: The aqueous extract of T. foenum-graecum exhibited a higher potent maltase inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 1.05\% as compared to that of the aqueous extract of Z. officinale with IC50 value of 2.13\%. Acarbose showed the highest potency of maltase inhibition with an IC50 value of 0.014\%. Conclusion: Z. officinale and T. foenum-graecum have significant maltase inhibitory activity (p \<0.05). Thus, a contributing factor to the antidiabetic property of the two plants may be attributed to their maltase inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {Acarbose, Antidiabetic Plants, Maltase Inhibitory Activity, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Zingiber officinale}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.39}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/469}, author = {Janhavi Jatin Damani and Radiya Pacha-Gupta and Nandita Mangalore} } @article {762, title = {Microscopic Leaf Constant Numbers of Chromolaena odorata in Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s95-s99}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s95}, abstract = {

Introduction: Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King and H. Rob. (syn. Eupatorium odoratum L.), commonly known as Siam Weed, Christmas Bush, or Common Floss Flower, is a species in family Asteraceae. It has been widely used as medicinal plants for a long time. In Thailand, C. odorata is locally used to treat skin diseases and insect bites. Leave juice from the crushed leaves can be used as a haemostatic and anti-inflammatory in the treatment of skin wounds. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the leaf constant values of microscopic characters of leaf in term of stomatal number, stomatal index, epidermal cell number, trichome number, trichome index and oil gland number of C. odorata in Thailand. Method: Microscopic evaluation of leaf constants are frequency used for the medicinal plant samples. Leaf constant numbers used to identify between some closely related species. Light microscope (LM) attached a digital camera and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used in this study. Results and Conclusion: The results showed anomocytic stomata and multicellular non-glandular trichomes on both upper and lower epidermis of C. odorata, while oil glands were found on only lower epidermis of the leaf. The microscopic leaf constant numbers of C. odorata were established and could be used for the species identification of C. odorata in Thailand.

}, keywords = {Chromolaena odorata, Epidermal cell number, Oil gland number, Stomata number, Trichome number}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.18}, author = {Yamon Pitakpawasutthi and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {641, title = {Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors from Gnetum gnemon L. Seed Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {793-797}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {793}, abstract = {

Objective: Gnetum gnemon L. (melinjo) seed extract contained trans-resveratrol which has been shown to inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase. Therefore it has a potent activity for lowering blood cholesterol. This study was carried out to determine the molecular dynamics simulation of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors from Gnetum gnemon L. seed extract. Methods: Molecular dynamics simulation using AMBER was used. The simulation was set at 300 K as default temperature and 310 K, average human body temperature. The main parameters of this study were ligand-residue interaction, binding affinity, root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), hydrogen bonds analysis, molecular mechanics Poisson Boltzmann surface area (MMPBSA), and molecular mechanics generalized born surface area (MMGBSA). Results: In the simulation study, trans-resveratrol, trans-piceid, gnemonol M, gnemonoside B, viniferin and gnetin C had shown lower energy than HMG (PDB ID: MAH), the substrate of HMG-CoA Reductase. Free energy binding obtained from simulation was between 11.1 to -31.38 kcal/mol. Conclusion: The simulation at 310 K was preferable than 300 K as more interactions were performed and higher affinity was obtained.

}, keywords = {Gnetum gnemon L, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor, Molecular dynamics, Trans-resveratrol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.134}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/672}, author = {Yuditya Artha and Arif Arrahman and Azminah and Arry Yanuar} } @article {485, title = {Nephroprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract of Lantana camara and Squash (Cucurbita pepo) on Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats and Identification of Certain Chemical Constituents of Lantana camara by HPLC-ESI- MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {136-147}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {136}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cisplatin is a highly effective chemotherapeutic agent; its clinical use is severely limited by serious side effects as nephrotoxicity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the nephroprotective activity of defatted methanolic extract of two Egyptian plants: Lantana camara and Cucurbita pepo and certain fractions derived from the defatted methanolic extract of L. camara on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Also, identification of certain chemical constituents of L. camara by HPLC-ESI- MS. Methods: Nephrotoxicity was induced in rats by single dose of cisplatin. The effect of plants extract at doses 100-400 mg/kg.b.wt comparing with standard; ascorbic acid; was determined using serum urea, creatinine and some ions. Furthermore, the effect of these extracts on some renal antioxidant enzymes and histopathological examination of kidneys were examined. Results: The defatted methanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of L. camara showed the highest improvement of renal parameters. Also, HPLC-ESI-MS analysis of L. camara extracts exhibited bioactive phenolic compounds including phenyl ethanoid, flavonoids and phenolic acids. Conclusion: The phytochemical constituents of L. camara are responsible for their nephroprotective activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant enzymes, Ascorbic acid, Creatinine, Flavonoids, Histological studies, Phenyl etanoid.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.24}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/410}, author = {Heba Abdel-Hady and Mortada Mohamed El-Sayed and Afaf Ahmed Abdel-Hady and Maher Mahmoud Hashash and Ahmed Mohamed Abdel-Hady and Tarek Aboushousha and El-Sayed Saleh Abdel-Hameed and Ezzat El-Sayed Abdel- Lateef and Eman Abdalla Morsi} } @article {568, title = {Nephroprotective Effect of Aqueous Extract of Pimpinella anisum in Gentamicin Induced Nephrotoxicity in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {403-407}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {403}, abstract = {

Background: Pimpinella anisum known for its various medicinal properties is also a natural antioxidant and a free radical scavenger with no documented evidence as a nephroprotective agent. Objective: To evaluate the nephroprotective activity of aqueous extract of Pimpinella anisum seeds in a rodent model of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. Materials and Methods: Wistar albino rats of either sex, weighing 150\–200 g was divided into 5 groups; normal saline, gentamicin 80mg/kg, intraperitoneally for 8 days, aqueous extract of Pimpinella anisum seeds at 1, 2, and 4g/kg, per oral for 8 days, the test extract administered 3 days prior and concurrently with gentamicin for 5 days. Blood urea, serum creatinine, uric acid and blood urea nitrogen analyses and microscopic examination of kidney were performed. Results: Gentamicin treatment caused nephrotoxicity as evidenced by marked elevation in serum urea, serum uric acid, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (107.5\±16.92mg/dl, 0.8\±0.09 mg/dl, 3.05\±0.29 mg/dl, 47.8\±9.07 mg/dl) respectively when compared to the saline treated groups. Co-administration of Pimpinella anisum extract with gentamicin decreased the rise in these parameters in a dose dependent manner. Histopathological analysis revealed epithelial loss with intense granular degeneration in gentamicin treated rats, whereas aqueous extract of Pimpinella anisum mitigated the severity of gentamicin-induced renal damage. Conclusion: To conclude, our data suggest that aqueous extract of Pimpinella anisum exhibits renoprotective effect in gentamicin induced renal damage and further studies on its mechanism of action are warranted.

}, keywords = {Aniseed, Drug induced nephrotoxicity, Gentamicin, Nephroprotective, Pimpinella anisum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.66}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/532}, author = {Nair Aiswarya and Rao Rashmi R and Shenoy Preethi J and Vinod Chandran and S Teerthanath and Pai Sunil B and KB Rakesh} } @article {729, title = {Network Analysis of Indigenous Indonesia Medical Plants for Treating Tuberculosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1159-1164}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1159}, abstract = {

Background: Indonesia is the biggest archipelago country with the second biggest biodiversity in the world. A lot of medical plants for treating various diseases can be found in Indonesia, including medical plants for tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Objective: The goal of this research is to document the information of Indonesia indigenous medical plants that used various local societies to treat tuberculosis and also analyze active compounds of medical plants with proteins that related to tuberculosis. Methods and Material: The annotation of medical plants for treating tuberculosis was collected from a various source comprising local research papers, theses, and other resources. The information of active compound was taken from Dr. Duke\’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. A network of active compounds-proteins was analyzed by using Cytoscape 3.6.0. Results: The result described that there were twenty-seven species from nineteen families of medical plants used by local societies of Indonesia for tuberculosis therapy, and there were sundry of active compounds from fourteen medical plants had direct interaction with proteins related tuberculosis. Conclusions: Most of the active compounds targeted proteins that had a prominent role in immune system. It indicated that medical plants treating tuberculosis through regulating immunity of human body.

}, keywords = {Cytoscape, Immune system, Indonesia medical plants, Network, Tuberculosis}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.198}, author = {Sherry Aristyani and Sri Widyarti and Sutiman Bambang Sumitro} } @article {619, title = {Neuroprotective Activity of Sesbania grandifolara Seeds Extract Against Celecoxib Induced Amnesia in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {747-752}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {747}, abstract = {

Background: Sesbania grandiflora are characterized by their high anti-oxidant properties. The degeneration of neurons in Alzheimer disease mainly occurs because of high production of free radicals. However, the impact of Sesbania grandiflora on cholinergic system and oxidative stress parameter has not been investigated. Aim: The present study was designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora seeds in mice. Material and method: The seeds of Sesbania grandiflora were powdered and subjected to successive extraction in Soxhlet apparatus. The different doses of ethanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora seeds were evaluated for its neuroprotective activity against celecoxib induced amnesia in mice. Result and Conclusion: Phytochemical analysis of various extracts of Sesbania grandiflora revealed the presence of steroid, saponin, flavonoid, tannins and phenolic compounds. The ethanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora significantly improves the memory of mice and reestablishes the amnesia induced by celecoxib. In addition to improvement in memory the extract treatment also decreases the activity of AchE and MDA and restore the antioxidant anzyme SOD, GSH and catalase in experimental animals. The results of our study showed that ethanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora improve the cognition dysfunction in celecoxib treated mice through the modification in cholinergic system or by the blockage of oxidative stress and inhibition of AchE enzyme.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, Celecoxib, Free radical, Morris water maze, Sesbania grandiflora}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.125}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/663}, author = {Bhupesh Chander Semwal and Madhuri Verma and Yogesh Murti and Harlokesh Narayan Yadav} } @article {754, title = {Neuroprotective Effects of Valeriana wallichii on Scopolamine Induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s38-s41}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s38}, abstract = {

Objective: Alzheimer\’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in worldwide, treatment options is extremely limited and costly. The present study was conducted to investigate and validate the traditional claim of Valeriana wallichii on scopolamine treated rats as an AD model. Methods: The Valeriana wallichii rhizome ethanol extract (25 mg/kg/day) was administered daily along with scopolamine for a period of 14 days following which the elevated plus maze test were performed to assess learning and memory. Rats treated with scopolamine or vehicle only were also included in the experiment. Result: The study demonstrate that scopolamine treatment resulted in learning and memory deficits which were partially and significantly ameliorated by the Valeriana wallichii rhizome ethanol extract. Conclusion: The study demonstrates the ability of the Valeriana wallichii rhizome ethanol extract to reverse scopolamine-induced learning and memory deficits in rats.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Elevated Plus Maze, Neuroprotective, Scopolamine, Valeriana wallichii}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.7}, author = {Aslam Pathan and Abdulrahman Alshahrani} } @article {465, title = {New Medicinal Plant Variety of Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. (Cucurbitaceae) from Northeastern Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {29-32}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {29}, abstract = {

Objectives: This research was carried out for describing, illustrating and treating a new medicinal plant variety in the genus Trichosanthes. Methods: This research was carried out by collecting plant specimens in the Northeastern Thailand. Morphological characters were studied and compared with the closely related taxon and taxonomic literatures. Results: T. tricuspidata subsp. rotundata var. longirachis, was found. This plant is described and illustrated here and treated as a new variety. It differs from the other of T. tricuspidata subsp. rotundata by having the following combination characters: Comparatively stout herbaceous climber up to 20 m long, tendril 3\–5-brached, probract obovate with obvious glands, mature blade unlobed or 3-shallowly lobed with 1-2 short angles, blade not deeply lobed (unlobed blade found in juvenile plants), blade size 5-11 cm diameter and raceme rachis length 10\–130 cm. Its fruits and seeds were used as medicinal parts. Conclusion: Totally, three subspecies and four variety of T. tricuspidata in Thailand have been recorded so far. Important comparative morphological characters with some closely related variety are discussed. The local people used it as medicinal plant.

}, keywords = {Cucurbitaceae, Ethnobotany, Taxonomy, Thailand, Trichosanthes tricuspidata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.6}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/361}, author = {Wannachai Chatan and Wilanwan Promprom} } @article {475, title = {Nutritious Pure Herbal Whitening Sun Cream Processed from Seed and Leaf of Moringa oleifera Fortified with Red Rice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {77-80}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {77}, abstract = {

Moringa oleifera seed and leaf contained available medium fatty acid profile and essential amino acid bound in the tissue which should be hydrolysed. The addition of red rice which has antioxidant compound namely ZnO that can have protected the skin from sun burn and also to make the gelatinous slurry due to reducing the moisture content. The utilization of oil seed and leaf as raw material and fortified with red rice for making a low-cost sun cream is beneficial mainly for women living at rural region. Two phases of experiments were carried out. The first phase was the effect of time and temperature on the yield and oleic acid content of the oil. A randomized block design with two factors was carried out. The temperature at three level (50, 55, 60oC) as the first factor, and the time of extraction at three levels (12, 15, 20 hours) as the second factor. It was found that treatment of 50oC at 20 hours extraction shown the best result. The yield of oil was 34\% and the oleic acid content was a 71.9\% from the extracted oil. A randomized block design was used to carried out the second phase of study. The time of steaming (30, 45, 60 minutes) as the first factor and the red rice concentration (5\%, 10\%, 15\%) as the second factor. The result shown that the use of 60 minutes and 5\% red rice concentration was the best result. The slurry has the moisture content of 40.4\% and the protein content was 40.5\%. The storage stability of the sun cream stored under low temperature (30\±1oC) was 6 months and the characteristic of the slurry having oleic acid, essential amino acid and the ZnO.

}, keywords = {Herbal, Moringa oleifera, Red Rice, Sun Cream, ZnO}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.15}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/401}, author = {Sri Kumalaningsih and Muhammad Arwani} } @article {691, title = {Optimization of Extraction Condition to Obtain Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Seagrass Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Asch from Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {958-962}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {958}, abstract = {

Background: Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Asch is one of the commonly found seagrasses spread over the coast of Indonesia and has not been utilized. Previous studies have reported its potency as an antioxidant, however, studies on optimal extraction conditions using ethanol as a solvent to obtain higher antioxidant activity are still limited. Objective: The purpose of this study is to optimize the extraction condition for obtaining the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of the seagrass T. hemprichii. In an addition, percentage yield of extract was also evaluated. Methods: In this study, factorial design with independent factors of ethanol concentrations (50\%, 70\%, and 100\%), the use of HCl 1 N (Yes/No), and temperature (300C, 600C) was developed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significance of the above factors towards antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. The antioxidant activity was evaluated with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and the total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. Results: The highest antioxidant activity (IC50=83.48 \μg/mL) was shown in sample R1 (extracted with 50\% ethanol, added with HCl 1 N, and 600C). The sample was also showed total phenolic content 41.03 mg GAE per gram and 22\% yield extract. Among the factors examined, the used of HCl 1 N showed the most significant effect to the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content, with the p-value of 0.048 and 0.034 respectively (p\<0.05). Conclusion: This extraction condition can be applied to obtain higher antioxidant activity and total phenolic content from the plant.

}, keywords = {DPPH, Factorial design, Thalassia hemprichii, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.162}, author = {Nely Suryani Nopi and Effionora Anwar and Tati Nurhayati} } @article {469, title = {Oral Glucose Tolerance Activity of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr.) Bulbs Extract Based on the Use of different Extraction Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {49-54}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {49}, abstract = {

Background: Bulbs of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr; Synonym: Eleutherine americana L. Merr) from family Iridaceae is widely found and grown in Kalimantan island. The local tribe \“Dayak\” commonly consume this plant and become a traded commodity in traditional markets. This plant is trusted to treat various diseases. Objective: The present study aims to determine the effect of blood glucose reduction from bulbs of Bawang Dayak based on the use of different extraction methods using oral glucose tolerance test. Method: Dried sample was extracted with methanol using maceration, reflux, and Soxhlet method, respectively. The measurement of blood glucose reduction was performed using oral glucose tolerance test in vivo method and was analyzed using statistical comparison (Two-Way-ANOVA). Results: Based on the each extraction results was obtained yields of as 8.636\% (reflux method), 11.87\% (maceration method), and 14.023\% (soxhlet method). While the results of blood glucose lowering effect on each extract were used, there were significant differences in statistical tests and organ index. Conclusion: This result is a preliminary stage and the information is invaluable for further research.

}, keywords = {Bawang Dayak, Bulbs of plant, Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr, Extraction method, Oral glucose tolerance test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.10}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/365}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Niken Indriyanti and Yurika Sastyarina and Laode Rijai and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {764, title = {Peels of Citrus Fruits: A Potential Source of Anti-inflammatory and Anti-nociceptive Agents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s172-s178}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s172}, abstract = {

Introduction: The present study was contemplated to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic potentials in peels of some commercially grown Citrus fruits of South India viz, Lime (Citrus aurantifolia), Orange (Citrus reticulata), Sour Orange (Citrus aurantium), Pomello (Citrus grandis) and Citron (Citrus medica). Methods: The peel of the fruits were separated and subjected to cold extraction using 70\% alcohol. The extracts obtained were screened for the presence of phytoconstituents by qualitative phytochemical analysis; the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts at 250 and 500mg/Kg body weight concentrations were assessed by in vivo Carrageenan induced rat paw edema model and in vitro HRBC membrane stabilization assay whereas Tail immersion and Hot plate methods have been used to evaluate their analgesic property. Results: The results revealed that, all extracts treated animals have shown significant decrease in paw edema volume at 3rd and 4th hour of treatment and increase in reaction time in tail immersion and hot plate readings at 120 and 150 min and are comparable to the standards. From the results it was evident that Citron peel extract exhibited significant antiinflammatory and analgesic property in all models. Preliminary phytochemical investigation revealed that extracts were bestowed with presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, alkaloids, carotenoids and phenolic compounds which might be responsible for the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. Conclusion: From the results it was evident that all citrus fruits have prominent activity in terms of parameters assessed in a dose dependent manner and are more effective in the later phase. The study thus documents that Citrus peels are good sources of anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive agents.

}, keywords = {Carrageenan, Citrus peel, Hot plate, HRBC, Phytochemicals, Tail immersion}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.30}, author = {Pallavi Malleshappa and Ramesh Chapeyil Kumaran and Krishna Venkatarangaiah and Sameera Parveen} } @article {511, title = {Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Piperine on Gliclazide in Animal Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {221-225}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {221}, abstract = {

Back Ground: The objective of the present study was to find out the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions of piperine on gliclazide in rats and rabbits. Methods: Influence of piperine on the activity of gliclazide was determined by conducting single- and multipledose interaction studies in rats (normal and diabetic) and diabetic rabbits. Blood samples collected at predetermined time intervals from experimental animals were used for the estimation of glucose and insulin levels by using automated clinical chemistry analyzer and radioimmunoassay method, respectively. \β-cell function was determined by homeostasis model assessment. Additionally, serum gliclazide levels in rabbits were analyzed by highperformance liquid chromatography. Results: Gliclazide showed significant reduction in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats and rabbits. Similarly, piperine also showed significant reduction in blood glucose levels in animals. Additionally, , samples analyzed from all time points in combination with piperine showed peak reduction in blood glucose in diabetic rats and rabbits. The pharmacokinetics of gliclazide was also altered by single- or multiple-dose piperine treatments in rabbits. Conclusion: The interaction of piperine with gliclazide upon single and multiple-dose treatment was pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic in nature, indicating the need for periodic monitoring of glucose levels and dose adjustment as necessary when this combination is prescribed to diabetic patients.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Drug interaction, Gliclazide, Piperine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.38}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/468}, author = {Umachandar Lagisetty and Habibuddin Mohammed and Sivakumar Ramaiah} } @article {605, title = {Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological Evaluation of Hyssopus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) Collected from Kashmir Himalayas, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {690-693}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {690}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hyssopus officinalis L. is a well-known herb for its culinary and medicinal significance. The purpose of this study was to perform the pharmacognostic evaluation. Methods: Physicochemical and phytochemical analysis, HPTLC quantification and in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity were done. Results: Preliminary screening revealed the presence of phytomolecules such as alkaloid (0.99\%), tannin (1.75\%), sugar (1.96\%) and starch (0.68\%). Total phenolic and flavonoid content were found to be 2.32\% and 1.16\% respectively. HPTLC quantification data showed that the content of ferulic acid (0.034\%) was higher than caffeic acid (0.0064\%) on dry weight basis The IC50 value for the in vitro DPPH radical scavenging assay was 0.50 \μg/ml and in vitro anti diabetic assay displayed IC50 value of 0.8366 mg/ml. Conclusion: The study suggests presence of considerable amount of phenolic acids and antioxidant activity in the plant which supports its use in the traditional systems of medicine.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, DPPH, HPTLC, Hyssopus officinalis, Phenolic acids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.114}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/652}, author = {Akanksha Srivastava and Kuldeep Awasthi and Bhanu Kumar and Ankita Misra and Sharad Srivastava} } @article {692, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation and HPTLC Finger Printing of Rhizome of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. from Nepal}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {963-968}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {963}, abstract = {

Introduction: Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F.; commonly known as Shveta Musali from the family Liliaceae is a perennial herb. It is used in Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Unani and in folklore practice as an aphrodisiac herb. Present study depicts pharmacognostic features of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. collected from Nepal. Methods: Macromicroscopic analyses, physico-chemical studies and HPTLC finger printing of rhizomes of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. were carried out according to pharmacopoeial procedures. Results: Microscopic analysis has shown presence of epidermis, cork, cortex, collenchymatous cells, starch grains, cluster crystals of calcium oxalate, idioblast, phloem, vascular bundles, pitted xylem parenchyma, sclereids, stone cells, fragment of epiblema, and acicular needles. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed presence of alkaloid, carbohydrate, carboxylic acid, resins and saponins. TLC photo-documentation revealed presence of many phyto-constituents with different Rf values and HPTLC densitometric scan of the plates showed numerous bands under short UV, long UV and 620 nm (after derivatisation). Conclusion: Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. was evaluated for its pharmacognostic features and HPTLC. These specific identities will be useful in identification and authentication of the raw drug.

}, keywords = {Chlorophytum borivilianum, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Quality control, Shveta Musali}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.163}, author = {Kopila Adhikari and KN Anuradha and N. Prabhu Suchitra} } @article {505, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Curcumin on Diabetic Retinopathy in Alloxan-induced Diabetes through NF-KB and Brn3a Related Mechanism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {324-332}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {324}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most common micro vascular complication of diabetes and involves an abnormal pathology of major retinal pigment epithelium, inter retinal oedema and intraocular neovascularisation where pro-inflammatory proteins including ICAM-1,iNOS and VEGF release by activation of enzyme CaMKII/NF-kB expression Diabetic induced oxidative stress followed by deactivation of Brn3a expression in the retinal ganglionic cells are also early events in pathogenesis of Diabetic retinopathy. These factors are important contributors to the development of clinically significant diabetic retinopathy. Objective: Objective of this study to examine the effect of curcumin with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties obtained from Curcuma longa against diabetes-induced retinal vascular damage and its mechanism of action by in-vivo in retinas of rat rendered diabetic by alloxan and in vitro in western blotting and RGC tissue culture. Method: We administered curcumin or saline vehicle to experimental animals daily for 12 weeks. Vascular permeability, expression of CaMK II/NF-kB, Retinal morphology and neuropathic change of the retinal ganglion cells were investigated. Results: As an anti-oxidant, curcumin raised Retinal Ganglionic cells by increasing Brn3a expression during oxidative stress condition and subsequently decreased the expression of inflammatory mediators such as VEGF, iNOS and ICAM-1 as an anti-inflammatory agent by inhibiting CaMKII and NF-kB expression. Conclusion: Curcumin, a common food additive has beneficial effects in experimental studies of diseases that are characterised by increased oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions. It appears to be a useful adjunct therapy to possibly inhibit the progression of retinopathy, sight threatening complication faced by diabetic patients.

}, keywords = {Brn3a, CaKMII, Curcumin, Inflammation, NF-KB, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.56}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/486}, author = {Debasish Pradhan and Toffa Dasmohapatra and Gitanjali Tripathy} } @article {593, title = {Pharmacognostic Standardization of an Ethnomedicinal Aquatic Herb, Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms for its Antibacterial Potentiality}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {533-540}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {533}, abstract = {

Objectives: To evaluate antibacterial potentiality, pharmacognostic characteristics and quality control parameters including heavy metals, like lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) accumulation in the aerial parts of an aquatic herb, Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms. Methods: Antibacterial assay was done by agar well diffusion method. Pharmacognostic studies like morpho-anatomical and physicochemical analyses were carried out for organoleptic, microscopic and macroscopic evaluations of living aerial parts, and powder microscopy, fluorescence, proximate and elemental analysis of the dried powder sample. Elements and heavy metals contents were determined by carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur / oxygen (CHNS/O) analyzer and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. Results: M. hastata (L.) Solms aerial parts showed antibacterial activity against gastrointestinal and topical pathogens. It exhibited an amphistomatic and hydromorphic anatomical characters. The distinguishing features were the presence of stomata in upper and lower epidermis, broad air chambers, cuticle, collateral vascular bundles, sclereidal fibres, pitted tracheids, pitted vessels, calcium oxalate crystals and annular vessels in leaf. The powder sample contained very less amount of acid insoluble ash than water soluble ash and complete absence of foreign organic matter. Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur (CHNS) ratio was 33:6:5:1 and lead content was lesser than the recommended upper limit though the arsenic content was higher than the permissible upper limit. Conclusions: Though the plant has traditionally been used as a potent Ethnomedicinal herb to cure boils, gastritis, hepatopathy and as laxative, but no such evaluation of pharmacognostic identity and quality parameters have been done so far. This is the first report on its pharmacognostic characters and quality control issues like heavy metal accumulation and physicochemical parameters for future use as powder drug.

}, keywords = {Fluorescence characteristics, Heavy metal accumulation, M hastata (L.) solms, Pharmacognostic standardization, Traditional medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.87}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/520}, author = {Debabrata Misra and Manab Mandal and Narendra Nath Ghosh and Vivekananda Mandal} } @article {533, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies of Psychotria rubra(Lour.)Poir.}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January-2018}, pages = {249-255}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {249}, abstract = {

Objective: Various traditional systems of medicine enlightened the importance of Psychotria rubra (Lour.) Poir to have a great medicinal value. The present study was carried out to provide a scientific basis of the identification and the authenticity of Psychotria rubra (Lour.) Poir with the help of pharmacognostic parameters, which is not done before. Methods: Roots, stems, and leaves of P. rubra were collected for Pharmacognostic studies involving macros, microscopic evaluation, histochemistry and physicochemical parameters analysis like Ash value, Moisture content, Fluorescence analysis and Thin Layer Chromatography et al. Results: Transverse section of root was found like stone cells, calcium oxalate crystal and vessels in circular shape. Transverse section of stem showed the presence of lenticels and stone cell bands. Transverse section of leaf vein revealed the presence of shaft type of porosity. Powder microscopy revealed the presence of cork cells, stone cells, crystals and resin, fibers, needle crystal beam, thread tracheid and scalariform tracheid. Phytochemical investigation was found like alkaloids, flavones, carbohydrates, saponins, tannins and volatile oils. Results obtained in physicochemical parameters like Total ash value, acid insoluble ash and moisture content were 9.77\%, 0.68\% and 1.28\%, respectively. The leaching degree of P. rubra was higher in ethanol(75\%, v/v) and methanol solutions than that in chloroform, petroleum ether, and tetrachloromethane solutions. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) of the extract revealed 4 spots with the Rf values 0.47, 0.46, 0.46, 0.47 with the solvent system of chloroform: methanol: water: formic acid(7:3:1:0.1). Conclusion: The observations confirmed that P. rubra has an obvious Pharmacognostic characteristics, which will be useful towards providing a reliable basis for identification, purity, quality and classification of the plant.

}, keywords = {Histochemistry, Identification, Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, Poir, Psychotria rubra(Lour.)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.44}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/474}, author = {Gengqiu Tang and Xiaojing Lin and Xiudi Lai and Xue Gong and Shengguo Ji} } @article {694, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies on the Root of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {973-978}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {973}, abstract = {

Purpose: To undertake the pharmacognostic studies of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. Root for the purpose of identification and differentiation from related species. Methods: The macroscopic and microscopic features of the root were studied, including the use of powder microscopy with the aid of suitable tools and reagents. Physicochemical parameters such as ash value, extractive value and weight loss on drying were also determined. The root powder was successively extracted with different solvents followed by preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts. Results: Macro- and micro-scopic studies revealed cork i.e. the layer of periderm present above the cortex along with lenticels. The periderm is many layered membranous with irregularly fissured crevices containing phellum and phellogen. Secondary phloem is comparatively massive without lignified tissues i.e. bast fibres and contains sieve tubes, phloem parenchyma, many enriched with starch grains. The secondary xylem lignified mingled with medullary rays, vessels, parenchyma and wood fibers. Preliminary phytochemical screening of different extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrate, protein, gum, steroid, tri-terpenoid, saponin, flavonoid and tannin in the root. Conclusion: The findings of this study facilitate pharmacognostic standardization of the plant material and add clues in the preparation of herbal monographs for Phyto pharmacopeia.

}, keywords = {Anthocephalus cadamba, Kadamba, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Pharmacognostic studies, Phytochemical, Root}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.165}, author = {Suman Acharyya and Ranjan Padhy and Santosh Kumar Dash} } @article {677, title = {Pharmacognostic Study of Leaves of Hedeoma patens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {921-924}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {921}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oregano is a plant consumed as a spice and used to a lesser extent as a medicinal plant for the treatment of respiratory and stomach diseases, among others. Oregano is made up of a large number of species and is currently under study for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic properties. However, pharmacognostic studies of some wild species are lacking. Methods: The present research aims to identify taxonomically and to evaluate the morphological characteristics of Hedeoma patens, a plant used as oregano in Mexico. Results: The specimens were identified as Hedeoma patens J. and their main morphological features were trichome-pelted sites for synthesis of essential oils. Conclusion: The plant used in Badiraguato, Sinaloa is Hedeoma patens J. and the structures that synthesize phenolic compounds and essential oils could suggest a potential use of this plant and will form a basis for future research.

}, keywords = {Bioactives, Chemical/ Nutraceutical Industries, Essential oils, Hedeoma patens J, Oregano, Pharmacognostic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.155}, author = {Laura Aracely Contreras-Angulo and Denisse Vega-Gaxiola and Alexis Emus-Medina and Jose Basilio Heredia} } @article {656, title = {Pharmacognostic Study of Leaves of Hedeoma patens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July/2018}, pages = {73-76}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oregano is a plant consumed as a spice and used to a lesser extent as a medicinal plant for the treatment of respiratory and stomach diseases, among others. Oregano is made up of a large number of species and is currently under study for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic properties. However, pharmacognostic studies of some wild species are lacking. Methods: The present research aims to identify taxonomically and to evaluate the morphological characteristics of Hedeoma patens, a plant used as oregano in Mexico. Results: The specimens were identified as Hedeoma patens J. and their main morphological features were trichome-pelted sites for synthesis of essential oils. Conclusion: The plant used in Badiraguato, Sinaloa is Hedeoma patens J. and the structures that synthesize phenolic compounds and essential oils could suggest a potential use of this plant and will form a basis for future research.

Key words: Essential oils, Bioactives, Hedeoma patens J, Oregano, Pharmacognostic, Chemical/ Nutraceutical Industries.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.14}, author = {Laura Aracely Contreras-Angulo and Denisse Vega-Gaxiola and Alexis Emus-Medina and Jose Basilio Heredia} } @article {756, title = {Pharmacognostical and Physicochemical Studies of Enhalus acoroides (L.F.) Royle (Rhizome)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s89-s94}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s89}, abstract = {

Introduction: The rhizome of Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle is used in traditional medicine for treatment of many diseases e.g. muscle pains, wounds and stomach problems where pharmacognostical studies are lacking. Many chemical constituents; luteolin, apigenin, luteolin glycosides, stigmasterol, daucosterol have been reported. The aim of this work was to perform a pharmacognostical evaluation. Methods: Macroscopical, microscopical and physicochemical parameters were assessed. Results: E. acoroides has characteristic morphology. Microscopical studies indicated the presence of vessels, fiber, parenchyma cells, sclereids, tracheids and trichomes. Physicochemical parameters of E. acoroides rhizome; foreign matter, loss on drying and total ash content were measured. As well as chemical investigation through TLC and HPLC were specified. Conclusion: The present study of E. acoroides rhizome provides useful information that can serve as a diagnostic tool for the standardization of E. acoroides and will be helpful in characterization of the crude drug in the market.

}, keywords = {Enhalus acoroides, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Pharmacognostic, Specification, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.17}, author = {Supattra Klangprapun and Benjaporn Buranrat and Wanida Caichompoo and Somsak Nualkaew} } @article {521, title = {Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Analysis on Leaves of Homalium ceylanicum (Gardn.) Benth.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {272-277}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {272}, abstract = {

Objective: Kakhara, Dhanimari or Kakhda is one of the folklore plant of Odisha, which has been identified as Homalium ceylanicum (Gardn.) Benth. (Syn. H. zeylanicum) belonging to family Salicaceae (Flacourtiaceae). The leaves and bark of the plant is used in rheumatism, diabetes and wound healing. Review of literature revealed that the scientific evaluation on various parts of the plants has not been carried out, hence the present study has been designed to study leaves of Homalium ceylanicum Benth. For its morphology, anatomy, physiochemical and phytochemical aspects. Methods: The leaves samples were collected from Gandhamardana hills, Odisha, in month of September 2016, herbarium was provided with herbarium reference no. phm/6216/2016-17 and also certified by BSI Kolkata. Macroscopic observations were made with naked eyes and centimeter scale was used to measure the leaf size. Microscopy of leaf, Stomatal index and powder microscopy was done as per standard protocol. Physicochemical and qualitative analysis were done following standard API protocols. Results: Leaves are simple, alternate, with crenate margin and petiole is pubescent. T.S. of petiole shows boat shaped with two protruding arms supported by 2 meristele. The schematic diagram of T.S. of petiole shows somewhat orbicular to boat shaped with two arms protruding supporting two meristele in each arm. Stomatal index is 15.94-16.91, powder is bitter with leafy aroma, microscopic shows paracyctic stomata key character of genus. LOD is 8.66 \± 0.72 and carbohydrates are present in both extracts. Conclusion: the anatomical characters and values obtained from analytical study can help in standardization.

}, keywords = {Anukta Dravya, Flacourtiaceae, Homalium ceylanicum, Leaf, Salicaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.48}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/478}, author = {Acharya Rabinarayan and Jani Switu and Chinappa Rudrappa and Shukla Vinay} } @article {592, title = {Pharmacognostical Evaluation of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. from Uttarakhand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {527-532}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {527}, abstract = {

Objective: Rhododendron arboreum Sm. commonly known as Burans is an important plant of the Himalayan region. It is the national flower of Nepal and state tree of Uttarakhand. The present study pertains to the pharmacognostical evaluation of R. arboreum from Uttarakhand. Methods: Macroscopy, microscopy by free hand section cutting and with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were done along with the physicochemical analysis. Preliminary phytochemical studies and fluorescence analysis was also carried out. Results: Results revealed that the leaves contain paracytic or amphiparacytic stomata in cluster form. The epidermal cells were long and spongy. The cells also contain some grooves and papillae throughout the surface. Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of different secondary metabolites like alkaloids carbohydrates, phenols, proteins, saponins, and tannins. Conclusion: R. arboreum from Uttarakhand region was investigated for its morphological and cytological characteristics with the help of scanning electron microscopy for the first time. The results provide details on the presence of several specific characters which are important for the identification of the genuine crude drug.

}, keywords = {Burans, Himalaya, microscopy, Phytochemical, SEM}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.86}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/519}, author = {Devesh Tewari and Archana Negi Sah and Sweta Bawari} } @article {711, title = {Pharmacognostical Study of Ixora coccinea Flower}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1042-1046}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1042}, abstract = {

Introduction: The medicinal values of Ixora coccinea Linn. (Raktaka) has been recorded since ancient times. It belongs to family Rubiaceae. The roots and leaves are used in treating various ailments. The flower too has therapeutic potentials. Although the flowers are used as medicine by traditional healers it is not known too many. The current study is carried out to provide scientific details in the identification and the authenticity of I. coccinea Linn. floral parts with the help of pharmacognostical standards. Methods: Pharmacognosy of Ixora coccinea flower parts was carried out by macroscopy, microscopy, histochemistry, powder study, proximate analysis and preliminary phytochemical studies. Results: The macroscopic detail of the flower is calyx persistent; corolla scarlet orange with long corolla tube; the stamen alternipetalous and gynoecium bicarpellary with basal placentation. The transverse section of flower passing through corolla, corolla tube, calyx and ovary showed the presence of unicellular trichomes, cells of anthocyanin pigments, oil globules, calcium oxalate crystals and paracytic stomata. Powder microscopy showed the presence of oil globules, calcium oxalate crystals, anthocyanin pigments, starch grains, unicellular trichomes, stomata, vessels etc. Physicochemical studies revealed total ash (3.1\%), acid insoluble ash (0.2\%), water soluble ash (1.25\%), alcohol soluble extractive value (11.25\%) and water soluble extractive value (12\%) respectively. Histochemistry and Preliminary phytochemical screening goes concurrent with the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, etc. Conclusion: The observations confirmed that in Ixora coccinea each floral whorl has its diagnostic characters. These will help in identification, authenticity and to put forth the pharmacopoeial standards of the said plant.

}, keywords = {Flower, Ixora coccinea, Pharmacognosy, Pharmacopeia, Raktaka, Rubiaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.176}, author = {Bindu Gopalkrishnan and Roy Chiranjeev} } @article {608, title = {Pharmacognostical-physico-chemical Evaluation and Development of HPTLC Finger print for Cichorium intybus L. fruits}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {694-699}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {694}, abstract = {

Introduction: Many herbal medicines are lacking pharmacognostical, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological data even though used widely for medicinal purposes. Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae) \– chicory is an ancient folklore medicine. Various parts of these plants are in use for a wide range of ailments including those affecting liver and kidney. The aim of the current study is to standardize the fruit of C. intybus for macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical parameters, TLC photo documentation along with development of HPTLC fingerprint profiles. Methods: Following standard pharmacopoeial procedures, detailed macro-microscopic characterization along with preliminary phytochemical features of the drug has been recorded from the current study. Results: Macro-microscopic study has revealed the authenticity of this medicinal achene type fruit. Physico-chemical and HPTLC studies revealed constants for identification and authentication of fruits of C. intybus. Conclusion: The current study will serve as a reference tool for quality maintenance, authentication as well as scientific validation of chicory fruits.

}, keywords = {Chicory fruits, Monograph, Quality control, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.115 }, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/653}, author = {Achintya Kumar Mandal and Shakila Ramachandran and Kallingilkalathil Gopi Divya and Mattumal Rubeena and Koppala Narayana Sunil Kumar and Parameswaran Sathiyarajeswaran} } @article {637, title = {Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Screening of some Plant Derived Medicine to Treat Dysmenorrheal Pain by the Rajbanshi Community}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {738-746}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {738}, abstract = {

Introduction: Dysmenorrhea is a sort of painful menstrual disorder. Several plants like Allium sativum L., Areca catechu L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Crinum amoenum Ker Gawl. Ex Roxb, Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Nymphaea rubra Roxb. Ex Andrews, Piper nigrum L., Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck were used in appropriate ratio to make herbal formulation to cure dysmenorrheal pain by the traditional healers of Rajbanshi community. Objective: By semi-structured questionnaires in the course of scheduled interviews with the local herbal practitioners, four herbal formulations (coded as DYS1, DYS2, DYS3 and DYS4) were recorded. Pharmacognostic characterization was carried out for the authentication of the powder drugs which includes powder microscopy, fluorescence analysis and physicochemical evaluation. The presence of any therapeutic potential in DYS1, DYS2, DYS3 and DYS4 was determined by qualitative evaluation of phytochemicals of various successive solvent extracts based on their polarity. Thin layer chromatography was performed for screening various phyto-active compounds like arbutin, alkaloids, coumarins, cardiac glycoside, etc. Results: Powder microscopy revealed the presence of calcium oxalate crystal, stone cells etc. Various fluorescence colors were exhibited by these herbal drugs under UV after reacting with chemical reagents. Physical analyses values were also obtained in a satisfactory way. TLC and qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of active phytoconstituents like arbutin, alkaloids, coumarins, cardiac glycoside etc. Conclusion: The results support the use of plants as a traditional medicine for the prevention disorders like Dysmenorrhea. Further evaluation is required for determining the efficacy of those herbal drugs and the active phytoconstituents involved in Dysmenorrheal therapy.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Dysmenorrhea, Pharmacognostic evaluation, Successive solvent extraction, Thin layer Chromatography., Traditional healer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.124}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/662}, author = {Priyankar Roy and Palash Mandal and Subhasis Panda and Sonia Mitra Roy and Arunika Subba} } @article {565, title = {Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical Study and Antioxidant Activity of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {571-575}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {571}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll ex.Miq leaves have been used as traditional medicine in Indonesia. There is no report about pharmacognosy and phytochemical study with this plant.Objective: The main aim of this research is to establish pharmacognosy, phytochemical study and antioxidant activity of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll.ex. Miq. Leaves. The plant used to cure many diseases of Indonesia. Methods: In the present study, pharmacognosy and phytochemical study of plant material were performed as per the Indonesian Herb Pharmacopoeia. Results: Microscopy powder of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll.ex. Miq. Leaves shows star shape trichoma as a specific fragment. Physicochemical parameters including total ash (17,152 \%), acid-insoluble ash (0,922 \%), water-soluble extractive (1,610 \% w/w), alcohol-soluble extractive (4,524 \% w/w), hexane-soluble extractive (4,005 \% w/w), and ethyl acetate-soluble extractive (3,160 \% w/w) were evaluated. Phytochemical screening of ethanol extracts showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids-terpenoids, glycosides, and phenols. And absent of saponins and Anthraquinones. Antioxidant activity with IC50 157, 4665 ppm and flavonoid total was 59,436 mg/g quercetin equivalent. Conclusion: The pharmacognosy, physiochemical, and phytochemical evaluation provides information for the safety, identification, and class of chemical constituent\’s presents in this crude extract.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical, Sterculia rubiginosa zoll. ex Miq}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.93}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/526}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya and Rani Sauriasari and Muhammad Hanafi and Ema Dewanti} } @article {765, title = {Pharmacological Evaluation of Bacopa monnieri Extract against Depressive like Behavior Induced by Ethanol Withdrawal in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s48-s53}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s48}, abstract = {

Background: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome lead to relapse to alcohol use and depression is the most common symptom of withdrawal. Bacopa monnieri is a traditional memory enhancer and has reported antidepressant properties as well. Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of Bacopa monnieri extract in alcohol withdrawal depressive-like behavior in alcohol-dependent rats. Methods: Plant drug was extracted with ethanol (70\% v/v) using soxhlet extraction. Ethanol 7.2\%, v/v was given to the rats in a liquid diet for 21 days and then was withdrawn from the diet and animals were observed at 6th and 24th h for withdrawal signs like depressive behavior and locomotor hyperactivity. Results: The phytochemical testing of extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and tannins. Bacopa monnieri extract (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, oral) and fluoxetine (10 mg/kg i.p) treatment at the 6th and 24th h of ethanol withdrawal produced the significant (p\<0.001) decrease in the immobility time as compared to the disease control rats when tested on forced swim test and tail suspension test. Bacopa monnieri extract and fluoxetine treatment produced significant (p\<0.001) inhibitory effects on locomotor hyperactivity as well. Histopathological examination did not show any remarkable pathological and microscopic changes. Conclusion: Findings from the present study showed that Bacopa monnieri extract treatment has beneficial effects on ethanol withdrawal depressive-like behavior in rats.

}, keywords = {Bacopa monnieri, Depression, Ethanol withdrawal syndrome, Histopathology, Locomotor hyperactivity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.9}, author = {Lalit Sharma and Aditi Sharma and Girdhari Lal Gupta and Gopal Singh Bisht} } @article {634, title = {Pharmacological Studies of Oxalis Pes-caprae L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {705-711}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {705}, abstract = {

Background: Oxalis pes-caprae is also called as \“sourgrass\” or soursob. The roots, stems and leaves of Oxalis pes-caprae have high medicinal values and have the function of antiinflammatory and analgesia, clearing heat, removing toxicity. In present study Oxalis pescaprae belonging to family oxalidaceae evaluated for pharmacological activities like cytotoxicity, phtotoxicity, antibacterial and antifungal bioassays. Materials and Methods: Cytotoxic activity was performed by brine shrimp bioassay using methodology of Atta- ur- Rahman et al., 2001. The phytotoxic activity was investigated by applying Lamna minor (as test species) following Atta-ur-Rahman et al., 2001. Anti-bacterial screening was conducted following Rathan (2000). Anti-fungal screening was carried out using agar well diffusion method following Perez et al. (1990) and Atta-ur-Rahman et al. (1991). Results: Its ethanolic extract showed highly significant (100\%) cytotoxicity with LD50 8.98 at 1000 ppm. Lemna minor phytotoxicity assay showed that O. pes-caprae chloroform extract showed 90\% inhibition at 1000 ppm with FI50 0.1048. Antibacterial bioassays showed that all the samples of the plant were significant against Xanthomonas, Clavibacter machengnitis and Bacillus at 1000, 1500 and 2500 ppm doses. Dose dependent antifungal activities against test species (Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium and Fusarium solani) were noticed for all the extracts at 100 and 1000 ppm. Conclusion: Pharmacological potentials showed that this plant can be used in upcoming time for extracting numerous active constituents for their pharmacological preparations.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Antifungal activity, Cytotoxic activity, Oxalis pes-caprae, Pharmacology, Phytotoxic activity, Whole plant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.117}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/655}, author = {Syeda Naila and Muhammad Ibrar} } @article {620, title = {Pharmacophore Modelling of Brassicaceae Members as Potent HIF (Hypoxia Inducible Factor) Inhibitors Involved in Cancer Angiogenesis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {798-802}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {798}, abstract = {

Angiogenesis is considered as an essential pathological feature of cancer due to its interplay between cancer and other diseases. Natural products found to act as antiangiogenic agents that mediate the angiogenic switch between pro and anti angiogenic factors. Among the different targets, HIF is an important and critical factor that stands as a key mediator between angiogenesis, inflammation and cancer. In our study different phytochemicals of Brassicaceae were analysed for their drug like properties and mapped for pharmacophore development. The developed pharmacophore was virtually screened and further subjected to Lipinski and ADMET filters. The molecular interaction studies of the 10 retrieved compounds were studied by binding with HIF. Among the compounds 1stdrug like molecule HTS 0115 (C15H21BrN2O3) was found to have best docked score and its interaction was further validated using dynamics simulation. The compound found to share the pharmacophoric features with progoitrin a biochemical form of glucosinolate with reported anticancer and anti thyroid activities. Thus the drug like compound HTS 0115 can be further optimised as a putative HIF inhibitor in tumor angiogenesis.

}, keywords = {Angiogenesis, Brassicaceae, HIF, Molecular docking, Pharmacophore, Simulation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.135}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/673}, author = {Jeyavel Renukadevi and Ganesan Nandhinidevi and Muthiah Bavanilatha and Hemanath Tharani and Rajarajan Sathiyabama and Subramani Vasumathi} } @article {621, title = {Photoactivated chlorophyllin and acetylcholinesterase/ cytochrome oxidase activity in Fasciola gigantica cercaria larvae}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {768-772}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {768}, abstract = {

Objective: The effect of chlorophyllin (CHL), CHL + freeze dried cow urine (FCU) and FCU on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cytochrome oxidase activity in the nervous tissue of the host snail Lymnaea acuminata, and parasitic cercaria larvae of Fasciola gigantica were studied. Methods: Whole cercaria larvae and snail nervous tissue was homogenized and supernatant was used as an enzyme source. Enzyme activity was measured in 10-mm path length cuvette using incubation mixtures and change in optical density was recorded. Results: Sublethal 4 h LC50 40\% and 80\% of these formulations in sunlight and laboratory conditions caused no significant change in AChE activity in the nervous tissue of host snail. It was noted that sublethal in vivo 8 h exposure to 40\% and 80\% of 4 h LC50 of single and binary combination of CHL+FCU, CHL and FCU significantly altered the AChE and cytochrome oxidase activity in the cercaria larvae. Binary combinations of CHL+FCU in sunlight were more effective in inhibiting both the enzymes. Conclusion: The present study reported that enzymes AChE and cytochrome oxidase were inhibited by chlorophyllin formulations and thus causing the larval death inside the snail body without affecting the snail itself which is an important bioindicator of aquatic ecosytem.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Cercaria larva, Cytochrome oxidase, Fasciola Gigantica, Lymnaea acuminata, Nervous tissue}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.129}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/667}, author = {Dinesh Kumar Singh and Divya jyoti Singh} } @article {522, title = {Physicochemical Analysis of Sumbul-al {\textendash}Teeb (Nardostachys jatamansi D.C.) Rhizome along with its HPLC Profile}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {278-284}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {278}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sumbul-al\–Teeb (Nardostachys jatamansi) is a well known traditional medicinal plant used for therapeutic effect in Unani and Ayurvedic System of Medicine. It has been reported to have many therapeutic activities like antifungal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective properties. It is also useful in the management of insomnia and CNS disorders. The present study aims towards the evaluation of the parameters involved in the determination of the quality and purity of Nardostachys jatamansi rhizome and its standardization. Methods: Organoleptic characters, extractive values, ash values, phyto-chemical analysis, TLC, fluorescence analysis and HPLC profile etc. were the parameters used for the standardisation of the test drug. Result: Total ash values, water and alcohol soluble extractive values, moisture contents and volatile oil percentage was found to be 7.08\%, 3.54\%, 2.5\%, 8.6\% and 02\% respectively. TLC profile of N. jatamansi shows 04, 08 and 10 spots in UV short and long wavelength and exposure to iodine vapours respectively. The HPLC pattern shows 34 peaks and the peak no. 01 and 08 are major peaks having area concentration and retention time as 25.974\% at 2.8 min. and 29.967\% at 4.399 min. respectively. Conclusion: The study will provide referential information for the good quality, purity and identification for the future batches of Nardostachys jatamansi.

}, keywords = {Phyto-chemical analysis, Quality, standardization, Unani}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.49}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/478}, author = {Mohammad Rashid and Aziz ur Rahman and Qazi Zaid Ahmad and Tajuddin and Syed Shariq Mian} } @article {688, title = {Physicochemical Standardization of Polyherbal Powder Formulation: Safoof-e-Makhana}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {899-906}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {899}, abstract = {

Introduction: Safoof-e-Makhana (SM) is a Unani polyherbal powder formulation used to treat Sexual disorders. Formulation consists of following herbs Orchis latifolia, Hygrophila auriculata, Asparagus racemosus and Elettaria cardamomum. The main aim of this study was to standardize Safoof-e-Makhana (SM), on the basis of organoleptic characters and physico-phytochemical analysis. Methods: The drugs were cleaned, dried in shade and powdered by passing through sieve $\#$ no. 80 as per the method described in UPI / National Formulary of Unani Medicine. This Safoof formulation was evaluated using physicochemical tests: powder characterization, extractive value, alcohol and water soluble matter, Ash value, LOD at 1050C, pH and HPTLC fingerprinting. Statistical analysis used: Mean \± SEM. Results: Organoleptic characters of the formulation are light brown colour, characteristic odour, sweet taste and moderately fine texture. Physicochemical parameters displayed water soluble extractive (21.83 \± 0.08), alcohol soluble extractive (7.87 \± 0.09), total ash (4.76 \± 0.08), acid insoluble ash (3.36 \± 0.01), water soluble ash (0.89 \± 0.25), LOD at 105oC (11.38 \± 0.34), pH of 1\% and 10\% solution were 6.6 \± 0.1 and 6.0 \± 0.1 respectively. Phytochemical qualitative analysis displayed presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavanoids, steroids, terpenoids, carbohydrates, volatile oil. HPTLC fingerprinting data was also set in. Conclusion: The standardization of this formulation was done and the data obtained would be used as a standard for future reference.\ 

}, keywords = {Formulation, Physicochemical, Polyherbal, Powder, Safoof-e- Makhana, standardization, Unani Medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.151}, author = {Gazi Jahangeer Rather and Hamiduddin and Mohd Ikram, Shaista Fatima and MD Naquibuddin} } @article {583, title = {The Phythochemical Research of Armenian Apricot Gums (Gummi armeniacae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {476-479}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {476}, abstract = {

Aim: The plant derivative, the gum\’s exudates are of great interest among polysaccharides. Nowadays, it is of crucial importance to study the structural peculiarities and the conditioned biological activity of the Gummi Armenicae of native origin as an alternative version of the Gummi Arabicae. Materials and methods: As a material for research served the gum procured from Apricot trees (Armenian Vulgaris Lam.), cultivated in different regions of Armenia annually in spring during juice motion period in 2010-2014 years. The quantity of polysaccharides in gum was determined by the method of gravimetric balance after drying. The quantitative ratio of monosaccharide in the examined polysaccharide complex was detected by the method of MRI. Results: By the methods of spectral analysis (PMR 1H and NMR 13C) the structure of Apricot gums polysaccharide fraction was detected. From the analysis of PMR 1H and NMR 13C spectra it is obvious that polysaccharide complex fraction is composed from the rest of \α- L-arabionopyranose, \β -L-arabionopyranose, \α- D-galactopyranose, \β -D-galactopyranose, \α -D-glucopyranose, \β -D-glucopyranose. Low molecular compounds in nonpolar fraction of apricot gum were determined by GC-MS method. The results show that in Rt1=22.5, Rt2=26.3, Rt3=31.4. Simple phenols were registered \– peaks of catechols{\textquoteleft} hydroquinones, pyrogallols, amounts of which are respectively 7.58\%, 4.27\%, 5.69\%.

}, keywords = {13C NMR, Apricot gum, Chemical structure, GC-MS, Simple phenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.78}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/511}, author = {Chichoyan Naira Babken and Mamyan Suren and Shaboyan Naira and Melikyan Yelena} } @article {523, title = {Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Assay and Antimicrobial Activity in Leaf Extracts of Cerbera odollam Gaertn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {285-292}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {285}, abstract = {

Introduction: In the current study, methanol and aqueous extracts of leaf of Cerbera odollam Gaertn were screened for its antibacterial, antifungal, phytochemicals and antioxidant activities. Phytochemical constituents were investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively. Methods: The leaf extracts of Cerbera odollam Gaertn were prepared by drying and extracted using Soxhlet apparatus into methanol and aqueous media, which were subjected to phytochemical screening. Total phenols, tannins, flavanols, alkaloids and its antioxidant activity were determined using spectroscopic techniques. Antimicrobial activity were determined using well diffusion method. Results: Aqueous extract exhibits higher content of phenols, tannins, flavanols and alkaloids, whereas methanol extract exhibits higher content of anthocyanin and cardiac glycoside respectively. Aqueous extract exhibits higher inhibitory concentration (IC \%) value for DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and H2O2 radical scavenging assay and reducing power (RP) assay. The methanol extracts exhibited higher inhibitory concentration (IC \%) value in SO and NO radical scavenging assay, exhibiting antioxidant properties in five antioxidant models that were investigated. The methanol extract showed some antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli with inhibitory zone ranging from 2 mm to 3 mm, whereas the aqueous extract showed no activity. High antifungal activity was found against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans for methanol extract and moderate for aqueous extract with inhibitory zone ranging from 9mm to 26 mm. Conclusion: The finding of our study have suggested that the extracts of Cerbera odollam Gaertn, possesses a significant amount of phytochemicals and exhibits antioxidant and antifungal activities.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antioxidants, Cerbera odollam. G, Phytochemicals, Radical scavenging}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.50}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/480}, author = {Abinash Sahoo and Thankamani Marar} } @article {477, title = {Phytochemical Analysis of Nigella sativa L. Utilizing GC-MS Exploring its Antimicrobial Effects against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {99-105}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {99}, abstract = {

Introduction: The alarming increase in bacterial strains resistant to existing antimicrobial agents has demanded alternative strategies. Medicinal plants are now considered as an alternative treatment because of their secure choice in several diseases. Among them, Nigella sativa is a promising traditional herb having rich medical background. The aim of the study is to perform phytochemical analysis of Nigella sativa L. Utilizing Gas chromatographic\–mass spectrometric (GC/MS) exploring its antioxidant and antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant (MDR) gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Methods: Total phenolic, tannin, and flavonoid content of N. sativa seed extracts and its commercially available oil were determined. Their radical scavenging activity using DPPH was also tested. The antibacterial activity of N. sativa seed extracts and its oil against MDR gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains was studied using disc diffusion test and the biofilm formation assay. GC-MS studies were also performed. Results: Among the different preparations used, N. sativa oil showed the highest antioxidant and antibacterial activity against highly resistant gram-positive bacteria with the greatest suppression of biofilm formation, which was attributed to its high bioactive contents. Conclusion: This study indicates that N. sativa extracts and its oils can be used as natural antibacterial agents to treat infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antioxidant, GC-MS analysis, Multidrug resistant bacteria, Nigella sativa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.18}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/404}, author = {Fatima A. Saleh and Nada El-Darra and Karim Raafat and Iman El Ghazzawi} } @article {473, title = {Phytochemical Composition and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of Calendula suffruticosa subsp. suffruticosa Vahl}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {64-70}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {64}, abstract = {

Aim: Calendula suffruticosa ssp. suffruticosa Vahl, Medicinal and Aromatic plant, spontaneous and widespread in the Mediterranean region and in the Northeast of Algeria, is widely used by the local population for its medicinal properties. Methods: The chemical composition of the ethanolic extract of Calendula suffruticosa was established for the first time using GC / MS. The antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract was evaluated in vitro by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) test, the FRAP assay and \β-carotene bleaching assay. Results: sixty-four compounds are identified by GC/MS analysis, six are predominant: \α-linoleic acid (24.20\%), linoleic acid (23.58\%), Stigmasterol (8.53\%), 2-Metyl-Z-4-tetradecene (6.62\%) And \α-Bisabolol (1.70\%). The free radical scavenging by DPPH method indicated that the ethanolic extract of C. suffruticosa showed a very high antioxydant activity with an IC50 = 0.017 \± 1.00 mg / ml. This extract also showed an ability to reduce very high iron with a maximum optical density of 1.157 at a concentration of 0.5 mg / ml and an antioxidant activity compared to the \β-carotene / linoleic acid test of order of 75 \± 1.02\%. Conclusion: These results show for the first time the richness of phytochemicals and the strong antioxidant activity of the species Calendula suffruticosa endemic to north-east of Algeria.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Calendula suffruticosa, DPPH, FRAP, GC / MS, Phytochemical composition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.13}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/368}, author = {Sofiane Ismahene and Seridi Ratiba and Cortes Martinez Diego Miguel and Cabedo Nuria} } @article {703, title = {Phytochemical Constituents, Total Saponins, Alkaloids, Flavonoids and Vitamin C Contents of Ethanol Extracts of five Solanum torvum Fruits}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {946-950}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {946}, abstract = {

Introduction: Phytochemicals are frequently used in chemotherapeutic treatment or may be used as chemo preventive agents with chemoprevention. The study report the quantification of phytochemical constituents and vitamin C contents from ethanol extracts of Solanum torvum fruits. Method: The main objective for this research was to use standard procedures to determine phytochemical and vitamin C content. Results: The estimated alkaloids found in mature fruits were 6.32 \± 0.12 mg/g and 16.94 \± 2.3 mg/g in the immature fruits. Total saponins in mature and immature fruits were 8.60 \± 2.6 mg/g and 16.90 \± 9.4 mg/g respectively. Total flavonoids in mature and immature fruits were 21.14 \± 4.4 mg/g and 14.24 \± 1.8 mg/g respectively. Also vitamin C contents were 11.79 \± 2.0 mg/g in mature fruits and 8.70 \± 0.26 mg/g in immature fruits. With the exception of alkaloids whose difference in the mature and immature was significant, other differences obtained were not significant. Conclusion: The study showed that the extracts contain diversity of phytochemicals in appreciable amount that can expertly keep the body against oxidative stress triggered by free radicals and therefore be used as a source of potent natural products.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Ethanol Extract, Flavonoids, Phytochemicals, Saponins, Solanum torvum fruits}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.160}, author = {Desmond Ato Koomson and Benjamin Danso Kwakye and Williams Kweku Darkwah and Bismark Odum and Mabel Asante and Gideon Aidoo} } @article {602, title = {Phytochemical Investigation and Screening for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Kariyat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {April 2018}, pages = {602-610}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {602}, abstract = {

Objectives: The present study investigates the protective effect of Kariyat against Indomethacin and Acetic Acid induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease in male wistar rats. Material Method: HPTLC and GC-MS investigations indicated presence of steroid, phenols, terpenoid, alkaloids, saponine, flavonoids. IBD was induced by administration of Indomethacin (7.5mg/kg b.w. S.c.), Acetic Acid (4\% v/v). Two different models used to induce IBD named Indomethacin induces enter colitis and Acetic Acid induces enter colitis in case of Indomethacin induces enter colitis the compromises 5 groups (n=6), normal, control, standard treated (Prednisolone 2mg/kg p.o.), KEE treated (100 mg/kg b.w.), KEE treated (200 mg/kg b.w.) in case of Acetic Acid induces colitis the compromises 5 groups (n=6), normal, control, standard treated (Prednisolone 2mg/kg p.o.), KEE treated (100mg/kg b.w.), KEE treated(200mg/kg b.w.). After treatment of 7 days animals were sacrificed and colon was isolated for macroscopic and microscopic studies. Quantification of inflammation was done by using myeloperoxidase assay (MPO), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Lipid peroxidase (LPO). Result: Evaluation based on macroscopic features showed significantly lower score values for drug treated and standard drug treated groups compared to the disease control groups. Histological examination of disease control group showed massive necrosis of the mucosa and sub mucosa. Drug treated group showed mild lesions, regeneration and inflammatory reaction. The Prednisolone treated group showed suppressed inflammatory reaction. The results observed from MPO, LDH and LPO assays showed significant improvement of disease with extract treated groups compared to disease control group. Histopathological examination of Kariyat treated group revealed less damage compared to Indomethacin and Acetic Acid Induced group. Conclusion: Kariyat have shown to be effective in Indomethacin and Acetic Acid induced colitis in rats, which has protected the animals against experimentally induced disease because of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

}, keywords = {Indomithacin., Inflammatory bowel Disease, Kariyat}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.99}, author = {Nilesh Balasaheb Chougule and Sachin Annasaheb Nitve and Kailasam Koumaravelou} } @article {697, title = {Phytochemical Investigation of Psoralea bituminosa L. and its Anti-Diabetic Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {841-853}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {841}, abstract = {

Introduction: Psoralea bituminosa L. (Fabaceae), is a very important medicinal plant, used in traditional medicine in Europe, Asia, and America, and in Africa for, its antiseptic, antihyperglycemic and anti-oxidative potentials. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential of Psoralea bituminosa (Pbt.) in the management of diabetes and diabetic \– induced thermal hyperalgesia. Moreover, this study aimed also to investigate the volatile oil constituents of Pbt. growing in Lebanon utilizing GC-MS method. Methods: Blood glucose level (BGL) was measured using gluco-meter while diabetic-induced thermal hyperplasia of Pbt. growing in Lebanon was measured using tail flick and hot plate methods. Antioxidant was measured using DPPH free radicals method. Volatile oil of fresh and dried aerial parts of Pbt. was analyzed using GC-MS. Results: The result of study conducted on Lebanese Pbt. revealed that acute anti-diabetic activity of Pbt. in the 3 extracts subjected a decrease in BGL ranging between 34\% to 38.5\%. In subchronic anti-diabetic activity of Pbt. BGL dropped in range 19\% to 44\%. Moreover, Pbt. extract showed 1.7\% to 13.6\%increase in body weight at all doses with respect to 8th day. On the other hand, alloxan diabetic induced mice reported melioration by 63.8\% to 86.3\% on the 8th week alloxan after injection in diabetic \– induced thermal hyperalgesia hotplate latency method. Nevertheless, a marked improvement in tail flick latency on the 8th week after alloxan injection by 22.7 \% to 48.6 \%. Pbt. extract revealed DPPH radical decreases at 82.6\% at concentration of 100 mg/mL, respectively. Total flavonoid content measured of Pbt. was 135.83 mg/g while total phenolic content showed 217.48 mg/g. Conclusion:Psoralea bituminosa\  showed a significant effect in the management of diabetes and neuropathic pain conditions and limiting expected side-effects, which might be used as a future antidiabetic therapy.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Diabetic neuropathy, Essential oil, Psoralea bituminosa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.143}, author = {Sara Al Ayoubi, Karim Raafat and Abdalla El-Lakany and Maha Aboul-Ela} } @article {652, title = {Phytochemical Investigation of Psoralea bituminosa L. and its Anti-Diabetic Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July/2018}, pages = {73-85}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Introduction:Psoralea bituminosaL. (Fabaceae), is a very important medicinal plant, used in traditional medicine in Europe, Asia, and America, and in Africa for, its antiseptic, antihyperglycemic and anti-oxidative potentials. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential of Psoralea bituminosa (Pbt.) in the management of diabetes and diabetic \– induced thermal hyperalgesia. Moreover, this study aimed also to investigate the volatile oil constituents of Pbt. growing in Lebanon utilizing GC-MS method. Methods:Blood glucose level (BGL) was measured using gluco-meter while diabetic-induced thermal hyperplasia of Pbt. growing in Lebanon was measured using tail flick and hot plate methods. Antioxidant was measured using DPPH free radicals method. Volatile oil of fresh and dried aerial parts of Pbt. was analyzed using GC-MS. Results: The result of study conducted on Lebanese Pbt. revealed that acute anti-diabetic activity of Pbt. in the 3 extracts subjected a decrease in BGL ranging between 34\% to 38.5\%. In subchronic anti-diabetic activity of Pbt. BGL dropped in range 19\% to 44\%. Moreover, Pbt. extract showed 1.7\% to 13.6\%increase in body weight at all doses with respect to 8th day. On the other hand, alloxan diabetic induced mice reported melioration by 63.8\% to 86.3\% on the 8th week alloxan after injection in diabetic \– induced thermal hyperalgesia hotplate latency method. Nevertheless, a marked improvement in tail flick latency on the 8th week after alloxan injection by 22.7 \% to 48.6 \%. Pbt. extract revealed DPPH radical decreases at 82.6\% at concentration of 100 mg/mL, respectively. Total flavonoid content measured of Pbt. was 135.83 mg/g while total phenolic content showed 217.48 mg/g. Conclusion:Psoralea bituminosa showed a significant effect in the management of diabetes and neuropathic pain conditions and limiting expected side-effects, which might be used as a future antidiabetic therapy.

Keywords:Psoralea bituminosa,Antidiabetic,Antioxidant,Essential oil,Diabetic neuropathy.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.14}, author = {Sara Al Ayoubi and Karim Raafat and Abdalla El-Lakany and Maha Aboul-Ela} } @article {484, title = {Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Propolis Ethanolic Extract from Tetragonula Bee}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {128-135}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {128}, abstract = {

Objective: This research aimed to determine the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant properties in vitro of three types propolis collected from the region of South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. Methods: Samples from three types of propolis: smooth, rough and mix were extracted with 96\% ethanol. The propolis ethanolic extracts (PEE) was dried and studied their antioxidant properties by using FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) and DPPH radical scavenging assays. Total phenolic compounds were quantified by Folin-Ciocalteu, and total flavonoid contents were also quantitatively determined by the AlCl3 colorimetric method with a microplate reader. The chemical compounds were identified by an ultraperformance liquid chromatography TOF mass spectrometer (UPLC-TOF-MS) using the MS mode. Results: The sequence of potential antioxidant activity of PEE is smooth propolis \> mix propolis \> rough propolis. Which showed by EC50 value with DPPH assays are 25.54; 31.66; and 69.96 \μg/mL, respectively and also showed by EC50 value with FRAP assays consecutively were 26.41; 32.10; and 34.62 \μg/mL.Smooth propolis has the lowest EC50 value of all the types of propolis examined, contains total flavonoid content 791.06+13.06 mg QE/g extract and total phenolics content 426.91+61.08 mg GAE.g-1 extract. Chemical component identified by UPLC-TOF-MS using the MSE mode were (-)-Sesamin C20H18O6; Curcumin C21H20O6; 8-epi- Helenalin C15H18O4; and Kushenol F C25H28O6. Conclusion: Smooth propolis which taken from inside the nest was the most potent antioxidant among of all the types of examined propolis. The antioxidant activity was influenced by the phenolic content of Propolis.

}, keywords = {DPPH, FRAP, Microplate method, TFC, TPC, UPLC-TOF-MS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.23}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/409}, author = {Diah Kartika Pratami and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Andini Sundowo and Muhamad Sahlan} } @article {719, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Studies in Leaf Extracts of Indigofera aspalathoides (Vahl.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1208-1215}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1208}, abstract = {

Introduction: In traditional Indian herbal medicine, the plant Indigofera aspalathoides (Vahl.) has been used to treat various human ailments. Methods and Results: Various phytochemical compounds (Rf value) such as Tannin (1.14), Flavonoid (1.14), Saponin (0.87), Sterol (0.88) and Phenol (0.86) were found in the leaf extract. The antimicrobial effects of the phytoconstituents were examined for three bacterial and fungal species. The highest anti-bacterial and antifungal activities were found in flavonoid compound, where the maximum zone of inhibition was recorded in Staphylococcus aureus 18mm compared to positive control chloramphenicol (24mm). 13mm observed in A. flavus and A. ochraceous where positive control streptomycin exhibits 18mm. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of three major compounds in 8\α (2H)-Phenanthrenol, 7-ethenyldodecahydro-1,1,4\α, 7-tetramethyl-, acetate, [4\αs(4\α\α, 4b\α, 7\α, 8\α\α, 10\α\α)], Benzoic acid, 4-methyl- , 2-oxo-2- phenylethyl ester and Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-, [1S-(1\α,2\α,5\α)] in the crude extracts. The preparative HPLC analysis proved the presence of single peak from the crude flavonoid compounds, where the absorption maximum was between 207-290nm exhibited by the UV spectrum analysis. FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of amide group, phenol group, carboxylic acid, alkynyl, alkene and aromatic ring. NMR studies proved the presence of phenyl group, methyl group and H2C-CH group and their molecular weight recorded as 353 through the mass spectrum analysis. Conclusion: The identified compound considered as the vital compound to design the \“green antimicrobial drugs\”.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activities, GC-MS, HPLC, Indigofera aspalathoides, MS, NMR}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.207}, author = {Tamilarasan Tamil Kumar and Seeni Mohamed Salique and Mohamed Hussain Muhammad Ilyas and Nooruddin Thajuddin and Annamalai Panneerselvam and Mohamed Khan Syed Ali Padusha and Hussain Syed Jahangir} } @article {489, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial Activity, and Mode of Action on Morus nigra}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {167-171}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {167}, abstract = {

Introduction: The Morus nigra (Moraceae) known as black mulberry is a well-grown plant in Lembang, Indonesia. Previous studies showed that black mulberry fruit has activity as antibacterial and antioxidant. The aims of this study were to evaluate the antibacterial effect of ethanol extract from stem bark, fruit, and leaves of Morus nigra, MIC and morphological changes of the most active extract against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. Methods: Agar diffusion and microdilution assays were used to evaluate the antibacterial effect of the extract by measuring the zone of inhibition and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract against the test bacteria. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to evaluate the morphological changes induced by the extract in cellular membrane of the bacteria. Protein and ion leakage from the bacterial cells induced by the extract were also evaluated. Results: The antibacterial activity showed the most active extract was an ethanol extract of the stem bark against S. epidermidis and P. acnes with MIC value 4 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml, respectively. The extract also induced protein and ion leakage in test bacterial cells. SEM findings revealed that the extract induced potential cellular membrane damage in 4xMIC. Conclusion: The antibacterial activity was related to the damaged of bacterial cell wall.

}, keywords = {Cellular membrane damage., Morus nigra, Propionibacterium Acnes, Staphylococcus Epidermidis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.28}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/414}, author = {Diah Lia Aulifa and Sani Nurlaela Fitriansyah and Seno Aulia Ardiansyah and Diki Prayugo Wibowo and Yolanda Armiliani Julata and Desty Santi Christy} } @article {760, title = {Phytochemical Screening, LC-MS Studies and Antidiabetic Potential of Methanol Extracts of Seed Shells of Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C. Nielson (Julang Jaling) from Lampung, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s77-s82}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s77}, abstract = {

Background: Some Malaysia and Indonesia people believed that root and seed shell of Archidendron bubalinum can treat diabetes. However, seed shell of Archidendron bubalinum has not yet to be scientifically proven and confirmed their ability to treat diabetes. The study of the potential of this seed shell was also scarcely available. Objective: The recent work was aimed to investigate the phytochemical screening of methanol extracts of seed shells of Archidendron bubalinum and to evaluate their chemical compositions and antidiabetic activities. Material and Methods: The methods of phytochemical screening were including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, saponins, and terpenoids. Their chemical compositions were determined by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and antidiabetic activities were performed by \α-glucosidase inhibitory method. Results: The phytochemical screening showed that methanol extracts of seed shells of Archidendron bubalinum contain flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, and terpenoids. This extracts exhibited antidiabetic activity with IC50 7.77 \μg/mL. This result was supported by LC-MS analysis which showed the presence of phlorizin and astilbin, in which these compounds had high inhibitory activity against \α-glucosidase or diabetes. Conclusion: LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of polyphenol compounds namely phlorizin and astilbin in which had high \α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, might largely contribute in the antidiabetic activity. Key words: Phytochemical screening, Mass spectrometry

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic, Archidendron bubalinum, Mass spectrometry, Phytochemical screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.15}, author = {Hanafi and Candra Irawan and Henny Rochaeni and Lilis Sulistiawaty and Achmad Nandang Roziafanto and Supriyono} } @article {483, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Total Flavonoid and Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Parts of Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {123-127}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {123}, abstract = {

Background: Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb are traditionally used in Indonesia to treat various diseases, but still limited study about different part of this plant. Objective: The aim of this study was to screen the phytochemicals, to evaluate the total flavonoid and total phenolic contents as well as antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of root, stem, leaves, and seed kernel of C. bonduc. Methods: Each part of plant were extracted by reflux using 70\% ethanol as the solvent for 2 h and repeated 3 times. Total flavonoid content was determined by aluminium chloride colorimetric assay on 415 nm. Total phenolic content was determined with Folin-Ciocalteu 1:4 on 765 nm using microplate reader. Antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenger methods. Results: Phytochemical screening showed that all of samples positively contain flavonoid and saponin. Total flavonoid content was the highest in leaf and the lowest in root whereas total phenols content was highest in leaf and the lowest in seed kernel. The crude extracts displayed DPPH free radical scavenging activity with highest value in leaf extract followed by root, stem, and seed kernel. Conclusion: The 70\% ethanol leaf extract of C. bonduc showed the highest yield, total flavonoid content and total phenolic content among other parts investigated. Moreover, leaf extract has highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (79.802 g/ml) which could be related to its higher phenolic content.

}, keywords = {Caesalpinia bonduc, DPPH, Phytochemical screening, total flavonoid, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.22}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/408}, author = {Elin Novia Sembiring and Berna Elya and Rani Sauriasari} } @article {707, title = {Phytochemical Test and Cytotoxic Activity of Macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii against Cervical HeLa Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1012-1017}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1012}, abstract = {

Intoduction: Marine resource of macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii from East Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia, have potential as anti-cervical cancer agent. Objectives: Finding cytotoxic activity of Eucheuma cottonii hexane, ethylacetate, chloroform and ethanol extracts against cervical HeLa cells by MTT cell proliferation assay. Methods: The extracts was tested in phytochemical and cytotoxic activity test. Phytochemical test to identify composition of secondary metabolite such as flavonoid, alkaloid, saponins, tannin, triterpenoid, steroid and glycoside. The amount of substances contained in the extract sample was analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Cytotoxic activity using HeLa cells. Results: Phytochemical test of E. cottonii extracts showed the positive result for metabolite of flavonoid, whereas the TLC analysis revealed that the extracts containing five chemical compounds. Ethanol, n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts of E. cottonii exhibited a strong cytotoxic activity against cervical HeLa cells with IC50 of 7.54 \μg/mL, 5.73 \μg /mL, 4.82 \μg /mL and 4.34 \μg / mL, respectively. Conclusion: The results suggest that macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii could be used as a new anti-cervical cancer\’s candidate.

}, keywords = {Anti-cervical cancer, Cytotoxicity, Eucheuma cottonii, HeLa cell lines, Phytochemical test, Seaweed}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.172}, author = {Ade Arsianti and Yully Astika Nugrahayning Aziza and Kartika Dwi Kurniasari and Baiq Kirana Dyahningrum Mandasari and Riathul Masita and Futihati Ruhama Zulfa and Micheylla Kusumaning Dewi and Cut Raisya Zahira Zagloel and Norma Nur Azizah and Rista Putrianingsih} } @article {557, title = {Potential Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Boesenbergia rotunda as Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {513-518}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {513}, abstract = {

Objective: This study was conducted to identify some bioactive compounds of Boesenbergia rotunda rhizome and to test as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. Methods: The milled dried rhizome of B. Rotunda (5kg) was extracted exhaustively with ethanol. The ethanol extract was partitioned three times by n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate respectively. Each fraction was fractionated by vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and then purified by column chromatography gravitation. Structural identification of all pure compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic methods (UV, IR, and NMR).The antioxidant activity was tested by 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Antimicrobial character was screened for activities againts pathogenic bacteria i.e. Escherichia coli ATCC-11229, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis FNCC-0048, and Streptococcus mutans by the disk-diffusion method. The assay was done in triplicate, and chloramphenicol was used as the positive control. Results and Discussion: From ethanol extract of B. rotunda three known compounds of flavanones, namely 2\’,4\’-dihydroxy-6-methoxychalcone (compound-1), 5-hydroxy-7- methoxyflavanone (compound-2), and 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone (compound-3) were isolated. The ethanol extract of B. rotunda and the three isolated compounds -1,-2, and -3 showed an antioxidant activity with the IC value of 92.64; 46.66; 62.84, and 62.66 \μg/mL, respectively. The zone of inhibition of extract and the three isolated compounds showed moderate activity against Escherichia coli ATCC-11229, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis FNCC-0048, and Streptococcus mutans.The maximum zone of inhibition was 13.20\±0.76 mm at the maximum concentration used (500 \μg/mL) against Escherichia coli ATCC-11229, and the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) for each bacteria was found to be 0.5\μg/mL. Conclusion: The result of the study suggests that B. rotunda rhizome contains potential bioactive compounds which could be suitable for antioxidant and the treatment of various infections caused by Escherichia coli ATCC-11229, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC- 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis FNCC-0048, and Streptococcus mutans.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Bioactive compound, Boesenbergia rotunda}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.84}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/517}, author = {Sri Atun and Sri Handayani and Anna Rakhmawati} } @article {633, title = {Potential Effects of Pomegranate Juice in Attenuating LID in Mice Model of Parkinson Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {700-704}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {700}, abstract = {

Purpose: Parkinson\’s disease (PD) is one of the most important neurodegenerative diseases, known with tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia resulted from chronic degeneration and death of sub thalamic nucleus (STN). According to the treatment benefits of levodopa on Parkinson, long-term levodopa administration causes some complications called levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) with poorly understood pathogenesis. Literature shows that polyphenol rich compound like pomegranate protect neurons of animals that are Parkinson induced, with some controversy. Objectives: In this study, the potential effects of pomegranate in attenuating LID in parkinsonian mice induced with 4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) were investigated. Materials: Mouse model of PD was induced by MPTP. To induce LID, valid PD mice were treated with levodopa (50 mg/kg, i.p) for 21 days. Then the effects of chronic co-administration of pomegranate juice (20 ml/kg) orally, with levodopa and continuing for another 20 days, evaluated. Behavioural tests were performed in all groups, every other day including: Abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs), cylinder and catatonia tests. Results: Levodopa in chronic administration induced dyskinesia that observed in AIMs and cylinder tests for 3 weeks when compared to untreated animals (P\<0.05 or 0.01) depending the time course). Besides, catatonia was recorded after two weeks and mounted time-dependently compared to control (P\<0.01). Chronic pomegranate co-administration improved AIMs scores for next 20 days (P\<0.01, in following days, compared to no-pomegranate treated group), attenuated cylinder scores and catatonia rates dramatically and time dependently (P\<0.01). Conclusion: Chronic pomegranate co-administration improved movements in all test results. It is then, concluded that pomegranate can be a good adjunct for attenuating LID and catatonia in mice.

}, keywords = {Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID), Mice, MPTP, Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease, Pomegranate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.116}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/654}, author = {Sarah Rezaee and Mahsa Hadipour Jahromy} } @article {564, title = {Preliminary of Pharmacokinetics Study of Brown Seaweed (Turbinaria decurrens Bory) Extract in Colon Cancer Model Mice Induced by AOM (Azoxymethane) and DSS (Dextran Sodium Sulphate)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {567-570.}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {567}, abstract = {

Introduction: Colon Cancer is one of leading cancer that causes morbidity and mortality worldwide, causes 774,000 deaths. Fucoxanthin contained brown seaweed Bory) extracts showed cytotoxic activity by and study, including colon cancer. This study aims to examine the absorption profile of fucoxanthin in blood plasma on colon cancer model mice. Methods: Mice were induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and two cycle dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Mice were given an extract of brown seaweed Bory that contain fucoxanthin. Fucoxanthin content in blood plasma analyzed using mobile phase methanol: acetonitrile by Reversed- Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis. Results: The maximum concentration of fucoxanthin in blood was at 4 hours after administration, and the plasma concentration is 2.15 nmol/L, T1/2 6.25 h, and AUC 10.75 nmol/L/h Conclusions: The method was applied successfully in a pharmacokinetic study and the resulting oral brown seaweed bioavailability calculated.

}, keywords = {Brown seaweed, Colon cancer, Fucoxanthin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.92}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/525}, author = {Nurul Qurrota{\textquoteright}Ayun and Astria Deviyani Zakaria and Anton Bahtiar} } @article {596, title = {Profile of HMGB1 mRNA Expression and TLR4 Protein in BALB/c Mice Model Sterile Injury after Systemic Lidocaine Administration}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {586-589}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {586}, abstract = {

Background: High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a cytokine proinflamation which contributes to inflammation. HMGB1 physically interacts with toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) to release macrophage cytokines. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of systemic lidocaine administration to inhibit the expression of HMGB1 mRNA and TLR4 protein in mice BALB/c mice with sterile injury. Material and Methods: Twenty adult male BALB/c mice were divided into lidocaine and control groups. A sterile injury is done by closed fracturing the left thigh bone of the mice. The lidocaine group was treated with 2 mg/kgBW lidocaine through tail vein injection after 4 h of sterile injury. The control group was given distilled water therapy as a substitute for lidocaine. Mice blood is extracted from the tail vein before trauma, 4 h after trauma, and 2 h after the administration of lidocaine and distilled water is complete. The HMGB1 mRNA expression was examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) while the TLR4 protein level was determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the manufacturer\’s instructions. Result: The HMGB1 mRNA expression and TLR4 protein levels in BALB/c that sustained inflammation due to a sterile injury was significantly decreased in the lidocaine group (p \< 0.00). Conclusion: Administration systemic 2 mg/kgBW of lidocaine is effectively inhibits HMGB1 mRNA and TLR4 protein in mice that sustain inflammation due to a sterile injury.\ 

}, keywords = {HMGB1 mRNA, lidocaine, Sterile injury, TLR4}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.96}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/529}, author = {Robert Hotman Sirait and Mochammad Hatta and Syafri K.Arief and Tigor P. Simanjuntak and Bambang Suprayogi} } @article {628, title = {Protective Effect of Dietary Curcumin and Capsaicin on LPS-Induced Inflammation in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {725-729}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {75}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potency of combined curcumin and capsaicin against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced organ damage in mice. Methods: Adult male albino mice were distributed into five experimental groups for treatment with olive oil, LPS, curcumin, capsaicin and their combination, respectively, for 7 days prior to LPS induced inflammation. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected and used for the analysis of serum non-specific enzymes including serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB), urea, creatinine and sugar, while the organ homogenates were subjected for the evaluation of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutothione S transferase (GST), nitric oxide (NO); lipid peroxidation (LPO) and it was further confirmed by histopathological study of different organs. Results and Conclusion: Curcumin, capsaicin and their combination had shown significant restoration of non-specific serum enzymes, antioxidant enzymes and attenuated inflammatory cells infiltration thereby preventing tissue/organ damage in LPS-challenged mice. However, the protective effect was found to be more when the two compounds were fed in combination. This beneficial potency of combined spice treatment is may be due to the contribution of diversified active moieties of curcumin and capsaicin in combination compared to individual molecules.

}, keywords = {Capsaicin, Curcumin, Lipid peroxidation, LPS, Septic shock, Superoxide dismutase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.121}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/659}, author = {Thriveni Vasanthkumar and Manjunatha Hanumanthappa and Prabhakar BT} } @article {598, title = {Purified Anthocyanin from in vitro Culture of Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng. Capable of Inhibiting the Growth of Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {559-566}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {559}, abstract = {

The present study aims in vitro cell suspension culture of Bridelia retusa, isolation of anthocyanin, purification, fractionation and its anti-metastatic potential against oral squamous carcinoma cells. Experimental results reveal that 2, 4-D either alone or in combination with kinetin supplemented in MS medium showed significant initiation of callus from leaf explants than stem. Growth hormones, pH, light, and carbon source influence anthocyanin synthesis. Maximum callus induction was noticed with 2.5 mg/L N6-benzyladenine (BA) + 2 mg/L 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) (98.9\%). Fresh and dry weight of the calli were i.e., 1.9 \± 0.04 and 0.45 \± 0. 03 g respectively. Optimal response was seen with light on MS medium contain 4\% glucose + 2.5 mg/L BA and 2 mg/L 2, 4-D at pH 3.5 yielded 2.8 mg /g of anthocyanins. Suspension culture medium fortified with 2, 4-D (2.5 mg/L) + BA (2 mg/L) at pH 5.0 induced anthocyanin production at pH 4.4 \– 4.6. HCl-ethanol extraction for 90 min yielded the maximum anthocyanin content. Fractionation of anthocyanin using HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry revealed 07 fractions such as acylated cyanidins, two peonidins, cyanidin 3-p-coumaroyl and feruloyl diglucoside-5-glucosides. In the search of novel therapeutic drugs against cancer, cytotoxicity effect of B.retusa anthocyanin extracts on human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC4, SCC9 and SCC25) cells using cell adhesion and cell viability assay was carried. The morphological alterations in SCCs cells after treatment with B.retusa anthocyanin includes nuclear condensation, fragmentation and apoptotic cells as revealed by Hoechst stain. Flow cytometry showed arresting of SCC25 cells mostly in the G0/G1 and S-G2/M stages with a concomitant up regulation of sub-G1 fraction, indicating cell death by apoptosis. Apoptosis was further substantiated by the activation of caspase-3 expression in the SCC25 cells treated with B.retusa anthocyanin. Thus, it is possible to suggest that B.retusa anthocyanin cause apoptosis of SCCs and warrant further investigation using animal models.

}, keywords = {Anthocyanin, Anti-metastatic potential, Apoptosis, Bridelia retusa, Cell suspension, in vitro culture, Purification}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.91}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/524}, author = {Aswathy Jayasree Madanakumar and Bosco Lawarence and Manoj GS and Murugan Kumaraswamy} } @article {561, title = {Purified Anthocyanin, its Elicitation from Cell Cultures of Begonia malabarica and Begonia rex-cultorum {\textquoteleft}Baby Rainbow{\textquoteright}and it{\textquoteright}s In vitro Cytotoxicity Analysis by MTT Assay}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {553-558}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {553}, abstract = {

Background: According to recent statistics, cancer accounts about marked percentage of total deaths in the world, although there are many therapeutic approaches. Unfortunately, the cytotoxicity properties of most chemotherapy drug are nonspecific and therefore do not distinguish between normal healthy cells and tumor cells, these events have led to inappropriate and toxic therapeutic agents with a wide range of side effects. However, several experimental and epidemiological studies have suggested that fruits and vegetables are associated with low risk of various types of cancer. Anthocyanins are natural pigments that provide intense purple to red color in plants. Anthocyanin possess the ability to inhibit oxidative stress and to induce apoptosis in malignant cells, thus may prevent carcinogenesis. Methods: Antiproliferative properties of purified anthocyanin extract from elicited cell suspension cultures of Begonia malabarica and Begonia rex-cultorum \‘Baby rainbow\’ was investigated in terms of MTT assay. Anthocyanin extracts were tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of HT29 (colon cancer cells), MG63 (Osteosarcoma), HeLa (Cervical cancer cells) and L929 (Mouse Fibroblast L929) cell lines. Results: Cell viability decreased in a dose dependent manner in all the considered cell lines treated with anthocyanin extracts. The extract of Begonia rex-cultorum \‘Baby rainbow\’ exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against all tumor cell lines than Begonia malabarica extract. Begonia malabarica and Begonia rex-cultorum \‘Baby rainbow\’ anthocyanin extract exhibited the highest cytotoxicity towards HT29 and HeLa cell lines respectively. But, MG63 resulted in comparatively higher percentage of viability of cell lines at the same concentrations. The anthocyanin extract produced significant morphological alterations on cell lines in culture. Meanwhile, the extracts showed poor cytotoxicity against the normal cell line. Conclusion: The morphological alteration of the treated cancer cells presented clear evidence of significant cytotoxicity of anthocyanin extracts of both Begonias in all the three cell lines. Thus, anthocyanin may act as chemopreventive agents for various cancer cell lines.

}, keywords = {Anthocyanin, Begonia, Cancer, Cell suspension., Cytotoxicity, MTT Assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.90}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/523}, author = {Aswathy Jayasree Madanakumar and Murugan Kumaraswamy} } @article {471, title = {Qualitative and Quantitative Test of Total Flavonoid Buni Fruit (Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng) with UV-Vis Spectrophotometry Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {60-63}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {60}, abstract = {

The aim of this research is to determine of total flavonoid content in the Buni fruit (Antidesma bunius L. Spreng) extract. The extract was produced by stratified maceration method with the different solvent, i.e n-Hexane, Ethyl acetate and ethanol. The analysis of chemical compound using chemical reagent and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method. The method is used to determines total flavonoid contains Buni fruit (Antidesma bunius L.) extract was based on the amount of Rutin Equivalent (RE) were used. The result shows that the flavonoid content higher in the n-Hexane extract is 10.72 \%, then ethyl acetate extract is 7.9 \% and 3.56 \% ethanol extract was counted to or as a Rutin.

}, keywords = {Antidesma bunius L. Spreng, Flavonoid content, Spectrophotometry UV-VIS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.12}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/367}, author = {La Hamidu and Aktsar Roskiana Ahmad and Ahmad Najib} } @article {635, title = {Quantitative and Optimization of Anthocyanin Extracted from Pomegranate (Punica Granatum) Extract by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {650-653}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {650}, abstract = {

Objective: P. granatum is one of the oldest edible fruits of tropical and subtropical regions. This fruit had high antioxidant contained by hydrolysable tannins and anthocyanin compounds that give many health benefit properties. This study aims to quantify and optimized anthocyanin from P. granatum extract. Methods: A total of 50g of the flesh was soaked into two different polar solvents; water and 50\% ethanol within a ratio of 1:10; w/v for 24-hr. Then, three different methods of extraction were done and test each with HPLC analytical, respectively. Results: The validated method proved to be linear in the range of 5 \– 30 ug/mL and with LOD and LOQ determined respectively for Cy3, Cy3, 5, Pg3, and Pg3, 5. The method also shows recovery (\%) close to 100 when accuracy was accessed. For samples, blender water extract had a higher composition of Cy3, Cy3, 5 and Pg3, 5 (22.77 \± 8.82 mg/100 g e.p; 25.36 \± 9.95 mg/100 g e.p; 11.16 \± 5.85 mg/100 g e.p) content as compared to other. Conclusion: As a conclusion, the present methodology proved to be capable of detecting and quantifying Cy3, Cy3, 5, Pg3, Pg3, 5 in a single run. Also, comparatively the composition of each AC detected in blender water extract is significantly higher in value than the other methods. It should regard as a valuable source of antioxidant with the potential used for health benefits properties worldwide.

}, keywords = {5-diglucoside, Cyanidin 3, Cyanidin 3-glucoside, Pelargonidin 3, Pelargonidin 3-glucoside}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.107}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/645}, author = {Ridzwan Norhaslinda and Jumli Mimie Noratiqah and Baig Atif Amin and Rohin Mohd Adzim Khalili} } @article {693, title = {Quantitative and Optimization of Phenolic Acid Extracted from Pomegranate by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {969-972}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {969}, abstract = {

Objective: Pomegranate is scientifically known as Punica granatum L. which is a nutrient dense fruit rich in phytochemical compounds. Phenolic content is the main compound attribute for the most of the functional properties in pomegranate. The aim of this study is to quantify and optimize the composition of phenolic acids extracted from pomegranate extract by using High-performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Method: The pomegranate extracted with three different methods by using two different solvents which is 50\% ethanol and water. The methods were blended (aril+ seed), Soaking (aril+ seed) and soaking + squeezed manually. HPLC-PDA was used as equipment to quantify and optimize the phenolic acids extracted from pomegranate. Result: Validation method of HPLC was analysed according to the percentage of recovery, LOD, LOQ and coefficient correlation. Result showed that GA was detected in all sample from different method of extraction applied while CA compound not detected in any of extraction method applied. FA compound was only detected in blended method by 50\% ethanol and water as solvent while EA compound was detected only in water extraction of all three methods applied. Conclusion: As a conclusion, according to the standard calibration data curve showed that this method proved to detect and quantify the targeted compounds. By comparing the data obtained from this study, it showed that water blended extract method is significantly higher content of targeted compound except for the CA compound. To the best of our knowledge, this sample can be a valuable source of antioxidant for better used in health benefits.

}, keywords = {Caffeic acid, Ellagic acid, Ferulic acid, Gallic acid, HPLC, Pomegranate extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.164}, author = {Jumli Mimie Noratiqah and Ridzwan Norhaslinda and Baig Atif Amin and Rohin Mohd Adzim Khalili} } @article {609, title = {Renin and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition of Standardized Bioactive Fractions of Hyphaene thebaica L. Mart Growing in Egypt}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {622-627}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {622}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hyphaene thebaica L. fruit is known in Egypt for its antihypertensive activity. However a standardized herbal extract/fraction was never prepared. Methods: A biologically guided fractionation was carried out in-vitro for the 50\% and 70\% ethanol extracts of Hyphaene thebaica L. fruit using the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition and renin inhibition assays. A validated reversed phase HPLC method was developed for the standardization of the active fractions. Results: The ethyl acetate fraction of the 70\% extract contained higher percentages of the three bioactive markers chlorogenic acid, quercetin and apigenin (1.940 \± 0.140\%, 2.994 \± 0.349\% and 0.612 \± 0.0354\%, respectively) relative to the ethyl acetate fraction of the 50\% extract (1.384 \± 0.157\%, 0.342 \± 0.0834\% and 0.070 \± 0.00225\%, respectively). The butanol fraction of the 70\% extract was found to possess the highest antihypertensive activity (93.69 \± 5.695 \% renin inhibition activity at 0.5 mg/mL and IC50 of 0.001436 +0.00044 mg/mL for ACE inhibition activity). A standard calibration curve for the three compounds was established at a concentration range of 0.1-50 \μg/Ml, they showed good linearity with a correlation coefficient (R2) of (1.00, 1.00 and 0.999; respectively). A high degree of precision (relative standard deviation values \<5\%) was achieved. The limits of detection for the three compounds were 0.428, 0.368 and 0.849; respectively, while the limits of quantitation were 1.29, 1.11 and 2.57, respectively. Conclusions: Current results showed that the butanol fraction of the 70\% extract revealed the highest antihypertensive activity through ACE and renin inhibition mechanisms. In addition, recorded observations concerning linearity of the used bioactive markers offer a support for the possible utility of the tested fractions as potent standardized antihypertensive drugs.

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive, Doum, HPLC, Phenolics, standardization, Validation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.102}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/640}, author = {Noha A Khalil and Amira Abdel Motaal and Khaled Meselhy and Soad M Abdel khalek} } @article {595, title = {Repairing Effects of Aqueous Extract of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lmk) Pers. on Lupus Nephritis Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {548-552}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {548}, abstract = {

Kalanchoe pinnata (Lmk) Pers (KP) has an immunosuppressive effect on delayed-type hypersensitivity test. Based on it, this research aimed to determine the repairing effects of aqueous extract of KP on lupus nephritis mice and identified its active compound. The KP extract profile was determined using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS instrument. We examined six mice groups consisting of three curative treatment groups, one standard group receiving prednisone, one preventive group receiving KP extract, and one healthy (healthy and untreated) group. At the end of the experiment, we measured the proteinuria and renal histology parameters. To recognize the active compound in the KP profile, we performed in silico assays for the flavonoid compounds to bind to the glucocorticoid receptor. We played in silico tests for the flavonoid compounds to identify the active compound in the KP profile. We found the repairing effect of KP was detected in the kidney, demonstrated by its low proteinuria level and its better tissue structure. In the curative group, the urine protein level and its glomerular inflammation decreased. In the preventive group, the aqueous extract of KP could prevent lupus nephritis manifestations in the kidney. Bryophyllin A is the most active compound of the KP. However, further research is needed to understand the mechanism involved. We conclude, the aqueous extract, especially its bryophyllin A, have beneficial effects in repairing the function and tissue structure of lupus manifestations in mice kidney.

}, keywords = {Docking, Glomerulonephritis, Inflammation, Lupus, Proteinuria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.89}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/522}, author = {Niken Indriyanti and Afrillia Nuryanti Garmana and Finna Setiawan} } @article {500, title = {Review on Ethnomedical Uses, Pharmacological Activity and Phytochemical Constituents of Samanea Saman(jacq.) Merr. Rain Tree}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {202-209}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {202}, abstract = {

Medicinal plants have been used as therapeutic drug throughout the world. But, a very few of them have been scientifically validated. Samanea Saman belongs to the Leguminosae family commonly known as rain tree and is native to tropical America. S.saman tree has different parts like a leaf, fruits, pods, seeds, and wood. S.saman is currently studied for the production of biogas which is easily obtained in the urban and rural areas. S.saman has been used in traditional medicine as a remedy for the treatment of different diseases. The phytochemical screening of the plant revealed the presence of alkaloids\–C8H17ON and C17H36ON3 pithecolobine and saponin (samarin). Natural products are mainly derived from medicinal plants, which are tested in vitro and in vivo models and used to investigate the mechanism of action of drugs with potential biological properties. Additionally, S.saman were recommended as the suitable tree for planting in the urban environment as this species can reduce the outdoor temperature for all types of ground covers. This review is mainly focused on antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-diabetic potential, insecticidal, antifungal, analgesic, anti-ulcer and cytotoxic activities. However, this study helps to develop new strategies for the designing of novel drugs to treat various diseases related to human race.

}, keywords = {Chemical constituents, Gas production, Nanoparticles, Pharmacological activities, Samanea saman}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.35}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/465}, author = {Shanmugam Vinodhini and Devi Rajeswari V} } @article {636, title = {A Review on Himalayan Pine Species: Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Aspects}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {611-619}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {611}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ever since ancient times, medicinal plants recognized as major source of therapeutics, as rescue for human diseases and maintain health. There is an exponential increase in usage of green medicines due to less cost and fewer side effects. The family Pinaceae, is largest conifer in species diversity. Pinus is the largest genus of monoecious, resiniferous, evergreen trees commonly known as Pines. Three species of pines occur wild in Indian Himalayas Pinus roxburghii, Pinus wallichiana , Pinus gerardiana. In addition, the constituents present in these plants are beneficial for the purpose of treatment of various ailments. Methods: Information was collected from scientific journals, books, and reports via electronic search tools( Medline, Pubmed etc.) Results: This review summarizes the existing information on three species of Pinus in relation to their pharmacognostic properties, phytochemistry, ethanopharmacology and pharmacological activities.

}, keywords = {Ethanopharmacology, Himalayas, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pinus, Pinus gerardiana, Pinus roxburghii, Pinus wallichina}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.100}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/678}, author = {Aditi Sharma and Lalit Sharma and Rohit Goyal} } @article {458, title = {A Review on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potential of Alpinia galanga}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {09-15}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {9}, abstract = {

Introduction: From the ancient Vedic era, green plants are being used for their medicinal properties to treat several diseases. Green plants represent a big source of bioactive compounds. Alpinia galanga (Linn.) of Zingiberaceae family is one amongst those medicinally important plants. Different parts of the plant are used in the treatment of many diseases for its anti-fungal, anti-tumour, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, antiulcer and many other properties. Several active compounds such as 1\’S-1\’-acetoxychavicol acetate, 1\’S-1\’-acetoxyeuginol acetate, 1, 8-cineol, \α-fenchyl acetate, \β-farnesene, \β-bisabolene, \α-bergamotene, \β-pinene, \β-Sitosteroldiglucoside (AG-7), \β-sitsterylArabinoside (AG-8), 1\’-acetoxychavicol acetate (galangal acetate), p-hydroxycinnamaldehyde has been extracted from the plant. Methods: Relevant information was collected from scientific journals, books, and reports via electronic search using Medline, PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. Results: This review provides a comprehensive report on Alpinia galanga having anti-proliferative, apoptotic, anti angiogenic as well as cytotoxic efficacy and their mode of action in vitro as well as in vivo condition. Conclusion: Considering the ability of the golden treasure present in Alpinia galanga, this review is aimed to summarize the information of the chemical constituents, pharmacological and therapeutic effects of the plant.

}, keywords = {1{\textquoteright}s{\textquoteright}-1{\textquoteright}- Acetoxychavicolacetate, Alpinia galanga, Anticancer, Antimicrobial, Bioactivity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.2}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/357$\#$ref28}, author = {Anirban Chouni and Santanu Paul} } @article {724, title = {A Review on Phytopharmacopial Potential of Epilobium angustifolium}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1076-1078}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1076}, abstract = {

Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years, and an impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources which are based on their use in traditional medicine. Epilobium angustifolium L is a perennial herbaceous plant that belongs to the Onagraceae family. It exhibits various therapeutic properties like anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-aging properties. Epilobium angustifolium L. contains polyphenols and secondary metabolites like oenothein B. Information was collected via Medline, PubMed, and Science Direct. Also some data have been collected from scientific journals, books, and reports. This review gives the current information on the chemical composition, traditional uses, and documented biological activities of Epilobium angustifolium L. These studies reveal that Epilobium angustifolium L is a source of medicinally active compounds and have various pharmacological effects. These studies will be helpful to create interest toward Epilobium angustifolium L and may be useful in developing a new direction for further research.Epilobium angustifolium L.is a medicinally important plant belongs to Onagraceae family. Extract from the plant is used in the treatment of many diseases for its anti-tumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-ulcer and many other properties. The medicinal properties of fireweed have been attributed to its high content in polyphenols and more particularly to the most abundant of its secondary metabolites: Oenothein B.

}, keywords = {Biological activities, Epilobium angustifolium L, Herbaceous, Oenothein B, Pharmacological Effects}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.181}, author = {Prasad Kadam and Manohar Patil and Kavita Yadav} } @article {610, title = {Role of Catecholamine Pathways in Action of Orexin B Induced Open Field Activity by Nucleus Accumbens in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {628-632}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {628}, abstract = {

Aims: To elucidate whether exploratory behaviour changes following Orexin B infusion in NAc is mediated through catecholamines in male Wistar rats. Methods: Inbred male Wistar rats (n= 24) were divided into three groups. Control, Treated 1 (Orexin B) and Treated 2 (Orexin B antagonist) groups. Using stereotaxic method, guide cannula was set in place bilaterally to reach Nucleus Accumbens. Orexin B and its antagonist, TCS-OX2-29 were infused in separate groups of overnight fasted rats. Following open field activity, catecholamines (Dopamine, Adrenaline, and Noradrenaline) were estimated in brain tissue homogenate by ELISA. Data were expressed as mean\±SEM (ANOVA; Student-Newman Keuls test,).p\<0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Results: Orexin B infusion significantly increased noradrenaline levels in Nucleus accumbens when compared to controls. TCS-OX2-29 significantly decreased noradrenaline in Nucleus accumbens during open field exploration activity. Adrenaline was not altered significantly during open field activity. Conclusion: These results suggest that Orexin B, which plays a role in the regulation of motor and exploratory behaviour when infused in NAc mediates these actions through noradrenergic neurotransmission in Nucleus Accumbens.

}, keywords = {Dopamine, Noradrenaline, Nucleus Accumbens, Orexin B, TCSOX2- 29}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.103}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/641}, author = {Rashmi Kaup Shiva and Ganaraja Bolumbu and Santosh Mayannavar} } @article {687, title = {The Role of Pomelo Peel Extract for Experimentally Induced Wound in Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {885-891}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {885}, abstract = {

Introduction: Delayed wound healing is a chronic complication in diabetic patients than in healthy individuals. Pomelo belongs to the genus Citrus of the family Rutaceae, an important fruit with great benefits for humans in the world. Previous studies showed that pomelo peels contain an abundant bioactive compound, which may promote wound healing in experimental animals. Aim: The current study was carried to prepare optimized extraction of pomelo peels using different experimental conditions and investigate the possible healing effect of oral treatment with pomelo peel extract (PPE) on induced excision skin wound in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: This study was done on rats divided into five groups each of 8 rats (two treatment groups given PPE (400 and 600) mg/kg by oral gavage compared to two control groups and standard plant for wound healing). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of Streptozotocin (STZ) 65 mg\kg body weight. After diabetes induction, full thickness excision wound was made in rats, and the study continued for 3 weeks. Results: This study showed significant reduction in blood glucose and both percentage and time to wound closure in the treated groups, also a significant increase in hydroxyproline and total protein content of the healed wound tissue in the treated groups compared with control groups and comparable to standard plant extract treated groups. Conclusion: Experimental data proposed that oral administration of pomelo peel extract rich in vitamins and flavonoids has a good therapeutic potential in the treatment of complicated wounds in diabetes.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Peel, Pomelo, Vitamin C, Wound}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.149}, author = {Asser Ashraf Ahmad and Ihab Ibrahim Al Khalifa and Zead Helmi Abudayeh} } @article {491, title = {Simultaneous Quantification of Bioactive Triterpene acids (Ursolic acid and Oleanolic acid) in Different Extracts of Eucalyptus globulus (L) by HPTLC Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {179-185}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {179}, abstract = {

Objective: To develop a novel analytical method for simultaneous determination of two triterpenic acids by high-performance thin layer chromatography in methanol and dichloromethane extracts of Eucalyptus globulus leaf. Ursolic acid was also isolated from Eucalyptus globulus leaf. Materials and Methods: Two triterpenic acids (ursolic and oleanolic acid) were extracted using methanol and dichloromethane as the extraction solvents. Study for total triterpenoids present in Eucalyptus globulus leaves was carried out which shows considerable amount of terpenoids present. Because of the similarity of chemical structure, the prechromatographic derivatization was necessary to separate these triterpenic acids. The samples were treated by 1\% iodine solution in chloroform directly on the chromatographic plate and developed with the mobile phase consisting of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and acetone (7.8:2.2:0.1, v/v/v). After drying, the plates were sprayed with 10\% (v/v) ethanol solution of sulfuric acid and heated to 120 \°C for 3 min. Quantification was performed in absorbance/transmittance mode at a wavelength of 345 nm. The developed HPTLC method was validated for linearity, precision and accuracy. Results: Correlation coefficient (r2 \> 0.99), R.S.D. values, detection limits as well as recovery values were found to be satisfactory. Ursolic acid was isolated from E. globulus leaves. The identification of isolated ursolic acid was done on the basis of Rf value (0.26) for HPTLC and peak interpretation for FT-IR. Conclusion: The method has been successfully applied in the analysis of both triterpenic acids in medicinal herbs.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Iodine derivatization, Oleanolic acid, Triterpenes, Ursolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.30}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/416}, author = {Arti Gupta and Pooja Maheta and Renu Chauhan and Sonia Pandey and Jitendra Singh Yadav and Shailesh Shah} } @article {726, title = {Sterols from Lentinus tigrinus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1079-1081}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1079}, abstract = {

Aim: To investigate the chemical constituents of the dichloromethane extract of the fruiting bodies of the mushroom Lentinus tigrinus. Materials and Methods: The chemical constituents of L. tigrinus were isolated by silica gel chromatography, while the chemical structures of the isolated compounds were identified by NMR spectroscopy. Results: The dichloromethane extract of the fruiting bodies of L. tigrinus afforded cerevisterol (1), and a mixture of stellasterol (2) and ergosterol (3) in about 4:5 ratio. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation of 1-3 from the fruiting bodies of L. tigrinus.

