Nano Transdermal Delivery Potential of Fucoidan from Sargassum sp. (Brown Algae) as Chemoprevention Agent for Breast Cancer Treatment - Syeftyan Muhammad Ali Hamami; Michelle Fai; Ahmad Fariduddin Aththar; M Nizam Zulfi Zakaria; Viol Dhea Kharisma; Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo; Muhammad Badrut Tamam; Vikash Jakhmola; Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda; Dora Dayu Rahma Turista; Maksim Rebezov; Nikolai Maksimiuk; et al. (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Conventional chemotherapy substances are associated with mild to severe side effects that affect both healthy and cancer cells. It is presumed to improve therapeutic efficacy in coexistence reducing chemotherapy’s side effects. Fucoidan is an anticancer bioactive compound derived from Sargassum sp. that has low cytotoxic activity. The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of anticancer activities of fucoidan from Sargassum sp. against breast cancer then analyze the suitability of nano transdermal patch of fucoidan and blueprint the long-term research design of nano transdermal patch as a chemoprevention agent in the chemotherapeutic management of breast cancer. This research was performed through a literature study and in silico study by imposing carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) as a marker of hypoxia and metastatic state of cancer cells. The results showed that the fucoidan from Sargassum sp. effectively induced apoptosis and prevented metastasis of breast cancer cells through the Bcl-2, Bcl-w, and bad pathways. Fucoidan, in addition, was predicted to inhibit CA IX by Glu4 Glu5, Leu7, Pro8, and Asp6 residues. Therefore, the delivery of fucoidan is favored to have a local effect on the site of breast cancer cells by nano transdermal patch preparations using fucoidan nanoparticle polymer. Further nano transdermal patch development as a treatment for breast cancer is suggested through the stages of formulation optimization, optimum formula activity testing, patent filing, and distribution in health services.
Keywords: Anticancer; Breast cancer; Fucoidan; Nano transdermal; Sargassum sp. .

Nephrotic Syndrome with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Histological Feature: A Case Report - Dian Samudra; Widodo; Nunuk Mardiana; Artaria Tjempakasari; Pranawa; Aditiawardana; Anny Setijo Rahaju (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Introduction: Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical syndrome of heavy proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia or hypoproteinemia. Renal biopsy is fundamental to assess not only the type but also the degree of disease activity. The overall prognosis and response to treatment often depend on the severity of histological lesions and their reversibility.1,2 Case Presentation: An eighteen years old man with nephrotic syndrome and planned for a kidney biopsy. This case showed a patient with swollen face (especially on the cheek). On Biopsy results showing the glomerulus proliferation of cells and mesangeal matrix, adhesions in (50%) glomerulus, focal sclerosis in some glomeruli, erythrocyte cells visible in the urinary space and thickening of the basement membrane in some glomeruli, partially atrophic tubules, visible erythrocytes in the tubular lumen. Conclusion: An eighteen years old man with nephrotic syndrome with cushing syndrome and hypokalemia who had a renal biopsy. The histological feature from the renal biopsy was focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The underlying cause of FSGS is still unclear. Assessing the diagnosis and etiology become important to direct the subsequent clinical approach and therapy
Keywords: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; Nephrotic syndrome; Renal biopsy

Optimization of the Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. Fruit Peel and its Antioxidant and Anti-Gout Potential - Candra Irawan; Maman Sukiman; Ismail; Imalia Dwi Putri; Andita Utami; Avisani Dewanta; Aulia Noviyanti (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Aims: This study aimed to obtain the skin extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The extract's potential as an antioxidant with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition parameters, and its potential as an anti-gout. Results: The yield of crude ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl rind obtained from the UAE process ranged from 18 to 21%. The phytochemical test results of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit peel extract contain phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids. Extract B was treated for 35 minutes and had an amplitude of 65% with an antioxidant activity IC50 of 52.01 ± 0.06 mg/L and a reduction of uric acid level of 90.49 ± 0.08. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the fruit peel of Phaleria macrocarpa from the UAE has the potential as a source of antioxidants and anti-gout.
Keywords: Anti-gout; Antioxidant; Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.; Ultrasound-assisted extraction

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Andrographis paniculata Nees Leaves, Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Content and Anti-Gout Potential Activity - Ismail; Candra Irawan; Maman Sukiman; Imalia Dwi Putri; Andita Utami; M. Ilham Kumala Zalni; Ratna Komala Putri (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Gout is a type of arthritis that causes painful inflammation in one or more joints. In gout, an increase in uric acid in the blood triggers the formation of crystals, causing joint pain. Indonesia is a country rich in the biodiversity of medicinal plant species. Therefore, its flora offers promising therapy for gout, one of which is Andrographis paniculata Nees. This study aims to obtain the leaf extract of A. paniculata through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. Then the extract obtained was subjected to phytochemical screening, a total phenolic content test and uric acid test. The results of phytochemical screening of A. paniculata leaf extract using UAE contained saponins, phenols, tannins and alkaloids. The high total phenolic content has an effect on the high potential for reducing uric acid levels. Sample B with a time variation of 35 minutes and an amplitude of 65% showed the highest total phenolic content and potential for reducing uric acid levels compared to the other samples, which were 1104.53 ± 0.5 mg GAE/g extract and 72.81±0.2 %, respectively. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the UAE extract from the leaves of A. paniculata has good potential as an anti-gout agent.
Keywords: Andrographis paniculata Nees; Anti-gout; Phytochemical screening; total phenolic content; Ultrasound-assisted extraction

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Tinospora crispa Stem, Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Content and Anti Gout Potential Activity - Maman Sukiman; Candra Irawan; Ismail; Imalia Dwi Putri; Andita Utami; Avisani Dewanta; Wira Aditia Septian (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Aims: This study aimed to obtain the stem extract of Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f & Thomson through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The extract's potential as an anti-gout. Results: The yield of crude ethanol extract of Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f & Thomson obtained from the UAE process ranged from 4.49% to 10.60%. The phytochemical test results of Tinospora crispa stem extract contain saponins, tannins and alkaloids. Extract C was treated for 45 minutes and had an amplitude of 60% with a total phenolic content of 981.37 ± 0.7 mg/L and a reduction of uric acid level of 53.22 ± 0.1%. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the Tinospora crispa stem from the UAE has the potential as a source of anti-gout.
Keywords: Anti-gout potential activity; Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f & Thomson Stem; total phenolic content; Ultrasound-assisted extraction

Parathyroid Carcinoma Mimicking Multiple Myeloma: A Tale of Refractory Hypercalcemia - Christian Jonatan; Sony Wibisono (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Primary hyperparathyroidism yields various symptoms, including hypercalcemia, pathological fracture, and renal impairment. Parathyroid carcinoma is the rarest cause of primary hyperparathyroidism, accounting for <1% of the cases. We reported a case of a 46-year-old male with closed fractures at the humerus and femur. Further findings revealed severe refractory hypercalcemia, renal impairment, anemia, and bone lytic lesion (CRAB). No palpable cervical mass was identified. Surprisingly, the serum protein electrophoresis was normal, and urinary Bence-Jones protein was negative along with normal bone marrow aspiration. Hence, multiple myeloma was unlikely. The intact parathyroid hormone level was very high, along with a suspicious nodule on the left thyroid lobe (TIRADS 4). Total thyroidectomy and total parathyroidectomy were performed. The post-surgical pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of parathyroid carcinoma. After the surgery, the patient was in stable condition with normal intact parathyroid hormone and serum calcium levels. In this case, primary hyperparathyroidism was caused by parathyroid carcinoma with “CRAB” symptoms, mimicking multiple myeloma. Primary hyperparathyroidism should be considered in the patient with refractory hypercalcemia.
Keywords: Case report; Hypercalcemia; Multiple myeloma; Parathyroid tumor; Primary hyperparathyroidism

Pasuchaca (Geranium ruizii Hieron.): A Medicinal Plant of the Geraniaceae Family with Hypoglycemic Effect on Alloxan-Induced Hyperglycemia in Mice - Oscar Herrera-Calderon; Renan Dilton Hañari-Quispe; Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo; Josefa Bertha Pari-Olarte; Luz Josefina Chacaltana-Ramos; Eddie Loyola-Gonzales; Melva Iparraguirre-Meza; Mildred Hilda Cóndor- Privat; Beatriz Lilian Galdos-Vadillo; Jenny Mendoza-Vilcahuaman; Rossibel Juana Muñoz-de-la-Torre (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Objective: The current study aims to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Geranium ruizii on alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in albino mice. Material and Methods: Geranium ruizii was collected in Huancayo, Junin, Peru. A phytochemical analysis was carried out to confirm the chemical groups. In the pharmacological study, hyperglycemia was induced with alloxan at doses of 170 mg/kg in male albino mice, animals with blood sugar levels above 250 mg/dL were included in the protocol. Mice were randomized into five groups (I: Alloxan 170 mg/Kg; II, III and IV (Geranium ruizii extract: 50; 150 and 300 mg/Kg body weight); and V: glibenclamide, 5mg/Kg B.W. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, saponins and phenolic compounds. It is observed that at doses of 50, 150 and 300 mg/kg reduced blood glucose at 14 days of treatment. Conclusion: The hypoglycemic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Geranium ruizii, administered orally in mice with alloxan-induced hyperglycemia was effective with 150 mg/Kg body weight.
Keywords: Antidiabetic drugs; Antioxidants; Geranium ruizii; Herbal therapy; Medicinal plants; Pasuchaca

Pathophysiological Electrolyte Changes Connoted via Antagonism of Serotonin Receptor in Experimental Animals - Mohammed D Mahmood; Mohammed A. Younes; Mohammed Saarti (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Background: Atypical antipsychotics are a subclass of antipsychotics that have emerged primarily since the 1970s for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. They are sometimes referred to as second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs). Several atypical antipsychotics have received regulatory approval for the treatment of disorders such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, irritability in autism, and as adjunctive treatment for major depressive disorders. Objectives: The purpose of the following study was to evaluate the effect of two widely known atypical antipsychotics, aripiprazole, and risperidone, on pathophysiological fluctuations in electrolytes. Several other studies were based on the following ideas, which brought a variety of different perspectives. As can be seen in the following evaluation, although atypical antipsychotics reduce the chance of extrapyramidal symptoms, it leads to impairment of renal function and destruction of renal histo-morphology. Materials and Methods: Thirty rats (10 per group) were used for this study, control group received normal saline, aripiprazole group received 10mg/kg//day, and risperidone group received 20mg/kg//day. The duration of therapy was long up to 3 months. Results: the results confirmed that both drugs reduced plasma sodium and chloride concentration with no effects on plasma potassium and calcium concentration. Moreover, the histomorphology at microscopic level shown no defects after 3 months of therapy. Conclusion: the outcome confirmed no deleterious defects associated with aripiprazole and risperidone when used for 3 months.
Keywords: Aripiprazole; Calcium; Chloride; Electrolyte; Potassium; Risperidone; Sodium

Peel-off Mask Formulation from Stem of Sempeng (Nepenthes gracilis) as Anti Acne Against Propionibacterium acnes Bacteria - Rezqi Handayani; Nurul Qamariah (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Introduction: Stem of Sempeng (Nepenthes gracilis), which contain saponin and tannin has been known had antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes that usually improve severe of acne. Acne is a skin disease characterized by chronic inflammation in the polisebasca that often occurs in adolescence. Aims and Objective: The aims of this research are to develop and test a peel-off mask prepared from stem of Sempeng extracts, which has antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes. Materials and Methods: Stem of Sempeng was extracted with soxhletation method by ethanol 96%. The extract was formulated into peel-off mask with different extract concentration (0, 1, 5, 10, 15) %. Then the inhibition test of the extract and peel-off mask was measured against bacteria Propionibacterium acnes. The data analysis technique used in this study was to measure the zone diameter on a petri dish using a caliper with a millimeter (mm) unit and presented in tables and photos, the results of the inhibition zone measurement were compared with the classification of the response of the extract barrier to the growth of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CSLI) standard bacteria. Results: The result showed that the inhibition zone of the peel off mask preparation of sempeng stem extract in F1 and F2 formulations with extract concentrations of 1% and 5% are categorized as resistant, which means that the Propionibacterium acnes bacteria has a low level of sensitivity so that a large inhibition zone is not formed. Whereas in the F3 formulation with a concentration of 10% is categorized as an intermediate, which means in this concentration, the mask can inhibit the growth of the inhibition zone Propionibacterium acnes bacteria which is formed quite well, but in this category it will require repeated use or with high doses of use. Then in the F4 formulation with a concentration of 15%, it is categorized as susceptible, which means the mask have a good inhibitory resistance zone, this shows that the increase in high concentration, the greater the inhibition zone as well. Conclusion: The peel off mask from ethanol extract of Sempeng stem is able to inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. The peel mask preparation with concentration 1%, 5%, 10% and 15% forms a clear zone around the disc which means that this peel off mask formulation has activity to inhibits Propionibacterium acnes bacteria and is included in the category of susceptible interpretation according to the CLSI standard.
Keywords: Nepenthes gracilis stem extract; Peel-off mask; Propinibacterium acnes.

Pharmacobotany, Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-inflammatory effect of the Ethanolic Extract of Luffa operculata - Jorge Alejandro Arroyo-Sandoval; Manuel Jesús Marin-Bravo; Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo; Hugo Jesús Justil-Guerrero; Roberto Jesús Chávez-Asmat; Josefa Bertha Pari-Olarte; Javier Hernán Chávez-Espinoza; Jaime David Torres-Lévano; Eddie Loyola-Gonzales; José Santiago Almeida-Galindo; Oscar Herrera-Calderon (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Background: Luffa operculata is a vegetable species well known in the traditional peruvian medicine for its many medicinal properties and cosmetic applications. Objective: The aim objective was to determine the pharmacognostic characteristics of L. operculata as well as observing the pharmacological effect of the ethanol extract of L. operculata fruit on chronic inflammation in rats. Materials and Method: Phytochemical analysis was carried out by using specific chemical reagents for each constituent chemical, the pharmacobotanical study was done with a histological tinction (fruit, steam and leaves), which were stained with Safranin 1% and Toluidine blue 1%; the chronical inflammation was assessed by air bag method in Holztman male rats. Doses of 100, 250 and 500 mg/Kg were tested in order to determine the anti-inflammatory effect, which was demonstrated with histopathological evaluation and lymphocytes reduction. Results: The main findings indicate that the ethanolic extract presented saponins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, terpenes and steroids. The efficiency of lymphocyte reduction per field in the histopathological study of the granuloma was 58.4% with the middle dose of 250 mg/kg (p < 0.0001), which gives a dose-independent anti-inflammatory effect in rats. Conclusion: Luffa operculata presented anti-inflammatory effect at 250 mg/Kg by oral administration in a chronical experimental model of inflammation in rats.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory.; Luffa operculata; Pharmacobotany; Saponins

Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Acute Toxicity Test of the Formulated Tisane Powder of Gallant Soldier (Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Asteraceae) Aerial Parts from Benguet, Philippines - JG Badilla; MLC Fiangaan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Background: Galinsoga parviflora is a medicinal plant traditionally used to manage and treat various health conditions though the dearth of its scientific report on its pharmacognostic and safety profile remains. Objective: This study is designed to delineate the pharmacognostic and safety parameters of G. parviflora to ensure its authenticity, purity, quality, and safety. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative analysis, including physicochemical evaluation, macroscopic and microscopic characterization, phytochemical screening, and acute toxicity test, were carried out to establish the plant’s diagnostic features and safety needed for its identification and standardization. For the Acute toxicity test, male and female rats were orally administered with aqueous extract at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg (n=5/sex) and 5000 mg/kg (n=3/sex). All experimental animals were critically observed individually for overt signs and symptoms of toxicity, behavioral changes, body weight changes, and mortality for 14 days. Results: The physicochemical characterization, macroscopic evaluation, morphometric determination, surface tissue examination, and powder analysis of the intact and powdered drug material revealed key diagnostic features and properties based on the stem, leaf, flower architecture, and pharmaceutical properties. The aqueous extract primarily contains alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, phytosterols, and tannins as its phytoconstituents. During the acute toxicity test, no toxicological response and mortality were observed on both doses. Conclusion: The present study provides vital architectural features and chemical characteristics of G. parviflora essential for establishing pharmacopoeial standards, especially in plantbased medicine. Additionally, the aqueous extract's oral dose of up to 5000 mg/kg is relatively safe as no significant evidence of treatment-related toxicity and mortality is seen. Key Words: Acute toxicity, Microscopic, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Standardization.

Pharmacognostic Profile of Simplicia and Ethanolic Leaves Extract from Indonesian Piper betle var. nigra - Herman; Fajar Prasetya; Supriatno Salam; Hifdzur Rashif Rijai; Hadi Kuncoro; Rolan Rusli; Agung Rahmadani; Hady Anshory Tamhid; Kuswandi; Dewanto Harjunowibowo; Islamudin Ahmad; Laode Rijai (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Piper betle var. nigra has potency as an herbal medication. Thus it can be used as a source of medicinal raw materials. Piper betle var. nigra simplicia and extracts must be controlled to obtain unswerving quality and ensure their pharmacological effects by standardizing them through several specific and non-specific parameters. Specific parameters were analyzed organoleptically in the ethanol extract, namely having a thick consistency, brownish-green or blackish-green color, a mild peculiar odor, a bitter, cherish taste, and a slightly spicy flavor. The microscopic simplicia powder profile is as follows: the lower epidermis with idioblasts in oil cells contour and upper epidermis, sclerenchyma, covering hairs, and transport bundles ladder-type thickening, and idioblasts in oil cells contour. Extract content analysis of simplicia and black betle leaves ethanol extract showed water-soluble extract content of 2.77% and 12.45% and ethanolsoluble extract content of 1.38% and 19.1%. Secondary metabolites in the ethanol extract are flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and steroids. The non-specific parameters of the simplicia and extract are as follows; total ash content of 12.1% and 7.43%; acid insoluble ash content of 4.45% and 1.57%; drying shrinkage of 14.5% and 15.85%; total lead (Pb) contamination 47.5 ppm and 1.2 ppm; and the total cadmium (Cd) contamination <0.2 ppm. The total bacterial contamination in the extract was 4.3x105 colonies/g. The total yeast contamination was 8.3x105 colonies/g and volumetric mass density of the water-soluble extract of 0.96 g/mL and the volumetric mass density of the ethanol-soluble extract of 1.01 g/mL.
Keywords: Black betle; Non-specific parameters; Piper betle var. nigra; Specific parameters; standardization

Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Water Hyacinth Flowers (Eichhornia Crassipes) Extract - Ace Baehaki; Shanti Dwita Lestari; Wiwira Agustina; Sintya Dwika Putri (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
The purpose of this research was to know about phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity of water hyacinth flowers extract and its potential use as a natural antioxidant. Data analysis was performed descriptively. Research consisted of several stages including sampling, sample preparation, sample extraction, yield of extract, phytochemical analysis (phenols, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins), antioxidant activity test with DPPH method and reducing power. The results showed that extracts yield of water hyacinth flowers with n-hexane solvent was 4.95%, ethyl acetate solvent was 1.69%, and highest extracts yiled obtained from methanol was 26.06%. Results of phytochemical compounds analysis showed positive results for phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. Result of antioxidant activity with DPPH method interpreted within parameters of IC50. IC50 of Hyacinth flower extract were 1085.31 ppm for n-hexane, 950.71 ppm for ethyl acetate and 35.83 ppm for methanol. Small IC50 showed that higher antioxidant activity.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Phytochemical; Reducing ability.; Water Hyacinth Flowers

Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Helichrysum acutatum DC - Funsho Oyetunde-Joshua; Roshila Moodley; Hafizah Cheniah; Rene Khan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Helichrysum acutatum from the Asteraceae family is a shrub indigenous to Southern Africa. The plant is used in traditional medicine as an enema for newborn babies. This study aimed to isolate and identify the bioactive constituents from H. acutatum. In addition, the crude extracts and isolated compounds were tested for their antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. The phytochemical investigation afforded the known compounds stigmasterol, stigmasterol glucoside, and caffeic acid. The antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate extract showed higher activity compared to other extracts, ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene. Antibacterial profiling of all the extracts showed no activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains. The cytotoxic activity of the crude extracts was assayed in vitro against two human cancer cell lines, liver hepatoblastoma (HepG2) and colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2). The human embryonic kidney cell line (Hek-293) was used as the non-transformed control. The plant extracts showed insufficient antiproliferative or cytotoxic activity to the tumour and regular cell lines tested, which signifies suitable for human consumption. Overall, this plant has better antioxidant activity than other plants in the genus, which needs further exploration.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Caffeic acid; Cytotoxicity; Magnetic resonance

The phytochemical and pharmacological activity of extract Kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata L.) leaves: A Review - Erna Harfiani; Yudhi Nugraha; Citra Ayu Aprilia; Feda Anisah Makkiyah; Ratna Puspita; Viol Dhea Kharisma; Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda; Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo; Dora Dayu Rahma Turista; Muhammad Badrut Tamam; Riso Sari Mandeli; Mirella Fonda Maahury; et al. (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
C. odorata L. is considered to be a plant weed that is scattered in various climates. As a weed, this plant contains a variety of beneficial secondary metabolites. Several studies have shown the benefits of C. odorata L. leaf extract. This study reviews the metabolite content and the pharmacological activities of C. odorata L. leaf extract. A literature search was carried out to obtain various studies related to the use of this plant extract. Secondary metabolites identified in C. odorata L. are alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. Several reports have also shown that even though it is considered a weed, C. odorata L. leaf extract also provides many benefits due to its pharmacological activities. Various pharmacological activities include anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, antidyslipidemia, hematologic agent, antidiabetic and anti-cataract, analgesic and antipyretic, wound healing, anti-malaria, mosquito larvicidal, antihypercholesterolemia, and antifungal.
Keywords: Characterization; Chromolaena odorata; Kirinyuh; Pharmacological activity; Phytochemical

Phytochemical Approach Including Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents and Evaluation of in vitro ABTS Antioxidant Capacity and Lipoxygenase Inhibition of Anisosciadium lanatum - Mohammed Wasel Matar; Shahad Mohammed Nasser Alqahtani; Duaa Adnan Alghafli; Abdullah Abdulhamid Altaweel; Abdullah Jalal Alasoom; Hussein Ali Burshed; Marwan Mohamed Alshawush; Hany Ezzat Khalil (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Anisosciadium lanatum Boiss is commonly known in Bedouins as besbas. Traditional, it is palatable plant and used in medicine of livestock to treat skin conditions . The main objective of current approach was to screen the presence of different kind of metabolites applying standard procedures followed by assessment of total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) contents. In addition, the in vitro ABTS antioxidant and lipoxygenase activities were evaluated. Different organs (leaves, stems and flowers) of Anisosciadium lanatum were extracted using 70% methanol to yield total methanol extracts of leaves (TML), stems (TMS) and flowers (TMF). Results demonstrated that TML, TMS and TMF are characterized by the content of different constituents such as flavonoids, phenolics/tannins, steroids, saponins, and carbohydrates at different levels. Ethyl acetate (EA) and butanol (BT) fractions of TML and TMS demonstrated the highest percentage of TPC and TFC. The results demonstrated the competence of EA and BT as free radical scavenger fractions compared to other fractions and its opportunity to contain bioactive antioxidant metabolites . TML, TMS and TMF exhibited Lipoxygenase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 4.88, 5.40 and 6.05 μg/mL, respectively when compared to that of the positive control baicalein (IC50: 0.27 μg /mL). In conclusion, present investigation highlighted the potential of Anisosciadium lanatum to be promising candidate with activity against wide range of inflammatory-related diseases.
Keywords: ABTS; Anisosciadium lanatum; Lipoxygenase; total flavonoid; total phenolic

Phytochemical Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity of Virginia tobacco Leaves (Nicotiana tabacum L. var virginia) Fractions with DPPH and FTC Methods - Kori Yati; Misri Gozan; Mardiastuti; Vivi Anggia; Rini Prastiwi; Mahdi Jufri (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Introduction: Virginia tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum var. Virginia) is one of the most extensive varieties of tobacco plants. Nicotiana tabacum var. Virginia leaves known to contain alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenol, flavonoids, triterpenoids and glycosides. In addition to cigarette raw materials, tobacco is also able to be efficacious as an antibacterial, antifungal and bioinsecticide. Objective: The aim of this study to determine the total phenol and total flavonoids and also antioxidant activity of Virginia tobacco leaves fractions. The fraction with the largest compound content was evaluated further for its antioxidant activity. Methods: Virginia tobacco leaves was fractioned into dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate, butanol and water fractions. Phenol levels were determined with Follin-Ciocalteu reagent using the UV-Vis spectrophotometer method measured at 743.50 nm and gallic acid as a reference compound. Total flavonoid levels were determined with AlCl3 reagent using the UV-Vis spectrophotometer method measured at 434.50 nm and quercetin as a reference compound. Antioxidant activity was evaluated with DPPH and Ferric Thiocyanate (FTC) method and the standard used was quercetin. Results: Total phenol levels in Virginia tobacco leaves of DCM, ethyl acetate, butanol and water fractions respectively were 191.2386 mgGAE/g, 201.2913 mgGAE/g, 180.5714 mgGAE/g, 212.8692 mgGAE/g. Total Flavonoid levels respectively were 6.0927 mgQE/g, 6.9659 mgQE/g, 5.1112 mgQE/g, 8.3346 mgQE/g. Antioxidant of water fraction was evaluated further using DPPH and FTC method with IC50 respectively were 75.9148μg/ml and 67.8972 μg/ml. Conclusion: Overview of total phenol and flavonoid levels fractions and antioxidant can be used as an additional initial reference for Virginia tobacco leaves development as source of medicinal substances.
Keywords: Atherosclerosis; Hylocereus polyrhizus; LDL cholesterol levels; Red dragon fruit peel

Phytochemical Investigation and Biological Screening of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Salvia hispanica L. Aerial Parts - Ehsan M. Abou Zeid; Afaf E. Abdel Ghani; Marwa Y. Mahmoud; Rehab H. Abdallah (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Introduction: Salvia hispanica L. is an annual herbaceous plant commonly known as "Chia", native of southern Mexico and northern Guatemala. The aim of this study is isolation, identification of secondary metabolites and evaluation of biological activities of ethyl acetate fraction of Salvia hispanica L. aerial parts. Methods: Air dried powdered of Salvia hispanica L. aerial parts was extracted by maceration and fractionated using light petroleum, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate solvents. Ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to column and thin layer chromatography for isolation of secondary metabolites that are characterized by UV-Vis, FT-IR, EI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectral analyses. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS technique was used on the same fraction. In-vitro biological evaluation of the fraction carried out for anti-oxidant activity using DPPH assay, anti-obesityactivity using pancreatic lipase inhibitory assay,anti-diabetic activity usingα -amylase inhibition assay andanti-cancer activities usingcell viability assay. Results: Six compounds were isolated including 1,2,4,5 tetrahydroxy benzene (1), leucantho flavone (2), rhamnetin (3), apigenin-7-O-β- D-glucoside(4), rosmarinic acid (5) and kaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucoside (6). The identification of thirty seven compounds byUPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. A strong DPPH scavenging activity with IC50 13.11compared to ascorbic acid, anti-obesity activity with IC50 59.3 compared to orlistate, anti-diabetic activity with IC50 95.2 compared to acarbose. High cytotoxic activity against lung carcinoma, colon carcinoma and moderately cytotoxic activity against prostate carcinoma cell lines. Conclusions: Salvia hispanica L. is a strong antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic against lung and colon cancer. Key words: Anti-oxidant, Anti-obesity, Leucantho flavone, Salvia hispanica, 1,2,4,5-tetrahydroxy benzene, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS.

Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Activity, and Anti- Inflammatory Potential of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz Flower Ethanol Extract - Candra Irawan; Berna Elya; Muhammad Hanafi; Fadlina Chany Saputri (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the content of the secondary metabolite compound in the flower extract of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz (RnK); The potential of the extract as a radical scavenger of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); and its potential as an anti-inflammatory by inhibiting protein denaturation with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Results: Phytochemical screening results on the ethanolic extract of R. nasutus flowers revealed the presence of steroid glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins. The extract has a strong ability to scavenge DPPH radicals with an IC50 value of 77.07 ± 0.05 mg/L. Besides that, the ethanol extract has very strong anti-inflammatory activity, with an IC50 value of 13.88 ± 0.2 mg/L. Conclusion: According to these findings, the ethanolic extract of R. nasutus flower can be used as an alternative anti-inflammatory drug.
Keywords: 2; 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; Anti-inflammatory.; BSA; RnK

Phytochemical Screening, In vitro Antioxidant Activities and Zebrafish Embryotoxicity of Abelmoschus esculentus Extracts - Veshalini K; Daryl Jesus Arapoc; Zainah Adam; Rosniza Razali; Noor Azuin Suliman; Noor Azlina Abu Bakar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Background: Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (A. esculentus) commonly known as okra is being used as a medicinal plant traditionally, due to its phytochemical content that exhibits significant biological activities. Objective: The present study was undertaken to determine phytochemicals, antioxidant activity and embryotoxic effects of hexane extract (HE), chloroform extract (CE), methanol extract (ME), and aqueous extract (AE) of A. esculentus cultivated in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: A. esculentus extracts were screened for the phytochemicals while in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated by performing 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) assay and reducing power assay. Meanwhile, the embryotoxicity were accessed by exposing zebrafish embryos to the extracts and developmental endpoint recorded with median lethal concentration (LC50). Results: The phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, anthraquinones, alkaloids and reducing sugars. The highest phenolic content was obtained in the CE at 143.85 μg (GAE)/mg extract. Whereas the HE depicted the highest flavonoid content at 63.76 μg (QE)/mg extract. At 1000 μg/mL, ME showed the highest free radical scavenging activity at 28.86 % and reducing power at 0.271, in both DPPH and reducing power assay, respectively. While the CE presented a significant embryotoxic effect on zebrafish with the LC50 at 236.07 μg/mL. The morphological malformation of embryos, scoliosis and pericardial oedema were observed at 500 μg/mL of HE and ME treatment. Conclusion: As a result, with various ranges of phytochemical compounds, antioxidant capacities and lower toxic effects of A. esculentus extracts may be efficient in reducing the inflammation precursors that drive chronic inflammatory illnesses.
Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus; Antioxidant Capacity; Phytochemicals; Zebrafish embryotoxicity

Phytochemical Test and Acute Safety Evaluation of Oral Purple Leaves (Graptophyllum Pictum L. Griff) Extract in Rats - Feda Makkiyah; Eldiza Puji Rahmi; Yuni Setyaningsih (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Background: Purple leaves (Graptophyllum pictum (L) Griff) is a native plant from Indonesia (Polynesia) which is empirically common used to treat hemorrhoids, diabetes, and many other diseases. Despite its massive development globally, there are few studies have written about the toxicity of this herbal medicine. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the acute toxicity of this herbal medicine, as the basic ground of the further safe development of this medicine. Method: Each purple leaf dry powder (2 kg) was extracted with 15 L of 70% ethanol and 15 L of hexane by maceration method for 3 days at room temperature and then filtered to obtain macerate liquid. The study was conducted on 36 male 6-8 weeks, Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. The result was presented as the mean value ± standard deviation (SD). Data were evaluated for homogeneity using Saphiro Wilk. The comparisons between pre dan post treatment body weight were measured by paired student t test and hematological measurements were analyzed by ANOVA. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Acute toxicity of ethanol and hexane extract were assessed following a single dose administered by gavage at a dose of 50, 2000 and 3000 g/kg bw. The mean body weight of rats increased from 150 ± 2.22 g to 161 ± 6.68 g during the 14 days. The difference of body weight between before and at 14 days amongs groups were significantly different with P value <0.01. Conclusion: The present study showed that hexane extract contains more valuable components for medical treatment purposes. The acute toxicity on 50, 2000,3000 kg/BW oral ethanol and hexane extract of Graptophyllum pictum showed no significant influence on hematological blood parameters of rats. It is safe to administered orally ethanol or hexane extract of G. pictum below 3000mg/kgBW rats.
Keywords: Acute; purple leaves; Safety; Toxicity

Phytochemistry, Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Black-White Fungus Auricularia sp. against Breast MCF-7 Cancer Cells - Ade Arsianti; Arfi Rabbani; Anton Bahtiar; Norma Nur Azizah; Lince Dameria Nadapdap; Ajeng Megawati Fajrin (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Introduction: Cancer is a non-communicable disease with over 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million deaths annually according to WHO. Breast cancer is the number two highest count type of cancer trailing behind lung cancer. Treating cancer is expensive and have various side effects. Active components found in plants or fungi that have antioxidant and cytotoxic activity towards cancer cells, could be an alternative for anticancer. One of the fungi that is potentially developed as an anticancer, are the genus of Auricularia sp. also known as black-white fungus. This study aims to determine the phytochemicals components, antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effect of the Auricularia sp. towards MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Methods: Dried black-white fungus of Auricularia sp. grinded into a fine powder. Then, multilevel maceration is done with the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol as solvents. The extracts of black-white fungus undergo phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography (TLC), followed by measuring antioxidant and evaluating the cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Results: black-white fungus of Auricularia sp. contained secondary metabolites of flavonoids, alkaloids, and triterpenoids and a total of 17 other phytochemical components. Ethyl acetate extract of black-white fungus showed a weak antioxidant activity towards DPPH free radical with IC50 of 215.51 μg/mL and a very active cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 cells with IC50 of 0.21 μg/mL. On the other hand, ethanol and n-hexane extracts of black-white fungus are categorized with an active cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 cells with IC50 of 29.28 μg/mL and 50.39 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Black-white fungus Auricularia sp. that had anticancer activity towards breast MCF-7 cells should be considered as an alternative treatment for breast cancer therapy. Key words: Phytochemistry, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Black-white fungus Auricularia sp., MCF-7 cells.

Potency of Antidiabetic Effects of the Combination of Syzygium cumini and Andrographis paniculata in Rats with High-Fat Dietand Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes - Gumilar Adhi Nugroho; Febrika Wediasari; Zahra Fadhilah; Berna Elya; Heri Setiawan; ELFAHMI (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Andrographis paniculata (AP) and Syzygium cumini (SC) are known for their antihyperglycemic effects. However, the combined effects of these plants have not yet been assessed. This study evaluated the oral acute toxicity and in vivo antihyperglycemic effects of the extract combining AP and SC (SCAP) in rats with high-fat diet- and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Thirteen female DDY mice for toxicity test were divided into three groups and orally administered one dose SCAP (0, 300, or 2000 mg/kg). On day 15, animals were euthanized, their internal organs were observed, and blood samples were collected for clinical biochemistry analyses. In vivo antihyperglycemic activity was examined in male Sprague- Dawley rats-induced diabetes. Diabetic rats were assigned to once-daily oral treatment with metformin, AP, SC or SCAP for 1 week. Concerning toxicity, SCAP had no effects on liver and kidney and histology of these organs displayed no abnormalities. Blood glucose levels had a tendency to reduce in treatment groups compared with the findings in the diabetic control group. SCAP treatment protected rats against pancreatic damage. These results illustrated that the combined SCAP treatment had beneficial effects on blood glucose levels and pancreatic β-cell function, in rats-induced diabetes.
Keywords: Andrographis paniculata; Combination; Diabetes; Syzygium cumini

The Potency of Cinnamon Bark Oil (Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees & T. Nees) Blume) from 5 Regions in Indonesia as Anti- Inflammatory - Budiastuti; Rosy Dwi Nurcholida; Riesta Primaharinastiti; Sukardiman (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Introduction: An alternative anti-inflammatory with milder side effects is needed. One of them can be sourced from plants such as Cinnamomum spp. Indonesia is the largest producer of cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees & T. Nees) Blume) in the world. Thus, research is needed to increase the benefits and database of C. burmannii bark, especially as an anti-inflammatory. This study aims to determine the metabolite profile of the essential oil of C. burmannii bark (CBO) from 5 regions in Indonesia as an anti-inflammatory. Methods: The location of the sampling was carried out by fulfilling 3 criteria, namely the difference in the island, province, and the area that produces the bark of C. burmannii. Analysis was performed using GC-MS Agilent 7890B GC and 5977B MSD. A total of 40 male rats (Rattus novergicus) Wistar strain were divided into 8 groups, each group consisted of 5 rats. Group 1 as negative control treated with 1% CMC-Na solution, group 2 as positive control treated with ibuprofen at a dose of 27 mg/kg BW, Group 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 treated with CBO from 5 locations. After 30 min of treatment, experimental animals were injected left paw with carrageenan1%/100μl/paw. Measurements of left paw swelling were carried out at 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours and the animals were sacrificed. Edema inhibition percentage, number of inflammatory cells, and TNF-α expression were analyzed. Result: The results of this study indicate that CBO from 5 regions in Indonesia has anti-inflammatory properties. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in anti-inflammatory activity CBO from 4 regions, namely from Kerinci, Lombok Timur, Karanganyar, and Gorontalo areas. Key words: Anti-inflammatory, Cinnamon bark Oil, Metabolite profile, Essential oil.

Potential Anticancer Activity of Bioactive Compounds from Ipomoea batatas - Carmen R. Silva-Correa; Julio Hilario-Vargas; Víctor E. Villarreal-La Torre; Abhel A. Calderón-Peña; Anabel D. González-Siccha; Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz; José L. Cruzado-Razco (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.) known as "sweet potato" is a plant species of great importance in the human diet due to the contribution of nutrients and also for its bioactive compounds that have various medicinal properties. Its anticancer activity is one of the properties that attract the attention of researchers in the study of plant species. This review aims to make a critical compilation of current information on research that evaluated the antitumor and antiproliferative activity of Ipomoea batatas. The studies included in this review show a diversity of bioactive compounds present in Ipomoea batatas such as phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, flavonoids, coumarins and sterols; also isolated compounds such as pectin, peptides and glycoproteins that can be related to their biological activity. It is concluded that there are positive results about Ipomoea batatas and its anticancer activity evaluated through in vitro and in vivo tests. In humans, safety and efficacy trials are still lacking to support its future use and allow drug development. Further research evaluating the safety and efficacy of reported bioactive compounds in Ipomoea batatas is important for the development of this promising area.
Keywords: Antiproliferative; Antitumoral.; Cancer; Sweet potato

The Potential Effect of Nigericin from Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. Hygroscopicus Against the Syndemic of Malaria and COVID-19 through Molecular Docking Perspective - Faratisha IFD; Cahyono AW; Erwan NE; Putri AM; Ariel DG; Yunita KC; Nugraha RYB; Mardhiyyah K; Fitri LE (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Background: Malaria is a constantly challenging problem, notably in the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. The syndemic condition, malaria-COVID-19 co-infections, had been reported. Our previous study successfully revealed several compounds from Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. Hygroscopicus, including nigericin that has both antimalarial and antiviral effects. In malaria infection, Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Transporter (PfCRT) is the potential target for eliminating Plasmodium. Meanwhile, for SARS-CoV-2 infection, MPro is an essential protein for SARS-CoV-2 survival. This research aims to examine the potential effect of nigericin towards Plasmodium and SARS-CoV-2 by assessing its molecular interaction with PfCRT and MPro through molecular docking study. Methods: The protein target PfCRT and MPro were obtained from Protein Data Bank. Nigericin and the control ligand (chloroquine and N3) were obtained from PubChem. The pharmacokinetic analysis was done using SwissADME. Specific molecular docking was conducted using PyRx 0.9 and was visualized using LigPlot and PyMOL. Results: Nigericin has a large molecular weight, leading to the non-fulfillment of the Lipinski rule for oral administration. Through molecular docking study, the binding affinity of the Nigericin-PfCRT complex was -8.1 kcal/mol, and Nigericin-MPro was -8.6 kcal/mol. These binding affinities were stronger than the control ligand. The interaction between Nigericin-PfCRT and Nigericin-MPro share a similar pocket-site and amino acid residues as the control ligands. Conclusion: Nigericin has potential antimalarial and anti-coronavirus effects through molecular docking perspective by assessing the binding affinity and similarity of amino acid residues compared to control. Administration of systemic route can be an option in giving nigericin.
Keywords: COVID-19; Malaria; Molecular docking; Nigericin

The Potential Effect of Silymarin Against Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Albino Rats - Noor Ahmed Abed; Musab Mohammed Khalaf; Mohammed Khalid Jamaludeen Alnori (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Background: Being the main metabolic organ, liver stays in touch with toxicity of introduced materials including, drugs. Protection is priceless to avoid complication of liver toxicity. Objectives: This research aimed to assess the protective impact of silymarin (SIL) on hepatotoxicity based on acute paracetamol (APAP) intoxication in rats in comparison with N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Methods: To do so serum was collected and the liver was analyzed for histological findings on rat model-paracetamol toxicity whether alone or in combination with SIL or NAC. The scenario was based on either preconditioning with SIL/NAC before induction of toxicity or afterwards. Serum liver function tests, pro-oxidant/antioxidant status, and proinflammatory markers were detected alongside liver histological study. Results: The results showed that liver function indices, oxidative state, and pro-inflammatory parameters were significantly changed, and histopathological alterations were detected in the liver of the intoxicated group. These modifications were inverted in groups treated with either SIL or NAC. The results of the current study suggested that SIL might be employed as a hepatoprotective drug against liver damage induced by APAP because of its ability to reduce lipid peroxidation, improve antioxidant defense status, and have anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusion: These results are equivalent to NAC therapy which is a standard drug against APAPrelated hepatotoxicity.
Keywords: APAP; Hepatotoxicity; NAC; Paracetamol; Silymarin; TNF-α

The Potential of Antivirus Compounds in Gletang (Tridax procumbens Linn.) in Inhibiting 3CLpro Receptor of SARS-CoV-2 Virus by In Silico - Yuna Islamiati; Yani Suryani; Ayuni Adawiyah; Opik Taufiqurrohman; Viol Dhea Kharisma; Devi Purnamasari; Nunuk Hariani Soekamto; Anny Setijo Rahaju; Kuswati; Riso Sari Mandeli; Kawther Ameen Muhammed Saeed Aledresi; Nur Farhana Mohd Yusof; et al. (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused pandemic disease since the end of 2019. Virus transmission occurs through droplet and infects the host's respiratory tract rapidly. Viral propagation occurs through translation process of genome +ssRNA, then it being replicated forming some new body parts of virus and assemblied into virions that ready to infect. During the replication process, the translated viral genome in the form of polyprotein will be cut into smaller components by proteases, which one is 3CLpro. The presence of the 3CLpro receptor is used in drug development through in-silico molecular docking process to minimize failures before laboratory test. The antivirus compounds that used to inhibit the 3CLpro receptor are from gletang plant (Tridax procumbens Linn.). This study aim is to determine the value of binding affinity, the interaction between compounds and receptor, and the effect of drug components. The research was conducted by in-silico through the molecular docking process of 3CLpro receptor and antivirus compounds of gletang (Tridax procumbens Linn.), including betulinic acid, kaempferol and lignan. The results showed that the binding affinity of betulinic acid was -6.6 kcal/mol, kaempferol was -5.6 kcal/ mol and lignan was -5.4 kcal/mol. The interaction form of compounds and receptor was hydrogen bond, electrostatic, hydrophobic, and van der Waals. Compared to baicalein compound as a positive control with the value of binding affinity was -6.7 kcal/mol and its interaction with 3CLpro receptor, showed betulinic acid, kaempferol and lignan have smaller ability but they have the potential to inhibit the 3CLpro receptor.
Keywords: 3CLpro receptor; Antivirus; Gletang; In-silico; SARS-CoV-2.

The Potential of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lamk) Seed Oil as Anti- Alopecia - Yulius Baki Korassa; Nyi Mekar Saptarini; Resmi Mustarichie; Rini Hendriani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Objective: This review article aimed to examine the potentiality of moringa seed oil as anti-alopecia. Method: The data was collected by studying national and international journal articles using several search engines, namely Google and Google Scholar websites, Research Gate, Sciencedirect and Scimagojr. The keywords for this article include moringa seed oil, fatty acids, phytosterol, and anti-alopecia. Results: The result was tabulated in a table and described according to the mechanism of action of the active compounds found in moringa seed oil, fatty acids, phytosterol, and anti-alopecia. Moringa seed oil contain the phytosterol compounds (β-sitosterol, ergosterol and campesterol) show the activities that obstruct the formation of the dihydrotestosterone (DHT) compound known to be the cause of alopecia. The fatty acid compounds found in moringa seed oil (lauric acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid) reinforce its potential to be an anti-alopecia. Conclusion: The phytosterol and fatty acid compounds supported the growth of hair to be fertile and healthy.
Keywords: Anti-alopecia; Fatty Acids; Moringa Seed Oil; Phytosterol

Potential of Rhinachanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz Leaves Extract as an Antioxidant and Inhibitor of α-Glucosidase Activity - Candra Irawan; Berna Elya; Muhammad Hanafi; Fadlina Chany Saputri (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Aims: The goal of this study is to learn more about the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz (RnLK) leaf extract. The Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) technique was used to extract the leaf material, and the solvent used was ethanol with a 70% concentration. The total phenol content (TPC) of the extracted material was determined. The Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) method was used to examine antioxidant activity, whereas α-glucosidase activity was used to test antidiabetic action. Results: The ethanol extract of RnLK leaves yielded 8.36%, with a TPC of 607.1±0.2 mg GAE/g sample. The IC50 value for leaf extract antioxidant activity was 19.1±0.1 mg/L. Furthermore, the leaf extract inhibits α-glucosidase activity and has an IC50 value of 81.3±3 mg/L, making it an antidiabetic. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of RnLK leaves can be used as an alternative antioxidant and antidiabetic material, according to the findings of this study.
Keywords: Anti-diabetic; CUPRAC method; RnLK; UAE; α-glucosidase activity

Potential of Stem Cells in Overcoming Infertility Problems in Women - Maslichah Mafruchati; Jonathan Makuwia (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Stem cells are characterized as cells with undifferentiated kinds that have the ability to differentiate into a variety of various cell types in response to the environment in which they are growing and develop (niche). Stem cells are classified into three broad categories based on their origin: extra-embryonic stem cells, which are derived from the amniotic fluid, umbilical cord and placenta; adult stem cells, which are derived from adult tissues such as blood, fat, bone marrow and skin; and embryonic stem cells, which are derived from the blastocyst. Stem cells exposed to certain suitable conditions will differentiate into 3 germ layers and also primordial germ cells. This is the basis for the latest research to obtain mature haploid gametes capable of developing into normal embryos and fetuses. Somatic Nuclear Cell Transfer (SNCT) technique is used to produce mature gametes so that the resulting cells contain cell nuclei with new genetic material. Infertility is a common problem that occurs with a prevalence of 10-15% of couples of reproductive age. Causes of infertility in women include metabolic and hormonal disorders accompanied by interactions with environmental factors that reduce oocyte quality. This results in an increased rate of aneuploidy in the resultant oocytes and impairs the human implantation process. The main objective of this research is to enhance the understanding of stem cells in women's infertility. The method used in writing this review article is online literature studies obtained by accessing national and international scientific journals as well as scientific articles related to stem cells (Stem cells), infertility, women. From the results of this study, it can be seen the potential of stem cells (stem cells) in treating infertility in women. Further studies are needed, especially pre-clinical and clinical trials so that they can be widely applied.
Keywords: Health risk; Infertility therapy; Public Health; Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SNCT); Stem Cells

Potential Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) Drug-Herbs Interactions (DHI) from Metformin and Traditional Medicines: A Literature Review - Asri Dwi Endah Dewi Pramesthi; Endang Lukitaningsih; Agung Endro Nugroho (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Introduction: Metformin given together with herbs in order to optimizing its mechanism of actions. The effect might be positive and vice versa. Interaction might occur pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamically. The study aimed to review potential interaction of metformin and some herbs with various pharmacological activities. Methods: This literature review was conducted by collecting articles with keywords Metformin, Herb-drug Interaction, drug interaction, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacology from international databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, Springer Link, and Scopus up to 2021. Results: Metformin with its various uses such as antidiabetic agent, an agent for reducing weight for patients that sensitive or even resistant to insulin, patients with obesity, anti-tumor agent, anti-cancer potential agent, and also has anti-aging potential. Metformin could interacted with drugs, herbs, and also some bioactive isolate. The interaction might occurs pharmacokinetically or pharmacodynamically. Pharmacokinetics interactions occurred during distribution and also excretion via transporters that metformin transported with. This was shown as the elevated or lowered metformin levels in blood. Pharmacodynamic interactions can be seen as the lowering or elevated levels of glucose, HbA1c and even the lipid profile in blood or plasma. Conclusion: According to this literature review, Metformin have potential interaction with drugs, herbs, and also some bioactive isolate. The interactions occur pharmacokinetically or pharmacodynamically. This study can be used as a established familiarity with and understanding the potential HDIs from Metformin and herbal products. Key words: Drug-Herbs Interactions (DHIs), Metformin, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics.

Potential Role of Mitragynine as Lipolysis Stimulator via Adrenergic Signalling: Docking Model Study - Khoirul Rista Abidin; Ronny Lesmana; Mas Rizky Anggun Adipurna Syamsunarno; Kelana Kusuma Dharma (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Backgrounds: Mitragynine is the most popular of the more than 50 alkaloids contained in M.Speciosa. In particular, the Mitragynine alkaloid has the potential to increase lipid (fats) metabolism through specific pathways such as adenylyl cyclase signaling via adrenergic receptors. In this case, Asp Amino acid and Ser are the types of residues that can activate adenylyl cyclase to initiate a series of activities in cells. Methods: This study used Mitragynine ligand and adrenergic receptors (α1b, α2a, α2b, α2c dan β1). The receptor candidates were tested using Autodock whose test results were presented in the form of tables and 3-dimensional images using the Biovia Discovery Studio. Results: Hydrogen bonds were formed between Mitragynine and the amino acids Asp and Ser at the β1-adrenergic receptor. The binding amino acids were found in Ser20 and Asp21 with energy bond of -5.26 kcal/mol and IC50: 111.35 ppm. Meanwhile, at the adrenergic receptor α2b there was only Asp residue that formed hydrogen bond with Mitragynine namely Asp218A. The energy bond formed between the two was -5.19 kcal/mol and IC50: 125.04 ppm. Conclusion: Mitragynine has the potential to stimulate lipolysis through the pathways of α2b and β1-adrenergic receptors.
Keywords: Adrenergic; Docking; Lipolysis; Mitragynine

Potential Roles of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) as Antimetabolic Syndrome: A Review - Nur Sofiatul Aini; Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori; Viol Dhea Kharisma; Muhammad Farraz Syadzha; Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda; Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo; Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati; Md. Emdad Ullah; Sin War Naw; Vikash Jakhmola; Rahadian Zainul (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
The number of cases of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is part of the metabolic syndrome case. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is a plant that has been clinically tested and has the potential to prevent and treat metabolic syndrome as well as pathogenic and pathophysiological activities that cause disease. The aim of this study is to discuss and conclude information regarding the activity and use of purslane (P. oleracea) as an antimetabolic. This review article is based on scientific publications found on Google Scholar and PubMed databases using the keywords of “Portulaca obesity”, “Portulaca overweight”, “Portulaca dyslipidemia”, and “Portulaca metabolic syndrome”. This plant acts on numerous pathways in the metabolic syndrome such as reduction of lipids, blood sugar, body weight and total cholesterol. Purslane (P. oleracea) can be used as a candidate for a new herbal plant as an anti-metabolic syndrome.
Keywords: Body weight; Insulin resistance; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity.; Portulaca oleracea

Prediction of MMP-9 Polymorphism Impacts on MDR-TB by Molecular Simulation and Network Interaction - Anse Diana Valentiene Messah; Sawitri Darmiati; Cleopas Marthin Rumende; Retno Ariza Soemarwoto; Joedo Prihartono; Asmarinah; Fadilah Fadilah; Aisyah Fitriannisa Prawiningrum (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
MMP-9 overexpression is associated with a poor outcome in MDR-TB patients, indicating that MMP-9 is a suitable target for MDR-TB therapy. MMP-9 also includes SNPs that occur at inhibitor binding areas as well as zinc ions. As a result of polymorphisms, the usage of MMP-9 inhibitors for MDR-TB might vary. Through molecular simulation, it has been found that the mutant MMP-9 has a larger cavity and a more lipophilic surface. The docking tests revealed that EGTA had the least amount of binding energy to both wild-type and mutant MMP-9. The wildtype MMP-9 can bind zinc when EGTA is in the active site. This shows that using EGTA to chelate Zn is only partially successful. However, the binding energy of EGTA at the active site suggests that it may be a competitor to MMP-9 substrates. On the other hand, Zn is not involved in the interaction of the mutant MMP-9-EGTA complex.
Keywords: Gene polymorphism; Matrix metalloproteinase 9; Molecular simulation.; Multidrug resistant TB

Preliminary Data on the Antibacterial Activity of Coffea Arabica, Coffea Canephora and Coffea Liberica - Madyawati Latief; Heriyanti; Indra Lasmana Tarigan; Sutrisno (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
The continuous use of synthetic antibiotics will not only kill bacteria but also can accelerate the emergence of resistant pathogenic races. In addition, it can also cause the death of normal flora. Coffee extract is reported to have the potential as a naturally active and non-toxic antibacterial compound suitable for biomedical applications. Extraction using methanol was carried out on green coffee and which had been roasted for three types of Jambi coffee, namely Arabica, Robusta and Liberica coffee and continued with fractionation using hexane and ethyl acetate. The results of the analysis using FTIR showed that OH, C-H, C = C, C = O, C-O, C-N and N-H groups were detected. These functional groups are probably the functional groups that belong to caffeine, trigonelline, nicotinic acid and dehydrocafestol, which are believed to have bacteriostatic effects on some bacteria. The SEM-EDX analysis results of the three types of coffee showed that the dominant elements were O, K and Mg. Potassium and magnesium minerals bind with chlorogenic acid to form salt complexes of chlorogenic acid and magnesium chlorogenic acid complex. The antibacterial activity of the coffee extract and fraction was still low with the diameter of the inhibition zone was still low (0-10 mm). Furthermore, further characterization and tests are needed to confirm the antibiotic potency of the Arabica, Robusta and Liberica coffee ethanol extracts.
Keywords: Antibiotics; Coffee; E. coli

