Arginase Inhibitory , Antioxidant Activity and Pharmacognosy Study of Sterculia macrophylla Vent . Leaves

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the arginase inhibitory activity, antioxidant activity, and also pharmacognostical study of Sterculia macrophylla leaves. The main component of genus Sterculia was flavonoid that was well known to demonstrate arginase inhibitory activity. Methods: Sample was extracted gradually using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvents, subsequently. The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract were determined for their arginase inhibitory activity. The most active extract was methanol extract. This extract was determined for its antioxidant activity, arginase inhibitory activity, identification of chemical compound, chromatogram profile and determined the content of total flavonoid. The leaves and powder of Sterculia macrophylla were identified with microscopic and macroscopic evaluation. Results: The most active extract was methanol extract with IC50 114,659 μg/mL for arginase inhibitory activity and IC50 78.47 μg/mL for DPPH scavenging activity. The secondary metabolite of methanol extract presence compound of alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, terpene, and glycoside. The total flavonoid content was 141.10 mg/gram extract. The star-shape trichoma was identified as a specific fragment. Conclusion: The methanol extract of Sterculia macrophylla showed activity as arginase inhibitor and antioxidant.

position 3 increases the activity of the arginase inhibitor, while in position five is not.Quercetin 2x is more potent than luteolin because of substitution at number 3 by hydroxyl groups. 15Scutellaria indica (family Labiatae) Flavonoids compounds are 5,7dihydroxy-8,20-di-methoxyflavanone and 5,20,50trihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy-flavanone, exhibiting inhibitory activity of each arginase of IC 50 25 , 1 (μM) and 11.6 (μM), while for positive control with Piceatannol-30-ObD-glucopyranoside (PG) of 1.0 (μM). 16Cecropia pachystachya compound Chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin and isoquercitrin can inhibit above 50% at 20 μM.Orientin IC50 is 16 μM, while IC 50 for ethyl acetate and methanol soluble containing approximately 24% content orientin of 48 μg / mL. 17Saururus chinensis content 7-Hydroxysauchinone compounds have IC 50 of 89.6 μM while compound C-7 of sauchinone have arginase inhibition activity amounted to 61.4 μM. 18he arginase inhibitor activity of the best of the three plants (A.altilis, F. exasperata, K. africana) showed that A. altilis at concentrations of 500 and 750 mg / mL did not show significant differences with the positive control catechin.From the experiment showed that the highest levels of flavonoids were in A. altilis 19 Caesalpinia sappan Lignum has activity as arginase inhibitor with IC 50 36.82μg/ ml. 7ased on literature study found that flavonoid compound has an activity of arginase inhibitor.It becomes attractively researched.
One genus of plants that contain flavonoid compounds is the genus of Sterculia.Sterculia macrophylla Vent. is a native plant of Indonesia, which many encountered in the territory of Indonesia.The literature study confirms that the most natural product of the genus Sterculia is flavonoids.These results also confirm that flavonoid plays a significant role in chemotaxis.Flavonoids in S. macrophylla are flavones, flavones C-glycosides, flavonols, flavans, isoflavones, isoflavan, and anthocyanins.The phenolic compounds such as phenolic acids, phenyl propanoid, coumarin, lignans and lignin content far less than the flavonoids. 20The other metabolites in the genus of Sterculia include terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, sugars and fatty acids.Wood, leaves, fruits, seeds and roots from Sterculia species traditionally widely used in various countries for treating various diseases, including gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes, respiratory-related diseases and skin diseases.Also, based on studies of the genus Sterculia has been studied and has activity as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer 20 and malaria. 21 macrophylla was used as an aphrodisiac in Java.22 This aphrodisiac effect could be related to arginase inhibitory activity because the increase of arginase activity has been implicated in erectile dysfunction.23 Based on our literature study, pharmacognostical, arginase inhibitory effect and antioxidant activity of Sterculia macrophylla leaves have never been studied before.For this reason, the present work is design to investigate pharmacognostical, and to evaluate arginase inhibitory effect and antioxidant activity of S. macrophylla leaves.

Macroscopic and microscopic identification
Leaves are identified in macroscopic shape, margins, color, tip, a base of the leaves.Identification of the microscopic was done on the leaf powder to know the fragment of the identifier.5] Organoleptic characters were observed, noted and photographs were taken in the original environment.

Extraction
The extraction was done by maceration method using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvent.Preliminary extraction for screening was done with 20 g of leaf powder with solvent 200 mL.The extract was dried with a vacuum of a rotary evaporator at a temperature of 50°C and then continued to dry in water bath a temperature of 50°C.The extract obtained tested the activity of arginase inhibitor.

Preparation of extracts
The initial test of arginase inhibition activity of the three extracts using a concentration of 100 ppm.Extract S. macrophylla (50 mg) was added DMSO 400 μL shake until dissolved and added with aqua bidestillata to 5.0 ml.Then 1 ml of this solution was put in the vortex tube and added with aqua bidestillata up to 2 mL.90 μL was taken into the micro tube and was added by aqua bidestillata up to 1 mL. 10 μL of this solution was added to each sample.The variation concentration to determined IC 50 are 10, 40, 70, 100,130, and 160 ppm.

Arginase activity
Identify of the arginase inhibitory activity by using the procedure contained in the kit with slight modification.Ten (10) μL samples (extract), 15 μL enzyme solution, and 25 μL L-arginine solution were added to the well, shake.The mixture was incubated for 30 min at 37°C, then each sample was added the mixture of reagents A and B (100 μL) from the urea kit, shake and incubated at room temperature for 60 min.The result was measured at 430 nm.The positive control was performed under the same conditions.nor-NOHA used as positive control.The experiments were performed in triplicate.