}, keywords = {Cerevisterol, Ergosterol, Lentinus tigrinus, Polyporaceae, Stellasterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.182}, author = {Consolacion Y. Ragasa and Maria Carmen S. Tan and Ma. Ellenita De Castro and Mariquit M. De Los Reyes and Glenn G. Oyong and Chien-Chang Shen} } @article {545, title = {Structural Elucidation of Peanut, Sunflower and Gingelly Oils by Using FTIR and 1H NMR Spectroscopy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {753-757}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {753}, abstract = {

Aims: The present study focused on FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopic methods to assign structural connectivity and purity of the oils. Methods: Non-destructive Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy techniques are used to assign the structural confirmation of the triacylglyceride (TAG) functional component in three different oils namely Sunflower, Peanut, and Gingelly oils respectively. Results: FTIR spectrum shows a very high intense band at 1744 cm-1 associated with the existence of the ester carbonyl functional group (O-C=O) and very weak shoulder peak of cis double-bond (C=C) stretching was noticed at \∼1655 cm-1. In 1H-NMR spectrum shows well resolved chemical shift values in the range 5.3-0.8 ppm corresponding to characteristic group in aliphatic region. Conclusion: Each distinct peak was determined based on chemical shift as well as splitting pattern values. For olefin signal as triplet, tertiary methine protons as singlet, well separated oxymethylene seen as triplet at ~4.2 ppm owing to presence of high electronegative oxygen atom connected to methylene chain gives more deshielding effect. As for bis-allylic, \α-carbonyl methylene, \β-carbonyl methylene, allylic, saturated methylene along with terminal methyl proton signals are noticed in the span of 2.3-0.8 ppm. A remarkable feature of the spectra is well resolved chemical shift values is clearly support presence of longer hydrocarbon chains. Absence of multiplet coupling peaks and disappearance of signals in down shield region \> 5.4 ppm confirms the absence of trans stereoisomer (E-conformation), aromatic and heterocyclic epoxide compounds.

}, keywords = {1H-NMR, FTIR, TAG, Unsaturation, WHO, Z-Conformation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.126}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/664}, author = {Veeraprakash Bathini and Suresh Kumar Kalakandan and Muthukumaran Pakkirisamy and Karthikeyen Ravichandran} } @article {580, title = {Studies on Positive and Negative ionization mode of ESI-LC-MS/ MS for screening of Phytochemicals on Cassia auriculata (Aavaram Poo)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {457-462}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {457}, abstract = {

Background: Cassia auriculata (Avaram) is an important medicinal plant in India Improved awareness in medicinal flowers has led to an increased need for efficient extraction methods and screening of flavonoid derivatives. Objective: To standardization of extraction solvent system and Characterization of flavonoids through positive and negative electrospray ionization mode using LC-MS/MS from Cassia auriculata extract. Materials and Methods: The different solvents like Methanol, Water, Acetonitrile, Ethyl Acetate, Ethanol, Chloroform, Hexane, Acetone Diethyl ether used frot he identification of flavonoids (Gallic acid, Theanine, Theobromine, Theophylline, Caffeic acid, Caffeine, Ferulic acid, Theacrine, Catechin, Quercetin, EpiGallo Catachin, catechin gallate, Epicatachin gallate and Quercetin hexoside. Results: Based on the peak area percentage the extraction solvent was standardized. The percentage of relative \& absolute intensity of screened flavonoids was observed using LC-MS in positive and negative electrospray ionization. The results show that the methanol extract has more percentage of peak area, relative intensity and absolute intensity. The MS results showed that the negative ionoization has more intensity values of flavonoids and the signal-to-noise ratio was high in negative ionization mode compare to positive mode. Conclusion: Based on the results the methanol is the suitable extraction solvetnt and negative ionization mode of ESI-LC-MS/MS was appropriate for the screening of flavonoids on Cassia auriculata flower extracts.

}, keywords = {Caucalis platycarpos L.; Methanol, Eelectrospray ionization, Flavonoids; UHPLCESI- MS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.75}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/508}, author = {Paranthaman Ramakrishnan and Sureshkumar Kalakandan and Muthukumaran Pakkirisamy} } @article {776, title = {Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Andrographis serpyllifolia (Rottler ex Vahl) Wight: An Ethno-pharmaco- botanical Perspective}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s14-s26}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {s14}, abstract = {

Andrographis serpyllifolia (Rottler ex Vahl) Wight, belonging to Acanthaceae, has been recorded in ethnobotanical archives as a plant possessing potent anti- snake and scorpion venom activity. Its leaf extract has been proven a highly effective drug to combat bovine mastitis. The present review compiles most of the available experimental data emphasising phytochemical profiles and the pharmacological actitvty of this medicinal geophyte. This kind of systematic review encompassing all experimentally proven aspects of the plant, gaps in research and potential areas for future investigation is not available in literature published with regard to this plant so far.

}, keywords = {Andrographis serpyllifolia, Botanical aspects, Ethnobotany, Pharmacological screening, Phytochemical screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.3}, author = {Suma Krishnaswamy and Bopaiah A Kushalappa} } @article {752, title = {Therapeutic Index of Methanolic Extracts of Three Malaysian Phyllanthus Species on MCF-7 and MCF-10A Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s30-s32}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s30}, abstract = {

Introduction: Phyllanthus species such as P. urinaria, P. niruri and P. debilis are common herbs found in Malaysia that are traditionally used for treatment of chronic diseases such as liver diseases, kidney stones and cancer. Phyllanthus species were shown in vitro to have many biological functions such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and anti-diabetic. Aims: The goal of this in vitro study was to assess the cytotoxic effect of the methanolic extract of P. urinaria, P. niruri and P. debilis on MCF-10A and MCF-7 cells (i.e., normal and cancerous breast cell lines) and to determine the therapeutic index of each Phyllanthus species. Materials and Methods: We determined the therapeutic index for each Phyllanthus sp. and its selective toxicity towards these cells. The toxicity of sample toward the cells are measured by trypan blue cell counting method. Results: Our results showed that P. debilis had the lowest IC50 concentration in MCF-7 cells and the highest IC50 concentration in MCF-10A cells and its therapeutic index was higher than that found in P. niruri and P. urinaria. The high therapeutic index of P. debilis suggests that this species has greater selective cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cancer cells than in MCF-10A normal cells. Thus, the methanolic extract of P. debilis should be further characterised and developed for future use as an anti-cancer agent.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, MCF-10A, MCF-7, Phyllanthus, Therapeutic index}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.5}, author = {Wan Adnan Wan Omar and Siti Nur Dalila Mohd Zain} } @article {771, title = {Total Phenolic Content and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Potential of Extracts from Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s109-s112}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s109}, abstract = {

Background: Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (Fabaceae) is a legume plant which used for human food and animal feed. Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate total phenolic content and tyrosinase inhibitory potential of the root, stem and seed parts of C. cajan. Method: Crude extracts were prepared by reflux extraction using methanol, dichloromethane and water as solvents. Total phenolic contents of the obtained extracts were analyzed by Folin- Ciocalteu colorimetric method and the inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity was determined spectrophotometrically. Results: The results revealed that dichloromethane seed extract had more total phenolic content than those of methanol and water seed extracts, respectively. Dichloromethane seed extract had the highest total phenolic content of 92.00 \± 1.24 mg GAE/ g extracts. However, the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity was found in the root methanol extract with IC50 of 3.55 \± 0.35 mg/ml. Conclusion: Type of extraction solvent was an important factor on phenolic contents of C. cajan extracts. The extracts of C. cajan inhibit slightly tyrosinase inhibitory.

}, keywords = {Cajanus cajan, Dichloromethane seed extract, Root methanol extract, total phenolic content, Tyrosinase inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.21}, author = {Prasob-on Rinthong and Suthira Maneechai} } @article {769, title = {Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid, Quercetin Content and Antioxidant Activity of Standardized Extract of Moringa oleifera Leaf from Regions with Different Elevation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s104-s108}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s104}, abstract = {

Context: Moringa oleifera is the famous plant that has been used as medicinal plant for diverse pharmacological activity. Aims: To evaluate the total phenolic, total flavonoid, quercetin content as well as the antioxidant activity of standardized extract of Moringa oleifera (Lamk) leaf, collected from three regions with different elevation. Materials and Methods: The leaves were extracted by maceration method using ethanol 96\% and evaporated by rotary evaporator to obtain the viscous extract. The determination of total phenolic and total flavonoid were performed by spectroscopic method, while the quercetin concentration were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Results: Ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera leaf from region with medium altitude (Sigi regency) showed higher total phenolic, total flavonoid, quercetin concentration and antioxidant activity than regions with low and high altitude (Parigi and Palu cities). Conclusion: This study reveals the potency of standardized extracts of Moringa oleifera growing in medium altitude (Sigi regency) to be developed as antioxidant herbal medicine.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Kelor, Moringa oleifera, total flavonoid, total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.20}, author = {Evi Sulastri and Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair and Nurafni Israyanti Anas and Syakila Abidin and Ririen Hardani and Risfah Yulianti and Aliyah} } @article {751, title = {A Triterpene and a Depside from Parmotrema austrocetratum Elix and J. Johnst.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s27-s29}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s27}, abstract = {

Introduction: Parmotrema austrocetratum Elix and J. Johnst. (syn. Rimelia austrocetrata Elix and J. Johnst.) which belongs to a large genus of lichenized fungi, Parmotrema Massalongo under family Parmeliaceae was investigated for its chemical constituents. Methods: The compounds were isolated by silica gel chromatography and their chemical structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. Results: Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of Parmotrema austrocetratum Elix and J. Johnst. has led to the isolation of zeorin (1) and atranorin (2). Conclusion: P. austrocetratum shares similar chemical characteristic with other Parmotrema species which afforded atranorin. This work highlights the first reported isolation of 1 from P. austrocetratum and the genus Parmotrema.

}, keywords = {Atranorin, Parmeliaceae, Parmotrema austrocetratum, Rimelia austrocetrata, Zeorin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.4}, author = {Consolacion Y. Ragasa and Maria Carmen S. Tan and Virgilio C. Linis and Chien-Chang Shen} } @article {738, title = {Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database as Murine Double Minute-2 (MDM2) Inhibitor}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1184-1189}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1184}, abstract = {

Background: Murine Double Minute-2 (MDM2) overexpression causes the p53 deficiency, so the role p53 as a cell regulator does not work in the case of cancer. Methods: In this study, virtual screening of Indonesian herbal database to discover MDM2 inhibitors was carried out. Autodock and Autodock Vina validated with Directory of Useful Decoy-Enhanced (DUD-E). Validation parameters were performed with Enrichment Factor, Receiver Operating Characteristics, and Area Under Curve. Results: The validation with the grid box 70x70x70 on Autodock resulting AUC value 0.72, while in Autodock Vina 0.43. Autodock Vina did not fulfilll the standard value but still used for comparison. Based on the virtual screening result, top ten compounds from Autodock are Nimolicinol, Jacoumaric acid, Isoarborinol, Lantic acid, Diosgenin, Theasaponin E1, Taraxasterol, Leucadenone C, Simiarenol, and Alpha-Amyrin were found to have strong interaction with MDM2, with binding energy (\ΔG) ranging from -8.83 to -9.65 kcal/mol. The Autodock Vina screening resulted in the identification of Yuehchukene, Morusin, Cyanidin, Leucadenone C, Roxburghine-B, Ocidentoside, Beta-sitosterol, Curine, Withangulatin, and Jacoumaric acid as potential inhibitors with binding energy (\ΔG) ranging from -8.7 to -9.4 kcal/mol. Conclusion: Jacoumaric acid and Leucadenone C were shown to interact with the active site in MDM2 at residues Leu54, Ile61, Met62, and Ile99.

}, keywords = {Cancer, Docking, Indonesian Herbal, Inhibitor, MDM2, Virtual Screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.203}, author = {Alexander Victory and Rezi Riadhi Syahdi and Arry Yanuar} } @article {476, title = {Volatile Compound Analysis using GC-MS, Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activities of the Husk of {\textquotedblleft}Julang-Jaling{\textquotedblright} (Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C Nielsen) from Lampung, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {92-98}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Background: \“Julang-jaling\” (Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C Nielsen) fruits are commonly used as traditional food and in the treatment of blood sugar and heart disease. However, the research about the phytochemicals of the parts of this plants and their bioactivity was rare. Objective: The recent study was aimed to analyze volatile compounds in the extract of \“julang-jaling\” husks and evaluate their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Material and methods: The extraction was conducted using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as extracting agent. The phytochemical assay was performed for all extracts, and followed by volatile compound analysis using GC-MS. The antioxidant assay was performed using DPPH method, and the antimicrobial activity was conducted using agar disc diffusion method. Results: The phytochemical assay showed that all extracts of \“julang-jaling\” husks contain various phytoconstituents having potential bioactivity. All extracts exhibit antioxidant activity with different level of activity depend on the type of extract. The IC50 value were 273.57 ppm, 324.913 ppm, 735 ppm, for ethyl acetate, methanol and n-hexane, respectively. All extracts were able to inhibit the growth of Bacillus cereus, with the highest antimicrobial activity was gained for ethyl acetate extract. Both ethyl acetate and methanolic extract have antimicrobial activity toward E. coli, but no extracts yield positive results for Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. Conclusion: GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of hexadecanoic acids and their ester form in all extract, which might largely contribute in the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant, Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C Nielsen, GC-MS, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.17}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/403}, author = {Candra Irawan and Foliatini and Hanafi and Lilis Sulistiawaty and Maman Sukiman} } @article {739, title = {Withaferin A attenuates Alcohol Abstinence Signs in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1190-1195}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1190}, abstract = {

Background: Withania somnifera (WS) have been reported to inhibit acquisition and expression conditioned place preference, self-administration and withdrawal anxiety of psychostimulants. In the present work, we have assessed the effect of withaferin A on somatic and affective symptoms of ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats. Methods: Animals had given free access to ethanol uninterrupted for 21 days through liquid diet. Withaferin A (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) was injected (ip) either during the development of ethanol dependence phase (days 15 \– 21 or 30 min before ethanol withdrawal assessment. Withdrawal signs characterized by changes in somatic signs were measured in the open field followed by evaluation of anxiety parameters, locomotion, and depressive behavior. Results: Withaferin A treatment 30 min before 24 h postethanol withdrawal assessment did not alter the scores of somatic behavioral signs in ethanol abstinence animals. However, withaferin A (10 and 20 mg/kg, ip) from day 15-21 prevented the ethanol withdrawal-induced elevated scores of somatic behaviors, hyperlocomotion, depressive behavior, and anxiety. Withaferin A treatment did not influence the blood ethanol levels in dependent and withdrawn animals. However, withaferin A administration attenuated the elevated plasma corticosterone and ACTH levels in ethanol-withdrawn rats, suggesting withaferin A induced anti-stress effect and stabilization of HPA axis activity could have facilitated the inhibitory effect of withaferin A on ethanol withdrawal syndrome. Conclusion: The finding supports further investigation of withaferin A and other bioactive components of WS in alcohol addiction.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Corticosterone, Ethanol withdrawal, HPA axis, Withaferin A.}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.204}, author = {Nandkishor Ramdas Kotagale and Ankit Kedia and Rupali Gite and Shubham Nilkanth Rahmatkar and Dinesh Yugraj Gawande and Milind Janraoji Umekar and Brijesh Gulabrao Taksande} } @article {599, title = {Yoga Research a Scientometric Assessment of Global Publications Output during 2007-16}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {394-402}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {394}, abstract = {

The paper examines 3966 global publications on yoga research, as covered in Scopus database during 2007-16. The global output on yoga research output registered 7.79\% growth, and citation impact averaging to 10.44 citations per paper. The top 10 most productive countries in yoga research individually contributed global share from 1.31\% to 38.35\%, with largest global publication share coming from USA (38.35\%), followed by India (19.29\%), U.K. (6.61\%), Canada (5.09\%), etc. Together, the 10 most productive countries accounted for 83.74\% and 96.67\% global publication and global citation share during 2007-16. Five of top 10 countries scored relative citation index above the world average i.e. more than 1: Canada (1.81), USA (1.37), Germany (1.34), U.K. (1.31) and Italy (1.12) during 2007-16. The international collaborative publications share of top 10 most productive countries in yoga research varied from 12.68\% to 42.59\% during 2007-16. Medicine, among subjects, contributed the largest publication share (78.67\%), followed by 9 other subjects with global share between 5.09\% and 9.56\%. The top 25 most productive organizations and authors together contributed 21.63\% and 16.84\% respectively as their global publication share and 35.37\% and 25.10\% respectively as their global citation share during 2007-16. Among the total journal output of 3719 papers, the top 15 journals contributed 21.22\% share to the global journal output during 2007-16. Of the global yoga research output, the top 44 publications registered high citations from 101 to 1092 and they together cumulated 8304 citations, averaging to 188.72 citations per paper. These 44 highly cited papers were published in 35 journals, 5 papers were published in Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online), 2 papers each in Annals of Internal Medicine, Integrative Cancer Therapies, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine and Pain and 1 paper each in other journals.

}, keywords = {Bibliometrics, Global publications, Medical diseases, Scientometrics, Yoga research}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.65}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/497}, author = {BM Gupta and KK Mueen Ahmed and SM Dhawan and Ritu Gupta} } @article {260, title = {ACE Inhibitory Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {249-251}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {249}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hypertension is the main risk factor for cardiovascular disease. There are many developed antihypertension drugs, one of them is focusing in ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) inhibition activity. ACE inhibition activity known can decrease vasoconstriction effect and also can decrease bradykinin degradation (vasodilator) by creating NO (nitric oxide). Methods: In this study, we conducted an in vitro ACE inhibition activity test which was obtained from watercress on 70\% ethanolic extract and each fraction (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol). Results: Results of the study showed that ethanolic extract of watercress had ACE activity with IC50 value was 19.05 g/mL and the highest IC50 of each fraction is ethyl acetate with IC50 value was 2,303 g/ mL. n-butanol fraction had the highest total phenolic content with 15.798 mg GAE/g of the extract, while the highest total flavonoid content was obtained on ethyl acetate fraction with 82.847 mg QE/g of the extract. Conclusion: The results suggest that Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) possess ACE inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {ACE inhibitor, Flavonoid, phenolic, Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.42}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/309}, author = {Catty Amalia Yaricsha and Rissyelly and Katrin} } @article {267, title = {ACE Inhibitory Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Pereskia saccharose Griseb. Leaves Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {285-287}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {285}, abstract = {

Introduction: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) are drugs that can control hypertension. Pereskia saccharose Griseb. leaves have been used traditionally as antihypertensive. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the antihypertensive activity through inhibition of ACE activity, the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of the ethanolic extract of Pereskia saccharose Griseb. leaves and its fractions. Methods: Extraction was done by maceration with 80\% ethanol and fractionation performed by liquid-liquid partition. Results: In vitro ACE inhibitory activity assay of the ethanolic extract using ACE Kit-WST Dojindo had IC50 value of 3.448 \μg/mL and ethyl acetate fraction had IC50 value of 1.714 x 10-3 \μg/mL. Ethyl acetate contained the highest amounts of both TPC (72.991 \± 0.932 mg GAE/g sample) and TFC (61.337 \± 1.612 mg QE/g sample). Conclusion: The results suggest that Pereskia saccharose Griseb. possess ACE inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {ACE inhibitor, Flavonoid, Pereskia saccharose Griseb, phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.49}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/316}, author = {Sarlina Jihan Lusiyanti and Katrin and Rissyelly and Nuraini Puspitasari and Putu Gita Maya Widyaswari Mahayasih} } @article {380, title = {Active Constituents of Pomegranates (Punica granatum) as Potential Candidates in the Management of Health through Modulation of Biological Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {689-695}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {689}, abstract = {

Pomegranates fruits have innumerable health benefits and its implication in diseases cure have been widely recognized since ancient time. Moreover, pomegranate fruits, seeds and peels are intensively used in traditional medicine as a natural therapy. It contains numerous valuable ingredients such as flavonoids, ellagitannin, punicalagin, ellagic acid, vitamins and minerals. The principal constituents including punicalagins and ellagitannin are responsible for immeasurable health benefits due to its strong antioxidant activity. Additionally, constituents of pomegranate show health promoting effect through the modulation of physiological and biochemical pathways. Recent evidences suggested that pomegranates fruits, peels and seeds illustrate therapeutics implications in health management via inhibition of free radical effect and modulation of enzymes activity linked with diseases development and progression. In this review, we summarize the therapeutic role of pomegranate fruits, seeds and peels in the health managements based on in vitro and in vivo studies.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory Effect, Anti-oxidant, Heptoprotective Effect, Neuroprotective Effect and Anti-microbial Effects, Pomegranates}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.109}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.109/index.html}, author = {Arshad Husain Rahmani and Mohamed Ali Alsahli and Saleh Abdulrahman Almatroodi} } @article {356, title = {Acute and Sub-acute Toxicities of Thai Silkworm Powder (Bombyx mori Linn.) From Three Races in Male Wistar Rats and In vitro Antioxidant Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {541-545}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {541}, abstract = {

Background: The silkworm powder from Japanese and Korean races has a high biological activity. However, there was less scientific evidence regarding bioactivities in Thai silkworm races. Objective: This research was interested in toxicity and antioxidant activities of Thai silkworm races. Material and methods: The 5th instar, 3rd day of growth stage of Thai traditional silkworm (Nanglai, Nangnoi and Samrong races) were lyophilized by freeze dryer and ground as silkworm powder. The acute and sub-acute toxicities studies were carried out in male Wistar rats. The antioxidant capacities of silkworm powder were investigated with DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods. Results: The acute toxicity in rats by single dose oral administration show that the high dose at a concentration of 2,000 mg/kg b.w. did not have toxicity in rats. The sub-acute toxicity in rats by oral administration showed that the high dose concentration at 2,000 mg/kg body weight for 6 weeks had no toxicity in all group either. In addition, the hematological parameters and lipid profiles of treated group and control groups were not significantly different. The antioxidant study showed that silkworm powders were not significant difference in all groups of samples in three assays (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP). However, significant difference had been found in comparison to ascorbic acid (p \< 0.05). Conclusion: Silkworm powder from three races of Thai silkworm did not produce any toxicity in male rats. In addition, the silkworm powder also exhibited antioxidant activities.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activities., hematological parameters, lipid profile, Silkworm, toxicities}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.87}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.87}, author = {Surapong Rattana and Teeraporn Katisart and Bunleu Sungthong and Chirapha Butiman} } @article {396, title = {Alkaloid from Phoebe declinata Nees Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {713-720}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {713}, abstract = {

Introduction: Genus Phoebe have been reported to produce isoquinoline alkaloids as aporphines, noraporphines, and benzylisoquinolines. Many of these isolates exhibit diversified biological activities, including cytotoxic activity. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine cytotoxic activity of compound isolated from Phoebe declinata againts MCF-7 (breast cancer cell line). Methods: Extraction was done by reflux using n-hexane, antioxidant activity measured by DPPH method and reducing power method, cytotoxic activity measured by MTT assay using MCF-7 cell line, struture eucidation was confirmed by NMR. Results: The antioxidant activity measured using DPPH method for 1 and 2 showed IC50 value of 6.42 and 11.80 \μg/mL respectively and using reducing power method for 1 and 2 showed IC50 value of 7.02 and 13.74 \μg/mL respectively. Compound (1) and (2) exhibited cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 82.978 and 93.179 \μg/mL. Conclusion: Compound (1) and (2) exhibited antioxidant activity and cytotoxic activity against MCF-7.

}, keywords = {Alkaloid, antioxidant activity, Cytotoxic activity, DPPH, MCF-7 cell line., Phoebe declinata nees}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.112}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/165}, author = {Berna Elya and Basah Katrin and Roshamur Cahyan Forestrania and Rosmalena Sofyan and Ryan Adi Chandra} } @article {328, title = {Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity and Fractionation of Bioactive Compounds from bark Extracts of Sibucao (Caesalpinia sappan L.) In the Philippines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {356-360}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {356}, abstract = {

Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects millions of people around the world. Although conventional medicine is available, it is usually accompanied by serious side effects such as gastrointestinal problem. Thus, the search for alternative medicine from natural sources is of primary importance. Context: The study is concerned with Caesalpinia sappan L. found in the vicinity of Baybay City, Leyte Philippines. Furthermore, it deals with ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the bark only. It was conducted to determine the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of C. sappan to provide evidence to support its efficacy as a folkloric medicinal plant. Aims: This work aimed to evaluate the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of aqueous and ethanolic bark extracts of Sibucao (Caesalpinia sappan L.) and to partially fractionate its bioactive compounds. Settings and Design: Extracts were prepared in increasing concentration to get IC50 values. Samples were analysed in triplicate both for extracts and fractions collected from chromatography. Methods and Material: Caesalpinia sappan L. bark samples were collected from the vicinity of Visayas State University. Plant materials were dried, weighed and stored. Aqueous and ethanolic bark extracts were prepared using water and 20\% ethanol. The total phenolic content of the extracts were determined and the \α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of crude bark and aqueous extracts were measured using the method of Kim et al., 2011. Partial fractionation of bioactive compounds was done successively using gradient elution. The \α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of fractions were then determined and Rf values of active compounds were measured using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Results: Results revealed that aqueous extract (2000 ppm) and ethanolic extract (2000 ppm) show high \α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of 100\% and 59\% respectively. IC50 values of aqueous and ethanolic extract were found to be 300.52 \± 1.467 ppm and 1560.81 \± 2.582 ppm, respectively. TLC of fractions show 7 peaks for aqueous extract and 6 peaks for ethanolic extract in which compound with Rf value 0.70 had the highest inhibitory activity of 65\%. Conclusions: Taken together, the high \α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of aqueous extracts support the effectiveness of C. sappan L. bark decoctions. In addition, results from bioassay-guided fractionation can be used as an effective tool for further isolation and characterization of \α-glucosidase inhibitors from Caesalpinia sappan L. in the Philippines.

}, keywords = {Caesalpinia sappan, Flavonoids, Fractionation, Type II diabetes, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.60}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.60}, author = {Ea Kristine Clarisse B. Tulin and Ma Theresa P. Loreto and Edgardo E. Tulin} } @article {337, title = {Antibacterial Activity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from the Bark of Cinnamomum mercadoi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {405-409}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {405}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cinnamomum mercadoi is a medicinal tree endemic to the Philippines. Cinnamomum species have been extensively studied for their endophytic fungi with pharmacological importance. This study aims to isolate and evaluate the antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi associated with the bark of C. mercadoi. Materials and Methods: Endophytic fungi were isolated from surface sterilized bark samples aseptically. The pure isolates were identified through their morphological characteristics. Agar plug diffusion assay was employed in the primary screening of their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Four active endophytes were fermented and extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc). The antibacterial activity of the EtOAc extracts was screened using the disk diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory activity (MIC) was evaluated using the microdilution method. Results: Twelve (12) endophytes were isolated from the bark of C. mercadoi. All endophytes exhibited antibacterial activity on at least one of the test pathogens. However, only two of the four endophytes subjected to the secondary screening showed wide-spectrum activity and inhibited the growth of all test bacteria. Fusarium sp. 2 was identified to have the most promising activity with MIC values ranging from 2.1 - 4.2 mg/mL. Conclusion: C. mercadoi harbors endophytes, particularly Fusarium sp. 2, which possess antibacterial activity and thus a potential source of antibacterial compounds.

}, keywords = {Cinnamon, Escherichia, Fusarium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.69}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.69}, author = {Jia P. Marcellano and Alyssa S. Collanto and Rolly G. Fuentes} } @article {321, title = {Antibacterial Activity Of Shin{\textquoteright}iseihaito (Xinyiqingfeitang) And its Components Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {310-314}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {310}, abstract = {

Objective: Shin\’iseihaito (xinyiqingfeitang in Chinese, SSHT), a formula in traditional Japanese Kampo medicine and Chinese medicine comprising nine crude drugs, Gypsum, Ophiopogon Tuber, Scutellaria Root (SR, root of Scutellaria baicalensis), Gardenia Fruit, Anemarrhena Rhizome, Lilium Bulb, Magnolia Flower, Loquat Leaf, and Cimicifuga Rhizome (CR, rhizome of Cimicifuga heracleifolia), is commonly used to treat sinusitis associated with purulent nasal discharge and reddish nasal mucosa. We evaluated anti-bacterial activity of SSHT extract on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), one cause of bacterial sinusitis. Materials and Methods: Sterile paper disks impregnated with SSHT extract, the combination of crude drugs composing SSHT according to the traditional pharmacological theory, or each component were placed on Mueller-Hinton agar plates inoculated with several strains of MRSA isolated from the patients. The diameter of inhibitory zone was measured after 18\–24 h incubation. Results: SSHT extract showed antibacterial activity against 128/190 (66.8\%) MRSA clinical isolates. The effect of the extract of SSHT without heat-clearing drugs (SSHT\–HC) or without exterior-releasing drugs (SSHT\–ER) were significantly lower than that of SSHT extract. Each water extract of SR, Loquat Leaf, Magnolia Flower and CR showed significant anti-MRSA activity, and SR extract exhibited the largest inhibitory zone. Conclusions: SSHT has antibacterial activity against MRSA clinical isolates, and SR mainly contributes to the antibacterial activity of SSHT against MRSA clinical isolates.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Scutellaria baicalensis, Shin{\textquoteright}iseihaito, Sinusitis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.53}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.53}, author = {Toru Konishi and Masaaki Minami and Toshiaki Makino} } @article {368, title = {Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Black Mulberry (Morus nigra L.) Extract for Acne Treatment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {611-614}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {611}, abstract = {

Introduction: Black mulberry is rich in phenols and is hence usable in the treatment of acne. It also contains anthocyanin, a well-known antioxidant. This study aimed to examine the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) extract as a potential raw material for use in beauty care products. Method: Fruit extract was obtained using maceration method with 96\% ethanol. The antibacterial activity of the extract was determined by disc diffusion method, while the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by microdilution method. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the extract was tested by DPPH method. Result: The results showed a 2.5\% MIC against S. epidermidis and P. acnes, confirming the antibacterial activity of black mulberry extract. The MBC values for the respective bacterium were 2.5\% and 5\%. Regarding antioxidant activity, the IC50 value of black mulberry extract was 146.731 mg/mL, suggesting its medium potential. Conclusion: Morus nigra extract has antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis and P. acnes, and has medium potential as antioxidant.

}, keywords = {Anti acne, Antioxidant, Morus Nigra Extract, Propionibacterium Acnes, Staphylococcus Epidermidis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.97}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.97/index.html}, author = {Arif Budiman and Diah Lia Aulifa and Arif Satria Wira Kusuma and Astri Sulastri} } @article {459, title = {Antibrucellosis Activity of Medicinal Plants from Western Ghats and Characterization of Bioactive Metabolites}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s122-s128}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s122}, abstract = {

Background: Brucellosis is one of the most prevalent bacterial zoonosis which is transmitted to humans from animals. As an alternative to conventional antibiotics, medicinal plants are valuable resources for new agents against antibiotic-resistant strains. Objective: To evaluate the antibrucellosis activity of different medicinal plants collected from the Western Ghats against Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis. Identification and characterization of the bioactive metabolites of the potent antibrucellosis agent by Thin Layer Chromatography and Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. Methods: Antibacterial assay was carried for the ethanolic extract of different medicinal plants, the potential and effective medicinal plants extract was subjected for purification by TLC and the bioactive metabolites were characterized by the GC MS analysis. Results: Acacia nelotica, Terminalia arjuna, Eugenia jambolana and Callistemon citrinus showed the antibrucellosis activity comparatively Callistemon citrinus had the strong antibrucellosis activity. Further the crude sample was purified by TLC profiling, compounds with different retention factor were screened for antibrucellosis activity, and the bioactive metabolites were identified by GC-MS analysis. Conclusion: For the first time the different medicinal plants from Western Ghats were screened for the antibrucellosis activity. The crude and TLC purified Callistemon citrinus ethanolic extract exhibited strong antibrucellosis activity. The bioactive compounds identified were reported for the first time and the bioactive metabolites identified exhibited as potential antibacterial agents against brucellosis and other Human pathogens.

}, keywords = {Antibrucellosis, Bioactive compounds, GC-MS, Medicinal plant, TLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.168}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/393}, author = {Sri Raghava and Sharanaiah Umesha} } @article {236, title = {Anti-HIV Activity of Phytosterol Isolated from Aerva lanata Roots}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2016}, pages = {112-116}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {112}, abstract = {

Background: AIDS in humans, which is caused by the HIV remains among the leading causes of death worldwide. Objective: The study was undertaken to investigate the HIV-RT inhibitory activity of Phytotesrols extracted from roots of Aerva lanata. Methodology: Sequential maceration method was performed for preparation of extracts using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol solvents. RetroSys HIV-1 RT (Innovagen, Sweden) kit was used to determine the HIV-RT inhibitory activity of all solvents extracts. Results \& Discussion:\ All extracts showed significant inhibitory activity. Chloroform extracts shows highest inhibition of recombinant HIV-RT (89.0\%) at 2 and mg/ml concentration. Phytosterols isolated from chloroform extracts. These results were remarkable and can be used to develop a new drug for HIV treatment or other infectious diseases caused by the pathogenic micro-organisms, for which plant sterols may play a distinctive role. Conclusion: Further work is in progress to evaluate the advanced spectroscopic studies are required for the structural elucidation, identification and characterization of the active compound from this plant.

}, keywords = {Aerva lanata, Characterization, HIV-1, Phytosterols, Reverse transcriptase, Structural elucidation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.19}, author = {Rajendra Prasad Gujjeti and Estari Mamidala} } @article {333, title = {Anti-hyperglycemic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effects of Extract from Houttuynia cordata Thumb. in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {382-387}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {382}, abstract = {

Aim: Various properties of Houttuynia cordata Thumb. has been reported. However, few studies on its pharmacological effects have been documented. To elucidate whether there are more pharmacological effects of this plant, this study was therefore, carried out to determine the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of 80\% ethanol extract of H. cordata (HCE). Their antioxidant activity and acute toxicity were also conducted. Methods: HCE at a dose of 250 mg/kg was oral given to Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats daily for 8 weeks. DPPH assay and HCE at the doses of 1,000, 2,000 and 3,000 mg/kg were employed in antioxidant and acute toxicity studies. Results: HCE lowered FBG in the diabetic, but not in the normal treated rats. HCE did not affect the body weight of all rats, but recovered TP, Alb, Glob, BUN, CREA, UA, TB, AST, ALT, ALP, and reduced the elevated CHO, TG and LDL in the diabetic rats. HCE possessed relatively low antioxidant activity with IC50 of 115.98\± 0.82 \μg/mL compared to Vitamin C (42.54+1.37 \μg/ml), but did not produce any symptoms of acute toxicity. Conclusions: The extract of H. cordata may have beneficial properties and is a new agent for diabetic treatment and improve renal and hepatic functions.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Anti-Hyperglycemic, Anti-Hyperlipidemic, Antioxidant, Houttuynia cordata Thumb}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.65}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.65}, author = {Patcharee Poolsil and Wilawan Promprom and Chusri Talubmook} } @article {358, title = {Antihyperglycemic Effect of Silkworm Powder, Fibroin and Sericin from Three Thai Silkworm (Bombyx mori Linn.) in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {559-564}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {559}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate the antihyperglycemic activities of Thai silkworm (Bombyx mori Linn.) powder, fibroin and sericin from three races of Thai silkworm including Nangnoi, Nanglai, and Samrong in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: All rats were daily and orally administered with silkworm powder (5th-instar, 3rd-day), fibroin, and sericin at a dose of 250 mg/kg for 6 weeks. After that, various parameters including body weight, blood glucose, hematological and biochemical parameters were determined. Results: The results revealed that fasting plasma glucose level in 6th week of Nanglai fibroin, Nangnoi fibroin and Nangnoi sericin expressed a better reduction of FPG in diabetic rats compared with diabetic control groups (p\<0.05). All hematological parameters of each group were not different within those values (p\>0.05). In case of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and alkaline phosphatase value showed that some of treated groups was different from diabetic control (p\<0.05), while all of treated groups showed different in cholesterol and high density lipoprotein value (p\<0.05). Conclusion: Silkworm powders, fibroin and sericin of three races exhibited a therapeutic potential for the reduction plasma glucose level. Treatments of silkworm powder, fibroin and sericin did not have any effect on hematological parameters. Improvement of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase values and lipid profiles also were also observed in the treatment groups.

}, keywords = {Antihyperglycemic effect, Diabetic rats, Fibroin., Sericin, Silkworm}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.89}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.89}, author = {Surapong Rattana and Teeraporn Katisart and Chirapha Butiman and Bunleu Sungthong} } @article {226, title = {Anti-inflammatory activity of isolated compounds from the stem bark of Garcinia cowa Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {55-57}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {55}, abstract = {

Objective: To find the anti inflammatory active compounds from methanol extract of Garcinia cowa. Methods: To evaluate the inhibitory activity of isolated compounds on nitric oxide (NO) production, culture media was assayed using Griess reaction. An equal volume of Griess reagent (1\% sulphanilamide and 0.1\% N-(L-naphthyl)-ethylene diamine dihydrochloride, dissolved in 2.5\% H3PO4) was mixed with culture supernatant and color development was measured at 550 nm using a micro plate reader. The amount of nitrite in the culture supernatant was calculated from a standard curve (0\–100 \μM) of sodium nitrite freshly prepared in deionized water. Percentage of the NO inhibition was calculated by using nitrate level of IFN-\γ/LPS-induced group as the control. Results: Isolated compounds, tetraprenyltoluquinone, rubraxanthone and \α-mangostin from stem bark of Garcinia cowa Roxb were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity. Only \α-mangostin exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity with 83.42 \% inhibition of NO and without inducing severe cytotoxicity at 50M. Rubraxanthone showed weak inhibition of NO with 23.86 \% inhibition of NO while maintained 77.32 \% of cell viability. TPTQ also showed the strong inhibition of NO with 80.98 \% inhibition but unfortunately this compound also induced severe cytotoxicity with 39.62\% viability. Conclusion: \α-Mangostin exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity without inducing severe cytotoxicity at 50 M. Rubraxanthone showed weak inhibition of NO while Tetraprenyltoluquinone also showed the strong inhibition of NO however this compound also induced severe cytotoxicity.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Garcinia cowa, Nitric oxide, rubraxanthone, tetrapreniltoluquinone, α-mangostin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.10}, author = {Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Daud Ahmad Israf Ali and Nordin Hj. Lajis and Dachriyanus} } @article {354, title = {Antimalarial and Antioxidant Potentials of Extract and Fractions of Aerial part of Borreria ocymoides DC (Rubiaceae).}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {534-540}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {534}, abstract = {

Introduction: Borreria ocymoides (Burm F) DC is a weak, erect and decumbent herb that has several folkloric, ethno medicinal uses and is included in antimalarial preparations by some traditional healers. It is also used in treatment of ring worm, eczema and microbial infections. Objectives: To evaluate antimalarial activity of extract and fractions of Borreria ocymoides in Plasmodium berghei infected mice and to investigate their antioxidant activity using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazile (DPPH). Methods: The methanol extract of aerial part of B. ocymoides and the solvent fractions obtained from partition between organic solvents were assessed for antimalarial activity against chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei NK65 infected mice using the suppressive and curative test procedures. Chloroquine (10 mg/ml) was used as positive control. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging ability and determination of total phenolic content. Results: The crude extract (250 and 500 mg kg-1) produced a dose dependent anti-plasmodial activity in the suppressive and curative tests. The chemo suppression activity was best in the ethyl acetate fraction (87.31\%) and in the order ethyl acetate \>dichloromethane \> hexane \> aqueous fraction. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extract increased with concentration. The antioxidant activity was less than ascorbic acid used as positive control. Oral administration up to 5 g/kg produced no noticeable deleterious effect 24 hours after dosing and up to 7 days afterwards. Conclusion: The results indicated that the extract has a potent anti-plasmodial activity against Plasmodium berghei and the activity seems to reside in the mid-polar fractions. Thus, the plant is a potential source of new antimalarial agents.

}, keywords = {Antimalarial, Antioxidant, Borreria ocymoides, Plasmodium berghei, Solvent fractions}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.86}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.86}, author = {Sunday Adeleke Adesegun and Celestina Ifeoma Orabueze and Herbert Alexander Babatunde Coker} } @article {338, title = {Antimicrobial, Analgesic and Anti - Inflammatory Activity Reported on Tamarindus indica Linn Root Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {410-416}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {410}, abstract = {

Objective: Tamarindus indica (Family- Fabaceae) show various folkloric uses in treatment of various ailments such as rheumatisum, dysentery, jaundice etc. Aim: The research was conducted to investigate its phytoconstituients and various activity such as antimicrobial, analgesic \& anti-inflammatary of AETIRE. Method: The antimicrobial activity was performed on 4 bacterial stains containing (B.subtilis, S.aureus, P. aeruginosa \& E.coli) on AETIRE using Disc diffusion method. The Analgesic activity was tested by thermal and chemical induced pain through Hot plate and AAIWT. And carrageenan induced rat paw oedema model is used to evaluate antiinflammatory activity. Result: Phytoconstituients such as tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and carbohydrates present in both the extract. The maximum zone of inhibition of about 21mm \& 22mm was shown on B.subtilis strain by both the extract when compared with standard drug (Tetracycline \& Gentamycin). In AAIWT and hot plate test the AETIRE of concentration (100, 200 mg/kg) produce significant dose-dependent inhibition of pain response with maximum 54.33\% protection against acetic acid induced pain and about 74.83\% inhibition against thermally induced pain by the aqueous extract 200mg. \& the anti- inflammatory activity shown by AETIRE (100 \& 200mg/kg) caused significant dose dependent inhibition of oedema with maximum 45.94\% inhibition in the Carrageenan induced rat paw oedema by the AE. Conclusion: Therefore the AE of Tamarindus indica root was more effective in showing analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity when compared to the standard drug in each model while ethanol extract show effective antimicrobial activity.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Anti- inflammatory activity, Antimicrobial, Fabaceae, Tamarindus indica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.70}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.70}, author = {Sangeeta Gupta and Amit Singh} } @article {367, title = {Antioxidant Activity and Isolation of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor from Ruellia tuberosa L. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {607-610}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {607}, abstract = {

Introduction: The leaves of Ruellia tuberosa L. have been known to demonstrate strong antioxidant and xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitory activities. The aim of this study was to isolate antioxidant and XOD inhibitor from the leaves of the plants. Methods: Isolation of antioxidant and XOD inhibitor were conducted using chromatography techniques. The structure of the isolated compound was elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Results: In this study, a flavonoid was isolated and characterized as methoxylated flavonoid based on the spectral data including UV, IR, GC-MS, and NMR. The compound demonstrated DPPH free radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 28.79 \μg/ml, and XOD inhibitory with IC50 of 0.67 \μg/mL. Conclusion: The isolated compound was determined as 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy-2-(4-((3S,4S,5S,6R)-4,5, 6-trihydroxy-2(hydroxymethoxy)-tetrahydro-2H-pyrane-3-iloxy) phenyl)-4H-chromen-4-on or camarosids. The isolated compound demonstrated strong DPPH free radical scavenging and XOD inhibitory activity.\ 

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, DPPH, Flavonoid., Ruellia Tuberosa, Xanthine Oxidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.96}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.96/index.html}, author = {Aktsar Roskiana Ahmad and Berna Elya and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {262, title = {Antioxidant Activity and Lipoxygenase Enzyme Inhibition Assay with Total Flavonoid Assay of Garcinia porrecta Laness. Stem Bark Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {257-266}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {257}, abstract = {

Introduction: The genus Garcinia which is rich of secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids, have known to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of lipoxygenase. There isn\’t found literature indicating research on inhibition of lipoxygenase activity been done in this plant. The purpose of this study is to obtain the data and determine the potential antioxidant activity, and inhibition of lipoxygenase activity of Garcinia porrecta Laness. stem bark extracts. Methods: This research is included FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) method antioxidant assay, in vitro lipoxygenase inhibition assay, flavonoids qualitative analysis by thin layer chromatography, and total flavonoids assay in the most active extract. Results: The results showed the methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts of G. porrecta Laness. stem bark using FRAP method, has antioxidant activity with EC50 values respectively 1.33; 4.97; and 19.96 g/mL and lipoxygenase inhibition activity with IC50 values 0.23; 0.52; and 4.87 g/mL. The most active extract in the both assay is methanol extract which has total flavonoids of 5.66 mg QE/g (quercetin equivalent). Conclusion: The results from the study show extracts of the stem bark of G. porrecta Laness. has antioxidant activity and potential for lipoxygenase inhibition.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoid, FRAP, Garcinia porrecta Laness, Lipoxygenase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.44}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/311}, author = {Amalia Cipta Sari and Berna Elya and Katrin} } @article {263, title = {Antioxidant Activity and Lipoxygenase Enzyme Inhibition Assay with Total Flavonoid Content from Garcinia hombroniana Pierre Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {267-272}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {267}, abstract = {

Objective: Garcinia hombroniana Pierre leaves extract have been known to contain flavonoid, but it has not been known yet for its antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipoxygenase activity. This study aims to determine antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipoxygenase activity of G. hombroniana leaves extract. Method: Antioxidant activity tested by using FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) method and inhibition of lipoxygenase activity using baicalein as the positive control. Total flavonoid assay is also quantitatively done by AlCl3 colorimetric method on the most active extract using quercetin as the positive control. Results: The test result showed that the n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extract of G. hombroniana Pierre leaves have antioxidant activity which showed by EC50 value consecutively are 36.260; 2.969; and 7.416 \μg/mL, and also can inhibit lipoxygenase activity which showed by IC50 value consecutively are 2.052; 0.134; and 1.314 \μg/mL. Ethyl acetate extract of G. hombroniana Pierre leaves has the most active antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipoxygenase activity. Total flavonoid content of ethyl acetate extract of G. hombroniana Pierre leaves is 42.004 mg QE/g sample. Conclusion: Garcinia hombroniana Pierre leaves extract has antioxidant activity and can inhibit lipoxygenase activity.

}, keywords = {Antiinflammation, Antioxidant, Flavonoid, FRAP, Garcinia hombroniana Pierre, Lipoxygenase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.45}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/312}, author = {Shinta Marlin and Berna Elya and Katrin} } @article {265, title = {Antioxidant Activity and Lipoxygenase Enzyme Inhibitory Assay with Total Flavonoids Content from Garcinia hombroniana Pierre Stem Bark Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {276-279}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {276}, abstract = {

Introduction: Garcinia has been known as a rich source of xanthones, flavonoids, and phenols. The aim of this research is to obtain data of antioxidant activity and to observe potential inhibition of lipoxygenase activity that most active from methanolic, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts with total flavonoids content from most active extracts from the bark of Garcinia hombroniana Pierre. Methods: The antioxidant activity was measured using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), the anti-inflammatory assay was measured using inhibition of lipoxygenase activity test, qualitative analysis of flavonoids using thin layer chromatography, and total flavonoids content was measured using AlCl3 colorimetric method. Results: The results showed that the ethyl acetate extract from G. hombroniana Pierre stem bark as the most active extract for antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibition activity with EC50 and IC50 value consecutively 15.34 \μg /ml; 0.26 \μg /ml. Total flavonoids content of ethyl acetate is 7.430 mg QE/g extract. The results of this study showed bark extract Garcinia hombroniana Pierre has antioxidant activity and potent to inhibit lipoxygenase activity. Conclusion: Based on the research for methanolic, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extract, it can be concluded that the ethyl acetate extract of G. hombroniana Pierre as the most active extract for antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibition activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Garcinia hombroniana Pierre, Inflammation, Lipoxygenase, Total flavonoids content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.47}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/314}, author = {Amanda Listiyani and Berna Elya and Nuraini Puspitasari} } @article {266, title = {Antioxidant Activity and Lipoxygenase Inhibition Test with Total Flavonoid Content from Garcinia kydia Roxburgh Leaves Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {280-284}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {280}, abstract = {

Introduction: Antioxidant is one of the therapeutic strategies to overcome oxidative stress and inhibit synthesis of inflammatory mediators through lipoxygenase pathway. Garcinia is the largest of Clusiaceae family which has been proven to provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Garcinia kydia Roxburgh is one of the plants of this genus which is known to have antioxidant activity but lipoxygenase inhibition activity from this plant was unknown. Methods: This study aimed to test antioxidant activity of the methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extract from Garcinia kydia Roxburgh leaves by FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) method, anti-inflammatory activity was tested by inhibiting lipoxygenase and total flavonoid content by colorimetric methods AlCl3. Results: The results showed an antioxidant activity of methanol extract, ethyl acetate and n-hexane leaves of Garcinia kydia Roxburgh have EC50 value, respectively 18,448; 12,389 and 31,260 \μg/mL, and the lipoxygenase inhibition activity have IC50 value, respectively 0,556; 0,212 and 3,575 \μg/mL. Ethyl acetate extract of Garcinia kydia Roxburgh leaves was the most active extract in this study which has total flavonoid content, 30,650 mgQE/ gram extract. Conclusion: The conclusion, Garcinia kydia Roxburgh has antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibition activity, with ethyl acetate extract as the most active extract which contains total flavonoids.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoid content, FRAP, Garcinia kydia Roxburgh, Lipoxygenase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.48}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/315}, author = {Nur Laily Putri and Berna Elya and Nuraini Puspitasari} } @article {334, title = {Antioxidant Activity, Biochemical Components and Sub-Chronic Toxicity of Different Brown Rice Kefir Powders}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {388-394}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {388}, abstract = {

Aims: This study aimed to investigate and compare antioxidant activity, biochemical components and subchronic toxicity of brown rice kefir powder from three different coloured rice varieties; Khao Dawk Mali 105 (KDMLKP, white), Red Hawm (RHKP, red), and Hawm Nil (HNKP, dark purple), with cow milk kefir powder (CMKP). Medthods: Antioxidant activity performed by using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and 2, 2\´-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Biochemical components values including gamma-aminobutyric acid and alpha-tocopherol were determined using high performance liquid chromatography, but total phenolic compounds was detemined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Sub-chronic toxicity test, KDMLKP, RHKP and HNKP at the doses of 150 mg/kg were given orally to the rats every day for 90 days. Results: Antioxidant activity showed that brown rice kefir powders were significantly (p\≤0.05) higher than cow milk kefir powder. Interestingly, HNKP provided the highest FRAB value and the lowest IC50 of DPPH assay. HNKP had also the highest biochemical component values. Repeat administration of KDMLKP, RHKP and HNKP did not produce any symptoms of sub-chronic toxicity; mortality, hematological values, and blood biochemistry in the rats. Moreover, RHKP produced HDL increasing without CHO, TG and LDL changing in rats. Conclusions: These data indicate that brown rice kefir powders show no sub-chronic toxicity and exhibit more antioxidant activity and biochemical component values than cow milk kefir powder. Surprisingly, RHKP showed HDL increasing while HNKP had the highest potent antioxidant activity and biochemical components. Thus, both rice kefir powders are safe and probably a new biochemical resource for health.

{\textquoteleft}}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Biochemical Components, Brown Rice Kefir Powder, Rice, Sub-Chronic Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.66}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.66}, author = {Supaporn Chunchom and Chusri Talubmook and Sirirat Deeseenthum} } @article {411, title = {Antioxidant and Anti-hypercholesterolemic potential of Vitis vinifera leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {807-814}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {807}, abstract = {

Background: Grapes (Vitis vinifera) are universally appreciated fruit for their delicacy, nutrition and accepted as functional food. The objective of the present study is to evaluate antioxidant and anti-hypercholesterolemic potential of Vitis vinifera leaves extract. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of methanolic (VVME) and aqueous (VVAE) extract was carried out to identify the phytoconstituents. Antioxidant potential was evaluated by employing in-vitro and in vivo assays. The anti-hypercholesterolemic activity was evaluated by inducing hypercholesterolemia with high cholesterol diet for 21 days in experimental animals. Results: In VVME, total tannins, total flavonoids and total phenolic contents were found to be present in major amount. Both extract has significant in-vitro and in-vivo antioxidant efficacy. Different doses i.e. 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of VVME and VVAE significantly attenuated the lipid levels. Moreover, VVME was found to be more effective as compared to VVAE and also, effectiveness was confirmed with histological results. Conclusion: It can be concluded that antioxidant and anti-hypercholesterolemic efficacy of Vitis vinifera might be due to presence of antioxidant property and active phytoconstituents.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cholesterol Diet, Hypercholesterolemia, Total Phenolic Content Etc., Vitis vinifera}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.126}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/179}, author = {Sushma Devi and Randhir Singh} } @article {345, title = {Apoptosis Induction of Cervical Carcinoma HeLa Cells Line by Dichloromethane Fraction of the Rinds of Garcinia cowa Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {475-478}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {475}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aims to determine the apoptosis induction of HeLa cervical carcinoma cells death by dichloromethane fraction of the rinds of Garcinia cowa Roxb. Methods: Apoptosis induction of HeLa cell line was observed using a double staining method. Results: The result of double staining observation showed that an apoptosis occurs which marked with yellowish green fluorescence and cell fragmentation. The average percentage of apoptotic cells was higher in the treated variables (70.38\%) compared to the control variables (12.26\% ). Statistical analysis by Independent Sample T-Test showed apoptosis Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.000 (\<0.025). Conclusion: The dichloromethane fraction of G. cowa rind induces apoptosis in HeLa cervical cancer cells.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis induction, Carcinoma cells, Double stanining, Garcinia cowa Roxb., HeLa cell line}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.76}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.76}, author = {Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Siska Febria and Dessy Arisanty} } @article {256, title = {Application of Ionic Liquid based Microwave-Assisted Extraction of the Secondary Metabolite from Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {227-234}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {227}, abstract = {

Introduction: An ionic liquid (ILs) is a new alternative solvent (containing cations and anions) has the physical and specific solutions properties, and also had proven to be a promising substituent of conventional organic solvents are flammable, volatile and toxic in various processes. The ILS application in separating the secondary metabolites compound from Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth herbaceous can be carried out using microwaveassisted extraction method (MAE). Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ionic liquid based microwave-assisted extraction method for attracting the secondary metabolites compound from P. pellucida compared with a conventional solvent for the enrichment of secondary metabolites (especially polyphenols group) and their HPTLC fingerprinting profile. Methods: The herb dried powder extracted by microwave-assisted extraction using an ionic liquid such us 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl), 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Bromide ([BMIM]Br). The obtained extract solution was partitioned using an organic solvent; the extract was evaporated to obtain a dry extract and determination the HPTLC fingerprinting profile. Results: Based on the research results was obtained from the various types of solvents there are differences in the extraction of secondary metabolite.

}, keywords = {HPTLC profile, Ionic liquid, Microwave-assisted extraction, Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth, Secondary metabolite.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.38}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/305}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Arry Yanuar and Kamarza Mulia and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {460, title = {Aristolochia bracteolata Enhances Wound Healing in vitro through Anti-inflammatory and Proliferative Effect on Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Keratinocytes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s129-s136}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s129}, abstract = {

Objective: In the present study, we examined the effect of Aristolochia bracteolata extract on Human dermal fibroblast (HDF) and Human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) proliferation and migration during in vitro wound healing and its underlying mechanism. Method: A. bracteolata was collected and extracted using methanol. Cytotoxiciy effect of plant extract was determined by MTT assay in HDF and HaCaT. In vitro Scratch assay determined the effect of plant extracts on migration of cells and its underlying mechanism was determined by RT-PCR analysis. Result: The plant extract of A. bracteolata selectively inhibited proliferation of both the cells at higher concentration (\>100 \μg/mL) and at lower concentrations (\<25 \μg/mL), it exhibited linear and dose-dependent cell proliferation. IC50 value was 87.60\±1.67 \μg/mL for HDF and 85.50\±1.65 \μg/mL after 24 h treatment. In vitro scratch wound healing studies showed wound closure of 50.38\%\±1.39 and 69.81\%\±1.89 at a concentration of 25 \μg/mL after 24 h and 48 h, respectively. The extract was tested for anti-inflammatory activity by determination of inhibitory activity on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cell lines. We found that A. bracteolata has a strong inhibitory effect on the production of NO and tumor necrosis factor-\α (TNF-\α). The plant extract of A. bracteolata inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To explore the mechanism responsible for the inhibition of iNOS, gene expression was analyzed by Real- Time PCR. A. bracteolata showed a decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment with the plant extract resulted in enhanced expression of Collagen 1 a (I) and Collagen IV in HDFs by regulating the mRNA levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and Matrix metalloproteinase-2. Conclusion: Thus, the present investigation scientifically validates the use of A. bracteolata in wound healing.

}, keywords = {A. bracteolata, Fibroblast, Keratinocytes, RAW 264.7, Scratch assay, Wound Healing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.169}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/394}, author = {Dinesh Murugan Girija and Mangathayaru Kalachaveedu and Rajasekaran Subbarayan and Preethi Jenifer and Suresh Ranga Rao} } @article {320, title = {Ashwagandha Root Extract Inhibits Acetylcholine Esterase, Protein Modification and Ameliorates H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Lymphocytes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {302-309}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {302}, abstract = {

Background: Herbs have long been the basis of medical treatment but the practice of herbalism is not strictly based on evidences gathered using scientific methods. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) is a traditional medicinal herb used in the treatment of various ailments. Objective: In current study we have evaluated the acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibitory and antioxidant potential of Ashwagandha root extract (ARE) in in-vitro and ex-vivo models to give a scientific base to its use in herbal medicine. Methodology: Simplest extraction e.g. maceration method was performed for preparation of extracts using methanol as solvent. Both in vitro and in vivo experimental trial were executed to evaluate the efficacy of root extract. Result and Discussion: ARE substantially scavenged free radicals and effectively prevented protein degradation as well as modification as studied by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Pre-treatment with ARE protected rat lymphocytes against H2O2-induced oxidative damage. H2O2 treatment resulted in DNA fragmentation and significantly decreased the activities of key antioxidant enzymes namely superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase while decreased and increased the content of glutathione and malondialdehyde, respectively. ARE pre-treatment almost reversed these changes indicating its efficiency to suppress hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Conclusion: The study provides the scientific basis of pleiotropic functions of Ashwagandha.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholine esterase, Antioxidants, Ashwagandha, DNA damage, Protein carbonylation, Rat lymphocytes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.52}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.52}, author = {Ajay Pal and Kandikattu Hemanth Kumar and Bharat Bhushan and Vinod Saharan} } @article {248, title = {Assessment of Biological Activity and Comparison of UPLC and RP-HPLC Chromatographic Profiles of Clausena excavata Burm.F.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {185-191}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {185}, abstract = {

Clausena excavata Burm. F. (Rutaceae) has long been associated with medicinal benefits in folk medicine, particularly in the treatment of cancer and its related disorders in the eastern region of Thailand. In the the present study Ultra Pressure Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) analysis of methanolic leaf extracts of Clausena excavata were carried out using short (5 cm \× 2.1 mm I.D.) columns, containing 2 m particles at very high pressures (up to 16000 psi) to obtain high efficiency separations in very short run times. The results indicate that UPLC provided better resolution compared to routine RP-HPLC. The analysis time was drastically reduced (4 min.) which is proved to be a faster and more economical analytical tool than RP-HPLC. In addition to that, the present study also evaluates anti-fungal activity against dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentographytes by using an agar incorporation technique. The anti-fungal activity may be due to the presence of Angelecin and gallic acid in the plant extract.

}, keywords = {Angelecin, Clausena, HPLC, Rutaceae, UPLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.30}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/297}, author = {Guntupalli Chakravarthi and Alavala Rajasekhar Reddy and Maddi Ramaiah} } @article {412, title = {Bioactive Propensity of Macroalgae from the Andaman \& Nicobar Islands}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {815-820}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {815}, abstract = {

Aims: Marine macroalgae are the rich source of biologically active metabolites and potential source for development of novel biotechnological products. The present study was made to explore the metabolically active compounds from the macroalgae of the Andaman \& Nicobar Islands. Methods and Material: Different solvents such as methanol (MeOH), ethyl acetate (EtoAc), butanol (BuOH) and aqueous (H2O) extracts of nine macroalgae were tested for antimicrobial, antibiofilm and cytotoxicity (brine shrimp larvae). Results: Out of the 36 extracts 27 extracts showed antimicrobial activity against the human pathogens and 14 extracts revealed antibiofilm activities. The three EtoAc extracts of Sargassum ilicifolium, MeOH extract of Sargassum sp. and MeOH extract of Padina tetrastromatica showed inhibition against 8 pathogenic bacteria. Also, aqueous extract of Padina tetrastromatica (71.82 \%) and BuOH extract of Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (71.58 \%) exhibited higher antibiofilm nature. The highest cytotoxic effect was exhibited by species Actinotrichia fragilis and all its four extracts significantly (P\<0.01) inhibited the brine shrimp larvae, among this aqueous extract showed the lowest LC50 value, 31.7 \μg/ml, followed by EtoAc extract, 89.33 \μg/ml. Conclusion: It was observed that different species have different kind of bioactive nature.

}, keywords = {Antibiofilm, Antifouling, Antimicrobial, Bioactivity, Cytotoxic Effect, Marine Macro Algae.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.127}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/180}, author = {Sivadasan Deepa and Pitchiah Venkateshwaran and Nambali Valsalan Vinithkumar and Ramalingam Kirubagaran} } @article {335, title = {Botanical Features for Taxonomic Evidence of Erythroxylum monogynum Dried Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {395-399}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {395}, abstract = {

Introduction: Erythroxylum monogynum belonging to family Erythroxylaceae is commonly found in southern parts of India. Traditionally, leaves of the plant possess high medicinal value and known for the treatment of diabetes, jaundice and to kill intestinal worms, which are scientifically reported. However, no elaborative pharmacognostic study of leaves has been performed yet. Objective: To pharmacognostically standardize the leaves by studying anatomical characters of transversal section and powdered leaves. Material and methods: Leaf samples were studied by macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical and preliminary phytochemical analysis as recommended by WHO. Results: Externally the leaves are elliptic - lanceolate, alternate, base attenuate, apex obtuse and entire margin. Internally it shows the presence of paracytic stomata confined to lower epidermis, conjoint, collateral arc shaped vascular bundles encircled by sclerenchyma, lignified fibers and xylem vessels with spiral thickening. Powder microscopy revealed the presence of epidermis with papillae, phytochemical and physicochemical of powdered drug proved useful to differentiate the powdered drug material. Conclusion: The establishment of botanical features of leaf material will be useful in identification and standardization of Erythroxylum monogyum in obtaining quality formulations.

}, keywords = {microscopy, Paracytic stomata, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, standardization, Vascular}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.67}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.67}, author = {Sabeena Hussain Syed and Ajay Gajanan Namdeo} } @article {357, title = {Botanical Pharmacognosy of Centella asiatica (Linn.)Urban}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {546-558}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {546}, abstract = {

Introduction: Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban is an important medicinal plant with rejuvenate properties, used in Ayurveda for promoting vitality and life. The plant is often considered as a \‘panacea\’ for several human ailments and the biological actions often has been ascribed to its pentacyclic triterpene compounds, mainly asiatic acid, madecassic acid and triterpene saponin-asiaticoside, madecassoside. The plant is also highly specialized for the richness of several micronutrients, iron, phosphorus, sodium, vitamin C, vitamin A, carotene and dietary fibers. Objectives: The present study was performed with the objectives of elaborating the macroscopic and histo-morpho diagnostic profile of Centella asiatica and to analyze the quantitative, and powder microscopic peculiarities to support its pharmacognostic characterization. Materials and Methods: Microscopic evaluation, quantitative standards and powder microscopy were carried out using the root, stolon, petiole and leaves. Results: Distribution of slightly lobed leaf margin with actinodromous major venation pattern, amphistomatic epidermis with animocytic stomata, distinctive contour of the midrib and petiole, occurrence of crystals in the idioblasts of the cortical parenchyma of root, stem, stolon, palisade and mesophyll. Vascular system with several free collateral bundles in the stem were features characteristic of the species. These findings in conjunction with reduction in lignified elements, arenchyma lacunae, sclerenchymatous netting in root, periphloematic sclereids in petiole, and stolon could be remarkable features diagnostic of the taxon. Conclusion: The present macroscopic and histo-anatomical observations of stem, root, stolon, petiole and leaves of Centella asiatica and powder microscopic, quantitative standards put forth could provide useful information for the regulatory aspects of the quality control measures of the crude drugs.

}, keywords = {Animocytic stomata, arenchyma, calcium oxalate, crystal idioblasts., periphloematic sclereids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.88}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.88}, author = {Madathilparambil Vasu Sudhakaran} } @article {269, title = {Botanical Pharmacognosy of Holostemma ada-kodien Schult}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {163-170}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1463}, abstract = {

Background: Holostemma ada-kodien Schult. is a perennial, twinning, laticiferous climbing herb belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae. It is an important medicinal plant with rejuvenate properties, used in Ayurveda for promoting vitality and life. The roots are sweet, ophthalmic, emollient, aphrodisiac, expectorant and galactagogue. It is highly specialized for the richness of a diverse array of aminoacids such as alanine, aspartic acid, glycine, serine, thereonine, valine, and terpenoid sugars. Aim: The present study was performed with the objectives of elaborating the macroscopic and histo-morpho diagnostic profile of Holostemma ada-kodien and analyse the quantitative, and powder microscopic peculiarities to support its pharmacognostic characterization. Materials and Methods: microscopic evaluation, quantitative standards and powder microscopy were carried out using the stem, root tuber, root and leaves. Results: Distribution of uniseriate, tricellular clothing trichomes in the epidermal tissues of the midrib, entire leaf margin with campylodromous major venation pattern, amphistomatic epidermis with anisocytic stomata, dorsiventral differentiation of mesophyll, small palisade ratio, small stomatal index, and the vascular system with several free collateral bundles in the petiole were features characteristic of the species. Gelatinous fibers distributed as concentric \‘white rings\’ in the cortical tissues of the stem as distinct groups, deposition of druses crystals of calcium oxalate in the epidermal tissues of the lamina, ground tissues of petiole, cortical tissues of stem, root, root tubers and parenchymatous pith of the stem. Secondary xylem appeared fissured as radial and tangential strips, like the spokes of a wheel in cross section of the root tuber. Xylem core seemed irregular and wedge shaped in the mature root, with more axial and radial parenchyma and less xylem fibers also features characteristic of the taxon.

}, keywords = {Anisocytic stomata, compound starch grains, druses crystals, gelatinous fibres, stone cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.27}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/294}, author = {Sudhakaran Madathilparambil Vasu} } @article {418, title = {Characterization and Distribution of Flavonoids from Flowers in Different Horticultural Types of Begonia.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {850-855}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {850}, abstract = {

Background: The begonias are ornamental plants known by the varied forms and colors of their flowers, as well as their decorative foliage. Objective: This study attempts to characterize the flavonoids isolated from flower extracts of different horticultural cultivars of the genus Begonia. Material and methods: The compounds of the ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts were separated by chromatographic methods and identified by UV spectra and chemical techniques. Results: The analysis allowed the characterization of flavonoids belonging to flavonol types in the free aglycones and glycoside forms of kaempferol and quercetin. On the other hand, fingerprinting analysis and quantification of major flavonoids of 184 cultivars were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Among twenty five (25) components which were detected and separated: ten were corresponding to quercetin 3-Oglucosyl- rhamnoside (Rt=23.5), quercetin 3-O-glucoside (Rt=25), kaempferol 3-O-glucosylrhamnoside and its acylated derivative (Rt=32), kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (Rt=33), quercetin 3-O-p.coumaroyl-diglucoside (Rt=37), quercetin 3-O-P.coumaroyl-glucoside (Rt=40.5), quercetin (Rt=41.5), kaempferol and its acylated derivative (Rt=47). Only non-acylated glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol contributed to chemical variations among different cultivars based on the results of PCA. Conclusion: The genus Begonia is very heterogeneous and it is possible to distinguish several chemotypes whose differences rely on the complementarities between the metabolic pathways involved in the biosynthesis of glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol.

}, keywords = {Begonia, Chemotype, Distribution, Flavonoids, HPLC.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.133}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/186}, author = {Saffidine Karima and Chirol Nadine and Benayache Fadila and Jay Maurice} } @article {374, title = {Chemical Constituents of Dracontomelon Dao (Blanco) Merr. et Rolfe}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {654-656}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {654}, abstract = {

Introduction: The leaves, twigs and flowers of Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. et Rolfe, an indigenous Philippine tree were investigated for their chemical constituents. Methods: The compounds were isolated by silica gel chromatography and their structures were identified by NMR spectroscopy. Results: Chemical investigation of D. dao led to the isolation of cardol (1), \β-sitosteryl-3\β-glucopyranoside-6, O-fatty acid esters (2), \β-sitosteryl fatty acid esters (3), and a mixture of \β-sitosterol (4a) and stigmasterol (4b) from the petiole; 1, a mixture of 4a and 4b, anacardic acid (5), triacylglycerols (6), monoacylglycerol (7), long-chain fatty acid esters (8), and linoleic acid (9) from the twigs; and a mixture of 4a and 4b, 5, 6, 8, long-chain fatty alcohols (10), and long- chain hydrocatbons (11) from the flowers of D. dao.The structures of 1 and 5 were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, while those of 2-4 and 6-11 were identified by NMR spectroscopy. Conclusion: This is the first report on the isolation of 1, 4b and 6-9 from D. dao.

}, keywords = {3-Alkylphenols, Anacardaceae, Anacardic Acid, B-Sitosteryl Fatty Acid Esters, B-Sitosteryl-3β-Glucopyranoside-6{\textquoteright}-O-Fatty Acid Esters, Cardol, Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) merr. Et Rolfe}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.103}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.103/index.html}, author = {Consolacion Y. Ragasa and Tyson C. Batarra and Julius Leonard A. Vivar and Mariquit M. De Los Reyes and Chien-Chang Shen} } @article {254, title = {Chemical Profile and Antioxidant Properties of Mundulea sericea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {213-220}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {213}, abstract = {

Objectives: To evaluate the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant activity of aqueous-methanolic (20:80) leaves extract of Mundulea sericea Willd. Methods: The extract of leaves was tested for antioxidant activity using various in vitro models viz., 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide, ABTS, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total antioxidant activity and reducing power. The phytochemical composition (GC-MS and HPLC) along with total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extract at different concentrations were also determined. Results: Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found to be equivalents to 107.86 \± 0.53 g of gallic acid and 44.53 \± 0.156 g of rutin /mg of dried hydro-methanolic methanolic extract, respectively. Among various antioxidant assays performed, maximum inhibition was observed for ABTS (IC50 13.26 \± 0.396 g) followed by DPPH (IC50 79.83 \± 0.306 g) and NO (IC50 6.35 \± 0.23 g/mL) assay. The GC-MS analysis revealed over 38 compounds; the prevailing compounds were Sec- Butyl ethyl sulfoxide and Di-methyl sulfoxonium formyl methylide. The RP-HPLC analysis further confirmed the presence of rutin, cinnamic acid and salicylic acid. Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrated that Mundulea sericea leaves possess high phenolic with flavonoid contents and also revealed potential antioxidant activity so these leaves could be used as a viable source of natural antioxidants for industrial and pharmaceutical preparations.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoids, GC-MS, Leaf extract, Mundulea sericea, Phenolics, RP-HPLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.36}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/303}, author = {Mahendra Shivshankar Khyade and Mohan Baban Waman} } @article {361, title = {Chemical Profile and Biological Activities of Essential oil of Aerial parts of Artemisia monosperma Del. Growing in Libya}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {578-586}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {578}, abstract = {

Background: From the bioactivity stand point Artemisia monosperma Del. is reputed to have antispasmodic and anthelmintic properties. Various types of secondary metabolites were reported in A. monosperma plants from different localities. Objective: The current study was planned aiming to investigate the influence of stage of development on the composition, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities of the essential oil derived from the aerial parts of the Libyan plants. Material and Methods: A. monosperma volatiles were hydro-distilled from aerial parts of Libyan plants, collected at different stages of growth: before flowering (A1), and at beginning (A2) and by the end (A3) of flowering stage. Yields ranged from 0.16-0.26 ml/100g fresh material (A3, highest). GC/FID and GC/MS analyses were performed. Results: Among 16-20 identified components (97.63-99.00\% of total composition), 11 were common in all samples. A1 and A2 showed close amounts of hydrocarbons (63.56 and 66.55\%), but lesser than A3 (88.36\%); monoterpenoids were mainly represented by sabinene (13.15-22.85\%), \β-pinene (9.00-24.03\%) and \β-cis-ocimene (3.73-12.92\%); while sesquiterpenoids appeared absent. Among oxygenated components (11.29, 31.08 and 35.44 \% in A3, A2 and A1), bornyl acetate was the major monoterpenoid (8.00-31.00\%, highest in A1); and the sesquiterpenoid, \β-eudesmol (8.01\%) was detected in A2 only. Moreover, A2 demonstrated significant antifungal effect against Aspergillus fumigatus and Geotricum candidum (MIC 0.98 and 0.24 \μg/ml). Conclusion: A3 exerted the highest anti-inflammatory activity as compared to the other volatiles. A1 restored the reduced blood GHS level in diabetic animals almost as efficiently as Vitamin E. The antioxidant activity of the volatiles is decreased during the flowering stage, being the highest before flowering (A1); this could be associated to the decreasing bornyl acetate content of the samples.

}, keywords = {Anti-oxidant, Antiinflammatory, Antimicrobial, Artemisia monosperma, Essential oil composition, GC-MS, Libya.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.92}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.92}, author = {Soheir Mohamed El Zalabani and Soad Hanna Tadros and Abeer Mohamed El Sayed and Areej Almaktouf Daboub and Amany Amen Sleem} } @article {429, title = {Chemo-profiling, Antioxidant Potential and Ionomic Analysis of Cichorium intybus L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {917-928}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {917}, abstract = {

Background: Cichorium intybus commonly called as chicory or coffee weed was traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments associated with liver, kidney and heart. The aim of the present study was phytochemical screening, in-vitro evaluation of antioxidant potential, element analysis of wild and cultivated chicory and GC-MS analysis of methanolic leaf extract of wild chicory grown in Kashmir Himalaya. Method: To achieve this goal, the qualitative and quantitative analysis was done to determine the antioxidant potential. Element analysis was done using AAS and metabolite fingerprinting was done using GC-MS to ascertain the presence of active phytoconstituents in chicory leaves. Results: The qualitative screening of leaf extracts from wild and cultivated chicory indicates the presence of important bioactive constituents. The leaf extract of wild chicory constituted the higher amount of total phenol and flavonoid contents and also showed strong radical scavenging activities of DPPH, SOD and hydrogen peroxide radical as indicated by lower values of IC50 compared to cultivated chicory. Furthermore, both extracts of wild chicory showed the highest total antioxidant potential for the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ when compared with cultivated chicory. The results from the elemental analysis shows that leaf extract of wild chicory exhibits higher concentration of elements as compared to cultivated one, thus can be used as a potential bio-fortified crop. The GC-MS analysis determines the presence of 78 different compounds in the methanolic leaf extract of wild chicory. The major phytochemical constituents were phytol (7.96\%) and stigmat-5-en-3-ol (6.45\%). Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggested the therapeutic potential of chicory leaves; particularly wild chicory proves to be a potent source of natural antioxidant against free radical associated damages. Metabolite profiling study revealed important metabolites having potent pharmacological actions.

}, keywords = {Aas, Antioxidant Activities, Cichorium Intybus, GC-MS., Phytochemical analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.144}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/197}, author = {Bisma Malik and Tanveer Bilal Pirzadah and Inayatullah Tahir and Reiaz Ul Rehman} } @article {364, title = {Chlorophyllin Treatment Against the Snail Lymnaea acuminata: A new tool in Fasciolosis Control}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {594-598}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {594}, abstract = {

Objective: To observe the toxicity of chlorophyllin against Lymnaea acuminata to control fasciolosis caused by liver fluke fasciola gigantica, very prominent in eastern region of Uttar Pradesh. Materials and Methods: Ten snails Lymnaea acuminata were placed in a glass aquarium containing 3 L of dechlorinated tap water. These snails were treated with different concentrations of chlorophyllin. Chlorophyll was extracted from spinach with the help of macerated leaves and kept for 2 h in 100\% ethanol at 55\ºC. Results: The results of the experiment showed that the photodynamically active chlorophyllin, at low concentration was able to kill the snails under exposure of solar radiation in summer season instead of winter season. In winter, extracted chlorophyllin toxicity against L. acuminata in sunlight (96 h LC50 91.82 mg L-1) /laboratory condition (96 h LC50 921.93 mg L-1) was less than pure chlorophyllin in sunlight (96 h LC50 12.05 mg L-1) /laboratory condition (96 h LC5019.22 mg L-1), respectively. In summer, pure chlorophyllin was more toxic in sunlight (96 h LC50 3.90 mg L-1) than laboratory condition (96 h LC50 7.18 mg L-1). Pure chlorophyllin is more than five times toxic than synthetic molluscicides. Treatment of chlorophyllin caused no toxic effect against the fish (Colisa fasciatus). The result presented in this paper is found very beneficial and ecologically safe, as a photodynamic substance chlorophyllin, which found in every green plant. Conclusion: Phytotherapy of snails by photodynamic water soluble chlorophyllin to control fasciolosis can be used as potent molluscicides with low cost and easily biodegradable.

}, keywords = {Chlorophyllin, Fasciola Gigantica, Fasciolosis, Lymnaea acuminata, Photodynamic Reaction., Plant Molluscicide}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.94}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.94/index.html}, author = {Kavita Singh and D.K. Singh and Vinay Kumar Singh} } @article {323, title = {Chronic Toxicity of Leaf Extract from Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {323-328}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {323}, abstract = {

Context: Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski. is a member of the family Asteraceae and has used traditionally in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Aim: The research was aimed to determine chronic toxicity of 80\% ethanolic leaf extract from S.trilobata (STLE). Materials and Methods: STLE at the doses of 200 or 400 mg/kg b. w. was oral given to the healthy Wistar rats daily for 90 days. Statistical analysis used: Statistical analysis was carried out using F-test (One-Way ANOVA) followed by Duncan\’s New Multiple Range Test. Results: STLE did not produce any signs or symptoms of chronic toxicity. And also, the mortal rat was not observed during a period of an observation. Furthermore, STLE did not alter the body weight, relative organ (liver, pancreas, kidney and heart) weight, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, platelet, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, blood cell characteristics, ultrastructure of RBC, and histological features of hepatic, pancreatic and renal tissues in the STLE treated rats comparing to control rats. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the leaf extract from S. trilobata exerts non chronic toxicity in rats and can be used safely as a traditional medicine or diet complement without any effect on hepatic and renal functions.

}, keywords = {Blood biochemistry, Chronic toxicity, Hematological values, Histological feature, S. trilobata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.55}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.55}, author = {Areeya Suchantabud and Teeraporn Katisart and Chusri Talubmook} } @article {253, title = {Comparative Antimicrobial Study of Ethanolic Extract of Leaf and Rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {208-212}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {208}, abstract = {

Introduction: Curcuma longa L., botanically related to ginger belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. It is extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha medicine as a home remedy for various diseases. Aim: The present study is to compare the antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extracts from rhizome and leaf of Curcuma longa Linn. Method: In vitro disc diffusion method and serial dilution method has been used to determine the antimicrobial potency against various bacterial pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis by comparing the zone of inhibition shown by both the test extracts at different concentration (25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml, 300 mg/ml) and there MIC value has been evaluated. Ethanol and Ampicillin were used as negative and positive control for the study. Result: The leaf and rhizome extract showed maximum zone of inhibition at 300 mg/ml concentration, which was about 7.6 mm and 8 mm on the bacterial strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa and least effectiveness for other bacterial strain such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. The recorded MIC value was at 6.25 mg/ml which showed 3.991\% inhibition for rhizome extract and 3.129\% inhibition for leaf extract. Conclusion: The rhizome extract was found to be more potent antimicrobial agent than the leaf extract and can be used in future studies.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, antimicrobial agent, Bacterial stain, Curcuma longa L, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Turmeric}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.35}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/302}, author = {Nikhil Singh and Sangeeta Gupta and Vaibhav Rathore} } @article {325, title = {Comparative in vitro Antidiabetic and Immunomodulatory Evaluation of Standardized Five Select Medicinal Herbs and Spectral Analysis of Boerhavia erecta L. (Nyctaginaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {336-344}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {336}, abstract = {

Aim: The present work compares standardized hydro-alcoholic extracts of root and stem parts of Boerhavia erecta L. (Nyctaginaceae), leaves of Plumeria acuminate R. Br. (Apocyanaceae), rhizomes of Alpinia galanga Sw. (Zingiberaceae), whole plant of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. (Plantaginaceae), fruits of Trapa natans L. (Trapaceae) for their in vitro antidiabetic and immunomodulatory activities, commonly used by the Trichigadi tribes (Kotas) of south India for various inflammatory disorders. Materials and Methods: Antidiabetic activity of these herbal extracts was assessed through inhibition of glycosylation of hemoglobin and glucose uptake in yeast cells methods at 50, 100 and 200 \μg/mL for 72 h. Their respective immunomodulatory activities were evaluated through preservation of heat and hypotonic induced hemolysis, nitroblue terazolium assay and by inhibition of TNF-\α and nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW cell lines. Results: B. erecta has shown least cytotoxicity (CTC50 15.7\%) and highest \% inhibition of TNF-\α (58.1) and NO (45.6), statistically significant (p\<0.01) to that of normal control. Also, B. erecta (BE), and P. acuminate (PA) exhibited relatively better IC50 values for TNF-\α and NO at a concentration less than their respective CTC50 values. Conclusions: Spectral analysis of chloroform fraction of BE hydro-alcoholic extract established the presence of biologically active molecule in it. Root and stem parts of BE extract not only proved to be safe but also demonstrated relatively better efficacy than other established medicinal herbs in selected immune models, may be due to flavonoids or phenolic groups. Further in vivo studies on active molecule of BE towards antidiabetic and immunomodulatory activity are warranted.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, NBT assay, Nitric oxide, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Quality control, TNF -α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.57}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.57}, author = {Suresh Kumar Karri and Angappan Sheela} } @article {324, title = {Comparison of Fatty Acid Profiling and RBC Membrane Stabilization Activity of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides and Hippophae salicifolia) Seed Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {329-335}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {329}, abstract = {

Background: Seabuckthorn (SBT) is one of the most important plants of higher altitude in India and China. SBT seed oil is rich in Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) which is present in a peculiar ratio capable of combating inflammation. Objective: To compare the physicochemical characteristics, fatty acid profiling and Red Blood Cell (RBC) membrane stabilization activity between two species of SBT seed oil; Hippophae rhamnoides (HR) and Hippophae salicifolia (HS) collected from Ladakh and Sikkim, India, respectively. Materials and Methods: GC-MS analysis was performed and effect of SBT seed oil was evaluated against heat and hypotonicity induced haemolysis of RBC. Protein denaturation assay was also conducted to check its probable role in chronic inflammation. Results: GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of PUFA viz. Alpha linolenic acid (ALA) and Linoleic acid (LA) in SBT seed oil. Both significantly (p\<0.05) inhibited heat and hypotonicity induced membrane destabilization in a concentration dependant manner. Maximum percentage inhibition of protein denaturation was observed at 3.6 \μg/ml after incubation period of 4 hours. Conclusion: HR and HS have been proved to inhibit membrane destabilization with almost equal efficacy. Their efficacy against heat induced protein denaturation indicates that they may be useful in prevention and/or treatment of chronic inflammation as well. These findings may be attributed to the presence of PUFA. This study has contributed in establishing some preliminary evidence about PUFAs being the mainstay of their anti-inflammatory efficacy. However, in vivo studies are required to further validate the results of this study.

}, keywords = {GC-MS, in vitro, Protein Denaturation, RBC Membrane Stabilization, Sea buckthorn Seed Oil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.56}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.56}, author = {Suchita Dubey and M.V. Ramana and Anuradha Mishra} } @article {238, title = {A Complete Pharmacognostical Profile of Rungia repens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {123-127}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {123}, abstract = {

Background: Rungia repens is one of the plants cited as \‘Parpata\’ in Ayurvedic literature and indicated as febrifuge, antitussive and vermifuge. Aim: To generate and ensemble data of physical parameters for ascertaining the identification and develop validated HPTLC method for quantification of kaempferol in R. repens. Materials and Methods: R. repens was studied for establishing pharmacognostic standards including macro and microscopical characters, physico-chemical analysis and quantification of kaempferol by HPTLC method. Results: It is a small, much branched, prostrate or sub-erect herb with lanceolate leaf and violet flowers. Microscopically root can be characterized by collenchymatous phloem associated with wide lignified xylem; stem by epidermis with simple and glandular trichomes and collenchymatous hypodermis; and leaf by epidermis embedded with cystoliths and bearing covering and glandular trichomes. Powdered drug can be typified by cystoliths, trichomes of aforementioned type, pollen grains and fragments of cork. Further studies revealed that brunt of heavy metal and microbial load in plant material was within permissible limits. Flavonoids and phenolics were found be major components. HPTLC method was developed for quantification of kaempferol using precoated silica gel plates as a stationary phase, and toluene: ethyl acetate: dichloromethane: formic acid: methyl ethyl ketone (5: 1: 1.5: 0.5: 0.8) as a mobile phase and scanning the plate at 254 nm. Conclusion: The distinctive quality profile data and validated HPTLC method tailored for Rungia repens using kaempferol as a marker, would aid as expedient measures for its evaluation.

}, keywords = {Ghati pitpapada, HPTLC, Kaempferol, Pharmacognostic study, Rungia repens}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.21}, url = {/fulltext/288}, author = {Karuna Modi and Mamta Shah} } @article {378, title = {Comprehensive Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of Selected Osbeckia species and their in vitro Culture, Purification and Fractionation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {674-682}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {674}, abstract = {

Background: Health-benefit properties of natural pigments have been intensely studied, especially the anthocyanins. In the last few decades, research on anthocyanins has attracted biologists by the increasing evidence of their health beneficial effects. Osbeckia, belongs to Melastomataceae and is well-known for colouring pigments and other bioactive compounds. In the present study, total anthocyanin and antioxidant capacity indicators were evaluated from 8 Osbeckia spp. and anthocyanin was extracted from in vitro cultures of O. aspera and O. reticulata. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant effect was studied using ABTS (2, 2\’-azino-bis-3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation decolourisation assay, the FRAP, the scavenging ability of hydroxyl radicals and the superoxide anion scavenging activity. Anthocyanin extracted from in vitro cultures were purified and fractionated using column chromatography and LC-MS MS analysis. Results: In vitro cultures of O. aspera was obtained in MS medium fortified with various combinations of Benzyl Adenine (BA), Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 2, 4-D. The chromatograms of O. aspera revealed the presence of malvidin-3 -diglucoside, peonidin, delphinidin and cyanindin whereas O. reticulata cultures accumulated large amounts of malvidin, cyanindin and cyanidin aglycone. The purified anthocyanins of these species were evaluated for their antioxidant potential and was found more remarkable than the crude extracts. Conclusion: Osbeckia species are rich in anthocyanin and therefore display potential AOX power. O. aspera and O. reticulata callus was induced in vitro production of anthocyanins. The pool of anthocyanins was purified and fractionated by LCMS/ MS and AOX assays were performed with the purified anthocyanin which showed higher level activities.

}, keywords = {Anthocyanins, Antioxidant Capacity, Free Radicals, Osbeckia Spp., Reactive Oxygen Species}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.107}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.107/index.html}, author = {Bosco Lawarence and Murugan K} } @article {410, title = {A Comprehensive Review on Food and Medicinal Prospects of Astraeus hygrometricus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {799-806}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {799}, abstract = {

Edible mushrooms contain unique flavours and textures. They have high nutritional and medicinal values and have been consumed worldwide. Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) Morg. a wild ectomycorrhizal mushroom recognized as a food by the local people in South-East Asia as well as in Bihar, Jharkhand, South west India and South-Western region of West Bengal. However, it is considerably unknown to the communities in other parts of the world and it remains underutilized so far. Recent investigations from our laboratory have manifested the potential role of this mushroom in human health. Basidiocarps of A. hygrometricus are rich in proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, crude fibre and essential amino acids with lower concentration of fat. Experiments on animal models reveal the hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and hypoglycaemic efficacy of the mushroom. Additionally, researchers have found this taxon to contain many bioactive compounds shown to be responsible for antitumor, anti-leishmanial, anticandidal, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity. The present review, summarized the scattered literature on A. hygrometricus with an emphasis on its nutritional and health promoting aspects.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Astrakurkurone, Immunomodulation, Medicinal Mushroom, Nutritive Value.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.125}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/178}, author = {Gunjan Biswas and Sudeshna Nandi and Debashis Kuila and Krishnendu Acharya} } @article {404, title = {Contemporary Use of Phytocosmetics in Three Districts from North-Eastern Algeria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {762-766}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {762}, abstract = {

Background: In Algeria, the cosmetic market is competitive, with an annual growth of 12\%. Because of the toxicity of synthetics cosmetics, the industry is currently more concentrated on herbal cosmetics. Phytocosmetic is an important aspect of traditional medicine in Algerian culture, whose information is scanty. Objective: The present study has been conducted to assess quantitatively the use of herbs in phytocosmetics application. Method: Data was collected from 300 users via face to face interviews using semi-structured questionnaire in three districts from North-eastern Algeria: Annaba, El Tarf and Skikda. Five parameters were evaluated including the demographic characteristics, the form of cosmetic preparation and, medicinal stories used in cosmetic applications. Results: The soap (67\%) and a fixed oil (56\%) were the preparation forms most used in phytocosmetics applications. Although, five medicinal plants were recorded: Aloe vera (L.) Burm.F., Matricaria recutita L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck and Ricinus communis L. The highest relative citation frequency (RFC) was attributed to A. vera in the three district Skikda (0.68), Annaba (0.57), and El Tarf (0.43). Eleven traditional recipes have been described. Conclusion: This study is able to record the available information the importance of phytocosmetic in traditional medicine. However, further research should be conducted in Algeria, to explore the toxicity of these products.

}, keywords = {Algeria, Medicine, Phytocosmetic, Scanty., Toxicity, Traditional}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.120}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/173}, author = {Amel Bouzabata} } @article {350, title = {Cytotoxic Activity of Antioxidant-Riched Dendrobium longicornu}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {499-503}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {499}, abstract = {

Context: Dendrobium longicornu is a traditional medicinal plant widely used in Asia. It has many bioactive compounds like bibenzyl, phenanthrenes, phenolic compounds. There has been little research in the cytotoxic and antioxidant effects of D. longicornu. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of this plant. Settings and Design: Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of Dendrobium longicornu extracts. Methods and Material: The plant extracts were prepared by soxhlet\’s extractor in organic solvents, acetone and ethanol. The total polyphenol content (TPC) in the extracts was determined spectrophotometrically by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the total flavonoid content (TFC) by aluminium chloride method. The antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The cytotoxic activity was evaluated against human brain tumor cells (U251) and cervical cancer cells (HeLa) using MTT assay. Statistical analysis used: Regression analysis was done for calculation of IC50. Duncan multiple range test and Dunnett test were done to compare the data. Results: The Dendrobium longicornu acetonic extract (DLA) showed significantly highest TPC and TFC than Dendrobium longicornu ethanolic extract (DLE). The antioxidant activity was also significantly higher in DLA followed by DLE. Highest cytotoxicity (i.e., lowest IC50 value) was found for the DLA on U251 cells and DLE on HeLa cells. Conclusions: This result concluded that D. longicornu is a potential source of antioxidant and cytotoxic agents.

}, keywords = {Dendrobium longicornu, DPPH, Flavonoid, MTT, Polyphenol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.81}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.81}, author = {Mukti R Paudel and Mukesh B Chand and Basant Pant and Bijaya Pant} } @article {382, title = {Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Effects in Various Tissue Extracts of Plumbago zeylanica: Implications for Anticancer Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {706-712}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {706}, abstract = {

Introduction: Complex natural products are emerging as a potent alternate and complement in anticancer therapies due to its multiple mechanisms of action and minimal effects on nontarget cells/tissues. Some of the traditional herbal formulations contain Plumbago zeylanica L, (commonly known as Chitraka or Chitramoolam) to treat various disorders for centuries in Africa and Asia. Methods: The quantity of Plumbagin was detected in different tissues of P. zeylanica through HPTLC analysis. We evaluated and compared the alcoholic tissue extracts of leaf, stem and root of P. zeylanica with standard pure Plumbagin for its in vitro cytotoxic effects (metabolic viability; MTT assay) in A549 Lung cancer cells and antioxidant potential (DPPH free radical scavenging and total phenol content). RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis was performed in the most potent tissues of P. zeylanica demonstrating efficient pharmacological activity. Results: The root extract containing 1.3\% of plumbagin exhibited strongest scavenging potential with 50\% radical scavenging (IC50\ value of 3.99 g) in comparison with 35.85 g in stem (0.2\% Plumbagin) and 18.06 g in leaf with 0.00007\% Plumbagin. The in vitro cytotoxicity in A549 cells also showed that the root extract was most potent with an IC50\ value of 164.5\ g as compared to extracts from stem (IC50= 379.5\μg) and leaf (IC50= 274.9 g). Conclusion: The strong antioxidant potential shown by the P. zeylanica extract demonstrates its ability to protect the non-target (normal) cells against oxidative stress, while the cytotoxic effects suggest that it could inhibit the growth of cancerous cells. Further, transcriptome analysis predicted the expression of potent gene transcripts coding for quinone biosynthesis in the root tissues of P. zeylanica.

}, keywords = {A549 Cell Line, Alcoholic Root Extract, DPPH assay, HPTLC Quantification, Plumbagin, Transcriptome Analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.111}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.111/index.html}, author = {Balachandran Karpaga Raja Sundari and Srivani Telapolu and Bilikere S and Dwarakanath and Sadras. P. Thyagarajan} } @article {218, title = {Cytotoxic Compounds from Kibatalia gitingensis (Elm.) Woodson}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {8-13}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {8}, abstract = {

Ursolic acid (1), squalene (2), a mixture of \α-amyrin acetate (3a) and lupeol acetate (3b), and isoscopoletin (4), isolated from the dichloromethane extracts of the leaves and twigs of Kibatalia gitingensis, were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against three human cancer cell lines, breast (MCF-7) and colon (HT-29 and HCT-116), and a normal cell line, human dermal fibroblast-neonatal (HDFn), using the in vitro PrestoBlue cell viability assay. Compounds 1-4 exhibited strong cytotoxic activities against HT-29 cells with IC50 values ranging from 0.6931 to 1.083 \μg/mL. Furthermore, 1-4 were moderately cytotoxic against HCT-116 cells with IC50 values ranging from 4.065 to 11.09 \μg/mL. These compounds were least cytotoxic against MCF-7 cells with IC50 values ranging from 8.642 to 25.87 \μg/mL. The most cytotoxic against HT-29 cells, HCT-116 cells and MCF-7 cells are 2, 4 and 1, respectively.

}, keywords = {Apocynaceae, Cytotoxicity, HCT-116, HDFn, HT-29, Isoscopoletin, Kibatalia gitingensis, Lupeol acetate, MCF-7, PrestoBlue{\textregistered} cell viability assay., Squalene, Ursolic acid, α-amyrin acetate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.2}, author = {Mariquit M. De Los Reyes and Glenn G. Oyong and Vincent Antonio S. Ng and Chien-Chang Shen and Consolacion Y. Ragasa} } @article {252, title = {Cytotoxic Effect of Caralluma fimbriata Against Human Colon Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {204-207}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {204}, abstract = {

Aim: The present study was designed to examine the cytotoxic effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Caralluma fimbriata in the COLO 320 cell line. Materials and Method: The anti-proliferative effects were evaluated using the MTT assay. The COLO 320 cells were treated with different concentrations of the leaf extract of Caralluma (100 \– 300 \μg/ml) for 24 h. The cell viability and IC50 was calculated from the cytotoxicity. The morphology of the Caralluma treated cells, control, and positive control were observed under reverse phase inverted microscope. Result: The C. fimbriata ethanolic leaf extract showed dose dependant increase in cytotoxicity in COLO 320 human colon cancer cells. The maximum cytotoxic effect was noticed with maximum dose used in this study i.e., 300 g with an IC50 value of 233.87 g. Conclusion: The present study shows that the ethanolic leaf extract of Caralluma fimbriata is capable of reducing cell proliferation by inducing cytotoxicity of COLO 320 cells.

}, keywords = {Caralluma fimbriata, COLO 320 cell line, Colonic cancer, Cytotoxicity, MTT Assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.34}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/301}, author = {Shenai Ashwini and Devaraj Ezhilarasan and Roy Anitha} } @article {423, title = {Cytotoxicity and Oral Acute Toxicity Studies of Litsea glutinosa C. B (ROB) Stem Bark Ethanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {880-886}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {880}, abstract = {

Background: Litsea glutinosa (Lauraceae) stem bark is widely used in folk medicine as a hepatoprotective, anti-diarrheal and anti-dysenteric drug but there is a lack of information about its toxicity. Objective: To evaluate cytotoxicity and acute toxicity of the stem bark ethanol extract (BEE). Materials and Methods: In vitro cytotoxicity of BEE was measured against breast adenocarcinoma, prostate, and colon carcinoma cell lines. In the acute toxicity tests, rats received oral doses of BEE as 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg/kg body weight. Mortality, signs of toxicity, body weight, food consumption, and gross findings were observed for 14 days. Blood samples were collected from anesthetized animals and used for hematological and biochemical parameters. Histopathological study was performed using liver and kidney samples. Results: The BEE does not show significant cytotoxic effect against the tested cell lines up to the range from 5 to 320 \μg/ml. In acute toxicity study, also lethality was not observed up to 3000 mg/kg b.w. No significant differences were noticed in body and organ weights and histopathology examinations between the control and treated groups. Conclusion: This study authenticates stem BEE may contain bioactive compounds of potential therapeutic significance which are relatively safe from toxic effects, and evidences the medicinal use of this plant in folk medicine.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Breast adenocarcinoma cell line, Haematology., Litsea glutinosa, MTT Assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.138}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/191}, author = {Arunodaya Hosahalli Sumithregowda and Krishna Venkatarangaiah and Kumaraswamy Malleshappa Honnenahally and Vinaykumar Nagenahalli Manjunath} } @article {403, title = {Cytotoxicity Effect and Morphological Study of Different Duku(Lansium domesticum corr.) Extract towards Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells Line (HT-29)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {757-761}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {757}, abstract = {

Context: Lansium domesticum corr. is a member of the family Meliaceae, and known locally as duku and has been used traditionally in the prevention and treatment of various illness. Aim: To study the cytotoxic effect and morphological changes of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) treated with different duku (Lansium domesticum corr.) extracts. Methods: The L.domesticum corr. fruit extracts were processed involving three different solvents; methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate. HT-29 cell lines were treated with different concentrations of L. domesticum corr. (0-100 \μg/ml) extracts for a total of 24, 48 and 72 hours. Cytotoxicity of cells line was determined by using MTT assay as per IC50 values. Results: Methanol extract of L. domesticum corr. showed IC50 value at 6.79 \± 0.00 \μg/ml and 50.0 \± 0.00 \μg/ml respective, while ethyl acetate extract of L. domesticum corr. reached IC50 value at 86.00 \± 0.08 \μg/ml, and 96.0 \± 0.12 \μg/ml. There was no IC50 value of ethanol extract from L.domesticum corr. Only methanol extract showed toxicity towards HT-29 cells line. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first repeat the exploring the effect of duku (L. domesticum corr.) extract on HT-29 cells line.

}, keywords = {Anti-proliferative effect, colorectal cancer, IC50 value., MTT Assay, polarity extracts}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.119}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/172}, author = {Rohin Mohd Adzim Khalili and Jumli Mimie Noratiqah and Ridzwan Norhaslinda and Abd Hadi Norhayati and Baig Atif Amin and Arshad Roslan and A. Latif Ahmad Zubaidi} } @article {219, title = {Cytotoxicity of Fucoidan from Three Tropical Brown Algae Against Breast and Colon Cancer Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {14-20}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {14}, abstract = {

Introduction: Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide that has a wide range of bioactivities including anti-cancer. This polysaccharide commonly is extracted from marine brown seaweed. There is lack of information on the fucoidan extracted from tropical brown algae and its anti-cancer activity. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to purify fucoidan from Sargassum sp., Turbinaria sp. and Padina sp., and to evaluate their cytotoxicity against breast cancer (MCF-7) and colon cancer cells (WiDr). Materials and Methods: Fucoidan extraction was conducted by using acid extraction method. Purified fucoidans were obtained by DEAE cellulose column chromatography and confirmed by HPLC and FT-IR spectrometry. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by using the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] -2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Results: Fucoidan from Sargassum sp. and Turbinaria sp. showed low cytotoxicity with IC50 ranging between 461-663 \μg/mL. Higher cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and WiDr was showed by fucoidan from Padina sp. with IC50 of 144 and 118 \μg/mL, respectively. While its IC50 against Vero cells was 501 \μg/mL.Standard fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus exhibited IC50 of 60, 63 and 211 \μg/mL against MCF-7, WiDr and Vero Cells, respectively. Although the IC50 was higher than that of standard fucoidan, Padina sp. fucoidan showed cytotoxicity comparable with standard fucoidan at concentrations below 100 \μg/mL. Conclusion: These results indicated that Padina sp.fucoidan showed potential selective cytotoxicity, and promising for the development of an anti-cancer compound.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, Colon cancer, Cytotoxicity., Fucoidan, Phaeophyta}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.3}, author = {Alim Isnansetyo and Fadilah Nor Laili Lutfia and Muhammad Nursid and Trijoko and Ratna Asmah Susidarti} } @article {344, title = {Designing monographs for Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Lavandula angustifolia L.: Two Lebanese species with significant medicinal potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {452-474}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {452}, abstract = {

Introduction: The world health organization recommends validating medicinal plants to ensure safety and efficacy. Lavandula is valued for the production of essential oil used in aromatherapy. Rosmarinus is known for its folk use as anti-oxidant and antidiabetic. This study aims to design monographs for Rosmarinus officinalis (Linn.) and Lavandula angustifolia (Linn.) cultivated, in conditions similar to their natural habitat, at Beirut Arab University botanical garden. Also screening the antioxidant activity of both plants, and assessing the antidiabetic effect of R. officinalis (Linn.). Methods: macroscopic and microscopic examination, hydrodistillation to obtain essential oils (EOs), thin layer chromatography, Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry, and physiochemical properties of the EOs were determined. The antioxidant effect of the EOs is determined by DPPH assay. The antidiabetic effect of Rosemary EO is investigated using alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Results: the qualities of studied species are in agreement with the standards described in WHO monographs and in the British pharmacopeia. Composition of the EO produced from either Rosemary (REO) or Lavender (LEO) collected at different months showed differences. The EO of both showed significant antioxidant effects in DPPH assay (p\<0.05). In vivo investigation of the antidiabetic effect of REO showed a significant antidiabetic effect in diabetic mouse model (p\<0.05). Conclusion: both plant species and their EOs fulfilled most of standards specified by the British Pharmacopeia 2013. Rosemary collected in April (Spring) showed the best antioxidant activity. Lavender collected in September (Early Fall) showed the best antioxidant activity. REO revealed significant lowering in blood glucose level at the dose of 110 mg/kg.

}, keywords = {Glandular trichome, Optical rotation, Prismatic crystals of Calcium oxalate, Refractive index, Rosmarinic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.75}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.75}, author = {Mariam Koleilat and Karim Raafat and Abdalla El-Lakany and Maha Aboul-Ela} } @article {428, title = {Determination of Antipyretic and Antioxidant Activity of Cassia occidentalis Linn Methanolic Seed Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {913-916}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {913}, abstract = {

Objective: To perform the pharmacognostical screening and determination of antipyretic and antioxidant activity of Cassia occidentalis L. Methanolic seed extract by different in-vitro models. Methods: The different pharmacognostical parameters were evaluated as per standard procedure. Finally, antipyretic (Brewer\’s Yeast Pyrexia model) and antioxidant activity (DPPH and Hydrogen Pyrode Method) was evaluated by adopting different methods. Results: The extracts showed a marked antipyretic effect (Figure 1) by causing a reduction in yeast-induced fever. Methanolic extract (400 mg/kg) showed the effect to the same degree as paracetamol (20 mg/kg, i.p.). The experimentally induced laboratory model was employed in evaluating the antipyretic activities of methanolic extracts of Cassia occidentalis L. The extract caused a better hypothermal activity against yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. Free radical scavenging activity of Cassia occidentalis L. was found because polyphenolic compounds present in plant contribute significantly to the total antioxidant capacity of the seed. Flavonoids play some important pharmacological roles against diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, inflammation and allergy. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that the methanolic seed extract of Cassia occidentalis L. possesses strong antipyretic and antioxidant activity. This study described many pharmacognostical features and antioxidant activity of seeds of Cassia occidentalis L. which will give a new direction for the future scientific research.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant., Antipyretic, Cassia occidentalis L., Pharmacological, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.143}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/196}, author = {Vijay Vikram Singh and Jainendra Jain and Arun Kumar Mishra} } @article {268, title = {Determination of Rubraxanthone in the Latex of Asam Kandis (Garcinia cowa Roxb) by Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {288-291}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {288}, abstract = {

Context: Rubraxanthone is a major compound found in Garcinia cowa Roxb which has various biological activities. This compound is likely to be responsible for the pharmacological activities of this plant. The latex of this plant was one of the source of this compound. To prevent counterfeiting, it is essential to develop a method of analysis to determine the levels of these compounds in the latex of G. cowa. Aims: To develop and validated a reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) technique for determination of rubraxanthone in the latex of G. cowa. Settings and Design: RP-HPLC analysis. Methods and Material: The sample was powdered and dissolve in methanol and then subjected to Reverse Phase High Performace Liquid Chromatoraphy (RP-HPLC). Separation was carried out in a reversed-phase column Shimadzu Shimp-pack VP\–ODS (4.6 x 250 mm). The elution was performed with isocratic solvent using formic acid 0.4 \% v/v in methanol (15:85) with a flow rate 1 ml/minute. The solvents used for the mobile phase were filtered through membrane filter (0.45 mm pore size) and degassed before use. Total running time was 20 minutes and the sample injection volume of injection was 20 ml. While the wavelength of the UV-VIS detector was set at 243.2 nm. Results: The detection and the quantitation limits of rubraxanthone were 1.119 mg/mL and 3.731 \μg/mL, respectively. A regression analysis was performed, with the observation of good linearity (r = 0.998). The values obtained for precision and accuracy determination are in agreement with ICH guidelines. It was found that rubraxanthone in dichloromethane extract of latex G. cowa was 56.56\%. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that the developed method is a reliable HPLC technique for determination of rubraxanthone in the latex of G. cowa.