Preliminary Identification and Quantification of Four Secondary Metabolites, Total Tannin and Total Flavonoid Contents in Guava Fruit Ethanol Extract - Diah Dhianawaty; Nur Atik; Resti Gradia Dwiwina; Iskandar Muda (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Introduction: The study on guava fruit ethanol extract from Dukuhwaluh Village, Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia showed increased megakaryocytes and platelet numbers in thrombocytopenic mice model. The study of acute oral toxicity of the extract did not show toxic effects in the kidney and liver at doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg b.w. The aim of the study was to determine the profile and quantity of four metabolite compounds and total tannin and flavonoid in the extract. Materials and Method: gallic acid, ellagic acid, rutin and kaemferol in the extract were identified and quantified by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with column LiChroCART 250-4,6 RP 18E, isocratic mobile phases with the composition of mixture:0.1% acetic acid, acetonitrile and methanol (40:50:10) respectively, and at temperature 300C. The total tannin and flavonoid were determined using the by spectrophotometry method, Fe(III) chloride and 1.10-phenanthroline at wavelength 510 nm for tannin and aluminium chloride and rutin at wavelength 422 nm for flavonoid, respectively. Results: Percentage of gallic acid, ellagic acid, rutin and kaempferol were 0.77%, 1.37 %, 0.41 % and 0.35 %, respectively. Total tannin and flavonoid contents were 1.20% (TAE) and, 1.18% (RE) respectively. Conclusion: The guava fruit ethanol extract contained gallic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, kaempferol, tannin and flavonoid.
Keywords: Flavonoid; Guava fruit; Psidium guajava; Tannin

Preparation, Evaluation of Propolis Extract Gel and exploring its Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Activity - Shahad Myasar Alfaris; Rasha Khalid Dhahir; Amina Mudhafar Al-Nima (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Background: Propolis is a wax-like resin which is produced by different types of bees by mixing resinous secretions of plants with beeswax and other products of bees' metabolism. However, this natural product contains a group of compounds that are responsible for various propolis activities including antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, and others. This study aims to prepare different gel formulae that contain various concentrations of propolis extract using two different polymers and to evaluate their physical properties, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. Method: Propolis was extracted depending on the hydroalcoholic method; six different gel formulae (P-1 to P-6) were prepared with different concentrations of propolis extract (0.5, 1, and 1.5%) using two different polymers; carbopol-934 and poloxamer-407, in concentrations of 0.5 and 25% respectively. The formulae were evaluated physically for their visual appearance, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and physiological compatibility with the skin. The anti-microbial activities were investigated by well diffusion method against various bacterial species including Staphylococcus aureus (gram+), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-), Enterococcus fecalis (gram+) and against one fungal species which is Candida albicans. Also, the antioxidant activity was determined utilizing 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Finally, a stability test was carried out for the chosen formula. Results: The six formulae (P-1 to P-6) were successfully prepared and evaluated and they were acceptable in their physical appearance and consistency, pH reading was in the range of 5.33±0.08 to 5.72±0.02 (p>0.05), a study of the skin irritation revealed no undesirable side effect, while the viscosity was in the range of 128.99±0.07 to 248.54±1.04 Pa.s (p>0.05), also the carbopol-934 containing formulae revealed good spreadability (1.495±0.075 to 5.15±0.35 mg.cm/s, p>0.05), in comparison to poloxamer-407 containing ones. Both carbopol-934 and poloxamer-407 containing formulae exhibited antimicrobial activity but the P-3 formula had the largest inhibition zone against C. Albicans (16.1mm), and only P-2, P-5 and P-6 were active against pseudomonas aeruginosa (12mm in all), while P-2 had the largest inhibition zone against enterococcus fecalis (13.2 mm), P-2 and P-5 showed the largest activity against staphylococcus aureus (15.5 and 14.6 mm respectively). The carbopol-934-containing formulae exhibited higher antioxidant activity than those with poloxamer-407, and the best-calculated IC50 belonged to P-2 (1.19 mg/ml). Conclusion: All the prepared formulae showed antimicrobial and antioxidant activities with some controversial results. However, P-2 (1% propolis extract and 0.5% carbopol-934), was active against all types of the tested microorganism, and had the best-calculated IC50, in addition to that it was a stable formula.
Keywords: Antimicrobial activity; antioxidant activity; Carbopol-934; Poloxamer-407; Propolis

Preparation of Karkataka Taila, an Edible crab Rasayana, and assessment of its toxicological effects on SH-SY5Y cell line and on Drosophila melanogaster embryos - Deepika NP; Shyamala Baragur; Mudavath Ravi Naik; Shanker Kalakotla; Muhasina KM; Puja Ghosh; Basavan Duraiswamy (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Background: Karkataka Taila (KT) is a virgin coconut oil (VCO) based Rasayana formulation that is enriched with the flesh of freshwater edible crab, Scylla serrata, used to treat Parkinson’s Disease (PD) or Kampavata by local Ayurveda practitioners of Kerala state. There is no scientific study carried out on its toxicological effects so far. Objective: To understand the ayurvedic preparation method for KT and assessment of the toxicological effects of the KT and VCO on SH-SY5Y cell lines and Drosophila melanogaster embryos. Materials and methods: The SH-SY5Y cell lines treated with different concentrations of KT and VCO range from 6.25 μg/ml to 100 μg/ml and Drosophila melanogaster embryos fed with food containing different concentrations of KT and VCO, ranging from 0.005 % to 10 %. Results: KT and VCO did not show any significant cytotoxicity effect on SH-SY5Y cell lines up to a dose concentration of 25 μg. But, at 50 μg and 100 μg concentrations, KT has shown a cytotoxic effect and it was higher than the VCO. The toxicological analysis in Drosophila has shown that the survival rate of the KT treated group at concentration ranges from 0.005 % to 10 % is significantly decreased from 78.8 % to 27.7 %, compared to the control group, whereas in VCO treated group, at 0.005 % to 10 %, the survival rate has decreased from 76.2 % to 66 %, which is marginally higher than the KT treated group. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that as the concentration of Rasayana in the medium increases, there is a noticeable adverse effect on the percentage viability in SH-SY5Y cell lines and in the number of offspring in Drosophila. The effect of vehicle, VCO, at the same concentration has shown a protective effect on cell lines and flies. It can be concluded that the toxic effect has been observed only at higher concentrations of KT and at the lower concentration, the toxic effect has been minimal.
Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster; Rasayana; SH-SY5Y; Toxicology; Virgin coconut oil.

Profound Assessment of Phytochemical, Botanical and Antioxidant Characteristics Including Determination of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Stem Bark of Cordia obliqua L. - Dalya Ramzi Alsuliman; Zainab Mohammed Al Sultan; Maryam Khalil Almajhad; Nour Kamal Alhajri; Abdullah Abdulhamid Altaweel; Abdullah Jalal Alasoom; Hany Ezzat Khalil (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Cordia obliqua is known as Bumber. Its fruits and leaves are popularly used because of antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity as well as botanical features of stem bark of Cordia obliqua. Chemical components were preliminary screened in various fractions based on the polarities including; n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fractions of using standard procedures. Total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents were assessed by Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride methods respectively. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by ABTS antioxidant procedure, using ascorbic acid as standard. Results confirmed that stem bark of Cordia obliqua chemically is characterized by the presences of flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, tannins and carbohydrates at different levels in various fractions and the absence of cardiac glycosides and anthraquinones. Microscopically, the plant is characterized by presence of big Ca oxalate clusters, various types of xylem vessels and big amount of cork cells. TPC was ranged from 13.6±1.4 and 220.5±3.4 mg GAE/g dry plant extract and TFC was ranged from 0.029±0.12and 15.46±0.33 mg QE/g dry plant extract. Due to the high phenolic and flavonoid content in butanol and ethyl acetate fractions; results of antioxidant using ABTS assay showed high antioxidant activity with IC50 valued 11.84±1.2 μg/ ml for butanol fraction and 14.81±1.1 μg/ml for ethyl acetate fraction. Taken together, the research work demonstrated the potential natural antioxidant value of the waste product stem bark of Cordia obliqua. The study endorses forthcoming work to isolate and identify the chemical constituents in stem bark of Cordia obliqua.
Keywords: ABTS.; Boraginaceae; Cordia obliqua; DPPH; Folin-Ciocalteau; Total phenolic and flavonoid

Prostate Cancer: Causes and Medicinal Plants Used in Africa for Twenty Years (2001-2021) - Oludare Oladipo Agboola; Samuel Bawa Ijimbili; Gift Onyinyechukwu Ofuasia; Joseph Anejo-Okopi; Jasini Alexander Wahedi; Joshua Oluwole Olowoyo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Prostate cancer is one of deadliest cancers in the universe especially in Africa. A lot of work has been done on the treatment and control of breast cancer, colon/colorectal cancer, skin cancer, etc. Only a few works on prostate cancer has been published in literature. The conventional method of treatment used is almost not affordable by many cancer patients due to high cost of drugs and therapy. Also, the cumulative side effects arising from the treatment is enormous to patients. Hence, there is need to exploit local herbs that contain active anticancer ingredients that are readily available and affordable with little or no side effects. The present review was carried out to evaluate published works on medicinal plant species used for treatment and control of prostate cancer in Africa for twenty years (2001-2021). A total number of 48 plant species with 40 families were retrieved from database using ScienceDirect, Google scholar, Web of Science, Springerlink, Scopus, PubMed, and BioMed. All the plant species were reported to possess cytotoxic activity against prostate cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. The most cited plant species according to literature sources are Hypoxis hemerocallidea, Plumbago zeylanica, Gongronema latifolium and Mangifera indica. Plant families that were used more in treating prostate cancer were Apocynaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Bignoniaceae, Lamiaceae. We conclude that more research be carried out on the medicinal plants’ usage on the treatment of prostate cancer and further bio-prospecting drugs from the enlisted plants should explored by the pharmaceuticals in Africa.
Keywords: Cure; Death; Ethnobotany; Families; Phytomedicine; Tumour

Protein Analysis of Royal Jelly Bee Apis Mellifera Carpatica as Candidates for Immunotherapy in Reproductive Disorders - Maslichah Mafruchati; Jonathan Makuwia (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Background: The honey bee of the Apis mellifera species is the main type of bee cultivated in almost all countries in the world, including Indonesia. Honey has benefits in various aspects, including food, health, and beauty. Royal jelly is a daily food menu as a food supplement to maintain and increase health and vitality. Purpose: Analyzing the immunogenic and toxinogenic proteins of Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica as immunotherapy. Method: Conversion of nucleotides into amino acids. Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica, analysis of the three-dimensional structure of Protein of Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica, Analysis of Ramachandran Plots of Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica, Analysis of epitope and allergen proteins, Analysis of antigens and toxins. Research result: The research results found that six proteins of Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica were epitope, antigenic, and non-toxic. Allergens and three Royal jelly proteins, Apis mellifera carpatica, are non-allergenic. In this study, the three-dimensional structure has not been found and opens opportunities for proteomic studies of the Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica protein, including protein isolation. Conclusion: The findings of this study can be used as a basis for the use of immunotherapy materials against the protein Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica against reproductive disorders.
Keywords: Analysis; Apis mellifera carpatica; Immunotherapy; Protein; Royal jelly

Protein from Phaleria macrocarpa Fruit Aqueous Extract Inhibits Early and Late Replication Phases of Human Herpes Virus Type-1 - Mahmud Yusef Yusef Ismaeel; Herryawan RE Dyari; Nazlina Ibrahim (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Background: Phaleria macrocarpa fruit is known to have protein but the antiviral activity potential has not been explored. Objective: To determine the antiviral activity of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit protein aqueous extract (PMFPAE) and the fractions against human herpesvirus type 1 (HHV-1). Methods: Protein from P. macrocarpa fruit aqueous extract was precipitated using ammonium sulphate and followed by fractionation on Sephadex G-25. Cytotoxicity was determined in Vero cells and followed by determination of antiviral activity by plaque reduction assay against a clinical strain of HHV-1. Effect of PMFPAE on virus replication was determined in pre-treatment, time-addition and time-removal assays. Results: PMFPAE and its fractions were non-cytotoxic to Vero cells with 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) values ranged between 96 ± 1.3 to 1450 ± 2 μg/mL. PMFPAE have good anti-HHV-1 activity with Selective Index (SI) of 80.6 but reduces in fractions P1 to P6 ranging between 4.2 and 67.9. Fractions with high SI were P1 and P2 contained high molecular weight (MW) proteins and P6 has the lowest MW suggestively peptides. Treatment with PMFPAE to host cells prior to virus infection had little effect on inhibiting HHV-1 replication. Treatment with PMFPAE affects virus early and late replication phase with plaque inhibition percentage increased during 10th to 16th hour post-infection. Conclusion: PMFPAE contained non-cytotoxic proteins that affects HHV-1 early and late replication phases. Proteins with high antiviral activity resides in fractions with high MW and very low MW peptides. Key words: Phaleria macrocarpa fruit protein, Fractionation, Cytotoxicity, Anti-Human herpes virus type-1.

Quantification of total polyphenols and flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and Sinensetin and Imperatorin contents of Imperata cylindrica root ethanol extract - Raden Anita Indriyanti; Eko Fuji Ariyanto; Hermin Aminah Usman; Ristaniah Rose Effendy; Diah Dhianawaty (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Introduction: Imperata cylindrica, commonly known as cogon grass, is currently widely distributed and used as a medicinal plant. The major compounds that have been isolated and identified are polyphenols and flavonoids, which have many biological activities such as antioxidant, and anticancer. Polyphenols and flavonoids are mostly found in the roots and leaves. This study aimed to perform phytochemical screening on I. cylindrica root ethanol extract from Sragen, Central Java, Indonesia and determine the total polyphenol, flavonoid, antioxidant activity and quantify Sinensetin and Imperatorin contents of the extract. Method: Quantification of all parameters were measured using visible spectrophotometric methods. Total polyphenol, total flavonoid contents, as well as antioxidant activity were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, aluminum chloride reagent, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, respectively, and quantification of Sinensetin and Imperatorin were measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Results: I cylindrica root ethanol extract had a total polyphenol content of 1.109% gallic acid equivalent, total flavonoid content of 0.1% quercetin equivalent, and antioxidant activity IC50 824.30 μg/ml. Sinensetin and Imperatorin were also identified in Fractions 1 to 11 with concentrations of 0.0157 and 0.0178 mg/kg extract, respectively. Conclusion: I. cylindrica root ethanol extract from Sragen had active phytochemical compounds of polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidants as well as Sinensetin and Imperatorin.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Flavonoid; Imperata cylindrica; Polyphenol

Radiographic and Histological Evaluation in Canine Femur after Implantation of 304 Stainless-steel-based Plate - Agus Purnomo; Hartiningsih; Setyo Budhi; Dhirgo Adji; Devita Anggraeni; Dito Anggoro; Sitarina Widyarini; Shekhar Chhetri; Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Fractures are known to be high-risk traumatic cases in domestic animals. Surgery was performed to reposition and immobilize bone using a plate as a biomaterial component. This study aimed to evaluate the radiographic and histological findings in canine femur after implantation of a 304 stainless-steel-based plate. A total of six male dogs aged 3-4 months were used in this study. Dogs were acclimatized for a week and then randomly assigned to 2 groups and 3 replication, respectively. The left femoral diaphysis was cracked and fixed by (A) commercial plate; (B) 304 stainless-steel plate. Radiographic observations were performed at 24 h and 28 d postoperatively during the recovery period. Histological figures were evaluated at 28 d postoperative descriptively. As a result, physical examination of muscle tissue in both groups did not reveal discoloration, swelling, and fluid accumulation around the plate. The radiographic figures presented a slight callus production around the crack and a decrease in the gap between cracks after 28 d. The histological figures observed the proliferation of osteoblasts, osteocytes, connective tissues, and bone trabeculae. It can be concluded that no significant difference between 304 stainlesssteel plate compared to commercial plate. A 304 stainless-steel-based plate is recommended for bone immobilization in canine femoral fractures.
Keywords: 304 stainless-steel; Domesticated animal; Femur; Fracture; Radiograph

Relationship Histopathology Grading of Meningioma with the Use of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA) as A Hormonal Contraceptive - Shafhan Dustur; Joni Wahyuhadi; Budi Utomo; Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi; Abdul Hafid Bajamal; Sri Ratna Dwiningsih (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Introduction: Meningioma is a common brain tumor with an incidence of more than 30% of all primary brain tumors in adults. The incidence of meningiomas increases with increasing age, women suffer more from meningiomas with a ratio of 3:1. Meningiomas are known to have steroid receptors in the form of progesterone (88%), estrogen (40%), and androgen (40%). Therefore, the use of hormonal therapy is suspected to affect the incidence and histopathological degree of meningioma. One of the widely used hormonal therapy is medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). However, there is not enough literature to explain the relationship between MPA and the incidence of meningioma. Objective: To identify the relationship between the duration of the use of Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) hormonal contraceptives and the histopathological degree of meningioma. Methods: This study is an analytic observational with a retrospective design of meningiomas patients based on the duration of use of MPAtype hormonal contraception who performed surgery at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital during the period January 2015 to December 2019. We determined the inclusion criteria for meningioma patients: a history of using MPA hormonal contraceptives or 3-month injectable contraceptives; and the control group: meningioma patients without a history of hormonal contraception. Results: There were 452 cases of meningioma and 101 patients met the inclusion criteria. Based on the results of statistical analysis, it was found that there was no difference relationship between the grade of meningioma and meningioma patients either using MPA or without using MPA. There was no difference in duration of use between the group using MPA <10 years or more than 10 years with the non-hormonal control group on meningioma grading (p = 0.772). There was also no difference relationship between the group that did not use hormonal contraception and the MPA group on the age of the patient (p = 0.217), both using contraception for <10 years and more than 10 years. Conclusion: There was no relationship found between histopathological degree of meningioma with the patients who use MPA contraceptives, both duration of use <10 years and ≥10 years compared with meningioma patients who do not use MPA contraception.
Keywords: Contraception; Grading; Hormonal contraceptive; Medroxyprogesterone acetate; Meningioma; MPA; Neoplasm.; Progesterone

Research on External Signs and Chemical Composition of Medicinal Plant Raw Material -Leaves of Ficus Elastica - Angelina V. Strelyaeva; Anna G. Kharitonova; Larisa B. Vaskova; Alexander N. Luferov; Dmitry O. Bokov; Alina A. Bondar; Natalia V. Bobkova; Nevena Jeremic; Yulia B. Lazareva; Alla M. Antsyshkina; Tatiana V. Prostodusheva; Roman M. Kuznetsov (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Ficus elastica is a species of the plant in the genus Ficus, from the family Moraceae. Ficus elastica, which is the object of our study, has been used for many years in phytodesign, however in terms of medicine, it remains a poorly studied plant. While studying the external signs and chemical composition of medicinal plant raw materials of leaves Fícus elastica, chromato-mass spectrometry was used. During the process of studying, some diagnostic signs of Ficus elastica were identified. Chromato-mass spectrometry was used to identify 68 compounds. The maximum amount was accounted for б-D-Glucopyranoside, methyl (28,99%), Phytol (9,90%), 2-Hydroxy-3-methylsuccinic acid (6,93%), Lanosterol (6,13%), Hydroquinone (5,55%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- (4,86%), Lup-20(29)-en-3- one (4,17%), 1,2-Benzenediol (3,33%), Lupeol (2,95%), 16-Allopregnene-3б,9а-diol-20-one 3-O-acetate (2,77%), 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)- (2,67%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)- (2,05%), з-Sitosterol (1,84%), а-d-Lyxofuranoside, methyl (1,57%), Dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate (ester) (1,52%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (1,45%), Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (1,33%), 1,8-Dioxacyclohexadecane-2,10- dione, 5,6:12,13-diepoxy-8,16-dimethyl- (1,15%), Vitamin E (0,64%). Identified morphological features of the leaves of Ficus elastica can be used in diagnosis of this species and may help to develop indicators of authenticity for promising medicinal leaves. As mentioned earlier, by means of chromato-mass spectrometry were identified 68 compounds, and the relative percentage of identified compounds was determined using a simple normalization method.
Keywords: Chromato-mass spectrometry; Ficus elastic; Methyl; Phytol; Vitamin E.; б-D-Glucopyranoside

RETRACTED: Phytochemical Screening, Gc-Ms Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Marine Algae Obtained from Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India - Swathi Priya K; Rajasekaran S (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
The Article has been Retracted based on the Authors' Request.
Keywords: DPPH; GCMS analysis; Physicochemical.; Spongomorpha indica; Superoxide

A Review of an Important Plants: Annona squamosa Leaf - Arifia Safira; Prasita Widayani; Dhiya An-Najaaty; Cinta Atsa Mahesa Rani; Mela Septiani; Yan Arengga Syah Putra; Tridiganita Intan Solikhah; Aswin Rafif Khairullah; Hartanto Mulyo Raharjo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Plants have been utilized extensively in traditional medicine by a range of nations since ancient times, and more research into their safety, efficacy, and quality value is needed. One of the plants that have been widely used by society in traditional medicine is Annona squamosa L. A. squamosa is commonly cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. Based on previous research, all parts of A. squamosa including bark, leaf, and roots have proven biological activities such as antioxidant, antifungal, and anticancer, especially on the leaves. Indian people have long history used young leaves of A. squamosa for antidiabetic, besides in South China, they use seeds to decrease the cancer effect in the human body. The pharmacological activities of A. squamosa leaves are antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiulcer, antidiabetic, antidiarrheals, antiplatelet, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and cytoprotective. Phytochemicals in A. squamosa leaves include coumarins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and saponins. Meanwhile based on nutritional analysis shows that the A. squamosa leaves are water, protein, lipids, Fiber Ash and Calcium.
Keywords: Annona squamosa; Medicine; Pharmacology; Phytochemistry; Traditional medicinal plant

Review on Bioactive Potential of Indonesian Forest Essential Oils - Yelfi Anwar; Gunawan Pasaribu; M. Nazari V (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Essential oils are composed of some natural, volatile, as well as aromatic compounds extracted from plants. In recent years, several studies have shown that some of their benefits can be attributed to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and also immunomodulatory properties. So, essential oils have been proposed as a common elective to anti-microbials or for utilize in combination with other antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant microscopic organisms. Most of the potential data about essential oils were obtained with in vitro and in vivo studies. Several types of essential oils are available in Indonesia which are reported to have biological activity such as antioxidants and antiaging are essential oils of pine (Pinus merkusii), kilemo (Litsea cubeba), agarwood (Aquilaria spp), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora), and cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii). The major chemical compound of pine oil is alpha pinene. Kilemo oil contains geranial. chemical marker compound of agarwood is chromone and sesquiterpenes. Eucalyptus contains citronella. The chemical component of cinnamon oil is cinnamaldehyde. Some essential oils have shown remarkable antioxidant activities when used at specific concentrations which can be due to their richness in phenolic compounds. However, toxicological studies are needed before any recommendation for application can be given. Preformulating and formulation studies will be needed to develop suitable dosage forms in order to introduce optimized pharmaceuticals (high active, low toxic) as alternative of current pharmaceutical dosage forms
Keywords: Bioactivity; Chemical compound; Essential oil; Indonesian forest; Pharmaceutics

Review on Literature of the Plant Elephantorrhiza Elephantine on its Healing Properties and Recent Acquired Knowledge of its Medicinal Activities (2000-2020) - Radebe Tlotlo; Polo-Ma-Abiele Hildah Mfengwana; Dedré Olivier (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Background: The current review article outlines current findings in literature from undertaken studies and review articles on the plant Elephantorrhiza elephantine from the past 20 years to date. The information presented in this article will include the following aspects of the plant. The plant description and taxomony, ethnomedical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Elephantorrhiza elephantine. The article looks to discuss existing hurdles in research found on this plant and how to integrate any previous research with what is currently done in research on the plant. It aims on guiding the path of future research direction on the plant Elephantorrhiza elephantine. Methods: A total of 40 articles were selected and read through. The articles selected had included literature publications with the keywords such as; Elephantorrhiza elephantine, plant description, taxonomic of the plant, ethno medicinal usages, phytochemicals, pharmacological properties and plant toxicity, which were published between the years 2000 – 2021. There were 32 articles relevant for this review article and 2 dissertation that were written between the criteria of years. Results: The ethomedicinal uses of Elephantorrhiza elephantine have been investigated by various authors on the anti-microbial activities, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and in ethnoveterinary medicine on how the plant provides relief to individuals with illnesses/disease through its traditional uses. These studies have been conducted on both animals and humans. The experiments performed used the crude extract derived from parts of the plant such as the roots and leaves. These plant parts have phytochemical compounds that are extracted using varying polar solvents. In the animal studies, acetone extracts of E. elephantine roots demonstrated significant activity against a tick-borne disease in cattle livestock and parasite worms in goats. In humans, the dried leaf extracts of E. elephantine was also subjected to various polar solvents and water, investigated for phytochemical content, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and cytotoxic activities, using standard methods. It was reported that the ethanol extract yielded the highest phytochemical content. Conclusion: The gap in knowledge has narrowed on medicinal plants effects of healing properties. This lead by extensive research carried out trying to understand the benefits of traditional medication and why majority of the population uses it as they primary healthcare choice. Investigating the mechanism of action of E. elephantine on its antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory and wound healing could lead to an enhanced understanding on the medicinal properties of the plant extracts and a commercialisation of a product in future.
Keywords: Antimicrobial; Medicinal plants; Phytochemical content; Plant extracts.