Antioxidant activity
Antioxidant activity of methanol extract was evaluated using DPPH scavenging ability assay, which was conducted in a 96-well plate according to previously used method Zhang lu et al. 26 with slight modification.Samples in different concentrations (100, 250, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 ppm) and 0.114 mM DPPH solution 180 µL in methanol were added to each well.Absorbance at 517 nm was read after 30 min of reaction in the dark with a micro-plate reader.The scavenging ability (%) was calculated as follows: Scavenging ability (%) = x 100% AC was the absorbance of control (without sample), AS is the absorbance of sample.Ascorbic acid was used as positive standard.All tests were performed in triplicate.The concentration of samples resulting in 50% inhibition on DPPH (IC 50 value) were calculated.

Determination of total flavonoids
Determination of flavonoids content was measured on extracts that had the highest inhibition.The method by Chang et al. with slight modification. 27Extract (200 mg) added ethanol 96% pa to 25 ml.From this sample solution is taken 0.5 mL, then added with 1.5 ml of ethanol 96% pa, AlCl 3 p 10%, 0.1 mL, Na-acetate 1M, and, 2.8 mL aqua destilata.The total volume of the solution is 5 mL.Shake this solution and then incubated at room temperature for 30 min.The absorbance of this solution measurement using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 437 nm.The control used is quercetin standard.

Phytochemical screening
The identification of content compound in the extract were carried out on the most active extract (methanol).The extracts was subjected to preliminary phytochemical investigation for the detection of following compounds; terpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, anthraquinones, and saponins.The procedures described by Indonesian Herb Pharmacopoeia and Harborne. 28

Chromatographic Profile
Thin layer chromatographic (TLC) profile evaluated of S. macrophylla leaves extract (methanol) using silica gel 60 F254 TLC plates for the chromatographic profile.The extract was dissolved in methanol.The mobile phases for the plates developed were chloroform-acetone-formic acid (7:2:1).The plates were dried and observed under visible light and ultraviolet light 366 nm, and by spraying with 10% AlCl 3 .The retention factor (Rf) value was calculated. 28

Microscopic and macroscopic
Leaves are green, slightly bitter and having characteristic odor.These are ovate shape, pinnatifid, acuminate apex, crenate, cordate base and 25-40cm in length, 20-30 cm in width.The microscopic and macroscopic fragment were show in Figure 1.

Determination of flavonoid levels
Quercetin levels were calculated as total flavonoid levels in the sample.From the calculation of quercetin standard curve, there is a linear correlation between absorbance and concentration with linear regression equation y = 0, 02448 x -0, 2847 and value of relation coefficient (r) = 0, 9999.Based on the measurement results, the average value of flavonoids in each gram of extract was 141.10 mg ± 0.712.

Arginase activity
The preliminary study on arginase activity of three extracts.Based on the results obtained the active extract is methanol.The study of arginase activity performed on a methanol extract obtained IC 50 97.25 ppm, while the value of IC 50 for nor-NOHA as a positive control is 3.77 ppm.The result on arginase activity showed in Table 1.

Antioxidant activity
The antioxidant activity test was performed using DPPH assay.The following results are obtained.The result of antioxidant activity on the Table 2.The IC 50 of methanol extract was 78, 47 ppm, while vitamin C as a positive control was 2.23 ppm.

Phytochemical screening
Phytochemical screening showed presence of flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, terpenes, and saponins and negative to antraquinone.Here is the results in Table 3.

Chromatographic Profile
The chromatographic profile had 9 spots, and the spot no 4 (Rf 0.43) have Rf value with standard quercetin.The result was displayed in Table 4.

Chemical Constituent Result
Alkaloids +

DISCUSSION
Phytochemical screening result showed that The methanol extracts contain flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, terpenes and saponins.Flavonoids were known have arginase inbitory activity. 15The high content of flavonoid compounds in methanol extract provides the possibility that these flavonoids have a role as an arginase inhibitor.The catechol group in flavonoid possibly interacts with one of arginase site such as Asp 129. [29][30] From the chromatographic profile, we can see that methanol extract of S. macrophylla positively contain quercetin, one of arginase inhibitor. 15In the preliminary experiment, the most active extract was methanol extract.The inhibitory potency of methanol extract against arginase II activity is lower than nor-NOHA, but with IC50 114,659 µg/mL is a natural moiety from natural medicinal plants that inhibit arginase activity would be useful for the development of pharmaceutical natural compounds.Antioxidants can inhibit free radicals and prevent from various degenerative diseases.The ability to donate electrons from natural materials can be measured by decolorization of the DPPH solution.The method is based on scavenging of DPPH through the addition of a radical species.The rate of color change is proportional to the concentration and potency of antioxidants.A large reduction in the absorbance of the reaction mixture showed significant free radical scavenging activity on the tested compound. 19NO is a free radical with a short half-life (<30 s) and its independent action may cause neuronal damage, especially in conjunction other ROS such as superoxide radical to form peroxynitrite radical. 31This study exhibited that methanol extract of S. macrophylla has good arginase inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity.

CONCLUSION
The methanol extract has IC 50 114,659 µg/mL for arginase inhibitory activity and IC 50 78.47µg/mL for DPPH scavenging activity.The secondary metabolite of methanol extract presence compound of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, and glycosides.The total flavonoid content was 141.10 mg/gram extract.The star-shape trichoma was identified as a specific fragment.