}, keywords = {Counterfeiting, Isocratic method, Latex of Garcinia cowa Roxb, RP-HPLC, rubraxanthone, Standarization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.50}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/317}, author = {Dachriyanus and Nova Susanti Asjar and Meri Susanti} } @article {231, title = {Development and Evaluation of Herbal Sunscreen}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {83-97}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {83}, abstract = {

Thus present research work deals with the development and evaluation of topical photo protective formulation, containing antioxidant, wound healing, anti-inflammatory and rather photo protective poly phenols like curcumin, quercetin, resveratrol and safranal. The present research work provides stable natural photo protective formulation with antioxidant potential, high SPF and more important uniform UVA/UVB protection.

}, keywords = {Curcumin, Quercetin, Resveratrol, safranal, SPF., Sunscreen}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.15}, author = {Mukund Manikrao Donglikar and Sharada Laxman Deore} } @article {237, title = {Differentiation of Five Commercially Available Triphala churnas of an Ayurvedic Formulation by Elemental Fingerprint}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2016}, pages = {117-122.}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {117}, abstract = {

Introduction:Triphala churna (TPC) is one of the well known Ayurvedic powdered preparations of Indian System of Medicine and is used in the treatment of various diseases. Elemental pattern of TPC was developed in order to investigate the identity and quality of commercial TPC drugs. Method: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for the quantitative determination of ten essential and trace elements in five marketed samples of Triphala churna. The concentration patterns of these elements were deciphered by multivariate statistical analysis such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), fuzzy c-means (FCM) and k-means (KM) cluster analysis. Results: The elemental concentrations ranged from 1.3 mg/kg (Cr, TPC3) to 14220 mg/kg (K, TPC4). The elemental fingerprint of Triphala churna was established based on three churnas viz. TPC1, TPC3 and TPC5, which were found in one cluster with a very high degree of similarity by KM, FCM and HCA techniques. Conclusion: Based on the results, the graphical pattern of elements detected in these samples can be considered as elemental fingerprint of Triphala churna and can be used for authentication and/or to determine the quality of commercial TPC drugs.\ 

}, keywords = {Ayurvedic Drugs, Elemental Fingerprint, Fuzzy c-Means, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, k-Means, Triphala churna}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.20}, author = {Venkata Siva Satyanarayana Kantamreddi and V. Thirumala Veni and Murali Krishna Malasani and Boddana Simhachalam} } @article {441, title = {Distribution, Ethnobotany, Pharmacognosy and Phytoconstituents of Coptis teeta Wall.: A Highly Valued and Threatened Medicinal Plant of Eastern Himalayas}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s28-s34}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s28}, abstract = {

Objectives:\ To study the distribution, traditional knowledge, dose and preparations, phytoconstituents, pharmacognostic characters and to correlate phytoconstituents and the claimed health benefits among the tribal people of Arunachal Pradesh if any, the present study was carried out. Methods: Field survey and interview were used for ethnobotany and protocol given in Shah and Seth (2010), Kakote et. al.,(2012) and Wallis (2011) was followed to study pharmacognostic studies while GC-MS was used in the studies of phytoconstituents. Results: This study reports numbers of volatile and non-volatile compounds from the rhizome of Coptis teeta with high percentage of berberine alkaloids. The study also reports alkaloid deposition at parenchymatous tissues and vascular tissues of rhizome. Phytoconstituents presents in the ethanolic extract of C.teeta cold be related to health problems and phytoconstituents as claimed by tribal people of Arunachal Pradesh. Conclusion: Locally called Mishmi teeta in Arunachal Pradesh, Coptis teeta Wall. is a well-known medicinal plant used among Mishmi and other tribes of Arunachal Pradesh for health problems like loose motion, stomach pain, diarrhoea and malaria. This endemic and threatened medicinal plant contains numbers of biologically active compounds and need in-situ as well as ex-situ conservation.

}, keywords = {Berberine, Eastern Himalayas, Medicinal plant, Mishmi tribe, Phytoconstituents, Threatened}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.154}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/378}, author = {Temin Payum} } @article {406, title = {DNA Fingerprinting Profile and Quality Control Standardization of Folklore Medicinal Plant Exacum lawii}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {775-785}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {775}, abstract = {

Context and Aim: Exacum lawii (Gentianaceae) is bitter folk medicinal herb. The study deals with molecular investigation by DNA fingerprinting profile of Exacum lawii, quality control and phytochemical standardization of Exacum lawii. Methods: The DNA fingerprinting profile was performed by RAPD technique using 3 pairs of primers. The quality control standardization was done as per the WHO guidelines and official methods of AOAC. Phytochemical standardization employed quantitative estimations of phytoconstituents by spectrophotometric and identification using GCMS technique. The quantification of Swertiamerin and Ursolic acid in Exacum lawii was carried by HPLC. Results: Macroscopical and microscopical examination confirmed the diagnostic morphological and histological features. The content of vitamins, minerals and fatty acids were estimated. Physicochemical parameters obtained within the provided limits as per WHO. The phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract and its fraction revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides and steroids Total phenolics (57.4mg/g tannic acid equivalent), total tannins (15.3 mg/gm), total flavonoids (51.4 mg/gm rutin equivalent), total flavonols (5.4 mg/gm) and carbohydrates (12.6 mg/gm D-fructose equivalent) content were estimated using spectroscopic techniques. The GC-MS data revealed 20 compounds. Swertiamerin and Ursolic acid content was 119.59 mg/gm and 5.34 mg/gm respectively. Conclusion: Present study provides the referential information to develop a monograph for quality control standardization of Exacum lawii.

Key words: Exacum lawii, DNA fingerprinting, Swertiamerin, Ursolic acid, GC-MS.

}, keywords = {DNA fingerprinting, Exacum lawii, GC-MS., Swertiamerin, Ursolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.122}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/175}, author = {Sonam Sharma and Siva Hemalatha} } @article {259, title = {Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Compound and Total Flavonoid of Peperomia pellucida Herbs Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {244-248}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {244}, abstract = {

Introduction: Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth has been reported to have some biological activities such as antihypertensive and antioxidants. Herbal materials susceptible to contamination during processing and storage which can shortens their shelf life. Gamma-irradiation has been used as a method for preservation. Methods: This research aimed to analyze the effect of gamma-irradiation on inhibition activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), antioxidant activity, total phenol content, total flavonoid, and thin layer chromatography profiles of P. pellucida L. Herbs extract. The extract was irradiated with 60Co gamma rays at 2.5; 5; 7.5; dan 10 kGy. Results: Irradiation up to 10 kGy did not change ACE inhibitory activity and TLC profile. No significant differences were noted in the inhibition activity of ACE and the type of chromatogram profiles between non-irradiated extract and irradiated extracts up to a dose of 10 kGy while total flavonoids showed a significant decrease. In addition, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity showed a significant increase of extracts were irradiated up to 5 kGy and decrease at dose 7,5 kGy and 10 kGy. Gamma-irradiation up to 10 kGy didn\’t affect the activity of ACEinhibitor in-vitro while significant difference (P \<0.05) of antioxidant activity, total flavonoids and phenolic content of the extract P. Pellucida. Conclusion: In conclusion, gamma - irradiation can be used as a preservation method for ethanol extract P. Pellucida L. Kunth herbs.

}, keywords = {ACE, Antioxidant, Extract, Gamma-irradiation, Peperomia pellucida, Total flavonoids, total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.41}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/308}, author = {Anies Monica Adhitia and Alisa Nur Octaviani and Rissyelly and Katrin Basah and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {258, title = {Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Suruhan (Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth) Herb Powder}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {239-243}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {239}, abstract = {

Introduction: Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth is known as a raw material for herbal medicine; Preservation of herbs powder by gamma irradiation is reported to be able to keep products free from contamination. Methods: This study aims to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation (0; 2.5; 5; 7.5; and 10 kGy) on the ACE inhibitory activity (ACE Kit \– WST test kit method), antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging method), total phenolic content (colorimetric method using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent), total flavonoid content (colorimetric method using AlCl3 and sodium acetate), and TLC profiling (silica gel F254 as the stationary phase and dichlormethane:methanol [92:8] as the mobile phase) of suruhan herb powder. Results: Results showed that the 2.5 kGy irradiation dose gave the smallest alteration in ACE inhibitory activity compared to others irradiated doses. Furthermore, the 5 and 7.5 kGy dose didn\’t cause significant change (p\>0.05) on antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content. Antioxidant activity was found to correlate with the total phenolic content but not with the total flavonoid content. Conclusion: Based on these finding, it is concluded that gamma irradiation can be used as a preservation method for P. pellucida herb powder.

}, keywords = {Angiotensin converting enzyme, antioxidant activity, Peperomia pellucida, total flavonoid, total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.40}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/307}, author = {Mubarika Sekarsari Yusuf and Intan Wulandari and Lili Amelia and Katrin and Arikadia Noviani and Rissyelly and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {341, title = {Effects of Rainfall on the Antimicrobial Activity and Secondary Metabolites Contents of Leaves and Fruits of Anadenanthera colubrina from Caatinga Area.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {435-440}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {435}, abstract = {

Background: Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan var. cebil (Griseb) is a plant widely used for medicinal proposes in Brazilian Northeast. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the influence of rainfall indexes (RI) in antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of extracts from leaves and fruits of A. colubrina. Material and Methods: Samples were collected in Catimbau National Park (Bu\íque, Pernambuco, Brazil) at September 2010 (RI: 75 mm) and January (RI: 65 mm), April (RI: 162 mm) and June 2011 (RI: 73 mm). The extracts were prepared by Soxhlet extraction using cyclohexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. The antimicrobial activity was determined by MIC and MBC values. Results: All extracts showed antimicrobial activity, but ethyl acetate extracts (from all periods) were more active. Strong correlations were found between the RI and the average MIC of MLE (\ρ: -0.99), EALE (\ρ: -0.81), CHFE (\ρ: -0.81), EAFE (\ρ: -0.80); while moderate and weak correlations were found for other extracts. Through a HPLC analysis was possible to reveal that the samples collected from dry periods had more chemical diversity (as they presented more peaks). Gallic acid and quercetin (and derivative compounds) were identified. The levels of quercetin were enhanced in extracts from dry months. Conclusion: Our results showed that the rainfall has a positive effect on the antimicrobial activity of leaves and fruits of A. colubrina, however these extracts showed more chemical diversity during dry months.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial agents, Medicinal plants, Natural products, Semi arid area}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.73}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.73}, author = {Daniel Rodrigo Cavalcante de Ara{\'u}jo and Lu{\'\i}s Cl{\'a}udio Nascimento da Silva and Wolfgang Harand and J{\'u}lia Morais Fernandes and Thaciane da Cunha Soares and Silvana Maria Zucolotto Langassner and Raquel Brandt Giordani and Rafael Matos Ximenes and Alexandre Gomes da Silva and M{\'a}rcia Vanusa da Silva and Maria Tereza dos Santos Correia} } @article {257, title = {The Efficacy Study of Snake Fruit (Salacca edulis Reinw Var. Bongkok) Extract as Skin Lightening Agent}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {235-238}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {235}, abstract = {

Introduction: The whitening skin product market has been growing significantly in Asia Pacific. Indonesia is one of those countries that mainly think that having a white color skin is simply beautiful. Therefore, it motivates Indonesian women to buy more whitening product for their beauty needs. Objective: The purpose of this research is to find raw material for whitening product from Indonesian plants that can be useful as skin lightening agents. This study investigated the potential of snake fruit (Salacca edulis Reinw var. Bongkok) ethanolic extract as skin lightening agent. Fruits of Salacca edulis Reinw contains flavonoids which have been reported to play a part in skin depigmentation. Methods: A randomized double-blind study on 17 human volunteers showed marked skin lightening effects using cream containing 3\% extract as there was a significant reduction in skin melanin index which compared favorably with the base cream (p \<0,05). Results: The result strongly suggested that snake fruit ethanolic extract can be used as raw material for skin lightening agents and therefore Indonesia dependency on imported raw materials could be reduced.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Melanin index, Salacca edulis Reinw, Snake fruit extract, Tyrosinase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.39}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/306}, author = {Astrid Tilaar and Anna Ranti and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {450, title = {Evaluation of Anti Arthritic Potential of Gloriosa superba (L.) Elite Germplasm Collected from Eastern Himalayas, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s87-s92}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s87}, abstract = {

Introduction: Gloriosa superba (L.) is a traditionally known medicinal plant for its potential antigout property. The species is rich source of colchicine alkaloid and is commercially exploit in the international market for the same. Method: In the present study, elite chemotype of G. superba was identified from natural population in Eastern Himalayas based on their colchicine content through HPTLC calibrated method. The selected elite chemotypes were further evaluated for in vitro anti-arthritic potential via inhibition of protein denaturation along with hydroxyl radical scavenging potential. Result: The HPTLC quantification data reveals that the content of colchicine varies from 0.044 to 0.184\% having maximum content in NBG-128 from Jorhat, Assam. The results of bioassay reflect a potentiating anti-arthritic and hydroxyl radical scavenging with statistically insignificant difference within the elite germplasms. Conclusion: The presence of bioactive polyphenolics with significant hydroxyl radical scavenging will further suggest that inhibition of inflammatory mediator cells by extract is superimposed action of colchicine and other chemical inhibitors like polyphenolics. The study will aid in site specific exploration of high metabolite yielding chemotype(s) with validated pharmacological action for commercial cultivation to meet out the industrial demand of colchicine and herbal product development.

}, keywords = {Anti arthritic, Colchicine, Elite chemotype, G. superba, HPTLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.162}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/387}, author = {Ankita Misra and Akanksha Srivastava and Mohammad Khalid and Poonam Kushwaha and Sharad Srivastava} } @article {372, title = {Evaluation of Anti-Anxiety Effect of Brassica oleracea L. Extracts in Experimental Animals}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {638-643}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {638}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oxidative stress in the brain causes nervous system impairment. Hence the use of antioxidants could be an effective approach to prevent disorders such as anxiety. Plants containing phenolic constituents are reported to be potent antioxidants. Brassica oleracea L. commonly known as broccoli, is rich in phenolics mainly flavonoids and possesses excellent antioxidant property, however its anxiolytic potential has not been investigated. Thus in the present study antianxiety activity of extracts of broccoli was evaluated in experimental animals. Materials and Methods: Various pharmacognostic parameters of the plant material were studied following standard procedures. Groups of six mice each were taken as different treatment groups. Control group received vehicle (1\% Carboxy Methyl Cellulose), positive control received Diazepam (2mg/kg) as standard drug while test groups received petroleum ether and hydroalcoholic extracts (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight, p.o.). The effects were evaluated on Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), hole board and mirror chamber tests. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA, followed by Turkey\’s post-hoc test. Results: Hydroalcoholic extract shows dose dependent increase in the average time spent and frequency of entries in the open arms of the EPM; decreased latency, increased time spent and frequency of entries in the mirror chamber; increased number of head dips in hole board test as compared to control was observed. These effects were comparable to the effect produced by diazepam. Phytochemical screening of the bioactive extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids and tannins. Conclusion: From our study, it can be concluded that hydroalcoholic extract of Brassica oleracea at the dose of 200 mg/kg possesses marked anxiolytic activity.

}, keywords = {Antianxiety, Brassica oleracea, Elevated Plus Maze, Hole Board, Mirror Chamber Test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.101}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.101/index.html}, author = {Divneet Kaur and Richa Shri and Anjoo Kamboj} } @article {366, title = {Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Cassia fistula Linn. pod in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {599-606}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {599}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health problem and the incidence of DM is increasing at alarming rate all over the world. Many Indian medicinal plants have been reported to possess potential antidiabetic activity and could play important role in the management diabetes. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate antidiabetic activities of 70\% ethanolic extract of Cassia fistula pod in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg b.wt.). The diabetic rats were administered orally with C. fistula pod extract at three different doses (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt./day) for 60 days. The results were compared with standard drug glibenclamide (5 mg/kg b.wt./day) treated rats. Results: The streptozotocin treated diabetic control rats showed a significant increase in the blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels with a concomitant decrease in the body weight and glycogen content in the liver as compared to normal control rats. Oral administration of C. fistula pod extract (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt./day) or glibenclamide for 60 days showed significant reduction in the blood glucose and HbA1c levels and an elevation in the body weight and hepatic glycogen content as compared to diabetic control rats. Furthermore, treatment with extract (500 mg/kg b.wt.) also showed improvement of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in diabetic rats. These results were comparable to glibenclamide. Conclusion: The results of present study showed that C. fistula pod extract possess significant antihyperglycemic activity and supports the traditional use of C. fistula pod for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Blood glucose, Cassia fistula, Glycogen, Glycosylated Hemoglobin, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.95}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.95/index.html}, author = {Ram Niwas Jangir and Gyan Chand Jain} } @article {427, title = {Evaluation of in vitro Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity of Simarouba glauca Leaf Extracts on T-24 Bladder Cancer Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {906-912}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {906}, abstract = {

Objective: Screening of preliminary phytochemicals, evaluation of in vitro antioxidant and in vitro anticancer activities of Simarouba glauca leaf extracts on T-24 Bladder cancer cell line. Materials and Methods: Herbal extraction was carried out by Soxhlet method using chloroform, ethylacetate, methanol, ethanol, aqueous and hydroalcohol. Phytochemical investigation was done using biochemical tests. Total phenolic content was estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) method. Antioxidant potential of leaf extracts was analyzed by Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, Phosphomolybdenum (PM) assay and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. In vitro anticancer activity on T-24 bladder cancer cell line was assessed by MTT assay. Statistical analysis used: Statistical analysis of data was performed by analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) and level of statistical significance between groups was carried out using GraphPad Prism version 5.0 for Windows (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of rich secondary metabolite present in all the solvent extracts. Hydroalcoholic extract showed highest presence of phenolic content (92.38\±0.29 mg/g) GAE. Ethanol and methanol extract showed highest antioxidant capacity in DPPH, FRAP and PM assay as compared to the other extracts based on the test performed. The results confirmed that ethanol extract significantly (p\<0.05) inhibited T-24 cell line with IC50 value (533.55\±25.02 \μg/mL) as compared to standard drug doxorubicin (0.16\μM/mL). Conclusions: The results of the present findings strengthen the potential property of Simarouba glauca as a resource for the discovery of novel antioxidant and anticancer agents.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant; Anticancer; Bladder Cancer; Phytochemical; Simarouba glauca.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.142}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/195}, author = {Sridevi I Puranik and Shridhar C Ghagane and Rajendra B Nerli and Sunil S Jalalpure and Murigendra B. Hiremath} } @article {330, title = {Evaluation of in-vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Ximenia americana, Hopea ponga and Vitex leucoxylon}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {367-371}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {367}, abstract = {

Objective: Evaluating Anthelmintic activity of Ximenia americana, Hopea ponga and Vitex leucoxylon extracts by using in vitro assay. Methods: The serial exhaustive extraction was carried out with a series of solvents: chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol and water with increasing polarity using Soxhlet apparatus. The concentrated and dried extracts were evaluated for anthelmintic activity by employing standard in vitro method (Pheretima Posthuma model). Results: In vitro anthelmintic study shows that in case of Ximenia americana chloroform extract showed higher anthelmintic activity where as incase of Hopea ponga and Vitex leucoxylon methanol extract exhibited significant activity when compared to other solvent extracts. Conclusion: Results confirm that methanol extract of Hopea ponga exhibited highest anthelmintic activity among all tested extracts. This study provides scientific evidence that the leaves of Ximenia americana, Hopea ponga and Vitex leucoxylon have anthelmintic efficacy. However further comprehensive chemical and pharmacological investigation should be carried out to isolate the active compounds and appropriate elucidation of its mechanism of action and it helps in the development of new pharmaceuticals to treat Helminthiasis.

}, keywords = {Hopea ponga, in vitro anthelmintic activity, Pheretima Posthuma model, Vitex leucoxylon, Ximenia americana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.62}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.62}, author = {Arun Kashivishwanath Shettar and Ankala Basappa Vedamurthy} } @article {228, title = {Evaluation of Lens Aldose Reductase Inhibitory and Free Radical Scavenging Potential of Fractions of Lonchocarpus cyanescens: Potential for Cataract Remediation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {62-69}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {62}, abstract = {

Introduction: Current research effort at discovering effective anticataract agent is focus on evaluating Aldose reductase inhibition (ARI) capacities of medicinal plants and plant extracts. The present study was aimed at investigating the in vitro ARI activity of fractions of Lonchocarpus cyanescens leaves on partially purified AR from goat lens. Methods: Phytochemical constituents of the leaves were screened for using aqueous and methanolic extract while in vitro free radical scavenging and ARI activities of the fractions were evaluated using partially purified aldose reductase. Kinetics of the enzyme in the presence of fractions of the leaves was then compared using Lineweaver-Burk plot. Results: Phenol, flavonoid, tannins and phlobatannins were detected in both extracts. All the fractions inhibited AR significantly but this was strongest with aqueous (IC50, 0.06 \± 0.02 mM-1 and chloroform fractions (IC50, 0.09 \± 0.01 mM-1). Ethyl acetate, hexane and methanol fraction showed competitive inhibition whereas the aqueous and chloroform fractions showed mixed inhibition with a different Vmax and Km when compared with DL-glyceraldehyde. All the fractions also showed antioxidant capacities but this was also strongest with aqueous fraction. Conclusion: The study confirms the ARI and antioxidant capacity of Lonchocarpus cyanescens which may be attributed to its phenolic constituents and whose extraction is solvent dependent. The plant may therefore serve as a base for the development of anticataract agent.

}, keywords = {Aldose reductase, Cataract, Free radical, Medicinal plant, Phytochemical constituents.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.12}, author = {Emmanuel Oladipo AJANI and Saheed SABIU and Kuburat Temitope ODUFUWA and Taiwo Bashir Ibrahim and Bamidele Adewale Salau} } @article {351, title = {An examination of the Antimicrobial and Anticancer Properties of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. Bark Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {504-518}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {504}, abstract = {

Background: Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. is a common component of the pharmacopeia\’s of multiple African groupings which inhabit the areas in which it grows. Amongst these groups there is a myriad of medicinal uses in the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial, fungal and protozoal infections, as well as in the treatment of cancers. This study was undertaken to test K. senegalensis bark extracts for the ability to inhibit microbial and cancer cell growth, and thus to validate traditional African medicinal usage of this plant in treating a variety of diseases. Materials and Methods: K. senegalensis bark powder was extracted by both solvent maceration and subcritical fluid extraction (SFE). The extracts were tested for the ability to inhibit bacterial and G. duodenalis growth. Inhibition of Caco-2 and HeLa cancer cells was evaluated using MTS-based colorimetric cell proliferation assays. Toxicity was evaluated using an Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay and GC-MS headspace analysis was used to identify phytochemical components. Results: K. senegalensis bark extracts displayed strong inhibitory activity against bacterial triggers of several autoimmune inflammatory diseases. The growth inhibitory activity of the methanolic and subcritical extracts was particularly noteworthy against P. mirabilis (MIC values of 185 and 211\μg/mL, respectively against the reference strains). These extracts were similarly potent growth inhibitors of K. pneumoniae and A. baylyi\ and were moderate inhibitors (MIC \>1000\μg/mL) of P. aeruginosa and S. pyogenes growth. The methanolic and subcritical K. senegalensis extracts were also potent inhibitors of G. duodenalis (187 and 328\μg/mL, respectively), as well as Caco-2 (268 and 470\μg/mL, respectively) and HeLa carcinomas (155 and 174\μg/mL, respectively). GC-MS analysis of the SFE extract revealed relative abundances of a variety of mono- and sesquiterpenoids. Furthermore, all K. senegalensis bark extracts were non-toxic in the Artemia franciscana toxicity assay, indicating their safety for therapeutic use. Conclusion: These studies validate traditional African therapeutic usage of K. senegalensis in the treatment of microbial infections, autoimmune inflammatory diseases and some cancers.

}, keywords = {African mahogany, Anti bacterial activity, Anti-cancer activity, Anti-proliferative activity, Giardia duodenalis, Meliaceae, Sub-critical fluid extraction, Terpenoid.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.82}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.82}, author = {Camille Rabadeaux and Lou Vallette and Joseph Sirdaarta and Craig Davis and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {222, title = {Exploring a novel edible mushroom Ramaria subalpina: Chemical characterization and Antioxidant activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {30-34}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {30}, abstract = {

Background: During macrofungal inventorisation from an unexplored subalpine forest of Sikkim Himalayas, a new edible mushroom, Ramaria subalpina was found and documented in consultation with the forest dwellers. Objective: The aim of the present study was to understand the antioxidative potentiality and bioactive constituents of a novel taxon, Ramaria subalpina, that is highly prized by the ethnic people of subalpine Sikkim Himalayas, India, for its flavor, texture and gastronomic delicacy since time immemorial. Methods: Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of methanolic extract of dried basidiocarps were assessed using HPLC and several in vitro assay systems. Results: Methanolic extract had phenolics in highest amount, among which pyrrogallol was identified. It also showed potent antioxidant activity. Conclusion: The present study suggests that Ramaria subalpina has strong medicinal prospects. This novel mushroom can safely be added to the world\’s edible mushrooms list.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, DPPH, Ferrous ion chelating, HPLC, India.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.6}, author = {Krishnendu Acharya and Kanad Das and Soumitra Paloi and Arun Kumar Dutta and Manoj Emanuel Hembrom and Somanjana Khatua and Arvind Parihar} } @article {431, title = {Extracellular L-Asparaginase from Streptomyces labedae VSM-6: Isolation, Production and Optimization of Culture Conditions Using RSM}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {932-941}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {932}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study was intended to isolate actinomycetes VSM-6 from deep sea sediment samples of Bay of Bengal that is potent to produce L - asparaginase. Materials and Methods: The identification of the isolate was executed by polyphasic taxonomy. Optimization was carried out one factor at a time (O-F-A-T) for the production of the L - asparaginase. RSM was pledged to optimize the L - asparaginase production by S.labedae VSM-6. Central composite design was applied to study the influence of the variables and their interactive effects on the production of L - asparaginase. Unstructured Kinetic modelling for L - asparaginase production was adopted using Leudeking-Piret (LILP) and Logistic Incorporated Modified Leudeking-Piret (LIMLP) models. Results: Optimization using One-Factor-At-A-time registered a turnout of 8.92 IU/ml of L - asparaginase production. But results obtained from the statistical design are in agreement with the experimental results. The model followed the second order polynomial equation and the model adequacy was determined by the P value (\<0.0001), Coefficient determination (R2) with a value of 0.9942 and the adjusted R2 = 0.9087 which determines that the model was significant. The experimental values are in compliance with the model anticipated values and catalogued an escalation in yield of L - asparaginase (10.17 IU/ml) by RSM. Unstructured Kinetic modelling for L - asparaginase production adopting Leudeking-Piret (LILP) and Logistic Incorporated Modified Leudeking-Piret (LIMLP) models showed L - asparaginase production of (10.17 IU/ml), closer to model anticipated value (10.23 IU/ml) so unstructured models provided a better approximation for L - asparaginase production by S.labedae VSM-6. Conclusion: From our study we have reported for the first time the production of L - asparaginase from S.labedae VSM-6 using central composite design and kinetic modelling.

}, keywords = {Central Composite Design, Kinetic Modelling, L - asparaginase, Optimization, Response Surface Methodology, Statistical Analysis., Streptomyces labedae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.146}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/199}, author = {Ushakiranamayi Mangamuri and Muvva Vijayalakshmi and Venkat Siva Rama Krishna Ganduri and Satish Babu Rajulapati and Sudhakar Poda} } @article {1130, title = {Extracellular-Signal Regulated Kinase Signalling Pathway Mediates the Increased Proliferation of EPCs Treated with Garlic (Allium sativum) Extract, Purple Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) Extract and Vitamin C}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {442-447}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {442}, abstract = {

The endothelial progenitor cell (EPCs) proliferation capability is reduced in the patient with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD). Garlic (Allium sativum), purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), and vitamin C are proven antioxidant which potentially improve EPCs proliferation ability. Objective: To investigate the effect of garlic (Allium sativum), purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), and vitamin C in EPCs proliferation from CAD patients and identify the involvement of Extracellular-Signal Regulated Kinase (ERK) Signalling Pathway. Material and Method: Mononuclear cells were isolated from SCAD patients and cultivated with colony-forming unit (CFU)-Hill medium and divided into untreated (control), garlic extract (10 mcg/ml and 100 mcg/ml), purple sweet potato extract (1 mcg/ml and 25 μg/ml), and vitamin C (10 μg/ml and 250 μg/ml). EPCs proliferation was measured using the MTT Assay. Results: This research shows that EPCs proliferation was increased in the treatment with garlic extract at 10 mcg/ml and 100 mcg/ml dose (0.267 {\textpm} 0,003 and 0.391 {\textpm} 0.008 ; p \< 0.05), purple sweet potato extract at 1 mcg/ml and 25 μg/ml dose (0.250 {\textpm} 0.005 and 0.3562 {\textpm} 0.023 ; p \< 0.001), and vitamin C at 10 μg/ml and 250 μg/ml dose (0.259 {\textpm} 0.016 and 0.306 {\textpm} 0.022 ; p \< 0.001). Increased ERK expression was found in the treatment with garlic extract, purple sweet potato extract and vitamin C. Conclusion: Garlic extract, purple sweet potato extract, and vitamin C can increase EPC proliferation through the ERK signaling pathway.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Endothelial Progenitor, ERK, Proliferation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.68}, author = {Yudi Her Oktaviono and Alisia Yuana Putri and Makhyan Jibril Al-Farabi and Yesita Rizky Firmansyah and Ferry Sandra} } @article {322, title = {Fasting Blood Glucose Levels and Hematological Values in Normal and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats of Mimosa pudica L. Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017}, pages = {315-322}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {315}, abstract = {

Context:M. pudica is a common plant found in moist waste ground, lawns, open plantations and weedy thickets. Aims: The fasting blood glucose levels (FBG) and hematological values of M. pudica aqueous(MPA) and hydro-ethanolic (MPHE) extract were evaluated in normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: MPA and MPHE 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) were administered orally and daily to the rats for 8 weeks. The FBG were determined weekly. Red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HM. pudicab), hematocrit (Hct), platelet, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and eosinophil were evaluated. Results: MPA and MPHE had no effect on blood glucose levels in normal rats. All doses of all extracts showed significantly (p\<0.05) decreasing FBG in diabetic rats. Especially MPA at the dose of 250 mg/kg b.w. showed more potent significantly (p\<0.05) decreasing blood glucose levels than anti-diabetic drug glibenclamide at the end of experiment. All extracts had no effect on RBC, Hb, Hct, platelet, MCH, MCHC, lymphocytes, monocytes neutrophils and eosinophils. Surprisingly, the extracts were decreased WBC and MCV in diabetic rats. In addition, all of the extracts did not produce the alteration of blood cells structure in all rats. Conclusion: This study indicated that the extracts were hypoglycemic effect and improve hematological values in diabetes which confirms the traditional use of the plant.

}, keywords = {Blood glucose level, Hematological values, Mimosa pudica, Red blood cell, White blood cell}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.54}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.54}, author = {Ampa Konsue and Chayan Picheansoonthon and Chusri Talubmook} } @article {451, title = {Formulation Development and Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Potential of Cordia obliqua Topical Gel on Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s93-s98}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s93}, abstract = {

Background: The plants of genus Cordia has been used in traditional medicine for many diseases from history. Cordia obliqua Willd. is also a medicinally important plant and it has been proved by modern scientific research. Objective: This study is aimed to formulate and characterize a topical gel from Cordia obliqua leaf methanol extract and evaluate its effect on carrageenan induced rat paw edema. Materials and Methods: The methanol extract was prepared by successive solvent extraction using soxhlet apparatus. Topical gel was designed to prepare by Dispersion method using Carbopol 940 as polymer. The various gel characteristics was studied by standard procedures like Homogeneity, grittiness, extrudability, drug content, spread ability and in-vitro diffusion study. The anti-inflammatory potential of gel was evaluated by Carrageenan induced rat paw edema method in comparison with standard Diclofenac Sodium gel 1\% on Albino rats. Results: The herbal gel was found homogeneous with good extrudability, no grittiness, pH 6.79 and drug content 93.167\%. The anti-inflammatory activity of herbal gel was found comparable with standard Diclofenac Sodium gel and has shown 82.71\% edema inhibition after 4 h of treatment. Conclusion: Cordia obliqua gel was found suitable as a standard topical gel formulation and it can be used safely for treatment of edema.

}, keywords = {Carbopol 940, Carrageenan induced edema, Cordia, in-vitro diffusion, Topical gel}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.163}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/388}, author = {Richa Gupta and Ghanshyam Das Gupta} } @article {348, title = {Fractionation and α-glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Fractions from Garcinia hombroniana Pierre Leaves Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {488-492}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {488}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus become one of the biggest global health problems of the 21st century. Type 2 diabetes play role for the majority of cases of diabetes worldwide which is characterized by the increase of postprandial blood glucose level. Maintaining postprandial glucose level through inhibition of \α-glucosidase is one of the essential strategies in the treatment of diabetes. Inhibitory effect of \α-glucosidase was commonly used to identify active compounds potentially to treat diabetes. Natural resources have potency as antidiabetic that can be used in diabetes treatment. Objective: The objective of the study is to separate active fraction in the crude extract of Garcinia hombroniana leaves to facilitate obtaining a pure biologically active compound as the \α-glucosidase inhibitor. Methods: Fractionation to separate active fraction was performed using column and thin layer chromatography methods while \α-glucosidase inhibitory activity assay was performed in vitro using spectrophotometric methods at \λ 400 nm. Results: Ethyl acetate and methanol extract of G. hombroniana yielded 14 and 12 fractions, respectively. Two fractions with the higher percent inhibition compared to other factions are fraction 8 from ethyl acetate extract (FEA8) and fraction 3 from methanol extract (FM3). The IC50 values of FEA8, FM3 and acarbose are 16.370 \μg/mL, 59.042 \μg/mL, and 39.534 \μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: Fraction 8 from ethyl acetate extract of G. hombroniana leaves (FEA8) was separated and known in this study as the most bioactive \α-glucosidase inhibitor agent compared with another extract, fractions, and acarbose.

}, keywords = {Column chromatography, Diabetes mellitus, Fractionation, Thin layer Chromatography, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.79}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.79}, author = {Nita Triadisti and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya} } @article {376, title = {GC-MS Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Bauhinia nakhonphanomensis Leaf Ethanolic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {663-667}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {663}, abstract = {

Context: Bauhinia nakhonphanomensis Chatan. A new species that is endemic to Thailand. Aims: Leaves of B. nakhonphanomensis were extracted and the extract was used in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to evaluate the total phenols, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity. Methods: The extract of B. nakhonphanomensis was analyzed by GC-MS. Quantitative analysis for total phenols was done by the Folin-Ciocatteu method and for total flavonoids by the aluminium chloride method. The antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract was evaluated by the DPPH method. Results: GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 19 phytochemical constituents. These compounds were identified by comparing their retention times and peak areas with those from the literature and by interpretation of the mass spectra. The major chemical constituents were inositol (48.55 \%), alpha-tocopherol (12.21 \%) and phenol (6.61 \%). Total phenolic content was 48.69\±0.56 mg/100 of Gallic acid equivalent (GE). The total flavonoid contentwas 10539\± 6.14 mg/100 of quercetin equivalent (QE). Antioxidant activity was 17.07\±0.24 \μg/100 of ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC).Conclusion: These findings are the first report and suggest that the rich phytochemical content of B. nakhonphanomensis has good antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Bauhinia Nakhonphanomensis, GC-MS, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.105}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.105/index.html}, author = {Wilawan Promprom and Wannachai Chatan} } @article {229, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Whole Plant of Rostellularia diffusa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {70-72}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {70}, abstract = {

Introduction: To identify the various phyto constituents present in the unexplored plant Rostellularia diffusa (Willd.) by using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Methods: The whole plant of Rostellularia diffusa was extracted with ethyl acetate at room temperature for 72 h. The concentrated extract was subjected to GCMS analysis to detect the phyto constituents. Results: Totally 40 compounds were identified and the chromatograph showed 40 peaks with 40 individual compounds. The major constituents were identified in the extract were 16-Hentriacontanone (22.59\%), Hexadecanoic acid (11.23\%), Stigmast-5-en-3-ol (6.78\%), 9-Octadecenoic acid (6.30\%) and many other compounds were identified as low level. This preliminary study gives an idea to isolate the major active constituents present in the plant and also helps to develop potential pharmacologically active compounds

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Gas chromatography, Mass spectrometry, phytosterol., Rostellularia diffusa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.13}, author = {Mohamed Saleem Thattakudian Sheik Uduman and Prema Rathinam and Yogendrachari Karuru and Gangadhar Obili and Gopinath Chakka and Ashok Kumar Janakiraman} } @article {235, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Indrakeeladri Native Medicine used in the Treatment of Stroke}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2016}, pages = {102-106}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {102}, abstract = {

Context: A stroke or cerebrovascular disease is an abrupt onset of neurological deficit that is attributable to a focal vascular cause. Antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulants and thrombolytics are used in ischemic stroke. Indrakeeladri, is a village in Andhra Pradesh in India where traditional local practitioners prescription has long been practiced for treatment of stroke by using unknown and undisclosed formulation (gulikalu) without any name and labeling. Patients who have taken treatment at Indrakeeladri have noticed improvement in their symptoms particularly in speech. Aims: We endeavoured to analyze the formulation to know its composition as this analysis might help us in preparation of newer drugs for stroke. Settings and Design: GC MS analysis. Methods and Material: The sample was powdered and tested for its solubility in different solvents of increased polarity strength and then subjected to Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis in order to know its chemical components. Results: The sample was soluble only in water. The GC-MS analysis of the test sample revealed the presence of methyl tetradecanoate, dodecanoic acid methyl ester and methyl 10-methyl undecanoate as the major constituents. These substances are known to have inhibitory effect on blood coagulation. Conclusions: Further studies need to be carried out to find out whether these components of native medicine have a role in the treatment of stroke or not.

}, keywords = {Dodecanoic acid methyl ester, Methyl 10-methyl undecanoate, Methyl tetradecanoate, Native medicine, Stroke}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.17}, author = {Sundarachary Nagarjunakonda and Sridhar Amalakanti and Sristi Ram Dhishana and Maddi Ramaiah and Lalitha Rajanala} } @article {452, title = {GC-MS analysis of n-Hexane Extract of Fruits of Trichopus zeylanicus ssp. travancoricus Burkill ex K. Narayanan}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s99-s102}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s99}, abstract = {

Aim: The present study focused to analyse the bioactive compounds present in the fruits of Trichopus zeylanicus ssp. travancoricus Burkill ex K. Narayanan by using GC-MS. Methods: The dried and pulverized fruit materials were extracted with n-hexane for 6-8 h. The phytochemical constituents were analysed by GC-MS. Results: Totally 23 bioactive compounds were identified with RI and SI factors. Of the twenty-three compounds detected from n-hexane extract, Tetradecane (27.87\%), Hexadecane (27.26\%), Nonadecane (22.25\%) and Pentacosane (8.13\%) were detected as major compounds. Conclusion: The obtained bioactive compounds were reported as potentially active in various medicinal treatments and can be used for the treatment of various diseases.

}, keywords = {Agasthyamalai, Hexadecane, Kani tribe, Nonadecane, Tetradecane}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.164}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/389}, author = {Sasi Kala Nambi and Ramasubbu Raju} } @article {371, title = {GC-MS analysis of Tasmannia lanceolata Extracts which Inhibit the Growth of the Pathogenic Bacterium Clostridium perfringens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {626-637}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {626}, abstract = {

Introduction: Clostridium perfringens is the etiological agent of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. Infections result in exotoxin production, tissue necrosis and unless promptly treated, often result in death. Methods: Tasmannia lanceolata extracts were investigated for C. perfringens growth inhibitory activity by disc diffusion analysis and MIC determination. Toxicity was evaluated by Artemia nauplii bioassay and the most potent extracts were phytochemically evaluated by GC-MS headspace analysis. Results: All T. lanceolata berry and leaf extracts displayed potent C. perfringens growth inhibition. The berry extracts were more potent growth inhibitors than the corresponding leaf extracts, although the leaf extracts were also potent growth inhibitors. The berry aqueous, methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 654, 65 and 329 \μg/mL respectively. T. lanceolata leaf also displayed good efficacy, with an MIC of 839, 1255 and 625 \μg/mL for the aqueous, methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts respectively. All extracts were nontoxic in the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with LC50 values substantially \> 1000 \μg/mL. Non-biased GC-MS analysis of the aqueous, methanolic and ethyl acetate berry extracts revealed the presence of high relative levels of a diversity of terpenoids. Conclusions: The lack of toxicity of the T. lanceolata extracts and their potent growth inhibitory bioactivity against C. perfringens indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. GC-MS metabolomic profiling studies indicate that these extracts contained a diversity of terpenoids, with monoterpenoids being particularly abundant.

}, keywords = {Enteritis necroticans, Gas gangrene, Myonecrosis, Tasmannia Lanceolata, Winteraceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.100}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.100/index.html}, author = {Mitchell Henry Wright and Cameron Jay Lee and Megan Sarah Jean Arnold and Joseph Shalom and Alan White and Anthony Carlson Greene and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {230, title = {GC-MS headspace analysis of Terminalia ferdinandiana fruit and leaf extracts which inhibit Bacillus anthracis growth}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {73-82}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Background: Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) is an endemic Australian plant with an extremely high antioxidant capacity. The fruit has long been used by the first Australians as a nutritional food and as a medicine and recent studies have reported its potent growth inhibitory activity against a broad panel of bacteria. Despite this, T. ferdinandiana extracts are yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. Materials and Methods: Solvent extracts were prepared using both the fruit and leaf of Kakadu plum. The ability to inhibit the growth of B. anthracis was investigated using a disc diffusion assay. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. The most potent extracts were investigated using non-targeted GC-MS head space analysis (with screening against a compound database) for the identification and characterisation of individual components in the crude plant extracts. Results: Solvent extractions of T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf displayed good growth inhibitory activity in the disc diffusion assay against B. anthracis. Fruit ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 451 and 377\μg/mL respectively. The fruit methanolic and chloroform extracts, as well as the aqueous leaf extracts also were good inhibitors of B. anthracis growth, albeit with lower efficacy (MIC values of 1800 and 1414 \μg/mL respectively).The aqueous fruit extract and leaf chloroform extracts had only low inhibitory activity. All other extracts were completely devoid of growth inhibitory activity. Furthermore, all of the extracts with growth inhibitory activity were nontoxic in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay, with LC50 values \>1000 \μg/mL. Non-biased GC-MS phytochemical analysis of the most active extracts (fruit ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf) putatively identified and highlighted several compounds that may contribute to the ability of these extracts to inhibit the growth of B. anthracis. Conclusions: The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana fruit ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf extracts, as well as their potent growth inhibitory bioactivity against B. anthracis, indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of anthrax.

}, keywords = {Anthrax, Bacillus anthracis, Combretastatin, Kakadu plum, Metabolomics., stilbene, Tannin, Zoonotic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.14}, author = {Mitchell Henry Wright and Joseph Sirdaarta and Alan White and Anthony Carlson Greene and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {339, title = {Genetic variability and relationship studies of Ber Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. F.) using morphological and molecular markers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {417-424}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {417}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ber (Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. F.) is the most commonly occurring branched thorny shrub species in the Indian desert. A total of 10 Zadber accessions collected from different agroclimatic regions of India, were evaluated for phenotypic and genotypic variations using morphological and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. Materials And Methods: Morphological characterization was done using descriptors and Molecular characterization studies was done with fifty primers of University of British Columbia (UBC) procured from Geno Biosciences Pvt. Ltd., were used for ISSR-PCR optimisation trials. Eleven primers, which gave the best amplification results with the sample DNA, were selected for final ISSR-PCR analysis. Results: Significant variability was observed in the selected Zadber accessions by the analysis of five quantitative and 25 qualitative morphological characters of leaves, fruits and seeds. ISSR markers also showed polymorphism (86.58\%). Jaccard\’s genetic similarity value of ISSR was found in the range of 0.45-0.77 (average 0.61) suggesting moderate level of genetic diversity within the Zadber group. Two of the eleven ISSR primers were also able to generate cultivar specific amplicons, which may be used for identification of accessions Zadber-5 and Zadber-8. Conclusion: The present study revealed that morphological and molecular markers can be successfully utilized for determining genetic diversity and genetic relationship of Zadber cultivars and used in breeding programmes.

}, keywords = {Genetic variability, ISSR, Morphology, UPGMA, Zadber}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.71}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.71}, author = {Yashmin Akhtar and Ravish Choudhary and Kailash Chandra Sharma and Manju Sharma} } @article {433, title = {Hepatoprotective Effect of Curcumin and Capsaicin against Lipopolysaccharide Induced Liver Damage in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {947-951}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {947}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the possible ameliorative role of curcumin, capsaicin and their combination against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced hepatic toxicity in mice. Methods: Animals were distributed into five experimental groups: Normal control, vehicle control, curcumin, capsaicin and combined curcumin and capsaicin treatment groups respectively, for 7 days prior to LPS induced liver toxicity (3 mg/kg b.w. in saline). Hepatoprotective effect of individual and combined spice principles were evidenced by the measurement of serum marker enzyme activities such as, SGPT, ALP and TB and it was further confirmed by histopathological observation of liver tissue section. Results: The administration of LPS increased serum nonspecific enzymes (SGOT; 174.2\±3.79 IU/L, SGPT; 124.0\±3.14 IU/L, ALP; 320.15\±3.88 IU/L and total bilirubin level; 2.32\±1.23 mg/dL), however dietary curcumin and capsaicin decreased the activities of these non\–specific serum enzymes including total bilirubin indicating amelioration of the severe LPS induced hepatotoxicity, while the combined spice principles were more significant as shown by the levels of enzymes activities SGOT; 89.9\±1.39 IU/L, SGPT; 85.9\±1.83 IU/L, ALP; 138.4\±2.05 IU/L including total bilirubin level; 0.86\±0.03 mg/dL. Conclusion: Dietary curcumin and capsaicin individually are protective to LPS induced hepatotoxicity, the beneficial effect was found to be more when the two compounds were fed in combination.

}, keywords = {ALP., Capsaicin, Curcumin, Hepatoprotective activity, Lipopolysaccharide, SGOT, SGPT}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.148}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/201}, author = {Thriveni Vasanthkumar and Manjunatha Hanumanthappa and Prabhakar BT and Santhosh Kondajji Hanumanthappa} } @article {369, title = {Hindering Effect of Resveratrol on Oxidative Changes and Na+K+-ATPase activity in Rat Hepatocytes Exposed to Prenatal stress}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {615-620}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {615}, abstract = {

Introduction: The fetal programming hypothesis states that conditions during pregnancy, including stress, will have long-term effects on adult health, probably via epigenetic mechanisms. Methodology: Pregnant rats were subjected to restrain stress either during early or late pregnancy with and without resveratrol. Blood and liver tissues were collected from 40 days old offsprings of the above rats to study the prenatal effect on corticosterone, and stress development. Results: It was found that levels of corticosterone advanced protein and lipid oxidation products, GSHRx, increase significantly in offsprings of stressed rats and decreased on intervention with resveratrol, whereas total antioxidants, vitamin C, GSH, SOD and Na+K+- ATPase decreased with stress and increase on resveratrol intervention as compared to controls. Conclusion: The alterations may be due to the effect of stress on HPA axis. Results also support the prevention/protective effect of resveratrol on oxidative stress and may be used as a measure to prevent the metabolic changes in adult life due to prenatal stress.

}, keywords = {Cortisol, Na+K+-ATPa, Oxidative Changes, Prenatal Stress, Resveratrol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.98}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.98/index.html}, author = {Gayathri Megashyam Rao and Sudhanshu Sekhar Sahu and Beena Vichithra Shetty} } @article {449, title = {Histo-Chromatographic Finger Printing Profiles of the Root of Plumbago zeylanica Linn and Quantification of Marker Compound, Plumbagin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s77-s86}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s77}, abstract = {

Background: Plumbagin, a plant-derived naphthoquinone is known to be biosynthesized by polyacetate-malonate pathway. The ayurvedic drug Chitraka is obtained from the medicinal plant Plumbago zeylanica Linn, which belongs to the family Plumbaginaceae. The Chitraka is found used in the traditional forms of medicine for the treatment of various illnesses, since ancient times. Aim: The present study concerns the microscopic, powder and quantitative microscopic characteristics of the root of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Materials and Methods: Delimiting the morpho-histological profile of the root using digital, stereo and polarized microscopic techniques and to develop the chromatogram of the extract of the root of Plumbago zeylanica Linn using High performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method. Results: The presence of cortical deposition of plumbagin pigment as yellowish tints in the surface view of the sections of root, arrangement of starch grains as bunches of grapes in cortical tissues and ray parenchyma, crystal idioblasts containing calcium oxalate embedded in the intervening walls of the cortical cells, distinct band or patch of sclreids at the pericyclic region of the phloem, wood with non-storied cambium, distinct growth ring boundaries, paratracheal axial parenchyma, chains of vessels in radial multiplies of three to four, uniseriate to biseriate medullary rays with homogeneous cells, crowding of vessels at the central portion of secondary xylem, wood plugged with tylosis and low mesomorphy ratio for wood were the anatomical features characteristics of the taxon. The HPTLC profile of the methanol extract of root developed using the mobile phase, n-hexane:ethyl acetate (8:2 v/v) had revealed four phytoconstituents. The Rf value for plumbagin (C11H8O3) was found to be 0.86. Densitometric scanning had shown \λmax of plumbagin at 270 nm. Spectral matching by overlaying the spectra of both standards and extract of root sample were confirmed the specificity of \λmax at 270 nm for the marker compound. The calibration curve was found to be linear in the concentration range of 2.00 to 10.00 \μg/ band with the polynomial calibration equation Y=178.8+91.61*X+-4.825*X2 and estimated that 5 \μL of methanol extract of roots contained 1.326 \μg of plumbagin. Thus the content of marker constituent (plumbagin) present in shade-dried roots of Plumbago zeylanica Linn (a Kerala habitant) was estimated as 0.179\%. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the delineated characteristics of the roots of Plumbago zeylanica Linn could tag as the identifying parameters to substantiate and authenticate the raw drugs from the spurious/adulterants materials and developed HPTLC method could be effectively used for the regulatory perspectives and quality assessment of plumbagin in the polyherbal formulation/finished products of traditional medicine.

}, keywords = {Axial Parenchyma, Calibration Curve, Mesomorphy Ratio, Plumbagin, Tylosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.161}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/386}, author = {Madathilparambil Vasu Sudhakaran} } @article {398, title = {HPLC Determination of Quercetin in Three Plant Drugs from Genus Sedum and Conjecture of the Best Harvest Time}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {725-728}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {725}, abstract = {

To establish a method for quercetin content determination of the three plant drugs from genus Sedum and to decide their best harvesting time. Dried herbs of Sedum sarmentosum Bunge., S. lineare Thunb. and S. erythrostictum Migo. are all traditional medicines from Genus Sedum. They all have long been used to cure hepatitis, dysentery, swelling poison and so on. It has been reported that flavonoids contained in S. sarmentosum Bunge. were one type of the active components to protect liver and reduce serum alanine aminotransferase level. Through the qualitative analysis and TLC assay, we have verified that both S. lineare Thunb. and S. sarmentosum Bunge. contain flavonoid glycosides whose aglycones include quercetin. In this study, a HPLC methodology was established to determine quercetin which was a common hydrolyzate of the flalvonoid glycosides in the three plant medicines. The determination method developed showed good linearity in the range of 41.2-412.0 \μg/mL, and had a nice accuracy and repeatability. It indicated that the content of quercetine in Sedum sarmentosum, Sedum lineare and Sedum emarginatum can achieve the quality standard required by Chinese Pharmacopoeia.( No less than 0.01\%), The results also revealed preliminarily a relation between collected season and medicine quality. Thus it could be used to control some flavonoids content in the three plant drugs indirectly. By determining the samples of the 3 drugs collected in different seasons, the optimal harvest periods could be preliminarily ascertained.

}, keywords = {best harvest time., Genus Sedum, HPLC determination, Plant medicines, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.114}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/167}, author = {Ma Yue-ling and Chen Yu-jie and Wan Ding-rong and Chen ping and Xu Ran} } @article {240, title = {HPLC Fingerprint Analysis and Content Determination of Extract with Anticancer Activities of Sedi Linearis Herba}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {128-134}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {128}, abstract = {

Aims: The purpose of this paper was to develop a HPLC fingerprint analysis method, compare the chromatographic fingerprints characteristics of the ethyl acetate extract with anticancer activity from Sedi Linearis Herba (Sedum lineare Thumb.) collected in different seasons and environments, determine the contents of active ingredients hyperoside, isoquercetin and astragalin of each sample by HPLC, provide believable scientific foundations for quality control and evaluation of Sedi Linearis Herba. Methods: The analyte was analyzed using BDS Hypersil C18 as chromatographic column, acetonitrile -0.1\% acetic acid solution as the mobile phase (gradient elution). Results: The results showed that the major active ingredient contents of the samples collected in different seasons but at the same environment all had obvious differences. These ingredient contents of the samples collected in the end of April were much more than those in mid-August in general. Moreover, the major active ingredient contents of the samples picked in the same season but different environments were different too. For instance, the major ingredient contents of the sample in damp environment in August were more than those in sunny environment. Conclusion: All of these indicated that the HPLC fingerprint analysis and contents determination method established were very useful for quality analysis and control of Sedi Linearis Herba.

}, keywords = {Anticancer Activity Ingredients, Content Determination, HPLC Fingerprint, Sedum lineare Thunb.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.22}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/289}, author = {Diangang Liu and Qing Mei and Weifang Long and Xiangluan Wan and Dingrong Wan and Luyao Wang} } @article {496, title = {HPTLC Analysis and Antiproliferative Effect of Various Extracts of Swertia alata on Growth of Leishmania donovani Promastigotes in vitro}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s107-s116}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s107}, abstract = {

The present study was carried out to evaluate the quality control analysis and antiproliferative effects of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Swertia alata (family Gentianaceae) on Leishmania donovani. A basic, exact, quick and reproducible high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) has been created for synchronous analysis of Oleanolic acid and Swertiamarin from S. alata.

Read more...}, keywords = {Antiproliferative, HPTLC, Oleanolic acid, Quality control, Swertiamarin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.166}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/391}, author = {Sakshi Bajaj and Sharad Wakode and Washim Khan} } @article {370, title = {Hypoglycemic Activity of Leaf Extracts from Tiliacora triandra in Normal and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {621-625}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {621}, abstract = {

Background: Tiliacora triandra is a common plant found in southeast Asian countries. It is traditionally used as anti-pyrogenic agent. Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate the hypoglycemic activities leaf extracts from Tiliacora triandra (TTE) in normal and streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats. Methods: TTE was prepared and daily and orally administered at dose of 300 mg/kg b.w. to the rats for 8 weeks. The body weight and blood glucose level were measured weekly. At the end of the experiments, blood samples were collected from cardiac puncture and analyzed for serum insulin levels. The pancreatic tissues were stained by hematoxylin-eosin for histo-pathological investigations. Results: Normal and diabetic rats treated with TTE and glibenclamide tended to have an increased body weight. TTE significantly decreased the blood glucose level by 25.01 \± 19.77\% in week 3 in diabetic rats and similar to that of glibenclamide group (27.01 \± 11.89\%). However, the extracts slightly decreased the blood glucose level in normal rats by 9.48 \± 2.14\% in week 2. TTE significantly increased serum insulin level by 21.63 \± 1.39 IU/mL in diabetic rats compared to the controls (10.63 \± 0.37 IU/mL) but not in normal rats. In additions, TTE activated the regeneration of pancreatic Islets of Langerhans in diabetic rats which in turn stimulated insulin secretion. Conclusion: TTE exhibits the hypoglycemic potential by stimulating insulin secretion from the pancreas.

}, keywords = {Hypoglycemic Effect, Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats., Tiliacora triandra}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.99}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.99/index.html}, author = {Teeraporn Katisart and Surapong Rattana} } @article {415, title = {Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Activities of Ethanolic Extract from Mimosa pudica L. in Normal and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {834-837}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {834}, abstract = {

Context: Mimosa pudica L. its unique property to collapse when touched and opens up. Aims: To evaluate hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of 80\% ethanolic extract from whole plant of Mimosa pudica L. (MPE) by measuring fasting blood glucose in normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats treated with MPE. Materials and Methods: An eight-week study using MPE was performed in normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Hypoglycemic activities in normal and STZ-induced diabetic rats and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and biochemical data include total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) of MPE were compared with glibenclamide, a standard anti-diabetic drug. Results: OGTT showed that MPE did not decrease blood glucose both in normal and STZ-induced diabetic rats comparable to controls and glibenclamide treated rats. Moreover, MPE did not affect FBG in the normal rats. However, it significantly (p\<0.05) decreased FBG in the diabetic rats while MPE increased HDL and decreased TC, TG and LDL in the diabetic rats. Conclusions: The results from this study confirmed the traditional use of Mimosa pudica L. for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Hypoglycemic, Hypolipidemic, Mimosa pudica, Oral glucose tolerance test.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.130}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/183}, author = {Piyapong Yupparach and Ampa Konsue} } @article {318, title = {Cuminum cyminum {\textendash} A Popular Spice: An Updated Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {292-301}, type = {Review article}, chapter = {292}, abstract = {

Spices are bio-nutrient supplements that enhance the taste, flavor and aroma of food and also treat several diseases. Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) is one such most popular spice that is used as a culinary spice for their special aromatic effect. Cumin is a traditional and much used spice from Middle Ages because it was an icon of love and fidelity. Cumin is available in different appearances such as anise, fennel and black cumin and the difference between them is their characteristics. The proximate analysis of the cumin seeds reveals that they contain fixed oil, volatile oils, acids, essential oils, protein and other elements. In cumin, contains an important component such as pinene, cymene, terpinene, cuminaldehyde, oleoresin, thymol and others that have shown their uses according to the disease. Cumin has proved several benefits with the help of availability of nutrients. It is an important element of iron for energy, immunity systems, lactation and skin diseases. Cumin also shown various pharmacological effects but has some side effects. So, volatile plants generally come out as a complex mixture of less molecular weight lipophilic compounds that derived from different biosynthetic pathways and also contribute to a variety of physiological functions.

}, keywords = {Cumin, Cuminaldehyde, Cymene, Spice, Thymol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.51}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.51}, author = {Rudra Pratap Singh and Gangadharappa H.V. and Mruthunjaya K} } @article {327, title = {Identification and Characterization of Berberine in Tinospora cordifolia by Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC MS/MS Q-tof) and Evaluation of its anti Inflammatory Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {350-355}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {350}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook F and Thomas commonly called as gudduchi or amrita is a widely used plant in traditional medicinal system of Ayurveda. A UPLC MS/MS Q-tof method for the identification and characterization of berberine in Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. ex HooK.F. and Thomas. and to evaluate the anti inflammatory potential of bioactive fraction. Materials and Methods: The presence of berberine in Tinospora cordifolia was determined by HPLC and was subsequently isolated by HPTLC. The anti inflammatory property of the fraction containing berberine was demonstrated to have an inhibitory activity on 5 lipoxygenase, an enzyme involved in inflammatory pathway and its IC50 value was obtained. The binding interactions between berberine and 5-LOX were demonstrated by docking studies. Result: The presence of berberine in Tinospora cordifolia methanolic extract was identified by HPLC and HPTLC analysis and confirmed by UPLC MS/ MS Q-tof. The fraction containing berberine inhibited 5-LOX with an IC50 of 0.041\± 0.0003\μg/mL as compared to that of NDGA (positive control) which showed an IC50 of 2.75 \± 0.05 \μg/mL. Molecular docking of berberine with 5-LOX showed a binding energy of -8.942 \± 0.039665 kcal/mol and Ki of 273.16 \± 3.026 nM as compared to the NDGA which has a binding energy of -7.186 \± 0.170503 kcal/mol and Ki 5.604\± 1.618 \μM. Conclusion: Tinospora cordifolia can be used as a source of berberine and possible anti inflammatory activity of Tinospora cordifolia may be attributed to the presence of berberine.

}, keywords = {5 Lipoxygenase, Berberine, Mass spectrometry, Molecular Docking., Tinospora cordifolia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.59}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.59}, author = {Mohind C. Mohan and Anu P. Abhimannue and Prakash Kumar B} } @article {408, title = {Immunomodulatory Activity of Bioactive Fraction (PBC) from Phyllostachys bambusoides}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {786-791}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {786}, abstract = {

Background: The lack of vaccines and limitations of currently available strategies demand a need to develop safe and efficacious immunomodulators. Phyllostachys bambusoides is traditionally used for various autoimmune and infectious disorders, a property possibly attributable to presence of flavonoids like orientin and iso-orientin. Objective: the objective of this study was, to search a potent immunomodulator which elicit both Th1 and Th2 immune response. Methods: The animals were (Balb/c) treated with the bioactive fraction (PBC) from P. bambusoides (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) for 14 days with SRBC (Sheep Red Blood Cells) as an antigen. Haemagglutination antibody (HA) titre, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, phagocytic index, NO production, analysis of cytokines in serum and CD80/ CD86 population in spleen. Results: PBC significantly enhanced the expression of IgM and IgG titre and DTH response in a dose dependant manner after 24 and 48 h in BALB/c mice with a maximum response at 200 mg/Kg. Besides humoral and cell mediated immunity, it also enhanced phagocytic index, nitric oxide production, which further leads to protection against Candida albicans infection. It also, enhanced the expression of CD80 and CD86 in splenic cells. Conclusion: Taken together these in vitro and in vivo data, our results suggest that PBC acts as an effective immunostimulator which specially enhances macrophage function during infection. This further supports the role of PBC in immunopharmacologic applications.

}, keywords = {Cytokine., Ha Titre, Immunostimulation, Macrophages, Phyllostachys Bambusoides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.123}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/176}, author = {Sunil Kumar and Gaurav Sharma and Amit Kumar} } @article {360, title = {In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Alkaloids Isolated from Leaves of Eclipta alba Against Human Pathogenic Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {573-577}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {573}, abstract = {

The susceptibility of five human pathogenic bacterial species to an alkaloids isolated from the leaves of this plant was screened using the agar well diffusion and broth micro-dilution assay. The purity of isolated alkaloids was checked by TLC and qualitative phytochemical analysis and total alkaloids were quantified. In the present study, the inhibitory action of the alkaloid was found to increase with an increase in concentration against all bacterial strains. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed at the concentration of 500 \μg/ml against all the bacteria. In this study, the S. aureus and E. coli are the more susceptible than the other selected human pathogenic bacteria. Based on the observations, E. alba appears to be a valuable source for antimicrobial properties and helps to produce antimicrobial agents to treat human pathogenic infections. Context: Different parts of Eclipta alba crude extracts are used traditionally for the treatment of several diseases of liver, skin and stomach. Aims: To study the in vitro antimicrobial activity of alkaloids isolated from E. alba against human pathogenic bacteria. Settings and Design: The susceptibility of five human pathogenic bacterial species to an alkaloids isolated from the leaves of this plant was screened using the agar well diffusion and broth micro-dilution assay. Methods and Material: The purity of isolated alkaloids was checked by TLC and qualitative phytochemical analysis and total alkaloids were quantified. Agar-well diffusion and Broth micro-dilution methods were selected to assess the antimicrobial activity. Statistical analysis used: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine statistical significance. Results: In the present study, the inhibitory action of the alkaloid was found to increase with an increase in concentration against all bacterial strains. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed at the concentration of 500 \μg/ml against all the bacteria. In this study, the S. aureus and E. coli are the more susceptible than the other selected human pathogenic bacteria. Conclusion: Based on the observations, E. alba appears to be a valuable source for antimicrobial properties and helps to produce antimicrobial agents to treat human pathogenic infections.

}, keywords = {Agarwell diffusion, Alkaloid, Antimicrobial activity, Broth micro-dilution assay., Eclipta alba, Human pathogenic bacteria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.91}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.91}, author = {Swapna Gurrapu and Estari Mamidala} } @article {457, title = {In vitro Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity of Bridelia scandens (Roxb.)Willd}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s117-s121}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s117}, abstract = {

Natural products are emerging out as potent and alternative therapies for many diseases. Today herbs have become the part of mankind, because of its manifold ways in targeting diseased cells with minimal effects on normal cells and tissues. The present research investigated the in vitro antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective of B.scandens leaf. Preliminary phytochemical analysis exhibited the presence of most of the constituent in ethanol extract (BSE). Antioxidant capacity of various extracts of B.scandens was examined. DPPH assay revealed that ethanol extract has a good antioxidant with IC50 value of 31.68\μg/ml, whereas standard ascorbic acid with 8.78 \μg/ml. BSE revealed dose dependent response with increase in concentration for reducing power assay. ORAC assay directly measured the scavenging capacity and BSE (2485 trolox eq/gm) was found to be potent than other extracts. In vitro hepatoprotective activity was performed for BSE using MTT assay in BRL 3A cell line, which revealed nontoxic dose with CTC50 value more than 1000 \μg/ml. At the dose 200 \μg/ml, BSE and standard silymarin offered cell protection of 57\% and 76 \% respectively. Present study concludes that B.scandens leaf extract possess antioxidant potential and protect the liver cells against CCl4 damage. However in vivo studies are being carried out to validate the traditional usage of Bridelia scandens.

}, keywords = {Bridelia scandens, BRL3A, Hepatoprotective, MTT, ORAC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.167}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/392}, author = {Preetham Jinadatta and Kiran Sundera Raja Rao and Sharath Rajshekarappa and Sujan Ganapathy Pasura Subbaiah and Mruthunjaya Kenganora} } @article {426, title = {In vitro \& ex vivo Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity of Morinda citrifolia Linn (Noni) Fruit Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {900-905}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {900}, abstract = {

Background: Psychological problem is a key medical issue for numerous neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, for example, schizophrenia, Alzheimer\’s, dementia, seizure and Parkinsonism. Morinda citrifolia (Noni) has been utilized for a considerable length of time to cure or counteract assortment of diseases by conventional therapeutic professionals in Hawaii and Polynesia. Objective: The present study is focused to identify the neuroprotective activity of Morinda citrifolia fruit extract (MCFE) on in vitro and ex vivo animal model by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme target used for the treatment of Alzheimer\’s disease. Methods: Acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay was performed by in vitro \& ex vivo methods as described by Ellman et al. In vitro antioxidant assay of the extract was performed by DPPH free radical scavenging activity \& nitric oxide scavenging activity. Statistical analysis used: Statistical analysis was carried out using non linear regression analysis for plotting the line of best fit for the observed values using Graph- Pad Prism software. Results: By performing in vitro antioxidant assay the IC50 value of the standard quercetin was found to be 46.22 \μg/ml as compared to the MCFE which has an IC50 value of 43.14 \μg/ml for DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Similarly the IC50 value of the standard ascorbic acid was found to be 81.85 \μg/ml as compared to the MCFE which has an IC50 value of 148.0 \μg/ml for nitric oxide scavenging activity. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay was performed by in vitro method and the IC50 value of MCFE and neostigmine was found to be 31.84 \μg/ml \& 19.71 \μg/ml respectively. Conclusions: The present study investigated the neuroprotective activity of MCFE and it was identified by both in vitro and ex vivo techniques that the phytoconstituents has the ability to improve the learning and memory function by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, ex vivo., in vitro, Morinda citrifolia, Neuroprotective activity, Noni}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.141}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/194}, author = {Srikanth Jeyabalan and Kavimani Subramanian and Uma Maheswara Reddy Cheekala and Chitra Krishnan} } @article {234, title = {In vitro Studies on Basella rubra Different Extracts as Inhibitors of Key Enzymes Linked to Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2016}, pages = {107-111}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {107}, abstract = {

Enzyme, inhibiting carbohydrate metabolism and thereby decreasing glucose level is a class of drugs helpful in the management of type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Naturally existing \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase inhibitors from medicinally significant plants are shown to be effective in the management of postprandial hyperglycemia. In this investigation, leaf extract (BRLE), stem extract (BRSE), fruit extract (BRFRE) and flower extract (BRFLE) of Basella rubra were subjected to evaluate their antioxidant potential and their possible inhibitory effects on \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase. BRLE, BRSE, BRFRE, BRFLE (at concentration 100\μg/ml) exhibited 65.78, 56.84, 63.1, 61.03\% of \α-amylase inhibitory activity respectively with IC50 values of 71.66, 89.69, 73.68, 80.37 \μg/ml respectively. In the same way BRLE, BRSE, BRFRE, BRFLE (at concentration 100 \μg/ml) exhibited 97.63, 92.79, 82.17, 92.71 \% of \α-glucosidase inhibition with an IC50 value of 26.97, 28.53, 41.30, 38.80 \μg/ml respectively. Among the samples, the leaf extract of B. rubra registered higher content of total phenolics and flavonoids and also higher antioxidant activity in DPPH, nitric oxide and NBT radical scavenging assays. Though all the parts had shown potent inhibitory effects on \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase, the highest inhibitory potency was observed in the leaf extract of Basella rubra\ (p\<0.001).

}, keywords = {Basella rubra, Diabetes mellitus, Postprandial hyperglycemia, α-Amylase inhibitory activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.18}, author = {B. Samuel Thavamani and Vanitha Subburaj} } @article {420, title = {In vitro Study of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory of Gambir (Uncaria gambir) Hunter Roxb Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {862-865}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {862}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hyperuricemia was a metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of uric acid due to the action of the enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO). Some natural substances with antioxidant activity proved capable of inhibiting the activity of the enzyme XO. Pharmacological benefit of polyphenol compounds had been proved. Gambir (Uncaria gambir) Hunter Roxb, a native plant, had been proved antioxidant activity, so that it had potential to be developed as an inhibitor of the XO. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of Gambir as XO inhibitor. Methods: These extracts of Gambir were preparation from Gambir and Gambir leaf using ethanol 50\% and ethanol 96\%, respectively. The polyphenol content and Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity was evaluated by spectrophotometry, meanwhile analysis of (+)catechin was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: Screening XO inhibitory activity in vitro showed that ethanolic 96\% extract of Gambir leaf showed the highest activity, i.e. 50\% relative to standard allopurinol at the final concentration of 100 ppm. Conclusion: There was no positive correlation between XO inhibitory activity and polyphenol or (+)catechin content.

}, keywords = {(+) Catechin., Gambir (Uncaria gambir) Hunter Roxb, Inhibitory, Polyphenol, Xanthine Oxidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.135}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/188}, author = {Eriawan Rismana and Sri Ningsih and Fachry Fachrudin} } @article {379, title = {Indonesian Mirabilis jalapa Linn. : A Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Investigations}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {683-688}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {683}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mirabilis jalapa Linn. is an important medicinal plant and used extensively by the people from different countries for the treatment of several disorders. The plant was the raw material for the herb-drug product, so some parameters identified were needed to ensure the safety, quality and efficacy of the product. Objective: The aim of this study was to undertake pharmacognostical studies to fulfill the work required for the identification the M. jalapa plant, which is collected from the Bogor area, Indonesia. Methods: Macroscopic and microscopic evaluation, fluorescence standards, phytochemical screening and physicochemical parameters were carried out on the above plant. Results: The parameters values of total ash, water soluble and acid insoluble ash were obtained 11.81, 5.06 and 0.41\%, respectively. Moisture content, alcohol, water and ether soluble extractive were found to be 12.41, 11.02, 18.63 and 7.17\% respectively. The results of preliminary phytochemical analysis of aqueous ethanolic extract of this drug were positive for alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroid, triterpenoids, saponin, phenols, glycosides and carbohydrate. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of alcoholic, chloroform and aqueous extracts showed 9, 7 and 4 spots respectively. Conclusion: The present study on botanical pharmacognosy and TLC profile of this plant above thus provides useful information for correct identification and quality control parameters for the crude drugs, and also will be useful in making monograph of the plant.

}, keywords = {Chromatography Profile, Flourescence Character, Microscopic, Nyctaginaceae, Physicochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.108}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.108/index.html}, author = {Endang Hanani and Rini Prastiwi and Lina Karlina} } @article {405, title = {Influence of Extraction Parameters on the Yield, Phytochemical, TLC-Densitometric Quantification of Quercetin, and LC-MS Profile, and how to Standardize Different Batches for Long Term from Ageratum conyoides L. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {767-774}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {767}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ageratum conyzoides Linn is one of the Indonesian herbs are used as folk medicine. There are many studies to the therapeutic activity. However, the study of the influence in extraction parameters and how to standardize different batches of plant is still limited. Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the influence of extraction parameters on the variables matter, yield, phytochemical profile, and total quercetin from A. conyzoides L. leaves extract. The study also evaluates Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS) and TLC fingerprint profiles of the extract to determine the proper quality of plant material of A. conyzoides L. leaves. Methods: Different temperatures (from 0\°C to 60\°C), solvent types (water and 70\% ethanol (\%v/v), and extraction time (192 h VS 2 h) were used to investigate the influence of extraction parameters. The profiles of extract were performed by TLC and LC-MS method. Results: The extract yield was influenced by temperature, solvent types, and time extraction. Our results suggest that the digestion technique at 60\°C with 70\% ethanol for 2h was recommended for the extraction method to obtained high yield and quercetin content as bioactive compound in A. conyzoides L. leaves extract. The range of quercetin content (40\–52 ppm) combined with TLC and LC-MS profile can be used to determine the proper quality of plant material. Conclusion: All parameter of extraction have an affect on the yield extract and total quercetin on the final extract. Thus, there is a need an optimized method to obtain the suitable method.

}, keywords = {Ageratum conyzoides, Lc-Ms, Quercetin, Standardization., Tlc-Densitometric}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.121}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/174}, author = {Anita Paulina Tambunan and Anton Bahtiar and Raymond Rubianto Tjandrawinata} } @article {261, title = {Inhibition Activity of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) and Determination of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Compound from Bitter Melon Leaves (Momordica charantia L.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {252-256}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {252}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hypertension is a leading problem in Indonesia, because of the high prevalence and the long term effect. Bitter melon leaves (Momordica charantia L.) has been traditionally utilized to treat hypertension, yet not many studies explained the antihypertension effect of this plant. Methods: This study was conducted to test the benefit of bitter melon leaves as antihypertension using angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition activity in 80\% ethanolic extract and its fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol) using ACE kit-WST (Dojindo, Japan). Then the antihypertension activity was associated with the phenolic content which was expressed in gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and total flavonoid in quercetin equivalent (QE). Results: Result of the study showed that the IC50 value obtained from the ethanolic extract to inhibit ACE activity was 7.52 \μg/mL and the highest inhibition obtained in ethyl acetate fraction with IC50 value was 4,29 \μg/mL. Phenolic total and flavonoid total determination also showed that the highest content obtained in ethyl acetate fraction with 18.752 mg GAE/gr extract and 8.310 mg QE/gr extract, respectively. Conclusion: According to the study, it could be concluded that bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) leaves provide inhibition activity against Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) and chemical compounds that were expected to play an active role in inhibiting ACE were flavonoid and tannin.

}, keywords = {Angiotensin converting enzyme, antihypertension, Momordica charantia L., total flavonoid., total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.43}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/310}, author = {Putri Lestari and Katrin and Rissyelly and Putu Gita Maya Widyaswari Mahayasih} } @article {243, title = {Inhibition Kinetics of Acetylcholinesterase and Phosphatases by the Active Constituents of Terminalia arjuna and Tamarindus indica in the Cerebral Ganglion of Lymnaea acuminata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {148-156}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {148}, abstract = {

Introduction: Paper demonstrates effect of the active molluscicidal components arjunolic acid (Terminalia arjuna bark) and procynadine (Tamarindus indica seed) on the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and phosphatases (ACP/ALP) in the cerebral ganglion of snail Lymnaea acuminata. Materials and Methods: Kinetics of AChE/ACP/ ALP inhibition in the cerebral ganglion of snail Lymnaea acuminata was studied via in vivo (40\% and 80\% of 96 h LC50) and in vitro treatments (0.3 g to 7.0 g) of the column purified fractions, arjunolic acid and procynadine. Results: In vivo exposure of procynadine and arjunolic acid significantly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in the cerebral ganglion of L. acuminata exposed to 80\% of 96h LC50. In in vitro treatment maximum inhibition in AChE/ACP/ALP activities in the cerebral ganglion of snail were noted when exposed to 7.0 g of arjunolic acid and 0.9 g of procynadine. Column purified fraction of T. arjuna bark and T. indica seed caused non-competitive and uncompetitive inhibition of AChE activity, respectively. Column purified fraction and arjunolic acid of T. arjuna bark caused uncompetitive inhibition of ACP while column purified fraction and procynadine of T. indica seed caused competitive inhibition. Competitivenon- competitive inhibition of ALP activity in the cerebral ganglion of L. acuminata was observed after treatment of column purified active components of both plants. Conclusions: The molluscicidal activity of T. arjuna bark (arjunolic acid) and T. indica seed (procynadine) against snail L. acuminata is due to the inhibition of AChE/ACP/ ALP. Their inhibition kinetics against AChE/ACP/ALP, were different in cerebral ganglion of snail.

}, keywords = {Arjunolic acid, Enzymes, Lymnaea acuminata, Procynadine, Tamarindus indica, Terminalia arjuna}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.25}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/292}, author = {Neelam Soni and Dinesh Kumar Singh and Vinay Kumar Singh} } @article {264, title = {Inhibition of Alpha-Glucosidase and Antioxidant Test of Stem Bark Extracts of Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {273-275}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {273}, abstract = {

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the global health emergencies that characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). Type 2 DM is the most common type in diabetic populations. Inhibition of alphaglucosidase can ameliorate postprandial hyperglycemia that occurs in patients with type 2 DM. Adding antioxidants to the therapy of DM is intended to reduce complications caused by oxidative stress. Some species of Garcinia have been proven to inhibit alpha-glucosidase and have antioxidant activity, but there is no research on Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb. Therefore, the aims of this research were to determine the activity of Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb. stem bark in inhibiting alpha-glucosidase and as an antioxidant. Methods: In this research, the Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb. stem bark was dried, grinded, and extracted by multistage maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase test has been done in vitro on concentrated extracts and measured by microplate reader at 400 nm. The antioxidant test has been done using DPPH scavenging method and was measured by microplate reader at 519 nm. Results: Ethyl acetate extract is the most active extract for both test. IC50 values for inhibition of alpha-glucosidase test are 20.18 \μg/mL that is more active than standard (acarbose) which has IC50 value 141.55 \μg/mL. Meanwhile, IC50 value from an antioxidant test is 8.93 \μg/mL that is not more active than standard (quercetin) which has IC50 value 2.51 \μg/mL. Conclusion: Phytochemical screening shows that the ethyl acetate extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and tannins.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase, Antioxidant, DPPH, Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb. Stem bark, Phytochemical screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.46}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/313}, author = {Nusaibah Zahratunnisa and Berna Elya and Arikadia Noviani} } @article {343, title = {Inhibition of Caco-2 and HeLa proliferation by Terminalia carpentariae C. T. White and Terminalia grandiflora Benth. extracts: Identification of triterpenoid components}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {441-451}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {441}, abstract = {

Background: Terminalia spp. are characterised by their high antioxidant capacities and many have anticancer activity. This study examines the anti-proliferative activity of T. carpentariae leaf and T. grandiflora leaf, fruit and nut extracts against Caco-2 and HeLa carcinoma proliferation. Materials and Methods: Powdered T. carpentariae leaf and T. grandiflora leaf, fruit and nut were extracted and tested for anti-proliferative activity against Caco-2 and HeLa cancer cell lines using colorimetric cell proliferation assays. Toxicity was evaluated using an Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. The extract with the most potent anti-proliferative activity was examined using GCMS analysis and triterpenoid compounds were identified by comparison with a compound database. Results: T. carpentariae leaf and T. grandiflora leaf, fruit and nut extracts displayed potent anti-proliferative activity against Caco-2 and HeLa carcinoma cells. The methanolic T. grandiflora leaf extract was particularly effective at blocking the proliferation of the colorectal carcinoma Caco-2 (IC50 = 372 \μg/mL). The methanol T. carpentariae and T. grandiflora leaf extracts were similarly potent inhibitors of HeLa cervical cancer cell proliferation with IC50 values of 864 and 833 \μg/mL respectively. The methanolic T. grandiflora fruit and nut extracts, as well as all aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts, were moderate to good inhibitors of carcinoma proliferation. In contrast, chloroform and hexane extracts were generally devoid of anti-proliferative activity. The methanolic T. grandiflora extracts displayed low toxicity in the Artemia nauplii bioassay. All other extracts were non-toxic. GC-MS analysis of the methanolic T. grandiflora leaf extract identified 3 lanostane and 2 pentacyclic triterpenoids. Conclusion: The low toxicity and anti-proliferative activity observed with the T. carpentariae and T. grandiflora extracts against Caco-2 and HeLa indicate their potential for the prevention and treatment of some cancers.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Australian plants, Caco-2, Chemotherapy, Combretaceae, HeLa, Native almond, Wild peach}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.74}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.74}, author = {Reece Courtney and J. Sirdaarta and A. White and I. E. Cock} } @article {249, title = {Investigation of cytotoxicity induced by Nigella sativa and Azadirachta indica using MDA-MB-231, HCT 116 and SHSY5Y cell lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {192-195}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {192}, abstract = {

Background: Indian herbal plants are widely used as medicine in the ancient ayurvedic and culinary purposes. Nigella sativa that also called as in black cumin is a flowering plant in the family ranunculiceae that is native to Southeast Asia. More recently Nigella sativa is also been used as anti cancer drug and protective agent against gamma radiation induced adverse effects in cell lines. Azadirachta indica commonly called as neem, is a tree belonging to mahogany family meliaceae. Azadirachta indica is also a traditional medicinal plant that used from a very long time in Indian ayurvedic and it is also been reported to have many beneficial effects including but not limited to anti-cancer and anti-diabetic effects. Objective: Find the IC50 values of Nigella sativa and Azadirachta indica ethanolic extracts in MDA-MB-231, HCT 116 and SHSY5Y cell lines. Methods: In this study we selected two cancerous cell lines (MDA-MB-231, HCT 116) and one neuronal cell line (SHSY5Y) and studied the effect of the two plant extracts namely Nigella sativa and Azadirachta indica on the cell metabolic activity. Results: This study revealed that cancerous cell lines are more prone to the plant extracts than the neuronal cell lines. These results suggest positive clues on how such medicinal plant extracts act against cancerous cells alone while affecting the normal cells to a limited extent. However, further studies are required to find if this effect is due to cytotoxicity, cytostaticity, or anti-adhesive property.

}, keywords = {Ayurvedic medicine, Cancer cells, Herbal plants, Neuronal cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.31}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/298}, author = {Sayani Banerjee and Shefali Pandey and Purbasha Mukherjee and Afia Sayeed and Apoorva Vasant Pandurangi and Shinomol George and Sahabudeen Sheik Mohideen} } @article {233, title = {In-vivo Hepatoprotective Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Sphaeranthus amaranthoides and Oldenlandia umbellate}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2016}, pages = {98-101}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {98}, abstract = {
Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro hepatoprotective activity of unexploited plants, Sphaeranthus amaranthoides and Oldenlandia umbellate\ on CCl4 induced liver injury, which are indigenous to South India. Methods: in the present study the methanolic extracts from Sphaeranthus amaranthoides and Oldenlandia umbellata were studied against the carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. Results: significant hepatoprotective effect was obtained against carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage as judged from serum marker enzyme activities (SGOT, SGPT, ALT, and TB) and a normal architecture of liver compare to toxic control. Conclusion: the result revealed that methanolic extracts of Sphaeranthus amaranthoides and Oldenlandia umbellata could be useful in preventing CCl4 induced liver injury.
}, keywords = {ALP, CCl4, Hepatoprotective activity, Oldenlandia umbellata, SGOT, SGPT, Sphaeranthus amaranthoides, TB.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.16}, author = {Somnath De and Ramalingam Suresh and Akula Murali Sri Sudhakar Babu and Siddabathuni Aneela} } @article {445, title = {Isolation and Identification of Compounds from the Leaf Extract of Melaleuca alternifolia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s52-s55}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s52}, abstract = {

Introduction: Melaleuca alternifolia also known as Tea tree oil belonging to family Myrtaceae. This plant has diverse and therapeutic uses in traditional herbal medicine for treating Skin care, First Aid, Household Cleaning, Hair care, Aromatherapy, Feminine care, Chronic illness, and Dental care in Australia.\ Method: The methanolic extract of Melaleuca alternifolia family Myrtaceae was subjected for Soxhlet extraction in round bottomed flask with petroleum ether. The petroleum ether extracted leaf powder was dried and once again subjected to Soxhlet extraction successively with different solvents viz, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. Result: The IR spectra showed characteristic absorption bands at 3421 cm-1 indicating the presence of a OH group, at 1691cm-1 for C=O group, 2848 cm-1. The 1HNMR spectra showed a triplet signal at \δ 10.44, 9.48, 13.21 showing the presence of OH group and Carboxylic acid. The 13C NMR spectra showed signals at \δ 16.28 for a methyl carbon, \δ 29.89 for a methylene carbon, The ESI-negative mode mass spectrum showed pseudo molecular ions at m/z 515 for [M+] ion. Conclusion: Based on spectral analysis and comparison of the spectral data with literature values, the compounds were identified as 3,3\’dimethylellagic acid and its aglycone portion with some little impurity.

}, keywords = {3, 3{\textquoteright}dimethylellagic acid, Aromatherapy, Chloroform, Melaleuca alternifolia, Methalonic, Myrtaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.157}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/381}, author = {Gagan Shah and Dhandeep Singh and Uttam Singh Baghel} } @article {443, title = {Isolation, Purification of Quercetin from in vitro Cell Suspension Culture of Caesalpinia pulcherrima and its Analysis by HPLC-DAD and NMR}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s44-s51}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s44}, abstract = {

Background: Caesalpinia pulcherrima, belongs to Caesapiniaceae, is a known medicinal plant widely distributed in India and is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments. Many phytochemicals are reported from the plant as potential source of crude drug. Materials and Methods: An efficient and simple reproducible protocol was developed for callus production using leaf explants of C. pulcherrima. The combination of 2, 4-D, kin and BA, was used for the callus induction. Subsequently, cell suspension culture and quercetin synthesis from in vitro callus was attempted. Role of effect of elicitors (Sucrose, ABA and salicylic acid) in cell suspension culture was carried in MS medium containing 2,4-D + BA + kinetin. Flavonoids was purified, fractionated by HPLC-DAD and NMR. Results: 2, 4-D (2.5 mg/L), BA (2.5 mg/L) + kin (1 mg/mL) was effective for maximum callus induction from leaf explants. Significant cell suspension culture was noticed with liquid MS medium containing 2,4-D (2 mg/L)+ BA (1mg/L)+ kinetin (1.5 mg/L). Sucrose, ABA and salicylic acid (SA) at different concentrations influenced cell biomass and quercetin accumulation. The addition of ABA/SA along with sucrose was found to have no remarkable effect on cell biomass and also quercetin synthesis. However, cells cultured in the medium fortified with 45 g/L sucrose without ABA/ SA showed the highest quercetin content (16.5 mg/g). Flavonoids was purified, fractionated by HPLC-DAD and NMR revealed the presence of 9 components such as quercetin, isoquercetin, quercetrin, rutin, quercetin 3-O-\β-D-xyloside, quercetin 3-Oarabinopyranoside, quercetin 3-O- \α-arabinopyranosyl (1\→2) \β-galactopyranoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside and an unknown compound. Conclusion: C. pulcherima reveals significant synthesis of quercetin. Quercetin content recorded in cell suspension culture was significantly higher compared with in vivo plants grown in fields and the compounds were identified by NMR.

}, keywords = {Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Callus, Cell suspension culture, Elicitors; growth hormones, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.156}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/380}, author = {Aswathy Jayasree Madanakumar and Greeshma Murukan and Bosco Lawarence and Murugan Kumaraswamy} } @article {438, title = {Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.: Fr.) Murr. as Food as Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s1-s15}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {s1}, abstract = {

Laetiporus sulphureus is a sulphur yellow coloured polyporous mushroom and popularly known as \“chicken of the woods\”. Over the generations, this cosmopolitan macrofungus has become an integral part of tribal cuisines particularly for its taste. Besides, it has equal importance in folk medicine being widely used for treatment of pyretic diseases, coughs, gastric cancer and rheumatism. Thus, the species is considered as a natural reservoir of both nourishment as well as drug therapy and consequently it has become increasingly popular in scientific world. Nutritional sciences recently have witnessed it as a sustainable food supply to growing population due to enrichment of carbohydrate (trehalose\> mannitol\> fructose), protein (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine), minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper), vitamins (B, D, E), polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid) and fibre. Conversely, the mushroom has also been regarded as an abundant source of chemical compounds including phenolics, triterpenes, polysaccharides with wide range of biological activities such as antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antitumor and immunomodulation effects. Therefore, a complete summary of the research progress on this fungus is necessary for further studies and commercial exploitation. In this context, the present review attempts to congregate current knowledge on nutritional value, myco-chemistry and therapeutic potential of this culturally important species. However, investigation on bioavailability, quality control, toxicology data and clinical assessment are highly recommended for future research.

}, keywords = {Bioactive components, Commercial Importance, Ethnic Relevance, Nutritious Food, Pharmacological Effects, {\textquotedblleft}Chicken of the Woods{\textquotedblright}}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.151}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/374}, author = {Somanjana Khatua and Sandipta Ghosh and Krishnendu Acharya} } @article {246, title = {Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitory Activity In vitro of Mezzetia parviflora Becc. Wood Bark Polar extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {171-175}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {171}, abstract = {

Introduction: The wood bark of Mezzetia parviflora Becc, has long served as one of the most important traditional herbal medicine sources in Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. M. parviflora extracts were rich in polyphenols. This study was aimed to explore the lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity of polar extract of M. parviflora. Methods: The polar extract is the result of ethanol extract partition solved in acetone. The extract will keep polar components which are insoluble in acetone. Assayed methods applied are \ß-carotene bleaching inhibition, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) measurement, and continuous monitoring of conjugated dienes formation in LDL. Results: M. parviflora extract inhibit \ß-carotene/ linoleic acid oxidation, showed by IC50 value of 15.83 g/ml in 30th minute; but the potency will be reduced to IC50 value of 111.19 g/ml and 225.07 g/ml after the 60th and 120th minute of incubation. M. parviflora extract inhibit MDA formation as for linoleic acid peroxidation product until the third day; at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 g/ml inhibit MDA formation as many as 29.16 \± 2.41\%, 4.24\% \± 43.27, 54.08 \± 2.87\%, 59.88 \± 1.90\%, and 69.75 \± 2.32\%, respectively. M. parviflora extract at 50 g/ml can inhibit LDL-oxidation induced by CuSO4, performed by LDL-oxidation lag-time elongation until 70 minutes, similar ability was performed by epigallocathecin gallate at 5 g/ml. Conclusions: M. parviflora extract expressed relatively strong protection against lipid and LDL oxidation which can serve as the scientific basis of its development as a remedy for various diseases caused by lipid peroxidation.

}, keywords = {Conjugated diene, Low-density lipoprotein, Malondilaldehyde, Mezzetia parviflora Becc, Polyphenol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.28}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/295}, author = {Mufidah Murdifin and Ermina Pakki and Gemini Alam and Marianti A. Manggau and Lukman Muslimin and M. Rusdi and Elly Wahyudin} } @article {224, title = {Micro-morphoanatomical approach for comparative analysis of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers and its adulterant plant using SEM and Cryostat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {39-45}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Background: Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, belongs to Menispermaceae, commonly known as \“Guduchi\”or \“Amrita\” and has immense importance in Ayurvedic medicine. Several studies have been carried out on pharmacology, pharmaceutical, anticancer activity and clinical trials of T. cordifolia, however not much information is available on the adulterants that are added with the genuine plant. Considerable work has been done on pharmacognosy but very few studies have been performed on the anatomy of T. cordifolia. Objectives: Comparative micro-morphoanatomical analysis of T. cordifolia and P. daemia, is important for quality control of fresh and dried samples of the root, stem and leaves. Material and Methods: The plant materials of T. cordifolia and P. daemia were collected, and identified. Fixed sample subjected to cryostat microtomy and sections were observed under light microscope. Micromorphology were studied by light as well as scanning electron microscope. Results: Anatomical studies are cheap and important tool for identification of the correct medicinal plant. Adulterant plant does not contain active principles like Berberine and Tinosporin nor have similar morpho-anatomical characters. Because of the similar appearance and resemblance of dried adulterant plant samples, medicinally important T. cordifolia often get adulterated with other plants. SEM study revealed morpho-anatomical differences like the abundance of starch in cortical and ray parenchyma, different types of trichomes, etc. Cryostat techniques were used for sectioning and showed the presence of xylem plates with wide multicelluar rays. Conclusion: Morphological and anatomical differences were observed in T. cordifolia and P. daemia. The given results showed significant differences therefore this study aims to help in accurate identification and avoid adulteration of a medicinally important plant.

}, keywords = {Berberine, Morpho-anatomy, Pergularia daemia, SEM study., Tinospora cordifolia, Tinosporin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.8}, author = {Vidya Shivram Patil and Nutan Padmnabh Malpathak} } @article {220, title = {Microscopic and Physicochemical Evaluation of Leaves of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {21-26}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {21}, abstract = {

Objective: To study the pharmacognostic characters of a medicinally important crude drug, Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. Methods: Various pharmacognostic parameters involved in organoleptic, microscopic, physicochemical, phytochemical and fluorescence evaluation were carried out. Results: The macroscopy study showed that the leaves was observed as sessile, obovate-oblong apex, tapered base, dentate margin, simple, serrate lamina, surface glabrous. The leaf microscopy showed the presence of diacytic stomata, unicellular covering trichomes, arc shaped vascular bundle which contain lignified xylem and non lignified phloem, cortical parenchyma and a thin strip of collenchyma, micro rosette calcium oxalate crystals. The powder characteristics of leaf showed the presence of lignified fibers, medullary rays, bordered pitted xylem vessels, calcium oxalate crystals, stomata, epidermal cells and covering trichomes. Physicochemical parameters like total ash value was 9.21\%, water soluble ash 1.56\%, acid insoluble ash 1.35\%, swelling index 4 mL, loss on drying 1.09\% and foreign matter was 0.20\%w/w respectively where as stomatal indexes of upper and lower surfaces were 33.2 and 23, respectively. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids, volatile oil, fats and oils, tannins and phenolic compounds. Conclusion: The present study provides the scientific data for the proper authentification and establishment of quality control standards for the therapeutic use of Sphaeranthus indicus.

}, keywords = {Histochemical evaluation, Organoleptic evaluation, Phytochemcial screening, Sphaeranthus indiucs.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.4}, author = {Sonia Singh and Bhupesh Chander Semwal and Gurulingappa S Neeli} } @article {329, title = {Microscopic Characterization of Croton cordiifolius Baill. (Euphorbiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {361-366}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {361}, abstract = {

Background: Croton cordiifolius Baill. is popularly known as \“quebra-faca\” in the Brazilian Northeast and is used to treat general inflammation, pain, and gastrointestinal disturbances. Objective: This paper aims to study the anatomical characteristics of C. cordiifolius. Materials and Methods: Cross-sections and paradermic sections of root, stem, petiole and leaf blade were obtained by hand and submitted to double staining with astra blue and safranin process for the anatomical study. Maceration was performed according to the method of Jeffrey. Results: The secondary root has peridermis, parenchymatic cortex, collateral vascular system surrounded by sclerenchyma. The secondary stem has peridermis, cortical region with lignified cells, isolated groups of fibers, laticifers, prismatic crystals, druses and starch. The vascular system of the stem is bicollateral. The petiole and the leaf blade have stellate, simple and glandular trichomes. The leaf blade is hypostomatic, with paracytic stomata. The mesophyll is isobilateral and the midrib shows a concave-convex contour. Laticifers occur in stem, petiole and leaf blade. Prismatic crystals and druses are found in all organs analysed. Through the maceration it was possible to identify the type of vessel elements. Conclusion: The anatomical features are useful for differentiation of other species of Croton and provide support to their quality control.

}, keywords = {Croton cordiifolius, Euphorbiaceae, Pharmacobotany, Plant anatomy, Quebra-faca}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.61}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.61}, author = {Iasmine Andreza Basilio dos Santos Alves and Rafaela Damasceno S{\'a} and Mar{\'\i}lia Barbosa Cadena and Rafael Matos Ximenes and Karina Perrelli Randau} } @article {375, title = {Microscopical Evaluation, Phytochemical Analysis and HPTLC Fingerprinting of Tuber of Actinoscirpus grossus (L.f.) Goetgh. \& D.A.Simpson}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {657-662}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {657}, abstract = {

Actinoscirpus grossus (L.f.) Goetgh. \& D.A.Simpson (Cyperaceae), is a Perennial with long stolons and rhizomes ending in small tubers. It is popularly known as Kasheruk in Sanskrit. The plant is traditionally used as anti-diarrheal, anti-emetic, and tonic to the liver. In order to do the detail standardization of plant macro-microscopical observation, phytochemical analysis and HPTLC Finger printing of tuber was performed according to pharmacopoeia procedure. Microscopic analysis has showed thick-walled polygonal epidermal cells of young root stalk in surface view, elongated phloem parenchyma filled with starch grains, spiral to annular vessel fragments and simple starch grains scattered all over the powder. Phytochemical analysis showed presence of carbohydrate, coumarins, flavanoids, steroid, tannin, and terpenoid. Ethanol extract of plant were fingerprinted in toluene: ethyl acetate (7:3). The developed plates were visualized in UV 254, 366, and then derivatised with vanillin sulphuric acid and scanned under UV 254 and 366 nm. These specific identities will be useful in identification and authentication of the raw drug.

}, keywords = {Ethanol Extract, HPTLC, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical analysis, Quality control, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.104}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.104/index.html}, author = {Savin Chanthala Ganapathi and Rajendra Holla and Shivaraja Shankara and Sunil Kumar Koppala Narayana and Ravi Mundugaru} } @article {442, title = {Molecular Docking, ADMET Analysis and Dynamics Approach to Potent Natural Inhibitors against Sex Hormone Binding Globulin in Male Infertility}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s35-s43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s35}, abstract = {

Objectives: The Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) plays an important role in male infertility. Methods: The present research computationally emphases to SHBG protein with 47 natural phytocompounds using docking studies. Results: From the results showed the interactions between 1KDM protein with 47 phytocompounds, a natural compound chlorogenic acid showed the best glide docking XP score -7.255 kcal/mol and the binding energy value of -47.869 kcal/ mol. Based on the result, the chlorogenic acid and target were run on MD simulations stable at 10 ns. Conclusion: Finally, this study concludes the chlorogenic acid is a suitable drug candidate for infertility.

}, keywords = {ADMET property, Male infertility, MD simulations, Molecular docking, Phytocompounds, SHBG}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.155}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/379}, author = {Morvin Yabesh Jobu Esther and Vijayakumar Subramaniyan and Arulmozhi Praveen Kumar and Mahadevan Subramanian and Manogar Palani} } @article {352, title = {Morphological and Anatomical Study of the leaves of Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae), growing in the Introduction of the Northern Caucasus region (Russia)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {519-522}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {519}, abstract = {

In this article results of morphological and anatomical research Laurus nobilis L. are resulted. These plants are growing in the conditions of culture in the Botanical garden of Pyatigorsk medical and pharmaceutical institute (Northern Caucasus region). Introduction: Laurus nobilis L. is grown up as a decorative species in Europe, RUSSIA, the USA and other countries. Chemical composition of the leaves is characterized by essential oil components, sesquiterpene lactones, phenolic and other compounds. Material And Methods: Micro morphological research of vegetative bodies was carried out with the help of a well-known technique. We carry out morphological and anatomical research of a leaf blade and a petiole of a leaf of a plant, which is grown up in a Botanical garden in the Pyatigorsk medical and pharmaceutical institute. Results: The diagnostic characteristics of a leaf blade necessary for an establishment of authenticity of raw materials are revealed. The leaf is hypostomal, dorsoventral, stomatal apparatus of paracytic type. The idioblasts with the essential oil are obtained between mesophyll cells. Idioblasts thin-walled, large enough. In the field of the main vein under an epidermis the collenchyma of lamellar type in 4-7 layers settles down. The leaf petiole on cross-section section has the saddle-like form, without a ledge on the abaxial side of leaf. Under an epidermis the parenchyma settles down, is presented by live cells of the roundish or oval form. Between parenchyma cells it is possible to observe numerous cells-idioblasts with contents of yellow colour. Conclusions: As diagnostic signs of leaf (a leaf blade and a petiole) it is possible to consider numerous cells - idioblasts with an essential oil, the leaf is hypostomatical, dorsoventral, stomatal apparatus of paracytic type. The idioblasts with the essential oil are obtained between mesophyll cells.

}, keywords = {Anatomical Structure of Leaf, Essential Oil., Laurus Nobilis, Morphological and Anatomical Study}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.83}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.83}, author = {Fatima Kazbekovna Serebrynaya and Naida Mahmudovna Nasuhova and Dmitryi Alexeevich Konovalov} } @article {400, title = {Mosquito Larvicidal and Pupicidal Activity of Tephrosia purpurea Linn. (Family: Fabaceae) and Bacillus sphaericus against, Dengue Vector, Aedes aegypti}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {737-742}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {737}, abstract = {

Objective: The bio-efficacy of Tephrosia purpurea leaf extract and bacterial insecticide, Bacillus sphaericus larvicidal activity was assessed against the first to fourth instars larvae of Aedes aegypti, under the laboratory conditions. Methods: The plant material was shade dried at room temperature and powdered coarsely. T. purpurea and B. sphaericus show the various concentrations of larvicidal and pupicidal activity against various instars larvae of A. aegypti. Results: The LC50 of T. purpurea against the first to fourth instars larvae were 139.24, 176.24, 219.28, 256.27, and 326.29 ppm and the 480.72, 541.21, 580.34, 672.20, and 762.80 ppm, respectively. B. sphaericus against the first to fourth instars larvae the LC50 values were 46.16, 56.23, 69.82, 80.81 and 96.12 ppm and the LC90 values 141.68, 172.46, 184.21, 193.31 and 218.16 ppm, respectively. However, the combined treatment of T. purpurea + B. sphaericus (1:2) material shows highest larvicidal activity of the LC50 values 80.08, 82.21, 88.00, 92.21 and 98.16 ppm; The LC90 values of 108.39, 118.71, 136.75, 149.02 and 153.24 ppm, against A. aegypti in all the tested concentrations than the individuals and clearly established that there is a substantial amount of synergist act. Conclusion: The present study reported that both T. purpurea and B. sphaericus materials could serve as a potential larvicidal agent. Since, A. aegypti is a container breeder vector mosquito this user and eco-friendly and low-cost vector control strategy could be a viable solution to the existing dengue disease burden. Therefore, this study provides first report on the mosquito larvicidal activity the combined effect of T. purpurea leaf extract and B. sphaericus against as target species of A. aegypti.

}, keywords = {Aedes aegypti, Bacillus sphaericus, Dengue vector, Larvicidal activity., Tephrosia purpurea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.116}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/169}, author = {Ramesh Venkadachalam and Vijayakumar Subramaniyan and Manogar Palani and Mahadevan Subramaniyan and Prabhu Srinivasan and Murugan Raji} } @article {340, title = {Neuropathic Pain: Literature Review and Recommendations of Potential Phytotherapies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {425-434}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {425}, abstract = {

Introduction: One of the common syndromes that affect humanity is neuropathic pain (NP), yet poorly understood with no efficient treatment till now. Consequently, it is extremely crucial to seek further evidence for accurate diagnosis and optimum treatment. The aim of this work is to summarize the findings related to neuropathic pain in terms of etiology, types, diagnosis, current and future management prospective, and identify the gaps in neuropathic pain therapy. Methods: A literature investigation was carried out by analyzing classical peer reviewed papers and textbooks, taking into consideration worldwide well established scientific databases mainly PUBMED and SCOPUS to retrieve accessible published literature. The selection of phytotherapies was based upon their potentials in relieving NP in pre-clinical or clinical models. Results: One of the most critical points in this research is that recommendations of the future plans should be focused on the engagement of phytotherapy in the treatment regimen aiming at improving patients\’ quality of life and reaching optimum efficacy and minimum toxicity. Phytotherapies offer relatively low-risk options to NP patients and have an increasing evidence to be the future of neuropathic pain management. Patients suffering from neuropathy are depending increasingly on phytotherapies; however, they need more clinical trials in order to fully understand their mechanism of actions. Conclusion: Health-care specialists should be regularly informed about neuropathic pain current therapies and promising future phytotherapies, bearing in mind the risk/benefit profile of the utilization of these therapies in the amelioration of NP.

}, keywords = {Current therapies, Diagnosis, Mechanisms, Neuropathy Pain, Phytotherapies, Recommendations}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.72}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.72}, author = {Karim Raafat and Rawan El-Haj and Dania Shoumar and Rana Alaaeddine and Yousra Fakhro and Natalie Tawil and Farah Shaer and Amani Daher and Natalie Awada and Ali Sabra and Khouloud Atwi and Malak Khaled and Raneem Messi and Nour Abouzaher and Mohamed Houri and Samer Al Jallad} } @article {435, title = {Neuroprotective Effect of Pedalium murex Linn. Leaf against Lipopolysaccharide Induced Behavioural Disorders in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {957-962}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {957}, abstract = {

Introduction: Effective treatment is necessary to minimize the neuronal damage and oxidative stress. Traditional medicines offer potent pharmacological activity with minimal side effects compared to synthetic drugs to treat such chronic disorders. There is no renowned remedy for arrest or rescuing infection or inflammation-induced brain damage. The present study was aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of ethanol extract of Pedalium murex Linn. (EEPM) leaves against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia. Methods: Neurodegeneration was induced in rats with a single intraperitoneal injection of LPS (1 mg/kg). The induced endotoxemia constantly linked with battery of behavioural tests viz., choice reaction time task (CRT), 8-arm radial maze (RAM) and water maze test (WMT). At the end of the study, rats were sacrificed, brain hippocampal region was removed and biochemical parameters were measured. Results: In WMT swimming length (cm) was increased in LPS-treated rats when compared to control animals, the swimming length (EEPM; 400 mg/kg) was found to be significant; in RAM, different doses of EEPM at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg decreased the number of errors in entry 4.00\±0.36, 4.16\±0.16and 3.33\±2.79 respectively when compared with control animals (2.66\± 0.21). EEPM at 400 mg/kg showed significant activity, in CRT apparatus increased incorrect lever pressing was observed in LPS-treated rats when compared to control animals. Incorrect lever pressing was minimized by EEPM at 400 mg/kg (43.5\±2.40). Conclusions: Our results showed that EEPM is a hopeful aspirant for hindrance of infection and inflammation induced brain damage by LPS.