Risk Factors for Hepatotoxicity From L-Asparaginase Chemotherapy In Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia - Agniya Ali Fahmi Hikmat; Mia Ratwita Andarsini; Bagus Setyoboedi; Maria Christina Shanty Larasati; Andi Cahyadi; I Dewa Gede Ugrasena (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Introduction: L-asparaginase chemotherapy often causes hepatotoxicity and affects complete remission in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This study aims to investigate the risk factors that affect the incidence of hepatotoxicity caused by L-asparaginase chemotherapy in ALL children. Methods: An observational study with prospective sampling was conducted at Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya. The inclusion criteria included ALL children aged 1-18 years, undergoing ALL Induction phase chemotherapy based on the 2018 Indonesian Children's ALL protocol as evidenced by bone marrow aspiration, receiving L-asparaginase chemotherapy, and obtaining written consent from parents or guardians. Each child had 3 ml of blood drawn from a peripheral vein to assess their complete blood count, alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, and albumin level. Results: Thirty-two children with ALL were collected. Two of them were excluded due to allergic reaction and enable to continue the L-asparaginase chemotherapy. Thirty of them were eligible participants. Approximately 53.3% of ALL children aged ≤ seven years. Fourteen (47%) children with ALL were included in the standard-risk group and 16 (53%) of them included high-risk group. There were significant differences in ALT levels between the four stages of observation (p=<0.001). Twenty-two ALL children had hepatotoxicity (73.3%), while 8 had non-hepatotoxicity (26.7%). Two risk factors had a significant influence on the occurrence of hepatotoxicity due to L-asparaginase chemotherapy including age and hypoalbuminemia (p=0.045, p=0.028). Conclusion: Age and hypoalbuminemia were the risk factors that might affect the incidents of hepatotoxicity. Clinical monitoring before and after treatment needs to be done to prevent poor outcomes.
Keywords: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia; Children; Hepatotoxicity; L-asparaginase

Risk Factors of Acute and Chronic Erythema Nodosum Leprosum in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital Surabaya - Ditya Indrawati; Linda Astari; Afif Nurul Hidayati; Sawitri, Damayanti; Budi Utomo; Bagus Haryo Kusumaputra; Medhi Denisa Alinda; Cita Rosita Sigit Prakoeswa; M. Yulianto Listiawan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Background: Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infection and is one of the neglected diseases caused by Mycobacterium leprae. ENL is a complex syndrome, that caused inflammation of the skin, nerves, and other organs due to an inflammatory immune response to Mycobacterium leprae antigens. Acute ENL was defined as the first episode of ENL with a duration of less than 24 weeks. Chronic ENL was defined as ENL that persisted for more than 24 weeks. These types of ENL can have different risk factors and require different therapeutic interventions. Purpose: The onset of ENL is acute, but may progress to a chronic or recurrent phase and require long-term therapy. Early detection of leprosy is very important, because the infection is curable and prompt treatment can reduce nerve damage and associated stigma. Chronic ENL patients require prolonged high doses of corticosteroids to control inflammation in ENL and cause severe complications and side effects associated with morbidity and mortality. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted using a non-probability sampling technique consecutively using a casecontrol formula in leprosy patients with ENL in the Leprosy Division of the Outpatient Dermatology and Venereology Unit RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya for the period 2015 – 2020, using secondary data in the form of medical record data. Result: The results of this study obtained leprosy patients with ENL as many as 234 patients, 56 patients with acute ENL and 89 patients with chronic ENL. 45 patients with acute ENL and 45 patients with chronic ENL were obtained from the case-control minimal sample size formula. Conclusion: The results of the bivariate analysis test showed that there was a relationship between risk factors for coinfection and steroid therapy with the type of ENL. The presence of coinfection and steroid therapy showed that patients tend to be chronic ENL, conversely, in the absence of coinfection and without steroid therapy, patients tend to be acute ENL. The multivariate logistic regression analysis test showed a significant association between risk factors for ENL onset before MDT and the presence of coinfection with chronic ENL, whereas ENL onset after MDT and absence of coinfection were associated with acute ENL.
Keywords: Acute ENL; Chronic ENL; ENL; Leprosy; Neglected disease.; Risk factors

Role of Alkaloid on Platelet Aggregation and Serotonin in Migraine - Olivia Mahardani Adam; Widjiati Widjiati (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Migraine is a sterile neurogenic inflammation of the trigeminal nerve which releases vasoactive neuropeptides and activates platelets to release vasoactive substances such as serotonin (5-HT). Platelet hyperaggregation occurs in the pathogenesis of migraine caused by one of the stimulatory factors 5-HT. Platelet aggregation is increased and 5-HT levels are elevated in the blood and brain in the early stages of migraine. Alkaloid β-carbolin alkaloids can increase monoamines in brain regions through inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and inhibition of 5-HT reuptake. Alkaloids in the ethanolic extract of SCE function as analgesics and anti-inflammatory which can reduce pain and improve blood circulation. Sargassum cristaefolium extract (SCE) was measured for its bioactive substance content. The extract was administered to an animal model of intraperitoneal nitroglycerin-induced migraine and examined for platelet levels, platelet aggregation and 5-HT. The results of statistical tests showed an increase in platelets (p<0.05), an increase in platelet aggregation (p<0.05) and a decrease in 5-HT (p<0.05). The relationship between alkaloids and platelets; platelets and platelet aggregation; platelet aggregation and 5-HT and 5-HT levels and migraine incidence (p<0.05). The alkaloids found in SCE can lower platelet count, decrease platelet aggregation and increase 5-HT levels in migraines.
Keywords: Alkaloid; Migraine; Platelet; Platelet aggregation; Serotonin.

The Role of Breast Milk on Reducing the Risk of Neonatal Sepsis in Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - Tita Natalia Manurung; Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu; Martono Tri Utomo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Background: High mortality and morbidity rates are associated with neonatal sepsis in preterm and low birth weight infants. Aside from controlling the nosocomial infection, intervention for reducing the risk of sepsis is demanded. The best nutrition for preterm infants is breast milk. Bioactive compounds found in it, such as antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities not only for immunity against the infection but also for growth, and development. Objective: To investigate the effect of breast milk against the risk of neonatal sepsis in preterm and low birth weight infants. Methods: We conducted an electronic search through several databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus. We performed an analysis on nutritional feeding and volume of breast milk and late-onset sepsis from ten potential observational studies. Results: Breast milk significantly reduced the risk of sepsis in preterm and low birth weight infants (pooled RR 0.70; 95 % CI 0.55 - 0.88, p = 0.002). In addition, when we performed subgroup analysis, we found that breast milk volume > 50ml/kgbw/day also reduce the risk of sepsis with pooled RR 0.61(95% CI 0.46-0.8, p=0.0004). Conclusion: Low birth weight and preterm infants had a lower risk of neonatal sepsis when they got breastmilk. To preserve the supply of breastmilk, health professionals should support and encourage mothers who were breastfeeding.
Keywords: Breast milk; Low birth weight; Neonatal sepsis; Preterm infant

Role of Gender in the Protection Against Doxorubicin-Induced Oxidative Stress - Akram A Hammo; Abdulla A Ahmad; Zeina A Althanoon (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Background: There are gender differences in the oxidation-reduction reactions. Doxorubicin (Dox) is a chemotherapeutic drug that can produce oxidative stress which may require prevention by antioxidants. Aim: The study aimed to investigate the gender-dependent changes in Dox-induced oxidative stress, and the protective effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). Materials and Methods: Rats were administered CoQ10 orally for 17 days. On day 13, some rats receiving CoQ10 received a single intraperitoneal dosage of Dox, whereas other rats received normal saline. Glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total anti-oxidant capacity (T-AOC) were measured in both genders of albino rats. Results: Dox significantly reduced both GSH and T-AOC levels and caused a significant increase in MDA. The administration of CoQ10 significantly prevented these changes. Dox caused a larger reduction in GSH in males than in females, while CoQ10 caused more protection in females. Dox caused a higher increase in MDA levels in males. Conclusion: Pre-treatments with CoQ10 may protect against Dox-induced oxidative stress, with gender-dependent variations in the extent of these Dox/CoQ10 effects. <quillbot-extension-portal></quillbot-extension-portal>
Keywords: Coenzyme Q10; Doxorubicin; Gender difference; Oxidative stress

Screening of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Wild Edible Termite Mushroom - Anita Kumari Tharu; Mukti Ram Paudel; Ananda Prakash Joshi; Laxman Bhandari; Hari Prasad Aryal (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Wild edible mushrooms produce a variety of bioactive compounds that are known to have antioxidant properties. Natural antioxidants can protect against oxidative induced free radicals without any side effects. Thus, they are consumed by people for food and nutraceutical values. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of three wild edible termite mushrooms (Termitomyces albuminosus, T. eurhizus and T. robustus). Different phytochemicals were screened in the 50% ethanol, methanol and water extracts of three termite mushrooms. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride method respectively. The antioxidant activity of three termite mushrooms was evaluated by DPPH assay. Qualitative screening of phytochemicals has revealed that alkaloid, steroid, fatty acid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, carbohydrate and protein are found in the 50% ethanol, methanol and water extracts of three species of termite mushroom. A high amount of total phenolic and flavonoid content was found in the 50% ethanol extract of T. albuminosus, T. eurhizus and T. robustus (TPC: 50.28, 54.56 and 57.63 mg GAE/g extract; TFC: 16.30, 18.43 and 18.80 mg QE/g extract respectively). Due to high phenolic and flavonoid content, 50% ethanol extract of three termite mushrooms has shown high antioxidant activity (i.e., lowest IC50: 710.00 - 714.05 μg/ml). These termite mushrooms have antioxidant properties due to the presence of bioactive secondary metabolites that can potentially be used as a source of natural antioxidants in the form of food and nutraceutical.
Keywords: DPPH assay; Flavonoid; phenolic; Phytochemical; Termite mushroom

Senna Siamea Hexane Extract: Potent Antifungal Activity Against Candida albicans, Candida Krusei and Identification of Its Chemicals Content - Diny Kamilah; Berna Elya; Robiatul Adawiyah; Annysa Ellycornia Silvyana (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Background: Senna siamea contains several chemical: flavonoid, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloid, and tanin which is as an antifungal againts of Candida sp because interfere function of the fungal cell membrane and inhibit syntesis of chitin. Candida albicans and Candida krusei could causing oral candidiasis, vulvovaginal infections, life threatening candidiasis, such as candidemia and internal organ infections. S. siamea is a medicinal plant which empirically used as antifungal. S. siamea leaves has been reported to exhibit activity against Candida sp but limited to ethanol extract. Thus, the evaluation of other extract- and identification of active compound(s) against C. albicans and C. krusei is needed to be explore. Methods: First, the microscopic morphology of S. siamea leaves were observed using Scanning Electron Microscope. The leaves were then extracted sequentially by hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvent using the ultrasonic assisted extraction method, followed by its in vitro antifungal activity evaluation. The most active extract was further evaluated for its chemical(s) content by LC MS. Results: Scanning Electron Microscope identified the presence of oxalate in the leaves of S. siamea. Evaluation of the antifungal activity showed that the hexane extract had highest antifungal compared to others. Conclusions: S. siamea hexane extract leaf is prospective to be developed as an antifungal. Further in vivo research are needed.
Keywords: Antifungal; Chemical content.; Hexane extract; Senna siamea

The Serum Formulation of Hati Tanah Tuber Ethanol Extract from Central Kalimantan - Nurul Qamariah; Rezqi Handayani; Jessika Maretania (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Introduction: Lately, the use of natural cosmetics can have a good effect on the skin. One of them is traditional beauty treatments. The Serum is a preparation with low viscosity, because of its low viscosity serum is categorized as an emulsion preparation. From the results of research that has been carried out, ethanol extract of Hati Tanah tuber has great potential as an anti-acne because it can inhibit the growth of acne-causing bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes. With the innovation of serum ethanol extract of Hati Tanah tuber, it can be an option for the community later in the treatment of acne. Methods: The formulation is made in 4 (four) formulas with different concentrations of the main ingredients used. Next is to weigh all the ingredients needed according to each formula. Then physical properties test performed. a) Organoleptic test; b) Homogeneity Test; c) pH test; d) Spreadability Test and e) Adhesion Test. Results: The organoleptic test was carried out directly by looking at the shape and color and smelling the serum preparation of the ethanol extract of Tanah Hari tubers. The test results show that at F0 (0%) the color is clear, for F1 (0,5%) it is quite pale pink, F2 (1%) is bright pink and F3 (5%) is dark red. For scent organoleptic, F0 indicates no scent, for F1 and F2 there is a distinctive scent from the Hati Tanah tuber which is slightly pungent, while F3 shows a pungent aroma typical of the Hati Tanah tuber. The resulting serum has a thick texture at F0 and F1, a watery texture at F2 and a thinner texture at F3. All of the formulas have met the physical test requirement of organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, and adhesion test. Conclusion: The simplicia of Hati Tanah tuber can be made into an innovative cosmetic preparation in the form of serum with a concentration of 0,5%, 1% and 5%. From the results of testing the physical properties of the formulations, all of the formulas have met the physical test requirement of organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, and adhesion test.
Keywords: Formulation; Hati Tanah Tuber Ethanol Extract.; Serum

Standardization Study of Khurtsiin deed-6 Traditional Medicine - Myadagbadam; Purevsuren S; Chimedragchaa CH; Tserenkhand G; Norovnyam R (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Introduction: Although traditional medicines are widely used, quality and safety of some of them are not ensured due to lack of suitable quality controls and inadequate labeling. he diagnostic cellular structures and cell content for all powdered ingredients in Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine were defined by “Novel” light microscopy. Biologically active compounds were identified by using TLC and HPLC. Main biologically active compounds contents were determined by UV spectrophotometer methods. Some quality and safety parameters of Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine were determined by Mongolian National First Pharmacopoeia methods. Results: Some quality and safety parameters of the traditional medicine were determined as: moisture 9.63±0.09%, total ash 4.725±0.22%, and water-soluble extractive 21.28±0.11%, Alcohol soluble extractive total 46.30±0.09%, aerobic microbial count 5x103, total yeast and mold count 3x102. The fingerprints of TLC and HPLC to reveal gallic acid, apigenin, costunolide, E-guggulsterone were defined. The total contents were measured for phenolic compounds as 65.95±1.05 mg/g and for flavonoids as 10.55 ±0.16 mg/g. Conclusion: The standardization criteria for Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine were defined and Mongolian National Pharmacopeia Monograph’s draft for Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine was developed.
Keywords: Gallic acid; Herbal medicine; High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography; Thin layer Chromatography.

Study of Sericin Sequences from Bombyx mori as Antiaging through ROS with Molecular Simulation and DPPH Evaluation - Fitria Agustina; Fadilah Fadilah; Wimpie Pangkahila; Anak Agung Gde Putra Wiraguna; I Gusti Ayu Sri Mahendra Dewi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
The presence of ROS is associated with aging, which is damage caused by free radical reactions. ROS causes oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL), which builds up in plaque and contributes to inflammation. With aldehyde secondary products of lipid peroxidation such as Malondialdehyde (MDA), lipoxygenase, and xanthine oxidase as markers of oxidative stress, oxidized LDL causes endothelial dysfunction and cell apoptosis. The antioxidant 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) sericin from Bombyx mori was tested in silico and in vitro in this study. The Bombyx mori peptide sequences QAYADYHSDPNGGSA (SP4) and ASSSFDASSA (SP7) had lower Gibbs energy for lipooxygenase (LOX) than native ligands, with values of -23.1044, -21.0056, and -10.3275 kcal/mol, respectively. hydrogen bonding to Gln289, Asp293, and Gly569. While ASSSFDASSA (SP7) has a higher Gibbs energy for xanthine oxidase (XOX), SEASSSTQATTVS (SP 5) has a lower Gibbs energy with values of -20.1839, -17.8952, and -11.8921 kcal/mol, respectively. While the cavity binding of the xanthine oxidase peptide binding SP5 and SP7 is located at the Glu802, Asp872, and Ser876 binding sites, the DPPH test confirmed in vitro that the 10% sericin Gel had an IC50 of 19.7394 ppm compared to 3.71 ppm ascorbic acid. The findings of the preceding study demonstrate that sericin, as an antioxidant, is one of the candidates for antiaging.
Keywords: DPPH.; LOX; ROS; Sericin

Subacute Toxicity Test of Hydrocotyle Sibthorpioides Lam. Extract on Histopathological Images of Liver and Kidney of White Male Mice - Afriwardi; Rahmad Abdillah; Elidahanum Husni; Hafifah Hardini; Khalila Tri Syahbani Zuler; Aditya Alqamal Alianta; Yufri Aldi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Introduction: Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. in Indonesia known as pegagan embun. It has been used to increase the immune system and has been shown to have immunostimulating, anti-inflammatory and hematopoietic effects. However, there is no scientific evidence that shows this plant is safe for long-term use. Based on that circumstance, this study aimed to measure the safety of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) ethanol extract activities on liver and kidney histopathology. Aim: The study aimed to measure the safety of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) ethanol extract activities on liver and kidney histopathology. Material and Method: Ethanol extract used because all the active compounds in plants extracted as a whole, and it cheaper and more efficient in the extraction process. Determine as many thirty-six white male mice as test animals and separate them into eight treatment groups. The administrated ethanol extract of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) at doses of 7, 35, and 150 mg/kg BW for 7, 14, and 21 days. On days 8th, 15th, and 22nd, three white male mice collected from each treatment group and collected their liver and kidney. The data analysed used a T-test with IBM SPSS type 24. Result: LD50 of ethanol extract of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. > 15,000 mg/kg means practically not toxic. The results showed that the administration of extract Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. for 7, 14, and 21 days showed a non-significant effect on any histological damage to the liver of male white mice at doses of 7 and 35 mg/kg BW (normal histology). The non-significant effect also occurs at150 mg/kg BW for 7 days; however, it caused mild damage at a dose of 150 mg/kg BW for 14 days and moderate damage at 150 mg/kg BW for 21 days. In renal histopathology, doses of 7 mg/kg BW. for 7, 14, and 21 days showed normal histology and doses of 35 mg/kg BW for 7, 14, and 21 days showed minimal damage. The administration at doses of 150 mg/kg BW for 7 days showed mild damage, while a dose of 150 mg/kg BW for 14 and 21 days showed moderate damage. Conclusion: It concluded that the administration of extract of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. did not cause severe damage to the histology of the liver and kidneys of white male mice.
Keywords: Histopathology; Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.; Kidney; LD50; Liver; Subacute.

Subchronic Toxicity Studies of a Combined Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Syzygium cumini (L) Skeels, and Caesalpinia sappan L Extract in Sprague-Dawley Rats - Atini Solawati; Berna Elya; Heri Setiawan; Raysa Yunda Pratiwi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Introduction: Andrographis paniculata, Syzygium cumini and Caesalpinia sappan (ASC) are plants that are widely used as traditional medicines in treating diabetes. The acute toxicity test results of the combination of these three plants were safe up to 5000 mg/Kg BB. Objectives: To evaluate subchronic toxicity of a combined ASC extract. Methods: Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were acclimatized for 14 days and then fed a normal diet with ASC extract at doses of 150, 575 and 1000 mg/kg BW daily for 135 days. At the end of the study, the rats were sacrificed and then blood, heart, pulmonary, liver, kidneys, spleen and pancreas were collected. Result: The results showed no abnormality in the experimental group compared with the control group. All values of other parameters assessed remained within the normal range. Conclusions: The combination of ASC extract given orally for 135 days to male and female rats did not show any subchronic toxicity.
Keywords: Andrographis paniculata; Caesalpinia sappan; Rats.; Subchronic yoxicity; Syzygium cumini

Successful Intrapericardial Fibrinolysis on Acute Recurrent Purulent Pericarditis with Impending Cardiac Tamponade during Pandemic Situation: A Rare Case Report - Muhammad Dedy Pratama; Budi Baktijasa Dharmadjati; Muhammad Rafdi Amadis; Ahmad Faisal Dwi Raharja; Muhammad Ramadhan; Dwika Rasyid Firmanda (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Introduction: Acute recurrent purulent pericarditis is an uncommon pericardium infection that can be life-threatening due to pus production, leading to cardiac tamponade. Case presentation: We report a 36-year-old man referring to our hospital with impending cardiac tamponade who needed urgent pericardiocentesis. The patient's complaints were worsening dyspnea and palpitations in the last two days. The patient had been hospitalized for the same complaint and had pericardiocentesis due to cardiac tamponade approximately three weeks earlier. Physical exam, ECG, and CXR suggest impending cardiac tamponade. Echocardiography indicated massive right and left pericardial effusion and right atrial collapse. The Covid-19 screening test was positive; however, RT-PCR revealed a negative result. The patient was diagnosed with recurrent acute purulent pericarditis with impending cardiac tamponade requiring urgent pericardiocentesis. After the procedure, 1.5 million units of intrapericardial fibrinolytic were administered to patients. His improved hemodynamic and clinical symptoms indicate a successful procedure. Conclusion: This case highlights the challenges of managing an acute recurrent purulent pericarditis patient due to Staphylococcus A. infection in the current pandemic era, including distinguishing it from other contagious diseases due to nonspecific dyspnea, limited therapeutic options, and the effectiveness of intrapericardial fibrinolytic in improving the overall patient conditions, and reducing the mortality rate.
Keywords: Intrapericardial fibrinolysis; Purulent pericarditis; Rare Case Report; Staphylococcus aureus

Survey on Aromatherapy Among Healthcare Professionals in Morocco - Asmae Alaoui Belghiti; Mohamed Yafout; Soukaina Bennis; Amal Ait Haj Said (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Background: Herbal remedies and more particularly essential oils are increasingly used throughout the world. In Morocco, the practice of aromatherapy is becoming more and more important, but the knowledge, attitudes, and expectations of healthcare professionals towards essential oils have never been studied. Aim: To assess the attitudes, knowledge, and expectations towards essential oils and aromatherapy of Moroccan healthcare professionals. Methods: We conducted a survey among 205 Moroccan healthcare professionals from different categories using an anonymous electronic questionnaire. Results: The participants to our survey have a good general knowledge and 47.8% of the them have already prescribed or advised essential oils. However, only 10.2% of them considered essential oils as widely available. Moreover, only 3.9% of the respondents judged their theoretical knowledge of essential oils and aromatherapy as perfect, 36.6% considered the lack of information in this field as the limiting factor in prescribing and advising essential oils, and 88.3% were in favor of integrating aromatherapy into their basic training course. The prescription or advice of essential oils are statistically correlated with age, profession, factors mentioned as limiting the prescription and advice of essential oils, and the theoretical knowledge. Conclusion: Empowering healthcare professionals’ capacities could help them overcome their fears and enable them to offer aromatherapy advice to their patients with confidence. This could also help to expand the use of essential oils in Moroccan healthcare facilities.
Keywords: Aromatherapy; Essential oils; Healthcare professionals; Morocco; Survey

Ten Commonly Available Medicinal Plants in Malaysia with Potential Sun Protection Factor and Antioxidant Properties – A Review - Noor Diyana Ibrahim; Lay Jing Seow; Mahendran Sekar; Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani; Pei Teng Lum (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Background: Malaysia has a diverse range of medicinal plants that utilized to make effective nutritional, folk medicine, and cosmetic preparations. Natural antioxidants obtained from medicinal plant extracts have recently gained popularity as protective ingredients in sunscreen formulations due to their safety, wide range of biological effects on skin, and environmental sustainability in absorbing Ultraviolet (UV) radiation and preventing skin damage. Prolonged exposure to UV rays may cause skin damages like sunburn, photoaging, erythema, edema, wrinkle, and skin cancer. Natural sunscreen products are becoming more popular among consumers who are becoming more aware of the risks of excessive UV and chemicals in beauty and personal care products. Objective: This review aimed to provide brief information about ten commonly available medicinal plants in Malaysia with potential sun protection factor and antioxidant properties. Methods: In the present review, the relevant literatures were an extensive search from various scientific database including Pubmed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Scopus. Ten commonly available medicinal plants in Malaysia such as Graptophyllum pictum, Moringa oleifera, Mangifera indica, Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Andrographis paniculata, Sonneratia caseolaris, Camellia sinensis, Morinda citrifolia, Nephelium lappaceum and Murraya koenigii were included based on its potential sun protection factor (SPF) and antioxidant properties. Results: All the ten medicinal plants reported in this review found to have potential antioxidant activities due to the presence of phenolic and flavonoid content in the extracts. All of these findings well correlated to their potential SPF. The M. indica extracts had the highest SPF value among the ten plant extracts reported in this review, with a value of ≥30. This is considered high sun protection action. Extracts of A. paniculata, M. citrifolia, C. sinensis, and G. pictum have a moderate photoprotective effect (SPF value of ≥15). Sun protection activity was low in M. oleifera and S. caseolaris (SPF value ≤ 2). Conclusion: The identification of natural antioxidant and photoprotective ingredients from medicinal plants has demonstrated as a potential natural sunscreen product in protecting UV radiation against damaging UV rays, and therefore recommended to utilize them to replace synthetic chemicals in cosmetics development in the future.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Medicinal plants; Sun protection factor; total flavonoid; Total phenol

Tender Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) Can Increase Antioxidant Enzymes and Decrease MDA Levels: Experimental Study on Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Rats - Siti Thomas Zulaikhah; Helmia Fitri Nurul Aini; Anisa Setyo Rini; Bagus Hidayaturrahman Abiyyu; Elvita Apriska Tiara Dewi; Arrizki Azka Pratama (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Background: Cigarette smoke exposure increase free radicals in the body in the form of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Excessive levels of ROS can cause an imbalance between the amount of oxidants and antioxidants that trigger oxidative stress. The state of oxidative stress can be seen from the decrease in antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). Tender coconut water contains a variety of substances that are beneficial to the body, including L-arginine and Vitamin C which can increase antioxidant enzymes and reduce oxidative stress. Aim and Objectives: This study aims to determine the effect of giving tender coconut water on increasing antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and CAT and decreasing MDA in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Material and Methods: Experimental research by Post-Test Only Control Group Design study used 24 rats divided into 4 groups, K1 was the control, K2 was the negative control exposed to cigarette smoke, K3 the positive control was given vitamin E and K4 the treatment group. Furthermore, sampling was continued by examining the levels of SOD and CAT using ELISA (Enzyme- Linked Immunosorbent Assay), while MDA using spectrophotometry. The SOD, CAT, and MDA data were processed using SPSS with the One Way Anova. Results: The administration of tender coconut water at a dose of 8mL/200grBW/day and vitamin E at a dose of 1.8 mg/200gBW/day for 14 days increasing SOD levels, CAT levels and reduce MDA levels. Conclusion: It can be concluded that tender coconut water can increase antioxidant enzymes and reduce MDA in rats exposed to cigarette smoke.
Keywords: Catalase; Cigarette smoke; Malondyaldehyde; Superoxide dismutase; Tender coconut water

Thalassemia β Major in Confirmed Covid-19 Patient: A Case Report - Yosua Butar Butar; Puspa Wardhani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
The incidence of Thalassemia with confirmed Covid 19 is very rare. The aim of this study is to know the prognosis and evaluate the management of therapy in thalassemia β Mayor patients with COVID-19. This case study describes the progression of Thalassemia β Mayor with COVID 19 starting from how to establish the diagnosis of Thalassemia β Mayor and COVID 19 until how to treat thalassemia β Mayor patients with COVID-19 This case study result describes that COVID 19 aggravates thalassemia β Mayor. Infection can adversely affect thalassemia. Giving Blood transfusions must be done due to anemia in Thalassemia, but it will have an impact on the accumulation of iron in the body which will increase the severity of the infection. The administration of iron-chelation drugs is beneficial for Covid but on the other hand, it is contraindicated in Thalassemia patients.
Keywords: COVID-19; Infection; Preventable Death; Thalassemia

TLC Profiling and Phytochemical Screening of Various Extracts of Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr. from Kog Dong Keng Forest, Thailand - Sombat Appamaraka; Chadaporn Senakun; Surapon Saensouk (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Introduction: Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr. belongs to family Ochnaceae, and it is a traditionally important herb in Southeast Asia. The objective of this study was to investigate the phytochemical compounds of various extracts from six samples. Methods: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) of the hexane, dichloromethane and 70% ethanol extracts were performed for five important phytochemicals namely, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpene, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinone. Results: Terpene was found in all the samples that were extracted from all extracts, while cardiac glycosides and anthraquinone did not occur in all samples that were extracted from all extracts. Flavonoids were observed in all samples that were only extracted with dichloromethane, whereas it was found in some samples from the other extracts. The hexane extract compound was found in alkaloids in Garcinia cowa and Cryptolepis dubia, while the dichloromethane extract compound was discovered in Suregada multiflora, Capparis micracantha and Salacia chinensis. All samples extracted with 70% methanol did not contain any alkaloid compounds. Terpene was found in the hexane extracted compounds. Conclusions: These findings suggested that Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr. is a potent source of medicinal phytochemical compounds that could lead to its use as medicinal products.
Keywords: Flavonoids; Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr.; Phytochemical compounds; TLC

Toll Like Receptor 4 Expression Profile in Mice Infected Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Given with Miana Leaves Extract (Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth) (Tuberculosis Preventive and Curative Mechanisms) - Sesilia Rante Pakadang; St. Ratnah; Alfrida Monica Salasa; Jumain; Mochammad Hatta (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Introduction: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. During Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, pathogens modulate TLR-4 receptor flow signaling, suggesting possible involvement of TLR-4 in the regulation of the host immune response. This study aims to determine the effect of miana leaf extract on the expression of toll like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in tuberculosis mice at the preventive and curative stages. Methods: Mice were divided into 3 groups with 7x replication. Providing 14 days of preventive treatment, 14 days of incubation and 14 days of curative treatment. Group 1 and group 3 were given Miana Leaves Extract (EDM) and placebo at all three stages. Group 2 was given EDM at the preventive and incubation stages, then they were given anti-tuberculosis drugs (OAT). Results: The results proved that EDM given as a preventive did not increase the expression of TLR-4 protein in healthy mice; Changes in expression of TLR-4 protein in M.tb-infected mice before and after curative EDM increased by 17%, after administration of placebo increased 97% and decreased 12% after OAT curative administration; Changes in expression of TLR-4 protein in M.tb-infected mice before preventive administration and after EDM curative administration increased by 20%, after administration of placebo increased 102% and decreased by 10% after the curative administration of OAT. Conclusions: EDM has potential as antituberculosis with TLR-4 regulatory mechanism.
Keywords: Antituberculosis.; Miana Leaf; TLR-4

Total Phenolic, Flavonoids, and Carotenoids Content and Anti- Obesity Activity of Purslane Herb (Portulaca oleracea L.) Ethanol Extract - Rizqi Nur Azizah; Andi Emelda; Ira Asmaliani; Islamudin Ahmad; Muammar Fawwaz (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Objective: The current study aims to determine total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total carotenoid content (TCC) of ethanolic extract of Purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.). Material and Method: Herb of Purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.) was extracted using ethanol. Determination of total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total carotenoid content (TCC) The method used spectrophotometer UV-VIS by the used standard curve to compare the total content by linear regression calculation. Result: The results of this study demonstrated the TPC, TFC, and TCC value was 2.00 mg HE/g DW, 0.53 mg EQ/g DW, 128 mg GAE/g DW, respectively. For anti-obesity, a 200 mg/kg BW sample group had the greatest percentage decrease compared to the other groups (21.868%). Conclusion: This study showed that Purslane is a good source of flavonoids, phenolic, and carotenoids. Meanwhile, the ethanol extract of this plant has prospect potential as anti-obesity. Key words: Anti-obesity activity; Portulaca oleracea L.; Total phenolics, Flavonoids, Carotenoids content.