}, keywords = {Behavioural studies, Learning, Memory, Neuroprotective, Oxidative stress, Pedalium murex.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.150}, author = {Swaminathan Gomathi and Rajagopal Shanmuga Sundaram and Vellaichamy Muthupandi Annapandian and Manickam Vijayabaskaran} } @article {421, title = {A Novel Approach towards Green Extraction for Glycyrrhitinic Acid by Ionic Liquid Based Microwave Assisted Extraction and Optimization through Response Surface Methodology}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {866-872}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {866}, abstract = {

Background: Extraction process plays an important role in extraction of herbal bioactive components. Ionic liquid based microwave assisted extraction (IL-MAE) has the potential to yield maximum analytes from the crude drugs in shorter time period with less solvent consumption and greater efficiency. Objective: The present study aimed to develop new protocol of Ionic Liquids based Microwave-assisted Extraction (ILs-MAE) of glycyrrhetinic acid from licorice; optimization of the protocol through RSM and comparison of IL-MAE with conventional extraction techniques like maceration and soxhlation by HPTLC. Materials and Methods: A novel ionic liquid-based microwave assisted extraction (IL-MAE) method was carried out for glycyrrhitinic acid from Glycyrrhiza glabra using ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride ([bmim]Cl) and optimized by response surface methodology. The variable microwaveassisted extraction parameters selected were concentration of [bmim]Cl, extraction time and microwave power while solid-liquid ratio and extraction temperature were kept constant. Response surface methodology was applied for developing, improving and optimizing the whole process and comparison of IL-MAE with maceration and soxhlation by HPTLC. Results: The yield of glycyrrhitinic acid was found to be 0.48 \% w/w in maceration in 7 days, 0.76 \% in soxhlation in 3 h and 2.54 \% w/w in IL-MAE in 4 min. Conclusion: IL- MAE of glycyrrhitinic acid from Glycyrrhiza glabra was proved to be better in respect of extraction efficiency, time and quantity of solvent used. Meanwhile, there was great reduction in the environmental pollution by using the green solvents/ ionic liquids (ILs), which is a great benefit to all.

}, keywords = {Glycyrrhitinic acid, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Microwave assisted extraction, Novel, Response surface methodology., [bmim]Cl}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.136}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/189}, author = {Meenu Bhan and Saurabh Satija and Chanchal Garg and Harish Dureja and Munish Garg} } @article {349, title = {Pharmacognostic and Antimicrobial Studies of Garcinia latissima Miq. Leaves (Clusiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {493-498}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {493}, abstract = {

Introduction: Garcinia latissima Miq known as Dolo magota (Maluku), is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Clusiaceae. The purpose of the research was to explore the phytoconstituents present, pharmacognostic details, and their antimicrobial efficacy. Methods: The preliminary phytochemical components were qualitatively examined using the standard method systems. The antimicrobial screening was carried out using the good diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using dilution method. Results: The phytochemical screening of different extract of G. latissima Miq leaves revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, and alkaloids and the results were tabulated. The ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts from its leaves showed antimicrobial activity especially for Bacillus subtilis, a positive bacteria; the hexane extract did not show any activity against the selected microba. Conclusion: The results of the phytochemical and bio-efficacy study revealed most valuable information and also support the continued sustainable use of this leaves in the traditional system of medicine.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Garcinia Latissima, Pharmacognostical, Phytoconstituent}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.80}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.80}, author = {Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Islamudin Ahmad and Berna Elya and Amarila Malik and Muhamad Hanafi} } @article {336, title = {Pharmacognostic and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Indonesia Native Plant of Piper acre Blume Leaves (Piperaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {400-404}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {400}, abstract = {

Piper acre Blume (Piperaceae) is an Indonesia native plant that is used as a traditional medicine and commonly known as \‘Sirih Hitam\’ or \‘Sirih Hutan\’. The scientific data from the plant is still very limited. The aims of the present study was to know a pharmacognostic, and cytotoxicity of P. acre Blume leaf. The macroscopic characters showed that the leaves have a characteristic odor, heart-shaped, margin was finely flat, venation was curved, the upper surface was dark green and slippery while the lower surface was pale green and soft. The microscopic characters revealed upper and lower epidermis cells, glandular trichomes, concentric vascular bundle, paracytic stomata. The fluorescence characteristics showed a variety of chemical constituents present in the plant materials. The preliminary phytochemical investigation of various extracts showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, terpenoid, tannin, carotenoid, and steroid. The physicochemical properties (yield, color, consistency) of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extract were 31.57\% w/w (green concentrated solid), 13,59\% w/w (green concentrated solid), and 16.35\% w/w (brownish green liquid). Based on the cytotoxicity using brine shrimp lethality assay of the n-hexane extract (2.46 \μg/ml), ethyl acetate extract (0.925 \μg/ml), and ethanol extract (5.741 \μg/ml) showed that the extract had the cytotoxic activity.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, Piper acre Blume, preliminary phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.68}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.68}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Neneng Silfi Siti Ambarwati and Muhammad Arifuddin and Laode Rijai and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {377, title = {Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Characteristics of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Stem and Root Bark: A Comparative Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {668-673}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {668}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae) is a large tree indigenous to China. It is known as the \“Tree of Heaven\”, used in traditional medicine in many parts of Asia, including China to treat cold, gastric diseases, diarrhea and endoparasites. It is also used as a bitter aromatic drug and as an antitumoral. Objective: The present study deals with comparative pharmacognostical parameters for the bark of stem and root of Ailanthus altissima, Mill. Swingle. Materials and Methods: The stem and root bark were collected, shade dried and powdered plant material was studied for its proximate values by standard methods. The extracts were subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening for the detection of various phytoconstituents. Results: Proximate analysis revealed that the dry plant powder of stem bark has 6.48 \% total ash, 0.42\% acid insoluble ash, 4.60 \% water soluble ash and for root bark 7.22 \% total ash, 0.74\% acid insoluble ash, 5.98 \% water soluble ash. The Loss on drying for stem and root bark were found out to be 6.62 \% and 10.46 \% respectively. The stem and root bark of plant powder were found to possess phytoconstituents. Fluorescence analysis revealed the behaviour of the plant powder when treated with different chemical reagents. Conclusion: The present study reveals the preliminary phytochemical and proximate analysis of stem and root bark of Ailanthus altissima. Information obtained from these studies can be used as markers in the identification and standardization of this plant as a herbal remedy and also towards monograph development on the plant.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Fluorescence analysis, Proximate Analysis, Simaroubaceae, Tree of Heaven}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.106}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.106/index.html}, author = {Weekar Younus Raja and Zulfiqar Ali Bhat and Ishtiyaq Ahmad Chashoo} } @article {255, title = {Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Standardization of White Tea Leaf (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) Ethanolic Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {221-226}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {221}, abstract = {

Background: Tea or also known as Camellia sinensis (Theaceae family) is the most popular plant and beverage in the world because of the sensory properties, prices are relatively cheap, stimulant effects, and their potential health benefits but white tea is not widely known. White tea is made from unfermented tea leaves young shoots protected from sunlight to avoid polyphenols degradation which inhibits of the chlorophyll formation and causing the white color on the leaf buds. Objective: The objective of research and development of herbal medicine is to improve the quality and safety of natural products. Materials and Methods: Macroscopical and microscopical features of the leaf have been analysis using an optical microscope and fragment analysis under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Phytochemical and physico-chemical analysis were evaluated. The observation of the FTIR spectrum profiles is done by interpreting the typical peak that appears. Results: The leaf has actinocytic stomata, unicellular trichomes, heterogenous mesophyll which is characterized by the presence of calcium oxalate crystals and sclereid cells. Phytochemical analysis indicated resources the presence of tannins, flavonoids, glycosides and saponins.The content of polyphenol from white tea leaves ethanolic extract is 35.73\% with the largest concentration of catechins is 18.84\% and 17.43\% tannins. The derivative content of catechins is EGCG with 7.37\%. FTIR analysis showed functional groups of O-H, C-H, N-H, C=O, C=C, and C-O. Conclusion: Pharmacognostic and phytochemicals features established in this study may be used as part of the pharmacopoeial standard which can play an important role in its standardization.

}, keywords = {Characteristic, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Physico-chemicals, Phytochemicals, Theaceae.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.37}, author = {Meiliza Ekayanti and Lia Ardiana and Sarah Zielda Najib and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya} } @article {373, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Analgesic Efficacy of Ethanolic Extract of Euphorbia dracunculoides L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {644-653}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {644}, abstract = {

Background: Euphorbia dracunculoides L is available in market in raw form. It is used by people for the treatment of warts, snake bite and epilepsy. Present study is about Euphorbia dracunculoides L. belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae, comprises pharmacognostic study, physiochemical analysis and their pharmacological efficacy. Materials and Methods: The macroscopic study was carried out through sensory organs like size, shape, texture etc. Physiochemical analysis was carried out through proper procedure from relevant literature, and analgesic activity was done through proper method by following literature. Results: Macroscopic study showed that the plant is an annual herb, stem is branched from the base, yellow green at the bottom and light green at the top, glabrous, smooth, contains white latex, its leaves are sessile, alternate, dark green, simple, stipulated, sub-acute or acute at the apex and entire margin. Root is yellowish in colour, conical in shape, smooth texture, downward in position. Powder drug study which was performed revealed various structures. Phytochemical screening includes both qualitative and quantitative analysis which was carried out indicated the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, saponins, sterols, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, glycosides, flavonoids and tannins. Proximate analysis showed proteins, crude fat, crude fibre, carbohydrates, moisture contents and ash. Elemental analysis revealed the presence of macro and micronutrients i-e Na, Zn, Mg and Fe, Cu, Ag and Au. Analgesic effect was dose dependent. Plant extract showed maximum inhibition of writhing 1.66\±0.32 (96.61\%) at 300 \μg/ml. Conclusion: The pharmacognostic study, physiochemical analysis and their pharmacological efficacy is helpful in the standardization of drug.

}, keywords = {Analgesic activity., Euphorbia Dracunculoides L. Macroscopic Study, Pharmacognostic evaluation, Physio chemical Analysis, Powder Drug Study, Whole plant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.102}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.102/index.html}, author = {Umbreen Khattak and Rehman Ullah and Shafqat Ali Khan and Barkatullah and Sami Ullah and Saima} } @article {453, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Determination of Secondary Plant Metabolites by HPTLC and its Antioxidant Activity in Myrica esculenta}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s103-s106}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s103}, abstract = {

Introduction: Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. (Myricaceae) is commonly known as Box Berry, Kaiphal, and Katphala in Ayurveda. As per the Ayurvedic literature the palnt is used for variety of diseases and disorders. Method: The present study deals with the pharmacognostical standardization, HPTLC analysis and antioxidant activity of methanolict extracts of the leaves of M. esculenta. The plant showed high phenolic and flavonoid content. In-vitro antioxidant study of dried leaves of Myrica esculanta was performed using methanolic extract. Results: Antioxidant activity of M. esculenta methanolic extract showed the least IC50 value of 60 \± 1.15 \μg/ml. Standard ascorbic acid showed an IC50 value of 2.03 \± 0.06 \μg/ml. The calibration curve of Gallic acid showed r2 of 0.949 and Rf of gallic acid was found to be 0.44 \± 0.006. Quantification of gallic acid in the samples of leaves of M. esculenta has been performed and the gallic acid was found to be 0.056\%. Conclusion: The presence of gallic acid has not yet been reported and quantified in this species which may be utilized for the proper standardization of the drug. The present study showed new natural antioxidant that can replace the synthetic ones to be used in foods and cosmetics.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, DPPH, Gallic acid, HPTLC, Myrica Esculenta}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.165}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/390}, author = {Prashant Kumar and Abhishek Gupta and Anita Singh} } @article {446, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation \& Antimicrobial Activity of Endangered Ethnomedicinal Plant Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s56-s63}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s56}, abstract = {

Background: Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach (family Orchidaceae) is an ethnomedicinal plant. It is used in breathing disorders, burning sensation, Cough, decrease in bone tissue, blood disorders, tuberculosis, as refrigerant, aphrodisiac, in insect bites, rheumatism, as tonic and in general debility. It is vital component of Ayurvedic formulation \“Astavarga\” with trade name \“Jeevak means vitality of life. Despite the common utilization of this plant, no conclusive study has been reported so far regarding the pharmacognostic evaluation and antimicrobial activity. Aim: The present study was carried to evaluate pharmacognostic evaluation and the potential of C. acuminatum as antimicrobial. Materials and Methods: Organoleptic, histochemical, microscopic, physicochemical, extractive yield were studied to standardise pharmacognostic characters and well diffusion method were carried out for antimicrobial activity. Five extracts viz. Hexane, Chloroform, Ethanol, Ethyl acetate and aqueous were evaluated against 4 bacterial strains viz. E. coli (MTCC 40), S. aureus (MTCC 87), P. aeruginosa (MTCC 424), B. subtilis (MTCC 121). Results: The diagnostic characters were evaluated and documented. All the extracts showed good antimicrobial activity. Conclusion:\ Obtained standards will provide referential information for correct identification, purity, standardization and preparation of monograph. The work confirms that the studied plant has potent antimicrobial activity and has potential for antimicrobial drug. These results may constitute a basis for promising future applied research that could investigate the use of this plant as antimicrobial drug.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach, Histochemical, Pharmacognostic evaluation, Physicochemical, Zone of Inhibition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.158}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/382}, author = {Mamta Arora and Gurjinder Kaur and Parvinderdeep S Kahlon and Anupama Mahajan and Jaspreet K Sembi} } @article {424, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Leaf and Stem Wood Extracts of Artocarpus hirsutus Lam.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {887-894}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {887}, abstract = {

Introduction: Artocarpus hirsutus Lam., a plant known for its fruits, used as a traditional medicine to treat skin diseases including hydrocele, pimple, heal sores, cracks in the skin. Pharmacological studies on the bark, root, leaf and fruit extracts of this species support their significance as antioxidants, as well as their efficacy on diuretic, antibacterial, anti-fungal and antiulcer activity. Methods: The present study focused on microscopic study, phytochemical analysis, HPLC and HPTLC finger print evaluation of leaf and stem wood extracts. Results: Microscopic analysis demonstrates its characteristic parameters namely hairy trichomes, pearl glands, vascular bundles, epidermis and is expected to assist easy identification of the genus. Conclusion: The solvent system, chloroform:methanol (8:2) was found to be the best as TLC eluent to visualize all major components of this species. HPLC and HPTLC finger prints not only confirm the presence of two major components, oxyresveratrol and artocarpin in stem wood extract, but also prove their absence in the leaf extract.

}, keywords = {Artocarpus hirsutus Lam., HPLC., HPTLC finger prints, microscopy, Phytochemical analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.139}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/192}, author = {Mahadeva Nayak and Ananthanarayanan Nagarajan and Muhammed Majeed} } @article {402, title = {Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and Physicochemical Investigations of Hypericum hookerianum Wight \& Arn. (Hypericaceae) of Palni Hills, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {750-756}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {750}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hypericum hookerianum Wight and Arn. (Hooker\’s wort) is a lesser known unfamiliar yet critically endangered native therapeutically active native medicinal plant. It is being characterized by the presence of various secretory glands. Methodology: In this present study, characterization of the plant in terms of morphology, anatomy and histochemistry of tissues and phytochemicals and antimicrobial potentials were made. Results: The epidermal layer contains oil cells while histochemistry showed the presence of the secondary metabolites. Qualitative analysis indicated presence of maximum phytocompounds in the high polar ethanolic extract; flavonoids, anthocyanin and phenol are prominently present and quantified. Conclusion: The results suggest that the less studied herb, H. hookerianum is a multifaceted high value species having a wide range of phytochemicals with abundant medicinal properties.

}, keywords = {Hypericum hookerianum, Palni Hills., Pharmacognosy, Physiochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.118}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/171}, author = {Mahendrakumar M and Nirmalraj S and Ravikumar M and Bharath B and Seeni S and Perinbam K} } @article {532, title = {Pharmacognostic Specification and Mangiferin Content of Aquilaria crassna Leaves.}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2017}, month = {January-2018}, pages = {293-298}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {293}, abstract = {

Background:\ Aquilaria\ crassna\ Pierre ex Lecomte (Thymelaeaceae) has been used as a medicinal plant in many aspects. Previous research has revealed that A. crassna leaves contain mangiferin as an active compound. Although the active component has been investigated, the pharmacognostic specification and quantification of mangiferin from A. crassna leaves have never been established. Objective: The current study aimed to conduct and develop a pharmacognostic standard according to WHO guidance as well as the validated method for quantifying mangiferin content. Materials and Methods: Dried A. crassna leaves from 15 separated locations throughout Thailand were investigated for pharmacognostic specification. Their mangiferin contents were quantitatively analysed by TLC densitometry with win CATS software. Results: Macroscopic-, microscopic- characteristics and TLC fingerprinting combined with physicochemical parameters were reported in this study. The loss on drying, moisture content, and total ash content as well as acid-insoluble ash content were determined to be 8.62 \± 0.13, 8.16 \± 0.14, 6.82 \± 0.09 and 1.49 \± 0.03\%, respectively. Ethanol- and waterextractive values were found to be 9.05 \± 0.39 and 16.94 \± 0.22 \%, respectively. In addition, the validation method for quantifying the mangiferin content was developed. The contents of mangiferin in A. crassna leaf extract determined by TLC-densitometry and TLC-image analysis were found to be 1.2992 \± 0.5980 and 1.3036 \± 0.5874 \% by dried weight, respectively. The results between these two analytical methods were shown to have an insignificant difference. Conclusion: This study provides the necessary information for authentication and standardisation of A. crassna leaves.

}, keywords = {Aquilaria crassna leaves, Mangiferin, Pharmacognostic specification, TLC image analysis, TLC-densitometry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.51}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/481}, author = {Worathat Thitikornpong and Boonsri Ongpipattanakul and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {241, title = {Pharmacognostic Standardization and Chromatographic Fingerprint Analysis on Triterpenoids Constituents of the Medicinally Important Plant Plumeria rubra f. rubra by HPTLC technique}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {135-141}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {135}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plumeria rubra f. rubra commonly known as Lal Gulachin has wide horizon of medicinal possessions. Plant is found in India and in its tropical regions. Though the plant and its extracts have been indigenously valued as folklore medicine diversely in India, yet literature lacks somewhere in reverse pharmacognostical approach of this plant which reflects that plant have not been evidently explored therapeutically. There are several forms of Plumeria rubra among which P. rubra f. rubra is much appraised in India than its other forms. Method: In Present study the anticipated potential of this plant has been validated by laying down its pharmacognostical standards along with measurement of its active therapeutic constituent Ursolic acid and Lupeol via. HPTLC, information from organized search of published literature remarks that Ursolic acid and lupeol is ubiquitous to this plant. Results: Microscopic features revealed the presence of paracytic type of stomata, crescent bicollateral vascular bundle, calcium oxalate crystal and clothing trichomes in leaves whereas bark showed the presence of distinct periderm with cork and phellogen, sclereids, bast tissue with parenchymatous cells. Methanolic extract of both parts of plant was subjected to HPTLC. In HPTLC studies the Ursolic acid content in leaves was found to be 0.96\% whereas in bark was detected as 0.051\%, lupeol content in leaves and stem was found to be 0.014\% and 0.018\%. Conclusion: The data generated could be significantly used as reference for the standardization and quality control of Plumeria. rubra f. rubra, as no such work has been reported yet.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Lupeol, Pharmacognosy, Plumeria rubra f. rubra, standardization, Ursolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.23}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/290}, author = {Gunja Srivastava and Abhishek Gupta and Manjul Pratap Singh and Anurag Mishra} } @article {355, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies and HPLC Analysis of Roots of Helicteres isora (L.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal,}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {523-527}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {523}, abstract = {

Background: The juice of roots of Helicteres isora Linn. has been widely used as an antidiabetic in traditional medicine. Objective: The present study deals with pharmacognostical studies and determination of oleanolic acid from the roots of H. isora by new HPLC method. Materials and methods: Detailed study of morphological, microscopical characteristics, physicochemical parameters and phytochemical screening of roots were carried out. The sapogenins were isolated from the roots of H. isora. RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for estimation of oleanolic acid from the sapogenins of roots of H. isora. Results: Detailed quality control parameters of roots of H. isora were reported. Total content of oleanolic acid was 0.075\%w/w from roots of H. isora determined by HPLC. Conclusion: The present study is useful for accurate identification and authentication of roots of H. isora. The HPLC method for determination of oleanolic acid from the roots of H. isora is efficient, precise, reliable and sensitive and can be adopted for routine analysis.

}, keywords = {Helicteres isora, HPLC, Oleanolic acid, Sapogenins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.84}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.84}, author = {Pinal A. Harde and Mamta B. Shah} } @article {247, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies and Nephroprotective Potential of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Trichosanthes cucumerina in Acute Renal Failure}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {176-184}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {176}, abstract = {

Objective: The present research work unearthed not only pharmacognostic features of the seeds of Trichosanthes cucumerina but also the nephroprotective activity of 60\% hydro alcoholic extract against Cisplatin-induced Wistar rat model. Materials and methods: Present study dealt with the detailed pharmacognostic study of the seeds of Trichosanthes cucumerina. 60\% hydro alcoholic extract was prepared by hot extraction method. Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out. Based on acute toxicity studies nephroprotective effect of the extract was screened at 200 and 400 mg/kg, b. w. in curative and prophylactic regimen. Nephrotoxicity was induced in male Wistar rats by administration of Cisplatin (5mg/kg, b.w. i.p. as a single dose). Nephroprotective activity was assessed by estimating serum markers and urinary functional parameters supported by anti-oxidant studies and histopathological aspects. Results: Microscopic studies showed that the seed coat had outer aerenchymatous tissue, inner parenchymatous tissue and innermost compact lines of sclereids. Physicochemical evaluation yielded alcohol and water soluble extractive values of 20.8 and 8.05\%w/w. Total ash, acid insoluble and water soluble ash values were 7.15, 6.45 and 0.5 respectively. Fluorescence analysis imparted characteristic colours to the seed powder when observed under visible and UV light. Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity was indicated by increased levels of serum markers and urinary functional parameters which were reversed by the extract in dose dependent manner. The results were substantiated by anti-oxidant studies and histopathological studies. Conclusion: Various pharmacognostic parameters evaluated assisted in identification and standardization of seeds of Trichosanthes cucumerina in crude form. Present study revealed that hydroalcoholic extract attenuated the nephrotoxicity and provided the strengthened scientific evidence for the use of seeds of Trichosanthes cucumerina in nephrotoxicity.

}, keywords = {Anti-oxidants, Cisplatin, Histopathological studies, Pharmacognostic studies, Trichosanthes cucumerina}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.29}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/296}, author = {Doppalapudi Prasanthi and Sreedevi Adikay} } @article {331, title = {Pharmacognostical and Physicochemical Analysis of Cleome viscosa L. Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {372-377}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {372}, abstract = {

Aim: The seeds of Cleome viscosa L. are used to treat tumor, emesis, diarrhea, epilepsy and hyperthermia. Seeds are used to heal wound also. In order to ensure the use of only genuine and uniform material in treatment of ailments by herbs and herbal formulations, pharmacognostical standardization and physiochemical parameters evaluation is needed. Methods: Morphological and powder microscopic characters of seed powder were studied. The physiochemical parameters studied were LOD, total ash, acid insoluble, water soluble, sulphated ash, extractives, volatile oil content and crude fibre content etc. Further, florescence analysis and element analysis of seed powder was performed by undergoing chemical reaction +UV method and EDAX method respectively. Results: Brown colored seeds with rough seed surface with seed size 0.1 cm were recorded. The pods were brown coloured when air dried. They were 4-5 cm long containing 8-12 small seeds. Powder microscopic study revealed the presence of fragment of epidermis of testa, groups of cells resembling like stone cells and irregularly shaped protein bodies were observed. Florescence Analysis revealed the presence of chromophores. EDAX analysis showed the presence of Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca and Cu etc in different amount. Conclusion: Pharmacognostical and physiochemical parameters were established which would facilitate quick identification and selection of the herbal drugs from various adulterants.

}, keywords = {Cleome viscosa L., Crude fibre, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Physicochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.63}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.63}, author = {Harpreet Singh and Amrita Mishra and Arun Kumar Mishra} } @article {381, title = {Pharmacognostical and Physico-chemical Standardization of Euphorbia neriifolia Leaves.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {696-705}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {696}, abstract = {

Objective: To investigate pharmacognostical and physico-chemical standardization of Euphorbia neriifolia leaves. Materials and Methods: Fresh and dried leaves with powder samples of E. neriifolia were examined macroscopically and microscopically. As per Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India and World Health Organization guidelines on quality control methods for medicinal plants materials suggested parameters were determined for standardization of E. neriifolia leaves. Physico-chemical, primary phytochemical, fluorescence and quantitative screenings along with primary HPTLC fingerprinting assessment were performed. Results: Macroscopic examination demonstrated that fresh leaf of E. neriifolia has dark green in colour, herbaceous odour with characteristic taste. Dried leafs are grey brownish in colour, characteristic odour with broken crumpled and papery fracture. Microscopy of leaf showed the single layered thick rectangular or tubular adaxial epidermal cells. Mesophyll tissue was differentiated into two or three layered adaxial zones of radially elongated palisade cells and wider abaxial spongy mesophyll cells revealed the differentiated dorsiventral lamina. Mid-rib composed of epidermis, collenchymas and spongy parenchyma cells. Physico-chemical parameters like, foreign matter was found to be 0.46\%. Total ash, acid insoluble ash and water soluble ash was found 6.33\%, 1.23\% and 6\% respectively. Loss on drying was found to be 4.69\%. Swelling and foaming index was found 11.7 ml and 333 ml respectively. Quantitative screening suggested that the leaf powder has indicated alkaloid and saponin estimation as 0.26\% and 3.67\% respectively. The HPTLC fingerprinting of EN6 extract fraction was showed the Rf values at 254 nm with their respective UV-visible spectrum wavelengths scanned in between 200-400 nm. They are 0.01 (265 nm), 0.05 (369 nm), 0.09 (263 nm, 264 nm), 0.18 (400 nm), 0.20 (279 nm), 0.31 (400 nm), 0.44 (378 nm), 0.45 (382 nm), 0.54 (377 nm), 0.55 (383 nm), 0.62 (400 nm), etc. at different concentrations of sample application. The HPTLC plate was also scanned at 366 nm and 540 nm. Conclusion: The present investigation is an additional standardization research in support with previous reports and will be helpful for qualitative and quantitative standardization of herbal formulations containing E. neriifolia. Further investigations are going on this extract fraction in reference to identification, quantification and validation of HPTLC methods using various standard marker compounds along with exploration of its pharmacological activities.

}, keywords = {Euphorbia Neriifolia, HPTLC., Macroscopic, Pharmacognostical, Physico-Chemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.110}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.110/index.html}, author = {Prashant Y. Mali and Shital S. Panchal} } @article {250, title = {Pharmacognostical Standardization \& Phytochemical Evaluation of Alphonsea sclerocarpa Thwaites Bark \& Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {196-200}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {196}, abstract = {

Introduction: The genus Alphonsea sclerocarpa Thwaites (Annonaceae) includes species distributed widely in the tropical areas. Whole plant of Alphonsea sclerocarpa is traditionally believed for its eminent therapeutic benefits. Despite its medicinal properties the plant seems to be less explored and hence this research aims at exploring the Pharmacognostical parameters for standardization. Physicochemical and Phytochemical analysis was also carried out to establish quality control parameters for the drug. Methods: Morphoanatomical (Transverse Section of Leaf Lamina \& Margin, Radial Longitudinal Section \& Tangential Longitudinal Section of phloem in bark) and Powder microscopic analysis were carried out by employing Formalin fixed as well Macerated specimens. Physicochemical Parameters like Loss on drying, Ash Value, Extractive values etc were carried out as per WHO guidelines. Phytochemical Analysis was also carried out and the phytochemical profile was established. Results: Transverse section of Leaf revealed the presence of Plano convex vascular bundles. Ensheathed by a bundle of sclerenchyma. Transverse section of bark has shown the presence of highly compressed, heavily suberised phellem cells. Tangential longitudinal section (TLS) revealed the presence of Spindle shaped bi or Multi seriate medullary rays. In Radial longitudinal section (RLS) the phloem cells appear rectangular and thin walled. Powder microscopy revealed the presence of Fibres, fibre-tracheids and Calcium oxalate crystals. Total ash value of Bark \& Leaf was found to be 8.75 \& 7 \% respectively. Conclusion: The established Pharmacognostical, Physico-chemical \& Phytochemical parameters will suffice for establishing Monographs for the plant drug.

}, keywords = {Monograph, Radial Longitudinal Section, standardization, Tangential Longitudinal Section}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.32}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/299}, author = {Venkata Naga Anantha Sandhya Rani Nandyala and Kothapalli Bonnoth Chandrasekhar} } @article {414, title = {Phenolic Constituents, Anti-Inflammatory and Antidiabetic Activities of Cyperus laevigatus L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {828-833}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {828}, abstract = {

Background: Cyperus species are well known traditional plants and used for several diseases around the world. Aim of the Study: Our study aimed to identification of the phenolic constituents in addition to evaluation of different extracts of Cyperus laevigatus L as antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antidiabetic agents. Materials and Methods: The phenolic constituents were identified using spectroscopic techniques. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using in vitro DPPH assay. Total extract, methanol and EtOAc fractions were evaluated for their antiinflammatory activity using RAW 264.7 macrophages assay. Antidiabetic activity of the total extract was examined biochemically and histopathologically using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Results: A new flavone, chrysoeriol 7-O-\β-(6'''-O-acetyl-\β-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1\→4) glucopyranoside (1), along with seven knowns (2-8) were isolated from Cyperus laevigatus L. The structures of isolated compounds were established depending upon 1D, 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS. The MeOH and EtOAc fractions exhibited significant antioxidant activity while the isolated flavonoids exhibited from moderate to weak antioxidant activity. The total extract, MeOH and EtOAc fractions exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages model by decreasing of NO accumulation by 76 \– 66\% and 84 \– 67\%, of the original accumulation values with increasing concentrations in comparison with the reference drug, dexamethasone. The total extract exhibited antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and this effect was manifested by decreasing serum levels of glucose, glucagon and NO. It also increased level of insulin and promoted paraoxonase activity. Conclusion: These results proved that this plant may be multiple sources for medicinal natural drugs especially for anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antidiabetic., Antioxidant, Cyperus Laevigatus, New Flavone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.129}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/182}, author = {Abdelsamed Ibrahim Elshamy and Mohamed El-Shazly and Yomna Mahmoud Yassine and Mona Anwar El-Bana and Abdel- Razik Farrag and Mahmoud Ibrahim Nassar and Abdel Nasser Singab and Masaaki Noji and Akemi Umeyama} } @article {399, title = {Photodynamic Toxicity of Chlorophyllin against Fasciola gigantica Carrier Snail Indoplanorbis exustus in Visible Spectral Band}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {729-736}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {729}, abstract = {

Background: Fasciolosis is one of the most debilitating diseases caused by liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. Snail Lymnaeidae and Planorbidae is the intermediate host of these flukes. Snail population management is a good tool to control fasciolosis because gastropods represent the weakest link in the life-cycle of trematode. Aim of the present study is to explore the molluscicidal activity of chlorophyllin in visible spectral band against Fasciola gigantica carrier snail Indoplanorbis exustus. Methods: Chlorophyll was transformed into water-soluble chlorophyllin in 100\% ethanol by using different types of chemicals. Ten snails Indoplanorbis exustus were placed in a glass aquarium containing 3 L of dechlorinated tap water. These snails were treated with different concentrations of chlorophyllin in sunlight as well as exposed to different visible spectral band of light. Results: Pure chlorophyllin (96 h LC50 6.54 mg/l) in sunlight was more toxic than extracted chlorophyllin (96 h LC50 939.65 mg/l). There was a significant variation in the toxicity of chlorophyllin with snails, exposed to visible spectral band of light. The highest and lowest toxicity of chlorophyllin against I. exustus was noted in yellow light (96 h LC50 2016.79 mg/l) and green light (96 h LC50 2433.16 mg/l). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) study reveals that the active molluscicidal component extracted in spinach leaves is chlorophyllin. Conclusion: Due to the photodynamic nature of chlorophyllin, it has the potential to control the population of vector snails and ultimately fasciolosis in developing countries.

}, keywords = {Chlorophyllin, Fasciolosis, Indoplanorbis exustus, Photodynamic Product, Visible light band.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.115}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/168}, author = {Divya Chaturvedi and Dinesh Kumar Singh and Vinay Kumar Singh} } @article {397, title = {Phytochemical and Quality Assessment of Acacia nilotica Linn and Acacia leucophloea willd Flowers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {721-724}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {721}, abstract = {

Objective: The quality criteria for herbal drugs are based on a clear scientific definition of the raw material. Even though global herbal resources have a great potential as natural drugs and are of great commercial importance, they are very often procured and processed without any scientific evaluation, and launched onto the market without any mandatory safety and toxicology studies. On that basis, an attempt was made on a well-known herbal drug A.nilotica flower and A.leucophloea flower by evaluation of phytochemical and toxicological parameters like heavy metals, aflatoxins, total microbial load and pesticide residues. Method: The procedures recommended in AOAC, ASTA were followed to determine analysis of heavy metals, aflatoxins, microbial load and pesticide residues. Thin layer chromatographic technique was used to separate the chemical compounds present in the drug. Result and Conclusion: Results obtained during this experiment revealed that heavy metals, aflatoxins, total microbial load and pesticidal residues were variable but found within the prescribed limits. Phytochemical evaluation revealed that the catechin phytoconstituents is absent in A.leucophloea flowers when compared with A.nilotica flowers. Hence, there is an urgent need for mandatory evaluation of these parameters in every crude drug before further processing to ensure safety and efficacy of Indian medicinal plants for better acceptance at International platform. The study revealed specific identities for the particular crude drug which will be useful in identification and control to adulterations of the raw drug.

}, keywords = {A. leucophloea, A. nilotica flowers, Phytochemical, TLC and Catechin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.113}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/166}, author = {Raju Ilavarasan and Leela Vadivelu} } @article {432, title = {Phytochemical Evaluation and Chromatographic Fingerprint Analysis on Flavonoids Compounds in Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Leaf by HPTLC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {942-946}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {942}, abstract = {

Introduction: Leucas aspera is one of the important medicinal plants in Indian medical system and it belongs to Lamiaceae family. Leucas aspera (Willd) Link (L. aspera) belongs to Leucas genus, widely distributed throughout India. L. aspera has many vernacular names and is commonly known as Thumbai. Flavonoid is a phenolic compound which is widely distributed in the plants and responsible for many biological activities. Preliminary phytochemical analysis gives a broad idea to the researchers for their further research. Methods: In this present study, we did a preliminary phytochemical screening, quantitative estimation of total flavonoids and fingerprinting profile of flavonoids compounds using five different solvent extracts obtained from leaves of L. aspera. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoid compounds in L. aspera. Higher concentration of total flavonoid compounds was noted in ethanol extract compared to petroleum ether, chloroform, isopropyl alcohol and ethyl acetate extracts. A densitometric high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) study showed more number of flavonoid compounds are present in ethanol extract compared to other solvents. Conclusions: Results of this study revealed, L. aspera leaf is a rich source of flavonoid content and it can be used to alleviate many chronic illness and various diseases. This study results warrants for further isolation, identification and characterization of active principle which is responsible for the biological activity.

}, keywords = {Chromatographic, Fingerprinting, Flavonoids, HPTLC, Leucas aspera.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.147}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/200}, author = {Vellaichamy Muthupandi Annapandian and Rajagopal Shanmuga Sundaram and Swaminathan Gomathi} } @article {439, title = {Phytochemical, Free Radical Scavenging Activity and Thin Layer Chromatography Analysis of Methanolic Extracts of Six Wild Mushroom Species Collected From the Shai Hills Reserve of Ghana}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s16-s22}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s16}, abstract = {

Objective: Six different mushroom species (Termitomyces, Ganoderma, Amauroderma, Mycena, Marasmus and an unknown) were studied to ascertain their phytochemical and antioxidant properties and determine their TLC analysis of methanolic extracts. Materials and Methods:\ The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) model was employed to determine free radical scavenging activity of the methanolic extracts of the mushrooms, aluminum chloride calorimetric method for flavonoid, Thin layer chromatography (TLC) for retention factor and atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) for macro and micronutrients. Results:\ Phytochemical analyses of the methanolic extract revealed the presence of antioxidants, phenols and flavonoids. The antioxidant values (IC50 (g/ml)) ranged from 1.56 x 10-4 to 21.07 x10-4.Total phenol content ranged between 2.54 and 17.53 mg/g GAE with a mean of about 11.27 mg/g GAE. Total flavonoid content also ranged from 5.46 to 23.75 mg/g RUE with a mean of 13.41 mg/g RUE. Micronutrients such as cadmium, iron, lead, manganese and zinc were determined. Also macronutrients determined included, calcium, potassium, magnesium and sodium. Sodium ranged the highest with values ranging 6966.67 mg/L to 9600.00 mg/L followed by iron ranging from 1613.67 to 3040.00 mg/L. Percentage crude protein ranged between 11.09 \% and 28.24 \%. Alkaloid was present in only Mycena sp and Ganoderma sp with a band each of Rf value of 0.49. A total of 18 different bands were recorded for flavonoid with Rf values that ranged between 0.20 and 0.97, respectively. Conclusion:\ The antioxidant potential of the methanolic extracts of the mushroom samples in this study recorded higher values. This indicates that mushrooms have high antioxidant properties and rationalizes further investigation in the potential discovery of new natural bioactive principles from these mushrooms.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Extracts, Flavonoids, Mushrooms, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.152}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/376}, author = {Ebenezer Owusu and Gladys Schwinger and Matilda Dzomeku and Mary Obodai and Isaac Asante} } @article {425, title = {Phytochemical Investigation and Pharmacognostic Standardization of Polycarpaea corymbosa Lam}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {895-899}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {895}, abstract = {

Background: Polycarpaea corymbosa is one of the plants cited as \‘Parpata\’ in Ayurvedic literature and indicated for boils, inflammatory swellings, and ulcers. Aim: The present study is an attempt to generate and encompass the data of physical parameters for ascertaining the identification and develop a validated HPTLC method for quantification of lupeol in P. corymbosa. Materials and Methods: The whole plant was studied for establishing pharmacognostic standards including macro and microscopical characters, physico-chemical analysis and quantification lupeol by HPTLC method. Results: It is a small, much branched, erect or spreading herb with linear leaf and silvery-white cymes. Microscopically root can be connoted by continuous or discontinuous concentric rings of xylem and phloem; stem by papillose epidermis with multicellular branched collapsed and glandular trichomes, sclerenchymatous pericycle and hollow pith; and leaf by numerous collateral meristele enclosed within parenchymatous bundle sheath. Further studies evinced that brunt of heavy metal and microbial load in plant material was within permissible limits. Flavonoids, phenolics and saponins were found be major components. HPTLC method was developed for quantification of lupeol using precoated silica gel plates as a stationary phase, and toluene: methanol (9.4: 0.6) as a mobile phase and scanning the plate at 545 nm. Conclusion: The information demonstrated on pharmacognostic parameters and validated HPTLC method for estimation of lupeol for Polycarpaea corymbosa, would aid as coherent measures for its assessment.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Lupeol, Parpata, Pharmacognostic study, Polycarpaea corymbosa.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.140}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/193}, author = {Karuna Modi and Mamta Shah} } @article {447, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Rhizomes of Hedychium spicatum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s64-s68}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s64}, abstract = {

Background: The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Objective: In this study the rhizomes of Hedychium spicatum (Zingiberaceae) were evaluated for phytochemical parameters \& antimicrobial activity by determining its MIC (by checker board method) and zone of inhibition (by cup plate method). Phytochemical parameters were studied with the aim of drawing the pharmacopoeial standards for this species. This study was also designed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of the methanolic extract of the rhizomes of H. spicatum against various diarrhea and dysentery causing drug resistant microorganisms isolated from patients admitted in hospitals. Methods and Material: The raw materials of H. spicatum were procured from the local supplier. Various Microbial strains included various drug resistant hospital isolates collected and characterized in the Dept. of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, India. Results: It was evident from the results that the extract was highly active against Shigella boydii, Shigella. soneii, Shigella flexneri, B. cereus, Vibrio cholera, E. coli, S. aureus, Ps. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. The result of determination of zone of inhibition was compared with that of standard drug (Ciprofloxacin). This study has pointed to the potential application of H. spicatum as a bactericide and fungicide. Conclusions: The findings of this study further reinforces the importance of H. spicatum rhizomes in traditional healthcare practice and its use in culinary. Further investigation is however needed to isolate and purify the bioactive antimicrobial principles for potential development into generic antimicrobials.

}, keywords = {Bactericide, Diarrhea. H. spicatum, Fungicide, MIC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.159}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/383}, author = {Ritu Arora and Avijit Mazumder} } @article {401, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Content Determination of Different Species of Genus Caesalpinia belonging to Different Origin with Antidiabetic Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {743-749}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {743}, abstract = {

Aim: The main aim of the study is to investigate the phytochemical screening of C. decapetala along with the content determination of different species of genus Caesalpinia with respect to their antidiabetic activity and identification of most bioactive species belonging to different origins. Methods: To achieve our goal different species of genus Caesalpinia collected from China and Pakistan were subjected to open column chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), antioxidant, and antidiabetic assays for evaluation. Results: From \η-BuOH fraction of C. decapetala extract, eight compounds were isolated using open column chromatography and identified as apigenin-7-rhamnoside (1), 4-O-methylepisappanol (2), caesalpinol (3), daucosterol (4), astragalin (5), kaempferol (6), quercitrin (7), and naringin (8) using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. HPLC analysis of different species of genus Caesalpinia showed that the most active antidiabetic compound \‘quercitrin\’ was present more in C. pulcherrima followed by decreasing order in C. sappan, C.decapetala, and C. bonduc. Conclusion: The results indicated that quercitrin is the most bioactive content and C. pulcherrima is most bioactive specie of China origin from genus Caesalpinia.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidants, Caesalpinia, Flavonoids, HPLC Fingerprint, Phytochemical content.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.117}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/170}, author = {Amna Parveen and Zahra and Muhammad Qudratullah Farooqi and Whang Wan Kyunn and Muhammad Arshad} } @article {434, title = {Phytochemical Screening, GC-MS, FT-IR Analysis of Methanolic Extract of Curcuma caesia Roxb (Black Turmeric)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {952-956}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {952}, abstract = {

Aims: The purpose of the current study is to monitor the phytochemical constituents in the Curcuma caesia Roxb.by GC MS and FT-IR analysis. Methods: The Rhizomes of Curcuma caesia Roxb was extracted with Methanol at room temperature for 8 h. The bioactive compounds of Curcuma caesia Roxb have been evaluated using GC-MS and FT-IR. Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, terpenoids, flavonoid, alkaloid, phenol, phytosterol Quinones and saponins. Totally 15 compounds were identified and the chromatograph showed peaks with individual compounds. The major constituents were identified in the Methanolic extract were \α-Santalol (46.90\%), Retinal (10.72\%), Ar-tumerone(10.38\%), Alloaromadendrene (5.93\%), Megastigma-3,7(E),9-triene (4.80\%), Benzene, 1-(1,5-dimethyl- 4-hexenyl)-4-methyl(4.38\%) , 5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic acid, methyl ester, (all-Z)-(4.26\%) Tricyclo[8.6.0.0(2,9)]hexadeca-3,15-diene, trans-2,9-anti-9,10-trans-1,10 (3.26\%) and many other compounds were identified as low level. The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of N-H , O-H , C=C , C-H, C-O and CH3 functional groups. Conclusion: The result of this study offer a platform of using Curcuma caesia Roxb as herbal alternative for various diseases and it can be used as functional and pharmaceutical food.

}, keywords = {Curcuma caesia Roxb, FT-IR, GC MS, Phyto chemical, α-Santalol and Retinal.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.149}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/202}, author = {Muthukumaran Pakkirisamy and Suresh Kumar Kalakandan and Karthikeyen Ravichandran} } @article {353, title = {Phyto-Pharmacognostical Studies and HPTLC Fingerprinting Profile of Uvaria narum (Dunal) Wall. Ex Wight}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {528-533}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {528}, abstract = {

Objective: To study the pharmacognostic characters and phytochemical investigation of medicinally important crude drug, Uvaria narum (Dunal) Wall. Ex Wight (Annonaceae) Methods: Organoleptic characters, microscopic evaluation, leaf constants, quantitative physico-chemical evaluations (Ash value, extractive value, moisture content), preliminary phytochemical screening, quantitative estimation of total phenolic and flavonoid content in alcoholic and aqueous extract of Uvaria narum and HPTLC fingerprinting profile were studies on leaves of Uvaria narum by employing standard methods of analysis. Results: Leaf is dorsiventral, having distinct upper and lower surface. Stomata are of paracytic type and present only on lower epidermis. Upper epidermal cells are polygonal with cuticle and contain simple starch grains. A single layer of palisade cells is present below upper epidermis. Leaf do not bears any trichomes. Mid rib region shows collenchymatous cells on both surfaces. Xylem bundles are arranged in an arc. The space between collenchymas and vascular bundle is occupied by parenchymatous cells, some of which are filled with calcium oxalate crystals of prism as well as of rosette type (30-40 m in diameter). HPTLC fingerprint study of alcoholic and aqueous extracts confirmed the presence of quercitin as biomarker polyphenolic compound. Conclusion: These findings will be useful in establishing pharmacognostic and phytochemical standards for correct identification, as well as assessment of purity, quality of this plant, which definitely gaining the relevance in plant drug research and establishment of plant monograph.

}, keywords = {Histochemical evaluation, HPTLC fingerprinting, Morpho-Anatomical, Physicochemical, Uvaria Narum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.85}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.85}, author = {Kalpana Sabanna Patil and Raju Ratan Wadekar} } @article {417, title = {Pre and Post-Treatment Effects: Estimation of Serum Testosterone and Lipid Peroxidation Levels on Moringa olifera Extract Induced Cadmium Exposed Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {846-849}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {846}, abstract = {

Background: Cadmium (Cd), is a toxic metal which affects various organs including testis. It produces oxidative stress leading to male infertility. Moringa tree, is a natural plant with a great therapeutic value and hence it is found to be effective both in prevention and treatment of various conditions including reducing toxicity of hazardous materials. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of Pre-and Post-treatment with Moringa oliefera leaf extract (MoE) on testis in cadmium exposed rats. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted at the Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College (KMC), Mangalore, Manipal University (MU), Karnataka, India, between (2011-2013). This prospective study consisted a total of 30 rats. These were divided into 5 groups with group I being the control. Data were presented as mean \±SD. student\’s t test was used as statistical tool, p\<0.05 considered statistically significant. Group IV and V were pre-and post-MoE treated groups respectively. Serum testosterone and tissue lipid peroxidation levels were estimated. Results: Treatment with MoE prior and after administration of cadmium, respectively showed an increase significantly in the testosterone levels and a decrease in the tissue lipid peroxidation as compared to the group treated with cadmium. However, the pre-treatment showed better results in combatting the toxic effects of cadmium. Conclusion: This study shows that Moringa olifera leaf extract altered the testosterone and tissue lipid peroxidation levels. Also, pre-treatment showed better outcome.

}, keywords = {Cadmium, MDA, Morniga olifera extract., Oxidative stress, Testosterone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.132}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/185}, author = {Pratik Kumar Chatterjee and Vinodini Nithyananda Madom Anantharaya and Rashmi Kaup Shiva and Nayanatara Arun Kumar and Sneha Bhoja Shetty and Suman Veerappa Budihal and Mangalore Ramesh Bhat and Kunal} } @article {346, title = {Preliminary Acute Oral Toxicity Study of White Tea Leaf (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) Ethanolic Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {479-482}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {479}, abstract = {

Background: White tea is a kind of tea which manufactured with minimal processing only drying without fermentation process. White tea prepared from very young tea leaves or buds of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Theaceae, covered with tiny, silvery hairs, and dried immediately after picking to prevent oxidation and commonly used as a beverage and herbal medicine. Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the safety of the white tea leaf ethanolic extract (WTE) with acute toxicity tests. Methods: The acute oral toxicity of WTE performed at dose 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/Kg BW of Deutschland, Denken, and Yoken (DDY) mice. The animals observation for any mortality, behavioral, body weight and feed-water consumption pattern during the 14- day study. The liver, kidney, and heart isolation performed on day-15 to observe macroscopic and relative organ weight (ROW). Results: No treatment-related toxic symptom or mortality observed for the first 4 hours and 24 hours after oral administration of WTE at a dose of 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg BW. All the groups of mice did not show the significant changes in behavior, breathing, and motoric activity. Conclusions: This studies showed that the oral LD50 of WTE was greater than 5000 mg/kg BW and suggests that the WTE is practically non-toxic in a single dose of level 5000 mg/kg BW.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Camellia Sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Safety, Teh Putih, Theaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.77}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.77}, author = {Lia Ardiana and Meiliza Ekayanti and Sarah Zielda Najib and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya} } @article {413, title = {Quantification of Ethanol Content in Traditional Herbal Cough Syrups}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {821-827}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {821}, abstract = {

Introduction: The use of alcohol as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations raises safety concerns, especially when used in high concentration. This study aims to scrutinize the ethanol concentration in traditional herbal cough syrups available over-the-counter (OTC) in Malaysia. Method: Enzymatic analysis was adopted to estimate the alcohol contents of five selected syrups. The principle reaction involved ethanol oxidation by nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in the presence of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), forming acetaldehyde, reduced NAD (NADH) and a proton. The ethanol concentration of each syrup was quantitatively determined by detecting NADH using UV spectrophotometry at detection wavelength of 340 nm. Results: The ethanol percentage by volume (\% v/v) in the tested syrups ranges from 0.102\% to 2.576\%. All five syrups studied comply with the FDA requirement for drugs for adults and children \>6 years since they do not contain more than 5\% ethanol. However, three syrups do not fulfil the requirement for use in children \<6 years as they contain higher than 0.5\% ethanol, yet they are inappropriately indicated on their packaging for use in children \>3 years. In terms of safety, all studied syrups fulfil European Medicine Agency\’s (EMA) recommendation as they will not induce a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) higher than 0.125g/L after a single dose. Nevertheless, none of these syrups comply with Malaysian Drug Registration Guidance on labelling requirements as they do not disclose their alcohol contents on the packaging. Conclusion: More rigorous regulation on alcohol content in herbal preparations, and disclosure of alcohol content in product packagings should be enforced.

}, keywords = {Alcohol content, Enzymatic analysis, Ethanol concentration, Herbal cough medicine, Herbal preparation, Quantitative analysis.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.128}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/181}, author = {Ming Shin Neo and Shraddha Manish Gupta and Tahir Mehmood Khan and Manish Gupta} } @article {440, title = {Quantitative Analysis of Irigenin in the Different Species of Iris Plant by RP- HPLC and its Efficacy Against Different Plant Pathogens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s23-s27}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s23}, abstract = {

Irigenin belongs to family of isoflavonoids, isolated from Iris Plant of Kashmir Himalaya. A rapid and specific reverse phase high pressure chromatography (RP HPLC) method for quantitative analysis of irigenin in the different species of Iris Plant was developed. The samples were analyzed on RP-C18 e column (chromolith, 5\μm, 4.6\×100 mm). The HPLC system was operated at ambient temperature (\±30c). The mobile phase consisted of methanol: water. The detecting wavelength at 260 nm and flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. The standard irigenin was diluted using the mobile phase at a known concentration of 1mg/ml; the sample was filtered through sample filter of 0.45 \μ pore size. The filtrate was introduced on to a reverse phase analytical column. The content of irigenin in the different species of Iris Plant was determined. The HPLC showed an excellent performance in separating the irigenin in different species of Iris Plant. Furthermore, the antipathogenic activity. The test compound at each respective concentration was found to be statistically superior against scab. Furthermore, the test compound @ 5000 ppm proved significantly most effective by providing (82.49\%) inhibition in the mycelia growth of apple scab. It was followed by fusarium (77.27\%) at 5000 ppm. Lowest reduction in mycelia growth (65.78\%) was recorded in marssonina and did not differ significantly from Alternaria (67.47\%) at 5000 ppm. Furthermore, lowest inhibition of mycelia growth was recorded at 1000 ppm. Similar trend was recorded for rest of the pathogens i.e. highest reduction at 5000 ppm, lowest at 1000 ppm and at 2000, 3000 and 4000 ppm it ranges between the first two but increases with increase in concentration. From this study irigenin is potent compound which can be used for controlling the growth of respective pathogens.

}, keywords = {Bio efficacy, Irigenin, Iris Plant, RP-HPLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.153}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/377}, author = {Sajad Hassan Wani and Hilal Ahmad Bhat and Javid Iqbal Mir and Shahid Ali Akbar and Sajad Un Nabi and Desh Beer Singh and Nazeer Ahmad} } @article {332, title = {A Quantitative Approach to Estimate both Essential and Non-essential Elements in Some Commercial Samples of Triphala churna by using WD-XRF Spectrometry}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {378-381}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {378}, abstract = {

Introduction: The need for quality control of herbal drugs is in demand in order to ensure the purity, safety and efficacy of herbal products. A total of 19 elements including essential and non-essential elements were characterized in five commercial samples of Triphala churna using WD-XRF spectrometry. Method: The WD-XRF method was validated for each element by a pre-calibrated program using five Chinese certified reference materials of vegetable standards (NCS ZC73012, NCS ZC73013, NCS ZC73017, NCS ZC85006 and NCS DC73348). Results: The following elements were detected in all the samples out of 19 elements tested with increasing order of concentrations (mg/kg): Cr (3) \< Cu (7) \< Ba (24) \< Zn (31) \< Pb (46) \< Mn (57) \< S (700) \< Na (1064) \< Mg (1250) \< Fe (1329) \< P (1400) \< Cl (2960) \< Ca (3110) \< Si (4350) \< K (15130). Lead (41-46 mg/kg), a nonessential element was found above its PDE limit (\≤ 10 mg/kg). Conclusion: WD-XRF method was found simple, rapid, reliable and non-destructive technique to investigate the elemental concentrations in herbal drugs.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Elemental analysis, ICP-MS, ISM, Triphala churna, WD-XRF}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.64}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.64}, author = {Venkata Siva Satyanarayana Kantamreddi and V. Thirumala Veni and G. Y. S. K. Swamy} } @article {359, title = {RETRACTED: Antioxidant and Anti-Hypercholesterolemic Potential of Vitis vinifera Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, year = {2017}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Grapes (Vitis vinifera) are universally appreciated fruit for their delicacy, nutrition and accepted as functional food. The objective of the present study is to evaluate antioxidant and anti-hypercholesterolemic potential of Vitis vinifera leaves extract. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of methanolic (VVME) and aqueous (VVAE) extract was carried out to identify the phytoconstituents. Antioxidant potential was evaluated by employing in-vitro and in vivo assays. The anti-hypercholesterolemic activity was evaluated by inducing hypercholesterolemia with high cholesterol diet for 21 days in experimental animals. Results: In VVME, total tannins, total flavonoids and total phenolic contents were found to be present in major amount. Both extract has significant in-vitro and in-vivo antioxidant efficacy. Different doses i.e. 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of VVME and VVAE significantly attenuated the lipid levels. Moreover, VVME was found to be more effective as compared to VVAE and also, effectiveness was confirmed with histological results. Conclusion: It can be concluded that antioxidant and anti-hypercholesterolemic efficacy of Vitis vinifera might be due to presence of antioxidant property and active phytoconstituents.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cholesterol Diet, Hypercholesterolemia, Total Phenolic Content Etc., Vitis vinifera}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.90}, author = {Sushma Devi and Randhir Singh} } @article {217, title = {A Review of Pharmacognostical Studies on Moringa oleifera Lam. flowers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {1-7}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Moringa oleifera Lam. of the family Moringaceae, popularly called \‘miracle tree\’ is a native of sub Himalayan tracts of Northern India and is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. Research on Moringa mainly pivoted around its leaves and seeds because of their immense nutraceutical potential but recently there is a greater interest in flowers too, mostly inspired by the positive outcomes of several pharmacognostical studies on flowers. Moringa flower is a rich reservoir of bioactive phytochemicals and crude flower extracts showed promising antibacterial, antifungal, anti larval, antioxidant, anti inflammatory and anticancer properties. This review concisely presents the various phytochemicals identified and isolated as well as the various bioassays employed to validate the therapeutic potential of flower. It is prepared after a detailed search on Google scholar. Reports on Moringa oleifera flower were sorted and tabulated based on the bioassays performed and solvents used for extraction. A grading pattern is adopted for comparing efficiency of different extracts in eliciting bioactivities. Many of these studies are at the preliminary stage but two of them present advanced mechanisms. First is the presence of a proteinaceous larvicidal compound \‘MoFTI\’ in the flower capable of inhibiting larval trypsin of Aedes aegypti. The second describes flower extract\’s anti inflammatory mechanism effecting via NF-KB pathway and consequent suppression of inflammatory mediators\’ activation, but short of identifying lead compound/compounds behind this effect. Thus authors suggest further studies to elucidate the detailed mechanisms, identify and isolate the active compound or compounds of synergism behind the many therapeutic potential of the Moringa flower extracts.

}, keywords = {Bioactivity, Bioassay, Extracts, Flower, GCMS, Moringa, Phytochemicals, Therapeutic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.1}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.1.1}, author = {Tom Mathew Kalappurayil and Benny Pulinilkkumthadathil Joseph} } @article {422, title = {Saffron (Crocus sativus) and its Active Ingredients: Role in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {873-879}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {873}, abstract = {

Introduction: Crocus sativus is a member of iridaceae family and its use in health management is in practice since ancient time. Additionally, research based on clinical trials and animal models have advocates its role in disease cure without any severe adverse complications. The aim of this study is to summarize the study of saffron and its ingredients based on in vivo and in vitro and role in disease cure and prevention. Materials: This study was designed through the search engines such as Pub Med, Scopus and Google Scholar. The keywords used for the search were mainly focused on Saffron with health benefit and its therapeutics role in different diseases. Result: Saffron stigma is mixture of various components and recent studies have proven that saffron and its active ingredients play a key role in disease management. Moreover, clinical trials based study on the use of saffron and its individual components have confirmed the health promising effects. Conclusion: Although Saffron has potential role in the disease cure and prevention via modulation of anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, anti-microbial and anti-diabetic activity. Furthermore, advanced research is needed to elaborate the role of saffron in health management and its mechanism of action in the modulation of biological activities.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anti-tumour activity, Antioxidant, Crocus sativus, Toxicity level.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.137}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/190}, author = {Arshad Husain Rahmani and Amjad Ali Khan and Yousef Homood Aldebasi} } @article {225, title = {Screening Indigenous Medicinal Plants of Northeast India for Their Anti-Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {46-54}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {46}, abstract = {

Introduction: Alzheimer\’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurologic disease of the brain that affects intellectual abilities, reasoning and memory. Acetylcholine (ACh) is involved in the maintenance of cognitive process. Pathologically, ACh production is compromised in the brains of AD affected people. Presence of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the synaptic cleft, which hydrolyzes ACh, further decreases the ACh-levels, and thereby, additionally compromises cognition. The tribal people of North East India have been using indigenous plants as traditional medicine for brain disorders. We assayed whether the plants used in the traditional tribal knowledge for the treatment of brain disorders might contain better AChE-inhibitors. Methods: We collected 10 traditional medicinal plants from Northeast India. A total of 39 plant extracts were prepared using three solvent systems. The Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured with Ellman method. The experiment was done in triplicate for each level of inhibitor. The activity was measured at 412 nm wavelength using Plate Reader. The standard student t-test was used to show significant difference in IC50 values between extracts. Results: The result are reported based on Km, Vmax, IC50 (g/l), percentage inhibition and inhibition pattern. Two extracts had competitive inhibition, 11 extracts had mixed inhibition, 2 extracts had non-competitive inhibition, 11 extracts had uncompetitive inhibition and 4 extracts did not provide any proper pattern. The IC50 for these plant extracts were at the range of 0.51-12.4 g/l. Notably, Cinnamomum camphora (leaf: chloroform), Litsea glutinosa (stem; chloroform), and Litsea glutinosa (stem; methanol) showed IC50 values of 0.51, 0.53 \& 0.81 g/l, respectively.

}, keywords = {AChE-inhibition, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s, Ellman assay, Kinetics, Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.9}, author = {Roohollah Sobhani and Amarta Kumar Pal and Atanu Bhattacharjee and Sivaprasad Mitra and Kripamoy Aguan} } @article {221, title = {Screening of Antidepressant Activity of Punica granatum in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {27-29}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {27}, abstract = {

Introduction: India is a rich source of medicinal plants used therapeutically to treat various disorders including depression. This study was undertaken to evaluate the antidepressant effect of acute and chronic administration of Punica granatum (pomegranate) whole fruit in mice. Methods: We used the aqueous extract of Punica granatum (250 and 500 mg/kg per day), standard drug used was Imipramine (10 mg/kg) and vehicle was gum acacia (10 ml/kg), orally. Four groups of animals were used and each group had six animals. In the acute study drugs/vehicles were administered 60 min prior to the experiments. In the chronic study drugs/vehicles were administered for 14 days and the last dose was given on the 14th day, 60 minutes prior to experiment. Forced Swim Test and Tail Suspension Test were used for testing antidepressant activity. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA with drug treatment as the independent factor. Post-hoc comparisons were performed using Dunnett\’s test. Results: In acute and chronic forced swim test as well as acute tail suspension test, duration of immobility was significantly reduced in the PG 500 mg/kg, but not in the 250 mg/kg treated group. In chronic tail suspension test, duration of immobility was significantly decreased in PG 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg treated groups. The antidepressant activity of 500 mg/kg was comparable to that of Imipramine 10 mg/kg. Conclusion: The present study suggests that aqueous extract of whole fruit of P. granatum has antidepressant activity at 500 mg/kg. It would be advisable to encourage consumption of pomegranate extract in patients with depression because of its nutritional and functional properties.

}, keywords = {Depression, Forced swim test, Pomegranate., Tail suspension test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.5}, author = {Rajeshwari Shastry and Aadhya Sharma and Vinay Sayeli and Ullal Sheetal Dinkar} } @article {251, title = {Screening of Ethanolic Extracts of Medicinal Herbal Drugs Against Oral Microbes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {201-203}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {201}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of the present study is to screen the ethanolic extracts of medicinal herbal drugs against oral microbes. Objective: In this study, 3 medicinal herbs were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against five common oral bacteria as a screen for potential candidates for the development of natural antibiotics. Methods: Ethanolic extracts of medicinal herbs were tested for activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus sanguis grown in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth. A broth microdilutionassay was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). A disk diffusion assay was performed by inoculating bacterial cultures on BHI agar plates with paper disks soaked in each of the medicinal herb extracts. Results: The ethanolic extracts of many of the 3 medicinal herbs showed antimicrobial activity against the five types of pathogenic oral bacteria. The extracts of Caralluma fimbriata, Hemidesmus indicus, and Grape seed effectively inhibited the growth of oral bacteria and showed distinct bactericidal activity. Conclusion: These results suggest that alternative medicines with proven antimicrobial effects, such as Caralluma fimbriata, Hemidesmus indicus, and Grape seed may be useful for the treatment of dental diseases.

}, keywords = {Anti cariogenic, Dental caries, Natural products Pathogenic, Oral bacteria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.33}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/300}, author = {Harsha L and Lakshmi Thangavelu} } @article {223, title = {The Serum Protein Fractions in Streptozotocin (STZ) Administrated Rat Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {35-38}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {35}, abstract = {

Background: Experimental diabetes can be induced using chemical agents such as streptozotocin. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of streptozotocin (STZ) which is most important agent to produce experimental diabetic model at two different doses on serum protein fractions in rat models. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male rats that weighed an average of 250 g and were 3\–4 months old were used as the experimental models. They were sorted into three groups composed of eight rats each of STZ 55 mg/kg, STZ 65 mg/kg and control. Diabetes was induced by administering STZ 55 mg/kg and 65 mg/kg intraperitoneally. The serum protein fractions were analyzed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Results: No significant difference was observed between the groups for all fractions except alpha-2 and beta globulins. The alpha-2 and beta globulin levels were significantly higher in the 55 mg/kg group than in the 65 mg/kg STZ and control groups (p\<0.05). Conclusion: This increase may be due to the involvement of different proteins in the alpha-2 and beta globulin protein fractions.

}, keywords = {electrophoresis, experimental diabetes, Rat, serum proteins, STZ}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.7}, author = {Cennet Ragbetli and Semiha Dede and Feride Koc and Veysel Yuksek and Murat Cetin Ragbetli} } @article {347, title = {Simultaneous-HPLC Quantification of Phenolic Acids in Traditionally used Ayurvedic Herb Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Jeffry}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {483-487}, chapter = {483}, abstract = {

Introduction:The present study deals with the simultaneous HPLC-quantification of phenolic acid(s) in the aerial parts of Diplocyclos palmatus (Cucurbitaceae) and evaluation of their bioactivity potential through in vitro antioxidant assay\’s. Method: The HPLC elution was done using C18 column using gradient (binary phases) solvent system at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. Total phenolic and, flavonoid contents were determined and the antioxidant potential was estimated by four assay\’s viz. DPPH radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing power assay, total antioxidant capacity and 2-deoxy ribose assay. Results: The species is rich in three phenolic acids, among which gallic acid (1708 ug/g) is in maximum concentration followed by caeffic acid (437 ug/g) and protocateuchic acid (337.7 ug/g). Total phenolic content was higher (10.5 mg/g) than flavonoid content (3.78 mg/g) and TAC was found at 0.137 mg/g ASE (ascorbic acid equivalent). IC50 of D. palmatus extract for scavenging of hydroxyl radical by 2-deoxy ribose and DPPH was at concentration of 125.61 \± 0.834 (\μg/ml) and 353.71 \± 0.663 (\μg/ml) respectively. In vitro antidiabetiv potential, via inhibition of alpha amylase enzyme through starch iodine and 3,5- DNS assay reveals the IC50 of extract at 146.31 \± 0.415 ug/ml and 286.23 \± 0.671 ug/ ml respectively. Conclusion:\ The species (aerial part) was rich in phenolic acid with potential bioactivity, identified leads will be useful\ in further chemical characterization and pharmacological validation.

}, keywords = {Anti diabetic, Anti oxidant, Diplocyclos palmatus, HPLC, Phenolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.78}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.78}, author = {Ankita Misra and Pushpendra Kumar Shukla and Bhanu Kumar and Abhishek Niranjan and AKS Rawat and Sharad Srivastava} } @article {363, title = {Standardization and Chemical Analysis of Rasam: A South Indian Traditional Functional Food}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {587-593}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {587}, abstract = {

Objective: The traditional Indian food is \“functional\” as it contains high amounts of dietary fiber, antioxidants, and probiotics. Rasam is a South Indian traditional spice soup. Spices are reputed to possess several pharmacological properties. Due to geographical, ethnical, and traditional differences, rasam recipe and the preparation process have a wide difference. Hence, the objective was to standardize rasam and then to perform a chemical analysis so that its pharmaceutical potential beyond nutritive effect can be explored. Materials and Methods: The quantity of ingredients and the process followed for preparing rasam by the 17 volunteers selected from in and around Vellore, Tamil Nadu was standardized. The proximate, nutritive, elemental, and phytochemical analysis were determined for the standardized rasam. Results: The total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, and sulfated ash were found to be 1.7\%, 0.04\%, 0.12\%, and 1.86\%, respectively. The extractive values such as water soluble, ethanol soluble, and ether soluble were found to be 4.5\%, 3.93\%, and 0.61\%, respectively. The standardized rasam showed very low-energy content of 15.13 kcal/100 g. Rasam contained alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides. and volatile oil. Conclusion: The ingredients used in the preparation of rasam are medicinally claimed for various ailments, which makes it a traditional functional food. The standardized procedure provided tremendous opportunity to study the pharmaceutical potential in a systematic scientific way beyond its culinary and nutritive effect.

}, keywords = {Chaaru, Elemental analysis, Nutritional Value, Proximate Analysis, Saaru, Spices}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.93}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.93/index.html}, author = {Agilandeswari Devarajan and Muthu Kumaradoss Mohan Maruga Raja} } @article {448, title = {Standardization of Agrotechniques and Biochemical Assessment of Crataegus oxyacantha in Western Himalaya}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s69-s76}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s69}, abstract = {

C. oxyacantha is a high valued medicinal plant of Rosacea family. It is used to cure cardiac disorder in ayurvedic medicines. A field experiment was laid out in 2004 in CSIR-IHBT farm, by using different quantity of FYM and various spacing. Low growth in plant height was observed in first five years with higher dose of FYM, but in 2015 the significant height growth was recorded. From 2008 to 2015 all types of FYM applications produced statistically significant yield of seed production except in 2012 and 2014. The 22.50t/ha was the most statistically significant dose of FYM in relation to seed yield. The spacing did not produce any significant results for seed production. A vegetative propagation trial of C. oxyacantha was also laid out using semi hard stem cuttings and some selected hormones (IAA, IBA, GA3 and Abscisic acid) with different concentrations. Statistically significant shoot sprouting (78.35\%) was recorded when IBA of 1000 mg/L was used followed by 67.74\% in case of 1500 mg/L of the same hormone. While lowest shoot sprouting (27.85\%) was observed using 2000 mg/L of Abscisic acid. A statistically significant 5.67 cm and 5.33 cm shoot lengths were observed using 2000 mg/L of IAA and 1000 mg/L of IBA, respectively. In the case of shoot tillers 3.33 was recorded in 1500 mg/l. of IAA. Two new compounds and 9 known compounds were isolated from fruit extract.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Crataegus oxyacantha, FYM, Hormones, Spacing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.160}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/385}, author = {Gopichand and RL Meena and P Kaur and RD Singh} } @article {326, title = {Sub-acute Toxicity Study of The Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Asam Kandis Rinds (Garcinia cowa Roxb.) on the Liver and Renal Function in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {345-349}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {345}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study investigated the sub acute toxicity of the ethyl acetate fraction of asam kandis (Garcinia cowa Roxb) Rinds in mice. Material and Methods: Sub acute toxicity study was carried out by giving orally at dose 500, 1000 dan 2000 mg / kgBW extract to five mice at 21 days. Animals were observed individually for any clinical signs of toxicity or mortality for 14 days. Measured parameters were SGPT levels, serum creatinine levels, weight ratio of liver and kidney. Extract was given orally at dose 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kgBW for 21 days. Observations were done on day 8th, 15th and 22th using blood serum, liver and kidneys of mice. Data were analyzed by using two-way ANOVA followed by Duncan\’s Multiple Range Test. Results: The ethyl acetate fraction of G. cowa at doses 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kgBW gave significant effect on increasing SGPT levels and decreasing levels of serum creatinine (p \<0.05). The length of treatment gave significant effect on decreasing levels of serum creatinine, weight ratio of liver and kidney (p \<0.05). Conclusion: The dosage of the ethyl acetate fraction of asam kandis rinds provides significant effect on the SGPT and serum creatinine levels of male white mice. The duration of administration of ethyl acetate fraction of asam kandis rinds provides significant effect on serum creatinine levels, the weight ratio of liver and kidney organ of male white mice.\ 

}, keywords = {Creatinine serum, Garcinia cowa rinds, SGPT, Sub-acute toxicity, Weight ratio of liver and kidney}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.58}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.58}, author = {Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Dessy Arisanty and Nelsi Fitri Hayaty and Dian Ayu Juwita and Almahdy} } @article {242, title = {Synthesis of Nanoparticles Produced by Ethanol Extract of Boesenbergia rotunda Rhizome Loaded with Chitosan and Alginic Acid and its Biological Activity test}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {142-147}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {142}, abstract = {

Introduction: B. rotunda used as a traditional medicine to treat illnesses such as rheumatism, muscle pain, febrifuge, gout, gastrointestinal disorders, flatulence, carminative, stomach ache, dyspepsia, and peptic ulcer. To enhance the stability, solubility and activity of the extract B. rotunda, should be developed into a product nanoparticles. Objective: This work reports the synthesis of nanoparticles produced by ethanol extract of Boesenbergia rotunda rhizome loaded with chitosan and alginic acid, and its biological activity test as antioxidant. Method: The synthesis of nanoparticles used an ionic gelation. Activity of the nanoparticle products as antioxidant was tested by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. Results: This work showed that nanoparticles chitosan produced by ethanol extract B. rotunda can be synthesized at a concentration (\% w/v) of chitosan/ Na-TPP (sodium tripolyphosphate) and ratio of 8: 1, the size range of the nanoparticles were 389 to 877 nm, with a zeta potential of + 41.87 mV, and precentage nanoparticle 98.1\%. The corresponding nanoparticles alginic acid can be synthesized at a concentration (\% w/v) of alginic acid/ Ca2+ and ratio of 5: 1, the size range of the nanoparticles were 197 to 877 nm, with a zeta potential of -82.1 mV, and precentage nanoparticle 90.2\%. Furthermore, nanoparticles result of the combination of alginic acid \–chitosan can be synthesized at a concentration (\% w/v) alginic acid/chitosan/ca2+ and ratio of 6.7: 2: 1, the size range of the nanoparticle were 226 to 877 nm, and precentage nanoparticle 29.7\%. The morphology of each nanoparticle products was spherical and a smooth surface. The chitosan-alginic acid nanoparticles show higher activity than the starting material ethanol extract of B. rotunda.

}, keywords = {alginic acid, Antioxidant, B. rotunda, chitosan-alginic acid combination, Nanoparticles chitosan}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.24}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/291}, author = {Sri Atun and Sri Handayani} } @article {409, title = {To Evaluate the Antidiabetic and Rejuvenating Capability of Tissues on Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats under the Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Coriandrum sativum: A Histopathological Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {792-798}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {792}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the antidiabetic and rejuvenating capability of tissues on alloxan induced diabetic rats under the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Coriandrum sativum. Methods: Diabetic model was prepared by administration of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/ kg i.p). The ethanolic leaf extracts of Coriandrum sativum at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg of body weight were administrated to diabetic induced groups for a period of 28 days. The effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Coriandrum sativum leaf extract on serum blood glucose, insulin, lipase, \α- amylase and LDH as well as kidney function test [urea, uric acid, albumin, protein and creatinine] were measured in the alloxan induced diabetic rats. Results: In the acute toxicity study, ethanolic leaf extract of Coriandrum sativum leaf was non-toxic at 2 000 mg/kg in rats. The increased insulin level, albumin and protein level, decreased blood glucose and other biochemical parameters level were observed in diabetic rats treated with both doses of ethanol extract of Coriandrum sativum leaf compared to diabetic control rats. In Histopathological study were revealed toward normal. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of Coriandrum sativum leaf possesses significant antidiabetic and rejuvenating capability of tissues.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Coriandrum sativum., Pancreas and Kidney Tissue, Wistar Rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.124}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/177}, author = {Bhaskar Sharma and Gaurav Sharma and Suresh Chand Joshi and Sunil Kumar Singh} } @article {430, title = {Total Phenolic Contents and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Guaiacum officinale L. Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {929-931}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {929}, abstract = {

Backgound: Guaiacum officinale L. is an alien species to Thailand. It is used as anti-arthritis and anti-rheumatoid agents in Indian folklore medicine. Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate total phenolic contents and free radical scavenging activity of the extracts from Guaiacum officinale L. (Zygophyllaceae). Methods: The plant parts including bark, twig and leaf were extracted using different solvents (ethyl acetate, water and ethanol). Total phenolic contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu Colorimetry method while free radical scavenging activity of the extracts was investigated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay. Results: The results show that the highest total phenolic content is found in the ethyl acetate twig extracts (20.3\±0.0031 \μg GAE/1 \μg extracts). The ethanolic twig extracts had the highest free radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 0.45\±0.0188 mg/ml. Conclusion: The extracts from Guaiacum officinale L. exhibit good anti-oxidant activity and may be suitable for development as drugs and supplementary food.

}, keywords = {Ethanolic twig extracts, Ethyl acetate twig extracts., Free Radical Scavenging Activity, Guaiacum Officinale L, Total Phenolic Contents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.145}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/198}, author = {Suthira Maneechai and Vachiraporn Pikulthong} } @article {419, title = {Toxicity Assessment and Evaluation of Analgesic, Antipyretic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities on Cordia obliqua Leaf Methanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {856-861}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {856}, abstract = {

Background: Cordia obliqua Willd. Plant belongs to genus Cordia and family Boraginaceae. Commonly it is known as Clammy Cherry and in Hindi Lasora. Earlier very few researches were carried out to explore its medicinal importance as compared with other Cordia species. Objective: To determine maximum safe dose and explore analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Cordia obliqua leaf methanol extract. Materials and Methods: As per our previous study report, the leaf methanol extract is rich in phyto-constituents and has good antioxidant effect; so only methanol extract was studied here. The maximum safe dose of methanol extract was found by acute oral toxicity study according to OECD guidelines 423. For analgesic effect, hot plate and tail flick method, for anti-inflammatory, Carageenan induced rat paw edema and for antipyretic study, yeast induced pyrexia method were used. Results: The extract dose up to 2000mg/Kg was found safe with no any side effects. Three dose levels were tested for all activities. The medium (250 mg/Kg) and high (500 mg/Kg) dose of methanol extract was found effective in all activities when compared with standard. The result for antipyretic activity was found better than other activities. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Cordia obliqua leaf is safe and effective drug for relief of pain, fever and inflammation.

}, keywords = {Carageenan induced edema, Clammy Cherry, Hot plate, Tail flick, Yeast induced pyrexia.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.134}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/187}, author = {Richa Gupta and Ghanshyam Das Gupta} } @article {227, title = {Toxicology and Oral glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) of Thai Medicinal Plant Used for Diabetes controls, Phyllanthus acidus L. (EUPHORBIACEAE)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {58-61}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {58}, abstract = {

Aim: The present study aimed to investigate toxicity and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) of Phyllanthus acidus leaf extract (PAE) on Wistar rat. Methods: PAE was prepared and administered orally to experimental animals used. The extract was tested for toxicity in rats at a dose of 0, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 mg/kg body weight p.o once daily for 14 days. The hypoglycemic effects of PAE on normal rats and orally glucose-induced hyperglycemic rats were compared with distilled water and glibenclamide. A single dose (250 mg/kg body weight) of PAE was administered and blood glucose level was obtained by pricking the tail vain using glucometer at time -30, 0, 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes. Results: All doses of the extract did not exert any sign or symptom of toxicity and the dead rat was not found. The body weight, white blood cell (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), platelet (PLT), plateletcrit (PCT), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), blood chemistry, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, alkaling phosphatase (ALP) and organ weight of liver were not significantly different between control and treated rats. However, red blood cell (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), lymphocyte (LYM), and hemoglobin (Hb) at a dose 1,500 mg./kg body weight were significantly lower than those in the control group. The blood glucose levels of PAE treated groups were not different with control and Glybenclamide treated. Conclusion: The findings of the present study can be concluded that the PAE are practically non-toxic at a lower dose.

}, keywords = {Blood glucose, Diabetes, Medicinal plant, Phyllanthus acidus, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.11}, author = {Napapach Chaimum-aom and Sanong Chomko and Chusri Talubmook} } @article {416, title = {Triptolide Mediated Amelioration of Breast Cancer via Modulation of Molecular Pathways}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {838-845}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {838}, abstract = {

Triptolide is the main bioactive molecule isolated from a root extract of Tripterigium wilfordii Hook F. of Celastraceae family. Chemically, it is a diterpenoid triepoxide molecule and its chemical formula is C20H24O6. Its five-membered unsaturated lactone ring (D-ring) is crucial for anti-tumor potential and carbonyl group at C-18 position is essential to exert important influence on the interaction between triptolide and the targeted protein(s). It is bio-synthesized from deoxy-D-xylullose-5-phosphate (DOXP) pathway in the cell. Triptolide can induce apoptosis in a number of breast cancer cells by up-regulating different pro-apoptotic and down-regulating different anti-apoptotic molecules. In vitro experiments indicate that it can down regulate several cell cycle related genes and induces S-phase cell cycle arrest. Triptolide treatment can also modulate the expression of different cell signaling molecules, e.g. ERK, NF-\κB, FAK, VEGF, \β-catenin, AKT etc. In vivo experiments indicate that triptolide can effectively reduce breast tumor growth in the mouse model. Apart from the single drug treatment, triptolide can effectively be applied in combination therapy. Application of Triptolide with other chemotherapeutic drugs, very efficiently check the proliferation of tumor cells which reduces the effective concentration of the commercially available drugs thus reducing their toxic sideeffects. Although triptolide is very effective against a number of diseases, its higher degree of multi-organ toxicity limits its use of further clinical trial. Therefore, to reduce the toxic effects, a number of strategies have been developed which increase its water solubility and at the same time decrease the toxic effect. In this review article, we have addressed how triptolide participates in the antitumor processes in breast cancer cells.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Breast cancer, Cytotoxicity, Molecular pathway., Tripterigium wilfordii, Triptolide}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.131}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/184}, author = {Swadesh Sarkar and Santanu Paul} } @article {244, title = {Vibrational Analysis and Thermal Behavior of Salvia hispanica, Nigella sativa and Papaver somniferum Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {157-162}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {157}, abstract = {

Introduction: Salvia hispanica L., Nigella sativa L. and Papaver somniferum L. are involved in opiate-dependent behavior. It is known that the seeds of these three herbs contain high amounts of antioxidants, which are helpful in disease prevention, but further research is needed on some of their other phytochemical components (terpene alkaloids, benzoquinones and others), which are claimed to affect human opioid receptors. Methods: Seeds from the three afore mentioned plants have been studied by ATR-FTIR vibrational spectroscopy and thermo analytical techniques (TG/DTG, DTA and DSC). Results: The infrared spectrum has confirmed the presence of the ester carbonyl of terpenoid alkaloids (such as nigellamine) and the fully conjugated cyclic dione structure of quinones (e.g., thymoquinone). As regards the thermal stability of these seeds, small differences have been observed in their thermal profiles (endothermic effects at around 333\ºC for chia, 268\ºC for black cumin and 319\ºC for poppy seeds), which can be ascribed to their different content in carbohydrates. Conclusions: The functional groups of the main active constituents and the thermal behavior of these three seeds have been elucidated.

}, keywords = {ATR-FTIR, Black cumin, Chia, Poppy, Thermal analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.26}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/293}, author = {Paula Carri{\'o}n-Prieto and Pablo Mart{\'\i}n-Ramos and Salvador Hern{\'a}ndez-Navarro and Iosody Silva-Castro and Manuela Ramos-Silva and Jes{\'u}s Mart{\'\i}n-Gil} } @article {170, title = {Acetaminophen Induced Oxidative and Histopathological Alterations in Hepatic Tissue: Protective Effects of Alstonia Scholaris Leaf Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {385-391}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {385}, abstract = {

Introduction: Alstonia scholaris Linn. is the common ingredients of various herbal formulation. Objectives: Present study was aimed to evaluate the oxidative and histopathological alterations in acetaminophen (APAP) induced hepatotoxicity and protective mechanisms of different leaf extracts of A. scholaris. Methods: Forty two wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups with six rats in each and subjected to different treatments. Alterations in total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI), total thiols (TTH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and histopathological alterations in hepatic tissue were analyzed to assess the extent of hepatic damage induced by APAP and the protection imparted against it by aqueous or ethanolic leaf extract of A. scholaris. Results: Single high oral dose of APAP administration increased (p\<0.05) hepatic levels of TOS, OSI and MDA and reduced TAS, TTH, SOD, CAT, GPx and GST activities indicating alteration in antioxidant system of hepatic tissue. The histopathological studies showed severe hepatic degeneration, vacuolization and granulation in cytoplasm, fragmentation of nuclei and membranes and infiltration of mononuclear cells on APAP treatment. Pre and post-treatments of aqueous or ethanolic extract following APAP administration restored TTH, reduced MDA and TOS and increased TAS compared to APAP treatment alone. Conclusions: Observations of histopathological and antioxidant parameters indicates that restoration of TAS and TTH levels by leaf extracts may be the primary protective mechanism in APAP induced hepatotoxicity. Further treatments with ethanolic extract showed more hepatoprotective potential than the aqueous extract of A. scholaris.

}, keywords = {Acetaminophen, Alstonia scholaris, Malondialdehyde., Super oxide dismutase, Total antioxidant status, Total thiols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.12}, author = {Pawan Kumar Verma and Rajinder Raina and Mudasir Sultana and Maninder Singh and Pawan Kumar} } @article {177, title = {Acute and sub-acute Toxicity study of Aqueous extracts of Canscora heteroclita (L) Gilg in Rodents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {399-410}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {399}, abstract = {

Background: Canscora heteroclita (C. heteroclita) being used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine in India for treatment of various diseases. No systematic toxicity study for this plant was described. Objective: The present study was undertaken to assess the safety use of this plant in traditional practice. Materials and Methods: The acute oral toxicity study of aqueous extract of Canscora heteroclita (AECH) was carried out as per the OECD guidelines 423 in mice and the sub-acute toxicity was carried out at a dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg as per OECD 407 guidelines in male and female rats. Results: Mice administered upto 2000 mg/kg as a single dose orally not caused any signs of toxicity or mortality in mice. In sub-acute toxicity study in rats, AECH at two different daily doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 28 days did not cause any significant change including the hematological and biochemical parameters. Histopathological examinations showed normal architecture suggesting no morphological disturbances. Conclusion: No deaths or any signs of toxicity was observed after oral administration in acute toxicity study upto a dose of 2000 mg/kg of AECH in mice and upto a dose of 400 mg/kg of AECH in sub acute toxicity study in rats.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Biochemical, Canscora heteroclita, Histology., Sub-acute toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.15}, author = {Rajasekaran Aiyalu and Arivukkarasu Ramasamy} } @article {99, title = {Acute and Sub-acute Toxicity Study of Aqueous Extracts of Enicostemma axillare (Lam.) Raynal in Animal models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {10-19}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {10}, abstract = {

Background: Enicostemma axillare (Lam.) Raynal is used in traditional practice for the treatment of diabetes, malaria and liver disorders. No systematic toxicity study was described for this plant and hence the present was undertaken to evaluate acute and sub-acute toxicity of aqueous extract of Enicostemma axillare (AEEA). Objective: The acute oral toxicity study of AEEA was carried out as per the OECD guidelines 423 in mice and the sub-acute toxicity was carried out as per the guidelines set by OECD 407 in male and female rats. Materials and Methods: Body weight, food and water consumption, hematological parameters, biochemical parameters, organ weight and histopathological analysis were carried out. Results: No gross toxicity and mortality was observed upto a dose of 2000 mg/kg. For sub-acute toxicity test, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg daily dose of AEEA administered orally for 28 days in male and female group of rats not exhibited any signs of toxicity and mortality. Conclusion: In acute oral toxicity study, the oral administration of AEEA in mice was found to be safe up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Both male and female treated rats showed no change in hematological, biochemical and histological investigations and no signs of toxicity were observed upto the dose of 400 mg/kg in rats.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Enicostemma axillare, Histology, OECD guidelines, Sub-acute toxicity.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.3}, author = {Aiyalu Rajasekaran and Ramasamy Arivukkarasu} } @article {118, title = {Acute toxicity study of Phyllanthus niruri and its effect on the cyto-architectural structure of nephrocytes in Swiss albino mice Mus-musculus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {77-80}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {77}, abstract = {

Background: In the era of herbal renaissance, world is moving towards the medicinal plant that repairs and strengthening the body system without any toxic side effects. Popular medicinal plant Phyllanthus niruri contains various bioactive molecules, the present study aimed to observe the biochemical and cyto-architectural alterations in kidney associated with acute oral toxicity (LD50) of aqueous extract of P.niruri in Swiss albino mice. However, limited data is available about the toxicity of herbal remedies used for medication, which is a critical constrain. Materials and Methods: For the acute oral toxicity study, the animals were divided into six groups of 6 mice each. Group\–I was named control group and the treatment groups were administered aqueous leaf extract of P.niruri orally at different doses of 500 mg/Kg bw (Group-II), 1000 mg/Kg bw (Group-III), 2000 mg/Kg bw (Group-IV), 2500 mg/Kg bw (Group-V) and 3000 mg/Kg bw (Group-VI) for 15 consecutive days. The mice were sacrificed on and serum was collected for the biochemical analysis. The kidney was dissected and processed for histological analysis. Results: The LD50 dose of P.niruri was found to be 2590.984 mg/Kg bw in Swiss albino mice model in laboratory condition. The result showed the elevated serum level of urea in treated group of mice at higher doses which was found to be statistically significant as compared to the control (Group\–I). There were no any significant increase in serum creatinine has been observed. Histological alteration were observed at higher dose more than 2500 mg/Kg bw (Group-VI). Conclusion: It is evident from our study that P. niruri may have toxic effect at high doses. Therefore, it should be ingested with precautions.

}, keywords = {Biochemical, Histological analysis, Kidney, LD50, P. niruri.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.17}, author = {Tanuja Singh and Ruchi and Anjali singh and Ravish Kumar and Jitendra Kumar Singh} } @article {194, title = {Analytical Quantifiation, immunomodulatory and Sulforhodamine B assay studies on Albizia lebbeck Leaves Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {476-482}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {476}, abstract = {

Background: Albiza lebbeck leaves have been well known for its ethnopharmacological prospects. Objective: The present study aims three extracts (aqueous, methanolic and hydromethanolic) at two dose levels by oral administration by using immunomodulatory models and in vitro cell lines in correlation to analytical studies. Methods: The extracts were subjected to Haemagglutination Antibody Titre and DTH Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity reaction based on acute toxicity results. Chromatographic studies were undertaken comprising of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and High performance Thin layer Chromatography and screened for in-vitro cell lines such as MCF-7 and HCT 15 by Sulforhodamine B Assay Method. Results: No response was shown at 100 mg/kg. Significant immunomodulatory effect was noticed at 200 mg/kg with Haemagglutination Antibody Titre (554.66 \± 102.78, 597.33 \± 85.35, 426.66 \± 53.98) and DTH Delayed- Type Hypersensitivity reaction (0.225\±0.01, 0.21 \± 0.01, 0.23 \± 0.01) which showed decrease in paw volume (after 48 h) in case of Sheep Red Blood Cells, (0.5\×109) used as antigens. Total flavonoids content in the extracts were revealed by methods described by Singleton and Quettier. Flavonols such as rutin and quercetin were detected by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy based on determination of the functional groups and High Performance Thin layer Chromatography showed well resolved spots. The extracts were screened on in-vitro cell lines (MCF 7 and HCT 15) by using Sulforhodamine B Assay method were unsatisfactory results were obtained at final concentrations of 10 \μg/ml, 20 \μg/ml, 40 \μg/ml, 80 \μg/ml. Conclusion: Thus, present paper suggests that extracts has served as a promising immunomodulator for immune system disorders.

}, keywords = {Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity response, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Haemagglutination Antibody Titre, High performance Thin layer Chromatography, MCF-7., Quercetin, Rutin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.11}, author = {Gaurav Mahesh Doshi and Manjushree kundalik Pawar and Kajal Haribhai Chavda} } @article {165, title = {Anti-anemia Effect of Chlorophyll from Katuk (Sauropus androgynus) Leaves on Female Mice Induced Sodium Nitrite}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {375-379}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {375}, abstract = {

Context: Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) in blood is highly reactive with haemoglobin (Hb), thus affecting hematopoiesis and induction of methemoglobinemia. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the effect of chlorophyll from katuk (Sauropus androgynus) leaves on the level of Hb, Malondialdehyde (MDA), ferritin, and schistocytes percentage in female mice induced NaNO2. Settings and Design: Experimental research was conducted using 24 female mice strain Balb-c. Methods and Material: NaNO2 0.3 ml/head/day given during 18 days, while the chlorophyll or Cu-chlorophyllin as much as 0.7 ml/head/day given the following day for 14 days. Statistical analysis used: Results are reported as mean values \± SD and statistically analyzed by One Way Anova test with 95\% significance level. Results: The Hb levels of blood plasma in the control group, NaNO2 induction, induction NaNO2 and chlorophyll of katuk leaves (NaNO2+katuk), induction of NaNO2 and Cu-chlorophyllin from K-LiquidTM (NaNO2+Cu-chlorophyllin) in sequence is 13.29 g/dl; 11.83 g/dl; 14.54 g/dl; 13.99 g/dl, whilst the MDA levels in each group is 2.10 \± 0.11 mol/L, 3.44 \± 0.38 mol/L, 2.31 \± 0.18 mol/L, 2.31 \± 0.13 mol/L, and the ferritin levels is 62.71 \± 6.42 ng/ml; 63.22 \± 7.59 ng/ml; 67.45 \± 8.03 ng/ml, and 64.74 \± 7.80 ng/ml, respectively. The fragment schistocytes ocyte percentage\’s in each group is 0\%, 0.11\%, 0.01\%, 0.03\%. The ferritin levels tend to increase in NaNO2+katuk. Mann Whitney test results obtained no significant difference in Hb, MDA level and schistocytes percentage between the groups of mice that received NaNO2+katuk NaNO2+Cu-chlorophyllin (p\>0.05). This indicates that chlorophyll from S. androgynus leaves as effective as Cu-chlorophyllin in decrease the MDA levels after NaNO2 treatment, and although not significant, it can increase ferritin levels. Conclusion:\ The antioxidant activity of chlorophyll from katuk leaves are able to decrease schistocytes percentage\’s and MDA level. The increasing of Hb and ferritin level indicates its potential in the treatment of haemolityc anaemia. Further studies aimed at the mechanisms of action of this chlorophyll are needed.

}, keywords = {Anemia, Chlorophyll, Ferritin, Schistocytes., Sodium nitrite}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.10}, author = {Suparmi Suparmi and Sampurna Sampurna and Nur Anna C.S and Alvenia Meilina Ednisari and Galuh Dea Urfani and Iqrommatul Laila and Heavin Rakhmat Saintika} } @article {142, title = {Anti-Anemia Effect of Standardized Extract of Moringa Oleifera Lamk. Leaves on Aniline Induced Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {255-258}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {255}, abstract = {

Background: The leaves of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lamk.) have been empirically used as anti-anemia for pregnant woman. Objectives: In the present study, the effect of ethanolic extract of moringa leaves was evaluated on the hematology parameters (hemoglobin, red blood cell count, hematocrit), on aniline induced white female rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty female rats strain Sprague-Dawley were divided into six groups: normal, anemia and ferrous fumarate group, and three groups of Moringa leaves extract. All groups, except normal group, induced by aniline at dose 0.005 ml/ g bw intraperitonially. On fifth day, normal and anemia groups were given 0.5\% CMC, ferrous fumarate group was given ferrous fumarate orally and three other groups were given Moringa leaves extract at doses 198 mg, 396 mg, and 792 mg/200 g bw until the eleventh day. Results: The results showed that as Moringa leaves extracts increased the level of hemoglobin, red blood cell count, hematocrit, and total iron content in blood. Moreover, Moringa leaves extract at dose 792 mg/200 g bw can improve red blood cell\’s morphology and increased the level of hemoglobin and red blood cell count significantly (p\<0.05). Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of Moringa leaves showed anti-anemia on aniline-induced rats.

}, keywords = {Anemia, Aniline, Erythrocyte, Moringa Oleifera L, Total Iron.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.14}, author = {Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Meidi Utami Puteri and Santi Purna Sari and Azizahwati} } @article {101, title = {Antibacterial activity of Shin{\textquoteright}iseihaito (Xin Yi Qing Fei Tang) against Streptococcus pneumoniae}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {20-23}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Objective: Shin\&$\#$39;iseihaito (Xin yi qing fei tang in Chinese, SSHT), a formula in traditional Japanese Kampo medicine and Chinese medicine comprising nine crude drugs, Gypsum, Ophiopogon Tuber, Scutellaria Root (SR, root of Scutellaria baicalensis), Gardenia Fruit, Anemarrhena Rhizome, Lilium Bulb, Magnolia Flower, Loquat Leaf, and Cimicifuga Rhizome, is commonly used to treat sinusitis associated with purulent nasal discharge and reddish nasal mucosa. We evaluated anti-bacterial activity of SSHT extract on Streptococcus pneumoniae, the major cause of bacterial sinusitis. Materials and Methods: Sterile paper disks impregnated with SSHT extract or each extract of its component were placed on sheep blood agar plates inoculated with Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 49619). The diameter of inhibitory zone was measured after 20-24 h incubation. Results: SSHT extract and each water extract of Ophiopogon Tuber, SR, Gardenia Fruit, Anemarrhena Rhizome, Lilium Bulb, Magnolia Flower, and Cimicifuga Rhizome showed significant antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, and SR extract exhibited the largest inhibitory zone. SR extract was partitioned into AcOEt, BuOH, and water layer, and water layer was further separated into 80\% EtOH soluble and insoluble fraction. Among them, only 80\% EtOH soluble fraction was exhibited antibacterial activity. In this fraction, we found baicalin as the major compounds, and baicalin exhibited antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae in concentration-dependent manner. \ Conclusion: SSHT has antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, and SR and its major constituent baicalin contribute to the antibacterial activity of SSHT against Streptococcus pneumoniae.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Baicalin, Scutellaria baicalensis, Shin{\textquoteright}iseihaito, Sinusitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.4}, author = {Toru Konishi and Masaaki Minami and Zhixia Jiang and Tetsuya Arai and Toshiaki Makino} } @article {102, title = {The Anticancer Potential of Pavonia odorata extract on Human Breast (MD-MB-231), Prostate (PC-3) and Lung (Calu-6) Cancer cell lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {28-30}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Introduction: A huge reservoir of bioactive compounds exists in many species of plants, only a small percentage of which have been examined and continued to be an important source of anticancer agents. Worldwide effects are ongoing to identify new anticancer compounds from plants. With the current decline in the number of new molecular entities from the pharmaceutical industry, novel anticancer agents are being sought from traditional medicines. Objective: In the present study we investigated the efficacy of methanol extracts of Pavonia odorata, for its clonogenic inhibition on Human Breast cancer (MD-MB-231), Prostate cancer (PC-3) and Lung cancer (Calu-6) cell lines. Materials and Methods: The cytotoxic effect was evaluated by MTT assay. Results: The methanol extract of P. odorata showed significant cytotoxicity against MD-MB-231 and Calu-6, when compared to PC-3cells. Conclusion: The methanol extracts of P. odorata, showed effective cytotoxic activities in a dose dependent manner. Future work will be interesting to know the chemical composition and also better understanding the mechanism of action will help in developing it as drug for therapeutic application.

}, keywords = {Alternative medicine, Anti-cancer, Drugs, Indian Medicinal plants, Inhibition.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.6}, author = {Girish H V and Vinod A B and Dhananjaya B L and Satish Kumar D and Senthil Duraisamy} } @article {167, title = {Anti-inflammatory activity of BCM-95 (bio-enhanced formulation of turmeric with increased bioavailabilty) compared to Curcumin in Wistar rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {380-384}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {380}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of bioenhanced turmeric formulation (BCM-95) compared to commercial Curcumin formulation (Curcuminoids 95\%) in Carrageenan-induced acute inflammatory model. Materials and Methods: Thirty six Wistar rats were divided into six groups-Normal control (2 ml of vehicle), Standard control (Indomethacin 10 mg/kg), 2 doses of BCM 95 (10 and 20 mg/kg) and Curcuminoids 95\% (10 and 20 mg/kg). Paw volume was measured using a digital plethysmometer. Vehicle or test drugs were given to rats 30 min before carrageenan administration. Baseline paw volume reading (V0) was noted just prior to administration of 0.1 ml of 1\% carrageenan to right hind paw of the rat. Test paw volume readings (Vt) were measured at 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 min, after carrageenan injection. Oedema expressed as increased paw volume (vt-v0) was noted and percentage inhibition of oedema was calculated for all treatment groups. Statistical analysis: Difference between groups were analyzed with ANOVA followed by Tukey test. Results: All treatment groups demonstrated significant (p\<0.05) anti-inflammatory activity (oedema suppression) compared to normal control. Anti-inflammatory activity of BCM 95 treated groups were comparable to standard control group except at certain time points, whereas the same activity at all-time points with Curcuminoid 95\% treated groups were significantly less than standard control group. Percentage inhibition of paw oedema was maximum with standard control group followed by BCM 95 treated groups followed by Curcuminoid 95\% treated groups. Conclusion: BCM 95 treated groups showed significant anti-inflammatory activity compared to Curcuminoid 95\% treated groups.

}, keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory agents, Bioavailability, Curcumin, Inflammation, Wistar rats.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.11}, author = {Sayeli Vinaykumar and Urval Pundarik Rathnakar and Ullal Sheetal Dinkar and Kamath Priyanka and Tiwary Gaurav and Shenoy Ashok Kudgi and Revappala Sekhar Nishith} } @article {188, title = {Antiobesity activity of Zingiber officinale}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {440-446}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {440}, abstract = {

Context: Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) rhizome, known commonly as ginger is extensively used in Indian traditional system of medicine for treatment of various disorders. The ethanolic Z. officinale extract is reported to have various activity such as antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activity in experimental animals. Objective: To evaluate anti-obesity effect of aqueous Z. officinale extract in murine model of high fat diet (HFD)- induced obesity. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats fed with HFD (20 g/day/rat, p.o) for a period of 42 days were used to induce obesity. Aqueous Z. officinale extract (20 mg/kg b.w.) administered orally to HFD fed rats from day 8 to 50 days for a period of 42 days. Body weight gain, serum lipids, insulin and leptin parameters were measured. Results: Oral feeding of the aqueous Z. officinale extract (20 mg/kg) to HFD-induced obese rats for a period of 42 days resulted in significant reduction in body weight gain, insulin, leptin, lipids as compared to rats fed HFD alone. Further, the extract also showed significant increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) levels. Discussion and Conclusion: These results show that aqueous Z. officinale extract possess significant anti-obesity potential.

}, keywords = {High-fat diet, Insulin., Leptin, Rat, Zingiber officinale}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.5}, author = {Iram Nazish and S H Ansari and Poonam Arora and Adil Ahmad} } @article {189, title = {Antioxidant Activity of Leaf Extract of Aegle marmelos Correa ex Roxb.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {447-450}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {447}, abstract = {

Introduction: Leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos are reported to have hypoglycemic and anticancer effects. While a lot of information is available about the antioxidant activity of fruit of A. marmelos not much information is available about the antioxidant activity of the leaf of A. marmelos. Objective: The primary objective if this study was to ascertain the antioxidant activity of leaf extract of A. marmelos (AME). Methods: AME was evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) by Folin-Ciocalteau reagent method and by aluminium chloride method, respectively. Antioxidant activity of AME was assessed by FRAP assay, DPPH assay, ABTS cation scavenging activity and by reducing power determination. Results: High levels of TPC and TFC were found in AME which showed antioxidant activity comparable to vitamin C. Significant correlation between TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity of AME was found when Pearson\’s correlation is applied. Conclusion: This study proved that the leaves of A. marmelos have high antioxidant component.

}, keywords = {Aegle marmelos, Cation scavenging, Free radical scavenging, Reducing power.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.6}, author = {Sachin Kumar and Ramesh B. Bodla and Himangini Bansal} } @article {211, title = {Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activities of Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook F. Ex Benth. Root Mediated Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {579-586}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {579}, abstract = {

The present study was carried out to examine the hypoglycemic effect of Silver Nanoparticles (SNPs) using ethanolic root extract of Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. f. ex Benth. A cost effective and eco friendly technique for green synthesis of SNPs from 1mM AgNO3 solution through the root extract was carried out. The biosynthesized SNPs were characterized using UV spectrophotometry, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray Diffraction analysis (XRD), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectrometry. DPPH assay was done to determine the antioxidant activity and for in vitro hypoglycemic activity glucose uptake by yeast cells, alpha amylase inhibition assay, adsorption capacity and glucose diffusion assay was performed. The SNPs of ethanolic root extract were found to be spherical in shape and up to 32.75 nm average in size. They showed alpha amylase inhibitory activity of 83.60\% at 500 g/ml. The glucose uptake by yeast cells was found to increase with an increase in concentration. The maximum glucose uptake was found to be 69.51\% at 10mM concentration. The molar concentration of glucose was directly proportional to the glucose binding capacity of extracts.The rate of glucose diffusion across the membrane was found to increase from 30 to 180 minutes. The DPPH scavenging activity was found to be potent (74.07\%) at 500 g/ml. The hypoglycemic effect exhibited by the SNPs was revealed by simple in vitro model of yeast cells, mediated by glucose adsorption, increasing glucose diffusion and glucose transport across the cell membrane.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, C. anisata, Diabetes, Glucose and Silver nitrate, Silvernanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.10}, author = {Arsia Tarnam Yakoob and Nargis Begum Tajuddin and Muhammad Ilyas Mohammed Hussain and Shilu Mathew and Archunan Govindaraju and Ishtiaq Qadri} } @article {129, title = {Assessment of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid, Tannin Content and Phytochemical Screening of Leaf and Flower Extracts from Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K.Heyne: a comparative study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {140-143}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {140}, abstract = {

Introduction: Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content of leaf and flower extract of Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K.Heyne was compared. Objective: To explore total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content of both leaf and flower extracts of Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC) K Heyne. Method: Initially, collected fresh leaves and flower samples were shade dried and extracted with various solvents such as aqueous methanol (1:1), ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous. Qualitative analysis was performed for various phytochemical. Then the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and total tannin content was estimated. Results: In preliminary phyto-chemical examination of various solvent extracts of both leaf and flowers of P. pterocarpum revealed that the presence of various phytochemicals such as phlobatannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannin, reducing sugars, phenols and steroids. In phtyochemical evaluation, when compare with all other solvents, Ethanolic extracts shows maximum extractive value. In case of ethyl acetate, it shows very low extractive value in all three phyto-chemicals. In phytochemical evaluation studies, total phenolic content of leaves shows highest in ethanolic extract (33.17 \± 4.72 mg/g) and lowest in ethyl acetate extract from flower (4.71 \± 0.07 mg/g), Similarly, flavonoid content of leaves shows highest in ethanolic extract (1.43 \± 0.01 mg/g) and lowest in aqueous extract of flower (0.23 \± 0.09 mg/g) but in case of tannin content, flower extracts shows higher tannin content in ethanolic extract (844.59 \± 10.38 mg/g) whereas lowest tannin content in leaf ethyl acetate extract (9.54 \± 6.98 mg/g). Conclusion: This is first report of comparative studies on total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content of various solvent extracts both leaves and flowers from Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC) K Heyne.