Total Polyphenols, Total Flavonoids, Antioxidant Activity and Inhibition of Tyrosinase Enzymes from Extract and Fraction of Passiflora ligularis Juss - Selvia Wiliantari; Raditya Iswandana; Berna Elya (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Background: Sweet granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss) grows in the cool highlands of Indonesia, one of which is the province of West Sumatera. Sweet granadilla has potent antioxidant activity and can inhibit the tyrosinase enzyme. Objective: This study was performed to determine content of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibition in different part of P. ligularis extract and fraction. Materials and Methods: Leaves, stems, peels and seeds P. ligularis were separately extracted by the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method using 70% ethanol. Then, the ethanol extract was fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and distilled water. The ethanol extract and active fraction were determining antioxidant activity using FRAP and DPPH method, inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme, total polyphenol and total flavonoid content. This study was equipped with analysis of light microscopy, SEM microscopy and LC-MS. Results: The highest total polyphenol content was found in the seed extract 176.22 ± 1.51 mg GAE/g extract and total flavonoid content was found in leaves extract 5.77 ± 0.48 mg QE/g extract. The highest antioxidant activity by FRAP method was found in seeds extract 80.79 ± 1.29 g Fe2SO4 equivalent/100 g extract and DPPH method was found in stem extract with IC50 value 9.00 ± 0.09. The highest percentage of tyrosinase inhibition (1 mg/ml) was found in seed extract 52.4 ± 2,55 %. In fraction of seed extract show that ethyl acetate fraction most active than others. Conclusion: These results indicate that ethyl acetate fraction of seed P. ligularis has potent antioxidants and good inhibition of the tyrosinase enzyme.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Passiflora ligularis Juss; Sweet granadilla.; Tyrosinase; Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)

Traditional Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Urological and Urogenital Diseases in Ethiopia: A Review - Kebede Feyisa; Wondu Feyisa; Ture Girma; Teyiba Kemal (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Introduction: Ethiopia is recognized as one of the richest biodiversity in Africa. The present review aimed to compile relevant information on medicinal plants traditionally used to manage urogenital diseases in Ethiopia. Methods: Different literatures published specifically on ethnobotanical use of medicinal plants in scientific journals, books, theses and proceedings were reviewed. Data from literatures were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) Version 20 and an Excel spreadsheet and reported using descriptive statistics, frequency, and percentage. Results: A total of 146 medicinal plants are reported in the reviewed literature. It was distributed in 127 genera and 64 families. Cucurbitaceae (7.51%), Asteriaceae (7.51%), Euphorbaceae (6.20%) and Apiaceae (4.80%) were family’s accounts of high number of species. A higher diversity of medicinal plants was reported from Southern nations and nationalities (44.5%), Oromia (41.1%) and Amhara (27.4%) regional states. The most frequently reported growth form of medicinal plants indicated in the review was herbs (46.8%), followed by shrubs (32.6%). Root (36.2%) and leaves (35.3%) were the most used parts. Decoction (26.1%), concoction (16.5%) and pounding (11.9%) were the most frequently reported remedy preparation methods and were administered orally. Conclusion: The present review indicated that urogenital diseases were managed with different medicinal plants throughout the regions of Ethiopian needed scientifically confirmed in order to produce safe and effective drugs from natural products.
Keywords: Ethiopia.; Ethnobotany; Medicinal plants; Traditional medicine; Urological diseases

Triterpenoids from Agathis robusta Aerial Parts and Their Hepatopotective Activity - Amal H. Ahmed; Shaza A. Mohamed (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Objective: While Agathis robusta contains important phytochemical constituents and has been linked to a variety of biological activities, there is currently insufficient research on the plant's total phytochemical constituents or pharmacological activity. Materials and Procedures: The aerial part of Agathis robusta was extracted with 70% methanol and was screened for new phytochemical components. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic data interpretation. The hepatoprotective activity of the isolated compounds was investigated. Results: Four known triterpenoids and two new compounds were isolated for the first time from the methanolic extract of the aerial parts of A. robusta. Conclusion: For the first time, new triterpenoidal saponins with high hepatoprotective activity have been isolated from the aerial portion of A. robusta. As a result, it is suggested that more emphasis be placed on this plant's biological behavior.
Keywords: Agathis robusta; Hepatoprotective activity.; Triterpenoid saponins

Uncover Itchy Leaves Ethnomedicine Usage: A Preliminary Study on Characterization and Bioactivity of Laportea Spp - Lukman La Basy; Djoko Santosa; Retno Murwanti; Triana Hertiani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Background: Laportea decumana (Roxb.) Wedd. and Laportea stimulans (L.f.) Miq. (Urticaceae) or itchy leaves are endogenous plants from The Maluku Islands, Indonesia, which are used topically as analgesics by local people. Objective: As part of a preliminary investigation on the itchy leaves, this study was conducted to provide information on their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, phytochemical profiles, and bioactivities according to the ethnomedicinal usages. Materials and Methods: The macroscopic examination was carried out on fresh leaves. The microscopic examination was carried out on leaf powder under a light microscope. The phytochemical analyses using TLC were conducted on those crude extracts and fractions. The bioactivity assays were conducted in vitro as Cox-2 inhibitory and DPPH radical scavenging activities. Results: reveal similar characteristics in the macroscopic and microscopic properties of both Laportea spp. leaves. Calcium oxalate crystals were observed in L. decumana but not found in L. stimulans. Both species have stomata with anisocytic type. More trichomes are found in the leaves of L. decumana, yet smaller and easily detachable. TLC analyses exhibited slightly different profiles. The crude extracts and fractions at 10 μg/ml showed similar inhibitory percentages on Cox-2. The DPPH scavenging activities of the crude extracts and fractions of L. decumana showed active moderate activity with an IC50 value < 250 μg/ml, while those of L. stimulans showed moderate to weak potency with an IC50 value < 500 μg/ml. Conclusion: Further exploration on Laportea spp. pharmacological activity is recommended to provide stronger evidence for its ethnomedicinal usage.
Keywords: Characterization; Cox-2 inhibitor; DPPH radical scavenging activity.; Itchy leaves; Laportea decumana (Roxb.) Wedd; Laportea stimulans (L.f.) Gaud; Phytochemical profiles

Utilization of Secondary Metabolites in Algae Kappaphycus alvarezii as a Breast Cancer Drug with a Computational Method - AF Dibha; S Wahyuningsih; ANM Ansori; VD Kharisma; MH Widyananda; AA Parikesit; MT Sibero; RT Probojati; AAA Murtadlo; JP Trinugroho; TH Sucipto; DDR Turista; et al. (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Breast cancer is one of the worst diseases that affect female people. Long-term treatment with therapy or surgery has a detrimental impact on the patient. The algae Kappaphycus alvarezii has gotten a lot of interest as a breast cancer medication because it contains chemicals that are expected to be anti-cancer. The objectives of this paper were to see how secondary metabolites in algae interact with the Nuclear Factor- kappaB protein kinase in breast cancer. The ligands and proteins were obtained from the PubChem and PDB websites, respectively. Swiss ADME was then used to assess the Pharmacokinetics and Drug likeness Properties. The last stage involved using molecular docking with PyRx and molecular dynamics to identify the interaction and visualization between the ligand and the target protein. The findings of the test revealed that the maraniol chemical had a superior binding capacity with NF kB protein kinase because it has a chromone group that controls transport efficiently in preventing breast cancer proliferation.
Keywords: Breast cancer; K. alvarezii; Molecular Docking.; NF kB protein kinase

Validation of Rosmarinic Acid Quantification using High- Performance Liquid Chromatography in Various Plants - Andiri Niza Syarifah; Herman Suryadi; Abdul Mun’im (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Introduction: Rosmarinic acid has been utilized in traditional medicine as antioxidant, antiinflammation, anticancer and antibacterial. In order to control the herbal quality, validation of rosmarinic acid determination using high-performance liquid chromatography was developed. The objective of this report was to validate an HPLC technique for assessing rosmarinic acid levels. and application that method to determine rosmarinic acid in Rosmarinus officinalis, Symphytum officinale, Mentha piperita, Orthosiphon stamineus and Salvia officinale. Methods: The chromatographic separation was carried out on a reversed-phase C18 column with a mobile phase of 0,1% formic acid and acetonitrile and an isocratic elution at a flow rate of 0,5 mL/min. The wavelength for detection was set to 330 nm. The method has been validated for precision, accuracy, linearity, limit of detection, and limit of quantitation. Result: The concentration response of the detector was linear, with a coefficient of determination of 0.9933. The HPLC technique had an accuracy of 101,00 ± 6,43%. The precision was 6,36% when expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV). The highest level of rosmarinic acid was 214,86 ± 0,60 μg/mL in Rosmarinus officinalis extract. Conclusion: The HPLC method was valid to analyse rosmarinic acid level. The method can be applied in routine determination of rosmarinic acid of phytopharmaceutical products. Key words: Rosmarinic acid, HPLC, Laminaceae Borraginaceae.

Vancomycin, Linezolid, and Ceftaroline In vitro Activity Against Methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolates - Eny Purwoningsih; Pepy Dwi Endraswari; Agung Dwi Wahyu Widodo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
MRSA-infected patients incur twice as many costs as MSSA-infected patients. Vancomycin, Linezolid, and, most recently, Ceftaroline are among Indonesia's several MRSA treatment options. Therefore, we sought to assess the efficacy of these three medications. The investigation was done at the Dr. Soetomo General Academy Hospital's Clinical Microbiology Laboratory in Surabaya. The bacterium ATCC 25923, ATCC 43300, MSSA clinical isolate, and MRSA clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus were studied. Vancomycin, Linezolid, and ceftaroline were administered at respective dosages of 1 MIC, 2 MIC, and 4 MIC. In addition, a time-kill test was performed, which consisted of counting the growth of colonies on solid media, generating a time-kill curve, and determining MBC. The number of colonies in the antibiotic groups at 4, 6, and 8 hours varied significantly, according to the study (Vancomycin, Linezolid, and Ceftaroline). In contrast, the number of bacteria did not differ significantly between Vancomycin and Linezolid until the fourth hour. Except at 6 and 24 hours, neither Vancomycin nor Ceftaroline significantly altered the number of bacteria. There was a significant difference in the number of colonies between Ceftaroline and Linezolid at 4, 6, and 8 hours. Vancomycin, Linezolid, and Ceftaroline against MSSA and MRSA isolates vary greatly.
Keywords: MRSA; MSSA; Time-kill curve

Viral Meningoencephalitis Patient with Comorbid Major Depression with Psychotic Symptoms: A Case Report - Maulana Farid Rizki; Paulus Sugianto; Margarita Maria Maramis; Soetjipto (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Viral meningoencephalitis causes meninges and brain parenchyma inflammation, thus provoking significant morbidity and mortality. Clinical features include neurological and psychiatric symptoms depending on the brain involved, mild symptoms such as fever, headache, neck stiffness, and confusion, or severe symptoms such as seizures, weakness, hallucinations, and coma. Therefore, the clinical diagnosis and treatment of such cases are challenging to make. This case report describes an adult male patient suffering from viral meningoencephalitis with comorbid major depression with psychotic symptoms. The patient requires holistic management of meningoencephalitis with comorbid depression and neuropsychiatric symptoms that may occur in the long term.
Keywords: Comorbid; Depression; Viral meningoencephalitis

Virgin coconut oil and tuberculosis: A mini-review - Fathul Djannah; Muhammad Nasrum Massi; Mochammad Hatta; Agussalim Bukhari; Irda Handayani; Muhammad Faruk; Anny Setijo Rahaju (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022)
Virgin coconut oil is widely promoted and used as healthy and beneficial oil. One of them is caused by antimicrobials. Caprylic, caproic acid, capric acid, lauric acid and tau glyceryl monolaurate are other VCO compositions. Furthermore, due to the non-heating manufacturing process, the content in VCO can reduce cholesterol levels of triglycerides, LDL, phospholipids, VLDL and increase HDL in blood serum. VCO consumption lowers the number of Mycobacterium tuberculosis colonies while increasing the conversion of BTA sputum. Until now, the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) disease was extremely high. VCO can be used as a supplement to help TB patients recover faster.
Keywords: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis; Virgin coconut oil

The Acute Toxicity of Ki Hampelas Leaves (Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq) - Rini Prastiwi; Ema Dewanti; Cut Mauliza; Ester Hidayati; Ita Anggraini; Riska Anggraini; Vera Ladeska (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Ki Hampelas (Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq) is a medicinal plant with antioxidant and nephroprotective activity. Objective: This research aims to prove that Ki Hampelas leaves extract through an acute toxicity test. Materials and Methods: This study used white male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain divided into four groups, the normal group and the 50 mg/ kg, 1000 mg/kg, 2000 mg/kg dose groups. For the acute toxicity test, a single dose with an observation of 14 days. After that, the surgery was done to see changes in the histopathology of the liver and kidneys. Results: The administration of Ki Hampelas leaf extract in the acute toxicity test did not cause death in the tested animals. There were no significant liver and kidney changes seen from the SGOT, SGPT, creatinine, urea, and histopathology. Conclusion: Ki Hampelas leaves extract did not cause death and toxic effects in the acute toxicity test.
Keywords: Acute toxicity; Ki Hampelas ( Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq); Kidney; Liver

ADMET Prediction and In silico Analysis of Mangostin Derivatives and Sinensetin on Maltase-Glucoamylase Target for Searching Anti-Diabetes Drug Candidates - Intan Kris Prasetyanti; Sukardiman; Suharjono (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex chronic disease with hyperglycemia, which is glucose levels above normal whose number of sufferers is increasing. By inhibiting the human maltase-glucoamylase enzyme which is included in the starch-digestion pathway are used to delay glucose production and thus aid in the treatment of type II diabetes. Aims and Methods: To analyze the potential of mangostin derivatives (alpha-mangostin, betamangostin, gamma-mangostin) and sinensetin as anti-diabetes through ADMET prediction and in silico tests against human maltase-glucoamylase targets using the docking method with miglitol was used as a control. Result: The ligands ɑ, β, γ-mangostin and sinensetin have good interactions with macromolecules and form hydrogen bonds also van der Waals on the macromolecule active side of human maltase-glucoamylase. Conclusion: The ADMET of mangostin derivatives (ɑ, β, and γ), and sinensetin can be predicted by the pkCSM online tool, and they showed good affinity on maltase-glucoamylase target compared to standard drugs like miglitol.
Keywords: Anti-diabetes; Maltase-glucoamylase; Mangostin derivatives; Molecular docking; Sinensetin

Alterations in Body Weight, Blood Glucose Levels, and Lipid Profiles in High-Fat Diet-Low Dose Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats - Raysa Y. Pratiwi; Berna Elya; Heri Setiawan; Atini Solawati; Rosmalena (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: New preventive and therapeutic strategies to treat Type 2 diabetes (T2D) continue to be pursued, the complexity of this disease makes it imperative to establish preclinical animal models which must provide accurate similarities to the pathogenesis of diabetes in humans. Making a diabetic animal model using rats with high-fat diet (HFD)-streptozotocin (STZ) induction is popular because it is relatively low cost and simple. Objectives: This study aims to analyse the changes in body weight, blood glucose, and lipid profiles that occur in diabetic rat models created by induction of HFD in combination with lowdose STZ. Methods: This study used forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-240 g). After the adaptation period, thirty rats were fed with HFD for 28 days (DM group), while the other ten rats continued to be fed with standard feed (NC group). After then, diabetes was induced to the DM group by low-dose STZ (35 mg/kg BW). The body weight of the rats was measured before and after diet manipulation periods. Blood samples were taken before and after STZ induction to determine lipid profiles and blood glucose levels. Results: During the diet manipulation period, the HFD group experienced a significantly greater weight gain, higher blood glucose levels, and cholesterol (TC) levels. After STZ injection, rats’ blood glucose levels, TC, and triglycerides significantly increased. Conclusion: HFD feeding combined with a low-dose STZ effectively work to mimic specific condition that is similar to T2D, and the stability of the experimental animal conditions remains constant for up to 6 weeks.
Keywords: Diabetes; Diabetic animal model; High-fat diet; Insulin resistance; Low-dose streptozotocin; Stable diabetes type 2 profile.

Amelioration of Cisplatin-Induced Kidney Injury by Pometia pinnata - Adrian; RA Syahputra; Sukirman Lie; SE Nugraha; PC Situmorang (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Cisplatin is one of the most effective anticancer drugs. But using cisplatin can cause very serious nephrotoxicity and acute kidney injury (AKI). Pometia pinnata (PE) or commonly referred to as matoa is a typical plant, especially Papua, Indonesia. Pometia pinnata belongs to the Sapindaceae family. This study aimed to determined the nephroprotective activity of the extract ethanol pometia pinnata on rats induced cisplatin. Methods: 30 rats are divided into six groups, each group were contained 5 rats. Group I was a normal group which rats only given CMC (carboxy methyl celluloce). Group II was a negative group which rats injected 7 mg / kgbw of Cisplatin in day 3. Group III was a positive group which rats given vitamin C 1% from day 1 to 7 and in day 3 rats were injected cisplatin. Group IV-VI were extract groups (100 mg / kgbb, 200 mg / kgb, 400 mg / kgbb) which rats orally given extract from day 1 to 7 and in day 3 rats were injected cisplatin. On day 8 rats were injected ketamine 1% which directly took the blood from the heart. Results: The result shows that EEPE on rats biochemical parameters including urea, creatinine, uric acid. Group II showed that there was a significant increase (p <0.05) compared to the normal group that was not given cisplatin and extracts. Whereas in the group given the extract in groups IV, V, and VI there was a reduction in biochemical parameters because the Pometia leaf extract had high antioxidant activity so that it had nephroprotective activity. extract ethanol pometia pinnata can reduced the level of sodium, potassium and chloride of each group after receiving cisplatin. Statistically group II that only given cisplatin has significantly different with group I (p<0,05) and also statically different with group VI (p<0,05).
Keywords: Cisplatin; Kidney injury; Pometia pinnata

Analysis of Heavy Metal Contents of Marsilea crenata Presl. Leaves and Soils from East Java Province, Indonesia - Mangestuti Agil; Hening Laswati; Neny Purwitasari; Burhan Ma’arif (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Marsilea crenata Presl. grows in East Java Province, Indonesia, and showed several pharmacological activities due to its phytoestrogen content. Research indicated its phytoremediation property, and therefore has an impact on heavy metal accumulation in the plants. Lead, cadmium, and mercury are amongst heavy metals that are toxic to the human body. This study aimed to determine and compare Pb, Cd, and Hg mineral contents of soils and leaves of the plants grew in Batu, Pasuruan, Surabaya, and Kediri cities in the province. Method: 10 g of dried powdered leaves and soils were put in separate crucible porcelains, and add 2ml of nitric acid. All were burnt in low heat until white smoke were not formed, and then stood to cool. Ashes obtained were examined using AA 6200 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). Result: Showed that leaves samples from the areas showed no Pb and Hg mineral contents that exceeded the permissible limit. Batu City leaf sample had Cd heavy metal content of 2.79 ± 0.01 ppm, which exceeded the permissible limit. Conclusion: Analysis of heavy metal contents of soils from all of the areas showed no exceed limit of Pb and Hg mineral concentrations. Cd soil contents of Surabaya and Kediri cities, were 0.73 ± 0.00 and 2.61 ± 0.08 ppm respectively.
Keywords: Aas; Clover; Phytoremediation

Analysis of Several Inflammatory Markers Expression in Obese Rats given Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng Ethanol Extract - Karnirius Harefa; Delmi Sulastri; Ellyza Nasrul; Syafruddin Ilyas (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Oxidative stress is one of the inflammatory events caused by obesity. This condition is characterized by an increase in various inflammatory markers, such as intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and a cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40). This study aimed to analyze the effect of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng ethanol extract on ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and CD40 in obese rats. Methods: The study used a pure experimental method with a completely randomized design. There were 6 groups, namely, C− (negative control), C+ (positive control), CMC (soluble control), EE300 (P. amboinicus ethanol extract, 300 mg/kg body weight [BW]), EE600 (P. amboinicus ethanol extract, 600 mg/kg BW) and EE900 groups (P. amboinicus ethanol extract, 900 mg/kg BW). Results: The results showed low levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in the blood plasma, especially in the EE900 group, but the difference was not substantial. The same trend also occurred in the expression of CD40 in the tunica intima layer of the rat aorta. Conclusions: Thus, the administration of 900 mg/kg BW P. amboinicus ethanol extract for 45 days has the potential to treat obesity in rats through the suppression of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers (ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and CD40).
Keywords: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; immunohistochemistry; Obese; Plant extract; Rats

Analysis of Three-Dimensional Protein Structure of CBAVD in Indonesia as a Basis for Immunotherapy to Ensure Maternal Health - Maslichah Mafruchati; Jonathan Makuwira (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Congenital Bilateral Advance Vass Deferens (CBAVD) is a birth defect characterized by azoospermia. Determine the protein structure by laboratory research was relatively difficult. The threedimensional structure of proteins is computationally analyzed as an excellent and cost-effective alternative to analyzing protein characteristics. Objective: This study has an objective to identify the three-dimensional protein structure of CBAVD in Indonesia so that it can be used to obtain drugs and immunotherapy. Method: This study uses method of DNA extraction, PCR, and sequencing in collecting the data sample. The data was analyzed using using expasy software and Swiss prot. Result: The results of this study were found 6 CBAVD proteins, four to three dimensional CBAVD protein structures and 2 CBAVD proteins that have not been identified by the three dimensional protein structure. Further studies of CBAVD protein are needed, especially those related to protein isolation and crystallography. Conclusion: The three dimensional protein can be used as immunotherapy to ensure the maternal health.
Keywords: CBAVD; Dimensional structure; Maternal health; Protein

Analyzing of Urine 3-Hidroxy Propil Mercapturic Acid on Cyclophosphamide Induced Rat to Determine Ameliorating Effect of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Seed Extract - Sri Wardatun; Yahdiana Harahap; Noorwati Sutandyo; Abdul Mun'im (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: A 70% ethanolic extract of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds contain a certain amount of sulfhydryl active compounds and potential for ameliorated cyclophosphamide side effects. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze of urine 3-hidroxy propil mercapturic acid (3-HPMA) in a rat model for cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis to determine the effect of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds extract. Materials and methods: The levels of urine 3-hidroxy propil mercapturic acid was measured using LCMS/MS. Urine preparation was carried out by dilution (1:5) with mobile phase and contained a deuteurated internal standard. The LC separation was performed using a C18 column (1.7 μm; 2.1 mm × 100 mm). The mobile phase consisted of formic acid (0.1%) and formic acid (0.1%) in acetonitrile (90:10 v/v), as a starting gradient at flow rate of 0.2 ml/min with total run 7 min. Results: The lower limit of quantification was 40 ng/ml and the linear extended to 20,000 ng/ml. The method has been successfully to be applied in determined of rat urine 3-HPMA. The results showed that the 70% ethanolic extract of seeds can increased the amount of 3-HPMA in rat urine. Conclusion: The 70% ethanolic extract of seeds displayed a potential ameliorating effect against cyclophosphamide side effects.
Keywords: 3-Hidroxypropil mercapturic acid; Cyclophosphamide; Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit; Urine.

Anatomical and Ultrastructure Differences Between Some Species of the Genus Elsholtzia Willd. of Flora of Ukraine - Liudmyla Zotsenko; Nataliia Nuzhyna; Viktoria Kyslychenko; Oksana Futorna (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Elsholtzia species are very popular in Chinese, Tibetan and Vietnamese folk medicine to treat several diseases. Despite the wide range of biological activity and the study of the chemical composition of individual species, the microscopic characteristics of plants of this genus are insufficiently studied. In the article the anatomical structure of two species Elsholtzia Willd. of flora of Ukraine is represented. The sources of literature provide only a morphological description of Elsholtzia stauntonii and Elsholtzia ciliate. We analyzed crosssections and ultrastructure of leaf blade, petiole, petal and stem, determined their anatomical features, and investigated the ultrastructure of seeds. We have compared the obtained data between this two species of this genus that grow on the territory of Ukraine under similar conditions. Methods: Microscopic analysis was carried out by the well-known methods using the microscope XSP-146TR and ImageJ program. Anatomical structure of Elsholtzia stauntonii Benth. and Elsholtzia ciliate Thun. are studied and main diagnostic features are highlighted. The ultrastructure of the surface of the epidermal tissue of leaves, stems and seeds were studied additionally, using scanning microscopy methods. Results: The diagnostic microscopic distinguishing features of E. ciliate raw material from E. stauntonii are: the presence of small glandular triсhomes, singly placed on the veins and the presence of long non glandular triсhomes on the central vein of abaxial side. Non glandular triсhomes of E. ciliate are three times longer compared to another investigated species. The presence of numerous triсhomes and massive clusters of stem sclerenchyma E. stauntonii can be considered additional taxonomic criteria for comparing the studied species. Conclusion: The practical significance of our research will use to develop of quality control methods for medicinal herbal raw material – «Herba Elsholtziae Stauntonii», «Herba Elsholtziae ciliate».
Keywords: Elsholtzia ciliate; Elsholtzia stauntonii; Leaf anatomy; Petal; Petiole; Stem

The Anthelmintic Activity of Cawat Anuman (Bauhinia Sp.) Leaves Against Ascaridia galli Worms - Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan; Ela Elisa; Eko Sri Wahyuni (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Traditionally, the people in Anik Hamlet usually use the Bauhinia sp. leaves as anthelimintic. Objective: The research was conducted to observe the anthelmintic activity of the ethanol extract of cawat anuman (Bauhinia sp.) leaves against Ascaridia galli by in vitro procedure. Methods: Group I was treated with NaCl 0.9% as the negative control, also group II and III were treated with cawat anuman leaves ethanol extract at dose of 25 mg/ml and 50 mg/ ml respectively, and group IV was treated with mebendazole at dose 5 mg/ml as the positive control. Results: Compared to the negative control, the ethanol extract of cawat anuman leaves has activity as an anthelmintic (p<0.05), moreover the potency of leaves extract at dose 50 mg/ml as anthelmintic against Ascaridia galli as strong as mebendazole at dose 5 mg/ml (p>0.05). Conclusion: It concluded that the ethanol extract of cawat anuman leaves at dose 50 mg/ml has anthelmintic potency as strong as mebendazole 5 mg/ml.
Keywords: Anthelmintic activity; Ascaridia galli; Bauhinia sp. Leaves

Antibacterial Activities of Cationic Porphyrins and Porphyrin Encapsulated Gold Nanorods on Bacterial Cell Lines - Hlapisi N; Maliehe TS; Oluwafemi OS; Songca SP; Linganiso L; Motaung TE (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Bacterial infections form part of the major causes of mortality and morbidity around the world more especially in developing and under-developed countries. Cationic porphyrins have been reported to display better efficacy in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy activity. The purpose of this study was to synthesise the cationic porphyrins; (TAP) and (TPyP) and evaluate their pharmacokinetics and metabolic interactions with the DNA gyrase subunit A. The antibacterial activity of the nano-conjugates was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25925), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 4352) using the micro-dilution assay without light. AutoDock Vina was used to assess the molecular interactions between ligands and the DNA gyrase subunit A. The SwissADME online tool was used to assess the pharmacokinetic properties of the nano-conjugates, while the ADMETlab online tool was used to assess the ability to inhibit the hERG gene, human hepatotoxicity and mutagenicity. The test nano-conjugates showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial strains with the MIC values in a range of 0.42 ± 0.1 to2.6 ± 0.7 mg/ml. The nano-conjugates revealed good molecular interaction with DNA gyrase subunit A with their binding free energy in the range of -8.3 to -8.7 kcal/ mol. They are predicted to be P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates, able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and non-inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isomers (CYP 2C19, CYP 2C9 and CYP 2D6). Both nanoconjugates have the potential to cause cardiotoxic and mutagenic effects but not hepatotoxic effects. The results show that the synthesized compounds have the potential as anti-bacterial PDT agents.
Keywords: Antimicrobial; Bacteria; Porphyrin

Antibacterial Activity of Papaya (Carica papaya) Leaf and Seed Extracts Against Some Selected Gram-Positive and Gram- Negative Bacteria - Eshetu Dagne; Beyene Dobo; Zufan Bedewi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Medicinal plants are well-known natural sources of remedies, used in the treatment of innumerable diseases since antiquity. Wide range of medicinal plant extracts are used to treat several infections as they have potential antimicrobial activity. Objectives: This study was aimed to investigate antibacterial activity of Carica papaya leaf and seed with different solvents against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. The leaves and seeds of Carica papaya were dried, powdered and extracted with 80% of Acetone, Ethanol, Methanol and water. Disc diffusion method was used for the antibacterial assay and measuring the zone of inhibition, and the MIC was determined by broth macro dilution method. Results: The highest percent yield of crude extract72.5% was obtained from Carica papaya leaf with Methanol, Ethanol and Acetone as solvents while, the lowest yield 24% was obtained from Carica papaya seed with Acetone extract. All Crude extracts from the different plant parts showed antibacterial activity. Accordingly, Carica papaya Seed with Ethanol extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity 14.3±1.2 (mm) against P. aeruginosa which was lower than standard antibiotic disc Ciprofloxacin with inhibition zone of 25.9 ±0.00 (mm), while the lowest inhibition of 3.8±0.5 (mm) was recorded from Carica papaya leaf with Ethanol crude extract against E. coli. The MIC of 12.5mg/ml was observed from Ethanol crude extract of Carica papaya seed on P. aeruginosa. Crude seed extract of Ethanol showed the highest antibacterial activity. The results of the antibacterial assay of the crude extract of Carica papaya (leaf and seed) with four different solvents showed zone of inhibition against all tested bacteria. However, among the plant parts of Carica papaya included in the current study, the seed of Carica papaya were found to be the best source of antibacterial agents. Conclusion: In this study, limited (only leaf and seed parts) of Carica papaya was tested for its antimicrobial activity. So, the same work should be carried out on different parts of Carica papaya plant like; bark, root, flower and fruits on antibacterial activities so, as to have a clear picture of the spectrum of antibacterial activity of the plant.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity; Bacterial pathogens; Carica papaya; Medicinal; MIC.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Ethanol Extracts of Some Plants Selected from South Jordan - Waleed Khaled Al ani; Ali Abdallah Alqudah; Khaled. A. Tarawneh (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Three Jordanian medicinal plants; Peganum harmala (P. harmala), Geropogon hybridus (G. hybridus), and Salvia officinalis (S. officinalis) were selected from Al-karak region in order to investigate their antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The crude extract yield of all used plants were varied from 10.6% in Salvia officinalis and 15.6% in P. harmala, to 18 % in G. hybridus. The antibacterial activity of these plants was carried out on four bacterial strain (S. aureus, E.coli, E. aerogenes and B. subtilis). These plant ethanol extracts have effects on the gram positive strains and gram negative bacteria except S. officinalis did not show activity against E. Coli. The minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of P. harmala S. officinalis and G. hybridus (MIC) ranged from 125 μg/ml to 500 μg/ml. The ethanol crude extract of G. hybridus gave 10 fractions using TLC method, fraction 1,3 and 10 exhibited antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains. Their total phenolic contents were evaluated; the highest total phenol content was observed in G. hybridus with 410 mgGAE/g plant extract followed by P. harmala and S. officinalis with 305 and 203.7 mg/g plant extract, respectively. The antioxidant activity was estimated by using DPPH method. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained with G. hybridus extract and found to be 0.89 mg Trolox/g plant extract. The lowest antioxidant activity was obtained with S. officinalis which was 0.53 mg Trolox/g plant extract. The lowest IC50 (highest antioxidant activity) was observed in G. hybridus with 0.83 mg/ml. Intermediate effect observed in P. harmala with IC50 1.1 mg/ml. The lowest antioxidant activity was obtained in S. officinalis with IC50 1.38 mg/ml.
Keywords: Antibacterial; Antioxidant; Ethanol extracts; Peganum harmala

Antibacterial Effectiveness of Morinda Citrifolia L. Extract on Salmonella Typhi Bacteria Using Serial Dilution Method with 15 - 60 Minutes Contact Time - Wawan Sofwan Zaini (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) contains phenol and flavonoid compounds which can function as natural antibacterials with the highest phenol content obtained from ripe Morinda citrifolia L. fruit. Phenolic compounds have been widely studied as disinfectants against broadspectrum antibacterials, namely Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the inhibitory power of ripe Morinda citrifolia L. extract against the growth of gastroenteritis-causing bacteria with the serial dilution method at concentrations of 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% with variations in a contact time of 15 ', 30', 45 'and 60'. Then proceed with a concentration of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% with the same variation in contact time. The results showed that all concentrations of ripe Morinda citrifolia L. extract and the variation in contact time could inhibit the growth of S.Typhi bacteria with a minimum inhibitory concentration at a concentration of 10% with a contact time of 15 minutes. It needs to be continued with a toxicity test before it is used in the community.
Keywords: Morinda citrifolia L.; S. Typhi; Serial dilution

Anti-Cancer Activity of Cayratia Auriculata Ethanolic Extracts Against Cancer Cell Line A549 An In Vitro Analysis - S Lalitha; D Anusha; Yogeshkumar Murkunde; Viji Devanand; K Maheshkumar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anticancer activity of ethanolic cayratia auriculata extracts using the A549 cell line MTT assay. Materials and Methods: Using Soxhlet apparatus, ethanolic extracts from cayratia auriculata were prepared. The cancer cells were exposed to 12.5, 25, 50 , 100 , 150, 200 μg / mL and incubated for 24 h at different concentrations. Compared with control, C. auriculata exhibited a cytotoxic effect. Results: At 150 and 200μg / ml concentrations, with 61 percent and 73.7 percent respectively, the highest cytotoxicity was identified. The findings show that cytotoxicity is directly proportionate to the concentration of the extract. IC50 of the ethanolic extract value of C. auriculata was found to be 102.9μg / ml against the A549 cell line. Conclusion: In the present analysis, C.auriculata ethanolic extract was shown to be a strong suppressant for cell division and proliferation. As for anti-tumor medicine, it can be a new source and can be effectively used as an immunological anti-malignant compound.
Keywords: Activity against cancer; Cell line cancer; Ethanol Extract; MTT Assay

Anticancer Activity of Micromeria fruticosa and Teucrium polium Growing in Lebanon - Mohammad Al-Hamwi; Maha Aboul-Ela; Abdalla El-Lakany; Salam Nasreddine (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
The anticancer activities of two Lebanese plant extract Micromeria fruticose (A) and Teucrium polium (B) and their fractions were tested against MCF7 and A549 cancer cell lines using MTT assay. Separation was carried out through column chromatography and TLC analysis. Results showed that both plants possess a promising and dose dependent inhibitory activity with IC50of extract A 28.52 and 26.47 μg/ml on MCF7 and A549 cells respectively, and that of extract B was 41 and 27.9 μg/ml on MCF7 and A549 cell lines, respectively. More interestingly, combination treatment with either extracts A or B and cisplatin, significantly boosted the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin against the two cancer cell lines. Further studies are recommended to determine the active components in both plants responsible for these activities and explore their interactions at molecular level.
Keywords: Nil

Anti-Cancer Potential of Nggorang Leaves Extract (Salvia Occidentalis SW.) as a Protein P53 Supressor in T47D Cells - Sisilia Teresia Rosmala Dewi; M Sabir; Sesilia Rante Pakadang; Sainal Edi Kamal; Santi Sinala (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in women. The high incidence of breast cancer has led to the development of anticancer drugs that are more selective against cancer cells without damaging normal tissues. One of the alternatives in cancer treatment by looking for natural sources that can be developed, Nggorang leaves (Salvia occidentalis Sw.). This plant is found in Tenda Village, Langke Rembong District, Manggarai Regency, NTT Province, when the leaves are harvested for one year and are used as medicine. As a preventive, this leaf has been used for generations as an anticancer (7 leaves boiled with 200 ml of water to 100 ml and then drunk), for wounded breast cancer (crushed leaves and attached to the wound); stamina enhancer, cough, influenza, hemorrhoids, diarrhea, nosebleeds (Primary data, 2014). This study aims to prove the potential of EDG (Nggorang Leaves Extract) as an antiproliferative against Hela cancer cells and protein P53 suppressor. The method used is the Quasy experiment, because this study uses laboratory tests in sample testing. The results of the cytotoxic test of Nggorang Leaves Extract have the potential to be anti-proliferative against cancer cells T47D IC50 at 201 ppm and Nggorang Leaves Extract (EDG) has the potential to increase p53 gene suppression in T47D cancer cells by 94.13% at a concentration of 50 ppm.
Keywords: Anticancer; Nggorang Leaves Extract (Salvia occidentalis Sw); Protein P53; T47D

Antidepressant-Like Behavioral and Spatial Memory Effects in Peruvian Red Maca (Lepidium meyenii)-Treated Rats - Roberto O Ybañez-Julca; Ivan M Quispe-Díaz; Daniel Asunción-Alvarez; Kelly Sánchez-Muñoz; Albert Vargas-Goñas; Jazminy Morote-Guzman; Ronald Yaro-Marcelo; Edmundo A Venegas-Casanova; Rafael Jara-Aguilar; Pedro Buc Calderon; Julio Benites (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Lepidium meyenii, known with the vernacular name of “Maca”, is a Brassicaceae family that has been widely used by Peruvian traditional medicine in cases of sexual dysfunction, memory loss, and several other diseases and pathologies. Objetive: The aim of the study was to test the potential effects of aqueous extract of Red Maca (AQ-RM) on antidepressant-like behavioral in male rats and spatial memory in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Methods: Forced swimming test was used to examine the potential antidepressant AQ-RM activity in male rats. Fluoxetine and amitryptiline were included as reference drugs. Morris Water Maze test was employed to examine the effect of AQ-RM on spatial memory in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Such effects were compared to exogenous estradiol administration. The potential role of oxidative stress on spatial memory loss was assessed by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in rats brain homogenates. Results: AQ-RM enhances swimming and climbing activities while reducing the time of immobility in male rats. Meanwhile, it prevents the decrease in the time spent in the target quadrant and displays higher values in the number of crossings in OVX-rats as compared to OVX-control rats. MDA levels in brain homogenates were decreased in OVX-rats receiving AQ-RM. Conclusion: Oral administration of AQ-RM has anti-depressive application in male rats; and increases the ability of learning and memory in OVX rats.
Keywords: Antidepressant activity; Forced swimming test; Lepidium meyenii; Morris water maze test; Red Maca; Spatial memory

Antidiabetic Activity and Phytochemical Constituents of Syzygium cumini Leave in Kadipaten, Central Java Indonesia, Indonesia - Zahra Fadhilah; Berna Elya; Heri Setiawan; Gumilar Adhi Nugroho; Febrika Wediasari; Eem Masaenah; Varda Arianti (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Ethnomedicaly, jamblang (java plum) has been used as antidiabetic treatment in Dayak Tribe. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and the safety of the jamblang leaf extract as an antidiabetic. Objective: Evaluate Effecticity of Syzigium cumini (java plum) as anti-diabetic herb. Method: The antidiabetic activity test, used an animal model which gaven food a high fat diet High Fat Diet (HFD) then it was induced with Streptozotocin injected intraperitoneally. The subjects used in the study were male rats (Ratus novergicus) Sprague-Dawley strain. Results: Oral administration of jamblang extract has anti hyperglycemic activity through decrease of fasting blood glucose point significantly (dose 1, 50mg/ Kg Bw p: <0.0001, dose 2, 100 mg/Kg BW p: <0.0001).
Keywords: Anti-hyperglicemic; Fasting blood glucose; Syzigium cumini

Antidiabetic Activity of Extract and Fractions of Castanopsis costata Leaves on Alloxan-induced Diabetic Mice - Maulana Yusuf Alkandahri; Dani Sujana; Dadang Muhammad Hasyim; Mareetha Zahra Shafirany; Lela Sulastri; Maya Arfania; Dedy Frianto; Farhamzah; Anggun Hari Kusumawati; Nia Yuniarsih (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: In North Sumatra, Castanopsis costata is commonly used by traditional practitioners for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, however, no studies have been carried out to substantiate this practice. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of extract and fractions of C. costata leaves in mice with alloxan-induced diabetes. Methods: Swiss albino mice with alloxan-induced diabetes, were acquired and subjected to the experimental evaluations. Subsequently, the fasting blood glucose levels of the diabetic mice groups treated with glibenclamid, extract and fractions, as well as the untreated group, were evaluated after two weeks of therapy. Results: Based on the results, the ethanolic extract of C. costata considerably reduced the mice’s blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner, at dosages of 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kgBW (% DBGL: 21.10%, 46.36%, 58.94%, and 60.93%, respectively). In addition, the water fraction of C. costata leaves produced a greater reduction in blood glucose levels (% DBGL: 78.93%), compared to the ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions (% DBGL: 67.06% and 58.83%), respectively. Meanwhile, treatment with the antidiabetic drug, glibenclamide (5 mg/kgBW) produced a 50.75% reduction in blood glucose levels. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the extract and fractions of C. costata leaves were concluded to exhibit significant anti-diabetic activity. This supported the claim that traditional practitioners in North Sumatra use the plant extract for diabetes treatment.
Keywords: Antidiabetic activity; Castanopsis costata; Diabetes mellitus; North Sumatra.

Antidiabetic Activity of the Leaf Extract of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack. in Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Model - Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan; Agus Astuti (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: One of the medication attempts in diabetes mellitus is by utilising plants that are potent as an antioxidant. Eurycoma longifolia Jack. known as “Longjack” in English, is a medicinal plant and reportedly effective as an antioxidant. Objectives: This study was aimed to examine the antidiabetic effectiveness of ethanol extract of longjack leaf in diabetes mellitus rats. Methods: This study used the total of 24 male white rats which were grouped into four. The normal and the negative control groups were administrated with CMC-Na 0.5% dose 2 ml/200 g body weight; one group was administrated with ethanol extract of longjack leaf dose 176.4 mg/200 g body weight; and the positive control group was administrated with glibenclamide dose 0.09 mg/200 g body weight. Before the extract administration, all of the experimental animals were prior induced into diabetic condition with streptozotocin-nicotinamide. Results: The levels of blood glucose and malondialdehyde in rats after the 14-day extract treatments were 78.73 mg/dl and 1.13 nmol/ml, respectively in the normal control group; 285.84 mg/dl and 10.03 nmol/ml were in the negative control group; 156.77 mg/dl and 3.86 nmol/ml in the group with the administration of ethanol extract of longjack leaf; and 148.63 mg/dl dan 3.64 nmol/ml in the group of glibenclamide administration (p<0.05). The reduction of blood glucose and malondialdehyde levels in the groups of ethanol extract administration of longjack leaf dose 176.4 mg/200 g body weight was similar to the glibenclamide administration dose 0.09 mg/200 g body weight. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of longjack leaf was effective as an antidiabetic.
Keywords: Blood glucose level; Diabetes mellitus; Eurycoma longifolia Jack. leaf.

Anti-diabetic Activity of the Red Dragon Fruit Peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus) in Ethanol Extract against Diabetic Rats - Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan; Novitasari (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: The red dragon fruit peel, which is rarely used in general, contains higher antioxidant properties compared to the flesh parts and has various secondary metabolites utilised in medicines. Objectives: This study was aimed to determine the effects of ethanol extract administration of the red dragon fruit peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus) against the decline of blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus rats. Methods: In this study, the total of 24 male white Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) were divided into 4 groups. All experimental animals were induced to diabetic conditions by the administration of streptozotocin and nicotinamide dosages at 45 mg/kg body weight and 110 mg/kg body weight, respectively. For 14 days, each group was treated accordingly. The first group or negative control (NC) was treated with the administration of CMC-Na 0.5% dose 2 ml/200 g body weight; the second group or positive control (PC) was administrated with glibenclamide dose 0.09 mg/200 g body weight; the third (E1) and fourth (E2) groups were administered with the ethanol extracts of the red dragon fruit peels at dosages of 37.44 mg/200 g body weight and 74.88 mg/200 g body weight, respectively. Results: After the 14-day trial, the average levels of blood glucose on the negative control group (382.92 mg/dl) experienced no decline, and the blood glucose levels amongst groups were statistically different (p<0.05). Conclusion: The anti-diabetic activity of the red dragon fruit peel in the ethanol extract dose 74.88 mg/200 g body weight is statistically equal to the glibenclamide dose 0.09 mg/200 g body weight.
Keywords: Antidiabetic activity; Diabetic rats; Hylocereus polyrhizus

Antihypertensive Effects of Osteospermum Imbricatum in Two Hypertensive Rat Models - Charlotte Mungho Tata; Constance Rufaro Sewani-Rusike; Olukayode Aremu; Opeoluwa Oyehan Oyedeji; Benedicta Ngwenchi Nkeh-Chungag (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Osteospermum imbricatum is used traditionally in Eastern Cape, South Africa for the management of hypertension, chest and stomach complaints. This study was aimed at investigating the antioxidant and antihypertensive effects of this plant. Methods: Antioxidant capacity was determined by radical scavenging assays and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Antihypertensive effects after once off treatment with the leaf/root extracts (500 mg/kg) were evaluated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The effect of the extracts on established hypertension was determined in Wistar rats treated with Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (40 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks followed by co-treatment with L-NAME and extracts (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) or amlodipine (5 mg/kg) or normal saline for 4 more weeks. Results: The concentration at which there was 50 % inhibition (IC50) of DPPH radical by the extracts was lower for the leaf extract (0.79 mg/mL) compared to the root extract (1.15 mg/mL). The leaf extract significantly (p<0.01) decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressures in both rat models. Conclusion: The extracts of Omsteospermum imbricatu have moderate antioxidants and antihypertensive properties.
Keywords: Antioxidants; High blood pressure; Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; Spontaneously hypertensive rats

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cinnamon Bark Oil (Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees & T. Nees) Blume from Lombok Timur Indonesia - Budiastuti; Rosy Dwi Nurcholida; Riesta Primaharinastiti; Sukardiman (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Research related to alternative medicine from natural ingredients that can relieve the effects of inflammation is important, especially to reduce the unwanted side effects of antiinflammatory drugs. Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees & T. Nees) Blume is a native Indonesian species which contains essential oils and reported for its anti-inflammatory effect. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the metabolite profile and anti-inflammatory effect of essential oil from the bark of C. burmannii (CBO) from Lombok Timur Regency. Methods: The metabolite profile of CBO was determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectra (GCMS). The anti-inflammatory test was conducted used male Wistar rats. A total of 30 male rats were divided into 5 groups, each group consisting of 6 rats. Rats were injected with carrageenan 1%/100μl/paw which had previously been given oral CBO at a dose of 30, 60, 90 mg/kg BW. Paw swelling was measured at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours after injection. The volume of edema was measured and the animals were sacrificed. The left leg was cut and preserved as material for Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) preparations. The variables taken were the percentage of inhibition edema, the number of inflammatory cells by HE and the amount of TNF-α by IHC staining. Results: The results showed that there was a difference between negative control and positive control in the number of inflammatory cells and TNF-α observed in rat’s paw edema. The number was less in the positive control. Likewise, when administering CBO (60 mg/kg BW and 90 mg/kg BW) the number of inflammatory cells and TNF-α was lower than the negative control. Conclusion: It can be concluded that CBO from Lombok Timur can be used as a natural anti-inflammatory agent.
Keywords: Cinnamomum burmannii; Immunohistochemical staining; Inflammatory cells; Metabolites profile; TNF-α

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) Plant Extract on Topical Application - Afriwardi; Rahmatul Nazmi; Dwisari Dillasamola; Elsa Badriyya; Yufri Aldi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) is traditionally known to have many benefits, including anti-inflammatory. Aims: This study aimed to determine the activity of ethanol extract of Pegagan Embun as an anti-inflammatory using the granuloma pouch method. Methods: This experiment used 25 male white mice and were divided into five groups, namely, the positive control group, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract group with concentration 0.5%; 1%; 2%, and the comparison group that given Kaltrofen® gel containing 2.5% ketoprofen. Experimental animals were given carrageenan 2% to induced the inflammation subcutaneously. The dosage form was given as much as 0.2 g topically for four days once a day. Results: Based on the results of one-way ANOVA analysis and Duncan's test, there were significant differences in exudate volume and total leukocytes (p<0.05) in the positive control group, extract with concentration 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and the comparator. While the percentage of leukocyte cells showed that they were not significantly different (p>0.05), the number of neutrophil cells decreased. Conclusion: From the overall data obtained, it can be concluded that the extract of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. at concentration 0.5 %; 1%; 2%, has an anti-inflammatory effect.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Exudate; Gel; Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.; Ketoprofen; Leukocytes

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Methanol Extract, Hexane, Ethyl Acetate, and Butanol Fraction of Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav Leaves on Lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 Cells - Nilda Lely; Helmi Arifin; Yufri Aldi; Fatma Sri Wahyuni (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav is a traditional Indonesian plant that is empirically used to treat various diseases. Several studies have stated that Piper crocatum leaves extract has anti-inflammatory effects. Piper crocatum leaves contain different secondary metabolites alkaloids, flavonoids, tannin-polyphenols, steroids, terpenoids, and saponins. The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of Piper crocatum leaves extract and fraction on the production of nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharideinduced RAW 264.7 cells. Anti-inflammatory effect of methanol extract of Piper crocatum leaves (MEPC), n-hexane fraction of Piper crocatum leaves (HFPC), ethyl acetate fraction of Piper crocatum leaves (EAFPC), and n-butanol fraction of Piper crocatum leaves (BFPC) against RAW 264 cell macrophages, 7 Lipopolysaccharide-induced (LPS). Extraction of Piper crocatum leaves was the maceration method. Cell viability was determined by the MTT method in the concentration range of 12.5;25;50;100;200 ug/ mL. The anti-inflammatory effects of MEPC, HFPC, EAFPC and BFPC were tested against nitric oxide (NO) production inhibition in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. NO levels were determined by the NO Colorimetric Assay Kit as measured by the ELISA plate reader. The viability test of MEPC, HFPC, EAFPC, and BFPC from Piper crocatum leaves showed the concentrations that gave the percentage of viability above 80% were concentrations of 100, 50, and 25 g/mL. MEPC, HFPC, EAFPC, and BFPC at concentrations of 100, 50, 25 μg/mL could significantly inhibit NO production with p<0.05 (p=0.000). The highest NO production inhibition effect was on EAFPC. MEPC, HFPC, EAFPC, and BFPC have antiinflammatory effects, with the highest effect on EAFPC.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory Effect; LPS; Nitric oxide; Piper crocatum

The Anti-Malarial Effect of Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland ex Correa Extract Using Malaria Mice Model Infected with P. berghei - Prawesty Diah Utami; Herin Setianingsih; Indira Firdha Syafitri; Rico Pratama Wiyono (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Malaria is a re-emerging disease that still causes high morbidity and mortality rates. Reports of malaria therapy, encouraging studies to find new therapies based on plants and adjuvant in malaria infection. Thespesia populnea or portia tree leaf extract is a plant that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal effects. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of Thespesia populnea leaf extract as antimalarial levels, and and its effect on hemoglobin levels in BALB/C mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA). Methods: The study was true experimental laboratories using post-test only group design. Using 27 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: Group with aquades (G1), Group received Chloroquine (G2), and Group with 200 mg/kg bw of Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland ex Correa extract and Chloroquine (G3). The degree of parasitemia was observed serially from the first day to the fourth day. Observation of the number of leukocytes and hemoglobin on the fourth day after the mice were terminated. Results: The results of statistical analysis showed that the administration of Thespesia populnea leef extract 200 mg/kg bw with chloroquine had the effect of decreasing the degree of parasitemia and increasing hemoglobin significantly than G1 group, but there was no significant difference with G2 group, although descriptively there were differences. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that Thespesia populnea or portia tree leaf extract has an anti-malarial effect and can also significantly prevent anemia.
Keywords: BALB/C; Hemoglobin; Malaria; Parasitemia; Thespesia populnea extract