}, keywords = {Flavonoid, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Phenolic content, Phytochemicals, Solvent extraction., Tannin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.7}, author = {Peraman Muthukumaran and Nachimuthu Saraswathy and Vijayasekar Aswitha and Ramesh Balan and Venkatesh Babu Gokhul and Palanikumar Indumathi and Sivasubramani Yuvapriya} } @article {213, title = {Awareness of Complimentary and Alternative Medicine- A Cross Sectional Survey Among Pharmacists}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {593-594}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {593}, abstract = {

Aim: To determine the prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine among pharmacists. Materials and method: This survey was a cross sectional study. A set of 30 questionnaires containing 15 questions where given to various pharmacists of different colleges. Datas were collected and statistics was done using SPSS software and represented in graph form. Background: Use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by the U.S. population increased significantly in the past 2 decades. The purpose of this study was to determine, among the Indian community, the prevalence and utilisation patterns of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), attitudes associated with CAM use and communication patterns of CAM users. Conclusion: The knowledge about and use of CAM is wide among pharmacists . In- depth studies on the knowledge and use of CAM among other health care professionals and among ethnic minorities are urgently needed and may help to better manage the treatment of minor disorders as well as chronic diseases.

}, keywords = {awareness, Complementary and alternative medicine, knowledge, pharmacist}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.12}, author = {Reshmi B and Thangavelu Lakshmi} } @article {149, title = {Bacillus anthracis growth Inhibitory Properties of Australian Terminalia spp.: Putative Identification of low Polarity Volatile Components by GC-MS Headspace Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan/2016}, pages = {281-290}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {281}, abstract = {

Introduction: Anthrax is a severe acute disease caused by Bacillus anthracis infections. If untreated, it often results in mortality. Many Terminalia spp. have documented therapeutic properties as general antiseptics, inhibiting the growth of a wide variety of bacterial species. This study examines the ability of selected Australian Terminalia spp. extracts to inhibit B. anthracis growth. Methods:\ Solvent extracts were prepared from Terminalia carpentariae and Terminalia grandiflora plant material and investigated by disc diffusion assay for the ability to inhibit the growth of an environmental strain of B. anthracis. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. The most potent extracts were analysed by GC-MS headspace analysis. Results: T. carpentariae and T. grandiflora leaf, fruit and nut solvent extractions displayed good growth inhibitory activity against B. anthracis. Methanolic T. Carpentariae leaf and T. grandiflora nut extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 74 and 155 \µg/mL respectively. The T. carpentariae leaf ethyl acetate extract was also a good inhibitor of B. anthracis growth (MIC 340 \µg/mL). All other extracts were substantially less potent growth inhibitors. Interestingly, the T. Carpentariae leaf extracts with growth inhibitory activity were nontoxic in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay, with LC50 values \>1000 \µg/mL. In contrast, the LC50 value 740 \µg/mL reported for the methanolic T. grandiflora nut extract indicates low-moderate toxicity. Non-biased GC-MS phytochemical analysis of the most active extracts (methanolic T. carpentariae leaf and T. grandiflora nut) putatively identified and highlighted several compounds that may contribute to the ability of these extracts to inhibit the growth of B. anthracis. Conclusions: The growth inhibitory activity of the methanolic T. Carpentariae leaf and T. grandiflora nutextracts against B. anthracis indicates their potential for the treatment and prevention of anthrax. Furthermore, thelack toxicity of the T. Carpentariae leaf and the low-moderate toxicity of the T. grandiflora nut extract, indicates that their use may extend to all forms of the disease (cutaneous, inhalation or gastrointestinal).

}, keywords = {Anthrax, Combretaceae, Metabolomic profiling., Native almond, Terminalia carpentariae, Terminalia grandiflora, Wild peach}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.18}, author = {Mitchell Henry Wright and Joseph Sirdaarta and Alan White and Anthony Carlson Greene and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {198, title = {Bioactive Compounds and Cytotoxicity of Ethyl Acetate Extract From Broussonetia luzonica (Moraceae) Blanco Leaves against Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Hepg2) Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {497-501}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {497}, abstract = {

Introduction: Broussonetia luzonica (Moraceae) Blanco is an edible and endemic plant in the Philippines. Other species of the plant are used traditionally in Chinese medicine to treat impotency and eye disorders and was proven to have anticancer potential. To date, there are no published scientific evidences yet to prove the cytotoxicity against hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HepG2) of B. luzonica. Furthermore, the bioactive compounds of the ethyl acetate leaf extract were determined. Methods: Bioactive compounds were determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). To determine the IC50, the percentage Hepg2 Cell inhibition of the extract at 200 \μg/mL, 100 \μg/mL, 50 \μg/Ml, 25 \μg/mL And 12.5 \μg/ mL concentrations against (HepG2) was evaluated using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol- 2yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) Assay. Results: GC-MS revealed the top three major bioactive compounds of ethyl acetate leaf extract based on quantity (\%). These are 1,2,3-propanetriol, monoacetate (21.21\%), phytol (20.28\%) and squalene (6.85\%). MTT assay showed that ethyl acetate extract at different concentrations exhibited marked inhibition of the HepG2. The concentration of the extracts that will inhibit 50\% of the cancer cell lines (IC50) was also determined. The assay revealed that compared to positive control (doxorubicin) with IC50 5.068 \μg/mL, Ethyl Acetate Extract statistically exhibited greater cytotoxic effect against HepG2 Cell Lines With IC50 1.118 \μg/mL (P=0.001). Conclusion: The presence of several bioactive compounds in ethyl acetate extract from the leaves of B. luzonica confirms the importance of the plant in treatment of diseases. Furthermore, the extract manifested more potent cytotoxic activity than the positive control, indicating promising chemotherapeutic potential of the plant.

}, keywords = {Endemic, GC-MS, Liver cancer, MTT Assay.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.15}, author = {Franelyne P. Casuga and Agnes L. Castillo and Mary Jho-Anne T. Corpuz} } @article {135, title = {Bioactive Constituents of Pulicaria jaubertii: A promising Antihypertensive Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {81-86}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {80}, abstract = {

Objective: Phytochemical investigation and evaluation of antihypertensive activity of the alcoholic extract of Pulicaria jaubertii aerial parts. Material and Methods: The chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions were chromatographed on silica gel and sephadex LH 20 to afford six compounds. Their structures were elucidated on the bases of extensive NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY) and MS analysis. The antihypertensive activity of the alcoholic extract was evaluated against L-NAME\–induced hypertensive rats. Results: One new monoterpene glucoside; (2R, 4S)-p-menth-1-ene- 2-O-b-D-glucopyranoside [1] along with five known compounds; thymoquinol 2-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (zataroside-B) [2], quercetin 7, 3{\textquoteleft}-di-Omethylether (rhamnazin) [3], quercetin 7-O-methylether (rhamnetin) [4], quercetin 3{\textquoteleft}-O-methylether (isorhamnetin) [5] and stigmasterol 3-Ob- D-glucopyranoside [6] were isolated. The alcoholic extract significantly reduced the elevated SBP and partially restored the diminished nitric oxide metabolites. Conclusion: Compound [1] is a new and compounds [2-6] are reported for first time from Pulicaria jaubertii. The possible antihypertensive activity of the alcoholic extract may be due to its flavonoids and phenolic contents.

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive activity, Flavonoids, Monoterpene glucoside, Nitric oxide., Pulicaria jaubertii}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.18}, author = {El-Sayed M. El-Ghaly and Usama Shaheen and Ehab Ragab and Atef Ahmed El-hila and Mohamed Raafat Abd-Allah} } @article {187, title = {Bioactive Fraction from Datura stramonium Linn. Promotes Human immune Cells Mediated Cytotoxicity towards Lung and Breast Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {435-439}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {435}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate immune modulatory effect of fractions of D. stramonium L. leaves on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) followed by assessment of cytotoxic abilities of immunomodulated PBMC toward cancer cells. Material and methods: Bioassay (PBMC proliferation) guided fractionation of methanolic leaf extract of D. stramonium was performed to get active fraction and LC-MS was performed to identify the phytocompounds present in the bioactive fraction. The immunomodulatory potential of D. stramonium active fraction was assessed by i) MTT microcytotoxicity assay using A549 (lung carcinomas) and MCF-7 (breast cancer) cell lines and ii) analyzing the production of IL-2 and IFN-\γ by human PBMC in the presence of active fraction. Results: Chromatographic fractionation guided by PBMC proliferation assay of D. stramonium extract resulted in bioactive fraction (fraction-10) exhibiting significant immunostimulatory activity [EC50=19.1\±1.5 (\μg/ml)] on human blood lymphocytes. Fraction-10 pretreated PBMC displayed enhanced cytotoxicity towards A549 and MCF-7 (59\%\±2.1\% and 62\%\±2.3\% at 1:20 effector:target ratio respectively). Moreover, fraction-10 also enhanced the secretion of IL-2 (8 fold) and IFN-\γ (10 fold) by human PBMC. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of fraction-10 from D. stramonium showed the presence of terpenoids and steroids. LC-MS analysis depicted presence of four major phytoconstituents in fraction-10 as daturaolone, daturadiol, stigmasterol and sitosterol with corresponding mass spectrum (m/z) of 440, 442, 412 and 414 respectively. Conclusion: The present report concluded that active fraction-10 of D. stramonium possesses potential immunostimulators that are capable of enhancing anticancer responses of human blood lymphocytes.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Cytokine, Cytotoxic, Datura stramonium., Immunomodulation, PBMC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.4}, author = {Aditi Gupta and Sunil Kumar and Neeraj Mahindroo and Reena Vohra Saini} } @article {134, title = {Bioactivity Guided Fractionation of Ethanol Extract of Caesalpinia digyna Rottler Roots}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {165-167}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {165}, abstract = {

Background: Authors have reported earlier that ethanol extract of Caesalpinia digyna Rottler roots exhibits significant antianxiety activity at 400 mg/kg, po, in mice using elevated plus-maze (EPM). Objective: Aim of the study was to isolate antianxiety principle(s) from ethanol extract of C. digyna roots following bioactivity guided fractionation approach. Materials and Methods: Bioactive ethanol extract was partitioned with ethyl acetate to get ethyl acetate soluble (EASF) and ethyl acetate insoluble (EAIF) fractions. A compound (CD1) precipitated from EASF. The two fractions and CD1 were evaluated for antianxiety activity in mice. Column chromatography of EASF yielded 5 fractions (F1-F5), all of which were evaluated for antianxiety activity using EPM. Results: Present study revealed that EASF (80 mg/kg) and CD1 (40 mg/kg) exhibited significant antianxiety activity, while EAIF does not. Among the five fractions, only F4 (40 mg/kg, po), exhibited significant antianxiety activity, which was statistically comparable to that of diazepam (2 mg/kg). Conclusion: Present investigation reveals that EASF obtained by partitioning of ethanol extract of C. digyna roots with ethyl acetate, and a compound CD1, isolated from EASF, exhibit significant antianxiety activity. Among 5 fractions (F1-F5) obtained from column chromatography of EASF, only F4 exhibited significant antianxiety activity. F4 is being processed further to isolate the anxiolytic constituent(s), and CD1 is being characterized.

}, keywords = {Antianxiety, Bioactivity-guided fractionation, Caesalpinia digyna, Elevated plus-maze.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.11}, author = {Jitender Singh and Ashwani Kumar and Anupam Sharma} } @article {98, title = {Bio-Flavonoids and Garcinoic Acid from Garcinia kola Heckel Seeds with Promising Antioxidant Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {56-58}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {56}, abstract = {

Objective: The research was carried out to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of ethanol extract, fraction (kolaviron) and compounds (garcinoic acid, GB1 and GB2) of Garcinia kola seeds. Materials and Method: To evaluate the acute anti-inflammatory effect of extract, fraction and compounds of G. kola carrageenan-induced edema model in wistar albino rats was used. Results: Kolaviron (50 mg/kg), garcinoic acid (50 mg/kg) and the crude extract (50 mg/kg) caused 100, 83 and 74\% inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema respectively at 6 h post administration. Indomethacin (10 mg/ kg), the reference drug induced 100\% inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw oedema. While GB1 (50 mg/kg) and GB2 (50 mg/kg) was prominent at 4, 5 and 6 h post administration. Conclusion: Results showed that the extract possessed anti-inflammatory activity, which have justified their use in Nigeria traditional medicine to treat inflammation.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Carrageenan, Garcinia kola, Paw edema, Wistar rats.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.12}, author = {Tchimene Kenne Michel and Anaga Arua Ottoh and Ugwoke Christopher Emeka Chukwunonye and Ezugwu Christopher Obodoike and Okunji Christopher and Iwu Maurice Mmaduakolam} } @article {110, title = {Bioprospecting of some medicinal plants explored for antifungal activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {59-65}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {59}, abstract = {

In the present study, evaluation of different plant parts of fifteen medicinal plants belongs to different families have been screened for in vitro efficacy of antifungal activity against phyto pathogenic (Aspergillus and Fusarium species) as well as human pathogenic fungi (Candida albicans and Microsporum species) using agar well diffusion assay. The results showed that among fifteen medicinal plants, crude extracts of different solvents viz., petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol tested for antifungal activity, twelve plants were found to be effective against one or the other test fungi, among these plants, solvent extracts of Callistemon lanceolatus showed significant activity against C. albicans, Microsporum gypseum, Cordia dichrotoma leaves extracts exhibited significant activity against A. niger, A. flavus and C. albicans. Sphaeranthus indicus L. whole plant extracts exhibited significant activity against Aspergillus spp., C. albicans and Microsporum canis. Leaves extracts of Vitex negundo exhibited significant activity against A. niger, A. flavus, F. verticillioides, C. albicans and moderate activity against F. crookwellense. Extracts of Butea monosperma exhibited significant to moderate activity against all test pathogens except C. albicans. The obtained results imparts a preliminary piece of significant information regarding the antifungal potentiality of screened medicinal plants and thus our present investigation depicted an outline interpretation of significant activity with crude solvent extracts, which could be exploit for further isolation and investigation of antifungal agents for crop diseases management and human health.

Keywords: Nill

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.13}, author = {Kumara Shanthamma Kavitha and Sreedharamurthy Satish} } @article {162, title = {Cakile maritima Scop. extracts inhibit the growth of some bacterial triggers of autoimmune diseases: GC-MS analysis of an inhibitory extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {361-374}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {361}, abstract = {

Introduction: High antioxidant capacities have been linked to the treatment of rheumatic diseases and also in the inhibition of microbial growth. Although Cakile maritima has a high antioxidant capacity, it is yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Methods: C. maritima solvent extracts were analysed for antioxidant capacity by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Growth inhibitory activities against bacterial species associated with initiating rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis were determined by disc diffusion assay and quantified by MIC determination. Toxicity was determined by Artemia franciscana bioassay. Results: All C. maritima solvent extracts displayed good DPPH radical scavenging activity, although the ethyl acetate extract was particularly potent with an IC50 values of 3.4 \μg/mL. The other extracts also had significant radical scavenging activity, with IC50 between 4.7 and 13.6 \μg/mL. The bacterial growth inhibitory activity of the extracts correlated with their free radical scavenging activity. The ethyl acetate extract displayed the most potent growth inhibitory activity against most bacterial species. This extract was particularly potent against Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC values of 431, 559 and 777 \μg/mL, respectively). The hexane extract was also a potent inhibitor of the Proteus spp., (MIC of approximately 500-800 \μg/mL). The ethyl acetate extract also inhibited Klebsiella pneumoniae growth, albeit with higher MIC\’s (approximately 1500 \μg/mL). All other C. maritima extract-bacteria combinations generally resulted in mid-low potency inhibition. All of the extracts were determined to be nontoxicin with the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with LC50 values substantially \>1000 \μg/mL. A total of 97 unique mass signals were detected in the C. maritima ethyl acetate extract by nonbiased GC-MS headspace analysis. A number of terpenoids which may contribute to the therapeutic bioactivities of the extract were putatively identified. Conclusion: The lack of toxicity and the inhibitory activity against microbial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis by the C. maritima ethyl acetate extract indicates its potential in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.

}, keywords = {Acinitobacter baylyi, ankylosing spondylitis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, multiple sclerosis, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas areuginosa., rheumatoid arthritis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.9}, author = {Elsayed Omer and Abdelsamed Elshamy and Abdel Nasser El Gendy and Xin Cai and Joseph Sirdaarta and Alan White and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {193, title = {Callus Induction and Elicitation of Total Phenolics in Callus Cell Suspension Culture of Celastrus paniculatus {\textendash} willd, an Endangered Medicinal Plant in India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {471-475}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {471}, abstract = {

Celastrus paniculatus - Willd belonging to the family Celastraceae is a vulnerable medicinal plant in India. It has been employed as a stimulant, nervine tonic, rejuvenant, sedative, tranquilizer and diuretic. It is also used in the treatment of leprosy, leucoderma, rheumatism, gout, paralysis and asthma. Because of its high pharmaceutical application, this plant species were over exploited and now considered under threatened species. So the highlight of the present investigation is the induction of callus by using different concentration of various phytohormones such as 2, 4-D (0.5 - 3.0 mg/l) and NAA (0.5 - 2.5 mg/l). In order to ensure the presence of the bioactive compounds preliminary phytochemical screening of the various extracts of callus were performed. Finally elicitation of total phenolics were done in callus cell suspension cultures by using elicitors such as jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and copper sulphate. Among the applied elicitors jasmonic acid showed superiority. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the elicitation of secondary metabolites especially total phenolics from callus cell suspension cultures of Celastrus Paniculatus.

}, keywords = {Bioactive constituents, Callogenesis, Celastrus paniculatus, Elicitors, Total phenolics.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.10}, author = {Anusha T S and Joseph M V and Elyas K K} } @article {151, title = {Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Fresh Rhizome Essential Oil of Zingiber Officinale Roscoe}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal,}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {185-190}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {185}, abstract = {

Background: Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) is a rhizomatous perennial herb found in tropical Asia. It is extensively used worldwide as a spice, flavoring agent and herbal remedy for cold, throat and chest\ infections and cough. The present study was carried out to analyse an essential oil from the fresh rhizomes of Z. officinale of Ghaziabad region and to evaluate its antimicrobial activity. Materials and Methods: The fresh rhizomes were hydrodistilled to get the essential oil which was analysed by GC and GC-MS techniques. The oil was evaluated for antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method. Results and Discussion: The essential oil was characterized by high percentage of sesquiterpenes (66.66\%), monoterpenes (17.28\%) and aliphatic compounds (13.58\%). The predominant sesquiterpene was zingiberene (46.71\%) followed by valencene (7.61\%), \β-funebrene (3.09\%) and selina-4(14),7(11)-diene (1.03\%). The major monoterpenes were characterized as citronellyl n-butyrate (19.34\%), \β-phellandrene (3.70\%), camphene (2.59\%) and \α-pinene (1.09\%). The essential oil exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Conclusion: The essential oil mainly contained a large number of sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes and exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Chemical composition, Essential oil, GC-MS analysis, Zingiber officinale.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.3}, author = {Pradeep Kumar Sharma and Vijender Singh and Mohammed Ali} } @article {97, title = {Chemical Constituents and in vitro anticancer activity of Tiliacora triandra leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {1-3}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Introduction: \ Tiliacora triandra (F. Menispermaceae) is edible and is also known for medicinal values. The leaves are a popular flavoring in Southeast Asia, especially in the northeast of Thailand.\  The objectives of this study were to determine the major constituents of the leaves of T. triandra, and assess their anticancer activities against human cancer cell lines. Methods: The leaves were extracted by a soxhlet apparatus with petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and water. Major constituents were then purified and identified using chromatographic procedures and various spectroscopic techniques.\  In vitro anticancer activity tests of T. triandra extracts were performed by resazurinmicroplate assay (REMA), and tested with 3 cell lines: oral cavity cancer (KB), lung cancer (NCI-H187) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. Results: The result indicated that the main compound of T. triandra leaves was oxoanolobine. The methanol extract showed the highest cytotoxic activity against lung cancer (NCI-H187) cell line whereas the water extract exhibited the highest activity against oral cavity cancer (KB) cell line. The IC50 of oxoanolobine against the NCI-H187 cell line was 27.60 \± 4.30 \µg/mL. Conclusion:T. triandra leaves contain oxoanolobine as the major constituent and have the potential of anticancer activity but are required to be investigated further.

}, keywords = {In vitro anticancer activity, Oxoanolobine, Phytochemistry, Tiliacora triandra, Yanang.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.1}, author = {Surapong Rattana and Benjamart Cushnie and Ladachart Taepongsorat and Methin Phadungkit} } @article {95, title = {Chemical Profile of Essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Drug Resistance-modifying Activity by Gaseous Contact Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {4-9}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {4}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plant products with antimicrobial potential and ability to modulate the action of drugs have become the target of several studies. Many studies of the species Ocimum gratissimum Lamiaceae have reported biological activities in the essential oil and extracts of various parts of the plant. Objective: Evaluate the antibacterial and resistance-modifying activity of the essential oil of O. gratissimum (OEOg) and its major compound eugenol. Materials and Methods: OEOg was extracted by hydrodistillation, and eugenol was obtained commercially. Multiresistant strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococos aureus were used to test for drug activity. Antibacterial and resistance-modifying activity of OEOg and eugenol was evaluated by gaseous contact. Results: Chemical analysis of OEOg demonstrated the presence of eugenol and other compounds such as 1,8-cineole and \β-selinene as well. In the evaluation of the antibacterial activity, both OEOg and eugenol were unable to form a bacterial growth inhibition zone at any of the concentrations tested. However, the modulation tests with amikacin and erythromycin identified synergism with OEOg and eugenol against E.\  coli and S. aureus. Gentamicin combined with OEOg showed antagonism against S. aureus but synergism against E.coli. When gentamicin was combined with eugenol, there was also synergism against S. aureus, whereas no effect was seen against E. coli. Conclusion: Given the results obtained in this study, it is concluded that OEOg and eugenol may eventually represent a new therapeutic tool against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

}, keywords = {Eugenol, Gaseous contact, Modifying, Ocimum gratissimum, Resistance.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.2}, author = {Maria Karollyna do Nascimento Silva and Vict{\'o}ria Regina De Alencar Carvalho and Edinardo Fagner Ferreira Matias} } @article {215, title = {Comparative Biochemical Studies on Indian Sedges Cyperus scariosus R.Br and Cyperus rotundus L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {598-609}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {598}, abstract = {

Background: Cyperus scariosus R.Br and Cyperus rotundus L are well known Indian medicinal plants in ayurveda and herbal industry. These two species are often treated as synonymous to each other, although they grow in different agro climatic conditions. Objective: In the present study, we made an attempt on comparative biochemical studies among these two species by using various spectroscopic, analytical and in silico molecular docking studies. Materials and Methods: Rhizome methanolic extracts of both the species were subjected to GC-MS and elemental analysis to identify the presence of phytochemical constituents and trace elements respectively. Following confirmation, the identified compounds were subjected to molecular docking analysis using anti-inflammatory protein COX-2 as the target receptor. Further these extracts were encapsulated into biodegradable chitosan nanoparticles and they were characterised using SEM and FT-IR analysis. Finally, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of these extract loaded nanoparticles were evaluated using in vitro assays. Results: Compounds present in both plant extracts form strong hydrogen bond interactions with COX-2. SEM analysis of C. scariosus showed chitosan nanoparticles are spherical in shape. Whereas C. rotundus forms aggregates, although they are well-dispersed in water following lyophilisation. FT-IR analysis showed that both plant extracts have different compounds, which is evident from the wavelength difference and their shift pattern as compared to blank nanoparticles. In spite of the differences, both of the drug encapsulated plant extracts showed good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Conclusion: C. scariosus and C. rotundus are different, but similar with some of the phytochemical constituents and pharmaceutical values.

}, keywords = {EDAX (Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis) and COX-2 (Cyclooxygenase- 2)., GC-MS (Gas chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.14}, author = {Lavanya Kakarla and Rajath Othayoth and Mahendran Botlagunta} } @article {160, title = {Comparative Powder Microscopic and HPTLC Studies on Stem barks of Symplocos racemosa Roxb. and Symplocos crataegoides Ham}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {346-351}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {346}, abstract = {

Introduction: Comparative powder microscopic and HPTLC studies were carried out on stem barks of Symplocos racemosa Roxb. and Symplocos crataegoides Ham. to differentiate its identity in Ayurvedic formulations. Method: Powder microscopic and HPTLC studies of these barks were undertaken on a comparative basis and results are reported in this paper. The authentic samples are cleaned, powdered and passed through sieve No. 80. A few mg of powder was stained with saffranin, Toluidine blue and Iodine and photographed under different magnifications with the help of NICKON Labphot -2. HPTLC studies were followed by Sethi and Wagner et al method. Results: The colour, taste, cork cells, fibres, sclereids, starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals, number of spots and Rf values of HPTLC are found to be differentiating diagnostic characters in powdered form of S. racemosa and S. crataegoides. Conclusion: The findings of the present study is believed to be helpful in standardization of Ayurvedic formulation containing stem bark of S. racemosa and S. crataegoides as ingredients in powder form. The study sets the specific microscopic protocol and HPTLC finger print of the two drugs and may lead to global acceptance and reputation of the Ayurvedic system.

}, keywords = {Authentication, Curna, Dasamularistam, Lodhra, Lodhrasavam, Pharmacognosy.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.7}, author = {Nartunai Govindarajan and Uma Maheswara Reddy Cheekala and Shantha Arcot and Susikumar Sundaramoorthy and Murugammal Shanmugam and Ramasamy Duraisamy and Venkata Narasimhaji Cheemalapati and Ilavarasan Raju} } @article {124, title = {Comparative Study of Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol and Aqueous Extracts of Different Parts of Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {113-116}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {113}, abstract = {

Background: Antioxidants play a major role in curing degenerative disease. In present time many synthetic antioxidants are commonly used but due to their toxic and carcinogenic effects, their use has been restricted. So the search for natural antioxidants is important. Studies on natural compounds is of interest due to their satisfactory health benefits with low toxicity. Objective: The antioxidant activity of ethanol and aqueous extract of shoot, seed and leaf of an important medicinal tree Nyctanthes arbor-trist is (Harsingar) were evaluated by DPPH scavenging antioxidant assays. Materials and Methods: Different concentrations 25, 50, 75, 100\% of the aqueous and ethanol extracts were prepared with standard solutions (ascorbic acid 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.09, 0.1 mg/ml). To 1.5 ml solution of DPPH (0.1 mM), 0.5 ml of various concentrations of the extract and standard were added. Results: In the present study a comparative evaluation of antioxidant activity of seed, shoot and leaf of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn was performed for their aqueous and ethanol extracts. Ethanol and aqueous extracts of shoot revealed more antioxidant activity then seed and leaf. Conclusion: All aerial parts of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn possess antioxidant activity. The plant may be functioned out for its anticancerous properties in future.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Aqueous extract, DPPH assay, Ethanol extracts, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.3}, author = {Saraswati Patel and Mamta Gokhale} } @article {206, title = {Duboisia leichhardtii (F.Muell.) Extracts Inhibit The Growth of Bacterial Triggers of Selected Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {542-550}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {542}, abstract = {

Introduction: Duboisia leichhardtii F.Muell. is a medium to large tree which is native to subtropical regions of eastern Australia. Duboisia spp. contain a number of psychoactive tropane and pyrrolidine alkaloids with reported antibacterial activity. Despite this, D. leichhardtii leaf extracts have not been rigorously examined for growth inhibitory properties against many bacteria, including the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of D. leichhardtii leaf solvent extracts was investigated by disc diffusion and growth time course assays against a panel of bacterial triggers of autoimmune diseases. The growth inhibitory activity was further quantified by MIC determination and growth time course assays. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Results: Methanolic and aqueous D. leichhardtii leaf solvent extracts were potent inhibitors of the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. The methanolic extract displayed the most potent bacterial growth inhibitory activity. It was particularly potent against P. mirabilis (MICs of 85 and 116 g/mL against reference and clinical strains respectively) and P. vulgaris (MIC of 187 g/mL). The methanolic extract was also a good inhibitor of K. pneumoniae growth (MICs of 143 and 118 g/mL against reference and clinical strains respectively). The aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts were also potent bacterial growth inhibitors, albeit with higher MIC values. The antibacterial activity of the methanolic and aqueous D. leichhardtii leaf extracts were further investigated by growth time course assays which showed significant growth inhibition in cultures of P. mirabilis and K. pneumoniae within 1 h of exposure. All extracts were determined to be nontoxic in the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay, indicating their safety for use in preventing these autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Conclusions: The lack of toxicity of the D. leichhardtii leaf extracts and their growth inhibitory bioactivity against the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis indicate their potential in the development of new therapies targeting the onset of these diseases.

}, keywords = {ankylosing spondylitis, Corkwood, Hyoscyamine., multiple sclerosis, Rheumatic Heart Disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Scopolamine, Solanaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.5}, author = {Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {108, title = {Estrogenic Potential of Flemingia vestita Benth Tubers in Ovariectomized Rat Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {44-49}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Objective: This study investigates the potential estrogenic activity of the ethanolic extract of Flemingia vestita Benth tubers using ovariectomized rat model. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of F. vestita tubers has been standardized using validated HPLC method in terms of its genistein content (8.43 \± 0.05 mg/g of extract). Three to four week old young albino Wistar female rats were ovariectomized and treated for 14 days post ovariectomy with the standardized ethanolic extract at three different dose levels (100, 250, 500 mg/kg body weight) with a positive control of Estradiol valerate (1 mg/kg/day). The parameters evaluated were uterine weight, uterine glycogen, G6PDH, LDH, 17\β-estradiol, progesterone, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and histo architecture of uterus. Results: Treatment with the ethanolic extract of F. vestita tubers showed dose dependent increase in uterine weight, glycogen levels, G6PDH levels, estrogen and progesterone levels when compared with the ovariectomized control. Amongst three dose levels, high dose of plant extract showed significant increase in the uterine weight (p \< 0.001), uterine glycogen content (p \< 0.001), 17-\β estradiol and progesterone levels (p \< 0.001), G6PDH and LDH levels (p \< 0.001) as well as significant decrease in HDL and triglycerides levels (p \< 0.001) compared to ovariectomized control. Histopathological evaluation of uteri sections revealed that the high dose of the plant show increase in the endometrial response as indicated by proliferation of endometrial glands and luminal epithelium of the ovariectomized rats. Conclusion: Thus, these data suggests that ethanolic extract (500 mg/kg body weight) of F. vestita tubers may exhibit good estrogenic activity in ovariectomized rat model.

Key words: Estrogenic activity, Flemingia vestita, genistein, HPLC, ovariectomized rats.

}, keywords = {Estrogenic activity, Flemingia vestita, genistein, HPLC, ovariectomized rats.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.10}, author = {Sunita Shailajan and Suman Kumaria and Suhas Pednekar and Sasikumar Menon and Hiranjit Choudhury and Archana Matani} } @article {143, title = {Evaluation of Antihyperglycemic and Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Leaf Extracts of Breynia vitis-idaea in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journals}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {259-263}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {259}, abstract = {

Aim: The present study was carried out to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of alcohol and aqueous leaf extracts of Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. F.) Fischer in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced into albino Wistar rats by intraperitonial administration of alloxan (120 mg/kg). Normal and diabetic rats divided into different groups of six each. Alcohol and aqueous leaf extracts (300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg) and standard drug (Glibenclamide 500 \μg/kg) was administered orally for 21 days. Blood samples were collected from overnight fasted normal and diabetic rats on 0th, 7th, 14th and 21st days of treatment. Hypoglycemic activity was evaluated by measuring serum glucose level and glycosylated haemoglobin level after dosing with aqueous and alcohol extracts. Hypolipidemic activity was evaluated by measuring various biochemical parameters like total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein and phospholipids. Results: Both the extracts significantly (P\<0.001, p\<0.01) reduced fasting blood glucose of alloxan diabetic rats in a dose-related manner, when compared to control and standard. They also have a significant recovery in the levels of parameters measured in lipid profile, when compared to control and standard group. Conclusion: The present investigation established pharmacological evidence to support the folklore claim that it is used as hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic agent.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Breynia vitis-idaea, Glibenclamide, Hypoglycemic, Hypolipidemic.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.15}, author = {Jagdish Chandra Nagar and Lalit Singh Chauhan} } @article {204, title = {Evaluation of Antimicrobial Potential of Some Indian Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {525-533}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {525}, abstract = {

Introduction: Stereospermum suaveolens Roxb., Viscum articulatum Burm., Annona squamosa, Capsicum annuum cayenne, Ananas comosus Merrill. are used for the management of microbial infection in Ayurveda. The present study was designed to standardize the extract of S. suaveolens bark (SSB), V. articulatum aerial part (VAAP), A. squamosa leaf (ASL), C. annuum fruit (CACF), A. comosus fruit (ACF) and performed antibacterial activity. Methods: The antibacterial activity of the five extracts were evaluated against certain bacteria such as B. subtilis, B. cereus, S. aureus (gram positive); E. coli, S. typhi, and P. aureugenosa (gram negative) by disc diffusion method, time course assay, pH sensitivity assay and minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) through broth micro-dilution method. Results: The plants extracts VAAP, ASL, and CACF showed potent inhibitory activity against S. aureus with MIC 728, 742, and 698 g ml-1, respectively, while CACF showed inhibitory activity against B. subtilis with MIC 690 g ml-1. The results further demonstrated that the inhibitory activity of CACF against E. coli with MIC 760 g ml-1. P. aeruginosa was inhibited by ASL and CACF with MIC 1100 and 1120 g ml-1, respectively. The ASL showed notable MBC against the tested microorganism. Moreover, all extracts were completely inactivated bacterial strains (except B. cereus, S. typhi) within 2-10 h of exposure, determined by time course assay. Conclusion: The outcomes of our study elucidate that standardized extracts of A. comosus, A. squamosa, C. annuum, S. suaveolens, and V. articulatum may be used as natural antimicrobial agents.

}, keywords = {Ananas comosus Merrill, Annona squamosa, Antibacterial, Capsicum annuum cayenne, Stereospermum suaveolens Roxb, Viscum articulatum Burm.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.3}, author = {Mrinmoy Nag and Pulok k Mukherjee and Rajarshi Biswas and Joydeb Chanda and Amit Kar} } @article {140, title = {Evaluation of antioxidant effect and anticancer activity against human glioblastoma (U373MG) cell lines of Murraya Koenigii}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {220-225}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {220}, abstract = {

Aim: The main aim of the study was to screen the ethanolic (EEMK) and methanolic (MEMK) extracts of Murraya koenigii (MK) leaves and their alkaloid fractions (EFMK and MFMK) for their in vitro anti-oxidant and anticancer activity against U373MG cell lines. Methods: In vitro antioxidant activity of extracts and fractions was determined by DPPH Radical assay, Reducing power assay, Inhibition of lipid peroxidation, Superoxide radical scavenging assay and Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. Cytotoxic effect of MK extracts and fractions was evaluated by performing Sulphorhoda\­mine B (SRB) assay and Flow cytometry analysis on U373MG cell lines. Results: Extracts and fractions of MK were found to possess significant antioxidant activity. In SRB colorimetric assay, the efficacy of MK against U373MG cell line was observed due to reduced viability of U373MG cells. Dose dependent significant increase in the percentage of dead cells was also observed. MEMK exhibited significant cytotoxicity than EEMK where\­as EFMK and MFMK were not found to be significantly cytotoxic against U373MG cell lines. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that the effective extract MEMK induces cell death in human glioblastoma cells through apoptotic mode of action. Conclusion: The observed anticancer activity of Murraya koenigii may be due to its antioxidant potential.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Antioxidant, Flow cytometry.., Glioblastoma, Murraya Koenigii, SRB assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.7}, author = {Mrinal Sanaye and Nimisha Pagare} } @article {195, title = {Evaluation of Costus speciosus in Experimental Models of Depression in Albino Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {483-486}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {483}, abstract = {

Introduction: Despite theavailability of numerous antidepressant drugs the therapy of depression is far from satisfactory. Two of the many reasons for this are the delay in onset of effect and the adverse effects associated with most of the antidepressants. Costus speciosus rhizome has shown adaptogenic activity. Objective: To evaluate the antidepressant activity of50\% aqueous-ethanol extract of Costus speciosus (CS) leaves in experimental models of depression. Materials and Methods: Male albino mice were randomly assigned to five groups of six each. We studied three doses of the leaf extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) on two models of depression \– forced swim test and tail suspension test. Imipramine was used as the standard control. Both acute and chronic effects were studied. Drugs (test drug, standard control and vehicle) were administeredorally, one hour before the experiment in the acute study and daily for 14 days for the chronic study. Results: Imipramine showed significant antidepressant activity as demonstrated by a reduction in duration of immobility in both acute and chronic studies of forced swim test and tail suspension test. CS showed a dose dependent antidepressant activity. CS_100 demonstrated an antidepressant effect only in the acute forced swim test. CS_200 demonstrated an antidepressant activity in both acute and chronic forced swim test but not in tail suspension test. CS_400 showed maximum antidepressant activity in both acute and chronic studies, which was comparable to that of the standard drug imipramine. Conclusion: CS showed dose dependent antidepressant activity with CS_400 mg/kg showing maximum effect.

}, keywords = {Antidepressant, Costus speciosus, Forced swim test, Tail suspension, Test.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.12}, author = {Zahoor Ahmad Rather and Nateshprabhu M and Sushma DS and Rakesh Kb and Sunil Pai and Ullal sheetal D} } @article {155, title = {Evaluation of Healing Potential of Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae) seeds in excision, incision, dead space and burn wound model-An in-vivo Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {300-306}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {300}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study deals with the in vivo investigation of healing properties of Achyranthes aspera L. seeds in excision, incision, dead space and burn wound model. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical tests were performed to find out different phytoconstituents in the test extract. Acute toxicity test were performed to find any abnormalities in mice. Wound healing activities were performed on Wistar rats using excision, incision, dead space and burn wound model. The percentage of wound closure and period of epithelization were recorded for excision and thermal burn wound model, whereas the breaking strength was recorded in incision wound model. In dead space wound model, hydroxyproline content and granulation tissue antioxidant enzymes like SOD and CAT were estimated. Results: The phytochemical investigation showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, lipids and triterpenoids. There were no abnormalities observed in the acute toxicity test. The results of wound healing activity revealed that EEAAS treated group showed an enhanced wound contraction and epithelization period in both excision and burn wound models, whereas in incision wound model the wound breaking strength was significantly increased in extract treated group compared to control. The histology of the skin of healed excised wound showed restoration to almost the normal architecture of the skin in extract treated group compared to the control. In dead space wound model, enhanced antioxidant enzymes and connective tissue markers were observed in the extract treated group. Conclusion: Thus the results conclude that EEAAS possesses potent wound healing properties with a reasonable safety profile.

}, keywords = {Achyranthes aspera L., Antioxidant enzymes, Hydroxyproline, Povidone iodine, Silver sulfadiazine, Thermal burn.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.20}, author = {Sumanta Mondal and Debjit Ghosh and Seru Ganapaty and Motati Sushrutha Reddy and Karipeddi Ramakrishna} } @article {191, title = {Evaluation of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Antidiabetic Potential of Alpinia galanga and Eryngium foetidum Plants of Manipur (India)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {459-464}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {459}, abstract = {

Background: Alpinia galanga and Eryngium foetidum are two commonly used traditional aromatic plants of Manipur which is traditionally used in Aroma therapy. Rationale of pharmacological potentials of these plants are still unclear, even if few preliminary studies are available in literature for individual plants. Objective: This study was conducted for comparative assessment of antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic potential of A. galanga and E. foetidum. Materials and Methods: The rhizome of A. galanga and leaf of E. foetidum were extracted in methanol, ethanol and water. Phytochemicals of each extracts of Alpinia galanga and Eryngium foetidum were analyzed. The antioxidant potential of all the extracts was assessed by measuring total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and free radical scavenging potential was assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, antibacterial activity was assessed against various pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria in vitro by Kirby-Bauer agar well diffusion method and antidiabetic activity was assessed by \α-amylase inhibition. Results: Both the plant showed presence of all the tested phytochemicals. It was observed that methanolic extracts of both the plants have higher phenolic content than ethanolic and aqueous extracts, however ethanolic extracts E. foetidum shows higher flavonoid contents. Both the plant shows similar DPPH scavenging and metal chelating activity. It was also observed that the antidiabetic potential of A. galanga is greater than E. foetidum. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts of the plants shows quite similar and good antibacterial potential than the aqueous extracts. Conclusion: The present study suggests that both Alpinia galanga and Eryngium foetidum plants of Manipur could be used as herbal remedies for the treatment of diabetes mellitus as well as managing oxidative stress and oxidative stress related disorders.

}, keywords = {A. galangal, Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, E. foetidum., Manipur, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.8}, author = {Tabarak Malik and Devendra Kumar Pandey and Priyanka Roy and Annie Okram} } @article {125, title = {Finger Printing of the Anatomical Markers, HPTLC Profile and Heavy Metals Content in the Leaves of Aristolochia indica Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {117-126}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {117}, abstract = {

Background: Aristolochia indica Linn is now an endangered medicinal plant belonging to the family Aristolochiaceae. Many ethono-botanically important species of Aristolochia were found used in the traditional forms of medicine for the treatment of various illnesses. Aim: The present study concerns the microscopic, fluorescent, powder, quantitative microscopic characteristics of the leaves of Aristolichia indica Linn and its physico-chemical standards. Materials and Methods: Morpho-histological profile, Highperformance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) finger print profile, and heavy metals content of the leaves of Aristolichia indica Linn. Results: The presence of camptodromous pinnate venation with pentagonal shaped areoles with linear veinlet endings, non-glandular hooked trichomes, amphistomatic and anomocytic stomata, small palisade ratio, small stomatal index were the anatomical features characteristics of the taxon. Physico-chemical evaluation of the leaves gave moisture content of 10.5\%, total ash 12.7\%, acid insoluble ash 1.9\%, acid soluble ash 10.8\%. Highperformance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) identification of marker compound (Aristolochic acid I or (AAI)) in methanol extract of leaves was carried out. The developed HPTLC Chromatogram had revealed nine phytoconstutents in extract of leaf sample. The Rf value for Aristolochic acid I (C17H11NO7) was found to be 0.41 and densitometric scanning had shown \λmax at 318 nm for the marker compound. The content of marker constituent (AA I) present in shade-dried leaves of Aristochia indica Linn was estimated as 0.049\%. The Flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of elements had shown appreciable amounts of the elements such as Fe (0.5442 mg/g), Zn (0.026.82 mg/g), Ni (0.008 mg/g,) and Cu (0.002 mg/g) by dry weight of the leaves of Aristolichia indica. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the delineated characteristics of the leaves of A. indica, could tag as the identifying parameters to substantiate and authenticate the raw drugs from the spurious/adulterants materials and could also be effectively used for the regulatory perspectives and quality assessment of Aristololic acid \Ι in the medicinal formulation/finished products. The presence of important mineral elements inside this plant showed that it could be a nutritious plant and important to the human health.

}, keywords = {Areoles, Aristolic acid, Heavy metals., HPTLC finger print, Physico-chemical parameters, Stomatal index}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.4}, author = {Madathilparambil Vasu Sudhakaran} } @article {152, title = {Fingerprint Of Tiger Balm{\textregistered} By Thermal Desorption Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {230-233}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {230}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tiger Balmis a blend of volatile oils used for many years in control of muscle cramps and headache. Objectives: To establish a quick and accurate method of analysis for Tiger Balm. Materials and Methods: GC-MS and TD GC-MS were used in parallel to define the metabolites available in Tiger Balm blend, high quality standards were help in confirmation of the metabolites identities. Results: TD GC-MS was more\ efficient in showing the 1:1 relative abundance of camphor and menthol\ which can be taken as a chemical marker of this herbal medicine. Conclusion:\ In this work we applied efficiently the use of TD GC-MS in quality\ analysis of semisolid herbal medicine with volatile scents without the\ need of tedious pre-treatment with organic solvents, which is required\ by using GC-MS.

}, keywords = {Camphor, GC-MS, Menthol., TD GC-MS, Tiger Balm{\textregistered}}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.9}, author = {Omar A. Aldulaimi and Wen W. Li} } @article {190, title = {Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry Analysis and In vitro Antioxidant Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of the Leaves of Tabernaemontana divaricata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {451-458}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {451}, abstract = {

Objective: To identify phytoconstituents present in an ethanolic extract of the leaves of Tabernaemontana divaricata and to evaluate its in-vitro antioxidant potential. Methods: The extract was subjected to gas chromatography- mass spectrometry analysis to identify phytoconstituents, and screened for hydroxyl, superoxide and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, reducing power and metal-chelating activity as a measure of potential antioxidant activity. Results: GC-MS analysis of the extract revealed the presence of 96 phytoconstituents, of which 17 are reported to be bioactive and 11 of these to possess antioxidant potential. When tested in-vitro, the extract exhibited the most potent radical-scavenging activity at a maximum concentration of 10 mg/ml, scavenging effects of 64\%, 67\% and 69\% and corresponding half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 6.7 mg/ml, 6.8 mg/ml and 6.2 mg/ml on hydroxyl, superoxide and DPPH radicals, respectively. Ascorbic acid used as a standard (10 mg/ml) showed scavenging effects of 73\%, 73\% and 75\% and corresponding IC50 values of 5.3 mg/ml, 5.8 mg/ml and 5.2 mg/ml, respectively, on hydroxyl, superoxide and DPPH radicals. At 10 mg/ml, the extract and an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid standard exhibited 68\% and 78\%, respectively, chelation of ferrous ions; at the same concentration, the reducing power of the extract and that of a butylated hydroxytoluene standard was found to be 3.855 and 4.308, respectively. Conclusion: These observations strongly suggest that the ethanolic extract of T. divaricata leaves has potent in-vitro antioxidant activity and thereby could act as a possible therapeutic agent for oxidative stressinduced pathological states.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, GC-MS analysis, Metal chelating activity., Phytoconstituents, Reducing power, Tabernaemontana divaricata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.7}, author = {Muniyandi Anbukkarasi and Philip A Thomas and Mahalingam Sundararajan and Pitchairaj Geraldine} } @article {178, title = {GC- MS Analysis of Mussaenda roxburghii Hk.f.: A Folk Food Plant Used Among Tribes Of Arunachal Pradesh, India.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {395-398}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {395}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mussaenda roxhburgii Hk.f. shoot is widely used as folk food among the tribal people of Arunachal Pradesh. This study was carried out to establish the phytoconstituents of Mussaenda roxburghii shoot. Methods: Fresh shoot were collected from Mone forest of East Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh and identified by the corresponding author himself. The samples were shade dried and pulverized to powder using a mechanical grinder. 500 g powder of the sample was soaked in ethanol for 72 hours with intermittent shaking then filtered through Whatmann No. 41 filter paper and concentrated under reduced pressure at 40\°C by using rotary evaporator to obtain a viscous semi solid extract. Gas-Chromatography Mass Specrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the ethanol extracts was carried out in Shimadzu GCMS-QP-2010 plus system. The identification of compounds was performed by comparing their mass spectra with data from NIST 11 (National Institute of Standards and Technology, US) and WILEY 8. Results: The GCMS chromatogram of Mussaenda roxburghii shoot ethanolic extract gave forty nine phytochemical compounds. The most prevailing compounds were hydrocoumarin with 13.6\%, hexadeconoic acid, 2-hexadecen-1-ol, 3, 7, 11, 15 tetramethyl [R-[R-) with 17.52\%, ethyl ester with 6.24\% and Vitamin E with 2.8\%. The study gave some compounds with biological interest like gamma tocopherol, Vitamin E, Neophytadiene, Squalene etc. which have been reported to be Antitumur, Antiinflammatory, Antiaging, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic, perfume, pesticide and sunscreen.

}, keywords = {Folk Food, GC-MS, Hydrocoumarin., Mussaenda species, Nutraceuticals, Tribal people}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.14}, author = {Temin Payum} } @article {111, title = {GC/MS Analysis and Potential Cytotoxic Activity of Haplophyllum tuberculatum Essential Oils Against Lung and Liver Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {66-69}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {66}, abstract = {

Background: Haplophyllum tuberculatum is a plant belongs to family rutacee. It is rich in volatile oils, fixed oils, alkaloids, and furanocoumarins. It is well known for the huge number of folkloric uses in middle east. \ Objective: The aim of this study is to establish the chemical composition of the essential oils of Libyan H. tuberculatum and to investigate their cytotoxic potentialities. Materials and Methods: The essential oils of the aerial parts and flowers of H. tuberculatum growing in Libya were prepared by hydrodistillation. GC/MS analyses were performed on a Shimaduz capillary gas chromatograph (GC 17A ver.3) instrument directly coupled to mass spectrometer-MS QP5050A. Oil A and F of H. tuberculatum at different concentrations (0-50 \µg/ml) in DMSO were tested for cytotoxicity against human tumor cell lines. Results: Oil yield was found 0.4 and 1.5 (v/w \%) on dry weight basis respectively. GC/MS analysis resulted in identification of total 35 compounds. 15 compounds\  were common to both oils. oil A of H. tuberculatum exhibited antitumor activities against. liver carcinoma cell line (HEPG2) and lung carcinoma cell line (H1299) 4.7 \µg/ml and 4.1 \µg/ml. Conclusion: Essential oil of the aerial parts of H. tuberculatum is potentially active against lung (H-1299), and liver (HEPG2) carcinoma cell lines. The observed cytotoxic, activities can be attributed to the dominance of \α and \γ-terpinene in this oil.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, Essential oils, Haplophyllum tuberculatum, Liver cancer, Lung cancer.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.14}, author = {Omar Mohamed Mohamed Sabry and Abeer Mohamed El Sayed and Salmin Khalid Alshalmani} } @article {136, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Commiphora molmol Oleo-Resin Extracts which Inhibit the growth of Bacterial Triggers of Selected Autoimmune Diseases.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {191-202}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {191}, abstract = {

Introduction: Myrrh has been used traditionally for the inhibition of microbial growth and for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Despite this, myrrh extracts are yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Methods: Solvent extracts prepared from commercially obtained myrrh resin were analysed for the ability to inhibit the growth of bacterial species associated with initiating rheumatoid arthritis (P. mirabilis), ankylosing spondylitis (K. pneumoniae) and multiple sclerosis (A. baylyi, P. aeruginosa) by disc diffusion assay, and quantified by MIC determination. Toxicity was determined by Artemia franciscana bioassay. The most potent inhibitory extract was investigated using non-targeted GC-MS head space analysis (with screening against a compound database) for the identification and characterization of individual components in the crude plant extracts. Results:\ Methanolic myrrh extract inhibited the growth of all bacterial species tested. The growth inhibition of this extract was particularly notable against P. mirabilis and K. pneumoniae, with MIC values substantially \< 1000 \μg/mL for both reference and clinical bacterial strains. Indeed, the MIC values of the methanolic extract against P. mirabilis reference and clinical strains were 572 and 463 \μg/mL respectively. The methanolic extract also inhibited the growth of A. baylyi (MIC approximately 3000 \μg/mL) and P. aeruginosa (MIC approximately 1800 \μg/mL). However, the MICs against these bacteria was indicative of only moderate inhibitory activity. The aqueous, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane extracts also inhibited the growth of all bacterial species, albeit with moderate (MIC values 1000-5000 \μg/mL) to low efficacy (MIC values \>5000 \μg/mL) against all bacterial species. All myrrh extracts were non-toxicin the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with LC50 values substantially above 1000 \μg/mL. Non-biased GC-MS headspace\ analysis of the methanolic extracti dentified a high diversity of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoid. Conclusion: The lack of toxicity and the inhibitory activity of the methanolic myrrh extract against microbial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis indicates its potential in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.

}, keywords = {ankylosing spondylitis, Commiphora molmol, Monoterpenoid, Multiple sclerosis., Myrrh, rheumatoid arthritis, Sesquiterpenoid, Terpenoid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.4}, author = {Isaac Biggs and Joseph Sirdaarta and Alan White and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {210, title = {Gc-Ms Analysis of Ethanolic Stem Extract of Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook F Ex Benth}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {576-578}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {576}, abstract = {

Objective: In the present study, the bioactive components present in the ethanol stem extract of Clausena anisata was analyzed by using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analysis technique (GC-MS). Clausena anisata, a medicinal plant belonging to the family Rutaceae, is represented by 20 species available in India and used traditionally for the treatment of several ailments but there is a requirement to identify its phytoconstituents, its target, mode of action and treatment using plant products either alone or in combination with synthetic drugs. Methods: Clausena anisata stem was procured from Manamettupatti, a village of Pudukottai District, Tamil Nadu. The shade dried stem was powdered and extracted using ethanol by maceration method. One microlitre of the extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis to detect the presence of bioactive compounds present in the stem of C. anisata. Results:The results showed that the ethanol stem extract of C. anisata contained nine bioactive compounds, of which the major one is n-hexadecanoic acid (78.54\%), followed by 8-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, [E]- (6.638\%). The total number of compounds obtained was compared with National Institutes of Standard and Technology (NIST) library that contains more than 62,000 known compounds based on retention time and molecular mass. Conclusion: In this study, nearly nine compounds have been identified from the ethanolic stem extract of C. anisata using GC-MS analysis which was mainly composed of fatty acids and sterols. The GC-MS analysis is used to understand the nature of active principles present in this plant revealed that the plant can be used as a potential source of new useful drugs.

}, keywords = {C. anisata, Ethanol, GC-MS analysis, maceration and phytoconstituents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.9}, author = {Arsia Tarnam Yakoob and Nargis Begum Tajuddin and Shilu Mathew and Muhammad Ilyas Mohammed Hussain and Ishtiaq Qadri} } @article {203, title = {GC-MS Analysis of n-hexane Extract of Stem Bark of Symplocos crataegoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {520-524}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {520}, abstract = {

Context: The stem barks of the plant Symplocos crataegoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (syn. Symplocos paniculata (Thunb.) Miq.), Fam. Symplocaceae is extensively used in Indian medicine under the names of Lodhra/Patikalodhra. Mainly it is used to cure uterine complaints, vaginal and menstrual disorders. Aim: To investigate the phytochemicals from the n-hexane extract of the stem bark of Symplocos crataegoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don., using GC-MS analysis. Materials and Methods: Stem bark of S.crataegoides was extracted by Soxhlet extraction method using n-hexane. The extract was injected by splitless injection mode into the GC MS 5975 C Agilent equipped with a QP- 5000 (quadrupole) Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometer. Results: Identification of 57 compounds from n-hexane extract. Those compounds were identified by close matches with standard MS spectra and compared with NIST - 11 and WILEY library data. Undecane (7.51\%) was found as major compound followed by Isopropyl myristate, Dodecane, 1,2,4-trimethyl-benzene, Octacosane, 2-methyl-decane, 2-ethyl-1,2-dimethyl-benzene, 1,2,3,5- tetramethyl-benzene etc., other constituents were found to be in traceable quantities. Conclusion: GC-MS analysis of S. crataegoides revealed certain interesting facts of presentation of various phytoconstituents in the stem bark. The presence of various phytoconstituents contributes to the medicinal activity of the plant.

}, keywords = {GC-MS analysis, n-hexane extract, Patikalodhra, Symplocos Crataegoides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.2}, author = {Nartunai Govindarajan and Uma Maheswara Reddy Cheekala and Shantha Arcot and Susikumar Sundaramoorthy and Ramasamy Duraisamy and Ilavarasan Raju} } @article {209, title = {Green synthesis, Antioxidant Potential and Hypoglycemic Effect of Silver Nanoparticles using Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. F. Ex Benth. of Rutaceae}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {565-575}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {565}, abstract = {

The current study was conducted to examine the hypoglycemic effect of Silver Nano particles (SNPs) using ethanolic leaf extract of Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook f. ex Benth. A cost effective and eco-friendly technique for the green synthesis of SNPs from 1mM AgNO3 solution through the leaf extract was carried out. The biosynthesized SNPs were characterized using UV spectro photometry, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray Diffraction analysis (XRD), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectrometry. DPPH assay was done to determine the antioxidant activity and for in vitro hypoglycemic activity glucose uptake by yeast cells, alpha-amylase inhibition assay, adsorption capacity and glucose diffusion assay was carried out. The SNPs of ethanol leaf extract were found to be spherical in shape and up to 60.67 nm average in size. They showed alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of 80.32\% at 500 g/ml and IC50 100 g/ml. The glucose uptake by yeast cells was found to increase with an increase in concentration. The maximum glucose uptake was found to be 68.29\% at 10mM concentration. The molar concentration of glucose was directly proportional to the glucose binding capacity of extracts. The rate of glucose diffusion across the membrane was found to increase from 30 to 180 minutes. The DPPH scavenging activity was found to be potent (71.60\%) at 500 g/ml. The hypoglycemic effect exhibited by the SNPs was revealed by simple in vitro model of yeast cells, mediated by glucose absorption, increasing glucose diffusion and glucose transport across the cell membrane.

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.8}, author = {Arsia Tarnam Y and Nargis Begum T and Muhammad Ilyas MH and Shilu Mathew and Archunan Govindaraju and Ishtiaq Qadri} } @article {130, title = {Growth Inhibitory Activity of Kakadu Plum Extracts Against the Opportunistic Pathogenclostridium Perfringens: New Leads in the Prevention and Treatment of Clostridial Myonecrosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {144-153}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {144}, abstract = {

Introduction: Clostridium perfringens is the etiological agent of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. Infections result in exotoxin production, tissue necrosis and unless promptly treated, may result in death. Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) fruit has documented therapeutic properties as a general antiseptic agent. Fruit extracts have been reported to inhibit the growth of an extensive panel of pathogenic bacteria. Leaf extracts have also been shown to block the growth of several bacterial species associated with autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Methods: T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf solvent extracts were investigated for growth inhibitory activity by disc diffusion assay against a clinical strain of Clostridium perfringens. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Active extracts were analysed by non-targeted HPLC-QTOF mass spectroscopy (with screening against 3 compound databases) for the identification and characterisation of individual components in the crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic and aqueous T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf extracts, as well as the leaf ethyl acetate extract, displayed growth inhibitory activity in the disc diffusion assay against C. perfringens. The leaf extracts were generally more potent growth inhibitors than the corresponding fruit extracts, although the aqueous fruit extract had substantially greater efficacy than the aqueous leaf extract. The methanolic and ethyl acetate leaf extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 206 and 117 \μg/ml respectively. The fruit methanolic extract also displayed good efficacy, with an MIC of 716 \μg/ml. In contrast, the chloroform and hexane extracts of both fruit and leaf were completely devoid of growth inhibitory activity. All T. ferdinandiana extracts were either nontoxic or of low toxicity in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay. Non-biased phytochemical analysis of the methanolic and ethyl acetate leaf extracts revealed the presence of high relative levels of a diversity of galloand ellagi- tannins. Conclusion: The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana extracts and the potent growth inhibitory bioactivity of the leaf methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts against C. perfringens indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. Metabolomic profiling studies indicate that these extracts contained a diversity of tannins.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial extracts, Antioxidant, Australian medicinal plants, Enteritis necroticans, Gas gangrene., Kakadu plum, Myonecrosis, Terminalia ferdinandiana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.8}, author = {Mitchell Henry Wright and Joseph Sirdaarta and Ben Matthews and Anthony Carlson Greene and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {173, title = {Health Benefits of Morinda citrifolia (Noni): A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {321-334}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {321}, abstract = {

Background: Morinda citrifolia (Noni) has been used widely as a complementary and alternative therapy in many countries owing to its potent antioxidant activity and proven health benefits. Traditionally, it finds used as a therapeutic remedy to various diseases as an antibacterial, antitumor, anthelminthic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant. Also it has proved beneficial in conditions like gastritis, skin diseases, respiratory infections, menstrual and urinary tract disorders, fever, diabetes and venereal diseases. Objective: This review emphasizes on the phytochemical and mineral profile of the different parts of Noni plant. In addition, this review corroborates the pharmacological basis for the various health benefits, traditional and medicinal applications of Noni. Materials and Methods: All the available information of Noni were collected from electronic databases such as Academic Journals, Ethnobotany, Ethnopharmacology, Springer, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct and other primary and secondary sources. Results: According to our search results pertaining to scientific literature, Morinda citrifolia is used for more than 40 types of ailments worldwide. Crude extract of various parts of plant and fruit juice are reported to contain amino acids, anthraquinones, fatty acids, flavonoids, iridoids, lignans, polysaccharides, sterols, sugars, terpenoids etc. which are therapeutically useful for a broad range of pathological conditions. Fourteen human clinical trials have validated the remarkable health benefits of Noni. Conclusion: Literatures prove that Noni is pharmacologically active and is used in different forms of cancer, viz. colon, esophageal, breast, colorectal cancers; cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, arthritis, hypertension. These properties are substantiated by the preclinical or/and clinical investigations.

}, keywords = {Anticancer., Antioxidant, Morinda citrifolia, Neutraceutical, Phyto-constituents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.4}, author = {Mohammad Ali and Mruthunjaya Kenganora and Santhepete Nanjundaiah Manjula} } @article {132, title = {Hepatoprotective effect of Prunus armeniaca L. (Apricot) leaf extracts on Paracetamol induced liver damage in Wistar rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {154-158}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {154}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of Prunus armeniaca L. (Apricot) leaf on paracetamol induced liver toxicity in rats. Method: Phytochemical investigation was performed to find active constituents of the plant extracts by the different phytochemical tests. After induction of liver toxicity, the biochemical parameters such as serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (sGPT), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (sGOT), serum alkaline phosphatase (sALP), serum bilirubin (SB), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), \γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total protein (TP), albumin. The physical parameters including liver weight, body weight and histopathological changes in the liver were studied with Ursodeoxycholic acid as standard hepatoprotective agents. Results: The phytochemical investigation of the extracts showed the presence of Alkaloids, volatile oil, saponin glycosides, condensed tanins, terpenoids, steroids and flavonoids. Methanol and aqueous extract before the paracetamol administration caused a significant reduction in the values of sGOT, sGPT, sALP, TBARS, GGT, LDH TP, Albumin and sB (P\<0.01) almost comparable to the Ursodeoxycholic acid. The hepatoprotective activity was confirmed by histopathological examination of the liver tissue of control and treated animals. Conclusions: The result concludes that Prunus armeniaca L. possesses the hepatoprotective effect against paracetamol induced liver toxicity in rats.

}, keywords = {Apricot, Hepatotoxicity, Liver toxicity., Paracetamol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.9}, author = {Varsha Raj and Arun Kumar Mishra and Amrita Mishra and Najam Ali Khan} } @article {197, title = {Identification of Indian Sida through mericarp}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {490-496}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {490}, abstract = {

Background: some of the species of Sida are being used as medicine in traditional therapies and available in the market as broken plant parts. Therefore, adulteration is very common. A study was conducted to identify the Indian Sida L. through morphological features of mericarp found in the market samples. Methodology: the fruits of Sida are collected from field in flowering and fruiting stage. The identity of the species were determined and dried mature fruit (schizocarp) of specimens were dissected and studied under compound microscope. The market samples were purchased from various parts of the India and fruits were investigated to match the key characters have been found during the study. Results: mericarp of Sida possess huge diversity and it is a reliable character for identification. Each species of Sida has unique mericarp structure. However, some of the species like, Sida alba have four different types of mericarp but they different from mericarps of other species. I have come across with 27 different types of mericarps in Indian Sida. Conclusion: mericarp morphology is a key character to determine the identity of the species. Based on mericarp features a bracketed dichotomous key has been prepared for identification. The species of Indian Sida may be identified the help of mericarp morphology.

}, keywords = {India, Mericarp, Sida, Sida cordifolia.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.14}, author = {Kumar Avinash Bharati} } @article {127, title = {In vitro Cytotoxicity Studies of Zn (Zinc) Nanoparticles Synthesized from Abutilon indicum L. against Human Cervical Cancer (HeLa) Cell Lines.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {127-131}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {127}, abstract = {

Background: The Zn nanoparticles synthesized from the plant sources are ecofriendly and are potent anticancer agents. Objective: The objective of the present work was to evaluate In vitro cytotoxic activity of Zn nanoparticles green synthezised from Abutilon indicum extract against HeLa cell lines (cervical cancer). Methods: The aqueous extract is prepared by cold extraction (maceration) using water as a solvent. Phytochemical analysis was done by using the standard procedures. Aqueous extract of A. indicum was used for synthesis of Zn nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible spectrometry and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. In vitro cytotoxicity studies of Zn nanoparticles were done by MTT assay using HeLa cell lines. Results: The preliminary phytochemical results revealed that the aqueous extract of A. indicum contains broad spectrum of secondary metabolites like Tannins, Saponins, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Anthroquinones, Terpenoids and Steroids. The U.V spectrophotometeric analysis of Zn nanoparticles displayed maximum absorption at 270 nm and scanning electron microscopic studies showed that the nanoparticles size ranges from 50-500 nm. The MTT assay results revealed that the of Zn nanoparticles exhibits potent cytotoxicity against HeLa cell lines with IC50 value of 45.82 \μg/ml. Conclusion: Thus the present study concludes that Zn nanoparticles can be used as a potent drug in alternative therapy for treating the cervical cancer patients.

}, keywords = {Abutilon indicum, Cervical cancer, Cytotoxicity, MTT Assay, Zn nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.5}, author = {Badarinath Druvarao Kulkarni and Samim Sultana and Mayuri Bora and Ishita Dutta and Padmaa Milaap Paarakh and Vedamurthy Ankala Basappa.} } @article {105, title = {Induction of hairy roots and plant regeneration from the medicinal plant Pogostemon Cablin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {50-55}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {50}, abstract = {

An efficient transformation system for the medicinal and aromatic plant, Pogostemon cablin Benth was developed by using Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC15834 and C58C1. Hairy roots formed directly from the cut edges of leaf explants after infection for 2 days. The highest frequency of leaf explant transformation by A. rhizogenes ATCC15834 and C58C1 were 83.3\% and 80.5\% after pre culture about 2 days and infection by the bacterium containing 15 mg l-1 acetosyringone about 25 min. The PCR amplification showed that rolB genes of Ri plasmid of A. rhizogenes were integrated and expressed into the genome of transformed hairy roots. The optimum medium for callus induction of hairy roots consisted of 2.0 mg l-1 benzyladenine (BA) and 0.1 mg l-1 a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); while optimum medium for adventitious shoot regeneration from these cultures consisted of 0.1 mg l-1 BA and 0.1 mg l-1 NAA. Adventitious shoots could be rooted on 1/2MS. PCR analysis confirmed that rol genes of TL-DNA of Ri plasmid was integrated with at least three copies into the genome of hairy roots-regenerated P. cablin plants. The results presented provide a possibility for breeding of a new cultivar of P. cablin.

}, keywords = {Agrobacterium rhizogenes, ATCC15834., C58C1, Plant regeneration, Pogostemon cablin.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.11}, author = {Han-jing Yan and Meng-ling He and Wei-Jian Huang and Dong-mei Li and Xiao-fang Yu} } @article {117, title = {Inhibition of MDR1 in mammary cell carcinoma reverses Multidrug Resistance by SOCS1}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {103-112}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {103}, abstract = {

Introduction: Suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS1), a newly indentified antiapoptotic molecule is a downstream effector of the receptor tyrosine kinase-Ras signalling pathway. Current study has uncovered that SOCS1 may have wide and imperative capacities, particularly because of its close correlation with malignant tumors. Methods: To investigate the impact of SOCS1 on MDR, we analyzed the expression of P-gp and SOCS1 by immunohistochemistry and found there was positive correlation between them. At that point we effectively interfered with RNA translation by the contamination of siRNA of SOCS1 into MCF7/ ADM breast cancer cell lines through a lentivirus, and the expression of the target gene was significantly inhibited. Results: After RNAi the drug resistance was reduced altogether and the expression of MDR1 mRNA and P-gp in MCF7/ADM cell lines demonstrated a significant decrease. Likewise the expression of P53 protein increased in a statistically significant manner (p\≤0.01) after RNAi exposure. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis uncovers that cell cycle and anti-apoptotic enhancing capacity of cells changed after RNAi treatment. Conclusion: These outcomes proposed SOCS1 may take part in breast cancer MDR by managing MDR1 and P53 expression, changing cell cycle and enhancing the anti-apoptotic ability of cells.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, MDR1gene, Multidrug resistance, RNA interference., SOCS1 gene}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.2}, author = {Debasish Pradhan and Gitanjali Tripathy and Rakesh Kumar Pradhan and Shaktiprasad Pradhan and Soumyashree Rupambika Moharana} } @article {159, title = {Isolation of flavonoid from Abies webbiana leaves and its activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {341-345}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {341}, abstract = {

Background: Abies webbiana commonly known as Talispatra in Bengali and Hindi, Talispatram in Sanskrit and Indian Silver Fir in English. This is a large, tall, evergreen tree occurring in the Himalayan region from Kashmir to Assam in India. It comes under the Family: Pinaceae. The present study was designed for isolation of flavonoid from ethyl acetate extract of A. webbiana leaves and assessed their toxic effect on liver and kidney. Materials and Methods: The isolation of flavonoid using different chromatographic methods (thin layer and column chromatography). The isolated flavonoid was identified; Structures and chemical bonds were analyzed by using MP, FTIR, 1-H NMR and MS spectral analysis. Effect of flavonoid on liver and kidney was assessed by inducing (0.1 ml/kg) CCl4 (i.p.) and (6 mg/kg) Cisplatin (i.p.) respectively measured by biochemical marker of liver and kidney. Results and Discussion: It was identified that isolated compound was as 4\’-hydroxy quercetin on the basis of FTIR, 1-H NMR and MS spectral analysis. Isolated flavonoid reduced the increased biochemical marker (BM) of liver and kidney. The BM was increased by inducing CCl4 and Cisplatin respectively. Conclusion: Isolated compound was 4\’-methoxy quercetin and significantly protect the liver and kidney.

}, keywords = {1-H NMR, Abies webbiana, CCl4., Cisplatin, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.6}, author = {Dinesh Kumar Yadav and Mohammed Ali and Ashoke Kumar Ghosh and Babita Kumar} } @article {208, title = {Leaf and Stem Anatomy and Histochemistry of Dalbergia ecastaphyllum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {557-564}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {557}, abstract = {

Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) Taub. is a shrubby of Tropical America and Africa. It is recognized as the main botanical source of red-propolis, and also by its uses in folk medicine. This work was performed by light and scanning electron microscopy in order to carry out an anatomical and histochemical study of leaves and stems of this species,to find distinctive characters to support the quality control of its ethnodrugs and derivatives. The leaf epidermis is hypostomatic with straight to curved anticlinal cell walls, papillose on the abaxial surface, with thickened cuticle and coated with epiculticular waxes as rosette. The mesophyll is dorsiventral, with palisade 2-3-layered and the spongy 4-6-layered. The petiole and midrib have vascular system collateral. The stem is cylindrical, with an uniseriate epidermis coated with thickened cuticle and angular collenchyma. The vascular system is a continuous ectofloic siphonostele. Resin idioblasts are concentrated in the inner area of the vascular tissue of the midrib, petiole and stem. The leaf and stem anatomy and histochemistry of D. ecastaphyllum provided distinctive characters for this species that can be used as an additional support for its taxonomy and for the quality control of their ethnodrugs.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotany, Fabaceae, Genus Dalbergia, Leguminosae, Red propolis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.7}, author = {Michelline V. Marques Das Neves and Nathalia Diniz Ara{\'u}jo and Eduardo De Jesus Oliveira and Maria De F{\'a}tima Agra} } @article {186, title = {Macro-Microscopic evaluation, Physicochemical analysis and HPTLC Finger printing of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Rhizome}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {430-434}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {430}, abstract = {

Introduction: Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Family Hypoxydaceae (Amaryllidaceae) is a perennial herb with finger like rhizome. Its rhizomes have been significantly used in treatment of various ailments including cancer. Methods: Macro-microscopic analyses, physico-chemical studies and HPTLC finger printing of rhizomes of C. orchioides were performed according to pharmacopoeial procedures. Results: Microscopic analysis has shown rows of rectangular and conical cells in cork, thin walled cortex, parenchymatous cells, starch grains, crystal of calcium oxalate, mucilage cell and spiral xylem vessel in the rhizomes of C. orchioides. Physicochemical studies revealed loss on drying (10.469\%), total ash (8.463\%), acid insoluble ash (1.10\%), water-soluble ash (2.163\%), alcohol soluble extractive value (3.036\%), and water-soluble extractive value (22.666\%) of the raw drug. Ethanol extract of the plant were fingerprinted in petroleum ether and ethyl acetate (7.0:3.0) solvent system and scanned densitometrically after dipping in anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid reagent followed by heating at 105\°C. Conclusion: These specific identities will be useful in identification and authentication of the raw drug in dried form.

}, keywords = {Curculigo orchioides, HPTLC fingerprinting, Pharmacognostic, Quality control., Standaridisation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.3}, author = {Deepa Yadav and Mohd Salim Reshi and Sadhana Shrivastava and Nalini Srivastava and Sunil Kumar Koppala Narayana and Sangeeta Shukla} } @article {126, title = {Medicinal Plants for Treatment of Cancer: A Brief Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {87-102}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {87}, abstract = {

Cancer is actually a group of many related diseases that all have to do with cells. Cancer cells are characterized by unregulated growth, as well as insufficient and inappropriate vascular supply. Moreover, a core of cells was subjected to micro environmental stress conditions, and has decreased apoptotic potential through genetic alterations, thereby resulting in resistance to apoptosis. Cancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide where the number of cancer patients is in continuous rise. Cancer is a major public problem whose estimated worldwide new incidence is about 6 million cases per year. It is the second major cause of deaths after cardiovascular diseases. Chemotherapy remains the principal mode of treatment for various cancers. A number of synthetic anticancer drugs are available in practice, but the side effects and the drug interactions are major drawbacks in its clinical utility. Most of the currently used chemotherapy drugs for cancers are known to develop resistance, exhibit non-selective toxicity against normal cells and restrict by dose-limiting side effects. Hence, cancer treatment and development of drugs for this disease remains a major clinical challenge. On the other hand, plants are an exceptionally viable source of biologically active natural products which may serve as commercially significant entities in themselves or which may provide lead structures for the development of modified derivatives possessing enhanced activity and/or reduced toxicity in traeatment of cancer. Herbal medicines are now attracting attention as potential sources of anticancer agents and are widely used due to availability of the materials, affordability, relatively cheap and little or no side effects, wide applicability and therapeutic efficacy which in turn has accelerated the scientific research. For these reasons, World Health Organization (WHO) supports the use of traditional medicines which are efficacious and non toxic. In this review we have summarized few plants having anticancer activity.

}, keywords = {Allopathic Drugs, Breast cancer, Cancer, Cancer Cell Lines., Chemotherapy, Medicinal Plants.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.1}, author = {Sonika Jain and Jaya Dwivedi and Pankaj Kumar Jain and Swaha Satpathy and Arjun Patra} } @article {114, title = {Nutritional Evaluation of Fruits of Gynochthodes umbellata (L.) Razafim. \& B. Bremer {\textendash} An Underutilized Edible Fruit Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {72-76}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {72}, abstract = {

Objective: The present investigation aimed to assess the nutritional, mineral profiling and anti-nutritional analysis of Gynochthodes umbellata (Syn. Morinda umbellata), an underutilized edible plant belongs to the family Rubiaceae. Literature perusal reveals that, there are no previous reports on nutritional studies for this valuable fruit. Methods: Nutritional, mineral profiling and anti-nutritional analysis of fruits were carried out. Results: In nutritional analysis, carbohydrates (6.98 g/100g fw), protein (2.68 g/100 g fw), crude fat (0.13 mg/g dw) and crude fibre (32.58\%) content were detected. The fruits of G. umbellata, Vitamin C (25 mg/100g fw) was higher when compared to other three vitamin evaluated, Four macro elements and 6 micro elements were also quantified. Conclusion: Nutritional and Anti-nutritional analysis reveals that, the G. umbellata fruits could be used as a source of protein, vitamin and minerals and highly recommended for consumption as they contain low amount of the anti\–nutrients analysed. This is the first report on nutritional analysis of G. umbellata fruit.

}, keywords = {Anti-nutritional analysis, Morinda umbellata, Nutritional analysis, Underutilized edible fruit.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.16}, author = {Anjusha Sudhakaran and Gangaprasad Appukuttan Nair} } @article {139, title = {Pharmaco-Chemical characterization and Acaricidal Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Chassalia Curviflora (Wall ex Kurz.) Thwaites.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {215-219}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {215}, abstract = {

Introduction: C. curviflora, an important ethno-medicinal plant used by the Kurichia local people in Western Ghats region of Wayanad is yet to be explored pharmacologically. It is used as paste on the body of cattle and birds for curing skin diseases. Objectives: To characterize the pharmacochemical features and to study the acaricidal effect of ethanolic extract of C. curviflora on engorged female ticks of R. (B.) annutatus. Methods: The pharmaco-chemical features such as physico-chemical, proximate, phytochemical, fluorescence, and HPTLC profiling were carried out using standard techniques. The pulverized leaves were subjected to soxhlet extraction using ethanol. The ethanolic extract at different concentrations (10\% to 1.25\%) was tested against ticks using adult immersion test (AIT). Result: The preliminary phytochemical investigation showed high contents of saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids. The HPTLC profiling of ethanolic extract showed the presence of 14 polyvalent components. Based on AIT, the extract at 10\% revealed 43.76\% of inhibition of fecundity (IF) and 29.16\% of adult tick mortality. Conclusion: The results revealed that the extract has some active compounds that may influence in the reproductive system of female ticks.

}, keywords = {Acaricidal activity, Chassalia curviflora, Fecundity., HPTLC, Pharmaco-chemical, R. (B.) annutatus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.6}, author = {Ajeesh Krishna Thumadath Palayullaparambil and Adarsh Krishna Thumadath Palayullaparambil and Sanis Juliet and Kumuthakalavalli Renganathan and Ramasubbu Raju and Sunil Athalathil and Reghu Ravindran and Leena Chandrashekar and Suresh Narayanan Nair and Srikanta Ghosh} } @article {141, title = {Pharmacognostic and Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation of Leaves of Aralia Racemosa L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {250-254}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {250}, abstract = {

Objective: Ethnomedicinally, the entire plant and its parts are generally utilized by local people for the treatment of different aliment conditions without standardization. The standardization of crude drug is a crucial part of establishing its correct identity. Prior to any crude drug can be included in an herbal pharmacopeia, pharmacognostic and physicochemical param\­eters and standards to be established. Aralia racemosa L. perennial herb belongs to family Araliaceae. It is commonly known as American Spike\­nard. It is traditionally used in the treatment of Rheumatism, Whooping cough, skin diseases, pleurisy, diaphoretic, diuretic, pulmonary diseases, asthma, rheumatism, diarrhea, stimulant, expectorant, syphilis, Inflamma\­tion and Hay fever. In the view of lack of pharmacognostic study of leaf of Aralia racemosa L. Methods: The macroscopical, microscopical and physicochemical parameters were assessed according to WHO Quality Control Methods for herbal materials. The leaves of Aralia racemosa. L was subjected for successive solvent extraction and preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out, along with florescence analysis of leaf Pow\­der with different reagents were evaluated. Results: Macroscopy of the leaves showed oval to rounded shape with tooted margin, cordate base and pointed tip. Microscopic studies revealed the presence of anisocytic stomata, bicolateral vascular bundles, lignified fibers, spiral vessels and rosette shaped calcium oxalate crystals. Physicochemical parameters such as moisture content, extractive values, ash content and fluorescent behav\­ior of leaf powder were also determined. Preliminary Phytochemical analy\­sis revealed the presence of various phytochemical constituents viz., glyco\­sides, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and steroids. Conclusion: The results of current study could be served as a diagnostic tool for the standardization of this medicinal plant and will helpful in characterization of the crude drug.\ 

}, keywords = {Anisocytic stomata, Aralia racemosa, Bicolateral vascular bundles, Lignified fibers., Pharmacognostic, Rosette shaped calcium oxalate crystals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.13}, author = {D S N B K Prasanth and Atla Srinivasa Rao and Rajendra Prasad Yejella} } @article {202, title = {Pharmacognostic Characterization of Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {513-519}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {513}, abstract = {

Background: Spondias mombin L. is fruit specie found in Tropical America and the coast of Africa, popularly known as cajazeira. Several researches with extract of leaflets show a diversity of promising pharmacological activities such as antibacterial activity, antiviral against dengue virus type 2, anti diabetic, among others. Objective: This paper aims to study the anatomical characteristics, phytochemical and histochemical from leaves of this species. Materials and Methods: Cross and paradermic sections from leaves were submitted to double staining with astra blue and safranin process for the anatomical study. Anatomical analysis of the structures was performed using an optical microscope. For ultra structure analysis, the leaf fragments, after processing and gold coating, were observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The phytochemical analyses were performed using thin layer chromatography and the histochemical analyses using specific reagents for each metabolite group. Results: The leaf has anomocytic and tetracytic stomata distributed on abaxial surface. The midrib has convex symmetry with collateral vascular bundles in a closed arc disposition. The phytochemical showed the presence of mono and sesquiterpenes, triterpenes and steroids, hydrolysable tannins, phenylpropanoid glycosides, cinnamic derivatives and flavonoids. The histochemical tests allow us to state that phenolic compounds are found in the palisade parenchyma cells. Lignins can be found in woody vascular bundles and in perivascular sclerenchyma fibres. The volatile oils were evidenced in the schizogenous cavity, present in the parenchyma of the midrib. Conclusion: The results allowed characterizing anatomically the leaves of this species, outlining a profile of its phytochemical constituents and, in addition, determining which anatomical structures of storage of these metabolites by the plant.

}, keywords = {Anacardiaceae, Caj{\'a}, Histochemistry, Leaf anatomy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.1}, author = {Alex Lucena de Vasconcelos and Alan Lucena de Vasconcelos and Karina Perrelli Randau} } @article {157, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Epilobium hirsutum Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {226-229}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {226}, abstract = {

Background: Epilobium hirsutum Linn. (Onagraceae) is used widely as traditional medicine for its various medicinal values. Despite the popular utilization of this plant, still no conclusive study has been reported so far regarding the pharmacognostical standardization. Aim: Thus, the present study was aimed to scientifically establish a standard monograph of E. hirsutum on the basis of pharmacognostical aspects. Material and methods:\ Macroscopic, qualitative and quantitative microscopic characters of E. hirsutum were analyzed. Results: The diagnostic characters of the E. hirsutum were evaluated based on the macroscopical and microscopical characters. Conclusion: The obtained qualitative and quantitative standards will provide referential information for correct identification, purity, stan\­dardization and preparation of monograph of E. hirsutum.

}, keywords = {Epilobium hirsutum Linn, Great hairy willowherb., Great willowherb, Hairy willowherb, Onagraceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.8}, author = {N. A. Sheikh and T. R. Desai and R. D. Patel} } @article {154, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Melilotus officinalis Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {239-242}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {239}, abstract = {

Background: Melilotus officinalis Linn. (Fabaceae) historically has been used for a variety of medicinal purposes. Despite the popular medicinal utilization, still no conclusive study has been reported so far regarding the pharmacognostical standardization. Aim: Thus, the present study was focused to scientifically establish a standard monograph of M. officinalis on the basis of pharmacognostical parameters. Material and methods: The detailed macroscopic and qualitative as well as quantitative microscopic characters of M. officinalis were analyzed. Results: The morphological characters of M. officinalis were established. The transverse section of leaf shows lamina with single layered epidermis, anomocytic stomata, mesophyll, midrib with single layered epidermis and vascular strands were present in lamina. Stem contains single layered epidermis, cortex with\ several layers, phloem, xylem and starch grains. Root shows the presence\ of cork, phloem, xylem and starch grains. The powder characteristics of\ M. officinalis revels the presence of Epidermis, stomata, cork, parenchyma,\ mesophyll, fibers, spiral and pitted xylem vessels. The quantitative\ microscopy of leaf of M. officinalis reveals Stomatal number Upper surface\ (28.75 \± 2.5), Lower surface (38.37 \± 2.5); Stomatal index Upper surface\ (13.10 \± 1.50) Lower surface (12.58 \± 1.10); Vein islet number (96.25 \±\ 4.79), Vein termination number (27.50 \± 2.87) and Palisade ratio 6.5 \± 0.58.\ Conclusion: The obtained qualitative and quantitative standards would\ serve as a useful guide for correct identification, purity, standardization and\ preparation of monograph of M. officinalis.

}, keywords = {Aspurk., Fabaceae, Melilot, Melilotus officinalis Linn, Yellow Sweet clover}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.11}, author = {N. A. Sheikh and T. R. Desai and R. D. Patel} } @article {103, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation on Seeds of Madhuca longifolia (Koen.) Macbr. Var. latifolia (Roxb.) A. Cheval}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {37-41}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mahuwa i.e., Madhuca longifolia (Koen.) Macbr. Var. latifolia (Roxb) A. Cheval\  belongs to family Sapotaceae. The local people and aboriginals use the oil extracted from the seeds for cooking purposes. The powdered seed has several therapeutic uses too. Recently seed oil is used as biodiesel. Although seeds and oil are in use; deliberate attempt to study them has lacked. Methods: Pharmacognosy can be the first step in deciding the status of a plant organ as a crude medicine. Hence comprehensive Pharmacognosy of Mahuwa seed was carried out by macroscopy, microscopy, histochemistry, powder study, proximate analysis and preliminary phytochemical studies. Results: The present study provides the microscopic diagnostic characters such as presence of sclerides, oil ducts, crystals etc in seed. Physicochemical studies revealed total ash (0.65\%), acid insoluble ash (0.5\%), water soluble ash (5.95\%), alcohol soluble extractive (23.04\%) water soluble extractive (17.76\%) and chloroform extractive (12.3\%). Histochemistry and Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponnins, terpenoids, anthraquinone glycoside, cardiac glycoside etc. Conclusion: These studies will help in establishing the \ pharmacopeial standards for the said drug.

}, keywords = {Histochemistry, Mahuwa, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry., Sapotaceae, Seeds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.8}, author = {Bindu Gopalkrishnan and CL. Ringmichon} } @article {192, title = {Pharmacognostic Standardisation and Phytochemical Evaluation on the Seeds of Two Vitis Vinefera L. Varieties Grown in Kashmir Valley, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {465-470}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {465}, abstract = {

Introduction: Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the largest fruit crop widely grown throughout the world and their seeds are considered a relevant source of polyphenol compounds. Objective: To carry out phytochemical and pharmacognostic evaluation of the seeds of Vitis vinifera L. Var sahibi and hussaini, family vitiaceae as per WHO guidelines. Materials and Methods: In present investigation, the detailed pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of organoleptic properties, macroscopical, microscopical characters, physicochemical parameters, preliminary phytochemical screening for major groups of compounds and other WHO recommended parameters for standardization of the seeds of Vitis vinifera L. Var. sahibi and hussaini. Results: Macro and microscopic characters of Vitis vinifera L. seeds Var. sahibi and hussaini were analyzed. Physicochemical parameters such as foreign matter, extractive values, ash content, pH and fluorescent behaviour of seed powder were done by using WHO recommended parameters. A preliminary phytochemical screening was done and revealed the presence of different phytoconstituents like carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, sterols and fixed oil. Conclusion: This is the first report of its kind on the pharmacognostic studies of Vitis vinifera L. seeds Var. sahibi and hussaini and will serve as valuable source of information towards establishing pharmacognostic standards on identification, purity, quality and classification.

}, keywords = {Grapes, Hussaini, Macroscopy, microscopy, Physicochemical, Sahibi.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.9}, author = {Javaid Ashraf Nowshehri and Zulfiqar Ali Bhat and Mohammad Yaseen Shah} } @article {133, title = {Pharmacognostical Investigation and Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Leaves of Myxopyrum Smilacifolium B.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {159-164}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {159}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study deals with detailed pharmacognostical study and preliminary phytochemical screening of leaf of Myxopyrum smilacifolium Blume. Myxopyrum smilacifolium Blume is a twining shrub belongs to the family Oleaceae. It is used traditionally in the treatment of cough, rheumatism, cephalalgia, notalagia and otopathy. Scrutinization of literature revealed that there is a lack of pharmacognostical and Phytochemical investigations of Myxopyrum smilacifolium Blume. Methods: The macroscopical and microscopical features were evaluated. The leaves of Myxopyrum smilacifolium Blume was subjected for successive solvent extraction and further preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out and also the behaviour of powder with different reagents were evaluated by fluorescence analysis. Results: The detailed study of pharmacognostical evaluation showed the presence of thick walled epidermal cells covered with thick cuticle, xylem and phloem elements, Glandular trichome and slightly concave collateral vascular bundles. Preliminary Phytochemical examination revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents viz., alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, carbohydrates and fixed oils. The fluorescence analysis manifested the behavioral variation of the powdered drug. Conclusion: The findings of the present study will be a referential information for identification and also useful for standardization of the plant material.

}, keywords = {microscopy, Myxopyrum., Oleaceae, Phytochemical screening, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.10}, author = {Raveesha Peeriga and Chandrasekhar Kothapalli Bonnth} } @article {96, title = {Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Nutritional Evaluation of Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {31-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {31}, abstract = {

Objective: The primary aim of the study was to establish the pharmacognostic standards along with nutritional values on the important medicinal herb Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC., commonly known as Parpata in South India. Material and Methods: Pharmacognostical, physicochemical, nutritional evaluation along with the TLC profiling and preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out. Results: Histological study of different parts of the plant revealed the presence of different cellular structures viz. stem showed the presence of multi cellular to unicellular trichomes, collateral vascular bundles, starch grains etc. Mesophyll of the leaves was embedded with starch grains with clustered calcium oxalate and prism shaped crystals. Anomocytic stomata were present on both the epidermis of the leaf. Powder microscopy exhibited multi cellular trichomes, clustered calcium oxalate, fibres etc. Physicochemical and histochemical studies revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites and different minerals within the acceptable limits. Thin layer chromatographic profiling showed different spots suggesting the presence of specific phytoconstituents in different extracts. The plant also revealed good nutritional value with calorific value of about 245 kcal/100g; Vitamin C 112 mg/100 g and higher amount of calcium etc. Conclusion: The results are beneficial to establish the quality control parameters of the plant species and may be served as future reference for the identification and authentication of the genuine crude drug and also provide sufficient data to recognize the use of the plant as dietary suppliment.\ \  \ 

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Histochemical studies., Pharmacognosy, Powder microscopy, standardization, Thin layer Chromatography.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.7}, author = {Shantha Thirumalai Ramaseshan and Patchaimal Pitchaiah and Vandana Bharti and Kishore Kumar Ramakrishna and Venkateshwarlu Gaddam and Devesh Tewari and Chinmay Rath and Anupam Mangal and Padhi Madan Mohan and Dhiman Kartar Singh} } @article {185, title = {Pharmacognostical Standardization of Goraksha pods: an important Nutritive and antidiabetic Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {424-429}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {424}, abstract = {

Objective: Goraksha or cluster beans are an annual legume found throughout India. It is also extensively cultivated for its pods used as vegetable for its high nutritive value, antidiabetic properties and for the source of guargum. Methods: Macroscopy, microscopy, powder microscopy, histochemical studies and preliminary phytochemical studies on the pods of Goraksha has been carried out highlighting its importance along with important diagnostic characters, which will help in the identification of pods both in fresh form as well as in dry form. Results: Study revealed presence of distantly arranged elongated uniseriate warty trichomes in the outer most layer of epidermis, presence of stone cells, simple starch grains and very small calcium oxalate crystals in the hypodermal region. Presence of unevenly thickened row of palisade layer of macro sclereids in the outer most layer of cotyledon region. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of alkaloids carbohydrates, phenols, proteins, saponins, starch, steroids, and tannins. Conclusion: The pharmacognostical standardization revealed the presence of various specific characters which are important for the identification of the genuine pods of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.

}, keywords = {Cluster beans, Goraksha, Pharmacognosy, Pods. Histochemical studies.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.2}, author = {Shantha Thirumalai Ramasheshan and Patchaimal Pitchaiah and Prathapa Reddy Maramreddy and Vandana Bharti and Kishore Kumar Ramakrishana and Venkateshwarlu Gaddam and Devesh Tewari and Anupam Kumar Mangal and Madan Mohan Padhi and Kartar Singh Dhiman} } @article {199, title = {Physicochemical and Phytochemical Analysis of Different Parts of Indian Kesar Mango{\textendash}A unique variety from Saurashtra Region of Gujarat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {502-506}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {502}, abstract = {

The aim of the present study was to evaluate physicochemical and phytochemical analysis of different parts (ripe seed, unripe seed, ripe peel, unripe peel and stem) of Indian mango (var. \‘Kesar\’) collected from Saurashtra region of Gujarat. The physiochemical properties such as loss on drying, total ash value, acid insoluble ash value, water soluble ash value and extractive values were carried out. The phytochemical properties such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phlobatanins, triterpenes, steroids, saponins and cardiac glycosides were also carried out. In phytochemical analysis, tannins showed maximum amounts in all five parts. The present study provides the details physicochemical and phytochemical properties of different parts of kesar mango which are useful in laying down standardization and pharmacopeia parameters.

}, keywords = {Kesar Mango, Physicochemical parameters, Phytochemical analysis, Ripe and Unripe Peel, Ripe and Unripe Seeds, Stem.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.16}, author = {Kalpna Rakholiya and Mital Kaneria and Sumitra Chanda} } @article {207, title = {Physicochemical Evaluation and Pharmacognostical Standardization of Pellionia heyneana Wedd. Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {551-556}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {551}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pellionia heyneana Wedd. Leaves have long been employed as a traditional remedy by the Cholanaikan tribe of South India to treat various ailments. Methods: Pharmacological and physicochemical evaluation of P. heyneana leaf has been carried out to determine its macro and microscopic characters, and also some of its quantitative characters as per standard procedures. Results: The pharmacognostical evaluation of P. heyneana leaves revealed the presence of characteristic microscopic features of the crude drug like cystoliths in upper epidermis, helicocytic stomata in lower epidermis, large number of peculiar shaped, huge (200-400 m) foliar sclereids, absence of palisade tissue in the lamina etc. Powder microscopy showed the presence of calcium oxalate crystals, stone cells, multicellular trichomes, resinous blocks, spiral vessels, xylem fibre, starch grains, simple fibre etc. Conclusions: All the parameters evaluated in the study will aid to identify the authenticity of P. heyneana leaf even from the crushed or powdered form.

}, keywords = {Cholanaikan tribe, Fluorescence analysis, Helicocytic stomata, Pharmacognosy, Powder microscopy.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.6}, author = {Vilash V and Suja SR and Latha PG and Aneesh Kumar AL and Ragesh R Nair and S Rajasekharan} } @article {150, title = {Phytochemical Analysis of Tasmannia lanceolata Extracts and Inhibition of Giardia duodenalis Proliferation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan/2016}, pages = {291-299}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {291}, abstract = {

Background: Giardiasis is a debilitating disease caused by gastrointestinal parasites of the genus Giardia. Tasmannia lanceolata (Tasmanian pepper berry) has a high anti-oxidant capacity and has documented therapeutic properties for a variety of pathogenic diseases. Materials and methods: Solvent extracts of T. lanceolata berry and leaf were investigated for the ability to block G. duodenalis growth. The IC50 values of the extracts which displayed inhibitory activity were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Active extracts were analysed by non-targeted HPLC-QTOF mass spectroscopy (with screening against 3 compound databases) for the identification and characterisation of individual components in crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate T. lanceolata berry and leaf extracts displayed potent G. duodenalis growth inhibitory activity. The methanolic extracts were the most potent growth inhibitors with IC50 values of approximately 180 \µg/ml and 420 \µg/ml for the berry and leaf methanolic extracts respectively. The aqueous, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane extracts also inhibited G. duodenalis growth, albeit with lower potency. HPLC-QTOF mass spectroscopy analysis of the extracts identified 45 compounds which were present in all T. lanceolata berry extracts. Forty of these were putatively identified by screening against 3 compound databases. All T. lanceolata berry and leafextracts were nontoxic in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay. Conclusion: The low toxicity of the T. lanceolata extracts and their potent G. duodenalis growth inhibitory bioactivity indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of this disease.

}, keywords = {Alternative therapies, Anti-Giardial activity, Anti-oxidant, Complementary, Gastrointestinal parasite, Giardisis, Tasmanian pepper.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.19}, author = {Paran Rayan and Ben Matthews and Pauline Mc Donnell and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {156, title = {Phytochemical and Antidiabetic Evaluation of the Methanolic Stem Bark Extract of Spathodea campanulata (P. Beauv.) Bignoniaceae}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan/2016}, pages = {243-249}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {243}, abstract = {

Background: Spathodea campanulata (P. Beauv.) Bignoniaceae extract\ (SCE) is one of many herbal medicines\ used widely in Ugandan traditional\ medicine for various ailments. Generally most of these herbal\ medicines\ are yet to be standardized or have their phytochemical content characterized.\ Method: This study identified the secondary metabolites in the stem bark\ methanolic extract and quantified them. The same extract was subjected\ to serial solvent fractionation, TLC characterization and antidiabetic testing.\ Results: The secondary metabolites were found to comprise of 7.5\% alkaloids,\ 10\% flavonoids, 13\% tannins and 17\% saponins per gram of plant material.\ The TLC characteristics of the fractions (hexane (HX), ethylacetate (EA)\ and methanol (ME)) viewed under UV light revealed spots with the following\ Rf values; the hexane partition gave HX7EA3 (0.96 and 0.68) HX9EA1\ (0.68 and 0.3), EA1ME9 (0.86 and 0.58), EA3ME7 (0.87), EA7ME3 (0.85)\ and EA9ME1 (0.85). The ethylacetate partition gave the following HX1EA9 (0.53, 0.34 and 0.18), HX3EA7 (0.59, 0.40 and 0.26). Discussion: All the\ fractions produced nominal reduction of hyperglycemia. Except hexane\ fraction at 50 mg/kg and ethylacetate fraction at 200 mg/kg all the fractions\ had percentage reductions of glucose greater than that of the control at\ the experimental doses. Although the values of percentage reductions of\ hyperglycemia by the hexane fraction were apparently dose-dependent,\ the greatest margin of reduction of hyperglycemia was observed in the\ residual aqueous fraction. Conclusion: It was found that SCE contains\ valuable phytochemicals in appreciable quantities which are antidiabetic.\ The residual aqueous fraction is the most potent antihyperglycemic of the\ solvent fractions.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Saponins, Spathodea campanulata (P. Beauv.) Bignoniaceae, TLC Tannins, Uganda.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.12}, author = {Tanayen Julius Kihdze and Ajayi Abayomi Mayowa and Oloro Joseph and Ezeonwumelu Joseph OC and Tanayen Grace Ghaife and Adzu Bulus and Arthur van Aerschot and Gert Laekeman and Agaba Amon Ganafa} } @article {171, title = {Phytochemical and In vitro Antidiabetic Activity of Psidium Guajava Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {392-394}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {392}, abstract = {

Objective: The present investigation includes the preliminary screening of phytochemicals and evaluation of in vitro antidiabetic activity of Psidium guajava leaves extracts. Materials and Methods: Plant material was subjected to the extraction preparation by soxhlet apparatus by using various solvents such as aqueous, ethanol, chloroform, petroleum ether and hexane. The various kinds of phytochemicals were detected and then in vitro antidiabetic activity of P. guajava were detected by using alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzyme in an in vitro model. Results: The study reveals the presence of phytochemicals such as carbohydrate, tannin, flavonoids, phenols etc., Among the various extracts the aqueous and ethanolic extracts which contains the large number of phytoconstituents. The P. guajava leaves has been successfully inhibited both the enzymes in an in vitro model. The aqueous extracts of P. guajava leaves inhibited the alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes as 72.1\% and 74.8\% respectively. The ethanolic extract of P. guajava leaves inhibited the alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes as 97.5\% and 91.8\% respectively. Conclusion: From the results obtained in the current studies, the P. guajava leaves have a prominent antidiabetic property in an in vitro model and further studies can be carried out in an in vivo model and the isolation of activie compound from P. guajava leaves extract is needed.

}, keywords = {Alpha amylase, Alpha glucosidase, P. guajava, Phytochemical.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.13}, author = {Ramasamy Manikandan and Arumugam Vijaya Anand and Sampath Kumar and Pushpa} } @article {205, title = {Phytochemical Evaluation of Polyherbal Formulation of Clinacanthus nutans and Elephantopus scaber to Identify Flavonoids}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {534-541}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {534}, abstract = {

Background: Modern healthcare system recognizes herbal medicine as a form of alternative medicine and also identify as holistic approach. Everyone in life experiences different kind of wound.Clinacanthus nutans and Elephantopus scaber are well known traditional wound healing herbs. Objective: To develop a new polyherbal formulation in the treatment of wound and identify flavonoid by means of chromatography, chemical method and spectroscopic method. Preliminary phytochemical and fluorescent evaluation of Clinacanthus nutans,Elephantopus scaber and herb-herb combination. Methods and Material: Preliminary phytochemical and fluorescent evaluation of Clinacanthus nutans, Elephantopus and polyherbal formulation of both herb by chemical method. Identification of flavonoids by thin layer chromatography and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results: Flavonoids have found inside polyherbal formulation by comparing the colour change after chemical analysis, Fluorescence analysis, retention time by thin layer chromatography and functional groups by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Conclusions: Flavonoids may responsible for its activity as wound healing. It may work with other bioactive compounds as synergistic effect.

}, keywords = {Clinacanthus nutans, Elephantopus scaber, Flavonoids, Herb-Herb combination, Polyherbal formulation, Wound healing.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.4}, author = {Muhammad Shahzad Aslam and Muhammad Syarhabil Ahmad and Awang Soh Mamat} } @article {176, title = {Phytopharmacological overview of Psidium guajava Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {314-320}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {314}, abstract = {

Psidium guajava Linn. possesses useful medicinal benefits. It has been recognized as the medicinally essential phytoconstituents, such as phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid. Numerous pharmacological investigation have confirmed that the ability of this plant is to exhibit antimicrobial, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, antioxidant and anticancer activities and it supports the traditional uses. This is a comprehensive of the phytoconstituents and pharmacological benefits.

}, keywords = {Anticancer., Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Psidium guajava}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.3}, author = {Vijaya Anand and Manikandan and Vijaya Kumar and Sampath Kumar and Pushpa and Agaath Hedina} } @article {166, title = {Phytopharmacological overview of Terminalia chebula Retz}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {307-309}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {307}, abstract = {

Phytotherapy is the traditional method used to cure many diseases. Various medicinal plants found in many parts of India are well known for their various medicinal values. The Terminalia chebula Retz. a native plant of Asia is found to have various properties like anti-oxidant and free radical scavenging activity, anti-carcinogenic activity, ant-imutagenic activity, anti-bacterial activity, anti-fungal activity, anti-viral activity, anti-diabetic, renoprotective activity, cardio-protective activity, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity. These properties of T. chebula discussed in this review are mainly due to the presence of various types of phytoconstituents.

}, keywords = {Anti-arthritic, Anti-carcinogenic, Anti-fungal, Anti-inflammatory., Anti-oxidant, Free radical, Phytoconstituents, Renoprotective, Terminalia chebula}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.1}, author = {Agaath Hedina and Punniya Kotti and Juveriyah Kausar and Sivasamy and Vijaya Anand} } @article {161, title = {Quality Control standardization of Wild Himalayan Pear: Pyrus pashia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {352-360}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {352}, abstract = {

Introduction: To establish the pharmacognostical and phytochemical standardization parameters of Pyrus pashia fruits in order to ensure quality and safety of this traditionally acclaimed medicinal tree. Methods: The fresh fruits of P. pashia were collected and dried. Fruit was subjected to various pharmacognostical investigations, Extraction procedures, and preliminary phytochemical screening, according to WHO guidelines. Ethanolic extract was standardized to total phenolic and flavonoid content, followed by phytochemical quantification of P. pashia extract using lupeol as a chemical marker by HPLC method. Results: In the present study, microscopy of the fruit showed typical characteristics of berry, having thick fleshy pericarp differentiated into thin epicarp and thick mesocarp having wide radiating carpel chambers with one or two seeds attached in axile placentum. Further, physicochemical evaluation was done like, loss on drying, total ash value, acid insoluble ash value, water soluble ash value, fluorescence analysis etc. Heavy metal and pesticide residue analysis was also performed. Furthermore, ethanolic extract of Pyrus pashia (EPP) obtained from cold maceration and phytochemical screening of different fractions obtained by liquid partitioning revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites such as glycosides, steroids, triterpenoids, phenols flavonoids etc. Moreover, the total phenolic content and total analysis revealed that fruits are rich source of phenols and flavonoid. The HPLC chromatogram suggested that EPP contained 4.24\% w/w of lupeol. Conclusion: Pharmacognostical and phytochemical investigation will ensure quality and safety of this medicinal plant, furthermore HPLC quantification will aid in authentication and development of monograph.

}, keywords = {HPLC., Lupeol, Pyrus pashia, standardization, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.8}, author = {Siva Hemalatha and Priyanka Sharma and Satyendra Kuldip Prasad} } @article {184, title = {Rasayana Herbs of Ayurveda to Treat age Related Cognitive Decline: An Update}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {411-423}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {411}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cognitive decline associated with aging could be minor or major neuro-cognitive disorder presenting with progressive intellectual deterioration interfering with day to day activities. Behaviour and personality changes may complicate the life in due course. Significant increase in global prevalence of people aged above 60 years has raised concerns on effective management of old age problems. Age related cognitive deficits and dementia raise to the level of epidemics and established management is yet underway. Principles of preventive health and rasayana (rejuvenative) herbs of Ayurveda are being extensively researched up on for their effectiveness in dementia. In this fourteen such herbs with anti dementia property are discussed with relevant research update. Methods: Herbs like amalaki (Emblica officinalis), hareetaki (Terminalia chebula), haridra (Curcuma longa), manduka parni (Centella asiatica), aindri (Bacopa monniera), yastimadhu (Glycirrhiza glabra), guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), shankhapushpi (Convolvulus pleuricaulis), vacha (Acorus calamus), jyotishmati (Celastrus panniculata), kushmanda (Benincasa hispida), Jatamamsi (Nardostachys jatamamsi), ashvagandha (Withania somnifera) and kapikacchu (Mucuna pruriens (Linn.)) are already proven of their efficacy in experimental and preclinical levels. The contents and research evidences are collected from ayurveda database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda and Siddha and other authentic literature, Google scholar, Science direct, online and print journals. Discussion: The herbs in discussion mostly act on reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress injury by antioxidant properties and neuroprotective activity. Acetylcholine esterase inhibition, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate antagonism, Dopaminergic activity, Anti-amyloidogenic activity, Inhibition of Tau aggregation, neuroprotection and immune modulation are activity path ways. Tridosha namely Kapha, Pitta and Vata may be viewed to be categorically predominant in initial, middle and final stage of dementia. Selected herbs thus can be specific based on the pathology and relevant dosha predominance. Conclusion: Rasayana herbs with current updates and inferences can serve as an eye-opener for further researches at molecular and clinical aspect.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, cognitive decline, Dementia, Herbs, Medhya, Rasayana.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.1}, author = {Reena Kulkarni and Suhas Kumar Shetty and Rajarajeshwari N M and Prasanna Narasimha Rao and Nayan J} } @article {216, title = {Revelation of β-sitosterol from Benincasa hispida Seeds, Carissa congesta Roots and Polyalthia longifolia Leaves by High Performance Liquid Chromatography}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {610-613}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {610}, abstract = {

Background: Fruit juice of Benincasa hispida (BH) is regarded as Vrindamadhava that is recommended for internal use in snake\’s bites. The fruits have been reported to contain good amount of proteins, enzymes, Vitamin B1 and C1 flavonoid C-glycoside, terpenes, phenolic acids and free sugars such as glucose, rhamnose, mannitol, uronic acid, astilbin, catechin, naringenin, pectic polysaccharides and even some trace metals. Polyalthia longifolia (PL) has been well known for its ayurvedic preparations such as Sitaphala kula, Kaphapitashama, Anulomak and Krimighna. PL leaves has been reported to contain phytoconstituents like polylongine, Aporphine-Noxide alkaloids, allo-aromadendrene, caryophyllene oxide, \β-caryophyllene, \β-selinene, \α-humulene, \α-pinene and camphene. Carissa congesta (CC), known as Bengal currant, have yielded 2-acetyl phenol, carissone, carindone and Des-n-methylnoracronycine. \β-sitosterol, an important phytoconstituent recognized from all these selected plants has been well known for its ethnopharmacological importance. In this new study, the research team members has focused on determining the percentage of the \β-sitosterol present in the BH seeds, CC roots and PL leaves by subjecting the extract to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Materials and Methods: BH, CC and PL plants were shade-dried and extracted by suitable extraction methods. In HPLC, peaks obtained in the extracts were compared with the standard by matching their retention time. Results: The amounts of \β-sitosterol present in the BH seeds, CC roots and PL leaves extracts obtained at 254 nm were found to be 36.00, 7.46 and 3.21\% w/w respectively. Conclusion: Thus, BH, PL and CC extracts were said to contain \β-sitosterol as a key constituent.