Antimicrobial Effect of Different Types of Honey on Selected ATCC Bacterial Strains - Aseel Aljaghwani; Khaled S Allemailem; Lujain F Aljaghwani; Faris Alrumaihi; Rejo Jacob Joseph; Amjad Ali Khan; Mohammad aljaghwani; Arshad H Rahmani; Ahmad Almatroudi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Honey is a complex sweet highly viscous liquid and is composed of various ingredients such as sugar, proteins, minerals, and polyphenolic compounds. Honey is used in traditional medicine systems for centuries because of its ability to inhibit the pathogenesis of various diseases through modulating various biological activities. In this study, antimicrobial potential of different types of honey was tested against selected pathogenic bacterial strains through agar well diffusion method. Four types of honey were used in the present investigation, and the potential antimicrobial activities of these varieties were further compared with that of antibiotics commonly used against targeted microbial strains. Among all of the four tested honey, three types were classified as blossom honey, being Talha (Acacia sp) honey (TH), Zahoor (mixed flower) honey (ZH), and Manuka (Leptospermum based honey) honey (MH). Both gram positive and gram negative bacterial species were used for this investigation. The pathogenic gram-positive bacterial strains includedEscherichia coli ATCC 29213, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRSA) ATCC 43300. Three gram negative bacteria like Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 700603 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 were also used to confirm the antimicrobial activities. As reflected from our study, we found that three varieties of honey including TH, ZH, and MH (with different UMF +20, +16, +5) displayed a broad spectrum antibacterial activity against all tested microbial strains. However, all strains showed a high frequency of resistance to BF honey. Gram-positive (G+) bacteria were found to be more sensitive to all tested honey types except (BF) as indicated by significantly higher zone of inhibition (ZOI) values than those of gram-negative (G-) bacteria. As a conclusion, this study suggests that antimicrobial potential of honey types might be helpful in order to treat the pathogenic microorganisms threatening the public health and changing antibiotics into last-resort drugs.
Keywords: Enterococcus faecalis; Staphylococcus aureus; Talha honey; Zahoor honey and Manuka honey

Antimicrobial Efficacy, Cytotoxicity, Acute Oral Toxicity, and Phytochemical Investigation of the Aqueous and Methanolic Stem Bark Extracts of Bridellia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill - Joseph M Kathare; James M Mbaria; Joseph M Nguta; Gervason A Moriasi; Alfred O Mainga (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Microbial infections cause high morbidity and mortality in humans globally. Antimicrobial resistance, emergence of new strains, high costs of antibiotics, inaccessibility-especially in remote areas, and adverse effects, impede successful eradications of pathogens, hence the need for novel strategies. Bridellia micrantha is used in traditional medicine to treat microbial infections; however, it has not been empirically validated. Methods: Antimicrobial activity of the aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of Bridellia micrantha was investigated using the disk diffusion and broth microdilution techniques, described by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The brine shrimp lethality assay technique was used to investigate the cytotoxic effects of the studied plant extracts in exposed nauplii. Acute oral toxicity effects of the studied plant extracts in Winstar rats were investigated following the up-and-down procedure described by the Organisation for Economic Development and Co-operation (OECD). Qualitative phytochemical screening was performed following standard procedures. Results: The aqueous and methanolic extract of B. micrantha indicated varied antimicrobial activities against E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. aureus, and C. albicans, with inhibition zones ranging from 6.00mm to 19.00mm. Furthermore, the studied plant extracts exhibited low MIC values (≤100 μg/ml) on selected microbes. Since the MIC values were much lower than 1000μg/ml (the cutoff for antimicrobial efficacy appraisal), it is anticipated that, the studied plant extracts can be strong antibiotics. The aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of B. micrantha were cytotoxic to brine shrimp nauplii, with LC50 values of 486.67±3.15 μg/ml and 458.33±2.87 μg/ml, respectively; however, these extracts did not elicit any observable signs of toxicity in rat models. Pharmacologically active phytochemicals, including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenols, and anthraquinones were detected in the two studied extracts. Conclusions: The aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of B. micrantha have appreciable antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. aureus and C. albicans. Besides, the studied plant extracts are cytotoxic to brine shrimp nauplii; but they do not cause acute oral toxicity effects in rat models. Additionally, the studied plant extracts contain bioactive phytochemicals, with antimicrobial activity.
Keywords: Brine shrimp lethality Assay; Median lethal concentration (LC50); median lethal dose (LD50); Minimum inhibitory concentration; Zone of Inhibition

Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Identification of Annona Squamosa Leaves Methanolic Extracts - Mustanir; Nurdin; Binawati Ginting (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
The antioxidant activity of Annona squamosa (A. squamosa) leaf was carried out using methanol extract and fractionated extract namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate and residue. The antioxidant activity of methanol extract and fractionated was performed using the 1-diphenyl-2-Pycrilhydrazil (DPPH) method. The antioxidant activity test of methanol extract and fractionated n-hexane, ethyl acetate and residue yielded IC50 of 6.87, 169.99, 31.55 and 44.75 ppm. The ethyl acetate fraction extract with IC50 31.55 ppm was performed by column chromatography using silica gel G60 as the stationary phase and n-hexane: ethyl acetate as the mobile phase. The results of column chromatography obtained 181 fractions and were combined based on the stain pattern into 4 subfractions. Antioxidant test of each subfraction showed that the ASE 3 subfraction had the strongest antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the subfraction was analyzed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). According, GC-MS data analysis showed that the third subfraction contained 19 phytochemical compounds, where 3 compounds having the highest concentration, namely 4,4'-((p-Phenylene)diisopropylidene) diphenol, dodecanoic acid, methyl ester and phthalic acid, isobutyl 2-methylpent-3-yl ester.
Keywords: Annona squamosa; antioxidant activity; GC-MS.; Plant extract

Antioxidant Activity of Methanol Fractions Stem Bark of Kayu Sarampa (Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roen)) - Fitri Santy Budiarso; Berna Elya; Muhammad Hanafi; Andy Howard Limengan; Ratika Rahmasari (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Methanol extract of X. moluccensis was found to be significantly effective in scavenging DPPH method. Therefore, this research is a follow-up research study from Budiarso et al (2020).. The methanol extract was then fractionated and tested for antioxidant activity. Objective: To assess antioxidants activity of methanolic fractions from stem bark of Kayu Sarampa. Method: The Stem bark was extracted with Reflux method using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as solvent. The methanolic extract was fractionated using a chromatographic column were subjected to the antioxidant activity assay by the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. Results: F3 Fractions IC50 of X. moluccensis exhibits the highest DPPH scavenging activity compared with F2, F3, ascorbic acis as control positif, F5, and F4, wich are 4.64, 6.79, 9.69, 10.49, and 227.44 respectively and Ferric reducing power from methanolic fraction of X. moluccensis stembark F3 exhibits higher antioxidant power compared to F2, F1, F5, ascorbic acid and F4, respectively which are 667.8 μmol/gr, 607.8 μmol/gr, and 573.8 340.48 and 309.8 μmol/gr, respectively
Keywords: Antioxidant.; DPPH; FRAP; Kayu Sarampa

Antioxidant and Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitor Screening of Merremia peltata L. as Potential Traditional Treatment for Diabetes Mellitus - Bannan Muthi'atul Af-idah; Muhammad Hanafi; Berna Elya (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Merremia peltata is ethnomedicine plant used as traditional medicine in Sulawesi, Sumatra, Maluku and Papua. M. peltata is used for diabetic. Diabetes mellitus therapy with inhibit activity of alpha glucosidase enzyme could delay absorption of monosaccharides after a meal and interrupt glucose transport into the circulation. Objective: This research purpose is to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity and alpha glucosidase enzyme inhibitor leaves and stem extract of M. peltata. Method: The Stem and leaves of M. peltata were extracted sequentially using the UAE method using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as mobile phase/solvent. The M. peltata extracts were subjected to the antioxidant activity assay by the DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP method. Antidiabetic activity was determined by an enzymatic alpha glucosidase inhibitor. Result: The extract which had best performance in antioxidant activity was stem ME with value of IC50 in DPPH 47.41 μg/mL and total antioxidant power 340.04 μmol/g. This study showed that leaves and stem extract of M .peltata have potential alpha glucosidase inhibitors for diabetic therapy. Stem ME had the best activity with IC50 value 47.44 μg/mL, almost two times better than acarbose as a positive control (IC50 = 98.38 μg/mL). Leaves ME, leaves EA, and stem EA also give better activity of alpha glucosidase inhibitors than acarbose with IC50 value 67.24 μg/mL, 69.38 μg/mL, and 72.85 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: M. peltata has potential antioxidant and alpha glucosidase inhibitor activity for diabetic therapy.
Keywords: Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; Antidiabetic; Antioxidant; Merremia peltata

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Bioassay on Blumeodendron toxbrai (Blume.) Stem Bark Hexane, Dichloromethane, and Methanolic Ekstract - Andreas Susilo Adi; Berna Elya; Muhammad Hanafi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Blumeodendron toksbraii has the potential to be anti-HIV and anti α-glucosidase. Objective: This research was conducted to examine the effects of antioxidant and cytotoxicity in vitro from these compounds from methanolic stem bark extract. Method: Stem bark to be extracted with maceration using hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol solution. Extracts were quantified with respect to in vitro antioxidant activity using the 2.2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging. Anticytotoxic activity was determined by cytotoxicity assay using MCF-7 cell line with Alamar Blue method. Results: The observed IC50 value from hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol extract for antioxidant assay were 88.33 ± 0.19 μg/ mL, 74,54 ± 0,61 μg /mL and 94.1 ± 0.19 μg/mL respectively. IC50 value of anti-cytotoxic assay from hexane extract, dichloromethane and methanol extract is 121.24 ± 0.15 μg/mL, 55 ± 0,48 μg/mL and 70.71 ± 0.15 μg/mL. Conclusion: dichloromethane extract showed good promising result for anti-oxidant and cytotoxic assay, futher study needed to isolate compound from this plant.
Keywords: Anticytotoxic DPPH; Antioxidant; Blumeodendron toksbraii; Cancer; MCF-7

Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity of Ethanol Extract of Annona cherimola Mill. On Paracetamol-Induced Liver Toxicity in Rats - Carmen R. Silva-Correa; Víctor E. Villarreal-La Torre; José L. Cruzado-Razco; William Antonio Sagástegui- Guarniz; María V. González-Blas; Anabel D. González-Siccha; Abhel A. Calderón-Peña; Cinthya L. Aspajo- Villalaz; Luz M. Guerrero-Espino; Jorge Del Rosario-Chávarri; Julio Hilario-Vargas (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Annona cherimola Mill. (A. cherimola) is mainly characterized by its antioxidant and cytoprotective properties due to their content of phenolic compounds. Objective: To evaluate antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extract of leaves from A. cherimola against induced toxicity by paracetamol in rats. Methods: Amount of total phenolics compounds of ethanol extract of A. cherimola Mill. was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH method. Three doses of the ethanol extract of leaves of A. cherimola (250, 500 and 750 mg/Kg/day) were administered to rats and it was evaluated biochemical blood parameters: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured, liver tissue was removed for histopathological analysis. Results: Ethanol extract of leaves from A. cherimola had 41.26 mg GAE/g extract and antioxidant DPPH Scavenging Activity had 85.51%. A. cherimola reduced blood levels of ALT, AST and ALP, compared to control group Paracetamol, ethanol extract, being more effective at doses of 750 mg/Kg/day. Histopathological evaluation suggested that A. cherimola decreased hepatic necrosis and degenerative process induced by paracetamol. Conclusions: Hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extract of leaves of A. cherimola was demonstrated, being hepatoprotective activity dose dependent and the mechanism may involve antioxidant activity and total polyphenols found in extract of this plant.
Keywords: Antioxidants; DPPH; Liver; Paracetamol; Rat

Antioxidant, Anti-quorum Sensing and Cytotoxic Properties of the Endophytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa CP043328.1 's Extract - L S Ngidi; C I Nxumalo; J S Shandu; T S Maliehe; K Rene (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Novel bioactive compounds are in high demand to combat challenges of microbial resistance. In recent years, secondary metabolites from endophytic bacteria have drawn attention from researchers due to their novel structures and significant biological activities. Objective: This study aimed at extracting secondary metabolites from endophytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa CP043328.1 from Anredera cordifolia leaves for their biological activities. Methods: The anti-SMASH was used to predict the biosynthetic gene clusters of P. aeruginosa CP043328.1. The bacteria was resuscitated on Nutrient agar. Ethyl acetate was used to extract the secondary metabolites. Chemical composition of the secondary metabolites was evaluated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2, 2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods were used to analyze the scavenging activity. Anti-quorum sensing activity was investigated using Chromobacterium violacuem ATCC 12472 as the biological indicator. Cytotoxicity assay was performed using a tetrozolium-based columetric (MTT) assay. Results: The bacterium has 12 gene clusters that encode for secondary metabolites. The extract revealed 15 volatile constituents with diisooctyl phthalate (50.51%) and [1, 2, 4] oxadiazole, 5-benzyl-3 (10.44%) being the major compounds. The extract revealed scavenging capabilities with IC50 of 0.625 mg/ml for DPPH and 0.15 mg/ml for ABTS. It displayed anti-quorum sensing activity with 88% violacein inhibition at 3.31 mg/ml. According to MTT assay, the extract was found to be safe for use up to 2000 μg/mL. Conclusion: P. aeruginosa CP043328.1 shows a potential use as a source of pharmacologically important metabolites.
Keywords: Anti-quorum sensing activity; antioxidant activity; Chemical composition; Cytotoxicity assay; Pseudomonas aeruginosa CP043328.1

Antioxidant Capacity and Protective Effect of Aqueous and Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Senecio rhizomatus Rusby "Llancahuasi" on Erythrocytes Subjected to Oxidative Stress - Justil-Guerrero Hugo Jesús; Chávez-Flores Juana Elvira; Cárdenas-Orihuela Robert Armando; Ramos- Jaco Antonio Guillermo; Ñañez-del-Pino Daniel; Vásquez-Quispe Ángel David; Rojas-Cardenas Nathalie Felicita; Fernández-Flores Nélber (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Objective. To evaluate the antioxidant capacity and protective effect of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of Senecio rhizomatus Rusby in rat erythrocytes subjected to oxidative stress with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Methodology. This study used an experimental design. The extracts were obtained through maceration with 96° ethanol (SeR96), 70° ethanol (SeR70), 50° ethanol (SeR50) and through infused water (SeRAc). Secondary metabolites were identified through colorimetric reactions and precipitation. In each extract, we could determine the capacity to eliminate 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), the reduction of ferric ion and the total polyphenol content. In addition, the activity on the plasma membrane redox system (PMRS) was evaluated in each extract. The protection against oxidative stress in erythrocytes was evaluated by determining the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Results. Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, sesquiterpene lactones and sugars were identified in all the extracts. The total polyphenols content showed a correlation with the reduction of ferric ion (r=0.885) and with DPPH radicals elimination (r = -0.899), where the one with the highest antioxidant capacity was SeR50. Thus, the SeR50 (all concentrations) and SeR70 (100 μg/mL concentration) significantly increased the PMRS activity compared to the control group. After inducing oxidative stress in erythrocytes, all the extracts maintained the GSH level and inhibited MDA formation significantly compared to the H2O2 group. Conclusion. The antioxidant capacity of hydroalcoholic extracts (96°, 70°, 50°) and aqueous infusion of Senecio rhizomatus Rusby is related to the content of polyphenols. They increase the plasma membrane redox system activity in rat erythrocytes and protect them from oxidative stress induced with H2O2, showing an increase in the concentration of reduced glutathione and a decrease in malondialdehyde.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Lipoperoxidation; Plasma membrane redox system; Reactive Oxygen Species; Reduced glutathione

Antioxidant Capacity of Chuquiraga Spinosa Less. "Huamanpinta" and Prevention of Carrageenan-Induced Inflammation in Mice - Hugo Jesús Justil-Guerrero; Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo; Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas; Miriam Palomino- Pacheco; Magaly Villena-Tejada; Wilmer Atilio Segura Vílchez (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant capacity of Chuquiraga spinosa extracts and prevention of carrageenan-induced inflammation in mice. Methodology: Experimental design: plant species, erythrocytes and male BALB C53 mice, were considered as biological material. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated in 50%, 70%, 96% and aqueous ethanolic extracts by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl reduction, malondialdehyde inhibition in oxidized erythrocytes with H2O2 and correlating with polyphenol content equivalent to gallic acid/gram dry extract. Inflammation was evaluated by inoculating carrageenan 2% in "subcutaneous air bag" of mice: 1) White, 2) carrageenan, 3) dexamethasone 2 mg/kg, 4-6) ethanolic extract 70% doses 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively; determining nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, total proteins, albumin, leukocytes in exudate and histological changes. Results: Alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, phenolic compounds, tannins, carbohydrates, triterpenes, steroids and sesquiterpene lactones were identified; aqueous extract presented greater reduction of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (CI50 = 58.99 μg/mL), ethanolic extract 70% presented greater inhibition of malondialdehyde in erythrocytes (CI50 = 16.44 nm/mL); It was observed that the higher the amount of polyphenols, the greater the reduction of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (r=-0.909) and the greater the inhibition of malondialdehyde (r=-0.781). With 500 mg/kg of 70% ethanolic extract there was greater anti-inflammatory effect inhibiting malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, albumin, total proteins and leukocytes in 55.55%, 81.92%, 41.20%, 31.51% and 32.45% (p<0.01) respectively and less infiltration of leukocytes and lymphocytes in air sac membrane. Conclusion: The extracts of aerial parts of Chuquiraga spinosa showed antioxidant capacity correlated to polyphenol content. The 70% ethanolic extract prevented inflammation in mice in a dosedependent manner.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Ethanolic extract; Leukocytes; Lipoperoxidation; Nitric oxide; Oxidative stress

The Antioxidant Effects of the Ethanolic Extract of Binahong Leaves Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction Rat Model - Anton Bahtiar; Putri Sagita Utami; Melati Raisa Noor (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Chronic kidney injury produced free radicals. In a previous study, the ethanolic extract of binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) has a flavonoid content, quercetin, a protective free radical effect. This study aims to determine the impact of binahong leaves against chronic kidney damage in Sprague Dawley rats. Results: To this end, we developed a chronic kidney injury animal model by Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO) method. We randomly divided rats into six groups. Group I is the Sham group; Group II is the negative control group; Group III is the positive control group (losartan 1.18 mg/kg BW); Group IV is Dose I of binahong leaves extract 75 mg/kg BW); Group V is Dose II binahong leaves extract 150 mg/kg BW); Group VI is Dose III binahong leaves extract 300 mg/kg BW). We administered losartan and binahong extracts on day 14 after UUO treatment. The plasma was examined for the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity, catalase enzyme activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA). All statistical analyzes were processed using the Statistical Program of Social Sciences (SPSS) software for Windows, version 16. The measured values of the parameters were expressed in mean ± SD. The difference test between groups was evaluated by ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) followed by LSD (Least Significant Difference) with a degree of significance (p) <0.05 if the data distribution was normal and homogeneous. If the distribution of data is not normal and not homogeneous use non-parametric Kruskal Wallis analysis. Results: The results showed that UUO produced high MDA levels, whereas SOD activity and catalase activity were decreased compared with the Sham group. Administration of binahong extracts could reduce the MDA amount and increased the SOD and catalase activity. Conclusion: Binahong leaves extracts showed antioxidant activity to prevent kidney injury in UUO model rats.
Keywords: Anredera cordifolia; Binahong; Chronic kidney injury; Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction

Antiviral Activity of an Extract from Leaves of the Tropical Plant Cynometra cauliflora - Noor Zarina Abd Wahab; Aziah Azizul; Norhidayah Badya; Nazlina Ibrahim (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Cynometra cauliflora is a species of tree in the family Fabaceae and has been used in folk medicinal preparation. Objectives: In this study, Cynometra cauliflora methanolic leaves extract was tested against clinical isolate herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1). Materials and Methods: The leaves of C. cauliflora plant was extracted using methanol extraction method. Cytotoxicity was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Plaque reduction assays were carried out to evaluate the antiviral activity of C. cauliflora extract against HSV-1. These include post-treatment, pre-treatment and virucidal assays. Results: The value of cytotoxic concentration, CC50 of C. cauliflora extract was 36 mg/ mL. High antiviral activity was observed in post-treatment. C. cauliflora extract treatment was found to not interfere directly to infectious particle and confer mild protection when given as prophylaxis. Conclusion: This study provides important novel insights on the phytomedicinal properties of C. cauliflora extracts on HSV-1.
Keywords: (3-(4; 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2; 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide); virucidal.; Cynometra cauliflora; Herpes simplex virus type 1; plaque reduction assay

Anxiolytic-like Effect of Essential Oils Extracted from Lippia alba and Lippia citriodora - Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-García; Marilú Roxana Soto-Vásquez; Luis Enrique Rosales-Cerquin; Bertha Mirella Alfaro-Ttito; Elda Maritza Rodrigo-Villanueva (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Essential oils from natural plants are widely use around the world to relief mental conditions. The aim of this investigation was to determine the anxiolytic-like effect of essential oils extracted from Lippia alba and Lippia citriodora. Methods: The oil was extracted by hydro-distillation for 3 hours using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and then chemical composition was investigated by gas chromatography analysis (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Moreover, a randomized experimental trial was conducted, where 95 participants were divided into 3 groups, comprising a waiting list control group and two experimental groups treated with essential oils by inhalation. The anxiety index was evaluated by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Measures were taken two times: pretest and posttest. Results: chemical analysis showed that carvone was the main component (64.5%) for Lippia alba essential oil and geranial (39.8%) for Lippia citriodora. State and Trait anxiety scores showed a decrease in posttest study phase in comparison with pretest in all experimental groups (p<0.05). Cohen's D and Hedges’ G scores show a large size effect in state anxiety for experimental group treated with Lippia alba while moderate changes were found for the rest of variables in all experimental groups. Conclusion: the essential oils extracted from Lippia alba and Lippia citriodora may be useful as a mean to counteract anxiety, specifically state anxiety showing short-terms benefits.
Keywords: Anxiety; Essential oils; Lippia alba; Lippia citriodora

Anxiolytic-like Effect of Luma chequen Essential Oil: A Pilot Study - Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-García; Marilú Roxana Soto-Vásquez; Luis Enrique Rosales-Cerquin; Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar; Santiago M. Benites (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Essential oils are complex substances used widely extended in the form of aromatherapy or phytotherapy, some of them as agents to relieve anxiety and stress. In this sense this study was conducted to examine the anxiolytic-like effect of Luma chequen essential oil. Methods: The essential oil was extracted by steam distillation and the chemical composition was investigated by Gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID) and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Moreover, a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted, where 48 participants were divided into two groups, comprising a control group (CG) treated with placebo, and an experimental group (EG) treated with aromatherapy based on Luma chequen essential oil. The anxiety index was evaluated by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Measures were taken at two times: pretest and posttest. Results: The chemical analysis showed that α-pinene was the main component (56.5%). State and Trait anxiety scores showed a decrease in posttest study phase in comparison with pretest in experimental group compared to placebo (p<0.005 for state anxiety and p<0.05 for trait anxiety). Cohen`s d score was 0.84 in State anxiety, while it was 0.52 for Trait anxiety. Percentages of change showed reductions of anxiety variable ranging between 14.94% for State anxiety and 13.60% for Trait anxiety. Conclusions: These results suggest that aromatherapy based on essential oil of Luma chequen was moderately effective in improving anxiety.
Keywords: Anxiety; Essential oil; Luma chequeen.