}, keywords = {Benincasa hispida, Carissa congesta, HPLC, Polyalthia longifolia, β-sitosterol.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.15}, author = {Gaurav Mahesh Doshi and Pratip Kashinath Chaskar and Hemant Devidas Une} } @article {138, title = {A Review of Literature on Punarnavadi Mandura: An Ayurvedic Herbo-Mineral Preparation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {180-184}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {180}, abstract = {

Background: Punarnavadi Mandura is an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral preparation primarily used as an anemia correcting agent while its role in other clinical conditions has also been studied. Objective: To understand the role of Punarnavadi Mandura in controlling anemia and other clinical conditions and its pharmacognostical and phytochemical properties. Methodology: A search of literature was carried out using \“Punarnavadi Mandura\” as the only key word and a total of 33 literatures were obtained of which 5 titles were finally selected for the review. Results and Discussion: Of the 5 studies identified 3 studies focused on the role of Punarnavadi Mandura as an anemia correcting agent, one study identified its role in other clinical condition (Diabetic Nephropathy), one study focused on the pharmacog\­nostical and phytochemical analysis while one study focused on both the analysis of pharmacognostical and phytochemical properties and its role as an anemia correcting agent. As per these studies Punarnavadi Mandura is an effective remedy for iron deficiency anemia (IDA) of all ages. Statisti\­cally significant result has been obtained in subjective and hematological parameters. Furthermore its role in other clinical conditions has also been found effective, especially in Diabetic Nephropathy (DN), as a Naimithika Rasayana. Punarnavadi Mandura is currently a part of National health programme and is included in ASHA drugs kit for the management of IDA at community level. Conclusion: Given the efficacy of Punarnavadi Mandura in IDA, at all ages, its usage should be fostered more in Indian communities especially the rural communities where IDA is endemic.

}, keywords = {Anti-anemic, ASHA drugs kit., Iron Deficiency Anemia, Naimithika Rasayana, Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.2}, author = {Janmejaya Samal and Ranjit Kumar Dehury} } @article {175, title = {Review of the phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Euphorbia hirta Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {310-313}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {310}, abstract = {

The use of plant extract to cure diseases has been the traditional way used in many parts of the world. The synthetic drugs used now are more prone to cause side effects than curing the disease. Hence, the use of plant extract has now emerged due to their effective action against the disease without causing any side effects. The plants belonging to the family called Euphorbia are widely used in medicine for its wide medicinal properties. The plant Euphorbia hirta has properties like anti-bacterial, anti-diarrheal, anti-allergic, diuretic, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, anxiolytic and sedative activity. This review contains the detailed information about all the properties of E. hirta.

}, keywords = {Anti-apoptotic., Anti-bacterial, Anti-oxidant, Diuretic, Euphorbia hirta, Sedative}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.2}, author = {Juveriyah Kausar and Durai Muthumani and Agaath Hedina and Sivasamy and Vijaya Anand} } @article {113, title = {Role of Plant Based Lectins in Identifying Rare Bombay Blood Group}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {70-71}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {70}, abstract = {

Background: Lectins are proteins found in a diversity of plants and organisms. They possess the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes with known carbohydrate specificity. Methods: A lectin named Anti H is used in identification of a very rare and important blood group named Bombay blood group is extracted from the plant Ulex europaeus. Our study was done to calculate the prevalence of Bombay blood group in our Indian population using the plant based extract lectin anti H. Blood grouping was done using the tube technique using commercially available antisera. Results: Out of the total 11,512 blood samples collected and analysed, two samples were identified to be Bombay blood group. The prevalence of Bombay blood group in our study is .017\%. The prevalence of the Bombay blood group varied slightly among different regions in parts of India. Conclusion: Anti H Lectin helped in identifying Bombay Blood Group which would otherwise have been missed in routine blood grouping. Plant based lectins will perform an important role in the field of transfusion medicine in near future.

}, keywords = {Blood grouping, Bombay phenotype, H antigen, Lectin, Ulex Europaeus.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.15}, author = {Raj Bharath Rudrappan and Krishnan Veeran} } @article {104, title = {Seed oil chemical composition of Platychaeteaucheri (Boiss.) Boiss}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {42-43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {42}, abstract = {

Background: Platychaete aucheri is an endemic plant to the south of Iran and no phyochemical investigations is reported on the seeds oil. Materials and Methods: The chemical composition of Platychaete aucheri seeds oil was extracted by suxhelet apparatus, methyl esterificated and analyzed by GC and GC/MS spectroscopy method. Results: 16 compounds were determined in total and taraxasterol (19.0\%), \γ-sitosterol (14.1\%) and lupeol (11.8\%) were characterized as the most abundant components. Conclusion: Regarding the presence of high amounts of triterpenoids and sterols in the seed oil, related biological activities are expected from the studied oil.

}, keywords = {Asteraceae, gamma-Sitosterol., Platychaete aucheri, Seed oil, Taraxasterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.9}, author = {Jinous Asgarpanah and Narges Dakhili and Fatemeh Mirzaee and Maedeh Salehi and Maryam Janipour and Elaheh Rangriz} } @article {153, title = {Shelf Life Evaluation and Comparative HPTLC Profile of Hridya Yoga Churna}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {234-238}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {234}, abstract = {

Background: Quality, safety and efficacy of medicines used form the back\­bone of every health care system. Shelf-life is the length of time, after which all substances start to degrade in their qualities and become unsuit\­able for consumption or sale. The saviryatavadhi of churna is considered to be 2 months according to ayurvedic classics. The use of modern pack\­aging technology and preservatives have increased the shelf life period of ayurvedic medicines and the shelf life period of churna is 2 years according to Rule 161-B, Drugs and Cosmetics Act. To ascertain the quality, hridya yoga churna was taken up to assess its shelf life period. Methods: Accelerated stability study (includes evaluation of organoleptic and physic-chemical parameters, assay of active constituents and microbial load) and Comparative HPTLC (High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) were done to evaluate the shelf life of the Hridya yoga churna. Atomic absorp\­tion spectrophotometry was done to analyze the heavy metal content in the sample. Results and Conclusion: In the present study the shelf life period of Hridya yoga churna is found to be 3 years and 7 months. Similar Rf values obtained in HPTLC analysis of hridya yoga churna initially and after six months showed the minimum deterioration of the product. The presence of heavy metals namely arsenic, cadmium and lead were not detected and mercury was present within permissible limits.

}, keywords = {Accelerated stability, Churna, HPTLC., Hridya Yoga, Shelf life}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.10}, author = {Vidhya Unnikrishnan and Karra Nishteswar and Bhupesh R. Patel} } @article {212, title = {Should Seed Be an Alternative Source of Camptothecin From Nothapodytes nimmoniana and Chonemorpha fragrance?}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {587-592}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {587}, abstract = {

The Southeast Asian forest is blessed with plant sources of anticancer molecules including camptothecin (CPT) but, the irrational harvest is among serious threat to its existence for use by the future generation. Among plant sources of CPT found in the region are Nothapodytes nimmoniana and Chonemorpha fragrance that are under heavy exploitation pressure for the alkaloid and other medicinal purposes. Under the natural conditions of forests, seeds produced by the plants show germination difficulties, and as a result lose viability few months after set. The unviable seeds can be used as an alternative source of CPT and other phytochemicals isolated from the species. In this study, evaluation of CPT yield of seeds and their parts was performed by high-performance thin layer chromatographic analysis to assess the feasible economic use of the seeds as an alternative source of the alkaloid. The results showed a manifold higher yield of CPT in seeds and their parts in N. nimmoniana over C. fragrance, suggesting seeds of the former that face more exploitation of its forest than the latter as a better alternative source of the alkaloid. The results also suggest that collection of the seed should be made before the onset of rain season. In this study, the economic implications of using seeds to isolate CPT are also discussed.

}, keywords = {Camptothecin, Chonemorpha fragrance., Conservation, Forest Management, Nothapodytes nimmoniana, Seeds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.11}, author = {Tasiu Isah} } @article {107, title = {Study of Protective Action of Spondias pinnata Bark extract on Rat Liver and Kidney against Etoposide Induced Chemical Stress}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {24-27}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {24}, abstract = {

Introduction: System injury, manifested as metabolic dysfunction is a common side effect of chemotherapy. Chemical stress on hepatic and kidney cells can be evaluated by biochemical analysis, including serum aminotransferases, glutathione levels and extent of lipid peroxidation. Combined treatment of chemotherapy along with the natural products such as phytochemicals may be a newer approach to reduce the side effects and betterment of chemotherapy. Objective: The present study was conducted to assay kidney and liver associated parameters on animals exposed to etoposide, and the protective effect of different doses of Spondias pinnata bark extract on normal cells. In this study, total 24 male Wistar rats (either sex) aged between 60 to 90 days were considered. Each groups consisted of six rats. Levels of Alanine and Aspartate aminotransferases were estimated using semi-auto analyser and GSH, GST, TAO and LPx by spectrophotometry. Results and Conclusion: Data analyzed using Graph Pad 5.0. Variation in the analyzed parameters were found between control, chemotherapy and Spondias pinnata groups.\  Results of the study show that significant increase in TBARS levels indicative of etoposide induced oxidative stress could be prevented by the treatment with S. pinnata. GST levels also support the preventive action of S. pinnata against etoposide induced stress. However, TAO and transaminases remain unaltered in the study groups.

}, keywords = {Etoposide, GSH, GST, LPx, Spondias pinnata.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.5}, author = {Beena Shetty and Gayathri Rao and Abhineetha and Niha Banu and Preethika and Sudarshan Reddy} } @article {147, title = {Study of Quality Assurance For Peumus Boldus M Products By Botanic Profiling, Extraction Optimization, HPLC Quantification And Antioxidant Assay}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan/2016}, pages = {264-272}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {264}, abstract = {

Introduction: The boldo leaf has several traditional folk medicinal uses, such as for gallbladder, hepatic problems, digestive disorders, rheumatism and others. In the work reported herein, botanic profiling, extraction optimization by Soxhlet, quantification of boldine by an easy/simple to run HPLC method and antioxidant assay are proposed for the quality assurance of boldo dried leaves, standardized extracts, dried extracts, tablets and capsules. Materials and Methods; In this present work we are studying a systematic approach in the quality assurance study of quality assurance for Peumus boldus M products by the ascertainment of pharmacobotanic parameters for boldo identification, investigation of the extraction parameters by Soxhlet method, development and validation of an easy/simple to run HPLC method to quantify boldine in the raw drug, extracts, commercial tablets, capsules and coated tablets, and antioxidant assay. Results: The plant material was submitted to a pharmacognostic evaluation through morpho-anatomical diagnosis, showing that starlike trichomes can be used for boldo authentication. The HPLC validated analytical method is reliable, accurate and precise for boldine quantification. Furthermore, the Soxhlet extraction conditions were optimized. Conclusion: The methods proposed in this paper can be used for the quality assurance of boldo dried leaves, standardized extracts, dried extracts, tablets and capsules.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Boldine, Peumus boldus, Pharmacognostic evaluation, Quantitation.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.16}, author = {Cristiane Cardoso Correia Teixeira and Tatiana Pereira de Freitas Cabral and Jo{\~a}o Paulo Barreto de Sousa and Simone de P{\'a}dua Teixeira and Jairo Kenupp Bastos and Luis Alexandre Pedro de Freitas} } @article {174, title = {Study on Inflammation and the Nervous system of Ethanol extract of Jatropha Curcas seed}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {335-340}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {335}, abstract = {

Introduction: Jatropha curcas L. seeds are used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases or conditions. The aim of this study is to evaluate effects on inflammation and the nervous system of ethanol extract of J. curcas seeds. Materials and methods: It was used 64 mice divided in 8 groups; respectively, 4 groups received 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/kg of ethanol extract of J. curcas seed; and the rest intake Diclofenac, Diazepam, Caffeine and a control group not received any substance. The effects on inflammation was evaluated by Carrageenan-Induced paw oedema test and by Paw skin temperature. Neurological symptoms of toxicity were evaluated using the Irwin test. For the analysis of quantitative variables were used the following tests: one-way ANOVA, Tukey, Shapiro-Wilk and Pearson correlation; for qualitative variables Chi square was used. Results: According to the paw oedema, it was showed a trend on an inflammatory effect of the seeds of J. curcas; this activity was statistically significant in doses of 1000 mg/kg. Also, the skin temperature measurements outcomes reveal a positive dose response manner. Regard to neurological manifestations, Straub tail was founded in doses of 400 mg/kg. Stereotypies were founded in doses of 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/kg throughout the evaluation. Conclusion: J. curcas seeds were showed an inflammatory effect. In addition, effects on the nervous system were founded as stereotypes and Straub tail.

}, keywords = {Carrageenan, Inflammation, Jatropha curcas, Nervous System., Seeds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.5}, author = {Zambrano-Huailla Alexander and Zambrano-Huailla Rommel and Goicochea-Lugo Sergio and Zavala-Flores Ernesto and Garc{\'\i}a-Berrocal Jorge and Chau-Saravia Angel and Pante-Medina Carlos and Salazar-Granara Alberto} } @article {214, title = {Study on Silybum marianum Seed through Fatty Acids Comparison, Peroxide Tests, Refractive Index and Oil Percentage}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {595-597}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {595}, abstract = {

In this study, milk thistle seeds were collected from four regions of Iran (Ahvaz, Lorestan, Kazeroon and Zarghan). The oil extracted from seeds of plant using n-hexane solvent extraction soxhlet. The extracted oil was analyzed by gas chromatography and fatty acids were identified in all four samples. In all four samples, the oil refractive index of Milk thistle oil fatty acids vis. Linoleic acid, Oleic acid, Palmitic acid was evaluated. The Peroxide test and determination of oil percentage was performed in Milk thistle seed oil.

}, keywords = {Extraction, Fatty Acids, Milk Thistle, Oil, Peroxide}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.13}, author = {Iman Nasrollahi and Ebrahim Talebi and Zahra Nemati} } @article {144, title = {Sunscreens: A review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journals}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {171-179}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {171}, abstract = {

Sunlight despite of source of life and energy creating major health challenges like sunburn, pigmentation, wrinkles, dermatitis, urticaria, ageing, immune-suppression and number of skin cancers too. Sun protective clothes and or sunglasses provide insufficient and less convenient approach to get rid of all these health hazards. So sunscreen protection is popular mean among various regions of world. Present article have summarize types and classification, regulations, terminologies, evaluation methods, labeling, dosage and controversies of sunscreens. Natural chemical classes like phenolics (tannins, flavonoids), carotenoids, vitamins, oils are also discussed.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant., COLIPA, IPD, ISO, Polyphenols, PPD, SPF, UV rays}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.1}, author = {Mukund Manikrao Donglikar and Sharada Laxman Deore} } @article {200, title = {Synthesis of Plant Mediated gold Nanoparticles using Azima Tetracantha Lam. Leaves extract and Evaluation of their Antimicrobial Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {507-512}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {507}, abstract = {

Aim: The demand for nanoparticles is increasing day by day due to their wide range of applications in various areas including pharmaceutical industry. Nanoparticles are formally synthesized by chemical methods in which the toxic and flammable chemicals are used. Methods: This article reports about an effective, rapid and eco-friendly technique for the fabrication of gold nanoparticles from gold chloride solution using Azima tetracantha Lam. leaves extract. The effects of the leaves extract of Azima tetracantha, the concentration of Gold chloride solution, the time of the reaction and the effect of tem\¬perature on the rate of the reaction were investigated. The synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were characterized by using various techniques such as Dynamic Light Spectroscopy (DLS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis spectra gave surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 540 nm, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). This revealed the reduction of gold ions (Au+) to gold metal (Au0) which indicated the formation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Results: The antimicrobial action of biosynthesized AuNPs indicated effective activity against bacterial pathogens Aeromonas liquefaciens, Enterococcus fecalis, Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella typhimurium and fungal pathogens Candida albicans, Cryptococcus sp, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum. Conclusion: This revealed that gold nanoparticles could provide a safer alternative to conventional antimicrobial agents.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial Activity., Azima tetracantha Leaves Extract, Biosynthesis, Characterization, Gold Nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.17}, author = {Abirami Hariharan and Tajuddin Nargis Begum and Mohamed Hussain Muhammad Ilyas and Hussain Syed Jahangir and Premkumar Kumpati and Shilu Mathew and Archunan Govindaraju and Ishtiaq Qadri} } @article {148, title = {The Therapeutic Properties of Juniperus Communis L.: Antioxidant Capacity, Bacterial growth Inhibition, Anticancer Activity and Toxicity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan/2016}, pages = {273-280}, type = {Orginal Article}, chapter = {273}, abstract = {

Introduction: J. Communi sberry is a high antioxidant fruit which is used in several traditional medicinal systems to treat a variety of diseases including rheumatism, arthritis and gout.This study was undertaken to examine the inhibitory activity of J. communis berry extracts on the growth of several bacteria associated with autoimmune inflammatory disease, and to test their ability to block CaCo2 and HeLa cancer cell proliferation. Methods: J. Communis solvent extracts were preparedusing solvents of varying polarity. The extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay for the ability to inhibit the growth of a panel of pathogenic bacteria associated with autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Inhibitory activity against CaCo2 and HeLa human carcinoma cell lines was evaluated using an MTS colorimetric cell proliferation assay. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Results: The methanol, water and ethyl acetate J. communis berry extracts displayed moderate to potent growth inhibitory activity against bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis. The methanol and water extracts displayed the broadest specificity, inhibiting the growth of all bacteria tested. The ethyl acetate extract also displayed antibacterial activity, inhibiting the growth of 9 of the 13 bacterial strains (69\%). The ethyl acetate extract displayed the greatest potency, with MIC values substantially below 2000 \µg/mL for all bacteria which it inhibited. It was most effective at inhibiting the growth of P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris and S. aureus, each with MIC\’s \≤ 500 \µg/mL. The methanol and water extracts also proved effective at blocking the proliferation of the colorectal cancer cell line CaCo2 and HeLa cervical cancer cell growth, with IC50 values in the 1300-2500 \µg/mL range. All extracts were non-toxic in the Artemia nauplii bioassay. Conclusion: The lack of toxicity of the J. Communis berry extracts and their potent growth inhibitory bioactivity against bacteria and HeLa and CaCo2 carcinoma cells indicates their potential in the treatment and prevention of selected autoimmune inflammatory diseases and some cancers.

}, keywords = {Anti-bacterial activity, Antioxidant., Artemia, Autoimmune inflammatory disease, CaCo2, HeLa, Juniper berry, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.17}, author = {Alejandra Fernandez and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {196, title = {Triterpenes from Hoya paziae Kloppenb.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {487-489}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {487}, abstract = {

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extracts of the stems of Hoya paziae Kloppenb. led to the isolation of taraxerol (1), taraxeryl acetate (2), and a mixture \α-amyrin acetate (3), and \β-amyrin acetate (4) in about 2.5:1 ratio. The structures of 1\–4 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with those reported in the literature.

}, keywords = {Apocynaceae, Hoya paziae, taraxerol, taraxeryl acetate, α-amyrin acetate, β-amyrin acetate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.13}, author = {Melissa Borlagdan and Fernando B. Aurigue and Ian A. Van Altena and Consolacion Y. Ragasa} } @article {137, title = {Updates on Traditional Medicinal Plants for Hepatocellular Carcinoma}, journal = {Pharmaceutical Journals}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {203-214}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {203}, abstract = {

Aim: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major worldwide problem primarily caused by hepatitis B and C virus infection. End stage liver cancer treatment options are limited thus requiring expensive liver transplantation which is not available in many countries. Methods: Several herbal compounds and herbal composite formulas have been studied through in-vitro and in vivo as an anti-HCC agent, enhancing our knowledge about their biological functions and targets. In this article, arecent update on the herbal medicine has been provided with reference to liver cancer. Results: For the sake of clarity, the effective herbal compounds, clinical studies of herbal composite formula, cell culture, and animal model studies safety are discussed. The effects of many herbal active compounds of Annona atemoya, Andrographis paniculata, Boerhaviadiffusa, Piper longum, Podophyllum hexandrum, Phyllanthus amarus, and Terminalia chebula, and herbal composite formula on autophagy, apoptosis, antioxidant, and inflammation characteristicshave been provided. Conclusion: This will enhance our understanding\ on the prevention and treatment of HCC by herbal active compounds\ and herbal composite formulas.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Herbs, Liver cancer, Medicine, Treatment.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.5}, author = {Shilu Mathew and Muhammad Faheem and Mohd Suhail and Kaneez Fatima and Govindaraju Archunan and Nargis Begum and Muhammad Ilyas and Esam Azhar and Ghazi Abdullah Damanhouri and Ishtiaq Qadri} } @article {128, title = {Validated analytical RP-HPLC method for quantitation of wedelolactone from Eclipta alba and marketed Ayurvedic formulations}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {132-139}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {132}, abstract = {

Introduction: Eclipta alba Linn. (Asteraceae) is an important ingredient of several Ayurvedic formulations. The monograph on different parts of plant like flowers, leaves, roots are listed in Ayurvedic pharmacopeia of India. The plant is reported to be effective for broad range maladies like inflammation, reproductive problems of females etc. It is also used as a hepatoprotectant, analgesic, antibacterial and antidiabetic agent. Wedelolactone is used as a bioactive marker to establish the quality of the crude drug and its formulations. In the present study, wedelolactone-based standardization of Eclipta alba and its quantitation from marketed herbal and Ayurvedic formulations has been documented using RP-HPLC. Methods: In the current work, an isocratic method has been developed and validated to quantitate wedelolactone from whole plant of Eclipta alba. This method is validated as per ICH guidelines and is used to quantitate the content of wedelolactone in polyherbal formulations like Liv52, Geriforte, Mahabhringaraj oil etc. Results: The LOD is found to be 0.5 \μg/mL and the LOQ is 1 \μg/mL. The linearity range of response is from 5 \μg/mL to 100 \μg/mL. Conclusion: The validated method is found to be simple, sensitive, accurate, rugged and reproducible. This developed method can be recommended for quality assurance and marker-based standardization of polyherbal formulations containing whole plant of Eclipta alba.

}, keywords = {Eclipta alba, Formulations, RP-HPLC, Validation, Wedelolactone., Whole plant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.6}, author = {Sunita Shailajan and Sasikumar Menon and Dipti Singh and Gauri Swar} } @article {67, title = {Abutilon indicum L (Malvaceae)-Medicinal Potential Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {330-332}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {330}, abstract = {

The plant Abutilon Indicum (Linn.) is belonging to malvaceae family; Also known as Mallow in english, Abutilon indicum is used as a medicinal plant. It has been reported that Abutilon indicum has Anti inflammatory and Antiproliferative activity, Anti-Arthritic activity, Analgesic and Sedative property, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial activity, Hepatoprotective activity, Anti diabetic, Anti cancer, Anti diarrhoeal, Anti-convulsant, Larvicidal, Wound healing, Anti asthmatic, Diuretic, Immunomodulatory, and Anti-estrogenic activity. It is proved that this plant contains carbohydrates, proteins and aminio acids, saponins, flavanoids, glycosides, phytosterols and phenolic compounds

}, keywords = {Abutilon indicum, Anti asthmatic, Anti-proliferative activity, Hepatoprotective activity, Phenolic compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.2}, author = {Rajagopal Ramasubramania raja and Koumara Velou Kailasam} } @article {1435, title = {Anti Hypertensive Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of Lantana camara leaves on high salt loaded wistar albino rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {9th June 2015}, pages = {3-3}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {3}, abstract = {

In an attempt to scientifically evaluate the antihypertensive activity of etanolic extract of Lantana camara in different experimental models. Anti hypertensive activity of EELC was evaluate by frog heart, anaesthetic chick and salt induced rat model. EELC produced negative inotropic and negative chronotropic effect, antagonised by atropine on isolated frog heart. EELC shows dose dependent (p\<0.05) decreased mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) an anaesthetic chick. salt treated rats displayed significant (p\<0.05) increase in blood level of SGOT,SGPT, Creatinine and sodium, decreases in pottassim levels compare than normal rats. Treatment of EELC (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly balanced the ionic levels, such as lower the sodium and elevate the potassium levels. Creatinine levels were significantly (p\<0.05) reduces by the treatment of EELC. These are no significant changes occurred in serum SGOT and SGPT with the treatment of EELC. The present study suggest that treatment of EELC on Salt hypertensive rats protects against renal injuries maintaining the normal ionic composition as well as parameters.

Key words: EELC (ethanolic extract of Lantana camara leaves), Wistar albino rats, Hypertension, mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and normotensive rats (NTR).

}, keywords = {EELC (Ethanolic extract of Lantana camara leaves), Hypertension, Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and Normotensive rats (NTR)., Wistar albino rats} } @article {71, title = {Anti Hypertensive Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of Lantana camara leaves on high salt loaded wistar albino rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {289-295}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {289}, abstract = {

Background: Hypertension is the most common and major cardiovascular disease. There is an urgent need for treament of hypertension by exploration of several medicinal plants having potent anti hypertensive activity as the modern medicines are having many side effects. Objective: The study focus on scientific evaluation of antihypertensive activity of ethanolic extract of Lantana camara leaves (EELC) in different experimental models. Material \& methods: Antihypertensive activity was conducted on wister albino rats by determining serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), creatinine and Sodium levels by using Semi Autoanalyser and Flame photometer; chick mean arterial blood pressure by using condon\’s mercury manometer and isolated frog heart for recording cardic responses using student kymograph. Results: EELC produced negative inotropic and negative chronotropic effect, antagonised by atropine on isolated frog heart. EELC shows dose dependent (p\<0.05) decreased mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) in anaesthetic chick. Salt treated rats displayed significant (p\<0.05) increase in blood level of SGOT, SGPT, Creatinine and sodium, decrease in pottassim levels in comparision with normal rats. Treatment with EELC (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly balanced the ionic levels such as lower the sodium and elevate the potassium levels. Creatinine levels were signifi-cantly (p\<0.05) reduced by the treatment with EELC. There are no significant changes occurred in serum SGOT and SGPT upon EELC administration. The present study suggests that treatment of salt hypertensive rats with EELC protects against renal injuries. Conclusion: It was concluded that ethanolic extract of Lantana camara leaves reduces work load of heart, maintain inotonic levels by negative chronotropic effect, relaxes the smooth muscles in chick and salt hypertensive rats against renal and vascular injuries is proved.

}, keywords = {EELC (Ethanolic extract of Lantana camara leaves), Hypertension, Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and Normotensive rats (NTR)., Wistar albino rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.7}, author = {Vijay Kumar Matta and Praveen Kumar Pasala and Silvia Netala and Satish Pandrinki and Prasad Konduri} } @article {84, title = {Antibacterial Activity of Tinctures from Tree leaves belonging to the Bignoniaceae family and their Synergistic Effect with Antibiotics}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {400-405}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {400}, abstract = {

Context: Some species of Bignoniaceae are widely used in medicinal practice by the natives of South America. Aims: Tinctures and infusions from twelve tree species of this family were evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. The effect of interactions between the four most active extracts and conventional antibiotics was also evaluated. Methods and Material: Bioautography and disc diffusion methods were used to select the most active extracts, then agar macrodilution and broth microdilution method were used to determine the minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentration (MIC and MBC). Time-kill assay and checkerboard method were employed to determine the type of antimicrobial effect and synergism, respectively. Results: It could be determined that tinctures from Catalpa bignonioides, Handroanthus pulcherrimus, Tabebuia nodosa and Tecoma stans were able to inhibit bacterial growth. The MIC and MBC observed were between 125-1000 \μg GAE/ ml and 500-1000 \μg GAE/ml, respectively. The tested extracts were more effective against Gram-positive microorganisms. Time-kill experiments indicated bacteriostatic activity. Phytochemical screening showed terpenoids, phenols and flavonoids. Alkaloids were detected only in Tecoma stans. Among these combinations, the best was Tabebuia nodosa extract plus gentamicin. In most cases, MIC values were reduced 16-32 times for antibiotics, and even 8-16 times for extracts. Conclusion: These results revealed that some of the selected combinations could efficiently inhibit the growth of tested strains at lower concentrations than those required for the lonely use of the antimicrobial. These extracts would improve the efficacy of antibiotics against resistant bacteria, hence they could be used for anti-infective therapy.

}, keywords = {Checkerboard method, Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC), Gentamicin, Tabebuia nodosa, Time-kill experiments.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.15}, author = {Torres Carola Anal{\'\i}a and Nu{\~n}ez Mar{\'\i}a Beatriz and Isla Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Castro Marcela Paola and Gonzalez Ana Mar{\'\i}a and Zampini Iris Catiana} } @article {83, title = {Anti-diabetic Properties of Thymoquinone is unassociated with Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibition}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {406-410}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {406}, abstract = {

Background: Nigella sativa L. (Black seed), is commonly used by traditional healers as a remedy for more than four thousand years. The antidiabetic property of N. sativa seeds oil is attributable to the presence of Thymoquinone (TQ). On the other hand many studies have been designed to investigate the possible effects of the TQ in Streptozotocin (STZ) and nicotinamide (NA)-induced diabetes in rats. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the glucose lowering effects of thymoquinone. Methods: In vitro and in silico using glycogen phosphorylase (GPa) enzyme assay and docking tools were used. Results: Oral administration of TQ for 60 days, dose dependently improved the glycemic status in STZ-NA induced diabetic rats. GPa activity was measured in the direction of glycogen synthesis by the release of phosphate from glucose-1-phosphate. TQ at a concentration of 0.05 Mm inhibits GPa activity by only 14.9\%. Conclusion: These results show that TQ at 60 mg/kg b.w is associated with potential antihyperglycemic effects. Furthermore, anti-diabetic properties of TQ are unassociated with glycogen phosphorylase inhibition.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Docking, Enzyme, Glycogen phosphorylase inhibition, Streptozotocin, Thymoquinone.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.16}, author = {Nahid Mahmoud Hassan El-Ameen and Manal Mohamed Elhassan Taha and Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab and Asaad Khalid and Fatima Elfatih and Mona Awad Kamel and Bassem Yousif Sheikh} } @article {69, title = {Anti-hyperglycemic and Anti-lipidemic activities of Diabac (a polyherbal formulation) in Streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {283-288}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {283}, abstract = {

Aim: The objective of the work was to investigate the antidiabetic activity of Diabac (a polyherbal formulation) in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic rats. Methods: Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed to evaluate effect of Diabac on elevated glucose level. The type 2 diabetes was induced by overnight fasted rats by a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin, 15 min. after the i.p. administration of 110 mg/kg nicotinamide. The diabetic rats were treated with Diabac (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg, p.o.) or glibenclamide (5 mg/kg, p.o) for four week. Various parameters were studied such as fasting blood sugar level, serum insulin levels, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), serum lipid levels, se rum creatinine, urea, uric acid and liver glycogen. Results: Treatment with Diabac significantly reduced the blood sugar levels in OGTT. Diabetic rats showed a significant increase in the levels of glycated hemoglobin, serum lipids, serum creatinine, urea and uric acid, whereas there was a decrease in serum insulin, liver glycogen and HDL-C levels as compared to normal control rats. The administration of Diabac or glibenclamide significantly decreased the levels of glycated hemoglobin, TG, TC, LDL-C, serum creatinine, urea and uric acid, whereas there was an increase in the levels of liver glycogen and HDL-C as compared to diabetic control rats. However, the treatment with Diabac did not show any significant change in serum insulin levels as compared to diabetic control rats. Conclusion: These results of present study concluded that Diabac has anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic activities which are responsible for its use in traditional medicine.

}, keywords = {Diabac, Glycated hemoglobin, Liver glycogen, Serum lipids, Streptozotocin.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.6}, author = {Richa Agrawal and Rajesh Maheshwari and Ramachandran Balaraman and Avinash Seth} } @article {1436, title = {Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-lipidemic activities of Diabac (a polyherbal formulation) in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {9th June 2015}, pages = {2-2}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {2}, abstract = {

The objective of the work was to investigate the antidiabetic activity of Diabac (a polyherbal formulation) in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic rats. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed to evaluate effect of Diabac on elevated glucose level. The type 2 diabetes was induced by overnight fasted rats by a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin, 15 min. after the i.p. administration of 110 mg/kg nicotinamide. The diabetic rats were treated with Diabac (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg, p.o.) or glibenclamide (5 mg/kg, p.o) for four week. Various parameters were studied such as fasting blood sugar level, serum insulin levels, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), serum lipid levels, serum creatinine, urea, uric acid and liver glycogen. Treatment with Diabac significantly reduced the blood sugar levels in OGTT. Diabetic rats showed a significant increase in the levels of glycated hemoglobin, serum lipids, serum creatinine, urea and uric acid, whereas there was a decrease in serum insulin, liver glycogen and HDL-C levels as compared to normal control rats. The administration of Diabac or glibenclamide significantly decreased the levels of glycated hemoglobin, TG, TC, LDL-C, serum creatinine, urea and uric acid, whereas there was an increase in the levels of liver glycogen and HDL-C as compared to diabetic control rats. However, the treatment with Diabac did not show any significant change in serum insulin levels as compared to diabetic control rats. These results of present study concluded that Diabac has anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic activities which are responsible for its use in traditional medicine.

Key words: Diabac, glycated hemoglobin, liver glycogen, serum lipids, Streptozotocin.

}, keywords = {Diabac, Glycated hemoglobin, Liver glycogen, Serum lipids, Streptozotocin.} } @article {145, title = {Antimicrobial Effects of Thymoquinone on Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {168-170}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {168}, abstract = {

Background: Parasitic infections are a major difficulty in tropical and subtropical countries. Traditionally medicinal plants have been used in folk medicine to treat parasitic infections and are a valuable source of novel anti-parasitics. Objective: In our search for therapeutic alternatives to anti- protozoal chemotherapy, thymoquinone, the active ingredient of Black cumin (Nigella sativa) was examined. Materials and Methods: Thymoquinone was tested against Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia using in vitro susceptibility assays and the mortality of the parasites were then obtained using the standard calculations. The compound was also tested for 48 and 72 hours on both parasites. Results: The current study indicate that the mortality of TQ showed 85.5\%, 91.5\% and 96.8\% mortality on E. histolytica for 25 ppm at 24 hr, 48 and 72 hr, respectively, with IC50 2\¥10-19,. On the other hand, this natural compound showed a mortality of 82.83\%, 91.76\% and 96.62\% mortality on G. lamblia for 25 ppm at 24 hr, 48 and 72 hr, respectively, with IC50 4.8\¥10-5. Metrondizole powder gave 70.9\% mortality at 156 ppm at the same times. Conclusion: The current results indicate that TQ is more potent on E. histolytica compared to G. lamblia. Further pharmacological studies were needed to help in the clinical presentation of thymoquinone.

}, keywords = {Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia., Nigella sativa, Prophetic Medicine, Thymoquinone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.12}, author = {Bassem Yousef Sheikh and Manal Mohamed Elhassan Taha and Waleed Syaed Koko and Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab} } @article {1447, title = {Anti-Nociceptive Synergism of Pregabalin and Xylopic acid Co-administration in Paclitaxel-induced Neuropathy: Isobolographic Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {7th July 2015}, pages = {55-57}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Paclitaxel-induced neuropathy still remains a clinical problem for patients undergoing chemotherapy. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the interaction between xylopic acid and pregabalinco-administration as well as their toxicity in paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. Materials and Methods: Neuropathic pain was induced in rats with 2 mg/kg of paclitaxel on alternative days for four days (days 0, 2, 4 and 6). Equi effective doses of xylopic acid and pregabalin that produced 50\% anti-nociception (ED50) were determined from their log-dose response curves in the cold allodynia and thermal pain tests. Xylopic acid and pregabalin were again administered to rats in a fixed ratio combination (1:1) of their ED50\’sin order to determine the experimental ED50 (Zexp) of the co-administered compounds. Isobolograms were constructed to compare the Zexp to a theoretical ED50 (Zadd). Blood samples from the various treatment groups of rats were collected for toxicological assessment of the co-administered compounds. Results: The Zexplay below the Zadd on the isobologram of the cold allodnia test. The co-administration exhibited additivity in the thermal pain test. The co-administration did not produce significant (p\>0.05) toxicity in rats. The co-administration may be beneficial in paclitaxel-induced neuropathy.

Key words: Isobolograms, Neuropathic pain, Paclitaxel, xylopic acid, Toxicity.

}, keywords = {Isobolograms, Neuropathic pain, Paclitaxel, Toxicity., xylopic acid}, author = {Ameyaw Elvis Ofori and Woode Eric and Kyei Samuel and Biny Peter Robert and Boampong Johnson Nyarko} } @article {80, title = {Anti-Nociceptive Synergism of Pregabalin and Xylopic acid Co-administration in Paclitaxel-induced Neuropathy: Isobolographic Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {363-368}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {363}, keywords = {Isobolograms, Neuropathic pain, Paclitaxel, Toxicity, xylopic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.8}, author = {Ameyaw Elvis Ofori and Boampong Johnson Nyarko}, editor = {Kyei Samuel} } @article {53, title = {Antioxidant and DNA Damage Protective Effects of Asparagus racemosus in Human Colon and Mice Muscle Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {182-190}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {182}, abstract = {

Introduction: The present study was designed to investigate the in vitro antioxidant and macromolecule damage protective effects of Asparagus racemosus water (AWE) and methanolic (AME) fractions of roots. Methods: The in vitro antioxidant activity of AWE/AME was estimated by free radical scavenging assays. The DNA damage of HT29 and C2C12 cells was analyzed by comet assay. The plasmid DNA damage and protein oxidation were carried out by agarose gel electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE analysis respectively, where as lipid peroxidation was performed by TBARS assay. Results: Both the extracts showed scavenging activity with IC50 values of 417.4 \± 19.5 / 298 \± 13.5, 381 \± 18.2 / 235 \± 11.9, 54.8 \± 2.95 / 31.6 \± 1.52, 28.9 \± 1.73 / 19.7 \± 1.55 \μg/mL for DPPH, metal chelating, ABTS and Nitric oxide scavenging activities respectively. Similarly the methanolic extract showed more potent reducing power and total antioxidant activities over water fraction. The AME showed 56.8\% and 41.2\% protection against H2O2 (Hydrogen peroxide) induced DNA damage of HT29 human colon cells and C2C12 murine myoblasts. The extract also showed protection against H2O2 induced plasmid DNA damge, AAPH induced protein oxidation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lipid peroxidation of rat hepatic tissue. Conclusion: Over all this study showed remarkable antioxidant and macromolecule damage protective effects of A. racemosus. The observed biological properties may be attributed to the high content phenols and flavonoids in the methanolic extract A. racemosus over water extract.

}, keywords = {AAPH, Asparagus racemosus, C2C12, HT29, Protein oxidation, Single cell gel electrophoresis.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.7}, author = {Girindrababu Venkattappa Jayashree and Puttasiddiah Rachitha and Krishnaswamy Krupashree and Kandikattu Hemanth Kumar and Farhath Khanum} } @article {1442, title = {Antioxidant and DNA Damage Protective Effects of Asparagus racemosus in Human Colon and Mice Muscle Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {9th Feb, 2015}, pages = {182-190}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {182}, abstract = {

Introduction: The present study was designed to investigate the in vitro antioxidant and macromolecule damage protective effects of Asparagus racemosus water (AWE) and methanolic (AME) fractions of roots. Methods: The in vitro antioxidant activity of AWE/AME was estimated by free radical scavenging assays. The DNA damage of HT29 and C2C12 cells was analyzed by comet assay. The plasmid DNA damage and protein oxidation were carried out by agarose gel electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE analysis respectively, where as lipid peroxidation was performed by TBARS assay. Results: Both the extracts showed scavenging activity with IC50 values of 417.4 \± 19.5 / 298 \± 13.5, 381 \± 18.2 / 235 \± 11.9, 54.8 \± 2.95 / 31.6 \± 1.52, 28.9 \± 1.73 / 19.7 \± 1.55 \μg/mL for DPPH, metal chelating, ABTS and Nitric oxide scavenging activities respectively. Similarly the methanolic extract showed more potent reducing power and total antioxidant activities over water fraction. The AME showed 56.8\% and 41.2\% protection against H2O2 (Hydrogen peroxide) induced DNA damage of HT29 human colon cells and C2C12 murine myoblasts. The extract also showed protection against H2O2 induced plasmid DNA damge, AAPH induced protein oxidation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lipid peroxidation of rat hepatic tissue. Conclusion: Over all this study showed remarkable antioxidant and macromolecule damage protective effects of A.racemosus. The observed biological properties may be attributed to the high content phenols and flavonoids in the methanolic extract A. racemosus over water extract.

Key words: AAPH, Asparagus racemosus, C2C12, HT29, Protein oxidation, Single cell gel electrophoresis.

}, keywords = {AAPH, Asparagus racemosus, Protein oxidation, Single cell gel electrophoresis.}, author = {Girindrababu Venkattappa Jayashree and Puttasiddiah Rachitha and Krishnaswamy Krupashree and Kandikattu Hemanth Kumar and Farhath Khanum} } @article {1457, title = {Antioxidant and metal chelating activities of Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl peel, pulp and aerial parts in relation to their total phenol and flavonoid content}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {64-73}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {64}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and total phenol and flavonoid content of different parts (peel, pulp and aerial parts) of Lagenaria siceraria. Method: Successive extraction was done by cold percolation method using solvents of different polarity viz. petroleum ether, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetone, water. Total phenol content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu\’s reagent method and flavonoid was determined by aluminium chloride colorimetric method. The antioxidant assays evaluated were 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, 2, 2\’-Azino-bis-(3-ethyl) benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity and Ferric reducing antioxidant power. Results: L. siceraria peel possessed maximum phenol and flavonoid content in acetone and toluene extracts respectively. FRAP was maximum in acetone extract of peel. The peel extract demonstrated stronger DPPH activity with IC50 value of 111 \μg/ml followed by pulp extract. The same extract was effective in scavenging ABTS radical with an IC50 value of 39 \μg/ml while other parts were ineffective. Conclusion: This work demonstrated good antioxidant activity of L. siceraria vegetable cultivated in India and recommends that the peel of this vegetable may be of interest from a functional point of view as a major source of natural antioxidant.

Key words:Lagenaria siceraria, antioxidant activity, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, total phenol.

}, keywords = {ABTS, antioxidant activity, DPPH, FRAP, Lagenaria siceraria, total phenol.}, author = {Sumitra Chanda and Pooja Moteriya and Hemali Padaliya and Tejas Rathod and Yogesh Baravalia} } @article {39, title = {Antioxidant and metal chelating activities of Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl peel, pulp and aerial parts in relation to their total phenol and flavonoid content}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {64-73}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {64}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and total phenol and flavonoid content of different parts (peel, pulp and aerial parts) of Lagenaria siceraria. Method: Successive extraction was done by cold percolation method using solvents of different polarity viz. petroleum ether, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetone, water. Total phenol content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu\’s reagent method and flavonoid was determined by aluminium chloride colorimetric method. The antioxidant assays evaluated were 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, 2, 2\’-Azino-bis-(3-ethyl) benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity and Ferric reducing antioxidant power. Results: L. siceraria peel possessed maximum phenol and flavonoid content in acetone and toluene extracts respectively. FRAP was maximum in acetone extract of peel. The peel extract demonstrated stronger DPPH activity with IC50 value of 111 \μg/ml followed by pulp extract. The same extract was effective in scavenging ABTS radical with an IC50 value of 39 \μg/ml while other parts were ineffective. Conclusion: This work demonstrated good antioxidant activity of L. siceraria vegetable cultivated in India and recommends that the peel of this vegetable may be of interest from a functional point of view as a major source of natural antioxidant.

}, keywords = {ABTS, antioxidant activity, DPPH, FRAP, Lagenaria siceraria, total phenol.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.8}, author = {Sumitra Chanda and Pooja Moteriya and Hemali Padaliya and Tejas Rathod and Yogesh Baravalia} } @article {1466, title = {Antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase and anti-glycosidase properties of three species of Swertia, their xanthones and amarogentin: A comparative study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Dec, 2014}, pages = {117-123}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {117}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of the study was to analyze the antioxidant, anti-amylase, anti-glucosidase and antiacetylcholinesterase (anti-AChE) properties of the leafy shoots of three Indian species of Swertia e.g. Swertia chirata and its substitutes Swertia bimaculata, and Swertia decussata, their xanthones and amarogentin. Methods: Antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts of leafy shoots was measured in terms of DPPH, superoxide and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities as well as metal chelating properties. Enzyme inhibitory properties were measured using AChE, \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase respectively. Five xanthones bellidifolin (1), swerchirin (2), decussatin (3), mangiferin (4) and 1-hydroxy-3,5,8-trimethoxy xanthone (6) and one iridoid, amarogentin (5) were isolated from Swertia chirata. The activities of the isolated components were compared. Results: Swertia chirata exhibited best antioxidant and anti-AChE properties than the other two species. The plants also possessed \α-glucosidase inhibitory properties but weak \α-amylase inhibitory activity. Highest activities were observed in Swertia chirata. We report here, for the first time, the antioxidant, anti-AChE and anti-glycosidase activity of 1-hydroxy-3,5,8-trimethoxy xanthone. This xanthone had strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity and anti-AChE property. Conclusion: The results suggest the beneficial effects of the xanthones of Swertia chirata. But further study should be carried out to prove the efficacy in vivo.

Key words: Swertia Sp., Xanthone, Glycosidase, Acetylcholinesterase, Antioxidant.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Antioxidant., Glycosidase, Swertia Sp., Xanthone}, author = {Gargi Nag and Sukriti Das and Susmita Das and Suvra Mandal and Bratati De} } @article {43, title = {Antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase and anti-glycosidase properties of three species of Swertia, their xanthones and amarogentin: A comparative study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar-Apr 2015}, pages = {117-123}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {117}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of the study was to analyze the antioxidant, anti-amylase, anti-glucosidase and antiacetylcholinesterase (anti-AChE) properties of the leafy shoots of three Indian species of Swertia e.g. Swertia chirata and its substitutes Swertia bimaculata, and Swertia decussata, their xanthones and amarogentin. Methods: Antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts of leafy shoots was measured in terms of DPPH, superoxide and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities as well as metal chelating properties. Enzyme inhibitory properties were measured using AChE, \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase respectively. Five xanthones bellidifolin (1), swerchirin (2), decussatin (3), mangiferin (4) and 1-hydroxy-3,5,8-trimethoxy xanthone (6) and one iridoid, amarogentin (5) were isolated from Swertia chirata. The activities of the isolated components were compared. Results: Swertia chirata exhibited best antioxidant and anti-AChE properties than the other two species. The plants also possessed \α-glucosidase inhibitory properties but weak \α-amylase inhibitory activity. Highest activities were observed in Swertia chirata. We report here, for the first time, the antioxidant, anti-AChE and anti-glycosidase activity of 1-hydroxy-3,5,8-trimethoxy xanthone. This xanthone had strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity and anti-AChE property. Conclusion: The results suggest the beneficial effects of the xanthones of Swertia chirata. But further study should be carried out to prove the efficacy in vivo

}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Antioxidant., Glycosidase, Swertia Sp., Xanthone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.6}, author = {Gargi Nag and Sukriti Das and Susmita Das and Bratati De}, editor = {Suvra Mandal} } @article {33, title = {Anti-Tyrosinase and DPPH Radical Scavenging Activities of Selected Thai Herbal Extracts Traditionally Used as Skin Toner}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {04/2015}, pages = {97-101}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {97}, abstract = {

Introduction: Skin darkness may be cosmetically undesirable for some people. Plant-derived materials traditionally used for skin lightening may produce satisfactory results. Besides innate tyrosinase activity, oxidative stress also plays an important role in skin darkness by activating tyrosinase. Therefore, herbal extracts with strong anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities could be considered as efficacious skin lightening agents. The aims of the present study were to determine the anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities of Thai medicinal plant extracts indigenously used as skin toners. Methods: The activities of seven Thai medicinal plants; Zingiber cassumunar Roxb., Phyllanthus emblica Linn., Tagetes erecta Linn., Centella asiatica, Raphanus sativusvar. Longipinnatus Linn., Cassia fistula Linn. and Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. were investigated using the DOPA-chrome method to determine anti-tyrosinase activity and the DPPH free radical scavenging assay to determine antioxidant activity. Results: With respect to tyrosinase inhibitory activity, P. emblica, B. monosperma and R. sativusvar. Longipinnatus extracts at a concentration of 1.67 mg/mL showed strong activities with the percentage of tyrosinase inhibition at 48.38\±4.77, 46.92\±3.77 and 42.85\±6.54\%, respectively. In addition, P. emblica and B. monosperma extracts also exhibited high antioxidant activities with the IC50values on 33.47\±1.24 and 33.57\±1.92 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Based on tyrosinase inhibition activity and DPPH radical scavenging assays, the herbal extracts of P. emblica and B. monosperma show promise as potential skin lighteners in cosmetic formulations.

}, keywords = {anti-tyrosinase inhibitory activity, antioxidant activity, Dopachrome method, DPPH radical scavenging assay, skin lightening, traditional skin toners}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.3}, author = {Bunleu Sungthong and Methin Phadungkit} } @article {1465, title = {Anti-Tyrosinase and DPPH Radical Scavenging Activities of Selected Thai Herbal Extracts Traditionally Used as Skin Toner}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Dec, 2014}, pages = {97-101}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {97}, abstract = {

Introduction: Skin darkness may be cosmetically undesirable for some people. Plant-derived materials traditionally used for skin lightening may produce satisfactory results. Besides innate tyrosinase activity, oxidative stress also plays an important role in skin darkness by activating tyrosinase. Therefore, herbal extracts with strong anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities could be considered as efficacious skin lightening agents. The aims of the present study were to determine the anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities of Thai medicinal plant extracts indigenously used as skin toners. Methods: The activities of seven Thai medicinal plants; Zingiber cassumunar Roxb., Phyllanthus emblica Linn., Tagetes erecta Linn., Centella asiatica, Raphanus sativusvar. Longipinnatus Linn., Cassia fistula Linn. and Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. were investigated using the DOPA-chrome method to determine anti-tyrosinase activity and the DPPH free radical scavenging assay to determine antioxidant activity. Results: With respect to tyrosinase inhibitory activity, P. emblica, B. monosperma and R. sativusvar. Longipinnatus extracts at a concentration of 1.67 mg/mL showed strong activities with the percentage of tyrosinase inhibition at 48.38\±4.77, 46.92\±3.77 and 42.85\±6.54 \%, respectively. In addition, P. emblica and B. monosperma extracts also exhibited high antioxidant activities with the IC50values on 33.47\±1.24 and 33.57\±1.92 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Based on tyrosinase inhibition activity and DPPH radical scavenging assays, the herbal extracts of P. emblica and B. monosperma show promise as potential skin lighteners in cosmetic formulations.

Key words: antioxidant activity, Dopachrome method, skin lightening, traditional skin toners, anti-tyrosinase inhibitory activity, DPPH radical scavenging assay.

}, keywords = {anti-tyrosinase inhibitory activity, antioxidant activity, Dopachrome method, DPPH radical scavenging assay, skin lightening, traditional skin toners}, author = {Bunleu Sungthong and Methin Phadungkit} } @article {58, title = {Anxiolytic Potential of Methanol Extract from Ageratum conyzoides Linn Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul-Aug 2015}, pages = {236-241}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {236}, abstract = {

Objective: Ageratum conyzoides Linn. (Asteraceae) has been widely used in African traditional medicine for healing mental and infectious diseases. The present study was designed to scientifically validate the traditional claim of A. conzyoides as anti-anxiety drug and to identify the compound responsible for the anxiolytic effects of A. conzyoides. Method: The methanol extract of A. conzyoides was prepared by soxhlet apparatus. The methanol extract was fractionated into ethylacetate and butanol fractions by liquid-liquid partitioning method. Methanol extract (100 and 200 mg/kg; p.o.) and its prepared fractions (25 and 50 mg/kg; p.o.) were evaluated for anxiolytic activity in mice by using elevated plus maze (EPM) model. Thin layer chromatography studies were performed to identify the possible anxiolytic component. Results: Methanol extract at both doses showed significant, when compared to vehicle control group, increase in time spent and number of entries in open arms of EPM confirming the anti-anxiety effects of A. conzyoides. Liquid-liquid partitioning of methanol extract gave two fractions (ethylacetate and butanol) which were administrated at 25 and 50 mg/kg doses to mice in EPM, respectively. Results showed that ethylacetate fraction was responsible for anxiolytic effects of methanol extract of A. conzyoides. The TLC studies were carried out for ethylacetate fraction and Quercetin was identified by comparing Rf values with the standard (Quercetin). Conclusion: The present investigation revealed that the extract has significant anxiolytic effect. The flavonoid quercetin may be responsible for the observed anxiolytic effects of A. conyzoides.

}, keywords = {Ageratum conyzoides, Anxiolytic, Methanol extract, Quercetin, TLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.4.5}, author = {Ravinder Kaur and Sarabjit Kaur} } @article {1448, title = {Anxiolytic Potential of Methanol Extract from Ageratum conyzoides Linn Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {236-241}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {236}, abstract = {

Objective: Ageratum conyzoides Linn. (Asteraceae) has been widely used in African traditional medicine for healing mental and infectious diseases. The present study was designed to scientifically validate the traditional claim of A. conzyoides as anti-anxiety drug and to identify the compound responsible for the anxiolytic effects of A. conzyoides. Method: The methanol extract of A. conzyoides was prepared by soxhlet apparatus. The methanol extract was fractionated into ethylacetate and butanol fractions by liquid-liquid partitioning method. Methanol extract (100 and 200 mg/kg; p.o.) and its prepared fractions (25 and 50 mg/kg; p.o.) were evaluated for anxiolytic activity in mice by using elevated plus maze (EPM) model. Thin layer chromatography studies were performed to identify the possible anxiolytic component. Results: Methanol extract at both doses showed significant, when compared to vehicle control group, increase in time spent and number of entries in open arms of EPM confirming the anti-anxiety effects of A. conzyoides. Liquid-liquid partitioning of methanol extract gave two fractions (ethylacetate and butanol) which were administrated at 25 and 50 mg/kg doses to mice in EPM, respectively. Results showed that ethylacetate fraction was responsible for anxiolytic effects of methanol extract of A. conzyoides. The TLC studies were carried out for ethylacetate fraction and Quercetin was identified by comparing Rf values with the standard (Quercetin). Conclusion: The present investigation revealed that the extract has significant anxiolytic effect. The flavonoid quercetin may be responsible for the observed anxiolytic effects of A. conyzoides.

Key words:Ageratum conyzoides, Anxiolytic, Methanol extract, Quercetin, TLC.

}, keywords = {Ageratum conyzoides, Anxiolytic, Methanol extract, Quercetin, TLC.}, author = {Ravinder Kaur and Sarabjit Kaur} } @article {85, title = {Assessment of Acute and Subacute Toxicity of the Total Dichloromethane-Ethanol Extract of Morinda morindoides (Baker) Milne-Redh (ETDE) on Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {372-377}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {372}, abstract = {

Context: ETDE shown good antihypertensive and antioxidant activities in rats made hypertensive. This present study aims to assess its toxicity. Aims: This study was designed to study the toxicity of dichloromethaneethanol extract of Morinda morindoides. Settings and Design: Toxicological activity in vivo. Methods and Material: Alkaloids were characterized from reagents of Bouchardat, flavonoids by reacting the cyanidrine, tannins by the reagent Stiasny, polyphenols by reacting ferric chloride, quinones by the reagent Bornstra\ëgen, sterols and polyterpenes by the reaction of Libermann and saponins by observing the foam after agitation of the extract. Acute and subacute toxicity were studied using respectively 423 and 407 OECD guidelines for testing of chemicals. Statistical analysis used: The graphical representation of the data was performed using the Graph Pad Prism 5.0. The mean value is accompanied by the standard error of the mean (Mean \± SEM). The difference between the two values is considered significant when P\<0.001. Statistical analysis of results was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The phytochemical screening showed the presence in the ETDE of polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols and polyterpenes. The toxicological study shows that ETDE has a LD50 between 2000 and 5000 mg/kg bw therefore classified in the hazard category 5. The administration of ETDE at repeated dose for 28 days did not significantly affect the weight gain, hematological and biochemical parameters of rats. Conclusion: ETDE toxicity is relatively low with LD50 between 2000 and 5000 mg/kg bw. It does not cause damage to the heart, liver and kidney. ETDE can be used without risk of intoxication.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Damage, Morinda morindoides, Subacute toxicity, Weight gain.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.10}, author = {Boga Gogo Lucien and Bahi Calixte and Yapi Houphou{\"e}t F{\'e}lix and N{\textquoteright}Guessan Jean David}, editor = {Konkon N{\textquoteright}Dri Gilles} } @article {60, title = {Assessment of Cytotoxicity of Smokeless Tobacco (Shammah) In Hepg2 and WRL68 Cells Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul-Aug 2015}, pages = {242-248}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {242}, abstract = {

Shammah is a traditional form of chewing tobacco [Smokeless tobacco, (ST)] that is commonly used in the Middle east specially Saudi Arabia (KSA), Yemen and Sudan. The cytotoxicity of Sudanese and Yemenis ST hexane and methanol extracts was evaluated using MTT assay. Annexin-V assay has been used to detect the induction of apoptosis. Luminescence based assay also been conducted to check the level of caspases enzyme. The involvement of cell cycle check point arrest has been performed using flow cytometry analysis. The current study found that ST has the capacity to induce cell toxicity in human liver cells. The inhibitory capacity of ST in HepG2 and WRL 68 has been found to be 151 \± 2.5 and 305 \± 11.5 \μg/ml for 24 h. An early apoptosis induction in HepG2 cells was observed by annexin V assay, which clearly exhibited significantly increased early and late apoptosis phases both at 24 and 48 h. Both the caspases-8 and-9 level was found to be increased by the introduction of ST to HepG2 cells significantly (p\<0.05). Moreover the ST extract was able to arrest the cell cycle check point at G2/M phase. A significantly increasing pattern of hypodiploid phases of cells also been observed, which confirm the apoptosis induction again. Collectively, results presented in this study demonstrated that the ST, which is used as a euphoritic substance of abuse also, has significant level of toxicity in human cells. Moreover the mode of cell death was found to be though programmed cell death which is closely associated with cell cycle arrest

}, keywords = {Hepatotoxicity, In vitro models, Saudi Arabia, Shammah, Smokeless tobacco, Substance Absue Research Centre}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.4.6}, author = {Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab and Rashad Bin Mohammed Alsanosy}, editor = {Syam Mohan and Manal Moahmed Elhassan Taha} } @article {1449, title = {Assessment of Cytotoxicity of Smokeless Tobacco (Shammah) In Hepg2 and WRL68 Cells Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {242-248}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {242}, abstract = {

Shammah is a traditional form of chewing tobacco [Smokeless tobacco, (ST)] that is commonly used in the Middle east specially Saudi Arabia (KSA), Yemen and Sudan. The cytotoxicity of Sudanese and Yemenis ST hexane and methanol extracts was evaluated using MTT assay. Annexin-V assay has been used to detect the induction of apoptosis. Luminescence based assay also been conducted to check the level of caspases enzyme. The involvement of cell cycle check point arrest has been performed using flow cytometry analysis. The current study found that ST has the capacity to induce cell toxicity in human liver cells. The inhibitory capacity of ST in HepG2 and WRL 68 has been found to be 151 \± 2.5 and 305 \± 11.5 \μg/ml for 24 h. An early apoptosis induction in HepG2 cells was observed by annexin V assay, which clearly exhibited significantly increased early and late apoptosis phases both at 24 and 48 h. Both the caspases-8 and-9 level was found to be increased by the introduction of ST to HepG2 cells significantly (p\<0.05). Moreover the ST extract was able to arrest the cell cycle check point at G2/M phase. A significantly increasing pattern of hypodiploid phases of cells also been observed, which confirm the apoptosis induction again. Collectively, results presented in this study demonstrated that the ST, which is used as a euphoritic substance of abuse also, has significant level of toxicity in human cells. Moreover the mode of cell death was found to be though programmed cell death which is closely associated with cell cycle arrest.

Key words: Hepatotoxicity, In vitro models, Saudi Arabia, Smokeless tobacco, Substance Absue Research Centre, Shammah.

}, keywords = {Hepatotoxicity, In vitro models, Saudi Arabia, Shammah., Smokeless tobacco, Substance Absue Research Centre}, author = {Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab and Syam Mohan, and Manal Moahmed Elhassan Taha and Rashad Bin Mohammed Alsanosy and Hamed Karimian} } @article {65, title = {Cleome viscosa Linn (Capparaceae): A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {326-329}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {326}, abstract = {

Cleome viscosa Linn. (Capparaceae) called as \“Hurhur\” is an annual, sticky herb found in plains of India, Africa, and Pakistan etc as a common weed. Plant and its parts (leaves, seeds, roots etc.) are used traditionally to cure variety of diseases. Traditionally the plant possess anthelmintic, carminative, anticonvulsant, antidiarhhoeal, antimicrobial, wound healing properties. The review shows that various phytochemical compound were isolated from whole plant and its parts (seeds, leaves, roots etc.). The review reveals the collection of important pharmacological activites like antimicrobial, analgesic, antiemetic, antidiarrhoeal, hepatoprotective, antifibrotic, antitumor, anticonvulsant and psychopharmacological. It also made emphasis on its application in biodiesel formation. The review draws attention towards the traditional, phytochemical and pharmacological knowledge accessible on Cleome viscosa Linn. which would be beneficial for researchers to discover novel chemical entities.

}, keywords = {Anticonvulsant, Biodiesel, Cleome viscosa Linn., Cleomiscosin, Phytochemical, Psychopharmacological}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.1}, author = {Harpreet Singh and Amrita Mishra and Arun Kumar Mishra} } @article {35, title = {Comparative analysis of phenolic contents and total antioxidant capacity of Moringa oleifera Lam}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {44-51}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Introduction: Accumulation of reactive species higher than permissible limits in biological systems may lead to various degenerative disorders due to oxidative damage. Materials and Methods: Oxidation is a serious concern faced by the food industry causing deterioration of shelved-food quality. Antioxidant compounds like polyphenolics scavenge such free radicals and thus protect against oxidative stress. Consumption of polyphenol-rich plants as dietary component confers protection against such cellular damage. Results: Present study explores antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of different extracts prepared from various parts of Moringa oleifera Lam. Higher TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity was shown by methanolic extracts followed by aqueous, petroleum benzene and chloroform extracts.The present study suggests that all the extracts might act as radical scavengers to certain extent possibly due to presence of polyphenolic compounds. Conclusion: M. oleifera exhibits strong antioxidant activity and could serve as prospective source of natural antioxidants to food and health industries.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, oxidation., sequential extract, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.5}, author = {Swati Vyas and Sumita Kachhwaha and S. L. Kothari} } @article {1472, title = {Comparative pharmacognostic, phytochemical and biological evaluation between five Chlorophytum species}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {16th Jan, 2015}, pages = {147-156}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {147}, abstract = {

Five species, Chlorophytum borivilianum Santapau and Fernades, Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacq., Chlorophytum tuberosum Br., Chlorophytum laxum R. Br. and C. arundinaceum, of very popular Ayurvedic plant Safed Musali are collected and comparatively evaluated for morphological, microscopical, physicochemical and biological parameters.

Key words: Chlorophytum, borivilianum, comosum, tuberosum, laxum, arundinaceum, DPPH, SRB, HL-60.

}, keywords = {Arundinaceum, Borivilianum, Chlorophytum, comosum, DPPH, HL-60., Laxum, SRB, tuberosum}, author = {Sharada. L. Deore and Neha B. Jajoo and Kailaspati P.A Chittam and T.A.Deshmukh} } @article {81, title = {Comparative Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and Biological evaluation between five Chlorophytum species}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {317-325}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {317}, abstract = {

Objective: To establish comparative pharmacognostic, phytochemical and biological evaluation parameters between five Chlorophytum species i.e. Chlorophytum borivilianum Santapau and Fernades, Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacq., Chlorophytum tuberosum Br., Chlorophytum laxum R. Br. and Chlorophytum arundinaceum Baker, of very popular Ayurvedic plant Safed Musali. Materials and methods: Comparative evaluations of Macro and microscopical, physico-chemical parameters of tubers of all five species were investigated and preliminary phytochemical analysis, estimation of major phytochemicals and TLC profiles were also carried out for qualitative phytochemical evaluation. In-vitro antioxidant and anticancer activity was carried out for extract of tubers of all five species. Results: Macro, micro, powder microscopical parameters of tubers of five species were examined and recorded the result. Tubers of all the five species are distinct in their morphology as well as anatomical characters. Physicochemical characters (Ash values, Loss on drying (LOD), swelling index and foaming index) as well as total saponin content shows great variability among five species. Results of In-vitro antioxidant by DPPH method shows difference in antioxidant potential between tubers of all five species. Extract of tubers of all five species do not show any type of In-vitro anticancer activity by SRB method against HL 60 leukemia cell line. Conclusion: All of the evaluated parameters are very good pharmacognostic standards for future comparative identification and authentication of specific species because all five species shows morphological, anatomical, chemical differences as well as varies in antioxidant potential.

}, keywords = {Arundinaceum, Borivilianum, Chlorophytum Comosum, DPPH, HL-60, Laxum, SRB, Tuberosum.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.12}, author = {Sharada Laxman Deore and Neha Brijmohan Jajoo and Kailaspati Prabhakar Chittam and Tushar Atmaram Deshmukh} } @article {66, title = {Comparison in vitro of Antioxidant Activity between Fifteen Campanula Species (Bellflower) from Palestinian Flora}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {276-279}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {276}, abstract = {

Background: The natural antioxidant products in the plant kingdom play an important role in the healthy life style and reduce the risk for various chronic diseases.Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate different antioxidant pharmacological property of methanol extract for fifteen species of Campanula plant from Palestinian flora. Methods: The antioxidant activity of fifteen Campanula species growing wildly in Palestine were studied using 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and their antioxidant activity was compared to Trolox antioxidant activity. Results: The results clearly demonstrate a very high antioxidant activity of the Campanula sulphurea and Campanula sidoniensis and they showed almost the same antioxidant activity of Trolox. The other twelve species extracts also exhibited excellent antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging activity in comparison with trolox standard. Conclusion: Methanol extract of Campanula can be valuable for treatment of different diseases and could be used as a possible new source of natural antioxidants in the food, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industry.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Bellflower, Campanula species, Campanulaceae, DPPH radical scavenging activity.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.4}, author = {Nidal Amin Jaradat and Murad Abualhasan} } @article {1450, title = {Comparison in Vitro of Antioxidant Activity between Fifteen Campanula Species (Bellflower) from Palestinian Flora}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {9-9}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {9}, abstract = {

Background: The natural antioxidant products in the plant kingdom play an important role in the healthy life style and reduce the risk for various chronic diseases. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate different antioxidant pharmacological property of methanol extract for fifteen species of Campanula plant from Palestinian flora. Methods: The antioxidant activity of fifteen Campanula species growing wildly in Palestine were studied using 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and their antioxidant activity was compared to Trolox antioxidant activity. Results: The results clearly demonstrate a very high antioxidant activity of the Campanula sulphurea and Campanula sidoniensis and they showed almost the same antioxidant activity of Trolox. The other twelve species extracts also exhibited excellent antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging activity in comparison with trolox standard. Conclusion: Methanol extract of Campanula can be valuable for treatment of different diseases and could be used as a possible new source of natural antioxidants in the food, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industry.

Key words: Antioxidant, Bellflower, Campanula, Bellflower, Campanulaceae, DPPH radical scavenging activity

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Bellflower, Campanula, Campanulaceae, DPPH radical scavenging activity.}, author = {Nidal Amin Jaradat and 1Murad Abualhasan} } @article {72, title = {Component Authentication and Standardisation of an Anti-atherosclerotic Herbal Formulation-GSTC3}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {339-343}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {339}, abstract = {

Context: Polyherbal drugs in traditional medicine have been time-tested for treatment of a wide variety of chronic ailments. Aims: To determine constituent components in an in-house designed polyherbal formulation GSTC3 and evaluation of consistency in preparation. Settings and Design: In this study, a hypolipidemic formulation was created using well known plant extracts such as Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex Stocks.) Eng. (Burseraceae), Salacia reticulata Wight (Celastraceae), Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight and Arn (Combretaceae) and Curcuma longa Linn (Zingiberaceae). Methods and Material: The authentication of individual plant powders was performed using techniques such as powder microscopy and characterised according to Ayurvedic pharmacopeia of India. Phytochemical screening, HPTLC analysis and physicochemical parameters were also determined. Results: The powder microscopic analysis of the individual components served as an authentication for source of plants used. Phytochemical screening ascertained that active classes of compounds reported in the individual extracts such as steroids, terpenoids and polyphenols came into the formulation. Finally, HPTLC analysis of three different batches of GSTC3 ensured stability and integrity in batch to batch preparations. Conclusion: Experimental studies have revealed the antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-lipidemic and anti-thrombotic efficacy of GSTC3. This standardisation procedure is essential for further development of GSTC3 into an efficient anti-atherosclerotic drug candidate

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical screening, Polyherbal formulation, Powder microscopy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.4}, author = {Jeksy Jos Manalil and Indu Muraleedharan Suseela and Smitha Koyickalmadhom Ramavarma and Arunaksharan Narayanankutty and Achuthan Chathrattil Raghavamenon} } @article {82, title = {Cytotoxicity Study of Ethanol Extract of the Leaves of Asam Kandis (Garcinia cowa Roxb.) on T47D Breast Cancer Cell line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {369-371}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {369}, abstract = {

Objective: To investigate the cytotoxic effect of ethanolic extract of the leaves of asam kandis (Garcinia cowa Roxb.) against T47D breast cancer cells. Methods: The cytotoxicity of ethanol extract was carried out by measuring the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenase in living cells that have ability to convert dissolved MTT pale yellow to purple formazan product. The extract was added at various concentrations (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 \μg/mL). The level of cytotoxicity was determined by calculating the IC50 value that was based on the percentage of the cell death after 24 hours treatment with the extract. Cell morphological changes were observed by using inverted microscope. Results: The IC50 value showed that ethanol extract of leaves of asam kandis could resist T47D breast cancer cells with IC50 6.13 \± 3.51 \μg/mL. The statistic results proved that ethanol extract of the leaves of asam kandis could inhibit the growth of T47D breast cancer cells significantly at concentrations of 10 \μg/mL and 100 \μg/mL. Conclusion: The results suggest that ethanol extract of the leaves of asam kandis was potential source of herbal medicine for cancer-related ailments.

}, keywords = {Asam kandis, Beast cancer, Cytotoxicity, Garcinia cowa Roxb, MTT Assay, T47D.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.9}, author = {Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Dini Hara Triastuti and Helmi Arifin} } @article {57, title = {Dynamic Comparison of Free Radical Scavenging Abilities of Hypericum Perforatum L., Herba Verbenae Officinalis, and Valeriana Officinalis L. Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {198-204}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {198}, abstract = {

Objectives: The purpose of this research was to compare the dynamic antioxidant activities and the free radical scavenging abilities of three botanical supplements, Hypericum perforatum L. (HPL), Herba Verbena Officinalis (HVO), and Valeriana officinalis L. (VO), which have been reported to effectively treat menopause symptoms. Methods: The antioxidant activities of the three supplements were determined by the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay. In addition, their free radical scavenging abilities were studied by ftheir interactions with the stable radicals of 2, 2\’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results: The results indicated that the HPL ethanolic extract exhibited greater antioxidant activity (1.2688 \± 0.01 mmol Trolox/g) than the HVO ethanolic extract (1.1686\± 0.043 mmol Trolox/g) and the VO ethanolic extract (0.2579 \± 0.0031 mmol Trolox/g) as compared to Nilestriol (0.0026\±0.0012), a positive control agent in the experiment. Moreover, the HPL extract showed remarkable free radical scavenging activity against ABTS\•+, and the HVO extract was the most potent against DPPH\•. Conclusion: These activities may be attributed to the total flavonoid or phenolic acid contents of among these extracts.

}, keywords = {ABTS{\textbullet}+, DPPH{\textbullet}, Herba Verbena Officinalis, Hypericum perforatum L., Menopause Oxidative Stress, Valeriana officinalis L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.9}, author = {Yi-ming Li and Yan-Ru Liu and Bing-Kun Xiao and Jian-Yun Yang and Rong-Qing Huang} } @article {1476, title = {Dynamic Comparison of Free Radical Scavenging Abilities of Hypericum Perforatum L., Herba Verbenae Officinalis, and Valeriana Officinalis L. Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {09th Mar, 2015}, pages = {198-204}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {198}, abstract = {

Objectives: The purpose of this research was to compare the dynamic antioxidant activities and the free radical scavenging abilities of three botanical supplements, Hypericum perforatum L. (HPL), Herba Verbena Officinalis (HVO), and Valeriana officinalis L. (VO), which have been reported to effectively treat menopause symptoms. Methods: The antioxidant activities of the three supplements were determined by the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay. In addition, their free radical scavenging abilities were studied by ftheir interactions with the stable radicals of 2, 2\’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results: The results indicated that the HPL ethanolic extract exhibited greater antioxidant activity (1.2688 \± 0.01 mmol Trolox/g) than the HVO ethanolic extract (1.1686\± 0.043 mmol Trolox/g) and the VO ethanolic extract (0.2579 \± 0.0031 mmol Trolox/g) as compared to Nilestriol (0.0026\±0.0012), a positive control agent in the experiment. Moreover, the HPL extract showed remarkable free radical scavenging activity against ABTS\•+, and the HVO extract was the most potent against DPPH\•. Conclusion: These activities may be attributed to the total flavonoid or phenolic acid contents of among these extracts.

Key words: ABTS\•+, DPPH\•, Hypericum perforatum L.,Herba Verbena Officinalis, Menopause Oxidative Stress, Valeriana officinalis L.

}, keywords = {ABTS{\textbullet}+, DPPH{\textbullet}, Herba Verbena Officinalis, Hypericum perforatum L., Menopause Oxidative Stress, Valeriana officinalis L.}, author = {Yi-ming Li and Yan-Ru Liu and Bing-Kun Xiao and Jian-Yun Yang and Rong-Qing Huang} } @article {74, title = {Effect of various extracts of Ocimum sanctum and Mallotus phillipensis on Setaria digitata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {344-347}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {344}, abstract = {

Introduction: The anthelmintic activity of various extracts of leaves of Ocimum sanctum and Mallotus phillipensis was assessed in vitro against Setaria digitata. Materials and Methods: The leaves of Ocimum sanctum and Mallotus phillipensis were collected and were extracted using methanol, dried and stored under refrigeration till further use. The aqueous extract was taken as a decoction. The methanolic extract was further fractionated by taking solvents of increasing polarity viz, hexane, chloroform, n-butanol and water. The extract as well as the fractions were analysed qualitatively for various phytochemical constituents. Fresh nematodes (Setaria digitata) were recovered manually from the peritoneum of infested buffalo, were washed and transferred to the extract containing petriplates (concentrations of 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125 and 1.56 mg/ml) immediately and the motility/death of Setaria digitata was noted. Results: The presence of flavonoids and tannins were detected in all the extracts where was phenolics as absent in the hexane fraction. The methanolic extract of Tulsi and Kamla produced death of nematodes in concentrations of 3.125 mg/ml and the extract of tulsi was found to be more potent. Similar results were also observed in the case of hydro alcoholic extract whereas the aqueous extract showed no effect. The chloroform fraction of Ocimum sanctum and n-butanol and chloroform fractions of Mallotus were equally potent in inhibiting the motility and producing death of the worms. The control drug, albendazole produced death in 30 minutes in both the concentrations. Conclusion: It could be concluded that higher doses of the extract are as potent as albendazole.

}, keywords = {Albendazole, Anthelmintic, Mallotus phillipensis, Ociumum sanctum, Setaria digitata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.5}, author = {Deepa Chundayil Kalarickal and Sujith Samraj and Darsana Udayan and Priya Manakkulaparambil Narayanan and Sreedevi Ramachandran and Sreeshitha Sreedharan Gouri} } @article {1475, title = {Effectiveness of Sidr Honey on the prevention of ethanol-induced gatroulcerogenesis: role of antioxidant and antiapoptotic mechanism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {13th Feb, 2015}, pages = {157-164}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {157}, abstract = {

Background: Sider (Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.) Honey has been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders including peptic ulcer. Aim of the study: The mechanism of the antiulcer effect of sider honey was studied placing emphasis on its role to block oxidative damage and apoptosis during ethanol-induced gastric ulceration in rats. The mechanism of the antiulcer effect of sider honey was studied placing emphasis on its role to block oxidative damage and apoptosis during ethanol-induced gastric ulceration in rats. Materials and methods: Experimental animals were orally treated with sidr honey (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively) or omeprazole and subsequently exposed to 95\%ethanol (5 mL/Kg, orally) to induce acute gastroulcerogenesis. Effectiveness of sidr honey was evaluated using ulcer index, pH of gastric juice, mucus content, morphological analyses, glutathione assay and malondialdehyde level. The anti-apoptotic role of sidr honey was studied using immunohistochemical staining of gastric tissues using monoclonal antibodies of Bax pathway. Results: Dose-response studies in ethanol-induced ulcer indicate that sidr honey significantly blocks gastric lesions at lower dose (100 mg/kg). Lipid peroxidation and glutathione depletion were significantly inhibited by sidr honey. Sidr honey modulated the immuno-expression of mitochondrial associated protein (Bax). Conclusion: Thus, sider honey plays a considerable role in gastro protection by acting as a potent antioxidant and antiapoptotic agent. Future study is required to explore its potential clinical usage.

Key words: Antiapoptotic Mechanism, Antioxidant Agents, Gastro protection, Monofloral Nectar, Sidr Honey.

}, keywords = {Antiapoptotic Mechanism, antioxidant agents, Gastro protection, monofloral nectar, Sidr Honey.}, author = {Manal Mohamed Elhassan Taha and Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab and Rashad Elsanousi and Bassem Y. Sheikh and Mahmood Ameen Abdulla and Saif Eldeen Babiker and Husham Elraih and Eldaw Mohamed} } @article {46, title = {Effectiveness of Sidr Honey on the prevention of ethanol-induced gatroulcerogenesis: role of antioxidant and antiapoptotic mechanism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {157-164}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {157}, abstract = {

Background: Sider (Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.) Honey has been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders including peptic ulcer. Aim of the study: The mechanism of the antiulcer effect of sider honey was studied placing emphasis on its role to block oxidative damage and apoptosis during ethanol-induced gastric ulceration in rats. The mechanism of the antiulcer effect of sider honey was studied placing emphasis on its role to block oxidative damage and apoptosis during ethanol-induced gastric ulceration in rats. Materials and methods: Experimental animals were orally treated with sidr honey (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively) or omeprazole and subsequently exposed to 95\% ethanol (5 mL/Kg, orally) to induce acute gastroulcerogenesis. Effectiveness of sidr honey was evaluated using ulcer index, pH of gastric juice, mucus content, morphological analyses, glutathione assay and malondialdehyde level. The anti-apoptotic role of sidr honey was studied using immunohistochemical staining of gastric tissues using monoclonal antibodies of Bax pathway. Results: Dose-response studies in ethanol-induced ulcer indicate that sidr honey significantly blocks gastric lesions at lower dose (100 mg/kg). Lipid peroxidation and glutathione depletion were significantly inhibited by sidr honey. Sidr honey modulated the immuno-expression of mitochondrial associated protein (Bax). Conclusion: Thus, sider honey plays a considerable role in gastro protection by acting as a potent antioxidant and antiapoptotic agent. Future study is required to explore its potential clinical usage.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.3}, author = {Manal Mohamed Elhassan Taha and Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab and Rashad Elsanousi and Bassem Y. Sheikh and Mahmood Ameen Abdulla and Saif Eldeen Babiker and Husham Elraih and Eldaw Mohamed} } @article {1467, title = {Effects of standardized stem bark extract of Mangifera indica L. in Wister rats with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-induced haemolytic anaemia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Dec, 2014}, pages = {89-96}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Background: The aqueous decoction of the stem back of Mangifera indica L. has been traditionally used for the treatment of various illnesses among them includes anaemia. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-anaemic properties of the standardized stem bark extract of M. indica in animals with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-induced haemolytic anaemia. Methods and Material: An in vivo animal model was used in this experiment. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine was used to induce haemolysis and treatment was done with three different concentrations (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg b.wt) of the plant extract. Astifer\® was used as a positive control. Haematological parameters such as PCV, HGb concentration, and TLC were performed to determine the present of phytoconstituents within the crude extract. Results: PCV and HGb concentration was increased significantly (p\<0.001) at a dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg b.wt respectively while no significant (p\>0.05) effect was observed at a dose of 25 mg/kg b.wt. TLC was decreased significantly (p\<0.001) at a dose 100 mg/kg b.wt when while no significant (p\>0.05) effect was observed at a dose of 25 and 50 mg/kg b.wt respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 15 compounds among viz: 2,2-Dimethoxybutane, N-Acetyl-Alpha-D-glucosamine, 1,2-Benzenediol, Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, Vitamin E, Pentadecanoic acid, 13-methyl-, methyl ester, 2-Ethylacridine, Benzofuran-6-ol-3-one, 2-(4ethoxycarbonyl)benzylidene-, 9-Octadecanoic acid, (E)-, 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one, 3,5-bis-trimethylsilyl-, and Benzo[h]quinoline,2,4-dimethyl-. Conclusion: The results of our present finding suggest the significant anti-anaemic properties of standardized stem bark extract of Mangefera indica L. This finding highlights the potentials of the extract M. indica in the treatment of haemolytic anaemia.

Key words: 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, Anaemia, GC-MS analysis, Haemolysis Mangifera indica L.

}, keywords = {2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, Anaemia, GC-MS analysis, Haemolysis Mangifera indica L.}, author = {Hassan Lawal Sani and Ibrahim Malami and Sanusi Wara Hassan and Alhassan Muhammad Alhassan} } @article {29, title = {Effects of standardized stem bark extract of Mangifera indica L. in wistar rats with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-induced haemolytic anaemia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {04/2015}, pages = {89-96}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Background: The aqueous decoction of the stem back of Mangifera indica L. has been traditionally used for the treatment of various illnesses among them includes anaemia. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-anaemic properties of standardized stem bark extract of M. indica in animals with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-induced haemolytic anaemia. Methods and Material: An in vivo animal model was used in this experiment. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine was used to induce haemolysis and treatment was done with three different concentrations (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg b.wt) of the plant extract. Astifer\® was used as a positive control. Haematological parameters such as PCV, HGb concentration, and TLC were performed and to ascertain the level of haemolysis. GC-MS was used determine the present of phytoconstituents within the crude extract. Results: PCV and HGb concentration increased significantly (p\<0.001) at a dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg b.wt respectively while no significant (p\>0.05) effect was observed at a dose of 25 mg/kg b.wt. TLC was decreased significantly (p\<0.001) at a dose 100 mg/kg b.wt while no significant (p\>0.05) effect was observed at a dose of 25 and 50 mg/kg b.wt respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed presence of 15 compounds viz: 2,2-Dimethoxybutane, N-Acetyl-Alpha-D-glucosamine, 1,2-Benzenediol, Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, Vitamin E, Pentadecanoic acid, 13-methyl-, methyl ester, 2-Ethylacridine, Benzofuran-6-ol-3-one, 2-(4ethoxycarbonyl)benzylidene-, 9-Octadecanoic acid, (E)-, 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one, 3,5-bis-trimethylsilyl-, and Benzo[h]quinoline,2,4-dimethyl-. Conclusion: The results of our present finding suggest the significant anti-anaemic properties of standardized stem bark extract of Mangefera indica L. This finding highlights the potentials of the extract and M. indica in the treatment of haemolytic anaemia.

}, keywords = {2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, Anaemia, GC-MS analysis, Haemolysis and Mangifera indica L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.2}, author = {Hassan Lawal Sani and Ibrahim Malami and Sanusi Wara Hassan and Alhassan Muhammad Alhassan and Mshelia Emmanuel Halilu and Aliyu Muhammad} } @article {1451, title = {Elucidation of β -sitosterol from Benincasa hispida Seeds, Carissa congesta Roots and Polyalthia longifolia Leaves by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {221-227}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {221}, abstract = {

Background: Fruits of Benincasa hispida (BH) is regarded as Valliphala due to its vast plethora of medicinal properties, Carissa congesta (CC) is an imperative local plant particularly in rural communities and Polyalthia longifolia (PL) is an ornamentally significant traditionally relevance plant in India system. \β-sitosterol, an active constituent identified from enormous plants has been reported to possess excellent amount of pharmacotherapeutic potential by number of researchers. Objective: In the recent studies, the research team focuses on determining the percentage of the \β-sitosterol present in the BH seeds, CC roots petroleum ether extracts as well as PL leaves ethanolic extract by chromatographic technique in harmony with High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography. Materials and Methods: Respective parts of BH, CC and PL plants were shade-dried and extracted by appropriate extraction methods followed by identification of \β-sitosterol from the extracts by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography after preliminary phytochemical screening extracts for the constituents. Results: The amount of \β-sitosterol present in the BH seeds, CC roots and PL leaves extracts was found to be 23.00, 5.94 and 1.81 \% w/w respectively. Research studies elucidated a peak that coincided with standard peak of \β-sitosterol suggesting the presence of constituent in the extracts. Conclusion: Thus, extracts contains important constituent of \β-sitosterol in BH, CC and PL.

Key words:Benincasa hispida, Carissa congesta, HPTLC, Polyalthia longifolia, \β-sitosterol.

}, keywords = {Benincasa hispida, Carissa congesta, HPTLC, Polyalthia longifolia, β-sitosterol.}, author = {Gaurav Mahesh Doshi and Pratip Kashinath Chaskar and Hemant Devidas Une} } @article {54, title = {Elucidation of β-sitosterol from Benincasa hispida Seeds, Carissa congesta Roots and Polyalthia longifolia Leaves by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul-Aug 2015}, pages = {221-227}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {221}, abstract = {

Background: Fruits of Benincasa hispida (BH) is regarded as Valliphala due to its vast plethora of medicinal properties, Carissa congesta (CC) is an imperative local plant particularly in rural communities and Polyalthia longifolia (PL) is an ornamentally significant traditionally relevance plant in India system. \β-sitosterol, an active constituent identified from enormous plants has been reported to possess excellent amount of pharmacotherapeutic potential by number of researchers. Objective: In the recent studies, the research team focuses on determining the percentage of the \β-sitosterol present in the BH seeds, CC roots petroleum ether extracts as well as PL leaves ethanolic extract by chromatographic technique in harmony with High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography. Materials and Methods: Respective parts of BH, CC and PL plants were shade-dried and extracted by appropriate extraction methods followed by identification of \β-sitosterol from the extracts by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography after preliminary phytochemical screening extracts for the constituents. Results: The amount of \β-sitosterol present in the BH seeds, CC roots and PL leaves extracts was found to be 23.00, 5.94 and 1.81 \% w/w respectively. Research studies elucidated a peak that coincided with standard peak of \β-sitosterol suggesting the presence of constituent in the extracts. Conclusion: Thus, extracts contains important constituent of \β-sitosterol in BH, CC and PL.

}, keywords = {Benincasa hispida, Carissa congesta, HPTLC, Polyalthia longifolia, β-sitosterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.4.3}, author = {Gaurav Mahesh Doshi and Pratip Kashinath Chaskar and Hemant Devidas Une} } @article {32, title = {Evaluation of cytotoxic, DNA protecting and LPS induced MMP-9 down regulation activities of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng. essential oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {32-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng is a known medicinal plant used in Siddha and Ayurveda medicines in India. It has enormous medicinal potential to treat various diseases. Methods: The present study focused on the use of essential oil obtained from the leaves of Plectranthusamboinicusto test cytotoxicity against breast (MCF-7) and colorectal (HT-29) cancer cell lines, to protect DNA from H2O2 induced genotoxicity through comet assay and to treat inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced over expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by gelatin zymogram and inhibition at transcriptional level confirmed using RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction). Results: Cytotoxicity of essential oil against MCF-7 and HT-29 cancer cell lines revealed the IC50 values of 53 \± 0.01 and 87 \± 0.01 \μg/mL respectively. At 200 \μg/mL essential oil protected against 75\% of DNA damage in 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells. Essential oil showed significant reduction in production of MMP-9 in a concentration dependent manner. Conclusion: Overall, the results showed that essential oil of P. amboinicus is a potent bioactive substance and it could be used in herbal medicine preparations.

}, keywords = {Antigenotoxicity, Cytotoxicity, Essential oil, RT- PCR., Zymogram}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.3}, author = {Ramaraj Thirugnanasampandan and Gunasekar Ramya and Madhusudhanan Gogulramnath and Rajarajeswaran Jayakumar and M.S. Kanthimathi} } @article {1458, title = {Evaluation of cytotoxic, DNA protecting and LPS induced MMP-9 down regulation activities of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng. essential oil.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {32-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Introduction:Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng is a known medicinal plant used in Siddha and Ayurveda medicines in India. It has enormous medicinal potential to treat various diseases. Methods: The present study focused on the use of essential oil obtained from the leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus to test cytotoxicity against breast (MCF-7) and colorectal (HT-29) cancer cell lines, to protect DNA from H2O2 induced genotoxicity through comet assay and to treat inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced over expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by gelatin zymogram and inhibition at transcriptional level confirmed using RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction). Results: Cytotoxicity of essential oil against MCF-7 and HT-29 cancer cell lines revealed the IC50 values of 53 \± 0.01 and 87 \± 0.01\μg/mL respectively. At 200 \μg/mL essential oil protected against 75\% of DNA damage in 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells. Essential oil showed significant reduction in production of MMP-9 in a concentration dependent manner. Conclusion: Overall, the results showed that essential oil of P. amboinicus is a potent bioactive substance and it could be used in herbal medicine preparations.
Key words: Essential oil , Cytotoxicity , Antigenotoxicity, Zymogram, RT- PCR.

}, keywords = {Antigenotoxicity, Cytotoxicity, Essential oil, RT- PCR, Zymogram}, author = {Ramaraj Thirugnanasampandan and Gunasekar Ramya and Madhusudhanan Gogulramnath and Rajarajeswaran Jayakumar and M.S. Kanthimathi} } @article {48, title = {Evaluation of Phytoconstituents of Bryonopsis laciniosa fruit by UV-Visible Spectroscopy and FTIR analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {165-170}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {165}, abstract = {

Objectives: To Investigate the phytochemicals present in Bryonopsis laciniosa fruit. Methodology: Qualitative, Quantitative screening, Compound Identification by UV-Visible method and identification of functional group of the active chemical components were followed by standard procedures. Result: The results showed the presence of phytonutrients like reducing sugar, terpenoids, triterpenoids, aminoacids, anthroquinone, polyphenols, glycosides, anthocyanins, tannins, coumarins, emodins, saponins, total alkaloids, total flavonoids, lignin and serpentine. These substances may be responsible for the health related properties of the plant which are based on antioxidant, anticancer, antipyretic, antiaphoretic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammation, antiheamatisum, antimicrobial and antiviral activity. Conclusion: This study supports the popular use of Bryonopsis laciniosa fruit in preparation of various pharmaceutical formulations for human welfare.

}, keywords = {Bryonia laciniosa, FTIR, Phytochemical screening, Phytonutrients, UV-Vis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.4}, author = {Ramya Bashyam and Malarvili Thekkumalai and Velavan Sivanandham} } @article {1477, title = {Evaluation of Phytoconstituents of Bryonopsis laciniosa fruit by UV-Visible Spectroscopy and FTIR analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {09th Mar, 2015}, pages = {165-170}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {165}, abstract = {

Objectives: To Investigate the phytochemicals present in Bryonopsis laciniosa fruit. Methodology: Qualitative, Quantitative screening, Compound Identification by UV-Visible method and identification of functional group of the active chemical components were followed by standard procedures. Result: The results showed the presence of phytonutrients like reducing sugar, terpenoids, triterpenoids, aminoacids, anthroquinone, polyphenols, glycosides, anthocyanins, tannins, coumarins, emodins, saponins, total alkaloids, total flavonoids, lignin and serpentine. These substances may be responsible for the health related properties of the plant which are based on antioxidant,anticancer, antipyretic, antiaphoretic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammation, antiheamatisum, antimicrobial and antiviral activity. Conclusion: This study supports the popular use of Bryonopsis laciniosa fruit in preparation of various pharmaceutical formulations for human welfare.

Key words: Bryonia laciniosa, FTIR, Phytochemical screening, Phytonutrients, UV-Vis.

}, keywords = {Bryonia laciniosa, FTIR, Phytochemical screening, Phytonutrients, UV-Vis.}, author = {Ramya Bashyam and Malarvili Thekkumalai and Velavan Sivanandham} } @article {1478, title = {Flavonoids from Eupatorium illitum and Their Antiproliferative Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {09th Mar, 2015}, pages = {178-181}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {178}, abstract = {

Objective: To isolate the chemical constituents of the aerial parts from Eupatorium illitum, elucidate their structures and evaluate their antiproliferative activity on human cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of Eupatorium illitum afforded five compounds, which were characterized using spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with data from the literature. Antiproliferative activities of selected isolates were evaluated. Results: The flavonoids Kumatakenin (1), Ermanin (2), 7-methoxy-aromadendrin (3) and Naringenin (4), together with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (5) were isolated. Compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5 were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity on the human cancer cell lines A549 (lung), HBL-100 (breast), HeLa (cervix), SW1573 (lung), and T-47D (breast) presenting a wide range of bioactivities. In general, best results were observed for 5. Conclusion: Compounds 1-5 are reported for first time from Eupatorium illitum. Isolated phytochemicals show moderate to low antiproliferative activities when evaluated on the aforementioned human cancer cell lines.

Key words: Eupatorium illitum, Ermanin, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, Kumatakenin, 7-Methoxy-aromadendrin, Naringenin.

}, keywords = {4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 7-Methoxy-aromadendrin, Ermanin, Eupatorium illitum, Kumatakenin, Naringenin.}, author = {Qu{\'\i}rico A Castillo and Jorge Triana and Jos{\'e} L Eiroa and Jos{\'e} M Padr{\'o}n and Gabriela B Plata and Ernesto V Abel-Santos and Luis A. B{\'a}ez and Diana C Rodr{\'\i}guez and Marco A Jim{\'e}nez and Mar{\'\i}a F P{\'e}rez-Pujols} } @article {51, title = {Flavonoids from Eupatorium illitum and Their Antiproliferative Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {178-181}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {178}, abstract = {

Objective: To isolate the chemical constituents of the aerial parts from Eupatorium illitum, elucidate their structures and evaluate their antiproliferative activity on human cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of Eupatorium illitum afforded five compounds, which were characterized using spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with data from the literature. Antiproliferative activities of selected isolates were evaluated. Results: The flavonoids Kumatakenin (1), Ermanin (2), 7-methoxy-aromadendrin (3) and Naringenin (4), together with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (5) were isolated. Compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5 were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity on the human cancer cell lines A549 (lung), HBL-100 (breast), HeLa (cervix), SW1573 (lung), and T-47D (breast) presenting a wide range of bioactivities. In general, best results were observed for 5. Conclusion: Compounds 1-5 are reported for first time from Eupatorium illitum. Isolated phytochemicals show moderate to low antiproliferative activities when evaluated on the aforementioned human cancer cell lines.

}, keywords = {4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 7-Methoxy-aromadendrin, Ermanin, Eupatorium illitum, Kumatakenin, Naringenin.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.6}, author = {Qu{\'\i}rico A Castillo and Jorge Triana and Jos{\'e} L Eiroa and Jos{\'e} M Padr{\'o}n and Gabriela B Plata and Ernesto V Abel-Santos and Luis A. B{\'a}ez and Diana C Rodr{\'\i}guez and Marco A Jim{\'e}nez and Mar{\'\i}a F P{\'e}rez-Pujols} } @article {1479, title = {Free Radical Scavenging and Cytotoxic Potential of Celosia argentea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {09th Mar, 2015}, pages = {191-197}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {191}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species often leads to pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as cancer. Research states that a diet rich in polyphenols renders many health benefits by scavenging such harmful reactive species. Celosia argentea (Amaranthaceae), a common weed in India has been reported as a potential source of cheap, natural antioxidants due to its phenolic abundance. In this research work efforts were made to identify and screen the phenolic rich fractions of Celosia argentea for their antioxidant and anticancer potential. Materials and Methods: Various solvent fractions with increasing polarity were subjected to total phenolic content, followed by antioxidant assays- DPPH, ABTS and anti proliferative assays- Brine shrimp Bioassay, Antimitotic and MTT assays. Results: IC50 value of methanolic fraction for DPPH assay was statistically significant (26.25; ***P\<0.001) when compared with ascorbic acid (12.50; ***P\<0.001). Also TEAC values for methanolic fraction and BHT (standard) for ABTS assay were similar (2.1; ***P\<0.001) Methanolicfraction at 400 \μg/ml exhibited strong cytotoxicity (9.0 \± 0.81; ***P\<0.001) against brine shrimps comparable to Methotrexate at 50 \μg/ml(10; ***P\<0.001) and significantly reduced mitotic index from 96.8 to 38.0 (***P\<0.001) which was further confirmed by MTT assay where IC50 value of methanolic fraction for SiHa and MCF-7 cells was found to be 28 \μg/ml with no cytotoxicity to normal cells proving its anticancer potential. Conclusion: This research proves antioxidant and anticancer potential of phenolic rich fraction of Celosia argentea and suggests it to be useful in cancer management as antifroliferative, chemo preventive and in cancer chemotherapy induced immune suppression and oxidative stress.

Key words: Antioxidant, Brine shrimp, Mitotic index, MTT, Phenolics.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Brine shrimp, Mitotic index, MTT, Phenolics.}, author = {Rukhsana Abdul Rub and Manohar Janardhan Patil and Areej Abdul Siddiqui and Priyanka Rambhau Ghorpade and Alpana Subhod Moghe} } @article {55, title = {Free Radical Scavenging and Cytotoxic Potential of Celosia argentea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {191-197}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {191}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species often leads to pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as cancer. Research states that a diet rich in polyphenols renders many health benefits by scavenging such harmful reactive species. Celosia argentea (Amaranthaceae), a common weed in India has been reported as a potential source of cheap, natural antioxidants due to its phenolic abundance. In this research work efforts were made to identify and screen the phenolic rich fractions of Celosia argentea for their antioxidant and anticancer potential. Materials and Methods: Various solvent fractions with increasing polarity were subjected to total phenolic content, followed by antioxidant assays-DPPH, ABTS and anti proliferative assays- Brine shrimp Bioassay, Antimitotic and MTT assays. Results: IC50 value of methanolic fraction for DPPH assay was statistically significant (26.25; ***P\<0.001) when compared with ascorbic acid (12.50; ***P\<0.001). Also TEAC values for methanolic fraction and BHT (standard) for ABTS assay were similar (2.1; ***P\<0.001) Methanolicfraction at 400 \μg/ml exhibited strong cytotoxicity (9.0 \± 0.81; ***P\<0.001) against brine shrimps comparable to Methotrexate at 50 \μg/ml(10; ***P\<0.001) and significantly reduced mitotic index from 96.8 to 38.0 (***P\<0.001) which was further confirmed by MTT assay where IC50 value of methanolic fraction for SiHa and MCF-7 cells was found to be 28 \μg/ml with no cytotoxicity to normal cells proving its anticancer potential. Conclusion: This research proves antioxidant and anticancer potential of phenolic rich fraction of Celosia argentea and suggests it to be useful in cancer management as antifroliferative, chemo preventive and in cancer chemotherapy induced immune suppression and oxidative stress.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Brine shrimp, Mitotic index, MTT, Phenolics.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.8}, author = {Rukhsana Abdul Rub and Manohar Janardhan Patil and Areej Abdul Siddiqui and Priyanka Rambhau Ghorpade and Alpana Subhod Moghe} } @article {1437, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Phytochemicals Present in Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves of Annona muricata: A Further Evidence for Its Medicinal Diversity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {9th June 2015}, pages = {6-6}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {6}, abstract = {

Background: Folk medicine has taken an important place especially in developing countries where limited health services are available. However, the absence of scientific evaluation of medicinal plants may cause serious adverse effects. Objective: To analyze the phytochemical composition of the ethanolic extracts of leaves of Annona muricata using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Materials and methods: GC-MS Analysis was used. Results: TheGC-MS Analysis revealed 25 con\¬stituents of which 12 of the compounds were identified. The major constituents were two unidentified compounds with percentage peak areas of 23.51\% and 16.8\%. Of the identified compounds, the outstanding in composition were 7-Tetradecenal, (Z) (peak area 9.39\%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (peak area 7.12\%), Oleyl Alcohol (peak area 6.15\%), Phytol (peak area 5.61\%), cis, cis, cis-7,10,13-Hexadecatrienal (peak area 4.26\%), 2-Pentadecanol(peak area 3.93\%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, ethyl ester (peak area 3.21\%), 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl octyl ester (peak area 2.67\%), and 1,E-11,Z-13-Octadecatriene (peak area 2.15\%), while the rest had less than 2\% composition by peak area. Conclusion: The current study suggests that ethanolic extracts ofleaves of Annona muricata are a potent therapeutic agent and paves the way for the development of several treatment regimens based on compounds from this extract.

Key words:Annona muricata, ethanolic extracts, phytochemicals, GC-MS.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata, Ethanolic extracts, GC-MS., Phytochemicals} } @article {75, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Phytochemicals Present in Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves of Annona muricata: A Further Evidence for Its Medicinal Diversity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {300-304}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {300}, abstract = {

Background: Folk medicine has taken an important place especially in developing countries where limited health services are available. However, the absence of scientific evaluation of medicinal plants may cause serious adverse effects. Objective: To analyze the phytochemical composition of the ethanolic extracts of leaves of Annona muricata using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Materials and methods: GC-MS Analysis was used. Results: The GC-MS Analysis revealed 25 constituents of which 12 of the compounds were identified. The major constituents were two unidentified compounds with percentage peak areas of 23.51\% and 16.8\%. Of the identified compounds, the outstanding in composition were 7-Tetradecenal, (Z) (peak area 9.39\%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (peak area 7.12\%), Oleyl Alcohol (peak area 6.15\%), Phytol (peak area 5.61\%), cis, cis, cis-7,10,13-Hexadecatrienal (peak area 4.26\%), 2-Pentadecanol (peak area 3.93\%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, ethyl ester (peak area 3.21\%), 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl octyl ester (peak area 2.67\%), and 1,E- 11,Z-13-Octadecatriene (peak area 2.15\%), while the rest had less than 2\% composition by peak area. Conclusion: The current study suggests that ethanolic extracts of leaves of Annona muricata are a potent therapeutic agent and paves the way for the development of several treatment regimens based on compounds from this extract.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata, Ethanolic extracts, GC-MS, Medicinal diversity, Phytochemicals.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.9}, author = {Yahaya Gavamukulya and Faten Abou-Elella and Fred Wamunyokoli and Hany A El-Shemy} } @article {62, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Phytocomponents in, Pet Ether Fraction of Wrightia tinctoria Seed}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul-Aug 2015}, pages = {249-253}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {249}, abstract = {

Introduction: Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. (Family: Apocynaceae) commonly called \“Indrajau\” is well known in Indian traditional system for its traditional uses. Materials and Methods: The present investigation was carried out to determine the possible bioactive components of plant seed ethanolic extract, pet ether fraction using GC-MS analysis. 22 components were identified from pet ether fraction obtained from elution of ethanolic extract packed in silica column. Results: The prevailing compounds from fraction F6to F9 were [1,1\&$\#$39;-Bicyclopropyl]-2-octanoic acid, 2\&$\#$39;-hexyl-, methyl ester (21.39\%) , Trilinolein (7.74\%), 2-Myristynoyl pantetheine (18.07\%), 9-Octadecen-12-ynoic acid, methyl ester (4.46\%), 1Hexadecanol,2-methyl (3.77\%), Cyclopropane tetradecanoic acid, 2-octyl-, methyl ester (2.36\%), 1b, 4a-Epoxy-2H-cyclopenta [3,4] cyclopropa [8,9]cycloundec [1,2-b]oxiren-5 (6H)-one, 7-(acetyloxy) decahydro-2,9,10-trihydroxy-3,6,8,8,10a-pentamethyl (38.91\%), Geranyl isovalerate (23.58\%), cis-13-Octadecenoic acid (5.91\%), Quassin (3.82\%), cis-10-Heptadecenoic acid (3.08\%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid 2-phenyl-1, 3-dioxan-5-yl ester (31.50\%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (14.35\%), Cyclopropanebutanoic acid, 2-[ [2-[ [2- [(2-pentylcyclopropyl) methyl] cyclopropyl] methyl] cyclopropyl] methyl]-, methyl ester (10.13\%), 6,9,12,15-Docosatetraenoic acid, methyl ester (3.39\%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, (2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) methyl ester, trans-( 2.73\%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, (2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) methyl ester, cis-(4.34\%), Ursodeoxycholic acid (7.14\%), Bufa-20,22-dienolide, 3-(acetyloxy)-14,15-epoxy-16-hydroxy-, (3\á,5\á,15\á,16\á)-(4.75\%), 5H-Cyclopropa [3,4] benz [1,2-e]azulen-5-one, 9a (acetyloxy)-1,1a,1b,4,4a,7a,7b,8,9,9a-de cahydro-4a,7b,9-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1,1,6,8-tetramethyl-,[1aR-(1a\à,1b\á,4a\á,7a\à,7b\à,8\à,9\á,9a\à)]-(6.59\%), Docosahexaenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester (10.86\%), Olean-12-ene-3,15,16,21,22,28-hexol, (3\á,15\à,16\à,21\á,22\à)-( 4.40\%) found as the major components. Conclusion: It could be concluded that, Wrightia tinctoria contains various bioactive compounds. So it is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance

}, keywords = {Bioactive components, Ethanolic extract, GC-MS, Indrajau, Wrightia tinctoria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.4.7}, author = {Rajani Srivastava and Amita Verma}, editor = {Alok Mukerjee} } @article {1452, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Phytocomponents in, Pet Ether Fraction of Wrightia tinctoria Seed.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {249-253}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {249}, abstract = {

Introduction:Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. (Family: Apocynaceae) commonly called \“Indrajau\” is well known in Indian traditional system for its traditional uses. Materials and Methods: The present investigation was carried out to determine the possible bioactive components of plant seed ethanolic extract, pet ether fraction using GC-MS analysis. 22 components were identified from pet ether fraction obtained from elution of ethanolic extract packed in silica column. Results: The prevailing compounds from fraction F6to F9 were [1,1\&$\#$39;-Bicyclopropyl]-2-octanoic acid, 2\&$\#$39;-hexyl-, methyl ester (21.39\%) , Trilinolein (7.74\%), 2-Myristynoyl pantetheine (18.07\%), 9-Octadecen-12-ynoic acid, methyl ester (4.46\%), 1Hexadecanol,2-methyl (3.77\%), Cyclopropane tetradecanoic acid, 2-octyl-, methyl ester (2.36\%), 1b, 4a-Epoxy-2H-cyclopenta [3,4] cyclopropa [8,9]cycloundec [1,2-b]oxiren-5 (6H)-one, 7-(acetyloxy) decahydro-2,9,10-trihydroxy-3,6,8,8,10a-pentamethyl (38.91\%), Geranyl isovalerate (23.58\%), cis-13-Octadecenoic acid (5.91\%), Quassin (3.82\%), cis-10-Heptadecenoic acid (3.08\%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid 2-phenyl-1, 3-dioxan-5-yl ester (31.50\%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (14.35\%), Cyclopropanebutanoic acid, 2-[ [2-[ [2- [(2-pentylcyclopropyl) methyl] cyclopropyl] methyl] cyclopropyl] methyl]-, methyl ester (10.13\%), 6,9,12,15-Docosatetraenoic acid, methyl ester (3.39\%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, (2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) methyl ester, trans-( 2.73\%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, (2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) methyl ester, cis-(4.34\%), Ursodeoxycholic acid (7.14\%), Bufa-20,22-dienolide, 3-(acetyloxy)-14,15-epoxy-16-hydroxy-, (3\á,5\á,15\á,16\á)-(4.75\%), 5H-Cyclopropa [3,4] benz [1,2-e]azulen-5-one, 9a (acetyloxy)-1,1a,1b,4,4a,7a,7b,8,9,9a-de cahydro-4a,7b,9-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1,1,6,8-tetramethyl-,[1aR-(1a\à,1b\á,4a\á,7a\à,7b\à,8\à,9\á,9a\à)]-(6.59\%), Docosahexaenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester (10.86\%), Olean-12-ene-3,15,16,21,22,28-hexol, (3\á,15\à,16\à,21\á,22\à)-( 4.40\%) found as the major components. Conclusion: It could be concluded that, Wrightia tinctoria contains various bioactive compounds. So it is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance.

Key words: Bioactive components, Ethanolic extract, GC-MS, Indrajau, Wrightia tinctoria.

}, keywords = {Bioactive components, Ethanolic extract, GC-MS, Indrajau, Wrightia tinctoria.}, author = {Rajani Srivastava and Alok Mukerjee and Amita Verma} } @article {56, title = {Hepatoprotective Activity of Michelia nilagirica against Paracetamol Induced Hepatic Injury in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul-Aug 2015}, pages = {228-235}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {228}, abstract = {

Background: Michelia nilagirica belonging to the family Mangoliaceae is commonly used by many traditional healers in most of the herbal preparations for diabetes and kidney diseases. Objective: Different fractions isolated from ethanolic extract of whole plant of Michelia nilagirica is investigated for hepatoprotective activity in wistar albino rats against paracetamol induced hepatic injury. Materials \& Methods: Rats were divided into eight groups. Each group contains six animals. Hepatic injury was achieved by injecting paracetamol at a dose of 2 mg/kg p.o. Results: The hepatoprotective action is seen with fraction A by reduction in serum marker enzymes like Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT). It also reduced the elevated levels of Alkaline phosphotase (ALP) \& Serum bilirubin. Conclusion: Histopathological studies further confined the hepatoprotective activity of fraction A against paracetamol treated group. The results obtained were compared with silymarin (100 mg/kg, orally), a standard drug.

}, keywords = {Albino rats, Hepatoprotective, Michelia nilagirica, Paracetamol, Screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.4.4}, author = {Shaik Aminabee and Atmakuri Lakshmana Rao}, editor = {Maram Chinna Eswaraiah} } @article {1453, title = {Hepatoprotective Activity of Michelia nilagirica against Paracetamol Induced Hepatic Injury in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {228-235}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {228}, abstract = {

Background:Michelia nilagirica belonging to the family Mangoliaceae is commonly used by many traditional healers in most of the herbal preparations for diabetes and kidney diseases. Objective: Different fractions isolated from ethanolic extract of whole plant of Michelia nilagirica is investigated for hepatoprotective activity in wistar albino rats against paracetamol induced hepatic injury. Materials \& Methods: Rats were divided into eight groups. Each group contains six animals. Hepatic injury was achieved by injecting paracetamol at a dose of 2 mg/kg p.o. Results: The hepatoprotective action is seen with fraction A by reduction in serum marker enzymes like Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT). It also reduced the elevated levels of Alkaline phosphotase (ALP) \& Serum bilirubin. Conclusion: Histopathological studies further confined the hepatoprotective activity of fraction A against paracetamol treated group. The results obtained were compared with silymarin (100 mg/kg, orally), a standard drug.

Key words: Albino rats, Hepatoprotective, Michelia nilagirica, Paracetamol, Screening.

}, keywords = {Albino rats, Hepatoprotective, Michelia nilagirica, Paracetamol, Screening.}, author = {Shaik Aminabee and Atmakuri Lakshmana Rao and Maram Chinna Eswaraiah} } @article {1438, title = {Hepatoprotective effect of Livplus- A polyherbal formulation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {9th June 2015}, pages = {4-4}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {4}, abstract = {

Nill

}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, Antitussive, Bronchoprotection, Citric acid, Cough, Cough variant asthma (CVA), Ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF), Histamine.}, author = {Rajesh A Maheshwari, and Bhagyashree Pandya and R. Balaraman, Avinash K Seth and Yogesh Chand and Yadav and Vasa Siva Sankar} } @article {78, title = {Hepatoprotective effect of Livplus-A polyherbal formulation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {311-316}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {311}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of Livplus (a polyherbal formulation) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods: Hepatotoxicity was induced in rats by i.p. injection of CCl4 once three days for 14 days. Livplus or Silymarin was administered along with CCl4 and the biochemical parameters like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkalinephosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB), direct bilirubin, total protein (TP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were estimated. Furthermore, biomarkers of oxidative stress such as MDA levels, Glutathione contents, SOD and catalase activity in liver tissue were estimated. Results: Treatment with Livplus significantly reduced the elevated levels of ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin (direct and total), GGT, TC, TG and increased levels of TP compared to CCl4 control rats. The treatment with Livplus also showed a significant increase in glutathione contents, SOD and catalase activity and a decrease in MDA levels compared to CCl4 control rats. Conclusion: The finding of present study indicates that Livplus showed a potential hepatoprotective activity. These results support the traditional use of Livplus in the treatment of liver disorders.

}, keywords = {CCl4, GGT, Hepatic enzymes., Hepatotoxicity, Livplus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.11}, author = {Rajesh Maheshwari and Bhagyashree Pandya and Ramachandran Balaraman and Avinash Kumar Seth and Yogesh Chand Yadav and Vasa Siva Sankar} } @article {38, title = {Hepatoprotective effect of Quail egg against carbon tetra chloride (CCl4) induced hepatic damage in albino rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar-Apr 2015}, pages = {102-106}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Introduction: Quail egg has been used traditionally in the treatment of many ailments. Despite the wide speculations of its involvement in the treatment of liver diseases, very little scientific evidence exist to support this claim. This work investigated the hepatoprotective effect of quail egg against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in albino rats. Materials and Methods: The rats were divided into five groups of five rats per group. Animals of group A (positive control) were fed with vehicle (distilled water) on the first four days and with vehicle and CCl4 on the fifth, sixth and seventh day. Animals of group B (negative control) were given only vehicle for seven days. Animals of groups C, D and E were respectively administered with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of quail egg for the first four days and with vehicle, quail egg and CCl4 for the fifth, sixth and seventh day. Animals were subsequently anaesthetized, and blood samples were taken for the estimation of albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total protein (TP) and bilirubin. The liver was isolated for histopathological studies. Results: The levels of ALT, ALP and TP were significantly affected (p \< 0.05) in CCl4 fed groups, indicating liver injury. The effects were reduced significantly (p \< 0.05) after treatment of rats with quail egg. Furthermore, histopathological studies of the liver tissues also supported the hepatoprotective activity of quail egg- photomicrographs of treated groups showed mild reduction in vacuolarisation/ballooning degeneration of the hepatocytes. Conclusion: Quail egg showed some potentials of protecting the liver from damage by stabilising the levels of ALP, ALT and TP and reducing the degeneration of the hepatocytes. Thus, this finding has provided information that suggests utilising quail egg for treatment of liver dysfunction.

}, author = {Dandare Shamsudeen Umar and Bawa Muhammad and Wasagu Ibrahim Zubairu and Magaji Umar Faruk} } @article {1468, title = {Hepatoprotective Effect of Quail Egg Against Carbontetrachloride (CCl4) Induced Hepatic Damage in Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Dec, 2014}, pages = {102-106}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {102}, abstract = {

Introduction: Quail egg has been used traditionally in the treatment of many ailments. Despite the wide speculations of its involvement in the treatment of liver diseases, very little scientific evidence exist to support this claim. This work investigated the hepatoprotective effect of quail egg against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in albino rats. Materials and Methods: The rats were divided into five groups of five rats per group. Animals of group A (positive control) were fed with vehicle (distilled water) on the first four days and with vehicle and CCl4 on the fifth, sixth and seventh day. Animals of group B (negative control) were given only vehicle for seven days. Animals of groups C, D and E were respectively administered with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of quail egg for the first four days and with vehicle, quail egg and CCl4 for the fifth, sixth and seventh day. Animals were subsequently anaesthetized, and blood samples were taken for the estimation of albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total protein (TP) and bilirubin. The liver was isolated for histopathological studies. Results: The levels of ALT, ALP and TP were significantly affected (p \< 0.05) in CCl4 fed groups, indicating liver injury. The effects were reduced significantly (p \< 0.05) after treatment of rats with quail egg. Furthermore, histopathological studies of the liver tissues also supported the hepatoprotective activity of quail egg- photomicrographs of treated groups showed mild reduction in vacuolarisation/ballooning degeneration of the hepatocytes. Conclusion: Quail egg showed some potentials of protecting the liver from damage by stabilising the levels of ALP, ALT and TP and reducing the degeneration of the hepatocytes. Thus, this finding has provided information that suggests utilising quail egg for treatment of liver dysfunction.

Key Words: Quail egg, Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatotoxicity, Hepatoprotection, Histopathology.

}, keywords = {Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatoprotection, Hepatotoxicity, Histopathology., Quail egg}, author = {Dandare Shamsudeen Umar and Bawa Muhammad and Wasagu Ibrahim Zubairu and Magaji Umar Faruk} } @article {1459, title = {Immunomodulatory Activity of Atalantia monophylla DC. roots}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {37-43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of the roots of Atalantia monophylla. In the present study Pet. Ether, Chloroform and Methanolic fractions of the ethanolic extract of the roots of Atalantia monophylla, were administered orally, in the doses of 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg, to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity. Materials and Methods: The Methanolic fraction showed most significant effect when compared with control group, in the dose of 30 mg/kg, in the E.Coli induced abdominal sepsis and Carbon Clearence Test as models for non-specific immune response. In the models of the Specific immune response, cell mediated immune response to SRBC - delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH) the methanolic fraction in the dose 30 mg/kg, when compared with control group, showed most significant effect on decrease in footpad edema after treatment. Results: Humoral immune response was assessed by Sheep erythrocyte agglutination test, in which the Methanolic fraction of Atalantia monophylla in the dose of 30 mg/kg showed most significant (p\<0.05) increase in antibody titer after treatment when compared with control group. Conclusion: The present investigation reports that the Methanolic fraction of the ethanolic extract of the roots of Atalantia monophylla, in the dose of 30 mg/kg showed most significant immunomodulatory activity.

Key words:Atalantia monophylla, Immunomodulatory, Phagocytosis, Cell-mediated immune response, Humoral immune response.

}, keywords = {Atalantia monophylla, Cell-mediated immune response, Humoral immune response., Immunomodulatory, Phagocytosis}, author = {V. R. Patil and V. M. Thakare and V.S. Joshi} } @article {34, title = {Immunomodulatory Activity of Atalantia monophylla DC. roots}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {37-43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of the roots of Atalantia monophylla. In the present study Pet. Ether, Chloroform and Methanolic fractions of the ethanolic extract of the roots of Atalantia monophylla, were administered orally, in the doses of 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg, to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity. Materials and Methods: The Methanolic fraction showed most significant effect when compared with control group, in the dose of 30 mg/kg, in the E.Coli induced abdominal sepsis and Carbon Clearence Test as models for non-specific immune response. In the models of the Specific immune response, cell mediated immune response to SRBC-delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH) the methanolic fraction in the dose 30 mg/kg, when compared with control group, showed most significant effect on decrease in footpad edema after treatment. Results: Humoral immune response was assessed by Sheep erythrocyte agglutination test, in which the Methanolic fraction of Atalantia monophylla in the dose of 30 mg/kg showed most significant (p\<0.05) increase in antibody titer after treatment when compared with control group. Conclusion: The present investigation reports that the Methanolic fraction of the ethanolic extract of the roots of Atalantia monophylla, in the dose of 30 mg/kg showed most significant immunomodulatory activity.

}, keywords = {Atalantia monophylla, Cell-mediated immune response, Humoral immune response, Immunomodulatory, Phagocytosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.4}, author = {VR Patil and VM Thakare and VS Joshi} } @article {68, title = {In vitro Acetyl Cholinesterase Inhibitory assay of Acacia catechu Willd Ethanolic Seed Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {280-282}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {280}, abstract = {

Aim \& objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory activity of Acacia catechu ethanolic seed extract to introduce a new source for management of Alzheimer\’s disease. Background: Alzheimer\’s disease is a complex, multifactorial, progressive, neurodegenerative disease primarily affecting the elderly population and is estimated to account for 50\–60\% of dementia cases in persons over 65 years of age. It is likely that the inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase by Acacia catechu ethanolic seed extract that is rich in flavonoids and antioxidants may aid in the protection of neurodegenerative disorders and ultimately Alzheimer\’s disease. Methods: Anti cholinesterase activity is determined by adopting In vitro standard protocol. Results: According to the obtained results, the inhibitory activity (IC50 values, \μg /ml) of extracts was 204.38 \± 2.54 \μg/ ml. Conclusion: The results indicated and confirmed the traditional use of Acacia catechu ethanolic seed extract for management of central nervous system disorders. It showed the moderate activity in inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase at various concentrations. However, further investigations on identification of active components in the extracts are needed.

}, keywords = {Acacia catechu seed, Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Neurodegenerative, Spectrophotometric analysis.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.5}, author = {Lakshmi Thangavelu and Rajendran Ramasamy} } @article {1439, title = {In vitro Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory assay of Acacia catechu Willd ethanolic seed extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {9th June 2015}, pages = {1-1}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Aim \& objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory activity of Acacia catechu ethanolic seed extract to introduce a new source for management of Alzheimer\’s disease. Background: Alzheimer\’s disease is a complex, multifactorial, progressive, neurodegenerative disease primarily affecting the elderly population and is estimated to account for 50\–60\% of dementia cases in persons over 65 years of age. It is likely that the inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase by Acacia catechu ethanolic seed extract that is rich in flavonoids and antioxidants may aid in the protection of neurodegenerative disorders and ultimately Alzheimer\&$\#$39;s disease. Methods: Anti cholinesterase activity is determined by adopting In vitro standard protocol. Results: According to the obtained results, the inhibitory activity (IC50 values, \μg /ml) of extracts was 204.38 \± 2.54 \µ g/ml. Conclusion: The results indicated and confirmed the traditional use of Acacia catechu ethanolic seed extract for management of central nervous system disorders. It showed the moderate activity in inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase at various concentrations. However, further investigations on identification of active components in the extracts are needed.

Key words: Acacia catechu seed, Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor, Alzheimer\’s disease, spectrophotometric analysis.

}, keywords = {Acacia catechu seed, Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Spectrophotometric analysis.}, author = {Lakshmi.T and Rajendran.R} } @article {45, title = {In vitro study of anti-glycation and radical scavenging activities of the essential oils of three plants from Morocco: Origanum compactum, Rosmarinus officinalis and Pelargonium asperum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar-Apr 2015}, pages = {124-135}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Introduction: We have carried out our study on the chemical composition; anti-glycation andradical scavenging activities of Origanum compactum, Rosmarinus officinalis and Pelargonium asperum essential oils (EO) that were harvested in the northeast of Morocco. These plants have been traditionally used in medicine as a chief ingredient of many polyherbal formulations for the treatment of several pathologies. Method: The phytochemical study was revealed by GC-MS. The protein glycation inhibitory activity of EO extracted from these plant tissues was evaluated in vitro using the model system of bovine serum albumin and methylglyoxal. The measure of DPPH\• radical reducing power was used to evaluate the antiradical activity. To test each fraction, we used the IC50 value previously obtained for the crude oils. Results: The phytochemical study of these essential oils showed that p-Thymol, Eucalyptol and Citronellal were respectively the major components in the three investigated EO of O.compactum, R. officinal is and P. asperum. More than 90\% of the total components were detected. The extracts and fractions with glycation inhibitory activity also showed antiradical activity when the DPPH\• radical reducing power was measured. Conclusion: The glycation inhibitory activity was correlated with the antiradical potency of the extracts. Thus, the positive glycation inhibitory and antiradical activities of these plants might suggest a possible role in targeting aging and diabetic complications.The presence of various bioactive compounds confirms the application of these plants for various diseases by traditional practitioners. However, isolation of individual phytochemical constituents may proceed to find a novel drug.

}, keywords = {Aging, Antiglycation, Antioxidant, Diabetes, Essential oil, Radical scavenger}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.7}, author = {Ramdan Btissam and Amakran Amina and NHIRI Mohamed}, editor = {Ramdan Rajae} } @article {1445, title = {In vitro study of anti-glycation and radical scavenging activities of the essential oils of three plants from Morocco: Origanum compactum, Rosmarinus officinalis and Pelargonium asperum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {8th Jan, 2015}, pages = {124-135}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Introduction: We have carried out our study on the chemical composition; anti-glycation andradical scavenging activities of Origanum compactum, Rosmarinus officinalis and Pelargonium asperum essential oils (EO) that were harvested in the northeast of Morocco. These plants have been traditionally used in medicine as a chief ingredient of many polyherbal formulations for the treatment of several pathologies. Method: The phytochemical study was revealed by GC-MS. The protein glycation inhibitory activity of EO extracted from these plant tissues was evaluated in vitro using the model system of bovine serum albumin and methylglyoxal. The measure of DPPH\• radical reducing power was used to evaluate the antiradical activity. To test each fraction, we used the IC50 value previously obtained for the crude oils. Results: The phytochemical study of these essential oils showed that p-Thymol, Eucalyptol and Citronellal were respectively the major components in the three investigated EO of O.compactum, R. officinal is and P. asperum. More than 90\% of the total components were detected. The extracts and fractions with glycation inhibitory activity also showed antiradical activity when the DPPH\• radical reducing power was measured. Conclusion: The glycation inhibitory activity was correlated with the antiradical potency of the extracts. Thus, the positive glycation inhibitory and antiradical activities of these plants might suggest a possible role in targeting aging and diabetic complications.The presence of various bioactive compounds confirms the application of these plants for various diseases by traditional practitioners. However, isolation of individual phytochemical constituents may proceed to find a novel drug.

Key words: Aging, Antioxidant, Antiglycation, Diabetes, Essential oil, Radical scavenger.

}, keywords = {Aging, Antiglycation, Antioxidant, Diabetes, Essential oil, radical scavenger.}, author = {Ramdan Btissam and Ramdan Raja and Amakran Amina and Vannier Brigitte and NHIRI Mohamed} } @article {76, title = {In vivo Antimalarial Evaluation of Embelin and its Semi-Synthetic Aromatic Amine Derivatives}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {305-310}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {305}, abstract = {

Background: In less developed countries like Ethiopia, malaria is traditionally treated by remedies prepared from medicinal plants. One such plant that falls in this category is Embelia schimperi Vatke whose fruits are employed for the treatment of a variety of ailments including taeniasis and malaria. Objective: In the present study, the in vivo antimalarial activity of embelin isolated from the fruits of Embelia schimperi Vatke and its semisynthetic aromatic amine derivatives was evaluated. Methods: Silica gel column chromatography was used to isolate embelin from the ethyl acetate extract of the fruits of E. schimperi. Aromatic substituted embelin derivatives were semi-synthesized by using a one-step condensation reaction of embelin with aromatic amines. The compounds were characterized based on their UV, IR, HR-ESIMS, 1H and 13C NMR and DEPT-135 spectral data. Antimalarial activity was evaluated using a modified Peter\’s 4-day suppressive test against chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei infection in mice. Results: Embelin and the semi-synthetic derivatives showed significant (p\<0.05) in vivo antimalarial activity in a dose-dependent manner with 47.8-74.7\% parasite suppression at tested doses of 100-400 mg/kg. Among the compounds semi-synthesized, 5-(p-tolylamino)-2-hydroxy-3-undecylcyclohexa- 2,5-diene-1,4-dione showed maximum antimalarial activity (74.7 \% suppression) at a dose of 400 mg/kg. No major signs of toxicity were observed when either embelin or the semi-synthesized derivatives were administrated to mice at the highest tested dose (2 g/kg). Conclusion: The results underline that the antimalarial activity of embelin can be improved by preparing its aromatic semi-synthetic amine derivatives without affecting the safety of the parent molecule.

}, keywords = {A 4-Day suppressive test, Antimalarial, Aromatic substituted embelin, Embelia schimperi, Embelin.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.10}, author = {Kibrnesh Bezu and Daniel Bisrat and Kaleab Asres} } @article {1471, title = {In vivo Antimalarial Evaluation of Embelin and its Semi-Synthetic Aromatic Amine Derivatives}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {18 th June 2015}, pages = {7-7}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {7}, abstract = {

Background: In less developed countries like Ethiopia, malaria is traditionally treated by remedies prepared from medicinal plants. One such plant that falls in this category is Embelia schimperi Vatke whose fruits are employed for the treatment of a variety of ailments including taeniasis and malaria. Objective: In the present study, the in vivo antimalarial activity of embelin isolated from the fruits of Embelia schimperi Vatke and its semi-synthetic aromatic amine derivatives was evaluated. Methods: Silica gel column chromatography was used to isolate embelin from the ethyl acetate extract of the fruits of E. schimperi. Aromatic substituted embelin derivatives were semi-synthesized by using a one-step condensation reaction of embelin with aromatic amines. The compounds were characterized based on their UV, IR, HR-ESIMS, 1H and 13C NMR and DEPT-135 spectral data. Anti-malarial activity was evaluated using a modified Peter\’s 4-day suppressive test against chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei infection in mice. Results: Embelin and the semi-synthetic derivatives showed significant (p\<0.05) in vivo anti-malarial activity in a dose-dependent manner with 47.8-74.7\% parasite suppression at tested doses of 100-400 mg/kg. Among the compounds semi-synthesized, 5-(p-tolylamino)-2-hydroxy-3-undecylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione showed maximum anti-malarial activity (74.7\% suppression) at a dose of 400 mg/kg. No major signs of toxicity were observed when either embelin or the semi-synthesized derivatives were administrated to mice at the highest tested dose (2 g/kg). Conclusion: The results underline that the antimalarial activity of embelin can be improved by preparing its aromatic semi-synthetic amine derivatives without affecting the safety of the parent molecule.

Key words:Embelia schimperi, Embelin, Aromatic substituted embelin, Anti-malarial.

}, keywords = {Anti-malarial., Aromatic substituted embelin, Embelia schimperi, Embelin}, author = {Kibrnesh Bezu and Daniel Bisrat and Kaleab Asres} } @article {88, title = {Inhibition of Bacillus anthracis growth by Australian native plants used traditionally as antibacterial medicines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {389-396}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {389}, abstract = {

Introduction: Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It is often fatal if left untreated. Many Australian plants have documented therapeutic properties as general antiseptics, inhibiting the growth of a wide variety of bacterial species. This study examines the ability of selected Australian plant extracts to inhibit B. anthracis growth. Methods: Solvent extracts were prepared using plants with documented ethnobotanical usage to treat bacterial infections, or published antibacterial activity. The extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay for the ability to inhibit the growth of an environmental strain of B. anthracis. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Results: Methanolic and aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus baileyana and Eucalyptus major displayed potent antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion assay against B. anthracis. The methanolic extracts were particularly potent with MIC values as low as 290 \μg/mL (E. major methanolic extract). Tasmannia insipidia and Tasmannia stipitata extracts also inhibited B. anthracis growth, albeit with low efficacy. The E. baileyana and E. major methanolic leaf extracts as well as the E. baileyana aqueous leaf extract induced significant mortality in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay, with LC50 values substantially \<1000 \μg/mL, indicating the toxicity of these extracts. Conclusion: The potent inhibitory bioactivity of the E. baileyana and E. major extracts against B. anthracis demonstrate their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of anthrax. However, their toxicity indicates that their use may be limited to the treatment of the cutaneous form of the disease, or for sterilisation of infected sites.

}, keywords = {Anthrax, Antibacterial activity, Bacillus anthracis, Eucalyptus, Scaevola spinescens, Tasmannia stipitata, Traditional medicine., Zoonotic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.13}, author = {Mitchell Henry Wright and Anthony Carlson Greene and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {1473, title = {Inhibition on Urease and Thermal Induced Protein Denaturation of commonly used Antiulcer Herbal Products. Study based on in-vitro assays}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {16th Jan, 2015}, pages = {147-151}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {147}, abstract = {

Background: In-vitro urease inhibitory and thermal induced protein denaturation inhibitory activitieswasperformed for two commonly used herbal productsEndemali and Akseer ULCER in the treatment of ulcers.Objectives: to evaluate the antiulcer potential of two commonly used herbal products, Endemali, Akseer ULCER. Material and Method: In urease inhibitory assay , enzyme solution, extract, diferentregaents added and absorbance was measured at 630 nm (50 min, pH 8.2) and thiourea used as standard. In protein denaturation assay the egg albumin was mixed with different concentration of test compounds, buffer absorbance was measured. Aspirin was used as standard. Results: The Endemalihad a profound effect on the urease activity in a concentration dependent manner with EC50 valueof 0.468 mg/ml. The Akseer ULCER antagonized the urease activity markedly with EC50 value of 0.374 mg/ml.These tested herbal products caused marked inhibition of thermal induced protein denaturation in a concentration dependent manner. The potency in the form of EC50 for Endemali, Akseer ULCER was measured as 323, 337 \µg/mlrespectively. Conclusion: In short, the tested herbal drug showed strong inhibition on urease activity and inhibition on thermal induced protein denaturation thus our study validated their uses in the treatment of ulcers.

Key words: Akseer ULCER, Endemali, Antiurease activity, Thermal induced protein denaturation.

}, keywords = {Akseer ULCER, Antiurease activity, Endemali, Thermal induced protein denaturation.}, author = {Haroon Khan and Murad Ali Khan and Abdul Rauf and Ashhad Haleemi and Shivkanya Fuloria and Neeraj Kumar Fuloria} } @article {42, title = {Inhibition on Urease and Thermal Induced Protein Denaturation of commonly used Antiulcer Herbal Products. Study based on in-vitro assays}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {147-151}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {147}, abstract = {

Background: In-vitro urease inhibitory and thermal induced protein denaturation inhibitory activities was performed for two commonly used herbal products Endemali and Akseer ULCER in the treatment of ulcers. Objectives: To evaluate the antiulcer potential of two commonly used herbal products, Endemali, Akseer ULCER. Material and Method: In urease inhibitory assay, enzyme solution, extract, diferent regaents added and absorbance was measured at 630 nm (50 min, pH 8.2) and thiourea used as standard. In protein denaturation assay, the egg albumin was mixed with different concentration of test compounds, buffer absorbance was measured. Aspirin was used as standard. Results: The Endemali had a profound effect on the urease activity in a concentration dependent manner with EC50value of 0.468 mg/ml. The Akseer ULCER antagonized the urease activity markedly with EC50 value of 0.374 mg/ml. These tested herbal products caused marked inhibition of thermal induced protein denaturation in a concentration dependent manner. The potency in the form of EC50 for Endemali, Akseer ULCER was measured as 323, 337 \μg/ml respectively. Conclusion: In short, the tested herbal drug showed strong inhibition on urease activity and inhibition on thermal induced protein denaturation thus our study validated their uses in the treatment of ulcers.

}, keywords = {Akseer ULCER, Antiurease activity, Endemali, in-vitro assay, Thermal induced protein denaturation.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.1}, author = {Haroon Khan and Murad Ali Khan and Abdul Rauf and Ashhad Haleemi and Shivkanya Fuloria and Neeraj Kumar Fuloria} } @article {63, title = {Iron Reducing and Radical Scavenging Activities of 13 Medicinal Plants From C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {266-270}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {266}, abstract = {

Objective: Oxidative stress has been involved in the development of varied human diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the iron reducing power and the antiradical activity of 13 plants traditionally used as medicinal plants in C\ôte d\’Ivoire. Materials and Methods: FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) and ABTS (2,2\’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid)) assays were used to assess the antioxidant property of 80\% methanol extracts prepared from the 13 plants. Results: A high iron reducing activity was exhibited by extracts from leaves of Leea guineensis (42.76 \± 28.54 mg of TE/gdry extract) and Bersama abyssinica (39.77 \± 31.29 mg of TE/g dry extract). Smeathmannia pubescens (\% ABTS = 92.44 \± 12.93\%), L. guineensis (\%ABTS = 89.73 \± 15.10\%), Keetia venosa (\% ABTS = 88.78 \± 17.36 \%) and Sapium ellipticum (\%ABTS = 85.86 \± 25.10\%), showed promising antiradical activity with IC50 values of 4.50, 5.00, 5.40 and 5.70 \μg/mL respectively. These values are (p \< 0.05) close to those of Trolox (CI50 = 4.10 \μg/mL) and ascorbic acid (CI50 = 4.90 \μg/mL). Conclusion: Our findings confirm the traditional use of the studied plants in treatment of various ailments. The results obtained provide promising baseline information for using these medicinal plants for improving the health status of the population.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Antioxidants, C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire, FRAP, Iron., Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.2}, author = {Ehouman Evans and Kon{\'e} Mamidou Witabouna and Tra Bi F{\'e}zan Honora and Bakayoko Adama} } @article {1454, title = {Iron Reducing and Radical Scavenging Activities of 13 Medicinal Plants From C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {204-211}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {204}, abstract = {

Oxidative stress has been involved in the development of varied human diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the iron reducing power and the antiradical activity of 13 plants traditionally used as medicinal plants in C\ôte d\’Ivoire. FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) and ABTS (2,2\’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) assays were used to assess the antioxidant property of 80 \% methanol extracts prepared from the 13 plants. A high iron reducing activity was exhibited by extracts from leaves of Leea guineensis (42.76 \± 28.54 mg of TE/gdry extract) and Bersama abyssinica (39.77 \± 31.29 mg of TE/g dry extract). Smeathmannia pubescens (\% ABTS = 92.44 \± 12.93 \%), L. guineensis (\%ABTS = 89.73 \± 15.10 \%), Keetia venosa (\% ABTS = 88.78 \± 17.36 \%) and Sapium ellipticum (\% ABTS = 85.86 \± 25.10 \%), showed promising antiradical activity with IC50 values of 4.50, 5.00, 5.40 and 5.70 \µg/mL respectively. These values are (p\< 0.05) close to those of Trolox (CI50 = 4.10 \µg/mL) and ascorbic acid (CI50 = 4.90 \µg/mL). Our findings confirm the traditional use of the studied plants in treatment of various ailments. The results obtained provide promising baseline information for using these medicinal plants for improving the health status of the population.

Key words: ABTS, Antioxidants, C\ôte d\’Ivoire, FRAP, Medicinal plants

}, author = {Ehouman Evans and Kon{\'e} Mamidou Witabouna and Bakayoko Adama and Tra Bi F{\'e}zan Honora} } @article {1480, title = {Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seed extract exhibits fibrino(geno)lytic activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {09th Mar, 2015}, pages = {171-177}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {171}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study assesses the fibrinogen and fibrin clot hydrolyzing activities of aqueous seed extract of Jackfruit (AqSEJ). Methods: The protein banding pattern of AqSEJ (100 \μg) was analyzed on SDS-PAGE. The proteolytic activity of AqSEJ was confirmed by spectrophotometer and zymography experiments. Fibrinogen, fibrin and plasma protein hydrolyzing activities of AqSEJ were analyzed on SDS-PAGE under reduced conditions. Plasminogen activation and indirect hemolytic activities was analyzed using spectrophotometer. The non-toxic property of AqSEJ was tested by edema, hemorrhage in experimental mice. Results: AqSEJ exhibited proteolytic activity and the specific activity was found to be 1.04 units/mg/min. Furthermore, AqSEJ non-specifically hydrolyzed A\α, followed by B\β and \γ chains of human fibrinogen and specifically hydrolyzed \α polymer and \α chain of partially cross linked human fibrin clot without affecting \β chain and \γ-\γ dimer even up to the tested dose of 30 \µg for the incubation period of 8 hours. Importantly, AqSEJ did not hydrolyze other plasma proteins and devoid of plasminogen activation property. The proteolytic activity of AqSEJ was completely neutralized by PMSF and IAA, while EDTA, EGTA, 1,10-Phenanthroline did not, suggesting the presence of serine and cysteine family proteases. Moreover, AqSEJ did not cause edema and hemorrhage in experimental mice up to the tested dose of 200 \µg and nontoxic to RBC cells. Conclusion: AqSEJ hydrolyzes fibrinogen and fibrin clot and non-toxic in nature. Hence, this work showcases the potential applications of Jack fruit seed proteases in the treatment of thrombotic disorders.

Key words: Fibrino(geno)lysis, Hemostasis, Jackfruit, Moraceae, Non-hemorrhagic, Serine/cysteine protease.

}, keywords = {Fibrino(geno)lysis, Hemostasis, Jackfruit, Moraceae, Non-hemorrhagic, Serine/cysteine protease.}, author = {Sowmyashree Gangaraju and Bhagyalakshmi Manjappa and Girish Kesturu Subbaiah and Kemparaju Kempaiah} } @article {49, title = {Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seed extract exhibits fibrino(geno)lytic activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {171-177}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {171}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study assesses the fibrinogen and fibrin clot hydrolyzing activities of aqueous seed extract of Jackfruit (AqSEJ). Methods: The protein banding pattern of AqSEJ (100 \μg) was analyzed on SDS-PAGE. The proteolytic activity of AqSEJ was confirmed by spectrophotometer and zymography experiments. Fibrinogen, fibrin and plasma protein hydrolyzing activities of AqSEJ were analyzed on SDS-PAGE under reduced conditions. Plasminogen activation and indirect hemolytic activities was analyzed using spectrophotometer. The non-toxic property of AqSEJ was tested by edema, hemorrhage in experimental mice. Results: AqSEJ exhibited proteolytic activity and the specific activity was found to be 1.04 units/mg/min. Furthermore, AqSEJ non-specifically hydrolyzed A\α, followed by B\β and \γ chains of human fibrinogen and specifically hydrolyzed \α polymer and \α chain of partially cross linked human fibrin clot without affecting \β chain and \γ-\γ dimer even up to the tested dose of 30 \µg for the incubation period of 8 hours. Importantly, AqSEJ did not hydrolyze other plasma proteins and devoid of plasminogen activation property. The proteolytic activity of AqSEJ was completely neutralized by PMSF and IAA, while EDTA, EGTA, 1,10-Phenanthroline did not, suggesting the presence of serine and cysteine family proteases. Moreover, AqSEJ did not cause edema and hemorrhage in experimental mice up to the tested dose of 200 \µg and non-toxic to RBC cells. Conclusion: AqSEJ hydrolyzes fibrinogen and fibrin clot and non-toxic in nature. Hence, this work showcases the potential applications of Jack fruit seed proteases in the treatment of thrombotic disorders.

}, keywords = {Fibrino(geno)lysis, Hemostasis, Jackfruit, Moraceae, Non-hemorrhagic, Serine/cysteine protease.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.5}, author = {Sowmyashree Gangaraju and Bhagyalakshmi Manjappa and Girish Kesturu Subbaiah and Kemparaju Kempaiah and Rangaiah Shashidharamurthy and Jane Hoover Plow and Sebastin Santhosh Martin and Manohar Shinde and Devaraja Sannaningaiah} } @article {59, title = {Morphological and anatomical investigations of Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {205-209}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {205}, abstract = {

Introduction: Micromorphological research of vegetative bodies of Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb. as a source of a sum of diosmetine biozides (flavicine) with high antioxidant hepatoprotective and endothelial-protective activities. We have identified the main diagnostic signs of vegetative bodies which can be used when standard documentation on medicinal vegetable raw materials compile. Materials and Methods: The objects of the study were collected in North Caucasus (Russia) in June 2013-2014. Materials morphological study herbarium specimens were stored in the herbarium fund the Department of Botany (acronym PGFA). Materials micromorphological study were temporary slides are the root, leaf, stem and flowers. Results: The morphological results were compared with the Flora of the USSR. Anatomical characters of leaves and stems of the species were observed to be similar to the usual features of genus Vicia anatomy. All results are supported by photographs. The stomatal apparatus belongs to anomocytic and paracytic types, simple multicellular hairs. Conclusion: we would like to note that these investigations are one of the phases of Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb. examination and the medicinal plant is considered to be a perspective source of flavicine. The morphological and anatomical research obtained data can be used in standard documentation for medicinal vegetable raw material compiling.

}, keywords = {Anatomy, Morphological and Anatomical investigations, Morphology, Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.10}, author = {Fatima Kazbekovna Serebryanaya and Oksana Michailovna Sharenko and Michail Alexandrovich Serkov} } @article {1481, title = {Morphological and anatomical investigations of Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {09th Mar, 2015}, pages = {205-209}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {205}, abstract = {

Introduction: Micromorphological research of vegetative bodies of Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb. as a source of a sum of diosmetine biozides (flavicine) with high antioxidant hepatoprotective and endothelial-protective activities. We have identified the main diagnostic signs of vegetative bodies which can be used when standard documentation on medicinal vegetable raw materials compile. Materials and Methods: The objects of the study were collected in North Caucasus (Russia) in June 2013-2014. Materials morphological study herbarium specimens were stored in the herbarium fund the Department of Botany (acronym PGFA). Materials micromorphological study were temporary slides are the root, leaf, stem and flowers. Results: The morphological results were compared with the Flora of the USSR. Anatomical characters of leaves and stems of the species were observed to be similar to the usual features of genus Vicia anatomy. All results are supported by photographs. The stomatal apparatus belongs to anomocytic and paracytic types, simple multicellular hairs. Conclusion: we would like to note that these investigations are one of the phases of Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb. examination and the medicinal plant is considered to be a perspective source of flavicine. The morphological and anatomical research obtained data can be used in standard documentation for medicinal vegetable raw material compiling.

Key words: Anatomy, Morphological and Anatomical investigations, Morphology, Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb.

}, keywords = {Morphological and Anatomical investigations, Vicia truncatula Fish. ex Bieb.}, author = {Fatima Kazbekovna Serebryanaya and Oksana Michailovna Sharenko and Michail Alexandrovich Serkov} } @article {1469, title = {Pharmacognostic and free radical scavenging Evaluation of Cyathula prostata l. (Blume)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Dec, 2014}, pages = {107-116}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {107}, abstract = {

Background:Cyathula prostrata (Blume) L. from the family Amaranthaceae has been used traditionally for rheumatism, dysentery, wounds and urethral discharges in the tropical regions of the world. Aim: The present study was undertaken to perform quality control standardization and to evaluate antioxidant activity of the leaf, stem, root and the whole plant of Cyathula prostrata. Methods: Macroscopic and microscopic evaluations were carried out on the plant using standard procedures. Powdered sample of the leaf was evaluated with various organic solvents for fluorescence. The chloroform, ethyl-acetate and methanolic extracts of the leaf, stem, root and whole plant were subjected to various pharmacognostic analyses and evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activity using DPPH assay.Further, thin layer chromatoghraphy was used to evaluate the chloroform extract. Results: Important epidermal features in the plant include: coastal cells, unbranched, uniseriate, multicellular and non-glandular trichomes. Leaves are amphistomatic showing mostly anomocytic and actinocytic stomata. Starch grains are restricted to the adaxial surface. Vascular bundles are mainly collateral and well-developed bundle sheath. The transverse section of stem is circular, hypodermis (1-3 layers). Cross section of the root is described in detail for the plant. Cortex has angular cells. Fluorescence studies showed different colours. Physico-chemical results are comparable with standards. The TLC profile showed presence of at least seven compounds in the leaf, root and the whole plant extracts, while nine components were obtained from the stem extract. The ethyl acetate extract of the root and ethanol extract of the stem gave the highest phenolic contents (30.09\±3.768 mg GAE/g) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity (87.0 \± 0.208), respectively. Conclusion: The distinctive features established in this study are steps in identification, standardization and quality control of this medicinal plant.

Key words:Cyathula prostrata, standardization, microscopy, physicochemical parameters, antioxidant.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant., Cyathula prostrata, microscopy, Physicochemical parameters, Standardization.}, author = {Mubo Adeola Sonibare and Oluwaseun Victoria Olatubosun} } @article {41, title = {Pharmacognostic and free radical scavenging Evaluation of Cyathula prostata (Blume) L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar-Apr 2015}, pages = {107-116}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {107}, abstract = {

Background: Cyathula prostrata (Blume) L. from the family Amaranthaceae has been used traditionally for rheumatism, dysentery, wounds and urethral discharges in the tropical regions of the world. Aim: The present study was undertaken to perform quality control standardization and to evaluate antioxidant activity of the leaf, stem, root and the whole plant of Cyathula prostrata. Methods: Macroscopic and microscopic evaluations were carried out on the plant using standard procedures. Powdered sample of the leaf was evaluated with various organic solvents for fluorescence. The chloroform, ethyl-acetate and methanolic extracts of the leaf, stem, root and whole plant were subjected to various pharmacognostic analyses and evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activity using DPPH assay.Further, thin layer chromatoghraphy was used to evaluate the chloroform extract. Results: Important epidermal features in the plant include: coastal cells, unbranched, uniseriate, multicellular and non-glandular trichomes. Leaves are amphistomatic showing mostly anomocytic and actinocytic stomata. Starch grains are restricted to the adaxial surface. Vascular bundles are mainly collateral and well-developed bundle sheath. The transverse section of stem is circular, hypodermis (1-3 layers). Cross section of the root is described in detail for the plant. Cortex has angular cells. Fluorescence studies showed different colours. Physico-chemical results are comparable with standards. The TLC profile showed presence of at least seven compounds in the leaf, root and the whole plant extracts, while nine components were obtained from the stem extract. The ethyl acetate extract of the root and ethanol extract of the stem gave the highest phenolic contents (30.09\±3.768 mg GAE/g) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity (87.0 \± 0.208), respectively. Conclusion: The distinctive features established in this study are steps in identification, standardization and quality control of this medicinal plant.

}, keywords = {

Cyathula prostrata, antioxidant

, microscopy, Physicochemical parameters, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.5}, author = {Mubo Adeola Sonibare and Oluwaseun Victoria Olatubosun} } @article {1460, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Indigenous Medicinal Plant Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {52-57}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ingeneral, members of Cucurbitaceae are well exploited for their medicinal, economic and culinary values,however few of them are less exploited.The present study deals with pharamcognostical evaluation ofone such plant namely Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn.called as Appakovai in Tamil. Methods: Pharmacognostic evaluationswere carried out by organoleptic evaluation, anatomical studies and powder microscopy of leaves, roots and root tubers. Results: Organoleptic evaluation revealed that the characteristic white tubers, as storage organs, leaves exhibited a foetid odour when crushed. Anatomy of leaves showed lithocysts and anomocytic stomata,root showed the presence of fissured periderm and cleaved vascular bundlesand that of root tubers showed 3 or 4 exarch xylem. Powder microscopy of root tubers showed narrow and wide fibers; long, narrow and drum shaped vessels and scattered sclereids. Conclusion: The present Pharmacognostic and Powder microscopic studiesreveals that, the characteristic features of this plantparts resembles, the other members of cucurbitaceae.

Key words:Kedrostis foetidissima, Pharmacognosy, Powder microscopy.

}, keywords = {Kedrostis foetidissima, Pharmacognosy, Powder microscopy.}, author = {Kavitha R and Chittibabu CV and Subha TS} } @article {36, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Indigenous Medicinal Plant Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {52-57}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ingeneral, members of Cucurbitaceae are well exploited for their medicinal, economic and culinary values, however few of them are less exploited. The present study deals with pharamcognostical evaluation of one such plant namely Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn.called as Appakovai in Tamil. Methods: Pharmacognostic evaluations were carried out by organoleptic evaluation, anatomical studies and powder microscopy of leaves, roots and root tubers. Results: Organoleptic evaluation revealed that the characteristic white tubers, as storage organs, leaves exhibited a foetidodour when crushed. Anatomy of leaves showed lithocysts and anomocytic stomata, root showed the presence of fissured periderm and cleaved vascular bundles and that of root tubers showed 3 or 4 exarch xylem. Powder microscopy of root tubers showed narrow and wide fibers; long, narrow and drum shaped vessels and scattered sclereids. Conclusion: The present Pharmacognostic and Powder microscopic studiesreveals that, the characteristic features of this plantparts resembles, the other members of cucurbitaceae.

}, keywords = {Kedrostis foetidissima, Pharmacognosy, Powder microscopy.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.6}, author = {Kavitha R and Chittibabu CV and Subha TS} } @article {31, title = {Pharmacognostic specifications and quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol in Mollugo oppositifolia Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar-Apr 2015}, pages = {83-88}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {83}, abstract = {

Background: Mollugo oppositifolia, is one of the plants commonly used as, \‘Parpata\’ by Ayurvedic practitioners. It is indicated as a bitter tonic, antiseptic and febrifuge. Aim: To generate and ensemble data of physical parameters for ascertaining the identification and to develop validated HPTLC method for quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol in M. oppositifolia. Materials and Methods: M. oppositifolia was studied for establishing pharmacognostic standards including macro and microscopical characters, physico-chemical analysis and quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol by HPTLC method. Results: It is an annual, prostrate herb with linear-lanceolate leaf and white coloured flower. Microscopically root can be characterized by crescent shaped phloem associated with continuous or discontinuous rings of xylem; stem by epidermis bearing multi-cellular simple and glandular trichomes, and sclerenchymatous pericycle; and leaf by continuous band of a palisade cells and rosettes and prisms of calcium oxalate throughout parenchyma. Powdered drug can be typified by multi-cellular trichomes, fragments of epidermis of leaf in surface view, epidermis of corolla and entire or broken seeds. Saponins and flavanoids were found be the major components. HPTLC method was developed for quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol using precoated silica gel plates as a stationary phase, and toluene: methanol (9.4: 0.6) as a mobile phase and scanning the plate at 545 nm. The amount of oleanolic acid and lupeol were found to be 0.027-0.029\% w/w and 0.015-0.016\% w/w respectively. Conclusion: The quality parameters and HPTLC method developed would serve as useful gauge in standardization of Mollugo oppositifolia.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Lupeol, Mollugo oppositifolia, Oleanolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.1}, author = {Karuna Modi and Mamta Shah} } @article {1470, title = {Pharmacognostic specifications and quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol in Mollugo oppositifolia Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Dec, 2014}, pages = {83-88}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {83}, abstract = {

Background: Mollugo oppositifolia, is one of the plants commonly used as, \‘Parpata\’ by Ayurvedic practitioners. It is indicated as a bitter tonic, antiseptic and febrifuge. Aim: To generate and ensemble data of physical parameters for ascertaining the identification and to develop validated HPTLC method for quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol in M. oppositifolia. Materials and Methods:M. oppositifolia was studied for establishing pharmacognostic standards including macro and microscopical characters, physico-chemical analysis and quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol by HPTLC method. Results: It is an annual, prostrate herb with linear-lanceolate leaf and white coloured flower. Microscopically root can be characterized by crescent shaped phloem associated with continuous or discontinuous rings of xylem; stem by epidermis bearing multi-cellular simple and glandular trichomes, and sclerenchymatous pericycle; and leaf by continuous band of a palisade cells and rosettes and prisms of calcium oxalate throughout parenchyma. Powdered drug can be typified by multi-cellular trichomes, fragments of epidermis of leaf in surface view, epidermis of corolla and entire or broken seeds. Saponins and flavanoids were found be the major components. HPTLC method was developed for quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol using precoated silica gel plates as a stationary phase, and toluene: methanol (9.4: 0.6) as a mobile phase and scanning the plate at 545 nm. The amount of oleanolic acid and lupeol were found to be 0.027-0.029\% w/w and 0.015-0.016\% w/w respectively. Conclusion: The quality parameters and HPTLC method developed would serve as useful gauge in standardization of Mollugo oppositifolia.

Key words: HPTLC, Lupeol, Mollugo oppositifolia, Oleanolic acid.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Lupeol, Mollugo oppositifolia, Oleanolic acid.}, author = {Karuna Modi and Mamta Shah} } @article {77, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies and In Vitro Antioxidant Potential of Traditional Polyherbal Formulation of West Sikkim with Asparagus Spp}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {348-355}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {348}, abstract = {

Introduction: The powder mixture of the two species of Asparagaceae (Asparagus filicinus and Asparagus officinalis) was found to be used traditionally for the treatment of heart palpitation in west Sikkim. Objective: Pharmacognostic characterisation was carried out for the authentication of the powder drug which included powder microscopy, fluorescence analysis and physicochemical characterisation. The presence of any therapeutic potential in HP was also determined by qualitative and quantitative estimation of phytochemicals along with free radical scavenging activity of various successive solvent extracts (based on their polarity). Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the powdered HP was also done. The standard software SPSS (ver. 15.0) and XLSTAT 2009 (Addinsoft) and Smith\’s Statistical Package were used for different statistical analysis. Results: Powder microscopy of HP revealed the presence of calcium oxalate crystal, tracheids, stone cells etc. Various fluorescence colours were exhibited by HP on UV after reacting with different chemical reagents. The analysis values were also obtained in a satisfactory way. TLC and qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of some active phytoconstituents. Among all the solvent extracts, acetone, heptane, ethyl acetate and benzene extracts showed higher antioxidant potential. Conclusion: The results support the use of HP as a traditional medicine and further purification should be done for the identification of bioactive phytoconstituents responsible for its antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Pharmacognostic evaluation, Phytoconstituents, Successive solvent extraction, Thin layer Chromatography}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.6}, author = {Arunika Subba and Palash Mandal} } @article {64, title = {Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical evaluation of Ventilago calyculata Tul. (Bark)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {271-275}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {271}, abstract = {

Background: Ventilago calyculata Tul. (\‘kevati\’), is found throughout India as climbing shrub. It is widely used in various traditional system of medicine. Objective: In the present work pharmacognostical standardization has been developed for the systematic identification of the bark of Ventilago calyculata. Phenols and flavonoids were also quantified. Materials and Methods: Morphological, microscopical and phytochemical studies were performed. Various physicochemical parameters conforming the identity, quality, purity of the bark. The quantity of phenols and flavonoids were estimated. Results: The bark was oval, brownish yellow, bitter with characteristic odour and rough texture. The microscopical studies revealed the presence of cork with brownish contents, crimson inner cork, collenchyma, cellulosic parenchyma with cuboidal calcium oxalate crystals and schlereids. The total ash value, acid insoluble ash value and water soluble ash values of stem bark were found to be 15\% w/w, 3.4\% w/w and 11.6\% w/w respectively. The percentage yields, total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content of the petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts were 2.77\% w/w, 2.66\% w/w, 3.8\% w/w, 5.8\% w/w, 11.0\% w/w; 2.16 \± 0.04, 4.16 \± 1.04, 9.12 \± 1.14, 7.16\±1.16, 1.16 \±1.02 mg/g (gallic acid equivalent) and 4.5 \± 0.55, 8.20 \± 1.12, 10.1 \± 0. 26, 6.5 \± 1.3, 0.66 \± 1.13 mg/g (rutin equivalent) respectively. Conclusion: There was a need to evaluate the extracts of the plant in order to provide scientific proof for its application and to explore the possibility of treating various diseases and disorders. Literature review indicates that very less work has been done on this plant and there is a wide scope for investigation.

}, keywords = {standardization, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, Ventilago denticulata Willd, Ventilago madraspatana var. calyculata (Tul.) King.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.3}, author = {Shweta Kumar and Balakrishnan Natarajan and Lakshmi Puthanparambil Kanakamma and Toppo Fedelic Ashish and Rajesh Singh Pawar} } @article {1455, title = {Pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of Ventilago calyculata Tul. (Bark)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {1-1}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background:Ventilago calyculata Tul. (\‘kevati\’), is found throughout India as climbing shrub. It is widely used in various traditional system of medicine. Objective: In the present work pharmacognostical standardization has been developed for the systematic identification of the bark of Ventilago calyculata. Phenols and flavonoids were also quantified. Materials and Methods: Morphological, microscopical and phytochemical studies were performed. Various physicochemical parameters conforming the identity, quality, purity of the bark. The quantity of phenols and flavonoids were estimated. Results: The bark was oval, brownish yellow, bitter with characteristic odour and rough texture. The microscopical studies revealed the presence of cork with brownish contents, crimson inner cork, collenchyma, cellulosic parenchyma with cuboidal calcium oxalate crystals and schlereids. The total ash value, acid insoluble ash value and water soluble ash values of stem bark were found to be 15\% w/w, 3.4\% w/w and 11.6\% w/w respectively. The percentage yields, total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content of the petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts were 2.77\% w/w, 2.66\% w/w, 3.8\% w/w, 5.8\% w/w, 11.0\% w/w; 2.16 \± 0.04, 4.16 \± 1.04, 9.12 \± 1.14, 7.16\±1.16, 1.16\±1.02 mg/g (gallic acid equivalent) and 4.5 \± 0.55, 8.20 \± 1.12, 10.1 \± 0. 26, 6.5 \± 1.3, 0.66 \± 1.13 mg/g (rutin equivalent) respectively. Conclusion: There was a need to evaluate the extracts of the plant in order to provide scientific proof for its application and to explore the possibility of treating various diseases and disorders. Literature review indicates that very less work has been done on this plant and there is a wide scope for investigation.

Key Words: Standardization, Total flavonoid content, Total phenolic content, Ventilago denticulata Willd, Ventilago madraspatana var. calyculata (Tul.) King.

}, keywords = {standardization, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, Ventilago denticulata Willd, Ventilago madraspatana var. calyculata (Tul.) King.}, author = {Kumar Shweta and Balakrishnan N and Lakshmi P. K and Toppo F. A and Toppo F. A and Pawar RS} } @article {1440, title = {Pharmacognostical and preliminary phytochemical investigations on fruit of Vaccinium macrocarpon aiton}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {9th June 2015}, pages = {5-5}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {5}, abstract = {

Background: Vaccinium species are hostile nutraceutical fruit in India as well as all over the world. In recent years, Vaccinium Macrocarpon Aiton is used as a functional food for treating various diseases without authentication. Objective: The current work was investigated to perform the morphoanatomical and physicochemical of Vaccinium Macrocarpon Aiton fruit. Method: Pharmacognostic studies were carried out for different parameters include organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, fluorescence and physicochemical analysis. Results: The fruit was shining burgundy purple in colour having smooth lustrous surface, globular to ellipsoidal in shape with 10-15 mm in length and diameter was 9 mm. The main microscopic characteristic of fruit showed ovules, compact angular parenchyma cells, developed sclerenchymatous outer sheath, central xylem and phloem strands. Fruit powder showed oil bodies, spherical parenchyma cells in large thick masses and walls of the epicarp demonstrated cellulose content. Further, physicochemical examination of fruit powder showed loss on drying, total ash, insoluble ash as 9.23, 7.8, and 9.16\% w/w respectively. The water and alcohol soluble extractives values of the fruit were 24.74 and 76.88\% respectively. Anthocyanins and flavonids were also confirmed by phytochemical screening. Conclusion: A variety of pharmacognostic features was found in fruitful way which may help in identification and standardization of Vaccinium Macrocarpon Aiton fruit in a crude form.

Key words:Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, morphoanataomical, physicochemical analysis, fruit.

}, keywords = {fruit., Morphoanataomical, Physicochemical analysis, Vaccinium macrocarpon aiton}, author = {Bhatia M and Gupta S and Sharma A} } @article {70, title = {Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Investigations on fruit of Vaccinium macrocarpon aiton}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {333-338}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {333}, abstract = {

Background: Vaccinium species are hostile nutraceutical fruit in India as well as all over the world. In recent years, Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton is used as a functional food for treating various diseases without authentication. Objective: The current work was investigated to perform the morphoanatomical and physicochemical of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton fruit. Method: Pharmacognostic studies were carried out for different parameters include organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, fluorescence and physicochemical analysis. Results: The fruit was shining burgundy purple in colour having smooth lustrous surface, globular to ellipsoidal in shape with 10-15 mm in length and diameter was 9 mm. The main microscopic characteristic of fruit showed ovules, compact angular parenchyma cells, developed sclerenchymatous outer sheath, central xylem and phloem strands. Fruit powder showed oil bodies, spherical parenchyma cells in large thick masses and walls of the epicarp demonstrated cellulose content. Further, physicochemical examination of fruit powder showed loss on drying, total ash, insoluble ash as 9.23, 7.8, and 9.16\% w/w respectively. The water and alcohol soluble extractives values of the fruit were 24.74 and 76.88\% respectively. Anthocyanins and flavonids were also confirmed by phytochemical screening. Conclusion: A variety of pharmacognostic features was found in fruitful way which may help in identification and standardization of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton fruit in a crude form.

}, keywords = {Fruit, microscopy, Morphoanataomical, Physicochemical analysis, Vaccinium macrocarpon aiton}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.3}, author = {Manisha Khaneja and Sumeet Gupta}, editor = {Anupam Sharma} } @article {90, title = {Pharmacognostical Standardisation and HPTLC Quantification of Gallic acid in Homonoia riparia Lour}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {383-388}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {383}, abstract = {

Background: Homonoia riparia Lour. (Family: Euphorbiaceae) is an important medicinal plant in Indian and Chinese systems of medicine used in the treatment of various medical conditions like urolithiasis, renal problems, and inflammation. This is the first report on the pharmacognostical standardisation and phytochemical evaluation of whole plant of Homonoia riparia Lour. Objective: To establish the pharmacognostical and physicochemical standardisation parameters of whole plant of Homonoia riparia Lour. Materials and Methods: The plant was studied for the morpho-anatomical characters, standardisation parameters such as ash value, extractive value, fluorescence analysis, loss on drying, swelling index, foaming index according to Indian Pharmacopoeia and WHO guidelines. Phytochemical analysis was also performed by standard methods. Quantification of gallic acid in Homonoia riparia was carried out using HPTLC technique. Results: The detailed microscopy of root revealed the presence of cork, cork cambium, pericyclic fibres, thick walled parenchyma and starch granules. The distinguishing characters of stem are presence of sclereids, xylem, phloem, fibres. Leaf microscopy showed the presence of anomocytic stomata, bicollateral vascular bundles ensheathed by fibres. Rosette crystals are present in all the parts of the plant. Starch grains are abundantly present in root and stem but absent in leaves. Various physicochemical parameters were also determined. Phytochemical screening of the extract and HPTLC quantification of gallic acid was also performed. Conclusion: The present study provides pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical details of the whole plant of Homonoia riparia which are useful in laying down standardization and pharmacopoeia parameters

}, keywords = {Fluorescence analysis, Gallic acid, Homonoia riparia, Microscopic evaluation, Physicochemical parameters.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.12}, author = {Seena Kanniparambil Xavier and Raviraj Anand Devkar and Shilpee Chaudhary and Chandrashekara Shastry Shreedhara and Manganahalli Manjunath Setty} } @article {1446, title = {Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities of wood rotting fungi, Trametes ochracea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal }, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {8th Jan, 2015}, pages = {136-146}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {136}, abstract = {

Objective: The present research was aimed to identify the metabolites in the methaolic and hexane extract of Trametes ochracea and evaluated these extracts to know their in vitro biological activities. Materials and methods Two solvent extracts of T. ochracea was subjected to phytochemical analysis. The two solvent extracts were subjected to in vitro biological activity viz., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoxicity assays. Results: The methanol extract yielded important phytochemicals viz., saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, phenols and tannins compared to hexane. The methanolic extract has shown strong antioxidant activity in all tested methods: The methanol extract was effectively inhibited the heat induced hemolysis, antilipoxygenase activity and also stabilized the membrane, avoided the membrane denaturation, proteinase and xanthine oxidase inhibition.The onion root meristametic cells were inhibited due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing various cellular abnormalities in various stages of actively growing cells. The yeast cells were dead due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing cell necrosis and also fragmented the cell DNA. Conclusions: The obtained results clearly indicates that Trametes ochracea methanol extract is having potent phytochemicals, which plays important role in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity assays. The further research is needed to identify the exact mechanism is by action of one or combination of active phytochemicals.

Key words: Trametes ochracea, Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Cytotoxicity.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Phytochemicals, Trametes ochracea}, author = {Govindappa Melappa and Ara Roshan and Chanduri Nithi and Thouseef Syed Mohummed and Channabasava and Yerappa Lakshmikanth Ramachandra and Chandrappa Chinna Poojari} } @article {47, title = {Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities of wood rotting fungi, Trametes ochracea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar-Apr 2015}, pages = {136-146}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {136}, abstract = {

Objective: The present research was aimed to identify the metabolites in the methaolic and hexane extract of Trametes ochracea and evaluated these extracts to know their in vitro biological activities. Materials and methods: Two solvent extracts of T. ochracea was subjected to phytochemical analysis. The two solvent extracts were subjected to in vitro biological activity viz., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoxicity assays. Results: The methanol extract yielded important phytochemicals viz., saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, phenols and tannins compared to hexane. The methanolic extract has shown strong antioxidant activity in all tested methods. The methanol extract was effectively inhibited the heat induced hemolysis, antilipoxygenase activity and also stabilized the membrane, avoided the membrane denaturation, proteinase and xanthine oxidase inhibition.The onion root meristametic cells were inhibited due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing various cellular abnormalities in various stages of actively growing cells. The yeast cells were dead due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing cell necrosis and also fragmented the cell DNA. Conclusion: The obtained results clearly indicates that Trametes ochracea methanol extract is having potent phytochemicals, which plays important role in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity assays. The further research is needed to identify the exact mechanism is by action of one or combination of active phytochemicals.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Phytochemicals, Trametes ochracea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.8}, author = {Govindappa Melappa and Ara Roshan and Chanduri Nithi and Thouseef Syed Mohummed and Channabasava and Chandrappa Chinna Poojari}, editor = {Yerappa Lakshmikanth Ramachandra} } @article {37, title = {Phytochemical and analytical evaluation of Cordia dichotoma Linn. leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {58-63}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {58}, abstract = {

Background: An ethnomedicinally important plant, Cordia dichotoma Linn is practiced in various indigenous systems of medicine and popular among the various ethnic groups in India for the cure of variety of ailments as an astringent, anthelmentic, diuretic, demulcent, anti-diabetic and expectorant. Because of the increasing demand, maintaining quality standards is the need of the day. Aims and Objectives: The present study was designed to set standard pharmacognostical, physicochemical, phytochemical, fluorescence and HPTLC chromatographic profile of the leaves of Cordia dichotoma Linn (CD). Materials and Methods: CD, which was previously authenticated, was subjected to pharmacognostical, physicochemical, fluorescence and high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis as per standard protocol. Results and Conclusion: The final observations were recorded. The loss on drying at 105\ºC was found to be 8.5\% w/w, total ash value 13\% w/w, acid-insoluble ash 5.07\% w/w, water-soluble ash 5.49\% w/w, water-soluble extractive 9.2\% w/w, alcohol-soluble extractive 5.81\% w/w and pH (1\% aqueous extract) 6.88. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of steroid, carbohydrate, alkaloid, saponin, cardiac glycosides, flavonoid and phenolic compounds in methanolic extract. The CD fluorescence was seen in UV light and it was of different colour in different solvents. HPTLC analysis revealed 5 peaks at wavelength 366 nm with max Rf values in the range of 0.3 to 0.93. The purity and quality of the leaves of Cordia dichotoma or pharmaceutical preparations prepared from it can be tested by pharmacognostical, physicochemical, fluorescence and HPTLC observations of the present study.

}, keywords = {Cordia dichotoma, Fluorescence analysis, HPTLC chromatogram., Physicochemical parameters}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.7}, author = {Md. Azizur Rahman and Arshad Hussain} } @article {1461, title = {Phytochemical and analytical evaluation of Cordia dichotoma Linn. leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {58-63}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {58}, abstract = {

Background: An ethnomedicinally important plant, Cordia dichotoma Linn is practiced in various indigenous systems of medicine and popular among the various ethnic groups in India for the cure of variety of ailments as an astringent, anthelmentic, diuretic, demulcent, anti-diabetic and expectorant. Because of the increasing demand, maintaining quality standards is the need of the day. Aims and Objectives: The present study was designed to set standard pharmacognostical, physicochemical, phytochemical, fluorescence and HPTLC chromatographic profile of the leaves of Cordia dichotoma Linn (CD). Materials and Methods: CD, which was previously authenticated, was subjected to pharmacognostical, physicochemical, fluorescence and high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis as per standard protocol. Results and Conclusion: The final observations were recorded. The loss on drying at 105\ºC was found to be 8.5\% w/w, total ash value 13\% w/w, acid-insoluble ash 5.07\% w/w, water-soluble ash 5.49\% w/w, water-soluble extractive 9.2\% w/w, alcohol-soluble extractive 5.81\% w/w and pH (1\% aqueous extract) 6.88. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of steroid, carbohydrate, alkaloid, saponin, cardiac glycosides, flavonoid and phenolic compounds in methanolic extract. The CD fluorescence was seen in UV light and it was of different colour in different solvents. HPTLC analysis revealed 5 peaks at wavelength 366 nm with max Rf values in the range of 0.3 to 0.93. The purity and quality of the leaves of Cordia dichotoma or pharmaceutical preparations prepared from it can be tested by pharmacognostical, physicochemical, fluorescence and HPTLC observations of the present study..

Key words: Cordia dichotoma, Fluorescence analysis, Physicochemical parameters, HPTLC chromatogram.

}, keywords = {Cordia dichotoma, Fluorescence analysis, HPTLC chromatogram., Physicochemical parameters}, author = {Md Azizur Rahman and Arshad Hussain} } @article {1462, title = {Phytochemicals Having Neuroprotective Properties from Dietary Sources and Medicinal Herbs}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {01-17}, type = {Review Articles}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Many neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer\&$\#$39;s disease, anxiety, cerebrovascular impairment, depression, seizures, Parkinson\&$\#$39;s disease, etc. are predominantly appearing in the current era due to the stress full lifestyle. Treatment of these disorders with prolonged administration of synthetic drugs will lead to severe side effects. In the recent years, scientists have focused the attention of research towards phytochemicals to cure neurological disorders. Nootropic herb refers to the medicinal role of various plants/parts for their neuroprotective properties by the active phytochemicals including alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolics, flavonoids, etc. Phytocompounds from medicinal plants play a major part in maintaining the brain\&$\#$39;s chemical balance by acting upon the function of receptors for the major inhibitory neurotransmitters. Medicinal plants viz. Valeriana officinalis, Nardostachys jatamansi, Withania somnifera, Bacopa monniera, Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng have been used widely in a variety of traditional systems of therapy because of their adaptogenic, psychotropic and neuroprotective properties. This review highlights the importance of phytochemicals on neuroprotective function and other related disorders, in particular their mechanism of action and therapeutic potential.

Key words: Neuroprotection, Phytochemicals, Medicinal herbs, Nootropics, Dietary sources.

}, keywords = {Dietary sources., Medicinal herbs, Neuroprotection, Nootropics, Phytochemicals}, author = {G Phani Kumar and K.R. Anilakumar and S. Naveen} } @article {28, title = {Phytochemicals Having Neuroprotective Properties from Dietary Sources and Medicinal Herbs}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {1-17}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Many neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer\&$\#$39;s disease, anxiety, cerebrovascular impairment, depression, seizures, Parkinson\&$\#$39;s disease, etc. are predominantly appearing in the current era due to the stress full lifestyle. Treatment of these disorders with prolonged administration of synthetic drugs will lead to severe side effects. In the recent years, scientists have focused the attention of research towards phytochemicals to cure neurological disorders. Nootropic herb refers to the medicinal role of various plants/parts for their neuroprotective properties by the active phytochemicals including alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolics, flavonoids, etc. Phytocompounds from medicinal plants play a major part in maintaining the brain\&$\#$39;s chemical balance by acting upon the function of receptors for the major inhibitory neurotransmitters. Medicinal plants viz. Valeriana officinalis, Nardostachys jatamansi, Withania somnifera, Bacopa monniera, Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng have been used widely in a variety of traditional systems of therapy because of their adaptogenic, psychotropic and neuroprotective properties. This review highlights the importance of phytochemicals on neuroprotective function and other related disorders, in particular their mechanism of action and therapeutic potential.

}, keywords = {Dietary sources., Medicinal herbs, Neuroprotection, Nootropics, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.1}, author = {G Phani Kumar and K R Anila kumar and S Naveen} } @article {1441, title = {Phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and intellectual property landscape of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis: a review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {9th June 2015}, pages = {7-7}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {7}, abstract = {

Gardenia jasminoides, the genus of Gardenia, a Chinese medicinal plant, which belongs to the family Rubiaceae is herb used since ancient times. It is also known as Fructus Gardeniae and Gardenia augusta as different synonyms, well known as Anant in Marathi language, Gandharaj in Hindi language and Zhi Zi in Chinese language. Gardenia jasminoides extracts and its main active phytoconstituents geniposide, genipin, crocin, crocetin have been reported for a wide range of pharmacological activities such as anti-hyperglycemic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritis, anti-cancer, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-thrombotic, anti-microbial and miscellaneous activities. Also it has been explored its protective effect through diverse mechanisms like neuroprotective for Alzheimer\&$\#$39;s disease (AD), hepatoprotective, gastro-protective, retino-protective, nephro-protective, skin protective activities. This review will give new insights of Gardenia jasminoides relating to the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacological uses. This data will also highlight the patenting trends and different assignees involved in filing patents for Gardenia jasminoides.

Key words: Anant, Gardenia jasminoides, Fructus Gardeniae.

}, keywords = {Anant, Fructus Gardeniae., Gardenia jasminoides} } @article {61, title = {Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activities and Intellectual Property Landscape of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis: a Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {254-265}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {254}, abstract = {

Gardenia jasminoides, the genus of Gardenia, a Chinese medicinal plant, which belongs to the family Rubiaceae is herb used since ancient times. It is also known as Fructus Gardeniae and Gardenia augusta as different synonyms, well known as Anant in Marathi language, Gandharaj in Hindi language and Zhi Zi in Chinese language. Gardenia jasminoides extracts and its main active phytoconstituents geniposide, genipin, crocin, crocetin have been reported for a wide range of pharmacological activities such as anti-hyperglycemic, anti--atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritis, anti-cancer, anti--apoptotic, anti-oxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-thrombotic, anti-microbial and miscellaneous activities. Also it has been explored its protective effect through diverse mechanisms like neuroprotective for Alzheimer\’s disease, hepatoprotective, gastro-protective, retino-protective, nephro-protective, skin protective activities. This review will give new insights of Gardenia jasminoides relating to the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacological uses. This data will also highlight the patenting trends and different assignees involved in filing patents for Gardenia jasminoides.

}, keywords = {Anant, Crocetin, Crocin, Fructus Gardeniae, Gandharaj, Gardenia augusta, Gardenia jasminoides, Genipin., Geniposide}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.1}, author = {Rohan Sharadanand Phatak} } @article {73, title = {Phytopharmacological evaluation of aerial parts of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz in Cough Variant Asthma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {296-299}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {296}, abstract = {

Background: Cough variant asthma (CVA) is characterized by prolonged non productive cough which responds to bronchodilator therapy. None of herbal drug is reported to possess pharmacological activity against CVA. Objective: To investigate the pharmacological potential of ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF) against CVA as well as to develop an efficient screening model for CVA. Material and Method: Anti-tussive effect of EEWF was evaluated against nebulized aqueous solution of 0.1 g/ml of citric acid to determine the cough response. EEWF potential was finally accessed against aerosolic mixture of 0.3 g/ml of citric acid mixed with 0.1\% histamine and 2\% acetylcholine chloride to evaluate the convulsive latency, percentage protection and cough frequency against CVA. Results: EEWF at aerosolic dose of 6\% w/v exhibit decrease in of the average coughs frequency (4.83 \± 0.30) which is quite significant effect as compared to standard drug codeine. EEWF against aerosol induced CVA was found to exhibit a significant bronchoprotection of 41.75\% and decreases number of coughs (7.16 \± 0.47) at 200 mg/kg as compared to control (14.16 \± 0.60). Conclusion: EEWF at 200 mg/kg dose exhibited bronchoprotective and anti-tussive effects against aerosol induced CVA.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, Anti-tussive, Bronchoprotection, Citric acid, Cough, Cough variant asthma (CVA), Ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF), Histamine.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.8}, author = {Amit Kumar Srivastava and Srivastava Abhinav Siddharth and Nagar Hemant and Srivastava Rajnish and Deepa and Shukla Gaurav} } @article {1444, title = {Phytopharmacological evaluation of aerial parts of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz in Cough Variant Asthma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {8th June 2015}, pages = {5-5}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Cough variant asthma (CVA) is characterized by prolonged non productive cough which responds to bronchodilator therapy. None of herbal drug is reported to possess pharmacological activity against CVA. Objective: To investigate the pharmacological potential of ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF) against CVA as well as to develop an efficient screening model for CVA. Material and Method: Antitussive effect of EEWF was evaluated against nebulized aqueous solution of 0.1 g/ml of citric acid to determine the cough response. EEWF potential was finally accessed against aerosolic mixture of 0.3 g/ml of citric acid mixed with 0.1\% histamine and 2\% acetylcholine chloride to evaluate the convulsive latency, percentage protection and cough frequency against CVA. Results: EEWF at aerosolic dose of 6\% w/v exhibit decrease in of the average coughs frequency (4.83\±0.30) which is quite significant effect as compared to standard drug codeine. EEWF against aerosol induced CVA was found to exhibit a significant bronchoprotection of 41.75\% and decreases number of coughs (7.16\±0.47) at 200 mg/kg as compared to control (14.16\±0.60). Conclusion: EEWF at 200 mg/kg dose exhibited bronchoprotective and antitussive effects against aerosol induced CVA.

Keywords: Acetylcholine, Antitussive, Bronchoprotection, Citric acid, Cough, Cough variant asthma (CVA), Ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF), Histamine.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, Antitussive, Bronchoprotection, Citric acid, Cough, Cough variant asthma (CVA), Ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF), Histamine}, author = {Amit Kumar Srivastava and Srivastava Abhinav Siddharth and Nagar Hemant and Srivastava Rajnish and Deepa and Shukla Gaurav} } @article {1443, title = {Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Lamiaceae): It{\textquoteright}s Ethnobotany \& in vitro regeneration}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {9th Feb, 2015}, pages = {152-156}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {152}, abstract = {

Objectives: Since the beginning of human civilization various herbal medicines are employed for healing human and animal. Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., locally known as Patchouli (Assamese) is a very important medicinal plants belongs to mint family i.e. Lamiaceae. The main aim of this study was to collect ethnobotanical information\’s and to study its in vitro regeneration results. All possible ethnobotanical literatures have been cited here. Methods: In vitro propagation was achieved from leaf and nodal explants of Pogostemon cablin on MS medium. Results: Callus development and in vitro axillary shoot formation was successfully made in MS basal medium containing BA (4.0 mg/L), NAA (2.0 mg/L)+ IAA (1.0 mg/L) and BA (3 mg/L)+IAA (1 mg/L). MS basal medium containing IBA (0.1/L) and Kn (2.5 mg/L) was best for induction of multiple shoots within 4 weeks of culture. Combination of NAA (0.1 mg/L). Kn (0.1 mg/L) and CH (100 mg/L) was best for callus induction which later on formed multiple shoots and caused elongation of roots. Micro shoots of varied length were produced on MS medium. Rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized in green house for 1 month and then were transferred to the field. Conclusion: It can be concluded that pogostemon cablin has immense ethno botanical importance. For its rapid multiplication, in vitro technique was found very successful. In MS medium supplemented with Kn 2.5 mg/L and IBA 0.1mg/L found maximum multiplication rate. In this proportion rates of shoot generation, leaf, rooting, callus formation was maximum.

Key words: Ethnobotany, in vitro study, Pogostemon cablin, MS medium.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotany, in vitro study, MS medium., Pogostemon cablin}, author = {Pratibha Sharma and Jintu Sarma} } @article {44, title = {Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Lamiaceae): It{\textquoteright}s Ethnobotany \& in vitro regeneration}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {152-156}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {152}, abstract = {

Objectives: Since the beginning of human civilization various herbal medicines are employed for healing human and animal. Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., locally known as Patchouli (Assamese) is a very important medicinal plants belongs to mint family i.e. Lamiaceae. The main aim of this study was to collect ethnobotanical information\’s and to study its in vitro regeneration results. All possible ethnobotanical literatures have been cited here. Methods: In vitro propagation was achieved from leaf and nodal explants of Pogostemon cablin on MS medium. Results: Callus development and in vitro axillary shoot formation was successfully made in MS basal medium containing BA (4.0 mg/L), NAA (2.0 mg/L)+ IAA (1.0 mg/L) and BA (3 mg/L)+IAA (1 mg/L). MS basal medium containing IBA (0.1/L) and Kn (2.5 mg/L) was best for induction of multiple shoots within 4 weeks of culture. Combination of NAA (0.1 mg/L). Kn (0.1 mg/L) and CH (100 mg/L) was best for callus induction which later on formed multiple shoots and caused elongation of roots. Micro shoots of varied length were produced on MS medium. Rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized in green house for 1 month and then were transferred to the field. Conclusion: It can be concluded that pogostemon cablin has immense ethno botanical importance. For its rapid multiplication, in vitro technique was found very successful. In MS medium supplemented with Kn 2.5 mg/L and IBA 0.1mg/L found maximum multiplication rate. In this proportion rates of shoot generation, leaf, rooting, callus formation was maximum.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotany, in vitro study, MS medium, Pogostemon cablin.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.2}, author = {Pratibha Sharma and Jintu Sarma} } @article {86, title = {Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and In vitro Anti-helmenthic activity of Achyranthes aspera Leaf extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {397-399}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {397}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro- Antihelmenthic activity of leaf extract of Achyranthes aspera. Background: Achyranthes aspera is an annual, stiff-erect herb found commonly as a weed throughout India. The leaf ethyl acetate extract showed high larvicidal activity on the tick larvae of Rhipicephalus. It strengthen the liver and kidneys, strengthening muscles, tendons and bones, anti-inflammatory, anti-toxin, urine laxative, normalize menstruation, hemostatic, ease childbirth. Chemical Ingredients includes Akirantin, glokosa, galactose, reilosa, ramnosa, and alkaloids. Hentriakontan, sapogenin, Betaine, ecdysterone, triterpenoid saponins. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done by adopting the method of Evans. Antihelmenthic assay is performed by standard protocol. Result: The present study reveals the presence of few secondary metabolites and the extract exhibitspotent Antihelmenthic activity. Conclusion: From the present study it can be concluded that Achyranthes aspera leaf extract possessed marked in vitro Anti helminthic effect.

}, keywords = {Achyranthes aspera, Anti-helmenthic, Anti-inflammatory, Laxative, Phytochemical.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.14}, author = {Kamal Hasan and Thangavelu Lakshmi and Thirumalai Kumaran Rathinam} } @article {79, title = {Preliminary Phytochemical analysis and In vitro Antioxidant, FTIR Spectroscopy, Anti-diabetic activity of Acacia catechu ethanolic seed extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {356-362}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {356}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity, anti-diabetic effect of ethanolic seed extract of Acacia catechu against the alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase digestive enzymes in the pancreas and small intestine. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done by adopting the method of Evans. Antioxidant assay is performed by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assay, Anti diabetic activity was determined by modified method of miller, the extract at different concentrations was tested for mammalian alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzyme inhibitory assay under the controlled experimental conditions and subjected to determination of absorbance. Results: The present study reveals the presence of few secondary metabolites and the extract exhibits potent Antioxidant activity and a concentration dependent inhibition of Alpha amylase and Alpha glucosidase. Conclusion: From the present study it can be concluded that ethanolic seed extract of Acacia catechu possessed marked in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic effect. The effect was plausibly due to the presence of phenolic contents of Acacia catechu

}, keywords = {Acacia catechu seed, Alpha glucosidase, Alpha-amylase, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, FTIR Spectroscopy, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.7}, author = {Thangavelu Lakshmi and Rajendran Ramasamy and Rathinam Thirumalaikumaran} } @article {40, title = {Quality Control Standardization and In-Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Aganosma dichotoma K. Schum Root}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {74-82}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {74}, abstract = {

Introduction: Aganosma dichotoma K. Schum (AD) is a large climber with very stout stem belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The Plant has significant medicinal value as described in traditional system of medicine. The objective of the present study is to scientifically develop a standard monograph for AD on the basis of its pharmacognostical and phytochemical aspects. Methods: The study includes quality control standardization as per the standard methods provided in World Health Organization for standardization of medicinal plants. Fluorescence drug analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening of different fractions, quantification of some phytoconstituents and in-vitro antioxidant activity were also carried out. Quantification of Quercetin in the ethanolic extract of A. dichotoma was determined by HPTLC analysis. The ethanolic extract of root of A. dichotoma was subjected to in-vitro antioxidant activity. Results: The diagnostic characters of A. dichotoma root were evaluated on the basis of macroscopical and microscopical characters. Physicochemical parameters were evaluated such as 6.7\% w/w loss on drying with; ash values (in \% w/w): 13.75 total ash, 5.75 acid-insoluble ash, 3.6 water-soluble ash; Extractive values (\% w/w): 12.75 water, 11.82 ethanol, 2.26 ethyl acetate, 3.13 chloroform, and 3.16 pet ether; foaming index 181.81; swelling index 3.2 ml/g; hemolytic activity 227.89 unit/gm of powder drug and crude fiber content was 19.4\%. Total numbers of starch grain in 1 mg of root powder were 2,49,981. Quantification of quercetin in the ethanolic extract was assessed by HPTLC analysis and was found to contain 2.40\%, w/w. Conclusion: The parameters determined in the present study may provide necessary information for identification and authentication of plant material.

}, author = {Deepali Pandey and Apurva Joshi and S. Hemalatha} } @article {1463, title = {Quality Control Standardization and In-Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Aganosma dichotoma K. Schum Root}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {74-82}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {74}, abstract = {

Introduction: Aganosma dichotoma K. Schum (AD) is a large climber with very stout stem belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The Plant has significant medicinal value as described in traditional system of medicine. The objective of the present study is to scientifically develop a standard monograph for AD on the basis of its pharmacognostical and phytochemical aspects. Methods: The study includes quality control standardization as per the standard methods provided in World Health Organization for standardization of medicinal plants. Fluorescence drug analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening of different fractions, quantification of some phytoconstituents and in-vitro antioxidant activity were also carried out. Quantification of Quercetin in the ethanolic extract of A. dichotoma was determined by HPTLC analysis. The ethanolic extract of root of A.dichotoma was subjected to in-vitro antioxidant activity. Results: The diagnostic characters of A.dichotoma root were evaluated on the basis of macroscopical and microscopical characters. Physicochemical parameters were evaluated such as 6.7\% w/w loss on drying with; ash values (in \% w/w): 13.75 total ash, 5.75 acid-insoluble ash, 3.6 water-soluble ash; Extractive values (\% w/w): 12.75 water, 11.82 ethanol, 2.26 ethyl acetate, 3.13 chloroform, and 3.16 pet ether; foaming index 181.81; swelling index 3.2 ml/g; hemolytic activity 227.89 unit/gm of powder drug and crude fiber content was 19.4\%. Total numbers of starch grain in 1 mg of root powder were 2,49,981. Quantification of quercetin in the ethanolic extract was assessed by HPTLC analysis and was found to contain 2.40\%, w/w. Conclusion: The parameters determined in the present study may provide necessary information for identification and authentication of plant material.

Key words:Aganosma dichotoma, HPTLC, in-vitro antioxidant activity, Pharmacognosy.

}, keywords = {Aganosma dichotoma, HPTLC, in-vitro antioxidant activity, Pharmacognosy}, author = {Deepali Pandey and Apurva Joshi, and Hemalatha, S.} } @article {87, title = {Quantitative Determination and Variation Tendencies of Flavonoids in Five Selaginella Plant Drugs}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {378-382}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {378}, keywords = {Amentoflavone content, HPLC, Selaginella, Total flavonoids content, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Variation tendencies}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.11}, author = {Weifang Long and Qi Ding and Yujie Chen and Jiqing Hu and Luyang Li and Fei Zhang and Dingrong Wan} } @article {50, title = {Rapid and high yield Extraction method for Saponins from Safed musli}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul-Aug 2015}, pages = {210-214}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {210}, abstract = {

Objectives: We aimed to develop, compare and optimise rapid and high yield extraction method for saponins of Safed musli using conventional extraction techniques and as well as modern microwave assisted solvent extraction method. Materials and methods: Roots of Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) are extracted by maceration, soxhlet, sonication and microwave methods. Extract further fractionated to obtain total saponins. Microwave assisted solvent extraction (MASE) method is optimised using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array design. Total saponins are estimated by High Performance Thin Layer chromatography (HPTLC) from all extracts obtained by different methods. Results: Factors namely temperature, irradiation time, irradiation power and powder size which potentially affects extraction efficiency are considered while optimizing MASE by statistical orthogonal array design procedure and saponins are quantified using HPTLC. Under developed optimum conditions, MASE showed significantly higher yield (5.11\%) and drastic reduction in extraction time (4 min) than conventional extraction methods. Conclusion: Saponins of Safed musli shown highest yield in MASE and then maceration, soxhlet and sonication followed. The developed and optimised method of saponin extraction by MASE can have huge industrial applications after scale up.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Maceration Saponins, Microwave assisted solvent extraction, Orthogonal test L9 (34) Sonication, Taguchi Design}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.4.1}, author = {Sharada Laxman Deore and Bhushan Arun Baviskar and Ashwini Suresh Rangari} } @article {1474, title = {Rapid and high yield Extraction method for Saponins from Safed Musli}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {16th Jan, 2015}, pages = {210-214}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {210}, abstract = {

Objectives: We aimed to develop, compare and optimise rapid and high yield extraction method for saponins of safed musli using conventional extraction techniques and as well as modern microwave assisted solvent extraction method. Materials and methods: Roots of Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) are extracted by maceration, soxhlet, sonication and microwave methods. Extract further fractionated to obtain total saponins. Microwave assisted solvent extraction (MASE) method is optimised using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array design. Total saponins are estimated by High Performance Thin Layer chromatography (HPTLC) from all extracts obtained by different methods. Results: Factors namely temperature, irradiation time, irradiation power and powder size which potentially affects extraction efficiency are considered while optimizing MASE by statistical orthogonal array design procedure and saponins are quantified using HPTLC. Under developed optimum conditions, MASE showed significantly higher yield (5.11\%) and drastic reduction in extraction time (4 min) than conventional extraction methods. Conclusion: saponins of safed musli shown highest yield in MASE and then maceration, soxhlet and sonication followed. The developed and optimised method of saponin extraction by MASE can have huge industrial applications after scale up.

Key words: HPTLC, Microwave assisted solvent extraction, Maceration Saponins, Orthogonal test L9 (34) Sonication, Taguchi Design.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Maceration Saponins, Microwave assisted solvent extraction, Orthogonal test L9 (34) Sonication, Taguchi Design.}, author = {Sharada Laxman Deore and Bhushan Arun Baviskar and Ashwini Suresh Rangari} } @article {1464, title = {Tannin components and inhibitory activity of Kakadu plum leaf extracts against microbial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {18-31}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {18}, abstract = {

Introduction: Autoimmune inflammatory diseases can be triggered by specific bacteria in susceptible individuals. Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) has documented therapeutic properties as a general antiseptic agent. However, the high ascorbic acid levels in Kakadu plum fruit may interfere with this activity. Methods: T. ferdinandiana leaf solvent extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay against a panel of bacteria known to trigger autoimmune inflammatory diseases.Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Non-targeted HPLC separation of crude extracts coupled to high resolution time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy with screening against 3 compound databases was used for the identification and characterisation of individual components in crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate T. Ferdinandiana leaf extracts displayed potent antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion assay against the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis. The ethyl acetate extract had the most potent inhibitory activity, with MIC values less than 120 \μg/ml against P. mirabilis and A. baylyi (both reference and clinical strains). The ethyl acetate extract had similar potency against K. pneumonia(both reference and clinical strains), but had higher MIC values (2733 \μg/ml) against P. aeruginosa. The methanolic extract was also a potent inhibitor of bacterial growth, with MIC values generally \< 1000 \μg/ml. In comparison, the water, chloroform and hexane leaf extracts were all substantially less potent antibacterial agents, with MICs values generally well over 1000 \μg/ml. All T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts were either nontoxic or of low toxicity in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay.Non-biased phytochemical analysis of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of high levels of tannins (exifone (4-galloylpyrogallol), ellagic acid dehydrate, trimethylellagic acid, chebulic acid, corilagin, punicalin, castalagin and chebulagic acid). Conclusion: The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts and their potent inhibitory bioactivity against the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory disorders indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.

Key words: Terminalia ferdinandiana, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, multiple sclerosis, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae , Acinetobacter baylyi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

}, keywords = {Acinetobacter baylyi, ankylosing spondylitis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, multiple sclerosis, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa., rheumatoid arthritis, Terminalia ferdinandiana}, author = {R. Courtney and J. Sirdaarta and Matthews B and I.E. Cock} } @article {30, title = {Tannin components and inhibitory activity of Kakadu plum leaf extracts against microbial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {18-31}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {18}, abstract = {

Introduction: Autoimmune inflammatory diseases can be triggered by specific bacteria in susceptible individuals. Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) has documented therapeutic properties as a general antiseptic agent. However, the high ascorbic acid levels in Kakadu plum fruit may interfere with this activity. Methods: T. ferdinandiana leaf solvent extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay against a panel of bacteria known to trigger autoimmune inflammatory diseases.Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies.Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Non-targeted HPLC separation of crude extracts coupled to high resolution time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy with screening against 3 compound databases was used for the identification and characterisation of individual components in crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate T. Ferdinandiana leaf extracts displayed potent antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion assay against the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis. The ethyl acetate extract had the most potent inhibitory activity, with MIC values less than 120 \μg/ml against P. mirabilis and A. baylyi (both reference and clinical strains). The ethyl acetate extract had similar potency against K. pneumonia (both reference and clinical strains), but had higher MIC values (2733 \μg/ml) against P. aeruginosa. The methanolic extract was also a potent inhibitor of bacterial growth, with MIC values generally \< 1000 \μg/ml. In comparison, the water, chloroform and hexane leaf extracts were all substantially less potent antibacterial agents, with MICs values generally well over 1000 \μg/ml. All T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts were either nontoxic or of low toxicity in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay.Non-biased phytochemical analysis of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of high levels of tannins (exifone (4-galloylpyrogallol), ellagic acid dehydrate, trimethylellagic acid, chebulic acid, corilagin, punicalin, castalagin and chebulagic acid). Conclusion: The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts and their potent inhibitory bioactivity against the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory disorders indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.

}, keywords = {Acinetobacter baylyi, ankylosing spondylitis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, multiple sclerosis, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa., rheumatoid arthritis, Terminalia ferdinandiana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.2}, author = {R Courtney and J Sirdaarta and B Matthews and I E Cock} } @article {52, title = {Taste Masking of Ayurvedic Nutraceutical Formulation by Pan Coating Process}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul-Aug 2015}, pages = {215-220}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {215}, abstract = {

Background: Ayurvedic medicines and nutraceuticals are gaining popularity among physicians and patients for better therapeutic value. Lack of quality standards and problems, in preparing or testing them, are the main hurdles experienced by both the practitioners and the patients. Objective: The objective of the study was to improve the palatability of the Ayurvedic Nutraceutical Preparation (ADS) by masking its bitter taste and to standardize the taste masking procedure. In the present study Eudragit E 100 was used as an acid soluble coating material. Materials and Methods: ADS powder was converted into granules with PVP K30 as a granulating agent and the ADS granules were coated with Eudragit E 100 coating solution by pan coating process. Various IPQC tests namely flow properties, moisture content were performed on the granules before and after coating for determination of endpoint of granulation and coating respectively. The ADS powder and granules were evaluated for bitter taste. Results: ADS granules were advantageous over ADS powder since the flow properties of ADS granules were better than the flow properties of ADS powder, a prerequisite of pan coating process. Eudragit E 100 inhibited the contact in between the plant extracts and the taste buds due to insolubility of Eudragit E 100 in saliva. Sensory evaluation of taste indicated that the taste of coated granules was significantly masked. Conclusion: The bitter taste of ADS was improved successfully with Eudragit E 100 as a coating agent and the pan coating process. An attempt was made to standardize the pan coating process.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Coating, Eudragit E 100, Nutraceutical, Taste Masking}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.4.2}, author = {Alpana Kulkarni and Shreya Rumalla and Swati Andhale and Bhanudas Kuchekar}, editor = {Ajit Kolatkar} } @article {1456, title = {Taste Masking of AyurvedicNutraceutical Formulation by Pan Coating Process}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {215-220}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {215}, abstract = {

Background: Ayurvedic medicines and nutraceuticals are gaining popularity among physicians and patients for better therapeutic value. Lack of quality standards and problems, in preparing or testing them, are the main hurdles experienced by both the practitioners and the patients. Objective: The objective of the study was to improve the palatability of the Ayurvedic Nutraceutical Preparation (ADS) by masking its bitter taste and to standardize the taste masking procedure. In the present study Eudragit E 100 was used as an acid soluble coating material. Materials and Methods: ADS powder was converted into granules with PVP K30 as a granulating agent and the ADS granules were coated with Eudragit E 100 coating solution by pan coating process. Various IPQC tests namely flow properties, moisture content were performed on the granules before and after coating for determination of endpoint of granulation and coating respectively. The ADS powder and granules were evaluated for bitter taste. Results: ADS granules were advantageous over ADS powder since the flow properties of ADS granules were better than the flow properties of ADS powder, a prerequisite of pan coating process. Eudragit E 100 inhibited the contact in between the plant extracts and the taste buds due to insolubility of Eudragit E 100 in saliva. Sensory evaluation of taste indicated that the taste of coated granules was significantly masked. Conclusion: The bitter taste of ADS was improved successfully with Eudragit E 100 as a coating agent and the pan coating process. An attempt was made to standardize the pan coating process.

Key words: Ayurveda, Coating, Eudragit E 100, Nutraceutical, Taste Masking.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Coating, Eudragit E 100, Nutraceutical, Taste Masking.}, author = {AlpanaKulkarni and Shreya Rumalla and Swati Andhale and Ajit Kolatkar and Bhanudas Kuchekar} } @article {1534, title = {15-Lipoxygenase inhibition of selected Philippine medicinal plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {43-46}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Several extracts from Philippine medicinal plants used for asthma and other inflammatory diseases were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the action of 15-lipoxygenase. The inhibitory activity was tested spectrophotometrically using quercetin as positive control. Eleven species belonging to 11 families displayed varying inhibitory activities. Commelina diffusa and Euphorbia hirta showed the highest inhibitory activity at 51.3\% and 48.5\%, respectively. These plants may contain new 15-lipoxygenase inhibitors.

Key words: Asthma, inflammation, lipoxygenase, medicinal plants, plant extra.

}, keywords = {Asthma, Inflammation, Lipoxygenase, Medicinal plants, Plant extracts}, author = {Noemi D. Paguigan, and Christine L. Chichioco-Hernandez,} } @article {1535, title = {Alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity of hydro-methanolic (2:3) extract of seed of Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {63-69}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Objectives: Present study investigated the effect of hydro-methanolic extract of seed of Swietenia mahagoni (HMESM) on a-glucosidase inhibition in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Oral carbohydrate tolerance tests were performed in 16h fasted normal and diabetic rats loaded with starch or sucrose or glucose at the dose of 3g/kg, 15min after administration of 250 (S1), 500 (S2), 1000 (S3) mg/kg of HMESM, vehicle (control),or pretreatment at the dose of 10 mg/kg of acarbose (Acar). Blood samples were analyzed for glucose levels at 0, 30th, 60th, and 120th min after respective treatments and the peak blood glucose (PBG) levels and area under the curves (AUC) were determined. Results: Results demonstrated that 500 mg, 1000 mg/kg of HMESM reduced and prolonged the PBG and decreased AUC simultaneously after starch and sucrose loading in normal and diabetic rats. Similarly acarbose also reduce the sucrose and starch induced blood glucose excursion, whereas it had no peak blood glucose suppressive effect after exogenous glucose load in both normal and diabetic rats. On the other hand, phytochemical study of the said extract revealed that it is rich in phenolic compounds (46.25 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of extract) and flavonoids (231.72 mg of quercetin equivalent/g of the extract), which may may responsible for pharmacological activities. Conclusion: The HMESM may have PBG suppressive effect in post-carbohydrate challenged state as evidenced by reduced PBG and AUC. This suggest that HMESM may be used effectively as a safer alternative to control postprandial hyperglycemia especially in pre-diabetic and diabetic patients.

Key words: Streptozotocin,∝-glucosidase, Postprandial hyperglycemia, Total flavono.

}, keywords = {a-glucosidase, Postprandial hyperglycemia, Streptozotocin, Total flavonoids}, author = {Tushar Kanti Bera, and Kausik Chatterjee, and Debidas Ghosh} } @article {1484, title = {Antianaphylactic, mast cell stabilizing and antiasthmatic activity of AHR-1 (a polyherbal formulation)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {93-99}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Objective: This work was mainly aimed to study the anti-anaphylactic, mast cell stabilizing and antiasthmatic activity of AHR-1 (a polyherbal formulation) which contain various herbal extracts. Methods: The antianaphylactic activity of AHR-1 was evaluated in rats using active anaphylaxis model. Rats were then observed for onset of symptoms of anaphylaxis reaction such as increased respiratory rate, dyspnea, cyanosis and mortality. Serum IgE, leukocyte, eosinophil countand \% polymorphs were calculated. Mast cell stabilizing effect was investigated by in vitro challenge of antigensensitized rat intestinal mesenteries. Antiasthmatic effect wasstudied in guinea pigs using histamine-induced bronchospasm, in which occurrence of preconvulsive dyspnea (PCD) was noted as end point. Results: Anaphylactic shock caused by intravenous antigen challenge showed 83\% mortality with a significant (P\<0.001) increaserespiratory symptom score.Treatment with AHR-1(250 and 500 mg/kg) reduced the mortality and respiratory symptom score (P\<0.05, P\<0.001), respectively. AHR- 1 (250 and 500 mg/kg) significantly and dose dependently decreased Serum IgE (P\<0.05, P\<0.001), AEC (P\<0.05, P\<0.001), total leukocytes (P\<0.05, P\<0.01) and \% polymorphs (P\<0.01,P\<0.001), respectively as compared to sensitized control group. Sensitized control rats wereproduced a significant (79\%) mesenteric mast cell degranulation, but pre-treatment with AHR-1 (100 and 200\μg/ml) produced in a significant (p\<0.001) reduction in the number of degranulated mast cells when challenged with horse serum. AHR-1 significantly increased the time of PCD (P\<0.001) as compared to control. Conclusion: From these finding, we concluded thatAHR-1 is might be effective in treatment various hypersensitivity reactions like anaphylactic shock and asthma.

Key words: Horse serum, AHR-1, IgE, Respiratory score.

}, keywords = {AHR-1, gE, Horse serum, Respiratory score}, author = {Rajesh A Maheshwari, and R Balaraman, and GirishU Sailo, and Ghanshyam R Parmar, and Manoj Patel, and A K Seth} } @article {1482, title = {Anti-diabetic, Hypolipidemic and Anti-oxidant Activities of Hydroethanolic Root Extract of Rhus Mysurensis Heyne in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes in Wistar Male Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {62-71}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Objectives: The present study was designed to investigate the potential role of hydroethanolic root extracts\  were Rhus mysurensis (HERM) in the treatment of diabetes along with its antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic effects was studied in streptozotocin induced diabetes in Wistar rats. Methods: In this study, the anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic and anti-oxidant activities of hydroethanolic root extract of Rhus mysurensis was evaluated by using STZ induced diabetic rats at a dose of 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg p.o. daily for 21 days. Blood glucose levels and body weight were monitored at specific time intervals, and different biochemical parameters, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein were also assessed in the experimental animals. Results: Oral administration of hydroethanolic root extracts of Rhus mysurensis (HERM) 400 and 800 mg/kg for 21 days significantly decreased the blood glucose level and considerably increased the body weight of diabetic induced rats. Daily oral treatment with HERM for 3 weeks resulted in reduced serum cholesterol, and triglycerides and improved HDL-cholesterol levels when compared to the diabetic control group. HERM significantly decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and significantly increased superoxide dismutase and catalase in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats at the end of 21 days of treatment. Conclusion: Hydroethanolic root extract of Rhus mysurensis showed significant anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic and anti-oxidant activities, which provide the scientific proof for its traditional claims. The results also put forward that the HERM is promising for development of standardized phytomedicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Key words: Anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, hypolipidemic, Rhus mysurensis.

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic, Anti-oxidant, Hypolipidemic, Rhus mysurensis.}, author = {Sanwar Mal Lamba, and Kunjbihari Sulakhiya, and Parveen Kumar, and Mangala Lahkar, and Chandana C. Barua, and Babul Bezbaruah} } @article {1506, title = {Antihyperglycemic Activity and Standardization of the Bioactive Extract of Cleome droserifolia Growing in Egypt}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {15-21}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background:Cleome droserifolia herb is well known in the Egyptian folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes. However, a standardized active extract of the herb was never prepared for incorporation into a pharmaceutical dosage form. Materials and Methods: Comparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatographic profi les were established in order to study the ethnopharmacological use of the antihyperglycemic herb using a validated reversed phase- HPLC method which was developed for standardization of the active aqueous extract. A biologically guided fractionation of the antihyperglycemic aqueous extract was carried out in vivo using alloxan induced diabetic rats. Results: The aqueous extract contained the highest percent of the total active fl avonol glycosides (78.20\%) compared to the 70\% and 50\% ethanolic extracts (51.17 and 42.66\%, respectively). The aqueous extract and its ethyl acetate fraction possessed the highest antihyperglycemic activities. A standard calibration curve, established for the major bioactive methoxylated fl avonol glycoside (kaempferol-4\’-methoxy-3,7-dirhamnoside) at a concentration range of 44-174 \μg/ml, showed good linearity with a correlation coeffi cient (R2) of 0.998. The recovery of the method was 100.5\%. A high degree of precision (relative standard deviation values \<5\%) was achieved. The limits of detection and quantifi cation were 0.01 and 0.02 \μg/ml, respectively, indicating the sensitivity of the method. Conclusion: The aqueous extract contained the highest percent of the total active fl avonol glycosides. The extract, standardized to contain not \<1.5 \± 0.06\% of kaempferol-4\’-methoxy- 3,7-dirhamnoside, was tested at three different dose levels showing a 63.3\% activity of that of metformin at100 mg/kg body weight. Furthermore, it raised the blood insulin level by 146.26\% at this dose level.

Key words: Antihyperglycemic, Cleome droserifolia, high performance liquid chromatography standardization, kaempferol-4\’-methoxy-3,7-dirhamnoside, validation.

}, keywords = {7-dirhamnoside, Antihyperglycemic, Cleome droserifolia, high performance liquid chromatography standardization, kaempferol-4{\textquoteright}-methoxy-3, Validation}, author = {Amira Abdel Motaal and Shahira M. Ezzat and Hesham El-Askary} } @article {1483, title = {Anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities of methanolic extract of Anthemis scrobicularis herbs}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {55-61}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

The anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activitiesof the methanolic extract of Anthemis scrobicularis(ANS) herbs were evaluated in rats against carrageenan induced inflammation and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)induced hepatic injury. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of ANS, twenty male rats were divided into four equal groups. Injection of 100 \μl carrageenan in normal saline into the subplantar region of the hind paw of rats clearly induced paw edema. The volume of paw edema was attenuated following oral administration of ANS. For hepatoprotective effects, twenty five rats were equally divided into five groups.The hepatotoxicity, induced by a single dose of CCl4, produced significant (p\<0.001) increase of the levels of serumtransaminase, phosphatase, bilirubin and a decrease in proteins were also noticed. The oxidative stress marker such as malondialdehyde (MDA)was increased and nonprotein sulfhydryl (NP-SH) was decreased in the hepatotoxic tissues. Pre-medication of CCl4-intoxicated rats with ANS at the doses 250 and 500 mg/kg reversed the abnormal liver diagnostic stricture. The results showed that ANS is toxicologically safe when orally administered and possess highly significant anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities and the potentials usefulness of Anthemis scrobicularis in hepatic and inflammatory disease.

Key words: Anthemis scrobicularis, Anti-inflammatory, Hepatoprotective, Carbon tetrachloride, Histopathology.

}, keywords = {Anthemis scrobicularis, Anti-inflammatory, Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatoprotective, Histopathology}, author = {Hasan S. Yusufoglu and Aftab Alam and Mohamad Ayman A. Salkini and Ahmed M. Zaghloul} } @article {1536, title = {Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of roots extracts from Actinidia arguta (Sieb.et Zucc.) Planch}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {80-86}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {80}, abstract = {

Aims: The roots of Actinidia arguta (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch (also named tengligen) have medicinal uses as anti-tumour, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory agents. In this study, we evaluated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of 95\% ethanol extract and different fractions of the roots of A. arguta (Sieb.et Zucc.) Planch (Tengligen). Methods: Three conventional methods were used to carry out the antinociceptive effect: acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, formalin induced hind paw licking, and hot plate test. In addition, the anti-inflammatory effect was investigated by carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. Conclusion: From the obtained results, we found that the total ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and n-butanol fraction all significantly inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing and both phases of the formalin induced pain response, increased the time of response to thermal stimulation in hot plate test, and exhibited significant dose-related inhibition of carrageenan induced paw edema volumes when compared with the control group. Based on our findings, we conclude that the flavonoid and saponin contents of tengligen are responsible for the antinociception and anti-inflammatory effects of Actinidia arguta (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch, respectively.

Key words:Actinidia arguta (Sieb.et Zucc.) Planch; antinociceptive; anti-inflammatory.}, keywords = {Actinidia arguta (Sieb.et Zucc.) Planch; antinociceptive; anti-inflammatory}, author = {Kun Teng, and Hong-Sheng Ruan, and Hai-Feng Zhang} } @article {1499, title = {Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Ocimum basilicum L. cv. Dark Opal (Lamiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {3rd Sept, 2014}, pages = {S}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Background: Plants used in folk and traditional medicines have been accepted as therapeutic drug development in modern medicine.Although manystudies have been focused on Lamiaceae family,few studies on medical effects of purple basil have been performed until now. Objective: Ocimum basilicum cv. dark opal was chosen for this study as it has been used in Persian traditional medicine and many Iranian dishes. It was considered important to determine the cytotoxicity effect andthe reductive capacity of the purple basil oils and extracts, as this may indicate their potential as antioxidants. Materials and Methods: The reducing power activity of both essential oils of the leaves (before flowering) and the seeds and also methanolic extracts of roots and aerial parts (stem-leaf) (collected prior flowering), and flowers were determined by utilizing of FRAP. Also the MTT assay has been used in order to consider in vitro cytotoxicity of essential oils and extracts on cancerous cell line (MCF-7). Moreover, the extracts were analyzed by HPLC to comprise the rate of some phenolic compounds. Results: The purple basil extracts have more powerful antioxidant activity than the essential oils. MCF-7 revealed to have a meaningful cell death when compared with controls, and the oils were found to be more effective than the extracts. Also the phytochemical analysis of the extracts has led to the identification of 3 phenolic compounds (Rosmarinic acid, p-Coumaric acid and Ferulic acid). Conclusion: Our study tends to validate the traditional use of this medicinal herb as complementary and alternative medicine.

Key Words: purple basil, antioxidant, MCF-7, HPLC.

}, keywords = {3-(4, 4 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, 5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2, A549 Cell Line, Cytotoxic, Digera muricata, HeLa cell line.}, author = {Mohammadi M and Majd A and Nejadsattari T and Hashemi M} } @article {1500, title = {Antiproliferative activity of crude extract and fractions obtained from Digera muricata on Hela cell lines of human cervix and A549 cell lines of Human Lung.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {3rd Sept, 2014}, pages = {32-38}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Digera muricata (Linn.) of family Amaranthaceae is an ethanobotanically important plant species traditionally used against various disorders. Cytotoxic potential of methanolic extract and its fractions were investigated against Hela and A549 cell lines. Crude extract of Digera muricata was prepared in methanol by Continuous Hot Soxhlation technique. Crude extract was fractionated into two organic and one aqueous fraction by the help of Column Chromatography. MTT assay was used to evaluate the reduction of viability of the cancer cell lines. Cell viability was inhibited by crude extract of Digera muricata in a dose dependent manner ranging from 25\μg/ml to 250\μg/ml. Apoptosis assays using nucleic acid stains namely PI exclusion assay and Hoestch/PI assay were performed by the help of fluorescence microscopy. Morphological analysis was done by calculation of Apoptotic ratio and Percentage apoptosis. Our results suggests that methanolic and aqueous fraction of the extract of Digera muricata can be good source of cytotoxic compounds.

Key words: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,4 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, A549 cell line, cytotoxic, Digera muricata, HeLa cell line.

}, keywords = {3-(4, 4 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, 5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2, A549 Cell Line, Cytotoxic, Digera muricata, HeLa cell line}, author = {Shazia Usmani and Arshad Hussain and A.H.A Farooqui and Mohd.Arshad and Sahabjada Siddiqui and Mohd.Ahmad and Shadma Wahab} } @article {1553, title = {Antistaphylococcal Activity of Xanthium cavanillesii Lactones}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = {39-42}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Objective: The genus Xanthium L., of the Asteraceae Dum. family, (tribe Heliantheae) comprises 30 species of cosmopolitan distribution, many of which, as X. spinosum and X. strumarium are used as medicinal plants. This genus has been the object of numerous phytochemical investigations being sesquiterpene lactones with guaiane or secoguaiane frameworks the main secondary metabolites. Several sesquiterpene lactones have been demonstrated to have antimicrobial activity, in particular against Gram+ bacteria and in Uruguay the infusion of Xanthium cavanillesii Show (common name \“Abrojo\” or \“Abrojo grande\”) which grows wild, is used as antiseptic in popular medicine. In this work we present the results of the antibacterial analysis of several extracts, fractions and pure compounds from X. cavanillesii against both sensitive and resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and Methods: Compounds were isolated from X. cavanillesii aerial parts by several chromatographic and spectroscopic methods antimicrobial analysis were performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) found were high for the sensitive 6538p strain when compared with common antibiotics. For the resistant strains, the pure compounds activity clearly outperformed the antibiotics, especially in the case of the multiresistant 700,699 strain with MICs of 31, 236 and 356 \μg/mL for the Xanthium compounds, gentamicin and oxacillin respectively.

Key words: Antimicrobial, abrojo, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, sesquiterpene lactones

}, keywords = {abrojo, Antimicrobial, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, sesquiterpene lactones}, author = {Cristina Olivaro and Nicole Paris and M. P{\'\i}a Cerdeiras and Alvaro V{\'a}zquez} } @article {1485, title = {Aqueous Methanolic Bark Extract of Oroxylum indicum Inhibited Testosterone induced Prostate Hyperplasia in Rat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {79-85}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Oroxylum indicum is a frequently reported traditional medicinal plant known to possess antiproliferative and antitumor activity. The present study investigated the effect of crude methanolic bark extract of Oroxylum indicum on testosterone induced benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) in rat. Adult male rats were given either corn oil or testosterone dissolved in corn oil and testosterone with aqueous methanolic bark extracts of Oroxylum indicum (10, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day) for 14 days. The inhibitory effect of Oroxylum indicum on testosterone induced hyperplasia was evaluated by prostatic index and histopathological examination. Serum marker of liver injury (alanine aminotransferase, ALT and aspartate aminotransferase, AST) and liver histopathological examination were also conducted. Compared with testosterone induced BPH model group, Oroxylum indicum extract treated groups exhibited significant reduction in the prostatic index. Oroxylum indicum treated group also exhibited reduced hyperplasia of prostatic epithelium likewise finasteride treated group. Aqueous methanolic extract of Oroxylum indicum significantly inhibited testosterone induced prostate hyperplasia thus indicated the presence of efficient ingredients which can be used for the treatment of BPH.

Key words: Benign Prostate Hyperplasia, Oroxylum indicum, Testosterone, Finasteride, Rat.

}, keywords = {Benign Prostate Hyperplasia, Finasteride, Oroxylum indicum, Rat, Testosterone}, author = {Manuj Kr Bharali, and Luk Bahadur Chetry} } @article {1486, title = {Assessment of anti hyperglycemic fractions isolated from Albizia procera stem bark chloroform extract using STZ induced diabetic albino rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {29-35}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Objective: The present Study was to identify more effective hypoglycemic fractions from chloroform extract of Albizia procera stem bark. Material and methods: Isolated fractions of Albizia procera stem bark chloroform extract were given individually to different batches of rats both normal (80 mg/kg of b.wt animals) and STZ induced diabetic rats (160mg/kg b.wt animals) after an overnight fast. The blood glucose levels were measured at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 hours after the treatment. Fractions were also treated to STZ induced diabetic rats by chronically (80mg/kg b.wt). Results: The fractions E of Albizia procera stem bark chloroform extract was shown maximum blood glucose lowering effect in both normal and STZ diabetic rats with acute and chronic treatment. The other fractions are also showing hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activity, but the effect is significantly less than that of fraction E. The antihyperglycemic activity of fractions of Albizia procera stem bark chloroform extract was compared with the treatment of glibenclamide. Conclusion: The present data confirm the anti diabetic activity of Albizia procera in Indian traditional medicine for Diabetes mellitus treatment. The anti hyperglycemic action attributed to the presence of valuable flavonoids, terpinoids in the fraction E.

Key words: Albizia procera, hyperglycemia, Streptozocin (STZ).

}, keywords = {Albizia procera, hyperglycemia, Streptozocin (STZ)}, author = {Praveen kumar P, and Ramesh A, and Prasad K} } @article {1537, title = {Bioactivity of Viscum album extracts from Olive and Almond host plants in Palestine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {117-123}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {117}, abstract = {

Introduction:Viscum album is a semi-parasitic medicinal plant which has been used for many years as a remedy in traditional medicine. The plant is widely used in folk medicine in Palestine; mainly in the treatment of cancer, diabetes and heart disease. Since no previous reports on bio activity of this plant in association with host plant specificity in Palestine, the current study aimed at evaluating bio activity of almond and olive variants of this plant. Method: Methanolic extract ofviscum album cultivated from almond and olive host plants were tested for antioxidant, antimicrobial . Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were also used to assess anticoagulant activities of plant extracts. Result: The result demonstrated that Viscum album have an IC50 of 25.34\±3.8\μg/ml when hosted by olive while the IC50 was 15.37\±2.2\μg/ml when hosted by almond. Crude extracts of both Viscum album plants showed strong inhibition effects on the growth of the studied Staphylococcus aureus strains (ATCC 25923 and MRSA) with a pronounced effect when extracts of almond host was used. However, the effects of both host extracts were very limited or absent when tested against Gram-negative reference and clinical strains. Plant extracts of both host showed prolonged PT and PTT compared to phosphate buffered saline control solution. Conclusion: In conclusion, variations in the bioactivity of Viscum album is clearly influenced by host type and further studies required to illustrate such variations using other host plants.

Key words: Viscum album, Antioxidant, Prothrombin time, Antimicrobial.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Prothrombin time, Viscum album}, author = {Murad Abualhasan, and Nidal Jaradat, and Nael Abu-Hasan, and Motasem Almasri, and Adham Abu Taha, and Ahmad Rabbaa, and Noor Natsheh, and Sajed Shalalfeh, and Majdi Najib.} } @article {1487, title = {Chemical Constituents of Dendrobium williamsonii}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {36-41}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Objective: Isolation of compounds from Dendrobium williamsonii and evaluation of each isolates for its free radical scavenging, antiherpetic and cytotoxic activities. Results: Six phenolic compounds were isolated including tetratriacontanyltrans- p-coumarate (1), trans-docosanoylferulate (2), 3,3\′-dihydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybibenzyl (3), moscatilin (4), apigenin (5) and vanillic acid (6). Among these isolates, compounds 3, 4 and 5 exhibited recognizable DPPH free radical scavenging potential.Only 3 exhibited weak activity against Herpes simplex virus, whereas 3 and 4 showed cytotoxicity against KB and MCF-7 cancer cells. Conclusion: This study is the first report on the chemical and biological properties of D. williamsonii.Compounds 3, 4 and 5 are responsible for free radical scavenging activity of this plant. Compound 4 showed the strongest cytotoxic effect on KB cancer cells.

Key words:Dendrobium williamsonii, Orchidaceae, Anti-herpetic Cytotoxicity, Free radical scavenging activity.

}, keywords = {Anti-herpetic Cytotoxicity, Dendrobium williamsonii, Free Radical Scavenging Activity, Orchidaceae}, author = {Pathrapa Rungwichaniwat and Boonchoo Sritularak and Kittisak Likhitwitayawuid} } @article {1501, title = {Chemical constituents with free-radical-scavenging activity from the leaves of Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {3rd Sept, 2014}, pages = {27-31}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {27}, abstract = {

Background: Seventy percent aqueous methanolic extract of the leaves of Lantana montevidensis exhibited antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, antioxidant and analgesic activities. Previous phytochemical study of the leaves led to the isolation of various flavones, pentacyclic triterpenoids, \β-sitosterol and benzoic acid. Materials and Methods: The 70\% aqueous methanolic extract of L. montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. leaves was partitioned between water and n-hexane, CHCl3, EtOAc, and n-BuOH, successively. By using a series of different chromatographic techniques, the CHCl3 and EtOAc extracts afforded nine compounds. The isolated compounds were identified by spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with literature values and/or authentic samples. The free radical scavenging activity of some of the isolated compounds was evaluated. Results: Hispidulin-7-O-glucurnoide methyl ester (1), hispidulin-7-O-glucoside (2), cinaroside (3), nepetin-7-O-glucoside (4) pectolinarigenin (5), apigenin (6), luteolin (7) in addition to salicylic acid (8) and \β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside (9) have been isolated. Compounds 1-4 are first report from the genus Lantana while compounds 5, 8 and 9 are first report from this plant. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral methods, including 2D NMR experiments, and confirmed by comparing with the literature data and/or authentic samples. Additionally, some of the isolated flavonoids exhibited free radical scavenging activity. Conclusion:Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. cultivated in Egypt is rich in biologically active ingredients.

Key words:\  Apigenin, cinaroside, free radical scavenging activity, hispidulin-7-O-glucurnoide methyl ester, hispidulin-7-O-glucoside, Lantana montevidensis, luteolin, nepetin-7-O-glucoside, pectolinarigenin.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids free radical scavenging activity, Lantana montevidensis.}, author = {Makboul A. Makboul and Ahmed A. Attia and Salwa F. Farag and Nesma M. Mohamed and Samir A. Ross} } @article {1488, title = {Chromatographic studies on Benincasa hispida (thunb.) Cogn. Seed extract scrutinized by HPLC and HPTLC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {42-48}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. is an extensive climbing annual herb in an agricultural country like India. Lupeol, a constituent of this species, has been reported to possess good amount of pharmacological potential. Objective: In the current studies, the research team focused on determining the percentage of the lupeol present in the extract of Benincasa hispida seeds by chromatographic techniques. Materials and Methods: Shade-dried seeds of Benincasa hispida were subjected to soxhlet extraction followed by scrutinization of the lupeol contents by HPTLC and HPLC methods after carrying out preliminary phytochemical screening for the constituents present in the extract. Results: The extraction yield was found to be 1.2\% (w/w). Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, fixed oils and fats, tannins phenolic compounds, steroids and flavonoids. The amount of lupeol present in the seeds extract was found to be 0.47\% w/w (HPTLC)and 6.85\% w/v (HPLC) by HPTLC quantification and HPLC analysis respectively. Research studies showed a peak which coincided with the peak of standard lupeol signifying the presence of lupeol in the extract. Conclusion: The extract contains significant amount of lupeol.

Key words:Benincasa hispida, Soxhlet extraction, HPLC, HPTLC, lupeol.

}, keywords = {Benincasa hispida, HPLC, HPTLC, Lupeol, Soxhlet Extraction}, author = {Hemant D. Une, and Gaurav M. Doshi} } @article {1517, title = {Comparative analysis of phenolic contents and total antioxidant capacity of Moringa oleifera Lam.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {44-51}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Introduction: Accumulation of reactive species higher than permissible limits in biological systems may lead to various degenerative disorders due to oxidative damage. Materials and Methods: Oxidation is a serious concern faced by the food industry causing deterioration of shelved-food quality. Antioxidant compounds like polyphenolics scavenge such free radicals and thus protect against oxidative stress. Consumption of polyphenol-rich plants as dietary component confers protection against such cellular damage. Present study explores antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of different extracts prepared from various parts of Moringa oleifera Lam. Results: Higher TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity was shown by methanolic extracts followed by aqueous, petroleum benzene and chloroform extracts. The present study suggests that all the extracts might act as radical scavengers to certain extent possibly due to presence of polyphenolic compounds. Conclusion: M. oleifera exhibits strong antioxidant activity and could serve as prospective source of natural antioxidants to food and health industries.

Key words:\  Antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, sequential extract, oxidation.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, oxidation, sequential extract, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, author = {Swati Vyas and Sumita Kachhwah and S.L. Kothari} } @article {1507, title = {Comparative Morphological and Anatomical Study of Onosma caucasica Levin. ex M. Pop. and Onosma sericea Willd. (Boraginaceae Juss.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {22-28}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Introduction: Finding sources of drugs among the species of genus Onosma of the local fl ora is actual direction. Many of the species of genus Onosma are weeds, some live exclusively on dry sandy or rocky slopes. Many of the species of genus Onosma have used in ethnopharmacology as anti-infl ammatory, analgesic, and wound health remedies. The purpose of this research is morphological and anatomical study of herbs of Onosma caucasica Levin. ex M. Pop. and Onosma sericea Willd. (Boraginaceae). Materials and Methods: The objects of the study were collected in North Caucasus (Russia) in June 2011. Materials morphological study herbarium specimens were stored in the herbarium fund the Department of Botany (acronym PGFA). Materials micromorphological study were temporary slides are the leaf, stem and fl owers. Results: The morphological results were compared with the Flora of the USSR. Anatomical characters of leaves and stems of the species were observed to be similar to the usual features of Boraginaceae anatomy. All results are supported by photographs. The nature of trichomes on the leaf blade has a major diagnostic value in determining the authenticity of herbs the studied species. Conclusion: The severity of downy leaf blade and the corolla, and the structure of the hair can reliably identify this type of raw material and serve as the basis for the development of the regulatory documentation for its standardization.

Key words: Anatomy, Boraginaceae, morphology, Onosma.

}, keywords = {Anatomy, Boraginaceae, Morphology, Onosma}, author = {Janna Vladimirovna Daironas and Fatima Kazbekovna Serebryanaya and Ifrat Nazimovich Zilfi karov} } @article {1508, title = {Comparative Studies on Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenol Content and High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography Analysis of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L) Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {5-8}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Seabuckthorn (SBT) is a high altitude medicinal plant with vast history of use in traditional medicinal systems such as Tibetan and Chinese systems. SBT leaves have shown range of pharmacological properties suggesting their importance to be used for product development. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare 75\% ethanolic extracts of male and female SBT leaves on the basis of antioxidant activity, total phenol content and high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) estimation of \β-sitosterol and ursolic acid. It also involved comparison of total phenol contents of successive soxhlet extracts (pet ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous) of above leaves. Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activities and total phenol contents of the extracts were evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical scavenging assay and Folin\–Ciocalteu reagent based assay, respectively. Results: Male leaf extract was found to show signifi cantly higher antioxidant activity and total phenol content than that of female leaves. Furthermore, the successive extracts of male leaves showed higher phenol contents than that of female leaves. However, it was not signifi cant in case of pet ether and chloroform extracts. In HPTLC estimation, concentration of \β-sitosterol in female leaf extract was observed to be less than that of male leaf extract. However, ursolic acid concentration was found to be almost same in both the type of leaf extracts. Conclusion: The results suggest the need for developing standard quality control profi le of SBT leaves, especially for product development.

Key words: Antioxidant activity, 75\% ethanolic extract, high performance thin layer chromatography, seabuckthorn, total phenol content.

}, keywords = {75\% ethanolic extract, antioxidant activity, High performance Thin layer Chromatography, seabuckthorn, total phenol content}, author = {Amrit Kumar Singh and Dharam Paul Attrey and Tanveer Naved} } @article {1538, title = {Cytotoxicity and Oral Acute Toxicity Studies of b-mangostin Isolated from Cratoxylum arborescens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {47-56}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Introduction: The objective of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity and oral acute toxicity of \β-mangostin isolated from Cratoxylum arborescens. Material and methods: Healthy male and female ICR mice (8 weeks) were fed orally with 250 and 500mg/kg of \β-mangostin. Body weight of each animal was measured and any gross behavioral change was observed daily. Hematological and clinical biochemical parameters as well as histopathological analysis were carried out on 15th day. The level of oxidative stress was analyzed using MDA and GSH measurement.Discussion: The results showed that oral administration of the \β-mangostin had no adverse effect on the growth rate, hematological and clinical biochemical parameters. Histological studies showed that the treatments did not induce any pathological changes in the liver and kidney. The compound at both the doses did not alter the oxidative stress biomarkers. The in vitro cytotoxicity of \β Mangostin was investigated in HepG2, A549, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and PC3 cells. There was significant cytotoxicity in both type of breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). In conclusion, our results show that there was no treatment-related acute toxicity in mice following 14-days oral administration of 250 and 500mg/kg of \β-mangostin. Conclusion: The results showed that the compound can be selected for detailed in vitro and in vivo breast cancer research.

Key words: Cratoxylum arborescens, β-mangostin, acute toxicity, anti-cancer.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Anti-cancer, Cratoxylum arborescens, β-mangostin}, author = {Suvitha Syam, and Ahmad Bustamam, and Rasedee Abdullah, and Mohamed Aspollah Sukari, and Najihah Mohd Hashim, and Maizatulakmal Yahayu, and Pouya Hassandarvish, and Syam Mohan, and Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab} } @article {1509, title = {Development and Antifungal Evaluation of Cinnamaldehyde Containing Silver Nanoparticles against Candida albicans}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {63-65}, type = {Letter To The Editor}, abstract = {

NA

}, keywords = {Letter to the Editor}, author = {Sharada L. Deore and Sharad Chaudhari and Bhushan A. Baviskar and Somshekhar S. Khadabadi} } @article {1489, title = {Development and validation of a RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of Mangiferin, Ellagic acid and Hydroxycitric acid in polyherbal formulation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {23-28}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

The US patented polyherbal formulation for the prevention and management of Type II diabetes and its vascular complications was used for the present study. The formulation consists of roots of Salacia species, leaves of Lagestroemia parviflora and fruit rind of Garcinia indica. The use of reversed phase C18 HPLC column was used and eluted with isocratic mobile phase of acetonitrile and phosphoric acid buffer solution enabled the efficient separation of chemical markers within 20min. Validation of the method was performed in order to demonstrate its selectivity, accuracy, precision, repeatability and recovery. All calibration curve shows good linear correlation coefficients (r2\>0.995) within tested ranges. Three markers in this polyherbal formulation were quantified were Mangiferin (1.53\% w/w), Ellagic acid (0.9655 w/w), Hydroxycitric acid (5.3\% w/w). Intra and inter day RSDs of retention times and peak areas were less than 3\%. The recoveries were between 95\% and 102.5\%. In conclusion a method has been developed for the simultaneous quantification of three markers in this polyherbal formulation. The established RP-HPLC method was simple, precise and accurate and can be used for the quality control of the raw materials as well as formulations.

Key words: Polyherbal formulation, Mangiferin, Ellagic acid, Hydroxycitric acid, RP-HPLC.

}, keywords = {Ellagic acid, Hydroxycitric acid, Mangiferin, Polyherbal formulation, RP-HPLC}, author = {Ananth Kumar Kammalla, and Mohan Kumar Ramasamy, and Agarwal Aruna, and Dubey GP, and Ilango Kaliappan} } @article {1539, title = {Effect of Digoxigenin-3-O-rutin isolated from Trigonella foenum graecum on T4-induced hyperthyroidism and serum lipid concentrations}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {103-109}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {103}, abstract = {

In this study, effect of digoxigenin-3-O-rutin isolated from the seeds of Trigonella foenum graecum on thyroid hormones and serum lipid concentrations was evaluated in L-thyroxine (L-T4)-induced hyperthyroidism in rats. Digoxigenin-3-O-rutin was administered (10mg/kg) to L-thyroxine (L-T4)-induced hyperthyroidic rats and alterations in the concentrations of serum thyroid hormones, insulin, glucose, hepatic 5\′-monodeiodinase (5\′DI) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) activity were analyzed. Antioxidant status was estimated by determining the levels of antioxidative enzymes and lipidperoxidation. L-T4 (500\μg/kg, s.c./d) administration increased the serum levels of thyroxine (T4), triidothyronine (T3), glucose, insulin, different lipids, activity of hepatic 5\′-DI and G-6-Pase. High lipidperoxidation level was observed both in liver and cardiac tissues with a depletion in cellular antioxidants. On the contrary, test drug (10mg/kg) treatment improved the alterations with respect to hormonal levels, lipid concentrations and lipid peroxidation towards normalcy and enhanced the antioxidant activities. Rats treated with PTU generally gave lower results compared to groups treated with the test drug. The antithyroidic role of the test compound is mediated possibly through the inhibition in 5\′DI activity. Improvement in lipid profile by the test drug might have protective effect on cardiovascular health in vivo.

Key words: Digoxigenin-3-O-rutin, hyperthyroidism, 5{\textquotedblright}DI, serum lipids, insulin.

}, keywords = {5{\textquotedblright}DI, Digoxigenin-3-O-rutin, hyperthyroidism, Insulin, Serum lipids}, author = {Dr. Sunanda Panda} } @article {1518, title = {Effect of Tribulus Terrestris on Learning And Memory in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {68-71}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Objectives: The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of fruits of Tribulus terrestris on learning and memory in rodents. Materials and methods: Thirty wistar rats were divided in 5 groups of 6 rats each. Baseline values for the time taken to reach reward chamber (TRC) in the Hebb William Maze and transfer latency (TL) in the T-maze were recorded on Day 1. Mean of 5 sessions was calculated for each rat. Group I was normal control, group II piracetam standard, group III, IV and V received Tribulus terrestris orally at 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively for 14 days. At the end of 14 days, each rat was tested for TRC and TL and compared with the control group. Results: Group IV showed a significant decrease in TRC when compared to group I in Hebb William Maze (p\<0.0001). Group IV also showed a significant decrease in TL when compared to group I in T-maze (p\<0.0001). Group III showed a significant decrease in TL when compared to group I in the T-maze (p=0.035), however there was no decrease in TRC in this group. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of fruits of Tribulus terrestris showed a dose dependent beneficial effect in learning and memory models in rats, with 200mg/kg being most beneficial.

Key words: Hebb William Maze, Learning, Memory, T Maze, Tribulus terrestris

}, keywords = {Hebb William Maze, Learning, Memory, T Maze, Tribulus terrestris}, author = {Natesh Prabhu and Sanjay Hadigal and Ullal sheetal D and Sushma DS and Ashok Shenoy K} } @article {1490, title = {The Effects of Topical Carvacrol Application on Wound Healing Process in Male Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {10-13}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Carvacrol containing products such as Origanum onites have been used as phytotherapeutic agents in the treatment of serious skin injury. It has been suggested that carvacrol is the active component of these herbs because of its anti-microbial property. With the anti-microbial activity and as an ingredient of these herbs, carvacrol is a promising molecule for the treatment of skin injury. In the present study, we have evaluated the efficacy of carvacrol on healing progress after excisional skin injury. Here, Wistar-Albino rats were divided into two groups and treated with carvacrol and vehicle. Carvacrol was administrated topically at a concentration of \%12.5 for the 5 consecutive days after excisional skin injury. Tissue samples were harvested on days 3rd, 8th and 12th after injury. Significant beneficial effect of carvacrol was observed at the end of the experiment. In the acute phase of the injury, carvacrol treatment increased tissue granulation and decreased wound depth moderately. These effect of carvacrol was associated with increased TNF-\α. However, at the second half of the experiment the elevated level of TGF-B1 was observed as compared with control animals. The level of IL-1 was increased in carvacrol treated animals only on day 8. Here, we provide evidence that carvacrol improves wound healing by regulating pro- inflammatory molecules TNF-\α, IL-1 and TGF-\β1.

Key words: carvacrol, wound healing, TNF-\α, IL-1, TGF-\β1, aromatic herbs.

}, keywords = {carvacrol; wound healing; TNF-α; IL-1β; TGF-β1; aromatic herbs.}, author = {Mehmet Y Gunal and Aylin O Heper, and Nezahat Zaloglu} } @article {1502, title = {Estrogenic Activity of Bauhinia racemosa extract in Female albino rats: An Investigational Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {3rd Sept, 2014}, pages = {5-9}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {5}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the effect of petroleum ether, ethanol and water extract of Bauhinia racemosa in female albino rats. Methods: Plant extracts were tested for their estrogenic activity by using ovariectomised method at two dose level: 200 mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively. Further, Plant extracts and Standard drug Ethinyl estradiol (1\µg/kg) combination were tested for synergistic estrogenic activity. Results:In-vivo investigation revealed that ethanol extract at dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg shows significance increase 325.23\±5.23, 328.84\±4.56 and 3.252\±0.47, 3.288\±0.27 in uterine wet weight and uterine weight ratio respectively in female albino rat as compared to control and petroleum ether and water extracts. Simultaneous administration of standard drug Ethinyl estradiol (1\µg/kg) with ethanol extract at dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/ kg potentiates (327.36 \± 5.78, 330.95 \± 6.21 and 3.273 \± 0.64, 3.309 \± 0.49 uterine wet weight and uterine weight ratio respectively in female albino rat) the estrogenic activity as compared to individual administration of ethanol extract as a synergistic effect. Conclusion: It was observed that ethanol extract of Bauhinia racemosa produced significance estrogenic activity.

Key words:Bauhinia racemosa, estrogenic activity, Ethinyl estradiol, ovariectomy.

}, keywords = {Bauhinia racemosa, Estrogenic activity, Ethinyl estradiol, ovariectomy.}, author = {Gautam P. Vadnere and Aslam R. Pathan and Abhay K. Singhai} } @article {1519, title = {Estrogenic Effect of Methanolic Extract of Avicennia alba Blume. Aerial Parts in Female Wistar Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {53-58}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Objectives: To investigate the estrogenic effect of Avicennia alba (Blume) aerial parts as identified in the folklore recipes as a contraceptive Methodology: The estrogenic activity study of the methanolic extract was carried out by studying the histopathology of the uterus. The uterine weight and vaginal cornification were also observed. The diameter of uterus, thickness of endometrium and height of the endometrial epithelium were measured using a calibrated ocular micrometer. The estimation of total protein and cholesterol was carried out using a standard method described by Lowely et al. Results: The presence of alkaloids, anthraquinone glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, polyphenolics were detected in the aerial parts of Avicennia alba. The methanolic extract of Avicennia alba at 400 mg/kg body weight showed a significant (p\< 0.05) increase in uterine weight, diameter of uterus, thickness of endometrium and height of the endometrial epithelium compared to the control. There was increase in vaginal cornification status. The histological examination of the uterus also showed estrogenic influence. A significant increase (p\< 0.05) in total protein and cholesterol content in the uterus of standard and test drug treated rats was also observed. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of Avicennia alba at 400 mg/kg body weight showed significant estrogenic activity and the results are in consistent with the folkloric claim reports related to oral contraceptive effect of Avicennia alba

Key words:Avicennia alba, contraceptive, estrogenic activity, uterus.

}, keywords = {Avicennia alba, contraceptive, Estrogenic activity, Uterus}, author = {D R Kar and G Ghosh and P K Sahu} } @article {1540, title = {Ethnobotanical survey and phyto-anatomical studies of some common plants used for the treatment of epilepsy in some rural areas of South west Nigeria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {96-102}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {96}, abstract = {

Aim: To survey some areas in the southwest Nigeria where epilepsy is treated with plant extracts and determine the commonest plant species that are used, for pharmacognostic analysis. Materials and Methods: Open-ended and semi-structured interviews were conducted for information from traditional medicine practitioners. Plant names given were authenticated in the herbarium and phytochemical and anatomical analyses were conducted on the plant parts that are used for treatment using standard approaches. Results: Fifty practitioners were interviewed and they gave 17 different plants; out of these, the 5 commonest ones were investigated. The plants are either used individually or in combination with other plant(s). Services may be rendered freely or by collecting a token which is supernaturally believed to have negative consequences. The practitioners engaged in out-patient and in-patient services and patients are usually totally cured. There are also some inexplicable practices such as oracle visitation, incantations etc. A total of 30 patients have been cured in the last decade by each practitioner. Saponin, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, phlobatannins and alkaloids were isolated using three different media (methanol, petroleum ether and water) and diagnostic anatomical characters of the leaf epidermis, fruit wall, bark and root of the plants are presented in a single account for the first time in the country. The plants studied were Newbouldia laevis, Securidaca longipedunculata, Tetrapleura tetraptera, Nicotiana tabacum and Senna occidentalis. Conclusion: The phytochemicals found are suggestive of the underlying medicinal potency of the plants and future work will help to establish the most active principles which will lead to development of drugs for treating the disease. The diagnostic anatomical characters can be employed in resolving doubts especially when the plant materials are in fragments. The least mentioned plant species can be saved from harvesting to conserve the rich flora diversity in the country.

Key words: Epilepsy, phytochemistry, plant anatomy, south-west Nigeria, tropical forest.

}, keywords = {Epilepsy, Phytochemistry, Plant anatomy, south-west Nigeria, tropical forestv}, author = {A. Babalola Kadiri, and O. Mawoussi Agboola, and F. Olatunde. Fashina.} } @article {1520, title = {Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Simarubaceae); Advances in Its Medicinal Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {1-9}, type = {Review Article}, abstract = {

Eurycoma longifolia Jack is a tall slender shrub-tree which is well-reputed among the natives of South East Asia for its potent aphrodisiac effect. Its root extracts have shown important biological activities such as antitumor, antimalarial, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, Osteoprotective, and ergogenic which are mainly attributed to quassinoids. Commercially it is available in the form of drinks (along with other herbs), capsules, or loose powders. Based on available online databases it was realized that in spite of numerous reports on medicinal properties of E. longifolia, a review of recent developments regarding phytopharmacology, safety and toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical applications was lacking. Therefore, this concise yet informative piece of work was prepared by pulling together trustworthy information from all the accessible published and unpublished scientific resources to serve as a reliable source of reference for future investigations.

Key words: Malaysian Ginseng, Eurycomanone, Tongkat Ali, Quassinoids, Ergogenic, Pasak Bumi.

}, keywords = {Ergogenic, Eurycomanone, Malaysian Ginseng, Pasak Bumi, Quassinoids, Tongkat Ali}, author = {Faramarz Majidi Wizneh and Mohd Zaini Asmawi} } @article {1541, title = {Evaluation of anti-cancer potential of aqueous extract of Pandanus odoratissimus (Y.Kimura) Hatus. forma ferreus, by in vivo ascitic tumor model in swiss albino mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {57-62}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: India is a rich source of medicinal plants and number of plant extracts are used against diseases in various systems of medicine such as ayurveda, unani and siddha where only a few of them were scientifically explored. Objective: The objective of the present study was undertaken to perform dose dependent anti-cancer effect of aqueous and methanolic extracts of P. odoratissimus roots and leaves whose scientific documentation for anti-tumor agent is lacking despite using traditionally. Materials and Methods: The anti-cancer activity of methanolic extract of P. odoratissimus (MEPO) and aqueous extract of P. odoratissimus (AEPO) were tested against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma induced liquid tumors in swiss albino mice. The degree of protection was determined by change in body weight (gm), tumour volume (ml), packed cell volume (ml), cell viability (\%), hematological parameters (R.B.C, W.B.C and hemoglobin content), mean survival time (MST), \% increase in lifespan (\% ILS) and histopathological observation of part of peritoneal layer. Results: The treatment with AEPO 400 mg/kg, p.o. in EAC treated mice reduced tumor volume, packed cell volume, body weight, cell viability and improved all hematological parameters, mean survival time and life span. Histopathological changes showed degenerative changes of tumor cells in peritoneal layer. The anti-cancer effects of AEPO 400 mg/kg, p.o. are equally more with that of the standard drug cisplatin. Conclusion: The results suggested that aqueous extract of roots and leaves of P. odoratissimus possess in vivo anti-cancer activity comparable to cisplatin and this study scientifically validated the traditional use of this plant.

Key words: Anticancer, Pandanus odoratissimus, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, Pandanus odoratissimus}, author = {Gunti Gowtham Raja, and Hyma Sara Varghese, and Sarita Kotagiri, and Vrushabendra Swamy B.M} } @article {1542, title = {Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Activity of Methanolic Extract from the Leaves of Rotula Aquatica Lour in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {110-114}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {110}, abstract = {

Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of methanolic extract from the leaves of Rotula aquatica lour in Alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Diabetes was induced in rat by injection of Alloxan (120 mg/kg, i.p.). Diabetic rats were divided into different groups and methanolic leaves extract of Rotula aquatica lour (RA-ME) was administered at dose ranges of 100\–400 mg/kg, p.o for 21 days. Control group received normal saline (0.9\%) for 21 days. Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg, p.o) was used as standard drug. Blood samples were collected from all the groups and analyzed for serum glucose and lipid levels such as total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), proteins (TP). RA-ME was also tested for oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in normal fasted rats. Results: RA-ME (400 mg/kg, p.o) showed a significant (P\<0.01) reduction of serum glucose level in Alloxan-induced diabetic mice as compared with diabetic control. RA-ME (200 and 400 mg/kg) also showed a significant reduction in serum TC, TG, and TP levels in Alloxan-induced diabetic rats. RA-ME (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o) significantly (P\<0.01) increased the glucose tolerance in OGTT. Conclusion: The results obtained from the present study revealed the potential anti-diabetic activity of methanolic extract from the leaves of Rotula aquatica lour.

Key words: Alloxan, Anti-diabetic, Glibenclamide, Rotula aquatica lour.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Anti-diabetic, Glibenclamide, Rotula aquatica lour.}, author = {Bhanu Priya, and Manoj Gahlot, and Punam Joshi, and Sarika Zade, and Ujwala Bagmar} } @article {1491, title = {Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Five Medicinal Plants in Sri Lanka.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {49-54}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

This study investigated on the antioxidant properties of five medicinal plants used in Sri Lanka, namely Solanum nigrum, Amaranthus spinosus, Elephantopuss caber, Amorphophallus campanulatus and Canna indica. The cold methanol plant extracts were screened for the antioxidant activity evaluating their 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical in scavenging ability. The total ascorbic acid content of the extracts was also evaluated. The IC50 values of the extracts revealed that Solanum nigrum had the best DPPH scavenging activity with a value of 37.63 \± 0.11\μg/ml and was better than that of the standard ascorbic acid. Amorphophallus campanulatus extract gave the highest ascorbic acid content of 143.03 \± 1.97 mg per 100 g of the extract. All five plants extract showed DPPH scavenging activity in the order of Solanum nigrum \> Elephantopus scaber\> Amorphophallus campanulatus\> Canna indica. The plant extracts did not show a direct correlation between the ascorbic acid content to the DPPH scavenging activity. These experimental results reveals that these extracts can be utilized in future as therapeutic agent against free radical induced oxidative stress.

Key words: Antioxidant activities, Ascorbic acid, DPPH, Medicinal Plants.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant Activities, Ascorbic acid, DPPH, Medicinal plants}, author = {K. N. Mahesh, and M. N. Wickramaratne, and D. B. M. Wickramaratne} } @article {1510, title = {Evaluation of Wound Healing Potential of Some Indian Herbal Extracts and it{\textquoteright}s Formulation in Acne Vulgaris}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {37-46}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Objective:Butea monosperma, Barleria prionitis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Dalbergia sissoo, and Lagenaria siceraria are reported to possess anti-acne, anti-infl ammatory, anti-ulcer, and wound healing activity. The present work is aimed at evaluating the wound healing potential of these plant materials in acne vulgaris. Methodology: Individual gel formulations containing extracts of the above mentioned drugs and their polyherbal gels were evaluated by excision and incision wound model (in vivo) in Sprague Dawley rats. Results: The individual gel formulations showed signifi cant reduction in wound size when compared with the untreated group. The rates of wound closure after the application of the gels were compared with the untreated wounds. The polyherbal formulation containing all the extracts was found to be more benefi cial when compared to remaining treated groups. Healing under scab and formation of normal epithelial cells were better than other individual formulations. As well as vascular changes, cellular infi ltration, and necrosis were found less. Conclusion: From the results, it may be concluded that the plants are endowed with signifi cant wound healing activity, thereby justifying its traditional medicinal use in acne vulgaris as a separate entity and in combination. Chemical components such as tannins, fl avonoids, saponins, and alkaloids present in the extracts can be responsible for the foresaid activity.

Key words: Acne, excision model, incision model, wound healing.

}, keywords = {Acne, excision model, incision model, Wound Healing}, author = {S. A. Thube and M. J. Patil} } @article {1511, title = {Hepatoprotective Effect of Calotropis procera in Isoniazid and Rifampicin Induced Hepatotoxicity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {9-14}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Objective: In this study anti-tubercular drugs (isoniazid and rifampicin) induced liver toxicity has been studied for the hepatoprotective effect of hydroethanolic extract of Calotropis procera (CP) flowers in rats. Materials and Method: Animals were divided into four groups, group Awas given normal saline (1ml/kg), group B received Isoniazid (INH) (50mg/kg) and Rifampicin (RMP)(100mg/kg) group C received INH (50mg/kg), RMP(100mg/kg) and CP(150mg/kg)orally for fourteen days. Results: Biochemical markers of liver toxicity such as AST,ALT,ALP, bilirubin and tissue histology were done inall groups. Anti-Tubercular (Anti-TB) drugs (INH 50mg/kg and RMP100mg/kg) have enhanced the ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin and histological changes in liver, whereas co-administration of anti-TB drugs with Calotropis procera has reduced these levels within the normal range. Conclusion: Findings of this study showed the hepatoprotective effct of Calotropis Proceraagainst Isoniazid and Rifampicinadministration to reduce the liver damage for chronic treatment.

Key words: Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Calotropis procera, Hepatoprotective.

}, keywords = {Calotropis procera, Hepatoprotective, isoniazid, rifampicin}, author = {Noor Kamil and Hafi z Syed Imran-ul-Haque} } @article {1503, title = {High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Fingerprinting of Ethnopharmacological Important Seeds of Wrightia tinctoria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {3rd Sept, 2014}, pages = {10-14}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {10}, abstract = {

Introduction:Wrightia tinctoria R. Br. belongs to family Apocynaceae commonly called as sweet Indrajao, Pala indigo plant, Dyer\’s Oleander. \“Jaundice curative tree\” in south India. Materials and Methods: A method has been developed for different extracts of W. tinctoria for high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting analysis for identification and quantification of the marker compound. Result: The satisfactory resolution was obtained in the solvent system toluene:ethyl acetate v/v (8:2) for petroleum ether extract, toluene:ethyl acetate v/v (7:3) for chloroform extract and toluene:ethyl acetate:formic acid v/v (7:3:0.1) for alcoholic extract. Conclusion: The HPTLC fingerprinting profile developed for different extracts of W. tinctoria will help in proper identification and quantification of the marker compound.

Key words: High-performance thin-layer chromatography fingerprinting, Wrightia tinctoria, petether extract, chloroform extract, alcoholic extract.

}, keywords = {Alcoholic extract, chloroform extract, High-performance thin-layer chromatography fingerprinting, petether extract, Wrightia tinctoria}, author = {Rajani Srivastava and Alok Mukerjee and Amita Verma} } @article {1543, title = {Hydrodistilled volatile constituents obtained from the roots of Operculina turpethum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {115-116}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {115}, abstract = {

Operculina turpethum (basionym: Convolvulus turpethum L.; homotypic synonym:Ipomoea turpethum L., Merremia turpethum L.) is a perennial climber from Convolvulaceae. The plant roots, which are called Turbad in Persian folk medicine, are a strong purgative and have also been used for phlegmatic disorders, burns, fevers, jaundice, cough, uterine problems, joints and muscles pain, paralysis and sciatica.[1] The plant has a wide range of applications in Ayurvedic formulations. Extracts of Turbad exhibited antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, immunodulatory and antiedema activities.[2] read more..,

}, keywords = {Operculina turpethum}, author = {Azadeh Hamedi, and Abdolali Mohagheghzadeh and Samaneh Rivaz} } @article {1512, title = {Immunomodulatory Effect of Water Soluble Polysaccharides Isolated from Metroxylon sagu in Animal Models of Immunosuppression}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {55-62}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Aim: This study was aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory activity of water soluble polysaccharides isolated from Metroxylon sagu (PSMS) by dilute acid extraction, ethanol precipitation in rats by using three different in-vivo experimental models of immunosuppression. Methodology: Three models of immunosuppression include metronidazole (MTZ) induced immunosuppression, pyrogallol induced immunosuppression and Ethanol-induced immunosuppression. Immunological indices like humoral antibody titer values, cellular immune response, percent change in phagocytosis, serum immunoglobulins were estimated. Histopathology of spleen was done in all control and treated groups. The doses of 500 and 250 mg/kg of PSMS were administered orally to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity. Results: Though PSMS was demonstrated to have immunostimulatory activity in almost all three models of immunosuppression, PSMS was found to be more effi cacious against ethanol-induced immunosuppression when compared with pyrogallol induced immunosuppression and MTZ induced immunosuppression. However, dose-dependent improvement in immunological indices was evident in all three models. Conclusion: In summary, water soluble polysaccharides isolated from M. sagu stimulate the immunity in the animal models of immunosuppression.

Key words: Immunomodulation, immunosuppression, Metroxylon sagu, oxidative stress, polysaccharides.

}, keywords = {Immunomodulation, immunosuppression, Metroxylon sagu, Oxidative stress, Polysaccharides}, author = {Sireesha Pulla and Nagarjuna Sannithi and Siva Reddy Challa} } @article {1521, title = {The In-Vitro Toxic Effect of The Glycoalkaloids for Some Solanum Species Against The LIM-1863 Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {23-31}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Background The LIM-1863 Cell Line is one of the colon cancer types considered to be responsible for a high rate of deaths, and the glycoalkaloids being natural substances existing in the Solanum species have anticancer effects. Objective This research aims at studying the effect of the glycoalkaloids on viability of the LIM-1863 cancerous cells in-vitro. Materials and Methods The glycoalkaloids in this study are extracted by the ultrasonic waves technique and detecting them by the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) in addition to incubating of the LIM-1863 cells with different concentrations of the glycoalkaloids for 48 hours and then assessing of the cell viability using the MTT assay. Results The findings showed that the glycoalkaloids have a toxic effect on the LIM-1863 cells and that half of the inhibiting concentration (IC50) of the Solanum fruits extract: (Solanum nigrum L.), (Solanum villosum Mill.) and (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) on the LIM-1863 cells have the (164.7, 35.91 and 12.14 \μg/ml) values successively. Conclusion The observations indicated that the glycoalkaloids are able to inhibit the colon cancer cell proliferation.

Key words:Solanum, Glycoalkaloids, TLC, LIM-1863, Viability, MTT.

}, keywords = {Glycoalkaloids, LIM-1863, MTT, Solanum, Viability}, author = {Ahmad Sammani and Esam Shammaa and Fawaz Chehna and Abdulkader Rahmo} } @article {1522, title = {Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi in the medicinal plant Mikania laevigata (Asteraceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {10-15}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

The Mikania laevigata (Asteraceae) is a Brazilian medicinal plant used to treat respiratory tract diseases.It is produced on a large scale for phytotherapic formulation. No studies on the endophytes of Mikania laevigata have been described in the literature. The endophytic fungi isolated from the leaves of M. laevigata cultivated in a floral garden located in the south region of the Bahia state, Brazil, were investigated. After surface disinfection, the performing the isolation procedure, a total of forty endophytic fungi were obtained and grouped into different morphospecies. The fungi were characterized by molecular sequencing the ITS rDNA regions, and they were identified by comparing the results published Gen Bank sequences.The phylogenetic analyses revealed four major clades of fungi from the sequenced ITS-rDNA regions: Nodulisporium sp. (3 isolates), Hypoxylon sp.(3 isolates), Daldinia sp. (1isolate) and Xylaria luteo stromata (aunique isolate).The Xylariaceae Genus was the dominant group of fungi associated with Mikania laevigata.

Key words:Mikania laevigata, Asteraceae, Xylariaceae, Endophytic fungi.

}, keywords = {Asteraceae, Endophytic fungi, Mikania laevigata, Xylariaceae}, author = {Fernanda P.C. Ribeiro and H{\'e}lio M Kamida and Paulo R.M. Almeida and Ana P.T. Uetanabaro and Larissa C.B. Costa and Alexsandro Branco} } @article {1523, title = {Isolation of Phytochemicals From Anticancer Active Extracts of Syzygium alternifolium Walp. Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {83-85}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the present study was to isolate the phyto molecules from the leaf of endemic medicinal pant, Syzygium alternifolium. The phytochemical investigation of the leaf of the plant yielded a flavonoid Eucalyptin 1 and a triterpinoid Epibetulinic acid 2 in pure state. Results: The compound 1 is being reported for the first time from this plant. The anti-cancer activity showed leaf hexane extract (IC50 values 8.177 and 2.687 \µg/ml) was significantly active, when compared to extracts and compounds, against human cancer cell lines MCF-7 and DU-145. Also, hexane extract potentially inhibited the growth of DU-145 cell lines when compared with the reference compound doxorubicin. Amongst the isolated compounds, 1 was better cytotoxic than 2. Conclusion: The hexane extract of leaves of S. alternifolium yielded compounds 1 and 2 and the structure elucidation, based on spectroscopy, revealed them as Eucalyptin and Epibetulinic acid respectively. The compound 1 is being reported for the first time from this plant. The anti-cancer activity showed leaf hexane extract (IC50 values 8.177 and 2.687 mg/mL) was significantly active, when compared to extracts and compounds, against human cancer cell lines MCF-7 and DU-145. Also, hexane extract potentially inhibited the growth of DU-145 cell lines when compared with the reference compound doxorubicin. Amongst the isolated compounds, 1 was better cytotoxic than 2.

Key Words: Syzygium alternifolium, Myrtaceae, Eucalyptin, Epibetulinic acid, anticancer activity.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Epibetulinic acid, Eucalyptin, Myrtaceae, Syzygium alternifolium}, author = {B. Komuraiah and Srinivas Chinde and A. Niranjana Kumar and K.V.N. Satya Srinivas and Ch. Venu and J. Kotesh Kumar and K.P. Sastry and Paramjit Grover} } @article {1544, title = {Morphological and Anatomical Investigations of Ecbolium viride (Forssk.) Alston}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {19-27}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background:Ecbolium viride commonly known as green shrimp is a medicinal plant that grows well in the tropical and temperate regions of the world. International criteria for validation and standardization of herbal product as phytomedicine include the integration of microscopic characteristics of herbal drug to guarantee its authenticity. Objective: The present study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the macroscopic and microscopic characters of the leaves and roots of E. viride, used in traditional medicine for treating jaundice. Methods: Leaf and root sections of E. viride were sectioned with rotary microtome and microscopical features were examined using bright field microscope. Results: Anatomical characteristics such as crystal distribution in leaf, secondary xylem and vessel elements in root, glandular and non-glandular trichome in powder microscopy are some of the unique features of the plant with taxonomic value. The most distinguishing anatomical feature of this plant is the presence of cystolith calcium carbonate crystals. Conclusion: Morphological and anatomical parameters presented in this paper would serve as a useful gauge in ensuring quality formulations of drug preparation and in determining the genuineness of the drug.

Key words:Acanthaceae, Cystolith, Ecbolium viride, Leaf microscopy, Trichome.

}, keywords = {Acanthaceae, Cystolith, Ecbolium viride, Leaf microscopy, Trichome.}, author = {Francina Cecilia Kalaimaran, and Ravindhran Ramalingam} } @article {1513, title = {Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Studies on Flowers of Aerva lanata [L.] Juss. ex. Schult}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {29-32}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background:Aerva lanata is an interesting plant used in traditional medicine for many years and used for the treatment of bladder and kidney stones. Objective: The aim was to study detailed pharmacognostic profi le of an important medicinal plant in the Indian system of medicine, A. lanata (amaranthaceae). Materials and Methods: Flower samples of A. lanata were studied by macroscopical, microscopical characters. Physicochemical, phytochemical, and fl uorescence analysis of powder of the plant was performed according to the methods of standardization recommended by World Health Organization. Results: Macroscopically flowers are small, actinomorphic, and solitary or aggregated in cymes. Microscopically ovary was found to be bicarpellary, syncarpous, unilocular, superior; ovules one to many and campylotropous type. Powder microscopy of fl ower revealed the presence of epidermis with stomata and covering trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, starch grains, and oil globules. The investigations also included fl uorescence analysis. Physiochemical parameters such as total ash, acid insoluble ash sulfated ash and water soluble ash; moisture content values were found to be 12.66\%, 1.64\%, 9.12\%, 4.52\%, 12\%, respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, triterpenoids, fl avonoids, glycosides, and phenolic compounds. Conclusion: The results of the present study can serve as a valuable source of information and provide suitable standards for identifi cation of this plant material in future investigations and applications.

Key words:Aerva lanata, fl uorescence, microscopic, physiochemical, phytochemical.

}, keywords = {Aerva lanata, fl uorescence, Microscopic, physiochemical, Phytochemical}, author = {Netala Silvia and C. H. Rajeswari and D. Mounica and R. Manasa and D. S. N. B. K. Prasanth} } @article {1524, title = {Pharmacognostic evaluation and chrysazin quantitation of Xyris indica flowering heads}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {16-22}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Objectives: The present study aimed to establish quality specification of Xyris indica L. flowering heads. The pharmacognostic parameters were investigated. Chrysazin contents were analyzed by TLC image analysis using ImageJ software compared to TLC-densitometry. Methods: X. indica flowering heads from 15 different sources in Thailand were collected. Morphological and physicochemical parameters were characterized. Chrysazin was successively extracted and determined by TLC image analysis using ImageJ software and TLC-densitometry. Results: Macroscopic study was illustrated as whole plant drawing. The microscopic study showed fragment of corolla, seeds, pollen grain and staminode. The pharmacognostic parameters revealed that the loss on drying, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and water content should be not more than 6.90, 2.50, 0.41, and 11.12 of \% dry weight respectively while water and ethanol-soluble extractive values should be not less than 6.59 and 4.03 of \% dry weight respectively. TLC fingerprint revealed clearly chrysazin yellow fluorescent band at 365 nm. Chrysazin quantitation by TLC image analysis and TLC densitometry were developed and validated. Chrysazin content was 0.022 \± 0.001 \% dry weight by both methods. There was no statistically significantly difference between these methods. Conclusion: This study provided pharmacognostic specification and chrysazin content of X. indica flowering heads that can be used for basic quality control and standardization of plant material. TLC image analysis using ImageJ software showed reliable and convenient for analysis of chrysazin content in this crude drug.

Key words: Xyris indica, Pharmacognostic specification, Chrysazin, Quantitative analysis, Antimicrobial activities

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activities, Chrysazin, Pharmacognostic specification, Quantitative analysis, Xyris indica}, author = {Chuanchom Khuniad and Worathat Thitikornpong and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {1492, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Leaf and Fruit of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {14-22}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Introduction: Capsicum frutescens is a well known spice. Leaves and fruits of the species are used in Ayurveda, Unani and Traditional system of medicines to cure various disorders. Therefore the study was aimed to investigate pharmacognostic parameters of C. frutescens leaf and fruit. Methods: Pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of morphological, microscopic characters and physicochemical parameters of C. frutescens samples using standard methods. Results: Smaller fruit size and color of C. frutescens was the distinguishing morphological character observed in the present study. The detailed microscopy of leaf confirmed the presence of rod shaped calcium oxalate crystals, oleoresin cells, pitted parenchyma and fruits with specified oleoresin, sclereid and stone cells with unicellular trichomes on persistent calyx. Physicochemical parameters like ash values, extractive values and nutritive values were determined. Fluorescence analysis of both leaf and fruit powder was determined using organic and inorganic solvents. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, carbohydrates and proteins. Conclusion: Observed pharmacognostic characters in this study may help in identification and standardization of C. frutescens leaf and fruit.

Key words: African chili, Powder microscopy, Physico-chemical analysis, Thin layer chromatography.

}, keywords = {African chili, Physico-chemical analysis, Powder microscopy, Thin layer Chromatography}, author = {Shruti V. Hegde, and Ganesh R. Hegde, and Gangadhar S. Mulgund, and Vinayak Upadhya} } @article {1545, title = {Pharmacognostic Investigation of Cynodon dactylon Pers Roots}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {01-06}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background:Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. family (Graminae/poaceae) occupies its unique place and key position in ethnomedicinal practices and traditional medical (Ayurvedic, Unani, Nepalese, and Chinese) knowledge systems but according to best of our knowledge lack is done on its standardization of the herb for its quality control and authenticity. Objective: To evaluate the morphological and microscopical characters of Cynodon dactylon Pers roots collected from Maharashtra region and its phytochemical and physicochemical analysis. Methods: Microscopic, macroscopic characters and fluorescence analysis of roots samples were analyzed. The physicochemical properties such as loss on drying, total ash value, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash value and extractive values of Cynodon dactylon were carried out. Results: The detailed microscopy revealed the presence wide cortex, intact epidermis, wide circular metaxylem and parenchymatous cells loaded with starch grain. Preliminary phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenols and tannins. Conclusion: This is first report on the pharmacognostic studies of Cynodon dactylon and is helpful in laying down identification, standardization and pharmacopeial standards.

}, keywords = {Cynodon dactylon}, author = {Sumit R Deore, and Ajay G Namdeo} } @article {1514, title = {Pharmacognostic Investigation of Valeriana hardwickii Wall. A Threatened Herb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {33-36}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Aim:Valeriana hardwickii Wall. belongs to family Valerianaceae grown in high altitude areas of north west Himalaya to Bhutan. Traditionally, the roots of the plant are used to treat insomnia; however, no reports are available regarding any pharmacognostic work on this plant. Material and Methods: The study includes morphological, microscopic and preliminary phytochemical investigations of the roots and rhizome. Anatomical studies of roots and rhizome shows the presence of diagnostic characters such as thick walled cortex cells, annular xylem fi ber, pitted xylem vessel and rhizome hair. Results: The preliminary phytochemical screening of petroleum ether, dichlomethane and aqueous extract revealed the presence of tritepenoids, alkaloids, irridoidal glycosides and fl avanoids. The study was carried out as per WHO guidelines. Conclusion: The outcome of this work will help the researchers to differentiate V. hardwickii from the other species of valerian.

Key words: Pharmacognostic investigation, phytochemical screening, valerianaceae, Valeriana hardwickii Wall.

}, keywords = {Pharmacognostic investigation, Phytochemical screening, Valeriana hardwickii Wall, valerianaceae}, author = {Anant V. Bhandarkar and S. Shashidhara and M. Deepak} } @article {1525, title = {Pharmacognostic investigations of the aerial parts of Chenopodium foliosum Asch. and radical-scavenging activities of five flavonoids isolated from methanol extract of the plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {43-48}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Background: Chenopodium foliosum Asch. also known in Bulgarian folk medicine as \“garliche\” or \“svinski yagodi\” (swine\’s berries) has been used as a decoct of aerial parts for treatment of cancer, as antioxidant and immunostimulant. This study was undertaken to investigate its phytochemical, physicochemical and radicalscavenging activities of the aerial parts of the plant. Materials and Methods: Physico-chemical parameters: moisture content, foaming index, total ash, dichloromethane, alcohol and water soluble extractive, pleliminary phytochemical screening and TLC finger print profile were determined. Three new flavonol glycosides, 3-O-\ß;-gentiobiosides of 6-methoxykaempferol andg omphrenol and a new gomphrenol trioside as well as the known 3-O-\ß;-gentiobiosides of patuletin and spinacetin, previously isolated from the aerial parts of Chenopodium foliosum> AschResults: The results of physico-chemical parameters showed moisture content- 6.05\%, foaming index-250, total ash- 12.19\% and dichloromethane, alcohol and water soluble extractive respectively 2.52\%, 13.20\% and 12.01\%. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the aerial parts of C. foliosum reveals the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, phytosterols, saponins and alkaloids/ amines. Patuletine-3-O-gentiobioside showed the highest DPPH (95.03 \± 0.09) and ABTS (87.20 \± 0.13) activity, compared to Vit C. 6-Methoxykaempferol-3-O-gentiobioside showed significant ABTS (81.09 \± 0.06) activity, but DPPH activity was lacking. The other flavonoids showed low DPPH activity, but moderate ABTS activity compared with BHT. Conclusion: The results of this study could be useful for correct identification of the plant and further standardization. In addition this study suggesting that the decoction prepared from C. foliosum could be a potential source of nutraceuticals with radical-scavenging activity.

Key words:Chenopodium, phytochemical investigations, flavonoids, DPPH, ABTS.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Chenopodium, DPPH, Flavonoids, phytochemical investigations}, author = {Zlatina Kokanova-Nedialkova and Paraskev T. Nedialkov and Stefan D. Nikolov} } @article {1546, title = {Pharmacognostic studies of Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) standley fruits}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {07-11}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Lagenaria siceraria (LS) fruits belonging to Cucurbitaceae family is widely used in Indian traditional medicine for its various medicinal values. As per best of our knowledge there were no pharmacognostical reports, specifically to determine anatomical and other physicochemical standards required for its standardization. Material and Methods: In this study various standardization parameters like macroscopic and microscopic studies, physico-chemical constants, extractive values and preliminary phytochemical screening were studied and reported. Results: Different standardization parameters were reported, which would be of immense use to identify and establish the authenticity of the plant. Conclusion: Preliminary pharmacognostic evaluation of Lagenaria siceraria fruits can give some useful information, which will be further used for standardization.

Key words: Pharmacognostic, Bhopla, Cucurbitaceae, standardization, Lagenaria siceraria.

}, keywords = {Bhopla, Cucurbitaceae, Lagenaria siceraria, Pharmacognostic, standardization}, author = {C.V. Panchal, and Jyotiram A. Sawale, and B. N. Poul, and Khandelwal, K. R.} } @article {1504, title = {Pharmacognostic study and physicochemical analysis of leaves of Terminalia arjuna}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {3rd Sept, 2014}, pages = {15-19}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of present study was to carry out Pharmacognostic and physicochemical analysis of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wt. and Arn. (family;Combretaceae) leaf. Method: The present study deals with pharmacognostic characters as identification parameters of the leaves which were subjected to macro and microscopic studies. Phyto- physicochemical studies were done by using WHO recommended parameters and fluorescent behaviour of the leaf sample was also tested. Results: The microscopy study revealed the presence of anomocytic stomata, trichome, xylem fibres, calcium oxalate crystals, vascular bundles, etc. Macroscopic study show alternate thick-coriaceous base obtuse-subcordate while margin was crenate-serrate, obtuse or sub acute at apex. Physiochemical parameters such as ash values, loss on drying, extractive values, fluorescence analysis were also determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenes, cardiac glycosides and saponins. Conclusions: The microscopic and physiochemical analysis of the T. arjuna leaf is useful in standardization for quality, purity and sample identification.

Key words: Terminalia arjuna, pharmacognostic, phytochemical, physicochemical, leaf

}, keywords = {Leaf, Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Terminalia arjuna.}, author = {Dishant Desai and Sumitra Chanda} } @article {1547, title = {Pharmacognostic study of root of Combretum albidum G. Don}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {28-33}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background:Combretum albidum G. Don commonly known as Buffalo calf. The C. albidum is used for diverse health ailments in traditional and folklore remedies. Objective: The present study was undertaken to lay down pharmacognostic and phytochemical standards for Combretum albidum G. Don. Material and Methods: The pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical, fluorescence and phytochemical analysis. Physicochemical parameters such as total ash, moisture content, extractive values are determined as per WHO guidelines. The microscopical features of root components are observed with Nikon labphoto 2 microscopic unit. Results: The morphologically, root are pale brown colored, cylindrical with slightly bitter in taste and agreeable odour. Distinguishingly roots showed root scares, rootlet and fibrous fracture. Microscopy of root consists of thick epidermis, periderm, and cortex with sclerenchyma cells. Vascular cylinder includes thin phloem and thick, solid and dense xylem cylinder. The prismatic calcium oxalates were observed. Powder microscopy of root revealed that fibres were fairly wide and densely packed with starch grains. The fluorescence and physicochemical standards for root were established. Phytochemically root showed the presence of carbohydrate, glycoside, saponin, flavonoid, phytosterols and phenolic compounds. Conclusion: There is no pharmacognostic and phytochemical reports on C. albidum to authenticate and differentiate them from similar species. Therefore, present work was undertaken and established the pharmacognostic and phytochemical characteristics of C. albidum and diagnostic features to differentiate it.

Key words: Combretum albidum, Microscopy, Macroscopy, Phytochemical, Fluorescence analysis.

}, keywords = {Combretum albidum, Fluorescence analysis, Macroscopy, microscopy, Phytochemical}, author = {Ashish S. Zalke and B. Duraiswamy and Upendra B. Gandagule} } @article {1548, title = {Pharmacognostical and phytochemical standardization of Houttuynia cordata Thunb.: A potent medicinal herb of North{\textendash}Eastern India and China}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {34-42}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Aim:Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (Saururaceae) is one of the perennial herb indigenous to North-East India and China. Despite the popular utilization of this herb as medicine, still no study has been reported so far regarding the pharmacognostical standardization. Thus, the aim of the present study was to scientifically establish a standard monograph on the basis of pharmacognostical and phytochemical aspects. Methods: The quality control standardization of H. cordata was done as per the methods described in the World Health Organization guidelines (2002). Results: The diagnostic characters of the H. Cordata leaf and rhizome portion were evaluated based on the macroscopical and microscopical characters. Determination of various physicochemical parameters such as water soluble ash (1.12\% w/w), acid insoluble ash (4.02\% w/w), sulphated ash (3.15\% w/w), alcohol soluble extractive (12.8\% w/w), water soluble extractive (14.9\% w/w), loss on drying (3.42\% w/w) and crude fibres content (13.10\% w/w) was ascertained. Heavy metal, microbial load, fluorescence drug analysis, and preliminary phytochemical screening of different fractions were also carried out. Total phenols (45.74 mg/g tannic acid equivalent, TAE), tannins (33.29mg/g TAE), flavonoids (104.55 mg/g rutin equivalent, RE), and flavonols (17.16mg/g RE) were quantified from the ethanolic extract of the whole plant. Quantification of quercetin in the ethanolic extract was assessed by HPTLC analysis and was found to contain 4.39\%, w/w. Conclusion: The obtained qualitative and quantitative standards will provide referential information for correct identification and standardization of this medicinal plant.

Key Words: Houttuynia cordata, pharmacognosy, quercetin, HPTL.

}, keywords = {Houttuynia cordata, HPTLC, Pharmacognosy, Quercetin}, author = {Manish Kumar, and Satyendra K. Prasad, and Damiki Laloo, and Apurva Joshi, and Siva Hemalatha} } @article {1549, title = {Pharmacognostical and phytochemical standardization of the roots of Potentilla mooniana Wight}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {70-79}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background:Potentilla mooniana Wight. (PM) (Family: Rosaceae) is a plant commonly grown at the higher altitudes (1500\–3660 meter) of the lower Asian continent and is traditionally used to treat gastric and mouth disorders. The present study was aimed to scientifically develop a standard monograph for PM on the basis of pharmacognostical and phytochemical aspects. Methods: Pharmacognostically the roots were analyzed following the standard parameters prescribed under WHO guidelines and Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Results: Morphologically, the roots are cylindrical, dark brown and astringent to bitter in taste. Histologically, the root section showed the formation of secondary growth with wood formation and central lignified xylem vessels. Physicochemical standards quantified includes foreign organic matter (1.20\% w/w), loss on drying (9.66\% w/w), total ash (12.65\% w/w), acid insoluble ash (4.65\% w/w), water soluble ash (0.5\% w/w), alcohol soluble extractive (21.3\% w/w), water soluble extractive (14.6\% w/w), foaming index (142.85), swelling index (6.5), haemolytic index (37.77). Quantification of pesticide residue content and heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Zn and Hg was analyzed and were found to be present within the permissible limits. Powdered drug showed the presence of lignified xylem vessels with scalariform and spiral thickenings, tracheids, starch grains and fibres. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, sugars, and amino acids. Quantification of phytoconstituents were also investigated such as phenolics (84.15mg/g tannic acid equivalent, TAE), tannins (65.31mg/g TAE), flavonoids (9.53mg/g rutin equivalent, RE), flavonols (2.01mg/g RE), saponins (20.75mg/g diosgenin equivalent, DE), sapogenins (15.4mg/g DE) and carbohydrates (56.8mg/g D\–fructose equivalent). TLC of the root extract was also analyzed in the present study. Conclusion: In conclusion, the diagnostic characters obtained from the roots of P. mooniana will provide beneficial information in identifying and comparing this plant from other closely related Potentilla species.

Key words:Potentilla mooniana, Pharmacognosy, phytochemical, polyphenolics, heavy metal.

}, keywords = {Heavy metals, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical, Polyphenolics, Potentilla mooniana}, author = {Damiki Laloo, and Satyendra K. Prasad, and Manish Kumar, and Siva Hemalatha} } @article {1533, title = {Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Studies of Stem Bark of Ailanthus Excelsa Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {21-Aug,2014}, pages = {1-4}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

The present study was aimed for Pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical studies of stem bark of Ailanthus excelsa Roxb belonging to the family Simarubaceae. The pharmacognostic investigation was carried out in terms of macroscopic, microscopic parameters. The extract obtained after successive Soxhlet extraction of dried and coarsely powdered stem bark using Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and distilled water were subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening which revealed the presence of Carbohydrates, Proteins, phytosterols and triterpenenoids. The present investigation reflects the structural identity and chemical nature of the crude drug which could be useful in laying down pharmacopoeial standards as standardization is an important aspect in assessing the quality, safety and efficacy of herbal medicines.

Key words:Ailanthus excelsa roxb , pharmacognostic, phytochemical, structural identity

}, keywords = {Ailanthus excelsa roxb, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, structural identity.}, author = {Vaibhav Srivastava and Subodh Dubey and Varun Chaddha and Gaurav Goyanar} } @article {1505, title = {Pharmacognostical Studies of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {3rd Sept, 2014}, pages = {20-26}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Context:Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz. widely used in traditional as well as folk medicinal systems is locally known as Panphuti. Traditionally it is used for the treatment of kidney stones, urinary tract infection, burns and diarrhoea. Aims: In the present study, pharmacognostic studies of root, stem and leaf of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz. is carried out in order to standardize the plant for its phytochemical, phyiso-chemical and pharmacognostical. Methods and Material: For standardization of plant material morphological and anatomical characterization was carried out. Physico-chemical parameters viz. ash content, extractive values, heavy metal content was carried out as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Phytochemical investigations were made to know the presence of various bioactive molecules, amino acid composition. Results: Intrastelar and extrastelar secondary growth with wood and periderm formation along with deposition of starch grains were observed in pith region of root and cortical region of stem. Calcium oxalate crystals were also present in the cortical region of the stem. Leaf lamina showed spongy parenchyma in mesophyll region and anisocytic type of stomata. Anthocyanin pigment was present below epidermal cells in petiole. Physico- chemical results can be serves as quality control data. Quantitatively carbohydrate, protein, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins and pro-antocyanidins were found to be present in root, stem and leaf part of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz. Conclusion: The results of the study could be useful in setting some diagnostic indices for the identification and preparation of a monograph of the plant.

Key words:Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz., Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical, Physico-chemical.

}, keywords = {Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz, Pharmacognosy, Physico-chemical., Phytochemical.}, author = {Sharma Abhishek J. and Chandra Naresh} } @article {1550, title = {Pharmacognostical studies on stem bark of Canarium strictum Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {12-18}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Aim \& Background: Resin of Canarium strictum Roxb., is an imperative commodity in traditional medicine in South and South East Asia. The current study aims to establish the quality control parameters for the bark as it secreted more useful resin. Methods: Anatomical studies and physiochemical evaluation of the bark was carried out according to the standard procedure was given in WHO/QCMMP guidelines and Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. The anatomical studies of tissues were taken as photographs with different magnifications by using Nikon lab photo 2 microscopic Unit. The elemental analysis was done by using Perkin Elmer 5000 an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: The different cell components were studied and measured quantitatively. The calcium oxalate prismatic crystals were estimated about 10\×10 or 10\×5\μm in size. The sclereids were very long of unlimited length and 10\μm in thickness. The long narrow lignified fibers has been found and estimated about 210\–260\μm long and about 10\μm thick. The height of the ray is up to 350\μm in height and 60\μm in breadth. The physiochemical parameters such as total ash and acid insoluble ash (5.52\% w/w, 2.66\% w/w, respectively), extractive values (aqueous 4.55\% w/w and alcoholic 6.05\% w/w), foreign organic matter (2.4\%) and loss on drying (7.09\% w/w) were also estimated. An elemental analysis result shows the quantity of elements (\μg/g) were present in the bark powder. Among the elements Mn-73.6, Cu-65.4, Cr-49.5 were major contents, while Pd-25.6 and Zn-35.4 were the minor contents. Conclusion: The current study report will be unique finger print for microscopical evaluation of bark of this tree and also used to differentiate the plant species among Canarium L.

Key words: Burseraceae, Western Ghats, Quality control, Siddha medicine, Black dammer, Rheumatism.

}, keywords = {Black dammer, Burseraceae, Quality control, Rheumatism, Siddha medicine, Western Ghats}, author = {Ragunathan Muthuswamy, and R. Senthamarai} } @article {1493, title = {Pharmacognostical studies on the fruit of Elaeocarpus oblongus Gaertn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {72-78}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Elaeocarpus tectorius (Lour.) Poir, Synonym: Elaeocarpus oblongus auct. non Gaertn. Elaeocarpaceae, is a tree, found throughout Western Ghats, South India. The present study indented to establish the pharmacognostical and physicochemical quality control parameters of E.oblongus fruits to avoid confusion in taxonomic identification. Physicochemical evaluation of fruit was carried out according to the guidelines of WHO/QCMMP and Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. The elemental analysis was done by using Perkin Elmer 5000 an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Non glandular unicellular trichomes found to be distinguished character of powder analysis. It was quantified to be 700 \μm long and 400 \μm thick at the base. Lerachysclereids were found plenty in powder. The rosettes type of calcium oxalate crystals were 15 \μm in diameter. Cells of the endosperm showing darkly stained globular bodies and the cotyledon is 170 \μm thick. Physio-chemical parameters such as total ash and acid-insoluble ash (2.66\% w/w, 0.66\% w/w, respectively), extractive values (aqueous 31.068\% w/w and alcoholic 30.94\% w/w), foreign organic matter (0.5\% w/w) and loss on drying (12\% w/w) were estimated. Qualitative analysis showed the presence of Fructose, Glucose, Flavanoids and Tannins and Sterols and Phenolic compounds and fatty acids in the fruit. The quantity of elements (\μg/g) in the fruit pulp powder was estimated by elemental analysis. The result shows Mn-53.5 and Zn \– 46.2 were the major contents. While Pd- 14.3, Cu- 7.5 and Cr- 4.9 were minor the contents. This study provided the pharmacognostical profile used to differentiate the other similar looking fruit from other ones of this genus.

Key words: Western Ghats, Budagas, Ooty, Quality control, Elaeocarpaceae, Edible fruit.

}, keywords = {Budagas, Edible fruit, Elaeocarpaceae, Ooty, Quality control, Western Ghats}, author = {Ragunathan Muthuswamy, and Senthamarai R} } @article {1515, title = {Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Analysis of Brassica juncea Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {47-54}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Introduction:Brassica juncea is an economically important plant that has been well-known in India for centuries for its medicinal and nutritive values. The broad spectrum of beneficial effects of the seeds perceived with this plant warrants further exploration of B. juncea seeds as a potential source for obtaining pharmacologically standardized phytotherapeutics, which could be potentially useful. The objective of the present study was to perform the pharmacognosy of mustards seeds inclusive of qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis, fingerprinting by infrared spectroscopy and high performance thin layer chromatography analysis and toxicity assessment in vitro. Methods: Different sections of seeds were taken and stained with 0.1\% phloroglucinol for microscopic examination. The seeds were extracted by 80\% alcohol on a rotary shaker to perform phytochemical analysis and fingerprinting. The toxicity assessment of this extract was performed on human dermal fibroblast cells. Results: Microscopic examination of seeds showed characteristic features of mustard seeds. The extraction of these seeds by 20\% alcohol resulted in IC50 value of 103 \± 3 \μg/mL for 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl radical scavenging assay. The fingerprinting analysis of this extract indicated probable presence of sinigrin, quercetin, vanillin, catechin, vitamin E and sulfur-containing compounds. This extract exhibited 50\% toxicity (IC50) at 1.79 mg/mL. Conclusion: The result achieved will be used to assess the therapeutic efficacy of seed extracts for future pharmacological evaluations.

Key words: Antioxidant, cytotoxicity, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high performance thin layer chromatography, microscopy, phenolics.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, High performance Thin layer Chromatography, microscopy, Phenolics}, author = {Harita Parikh and Aparna Khanna} } @article {1551, title = {Pharmacokinetic study of phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin after oral administration to rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {124-130}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study was carried out to develop a sensitive and cost effective HPLC method for the determination of bioactive lignans (phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin) and its application in a pharmacokinetic study. Methods: Identification of lignan compounds on C\–18 column was monitored at a range of 199\–400nm using photodiode array detector (PDA) with methanol-water (66:34, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1ml/min. Carbamazepine was used as internal standard. Results: From the developed method LOD and LOQ values were found to be 56.14ng/ml and 169.99ng/ml for phyllanthin, and 56.04ng/ml and 169.82ng/ml for hypophyllanthin. The validated RP\–HPLC method herein was applied for pharmacokinetic studies and Cmax (ng/ml) values for administered three oral doses (2.5, 5 and 10mg/kg) of phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin were 0.28\±0.06, 0.53\±0.16, 0.98\±0.22 and 0.68\±0.76, 1.35\±0.23, 2.45\±0.33, respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, developed HPLC\–PDA method effectively determined the phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin in various solvent and plasma samples. This method was successfully applied in conducting their oral pharmacokinetic studies.

Key words:Phyllanthus amarus, phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, HPLC{\textendash}PDA, pharmacokinetics.

}, keywords = {HPLC{\textendash}PDA, hypophyllanthin, Pharmacokinetics, Phyllanthin, Phyllanthus amarus}, author = {Madhukiran Parvathaneni, and Ganga Rao Battu, and Ravikumar Jangiti, and Keerthana Diyya} } @article {1494, title = {Pharmacological Evaluation of Cucumber for Cognition Enhancing Effect on Brain of Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {100-107}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cucumber is fruit of Cucumis sativus var. sativus L. which has been used traditionally in gastrointestinal problems, skin problems and as coolant in salad for body and brain. Cucumber is a great folk medicine used to reduce heat and inflammation. Cognitive effects of cucumber are assessed in this study. Methods: Fresh fruits of Cucumis sativus L. were ground and a paste was prepared which consisted of different concentrations of cucumber (10, 20, 30 \% w/w). The three doses were given ad libitum to mice for 15 successive days. Animal models utilized were sodium nitrite induced hypoxia and object recognition task. Biochemical analysis employed estimation of acetylcholinesterase activity in brain, serum glucose levels, cholesterol levels, brain lipid peroxidation (MDA) levels and reduced glutathione levels in brain of mice. Results: 6g/kg and 9g/kg doses of cucumber significantly (P\< 0.05, P\< 0.01) increased frequency of entry, number of entry and duration of entry in small compartment in sodium nitrite induced hypoxia model and depicted significantly (P\< 0.05, P\< 0.001) enhanced exploratory activity in object recognition task model. Further, biochemical analysis indicated good potential of cucumber in cognition enhancement. 9 g/kg dose (P\< 0.001) reduced brain AchE activity along with blood glucose and serum cholesterol levels. 6 g/kg dose (P\< 0.01) replenished brain GSH levels and reduced lipid peroxides. Conclusion: Cucumber increased cognition in rodents.

Key words: Hypoxia, object recognition task, acetylcholinesterase, glucose, cholesterol, dementia.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Cholesterol, Dementia, Glucose, Hypoxia, object recognition task}, author = {Manish Kumar, and Milind Parle} } @article {1526, title = {Physico Chemical Characterization and Anti Inflammatory Activity of Stem Extracts Of Berberis aristata DC and Cosinium fenestratum Linn in Carrageenan Induced Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {72-77}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

An initial study on the physico-chemical properties of Berberis aristata and Cosinium fenestratum, both used as Daruharidra by the Ayurvedic drug industry, recorded all the tested parameters within the limits of Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India. Also, analysis of secondary metabolite of the plants was carried out focusing on the presence and quantification of berberine in the samples. Further, the potential difference in the anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous and methanolic stem extracts of the two species was compared using carrageenan induced Wistar rats model. At a dose of 25 mg/kg, the aqueous and methanolic crude extracts of both the plant species showed significant inhibition of rat paw edema at various time intervals viz.,0, 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes as against the control standard drug indomethacin (p\<0.01, p\<0.001).

Key words: antiinflammation, Berberine, Berberis aristata, Cosinium fenestratum, Physico-chemical analysis.

}, keywords = {Antiinflammation, Berberine, Berberis aristata, Cosinium fenestratum, Physico-chemical analysis}, author = {S.Tamilselvi and Padma Venkatasubramanian and N.S. Vasanthi} } @article {1527, title = {Phytochemical Investigation, Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities of Rhizomes of Euphorbia Fusiformis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {78-82}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Objective: Isolation of compounds from Euphorbia fusiformis rhizomes and evaluation of extracts and each isolates for its antioxidant and antifungal activities. Results: Five compounds were isolated including Euphol 1, \β-Sitosterol 2, Caudicifolin 3, Scoparone 4 and Scopoletin 5. The occurrence of the compounds 2, 4 and 5 in the herb reported here for the first time. The ethyl acetate extract showed significant antioxidant activity (IC50 = 2.781 mg/ml) and its yielded compound 3 showed moderate antioxidant activity (IC50 = 3.25 mg/ml) using DPPH method. The ethyl acetate extract showed better antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Conclusion: Compounds 2, 4, 5 were isolated first time from this plant. The ethyl acetate extract showed significant antioxidant and antifungal activity against A. nigar and C. Albicans. Thus, this study concludes by demonstrating the isolation, characterization, antioxidant and antifungal properties of E. fusiformis, which may have further therapeutic value.

Key Words:Euphorbia fusiformis, coumarins, antioxidant activity, antifungal activity.

}, keywords = {Antifungal activity, antioxidant activity, Coumarins, Euphorbia fusiformis}, author = {Ponnam Devendar and K.V.N. Satya Srinivas and J. Kotesh Kumar and T. Sandeep Kumar and Savita Bhagel and K.P. Sastry} } @article {1495, title = {Portulaca oleracea extract increases lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and paraoxonase 1 activities and enhances reverse cholesterol transport in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {1-9}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Plant extracts are generally assumed to be more acceptable and less hazardous than synthetic compounds and could be alternative antidiabetic treatments. Portula caoleracea has been used as one of the traditional edible and medicinal plant in Algeria to treat diabetes. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of lyophilized aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea on high-density lipoproteins composition, paraoxonase (PON1) and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Methods: Diabetes was induced intraperitonially by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (60mg/kg bw). Twelve diabetic rats, weighing 263\±5g, were divided into two groups fed a casein diet supplemented or not with Portulaca oleracea extract (1g/kg bw), for 4 weeks. Results: At d28, in Portulaca oleracea treated vs untreated diabetic group, glycemia, serum total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerols (TG) and phospholipids (PL) concentrations were decreased significantly (p\<0.05). The hypolipidemic effect induced by Portulaca oleracea extract was due to the reduction of total cholesterol (TC) in LDL-HDL1 (-51\%) and C-HDL3 (-21\%). Portulaca oleracea treatment improved PON1 and LCAT activities by 48\%. HDL3-UC (acyl group acceptor) and -PL (enzyme substrate) were diminished respectively by 47\% and 82\%, whereas HDL2-CE concentrations (product of LCAT reaction) were increased by 44\%. Moreover, HDL-C levels were found to be positively correlated with PON1 activity (r=0.96, p\<0.05). Serum, LDL-HDL1, HDL2 and HDL3 TBARS levels were respectively, 2.9-, 2.6-, 2.4- and 2.8-fold lower in Portulaca oleracea treated than untreated diabetic groups. Conclusion: These findings reflect the potential antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic of Portulaca oleracea extract, in STZ-induced diabetic rat. Moreover, Portulaca oleracea extract restores PON1 and ameliorates the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) by enhancing LCAT activity, therefore could prevent many diabetic complications by reducing dyslipidemia and oxidative damage.

Key words: Rats, Streptozotocin, Portulaca oleracea, Cholesterol, PON1, LCAT, apo A-I, lipoprotein peroxidation.

}, keywords = {apo A-I, Cholesterol, LCAT, lipoprotein peroxidation, PON1, Portulaca oleracea, Rats, Streptozotocin}, author = {Guenzet Akila, and Krouf Djamil, and Berzou Saadia} } @article {1528, title = {Protective effect of cissampelos pareira linn. Extract on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative damage in rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {59-67}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the potential nephroprotective and antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic Cissampelos pareira (C. pareira) whole plant extract using gentamicin-induced rats. Methods: For studying acute toxicity study, single oral dose of 2g/kg hydroalcoholic extract of C. pareira was evaluated in rats by oral gavage. The nephroprotective activity was evaluated using gentamicin-induced model in rats. In-vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by using DPPH assay and reducing power assay. In-vivo antioxidant activity was evaluated by using glutathione and lipid peroxidation estimations in gentamicin-induced rats. Hydroalcoholic C. pareira whole plant extract was given at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o. Results: For acute toxicity testing rats administered with the extract at a dose 2 g/ kg. the result showed no toxicity. Hydroalcoholic C. Pareira whole plant extract (200 and 400 mg/kg p.o) significantly decrease the elevated urinary glucose levels in the urine, decrease the elevated urea and creatinine levels in blood and increase the urinary creatinine levels in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxic rats. The extract had shown significant dose dependent increase in the DPPH and reducing power activity. There were a dose dependent decreasing and increasing of lipid peroxidation, glutathione levels in hydoalcoholic extract treated groups respectively. Conclusion: This study exhibits that hydroalcoholic C. pareira whole plant extract poses nephroprotective activity which may be due to its antioxidant activity.

Key words: Gentamicin, Cissampelos pareira, creatinine, urea, glucose, lipid peroxidation, glutathione, reducing power, DPPH.

}, keywords = {Cissampelos pareira, Creatinine, DPPH, Gentamicin, Glucose, Glutathione, Lipid peroxidation, Reducing power, urea}, author = {D. R Ch Sekhara Reddy and G Siva Kumar and B. M. Vrushabendra Swamy and K. Phani Kumar} } @article {1516, title = {Protective Effects of Beetroot Extract against Phenyl Hydrazine Induced Anemia in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {1-4}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Anemia can be regarded as one of the oldest blood malformation known over a century. Megaloblastic anemia arises due to curtailed formation of erythrocytes, which leads to formation of a large number of underdeveloped erythrocytes. Proper nutritional supplementation may be useful in such condition. Beta vulgaris or beetroot is one of the important vegetables consumed worldwide. The aim of the present work was to evaluate anti-anemic potential of beetroot. Methods: Beetroot was extracted with ethanol. Phytochemical and phytoanalytical studies were performed on extract. Anemia was induced by phenyl-hydrazine. Animals were treated with extract throughout the study for 24 days. The red blood cell (RBC) number and hemoglobin concentration were determined every 3 days for 24 days. Results: Extract was found to be rich in folic acid, ascorbic acid, and iron. Following the induction of anemia, the number of erythrocytes and the hemoglobin concentration decreased by 62.51\% and 69.64\%, respectively. Administration of standard hematinic preparation and extract (200 mg/kg) resulted in signifi cant increase (P\< 0.001; P\< 0.01) in the number of RBCs as well as hemoglobin concentration when compared to the untreated phenyl hydrazine-induced anemic rats. Conclusion: Extract effectively raised the level of hemoglobin and erythrocyte count at dose 200 mg/kg. Vitamin and minerals found in beetroot are most likely active ingredients responsible for its hematinic effects. Still, methodical studies are obligatory to derive its effects on humans.

Key words:Beta vulgaris, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, phenyl hydrazine.

}, keywords = {Beta vulgaris, erythrocytes, Hemoglobin, phenyl hydrazine}, author = {Anupam Jaiswal and Aditya Ganeshpurkar and Ankita Awasthi and Divya Bansal and Nazneen Dubey} } @article {1529, title = {Protective role of Helicteres isora plant extract on plasma and tissue glycoprotein components in streptozotocin induced hyperglycemic rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {86-91}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the protective role of Helicteres isora plant extract on glycoprotein metabolism in streptozotocin (STZ) induced type 2 diabetic rats. Helicteres isora plant extract was administered orally (200 mg/kg body weight) for 40 days to normal and diabetic rats. The effects of Helicteres isora plant extract on plasma and tissue glycoproteins (hexose, hexosamine, sialic acid and fucose) were determined. The levels of plasma glycoproteins containing hexose, hexosamine, sialic acid and fucose were significantly increased in diabetic rats when compared with normal control rats. There was a significant decrease in the level of sialic acid and elevated levels of hexose, hexosamine and fucose in the liver and kidney of STZ induced diabetic rats. On oral administration of Helicteres isora plant extract to diabetic rats showed decreased levels of plasma glycoproteins. The level of tissue sialic acid was increased whereas the levels of tissue hexose, hexosamine and fucose were reversed to near normal. The present study indicates that the Helicteres isora plant extract possesses a significant protective effect on glycoprotein metabolism in addition to its anti-diabetic effect.

Key words:Helicteres isora, Diabetes, Plasma Glycoproteins, Streptozotocin.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Helicteres isora, Plasma Glycoproteins, Streptozotocin}, author = {C.Elanchezhiyan and K.Kumaravel and Ahmad bhat and S.Sethupathy} } @article {1496, title = {Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn leaf extracts by HPTLC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {117-130}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Nyctanthes arbortristis L. (Oleaceae) or \“night jasmine\” is cultivated for its fragrant flowers and is widely used in traditional systems of medicine as an anthelmintic, cholagogue, laxative and antimalarial. The plant has been studied pharmacognostically and certain standards are available. However there are no reports on HPTLC quality assessment of Nyctanthes arbortristis. Hence the present study involves the development of qualitative HPTLC fingerprint profile of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol extracts of leaves of N. arbortristis followed by quantitation of marker compounds \â-sitosterol, \â-amyrin in n-hexane extract and caffeic acid in ethyl acetate extract. The developed methods were used for comparison of plant extracts with a few commercial formulations containing N. arbortristis. These HPTLC methods can be used easily for evaluation of quality of plants collected from different sources as well as for commercial formulations containing N. arbortristis.

Key words: Nyctanthes arbortristis, commercial formulations, HPTLC qualitative and quantitative evaluation.

}, keywords = {HPTLC qualitative and quantitative evaluation, Nyctanthes arbortristis, ommercial formulations}, author = {Kayalvizhi M, and Richa Shri} } @article {1497, title = {Role of Boswellia ovalifoliolata Bal. Henry extract on high fat diet induced hypercholesterolemia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {108-116}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the Antihypercholesterolemic effect of Boswellia ovalifoliolata Bal. Henry extract by performing in vivo studies and to check out its effects by evaluating parameters like food consumption, weight gain, fecal fat excretion, serum and liver lipid \&biochemical profiles. Even the study includes confirmation of activity by the histopathological studies. Methods: Animals were fed with cholesterol rich high fat diet. Food intake, Body weight and fecal fat excretion were measured. Serum and liver samples were analyzed for the estimation of lipid profiles and other biochemical parameters by using different kits. Histopathological study on liver, aorta, heart and adipose tissue was done to ensure the activity. Results: The animal group administered with methanolic extract of the plant has shown decreased levels of TC, LDL, VLDL, TG, HDL+VLDL, VLDL+LDL, LDL/TC, AI, SGOT, SGPT and elevated levels of HDL, HDL/TC in a dose dependent manner significantly (p\<0.01 \& p\<0.05). The evaluation of liver tissue of animal groups treated with herbal extract and standard had shown increased levels of SOD, GSH and Catalase, whereas levels of SGOT, SGPT, Total glucose, HMG-CoA, lipase, amylase and percentage of monaldehyde were decreased when compared with high fat diet fed rats. Body weight and Food intake in treated groups were significantly lower than that in model control. Conclusion: It can be confered from the present studies that the Boswellia ovalifoliolata Bal. Henry extract have strong activity against hypercholesterolemia and obesity suggesting a potential benefit as antihypercholesterolemic agent.

key words: Boswellia ovalifoliolata Bal. Henry, High fat diet, Lipid profile, Histopathological studies.

}, keywords = {Boswellia Ovalifoliolata Bal. Henry, High Fat Diet, lipid profile}, author = {D. Sathis Kumar, and David Banji, and A. Harani, and Ch. Pavan Kumar, and JN. Ravi Varma} } @article {1498, title = {Screening for Antidepressant-Like Effect of Methanolic Seed Extract of Avena Sativa using Animal Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {86-92}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Depression affects about up to 20\% of the population across the globe.The present study was designed to screen antidepressant activity of methanolicseed extract of Avena sativa (MSEAS). An in vivo experimental methods were designed such as behavioral models like Forced swim test (FST), Tail suspension test (TST) and based on mechanism of action i.e., Antagonism of Apomorphine induced hypothermia on Swiss male albino mice. MSE AS 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o were administered daily for 7 days. Fluoxetine 25mg/kg p.o was standard antidepressant drug in behavioral models and Desipramine 20mg/kg p.o in Apomorphine induced hypothermia.The methanolicextract produces a significant antidepressant effect in both FST and TST as they reduce the immobility. It was also found, effective in antagonizing or reversing hypothermia produced by apomorphine. The Anti-depressant activity of methanolic seed extract of Avena sativa was found to be significant at low doses (100mg/kg, po). The present study clearly demonstrated that Avena sativa exerts an antidepressant effect in these two behavioral models. The flavonoid components of MSEAS might be interacting with adrenergic system in mediating the anti depressant effect of Avena sativa.

Key words: Avena sativa, forced swim test, tail suspension test, Apomorphine induced hypothermia.

}, keywords = {Apomorphine induced hypothermia, Avena sativa, Forced swim test, Tail suspension test}, author = {Usha Rani K, and Maddi Ramaiah, and K Nagaphani, and V Preethi, and M Srinadh} } @article {1530, title = {Screening of Antioxidant \& Antidiabetic Potential of Polyphenol rich fraction from Cichorium intybus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {92-98}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Introduction: Chicory(Cichoriumintybus) commonly known as kasni has health benefits such as improving liver health, digestion, boosting immune system possibly because of its water soluble dietary fibres and polyphenols. A diet rich in polyphenols and fibers helps in lowering cholesterol leading to less plaque formation, preventing blockage and risk of stroke. Owing to the fact that these polyphenols may reduce the elevated glucose the present research work was undertaken to extract the polphenols from Chicory roots and evaluate their antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential. Materials and Methods: Polyphenol rich fraction of root extract was subjected to estimation of total phenolic estimation and free radical scavenging activity using various antioxidant assays. The antidiabetic potential of the polyphenol rich fraction was also estimated using Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rat model. Results: The total phenolic content of the polyphenolic fraction was found to be 30.23\μg/ml. The IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS assay for the polyphenolic fraction were found to be 60\µg/ml and 4.2mg/ml respectively. The TEAC value was found to be 1.178 mm. Administration of polyphenol rich fraction (30 mg/kg, p.o.) decreased elevated SG from 122mg/dl to78.66mg/dl on 14th day (***p\<0.001). Also a significant reduction in triglycerides (**P\<0.01), total cholesterol (**P\<0.01), serum LDL (**P\<0.01) and serum alkaline phosphatase (**P\<0.01) was observed at 30 mg/kg, p.o. However, serum HDL was found to be elevated with no change in serum insulin (*P\<0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the polyphenol rich fraction of Chicory roots possess a strong hypoglycemic potential probably due to their antioxidant activity.

Key words: Cichoriumintybus, polyphenols, antioxidant, antidiabetic, total cholesterol.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Cichoriumintybus, Polyphenols, total cholesterol}, author = {Rukhsana A. Rub and Areej Siddiqui and Aasmin M. Ali and Asif Shaikh and Mushtaque and Mukadam} } @article {1552, title = {Standardization of a polyherbal formulation (HC9) and comparative analysis of its cytotoxic activity with the individual herbs present in the composition in breast cancer cell lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {87-95}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {87}, abstract = {

Introduction: The present study aims to standardize a polyherbal formulation (HC9) that was previously shown to exhibit excellent antioxidant and cytotoxic activity in breast cancer cells. Here, we have compared the cytotoxic activity of HC9 with its individual components in breast cancer and non-cancerous cells. Methods: Physico-chemical and phytochemical evaluation of HC9 was performed. Qualitative and quantitative HPTLC analysis of component herbs and HC9 was done by using specific markers. The cytotoxic activity of HC9 with its individual components was evaluated in breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA MB-231) and non-cancerous cell lines (HEK-293, HaCaT and MCF-10A) by MTT dye uptake. Results: Physico-chemical results revealed that HC9 contained 7.24\% total ash content, 9.52\% of alcohol-soluble extractive, 0.801 specific gravity, 0.50g/ml bulk density and exhibited 7.18\% loss on drying. Phytochemical results revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavanoids, saponins, tannins and phenolic compounds, and absence of terpenoids. The individual herbs of HC9 and the formulation showed the presence of marker compounds such as picroside-I, nootkatone, 6-gingerol, matairesinol, swertiamarin, berberine, connesine and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde. At 160\μg/ml concentration, HC9 exhibited cytotoxicity in both MCF7 and MDA MB231 with no cytotoxicity in MCF-10A, HaCaT and HEK-293. In contrast, at this concentration, the individual herbs of HC9 exhibited cytotoxicity not only in cancerous cells, but also in non-cancerous cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that the standardized HC9 formulation was safe to non-cancerous cells and exhibited significant antineoplastic potential in breast cancer cells. Thus, HC9 could be a potential drug candidate in breast cancer.

Key words: Cytotoxicity, HPTLC, physicochemical, polyherbal formulation HC9, phytochemical, standardization.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, HPTLC, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, polyherbal formulation HC9, standardization}, author = {Snehal Suryavanshi, and Anand Zanwar, and Mahabaleshwar Hegde, and Ruchika Kaul-Ghanekar} } @article {1531, title = {Sterols and triterpenes from the non-polar antitubercular fraction of Abutilon indicum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {49-52}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Introduction:Abutilon indicum Sweet (Malvaceae) is used in Filipino folk medicine as demulcent, diuretic, sedative, aphrodisiac and antidiabetic remedy. It is also effective in the treatment of leprosy. It is also used as a laxative for patients having hemorrhoids and in the treatment of coughs, puerperal disease, urinary disorders, chronic dysentery and fever. Methods: Air-dried powdered leaves of A. indicum were initially extracted with DCM-methanol (1:1) to afford a crude extract which was fractionated on a silica gel column to afford four fractions. The first fraction which showed antimycobacterial activity was further chromatographed in a silica gel column to afford bioactive fractions from which four compounds were obtained. The crude extract, fractions and isolated compounds were screened for their inhibitory effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC) using the colorimetric Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA) method. Results: The fractions obtained after silica gel chromatography of the crude DCMmethanol (1:1) revealed the first fraction (MIC=64 mg/mL) to exert the highest inhibition against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Further separation of this fraction afforded sub-fractions with moderately strong inhibitory activity against the test organism (MIC up to 64 mg/mL). Chromatographic purification of sub-fraction 1 afforded four compounds which were spectroscopically identified as \β-amyrin 3-palmitate (1), squalene (2) and a 1:1 mixture of the sterols \β-sitosterol (3) and stigmasterol (4). Evaluation of the antimycobacterial activity of 1\–4 showed insignificant inhibitory activity against the test organism (MIC = \>128 mg/mL). Conclusion: The present results demonstrate the potential of Abutilon indicum as a plant source of compounds that may exhibit promising antituberculosis activity. While the known compounds isolated for this plant did not show antimycobacterial activity, the obtained results are considered sufficient reason for further study to isolate the metabolites from A. indicum responsible for the antitubercular activity.

Key words:Abutilon indicum, Malvaceae, antitubercular, squalene, \β-amyrin 3-palmitate, \β-sitosterol, stigmasterol.

}, keywords = {Abutilon indicum, Antitubercular, Malvaceae, Squalene, Stigmasterol., β-amyrin 3-palmitate, β-sitosterol}, author = {Allan Patrick G. Macabeo and Christopher A. Lee} } @article {1532, title = {Study on the antioxidant activities of root extracts of Zizyphus lotus from the western region of Algeria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {32-42}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Objective: To find a new natural source of antioxidant, the phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of some secondary metabolites extracted from roots of Ziziphus lotus were evaluated. Methods: The total polyphenol contents were determined spectrophotometrically. Pyrrocatechol, catechin and cyanidin equivalents were used for these parameters. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by several in vitro systems of assays, namely DPPH radical scavenging activity method, b-Carotene Bleaching assay (BCB), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay (FRA P) and Total Antioxidant capacity test (TAC). Results: The quantitative estimation showed that the roots of Z. lotus were rich in polyphenols ( 20.09 mg PE/g DW) and proanthocyannidins (1.56\%) and they contained a small amount of flavonoids (0.02 mg CE/g DW). The most fractions exhibited high antioxidant activities, and some even showed higher potency than the standard synthetic antioxidants in some instances. In DPPH assay, all extracts had shown significant inhibition (58.535 \– 94.730\% at 1 mg/mL). In addition, the IC50 values ranged from 0.211 to 0.816 mg/mL, compared to 0.110, 0.214, 0.214 and 0.413 mg/mL for gallic acid, tannic acid, butylated-hydroxyanisol and ascorbic acid respectively. In (BCB) assay, the extracts showed strong inhibition (55.55 \– 100.00\% at 1 mg/mL) and the IC50 values ranging from 0.123 to 0.850 mg/mL compared to 0.433 mg/mL for gallic acid. A dose dependant curve was obtained for all extracts in the FRAP assay. However, the antioxidant potencies of ascorbic acid and extracts were comparable at low concentrations. The majority of extracts showed the highest value of antioxidant activity, based on TAC test (0.073 \– 0.398 mg ascorbic acid / mg extract). Conclusion: The results indicate that Z. lotus roots could be an important sources of natural antioxidants.

Key words:Ziziphus lotus, Polyphenol contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity assay, b-Carotene Bleaching assay, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay, Total Antioxidant Capacity test.

}, keywords = {b-Carotene Bleaching assay, DPPH radical scavenging activity assay, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay, Polyphenol contents, Total Antioxidant Capacity test, Ziziphus lotus}, author = {Meriem GHALEM and Salima MERGHACHE and Meriem BELARBI} } @article {1554, title = {Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of didehydrostemofoline, stemofoline alkaloids and extracts from Stemona collinsiae Craib roots}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {5}, year = {2013}, pages = {56-59}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Introduction: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition is one of insect toxicity mechanisms found in many plants. Stemona collinsiae Craib, a traditional insecticidal plant, has been of interest for its AChE inhibitory activity. Methods: Powdered roots of S. collinsiae were successively extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol. The contents of major active insecticidal components, didehydrostemofoline and stemofoline alkaloids, were analyzed by HPLC. Anti-AChE activity was evaluated using Ellman\’s colorimetric method and TLC-bioautography. Results: The contents of didehydrostemofoline and stemofoline alkaloids in the hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol extracts were 3.59 and 0.18, 40.78 and 0.74, and 1.43 and 0.09\% w/w, respectively. TLC fingerprints of each extract showed major spots of didehydrostemofoline and stemofoline of which TLC bioassays indicated active AChE inhibitory activity. IC50 values on anti-AChE activities of hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extracts were 126.72, 73.78, and \>1000 mg/ml, respectively while those of didehydrostemofoline, stemofoline, and standard galanthamine were 131.3, 102.1, and 1.30 mM, respectively. Conclusion: The AChE inhibitory activity of hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extracts from S. collinsiae roots and their major alkaloids, didehydrostemofoline and stemofoline, were determined. The data support the traditional utilization of this plant as a natural insecticide.

Key words: Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, Didehydrostemofoline, Stemofoline, Stemona collinsiae, Stemonaceae.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, Didehydrostemofoline, Stemofoline, Stemona collinsiae, Stemonaceae}, author = {Sumet Kongkiatpaiboon and Piyanuch Rojsanga, and Virote Pattarajinda, and Wandee Gritsanapan} } @article {1200, title = {Evaluation of Anticancer Potential of Vitus vinifera Seed Against Breast Cancer Cells - MDA-MB-231}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2012}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1064-1071}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1064}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the present research is to evaluate the anti-cancer effect of Vitus vinifera seed on MDA-MB-231 cell line. Methods: The Vitus vinifera (Grape) seed were dried, powdered and subjected to methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate extraction by cold maceration followed by preliminary phytochemical screening. The extracts of Vitus vinifera seed were subjected to assess anti-oxidant status, anti-proliferative activity by MTT assay, GC-MS analysis and apoptotic effect by determining LDH activity on MDA-MB-231. Results: Results indicated that methanolic extract of grape seed showed appreciable anti-oxidant and anti-cancer potential compared with other two extracts. GC-MS mass spectrum of methanolic extract of seed revealed the presence of Dotriacontane, Linoleic acid and Decanoic acid ethyl ester, 1,2,3, propenetriol, monocetate, and Dichloro methyl propane sulfone were detected. Conclusion: The data obtained in this work could be useful as a chemical standard in checking the genuineness of this plant source. Data of the results further depicted that the selected traditional Vitus vinifera seed could be used not only as a potential anti-cancer and good antioxidant.

}, keywords = {GC-MS analysis, MDA-MB-231, MTT Assay, Vitus vinifera seed}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.150}, author = {Kiruthika Dhanraj and Renuka Saravanan and Sheik Abdulla Shahul Hameed and Sivakumar Ramalingam} } @article {1238, title = {In vitro Evaluation of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory and Neuroprotective Activity in Commiphora species: A Comparative Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {202}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1223-1231}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1223}, abstract = {

Introduction: Herbal medicines are widely used in the therapeutic intervention that could delay the onset of Neurodegenerative diseases like, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease. Despite intensive advancements in the field of research currently available therapeutic strategies are often limited due to their adverse effects. Hence there is a need for the search for novel compounds for effective medications to treat neurocognitive deficits. Objective: The present study focused on acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and neuroprotective activity of Commiphora species plant for their possible use in Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease. Methods: Phytochemical screening, TLC bioautographic and colourimetric assay was performed to quantify their acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of ethanolic extracts of the Commiphora species. The MTT assay was carried to evaluate the neuroprotective effect against the Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in SHSY5Y cell lines. Results: The bark of Commiphora berryi, leaves of Commiphora caudata and Commiphora pubescens were found abundant in flavonoids, glycosides, steroids and terpenoids. Further, the ethanol extract of Commiphora berryi (65.48\% {\textpm} 0.10) showed the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. The Aβ25-35 induced cell damage was as evidenced at a concentration of 20μM. The neuroprotective effect of the ethanol extracts was examined in neurodegenerative cells induced by Aβ25-35. On pretreatment with plant extracts, significant improvement in cell viability was observed as 63.42 {\textpm} 2.02\% (25μg/ml) for Commiphora berryi. The maximum percentage of in-vitro AChE inhibition and neuroprotective effect was effective in the ethanol bark extract of Commiphora berryi. Conclusion: The results are very rousing to continue the screening of more unexplored plant species could be used for the development of novel bioactive compounds to treat the many diseases, especially for Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Aβ25-35, Commiphiora pubescens, Commiphora berryi, Commiphora caudata, Neuroprotective, SH-SY5Y Cell line}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.171}, author = {PS Dhivya and P Selvamani and S Latha and Vasudevan Mani and Nur Syamimi Mohd Azahan} }