Application of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction on the Stem Bark of Rhinachantus Nasutus (L.) Kurz, Total Phenolic, and Its Potential as Antioxidant and Inhibitor of Alpha-Glucosidase Enzyme Activity - Candra Irawan; Berna Elya; Muhammad Hanafi; Fadlina Chany Saputri (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Aims: This study aims to obtain a stem bark extract of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and reveal: the total phenolic content in the extract; The extract's potential as an antioxidant with copper-reducing strength parameters, and its potential as an antidiabetic by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase activity. Results: The crude ethanol extract of R. nasutus stem bark obtained from the UAE process was 7.4896 g with a yield of 4.99%. The high total phenolic content, namely 677.3343±0.0007 mg GAE / g sample, the antioxidant activity test using the CUPRAC method gave an IC50 value of 18.43±0.20 mg / L. In addition, the ethanol extract of stem bark has a high ability to inhibit the activity of the alpha-glucosidase enzyme with an IC50 value of 10.95±0.28 mg / L. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the stem bark of R. nasutus from UAE has the potential as a source of antioxidants and antidiabetic.
Keywords: Alpha-glucosidase enzyme; Antidiabetic; Antioxidant; Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz; Total phenolics content; Ultrasound-assisted extraction

Azadirachta indica (Neem) Water Leaf Extract Inhibits Melanin Production and Tyrosinase Activity in B16F10 Melanoma Cells - Thanitsara Songtavisin; Benjamart Pratoomthai; Warachin Gangnonngiw; Jarinyaporn Naowaboot (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Abnormal melanin production can cause pigmentary disorder such as hyperpigmentation. Finding a potent medicinal plants that can prevent pigment disorder. Objective: This study was to investigate the potential of leaf extract from Azadirachta indica var siamensis valeton to inhibit melanin formation or melanogenesis. Materials and Methods: A.indica leaf extract was tested for phenolic and flavonoid content assay. Tests using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay were administered to determine the toxicity of A.indica leaf extract in B16F10 melanoma cells. Melanin content and tyrosinase activity assays were used to determine the potential for the inhibition of melanogenesis. Data was analyzed using SPSS. Results: It was found that A.indica leaf extract per gram has a total phenolic content of 28.73 ± 0.30 mg gallic acid equivalents and flavonoid of 12.48 ± 0.00 mg rutin equivalent. In addition, we found that these herbal extracts decreased the melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity in B16F10 melanoma cells without any toxicity. This study suggested that the melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity in B16F10 melanoma cells were decreased without any cytotoxicity by the A.indica leaf water extract. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that A.indica leaf water extract inhibits melanin production through reducing tyrosinase activity. These results could be useful as a therapeutic treatment for skin hyperpigmentation disorders as well as an effective ingredient in whitening cosmetics.
Keywords: Azadirachta indica; Hyperpigmentation; Melanin; Melanogenesis; Tyrosinase

Beneficial Effects of Sambucus nigra in Chronic Stress-Induced Neurobehavioral and Biochemical Perturbation in Rodents - Sachin Neekhra; Himani Awasthi; Dharmchand Prasad Singh (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Stress is the causative factor for various diseases and disorders faced by the majority of the diseased population. The leaves of Sambucus nigra (S. nigra) are attributed to neuropharmacological properties as per literature. Considering the above, the S. nigra hydroalcoholic extract was tested for adaptogenic activity in animals. Objective: The study deals with the evaluation of S. nigra hydroalcoholic extract for adaptogenic activity using cold immobilization and footshock induced stress. Materials and Methods: The S. nigra hydroalcoholic extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) was administered to treatment groups 1 hour before footshock for 14 consecutive days and cold immobilization stress for 10 consecutive days, respectively. The current work was carrying out to investigate the adaptogenic activity of S. nigra against footshock stress induced perturbations in behaviour (sexual behaviour, depression, and cognitive dysfunction). Suppressed male sexual behaviour, percentage active avoidance response and duration of immobility in footshock stress were used as the stress indices. Additionally, liver function (SGOT, SGPT, and ALP), lipid profiles (TC, TG, HDL, LDL, and VLDL) and differential leukocytes counts (neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocyte, and monocyte) in cold immobilization stress were assessed in terms of stress indices. Diazepam (1 mg/kg) was served as the standard adaptogenic agent as per literature review for comparison. Results: All these chronic stress-induced perturbations were reversed, dose-dependently by S. nigra (2000 and 400 mg/kg) and diazepam (1 mg/kg). The dose group 400 mg/kg p.o. of S. nigra hydroalcoholic extract for adaptogenic activity in cold immobilization and footshock induced stress method showed significant variation (P< 0.1) when is compared with the stress control group. Conclusion: S. nigra hydroalcoholic extract showed significant adaptogenic activity was indicated by qualitatively results comparable to diazepam, against a range of biochemical and behavioural perturbations induced by chronic stress.
Keywords: Active avoidance response; Cold immobilization; Footshock induced stress; Lipid profiles; Sambucus nigra; Sexual behaviour

Bioactive Secondary Metabolite from Endophytic Aspergillus Tubenginses ASH4 Isolated from Hyoscyamus muticus: Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity - Heba I Elkhouly; Ahmed A Hamed; Asmaa M El Hosainy; Mosad A Ghareeb; Nagwa M Sidkey (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Endophytes are the richest sources of natural compounds, showing biological varieties and pharmacological activities. Objective: This study aims to isolate bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic Aspergillus tubenginses with study the biological activity of the isolated bioactive compounds. Materials and Methods: Anofinic acid were obtained from Aspergillus tubenginses crude extract using chromatographic techniques and characterized by spectral analysis. Results: Nine endophytic fungi were isolated from Hyoscyamus muticus plant. The most efficient isolate was AF3 identified as Aspergillus tubenginses ASH4 by 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Anofinic acid is an isolated active metabolite biosynthesized by A. tubenginsis was extracted from ethyl acetate with UPAC name of 2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carboxylic acid. It shows a strong antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Bacillus subtilis. Moreover, anofinic acid inhibits biofilm formation and has antioxidant activity, with strong activity against some carcinoma cells such as HCT-116, Hep-G2 and MCF-7. Conclusion: Anofinic acid was purified from the endophytic Aspergillus tubenginses crude extract and showed antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, anticancer activities.
Keywords: Aspergillus tubenginses; Bioactive secondary metabolite; Endophytes; Hyoscyamus muticus

A Botanical Profile and Phytochemical Evaluation of Leaf, Stem and Root of Egyptian Lycopersicon esculentum Miller - Fify I Fathy; Marawan M Shabana; Hoda A Mansour; Manal M Sabry (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller, Family Solanaceae) is one of the most important vegetables worldwide for its edible fruit. Other plant organs (leaf, stem, and root) are discarded after harvesting. Reports showed that these worthless plant organs are rich untapped sources of biologically active constituents, which encourage us to do further investigation. However, lack of standardization for this plant represented a problem facing their use in medicine. Objective: The objective of the current work is to establish a botanical profile for the leaf, stem, and root, to perform a phytochemical investigation including estimation of the total phenolics and flavonoids content, as well as identification of isolated pure compounds from the highest yield organ. Methods: Samples of each organ have been examined macroscopically and microscopically. A phytochemical investigation including successive extraction, estimation of the total phenolics and flavonoids content were carried out. The different fractions of the leaf, having the highest yield, were subjected to phytochemical investigation using successive columns of silica gel and sephadex. Results: Colorimetric estimation of the total phenolics and flavonoids content showed that the leaf has the highest values (84.29±1.50, 50.49±0.26) followed by the stem (50.94±0.33, 9.10±0.14) then the root (40.71±0.07, 1.32±0.01), respectively. Six known compounds namely: apo- β-carotenol, β-sitosterol from the n-hexane fraction, protocatechuic acid, stigmasterol 3-O-β-D- glucoside from the ethyl acetate fraction, quercetin and rutin from the n-butanol fraction were isolated and their structure elucidation was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. Conclusion: This study could provide an authenticated data base for this Lycopersicon species.
Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum Miller; Macro- and micromorphology; Pharmacognostical study; Total phenolics and flavonoids content

Both Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate Curcuma Zedoaraia Extract was Capable of Inducing Cells Death in T47D Cell Line Culture - Titiek Sumarawati; Chodidjah; Taufiqurrachman Nasihun (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Curcuma zedoaria (CZ) has been proven capable of inducing apoptosis in cells cancer. CZ extraction can be performed by ethanol and acetyl acetate as solvent. However, which one of these extracts is superior remains unclear. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the difference potential effect of ethanol and acetyl CZ extract on apoptosis of T47D cell line. Methods: In this study 21 wells were assign into seven groups: control group (T47D); treatment groups consisting of group of ethanol CZ extract 46 (EtZ-46); group of ethanol CZ extract 23 (EtZ-23); group of ethanol CZ extract 11 (EtZ-11); and group of ethyl acetate CZ extract 111 (AcZ-111); group of ethyl acetate CZ extract 55 (AcZ-55); and group of ethyl acetate CZ extract 27 (AcZ-27). In T47D group only loaded with T47D cell line; in treatment groups aside from loaded with T47D cell line culture, also treated with ethanol or acetyl acetate CZ extract respectively. Concentration of T47D cell was 5 x 104 T47D cells line in 100 μl suspension loaded on each well of 21 wells and kept in CO2 incubator overnight. The apoptosis cells were measured after 48 hours post CZ treatment. Results: Post Hoc analysis indicated that the number of apoptosis cells in AcZ-111 was significant higher compared to that of other groups, p<0.05. Conclusion: Acetyl acetate CZ extract treatment with dose 111 μg was capable of inducing apoptosis in T47D cell line superior than that of other groups including ethanol CZ extract.
Keywords: Acetyl acetate; Apoptosis; Curcuma zedoaria; Ethanol; Necrosis; T47D cell line

Cardioprotective Role of Partharishtam on Isopreterenol Induced Myocardial Infarction in Animal Model - G. Narayanan; K Prabhu; Anath Bandhu Chaudhury; Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao; V S Kalai Selvi; N S Muthiah; Sruthi Dinakar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the key causes of high death rate globally. We report the cardio protective effect of an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation Partharishtam on isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction on albino rats. Administration of Isoproterenol to normal albino rat triggers MI evident from the significant changes in key biomolecules tested in blood serum and cardiac tissues. The cardio protective role of Partharishtam was compared with a standard medicine, Propranolol on some of the known identifying markers of MI such as, Troponin I and T, creatine phosphokinase serum (CPK-S), creatine phosphokinase myoglobulin isozyme fraction (CPK-MB) and oxidative enzymes like super oxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase. There was an appreciable decrease in the levels of Troponin 1 and T, CPK-S and CPK-MB after the treatment of Partharishtam on Isoproterenol induced MI rats. In vivo anti-oxidative enzyme studies also revealed the increase in the levels of SOD, GSH and catalase to near normalcy after the treatment of Partharishtam in MI rats, which is very much comparable to the commonly used drug Propranolol to treat MI patients. Histopathological analysis confirmed the cardio protective properties of Partharistham in rat model. We did not find any side effects or toxicity of Partharishtam when tested on the normal rats. Thus, polyherbal formulation Partharishtam could be considered as safe medicine for MI.
Keywords: Catalase; Creatine phosphokinase; GSH; Isoproterenol; Myocardial Infarction; Partharishtam; Polyherbal; Propranolol; SOD; Troponin I; Troponin T

Causes, Symptoms and Treatments Common Hepatitis B Today - Nguyen Tan Danh (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Hepatitis B is the world's most common fatal liver disease caused by the B virus. Vietnam is one of the countries with the highest rates of B virus infection in the world. HBV is transmitted through the blood and body fluids of infected people, just like HIV does, but HBV is nearly 100 times more infectious than HIV. Most hepatitis B infections in adults are fully reversible, even if symptoms are very severe. Although there is currently no effective cure and vaccines that can prevent it, we can still prevent it and cure it if we know how to take some precautions that can avoid infecting others. This article discusses the right solutions for effective treatment and prevention. Some suggestions have been made regarding the scientific composition of herbs, so their application needs more attention.
Keywords: Health; Hepatitis B; Medication; Phyllanthus urinaria; Prevention

Characterization and Acute Toxicity Bioactive Compound Canning Waste of Lemuru Fish Oil as Potential Immunomodulator - Damaiyanti DW; Sari RP; Muwarmanti D (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids have beneficial effects as an immunomodulator for periodontitis therapy. Lipid studies show that fish can be a unique source of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Lemuru fish (Sardinella longicep) is one of fish that abbundant in Indonesia. Purpose: This study aims to find out the characterization and acute toxicity of lemuru fish oil for using in dental treatment. Methods: characterization study was tested using capillary gas chromatography coupled method with flame ionization. Acute toxicity performed by given lemuru orally with dose 174.1-917.3mg/20g mice weight for 24 hours observation and sacrificed for histopathology, meanwhile groups 96 hours observation continued. Results: Lemuru Fish oil contains 14.5% eicosapentaenoic acid and 13,2% Docosahexaenoic Acid. Acute toxicity showed the percentage of death below 50%, however, liver structure start to show an effect on dose 355.3mg/20gr Conclusion: Lemuru Fish oil had a component Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids an potential immunomodulator. There was no acute toxicity found and the maximum dose without changing the microscopic structure of the liver is 174.1mg / 20gr.
Keywords: Docosahexaenoic acid; Eicosapentaenoic acid; Lemuru fish oil; Polyunsaturated fatty acid; Toxicity

Characterization and Phytochemical Screening of Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) Extract's Nanoparticles Used Ball Mill Method - Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum; Sri Hidanah; Sri Chusniati; Soeharsono (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
The aim of this study was to study the characterization and phytochemical screening of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri linn) extract's nanoparticles used ball mill method. The effect of herbal products would be maximized, a formulation that able to increase solubility, stability, bioavailability, and a targeted system was needed so the use of simplicia would be more effective. One of alternative solutions to this problem was to make the preparation of meniran extract in the form of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles made it easier for extract to be absorbed in blood plasma and were more effective in achieving the target drug itself. The manufacture of meniran nanoparticles used ball mill method. Then, meniran extract nanoparticles characterization and phytochemical screening were carried out. Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nanoparticle characterization consisted of size, used Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), and morphology, used Scaning Electron Microscope (SEM). Phytochemical screening of meniran extract nanoparticles used qualitative screening by reagent test. The results showed that the meniran extract nanoparticles produced an average size of 192.6 nm. The averange shape of particle was imperfectly amorphous and the dominant composition was Carbon (C). Phytochemical screening showed the content of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids and alkaloids.
Keywords: Biological production; Nanoparticle; Phyllanthus niruri; Phytochemical compound

Characterization of Flavonoids and Saponins from Gleditsia triacanthos by LC-ESI/MS/MS Analysis: Pharmacological Assessment of the Anti-hyperglycemic and Anti-ulcerogenic Activities of G. triacanthos methanolic Fruit Extract and its n-Butanol Fraction - Iman A. A. Kassem; Sally A. El Awdan; Dalia O. Saleh (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Gleditsia triacanthos is known to possess various pharmacological activities. Objective: The composition of n-butanol fraction of Gleditsia triacanthos methanolic seedless fruit extract was identified from the LC-ESI/MS/MS spectra. Total methanolic extract of the seedless G. triacanthos fruits (MEGT) and its n-butanol fraction (BFGT) at three dose levels 70, 140 and 280 mg/kg were studied for their anti-diabetic and anti-ulcerogenic effects. Materials and Methods: The anti-diabetics properties of MEGT and BFGT were orally assessed in streptozotocin (STZ; 55 mg/kg; i.p.)-induced hyperglycemic rats. Their anti-ulcerogenic activities were also evaluated in ethanol-induced peptic ulcer in rats. Results: Two phenolic acids, five flavonoids as well as four saponins were identified from BFGT. Both MEGT and BFGT showed high potential in decreasing the elevated serum glucose, total triglycerides and total cholesterol levels in rats, dose dependently, comparable with the anti-diabetic reference drug; gliclazide (Glz; 10 mg/kg; p.o.). They also showed an elevation insulin and α-amylase serum levels. On the other hand, MEGT and BFGT showed significant ulceroprotective activities through decreasing both number and severity of ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats, dose dependently, comparable with the anti-ulcer reference drug; ranitidine (20 mg/kg; p.o.) with MEGT at 280 mg/kg showing highest activity. Conclusion: From all the previous results, it can be concluded that the observed pharmacological properties are attributed to the augmented activities of the saponin and flavonoidal content of G. triacanthos fruits.
Keywords: Anti-diabetic activity; Gleditsia triacanthos; Hypoglycemic activity; Ulceroprotective effect

Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antiplasmodial Activity of the Total Alkaloids of the Bulbs of Two Amaryllidaceae Species from Northern Peru - Marilú Roxana Soto-Vásquez; Madeleine Vanessa Horna -Pinedo; Luciana R Tallini; Jaume Bastida (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: The amaryllidaceae family is characterized by presenting alkaloids with powerful pharmacological activities, including antiprotozoal activity. The aim of the present work was to determine the chemical composition and evaluate the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of the total alkaloids of the bulbs of two amaryllidaceae species from northern Perú. Methods: The total alkaloids were extracted from the bulbs using an acid-base extraction. The chemical composition of the total alkaloids was determined by GC-MS, using galantamine as a reference standard. It was investigated the in vitro antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum FCR-3 strain (chloroquine-resistant). Results: 8 alkaloids were identified in the bulbs of Clinanthus incarnatus: lycorine, galanthamine, galanthine, vittatine/crinine, hippamine, 3-O-acetylpowelline, 11,12-dehydroanhydrolycorine, 1-O-acetyllycorine with values of 19.73; 14.99; 10.36; 10.22; 10.16; 10.14; 10.04; 9.85 μg GAL/100 mg of total alkaloid (TA) respectively and 6 alkaloids in the bulbs of Clinanthus ruber: lycorine, anhydrolycorine, 11,12-dehydroanhydrolycorine, 2,4-didehydro-2-dehydroxylycorine, 8-0-dimethylmaritidine, hippamine, with values of 70.2; 18; 4.15; 3.45; 6.8 and 0.1 μg GAL/100 mg TA respectively. The total alkaloids of the species of C. incarnatus and C. ruber at concentrations of 1.0; 2.5; 5.0; 10.0; 25.0 and 50.0 μg/ml presented inhibition percentages of 23.5 ± 0.46% to 94 ± 0.56% against P. falciparum with (p <0.05). They also presented IC50 0.375 μg/ml (C. incarnatus) and IC50 0.241 μg / ml (C. ruber). Conclusion: The main component of total alkaloids of the bulbs of two species was lycorine, in adittion, these species showed in vitro antiplasmoidal activity against Plasmodium falciparum FCR-3 strain at the doses tested.
Keywords: Clinanthus incarnatus; Clinanthus ruber; Plasmodium falciparum

Chemical Composition and Protective Effect of Rosmarinus officinalis on Alcohol-Induced Serum Hepatic Changes and Liver Injury in Male Rats - Rima Farah AOUAD; Mokhtaria Yasmina BOUFADI; Djallal Eddine Houari ADLI; Faiza MOULAI-HACENE; Khaled KAHLOULA; Miloud SLIMANI (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Is a pleasant-smelling perennial shrub that grows in many parts of the world, Rosmarinus officinalis a well known valuable herbal medicine which is widely used in pharmaceuticals and traditional medicine as a digestive, tonic, astringent, diuretic, diaphoretic and useful for urinary ailments. Objective: The objective of this study has, on the one hand, focused on the changes in hepatotoxicity induced by the chronic administration of ethyl alcohol according to a biochemical and histological experimental approach and, on the other hand, on the chemical composition which was determined. As well as, the hepato-protective effect of the ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis (EER), whether to restore or not the harmful alterations due to ethylism was evaluated. Method: The study included twenty-four male Wistar albino rats which were divided into four groups. The rats received ethanolic extraction of Rosmarinus officinalis orally at a dose of 200 mg/kg. Hepatotoxicity was induced orally with a daily dose of 05 mL of 20% alcoholic solution for 90 days. Results: The chemical characterization of the ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis (EER) by HPLC/UV shows the presence of polyphenolic compounds and numerous flavonoids, the main constituent of which is rosmarinic acid. It was noticed that the Ethanol caused an increase in liver function parameters (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, triglyceride and cholesterol, total bilirubin) compared to the control and oxidative stress through a significant decrease in antioxidant liver enzymes Superoxidase dismutase (9.39 U/mg), glutathione peroxidase (12.89 U/mg) and catalase (25.39 U/mg) and increased malondialdehyde levels. The histological study showed significant lesions in the liver. Conclusion: The disturbances in liver function, antioxidant status and structural damage to the liver caused by ethanol have been restored by the administration of the ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis which strongly justifies its therapeutic effect.
Keywords: Ethylism; Hepatotoxicity; HPLC/UV; Liver stress oxidatives; Rosmarinus officinalis

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Salvia Officinalis Extract from Algeria - Mokhtaria Yasmina BOUFADI; Soumia KEDDARI; Faiza MOULAI-HACENE; Sara CHAA (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Due to its flavoring and seasoning properties, Salvia officinalis has been widely used in the preparation of many foods. In folk medicine in Asia and Latin America, it has been used for the treatment of various types of disorders, including seizures, ulcers, rheumatism, inflammation, dizziness, and high blood sugar. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the chemical composition by HPLC/UV, antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation; thus the, the anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanolic extract of Salvia officinalis (EES) on certain homeostatic parameters, inflammatory biomarkers and antioxidant status in Wistar rats subjected to inflammation induced by carrageenan. Method: Male rats (n = 24) were exposed to inflammation of the peritoneal by carrageenan (200 μL: 2%) and treated for 5 days with ethanolic extract of Salvia officinalis (EES) in order to repair the damage caused by inflammation on homeostasis, TNF-α and PGE2. Results: The results of scavenging of DPPH and lipoperoxidation of the extract, showed an IC50 of 29.69 ± 1.32 and 46.17 ± 1.51 μg/mL, respectively. The identification of EEC by HPLC shows the presence of polyphenolic acids (salvianolic acid, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid) and many flavonoids (Cirsimaritin, Catechin, Acacetin, kaempferol, pinocembrine, quercetin). Salvia extract contains 221.08 ± 2.36 mg EAG/g and 80.54 ± 1.3 mg EQ/g dry extract. Compared to the control group, carrageenan induced a substantial decrease (P<0.05) in antioxidant enzymes and a highly significant increase (P<0.05) in homeostatic parameters (blood sugar, CRP and fibrinogen), biomarkers of inflammation (TNF-α and PGE2) and malondialdehyde levels. Conclusion: The administration of Salvia extract corrects this perturbation where there is an improvement in antioxidant enzymes and a decrease in biomarkers of inflammation. Salvia officinalis has been able to repair carrageenin-induced perturbations homeostasis and inflammation markers in Wistar rats.
Keywords: Biomarkers of inflammation; HPLC/UV; Lipoperoxydation; Oxydative stress; Salvia officinalis

Chemical Profile and Antioxidant Properties of Andrographis producta (C. B. Clarke) Gamble - Dayanand Dalawai; Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Andrographis producta (Acanthaceae) is endemic to Western Ghats, India, traditionally used by native people for the control of various ailments including intestinal worms, to relieve constipation and also used to eliminate phlegm in women during postpartum. Objective: To investigate the chemical compounds in root, stem and leaves of A. producta and their antioxidant properties. Method: The phytochemical contents were determined using spectrophotometric methods and chemical profiling of root, stem and leaf extracts was carried out using GC-MS. Further, extracts were investigated for their antioxidant capacities using in vitro DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assay. Results: The total phenolics (163.61 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (35.11 ± 0.53 mg QE/g) and tannins (84.52 ± 0.07 mg TAE/g) were highest in stem compared to leaf and root. Stem was exerted superior antioxidant capacities in both DPPH (EC50 3.58 mg/ml) and FRAP assays (1.742 ± 0.02 OD at 1mg/ml) and were comparable to standards. GC-MS analysis revealed total 89 chemical compounds including phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids and organic acids. 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol (0.70 %), 2,4-ditert- butylphenol (9.74 %), phytol (10.32 %), 5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone (11.42 %), gammasitosterol (8.32 %), salvigenin (12.09 %), solanesol, (2.92 %), and alpha-terpinene (4.58 %) were important bioactive compounds found in significant amount. Conclusion: The present investigations indicate that various parts of A. producta can be explored as good source of antioxidants due to the presence of phenolics and flavonoids. The meticulous assessment of bioactive compounds from A. producta would be great contribution in field of medicine.
Keywords: 2; 4-Di-tert-butylphenol; Andrographis; Antioxidants; GC-MS; Methanol extract; Salvigenin

Chitosan-Tripolyphosphate Nanoparticles of Mango Ginger (Curcuma mangga) Extract: Phytochemical Screening, Formulation, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity - Bayyinatul Muchtaromah; Didik Wahyudi; Mujahidin Ahmad; Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori; Rahmi Annisa; Lil Hanifah (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Mango ginger (Curcuma mangga) is one of Indonesia's medicinal plants widely used in most communities as a lust booster and for detoxifying purposes. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to synthesize chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles from mango ginger extract, determine their chemical contents, the nano chitosan characteristics, and its antioxidant activity. Methods: In this study, we macerated mango ginger using 70% ethanol solvent, then performed phytochemical test and formulation of chitosan nanoparticles of mango ginger extract. The group of secondary metabolites that showed positive results with the reagent test was further identified through TLC. Results: The results showed that the extract contained flavonoids and triterpenoids. Also, characterization of chitosan nanoparticles from the extract was conducted with FTIR test, PSA, XRD, and SEM. Based on the results, the nano chitosan particle size was 993 nm and examination with FTIR showed the presence of N-H and P=O groups, indicating ammonium ion interaction from chitosan with the polyanion from TPP and Mango ginger. Additionally, the XRD results showed that the crystals formed were in an amorphous form, which was supported by particle morphology images from SEM. Furthermore, the nanoparticles showed very strong antioxidant activity based on the reaction with DPPH. Conclusion: Based on these results, the phytochemical identification of mango ginger extract showed positive results in flavonoid and triterpenoid compounds. In addition, based on the characterization of the nanoparticles, the mango ginger extract showed positive results, illustrating that the nano chitosan synthesis was successful. Furthermore, the nano chitosan has a very strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 18.08 μg/mL.
Keywords: Chemical identification; Chitosan; Mango ginger; Nanoparticles; TPP

Comparative Modulatory Assessment of the Sperm Quality and Testicular Function by Solvent Fractions of the Cannabis Extract in Rats - Nwonuma Charles O; Favours God’slove Oluwafemi; Rotimi Damilare E; Alejolowo Omokolade O; Ojo Oluwafemi A; Afolabi Boluwatife L; Irokanulo Emenike O (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: The bioactive ingredients present in medicinal plants have various pharmacological activities which have explored for therapeutic and management of disease conditions like infertility. Objective: This study evaluated the comparative modulations on semen quality and testicular function in the rat by solvents soluble portions of ethanolic leaf extract in varying polar solvents. Methods: Thirty Wistar rats were randomly placed into five groups (A, B, C, D, E and F) with five rats per group: A, control: 0.2 ml 2 % DMSO was administered, B (vitamin C): 90 mg/kg body weight, 4.4 mg/kg body weight of n-hexane, 3.65 mg/kg body weight of ethyl acetate, 0.52 mg/kg body weight of n-butanol and 0.18 mg/kg body weight of the residual portion of Cannabis leaf extract were given to groups C, D, E and F, respectively. The rats were sacrificed 24 hours after the last day of 60 days of treatment. Results: Sperm indices, testosterone, FSH, LH, and HDL showed significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) across the treatment groups compared to normal control. Similarly, there was a significant increase in activity (p ≤ 0.05) of ALP, ACP, SOD, and CAT across the treatment groups compared to normal control. In addition, there were significant increases in GSH, MDA, triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein concentration levels across the treatment groups compared to normal control. The n-butanol soluble portion showed normal histomorphology with typical seminiferous tubule with spermatogonia lying on the basement membrane. Conclusion: Testicular integrity and improved sperm quality were pronounced in rats administered n-butanol solvent portion.
Keywords: Cannabis; Fertility; Medicinal.; Sperm; Testis

Comparative Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation of Five Ocimum Species - Sharada L Deore; Shital R Ingole; Bhushan A Baviskar; Anjali A kide (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
There are about 150 species of Ocimum in the world and out of that 68 species are found in India. Comparative pharmacognostic study of these Ocimum species is unspecified. Growing demand of Ocimum plants demands quality standards for correct identification of desired Ocimum species. Objectives: Hence aim of present study is to establish comparative pharmacognostical, phytochemical and biological standards for most commonly found and morphologically confusing five species of Ocimum. Methods: Macroscopic, microscopic, preliminary phytochemical evaluations, extraction of essential oils, TLC analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial potency of selected five species carried out and compared. Results: This comparative study reports that O. sanctum should be preferred in medicine use among selected five species based on phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial potency.
Keywords: Ocimum americanum; Ocimum basilicum; Ocimum gratissimum; Ocimum kilimandscharicum; Ocimum sanctum

Comparison of Antibacterial Activity of Calcium Hydroxide, Azadirachta Indica (Neem), Ocimum Tenuiflorum (Tulsi) and Punica Granatum (Pomegranate) Gels as Intracanal Medicaments Against Enterococcus Faecalis: An in-vitro Study - Akanksha Mittal; Sunil Tejaswi; Mruthunjaya K; Suneeth Shetty; Ambikathanaya UK (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Calcium hydroxide, Azadirachta indica (Neem), Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi) and Punica granatum (Pomegranate) gels as intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis. Methodology: Crude extracts of Pomegranate peel, Neem leaves and Tulsi leaves were used to determine MIC following which gels of 5% neem, 10% tulsi and 10% pomegranate were prepared. Forty-eight single rooted human premolars were procured and inoculated with E.faecalis for 7 days. Specimens were then randomly distributed into 4 groups. Group I- Calcium hydroxide Group II- 5% A. indica (Neem) gel Group III- 10% O. tenuiflorum (Tulsi) gel Group IV-10% P. granatum (Pomegranate) gel The experimental gels were then introduced into the samples and were sealed at both ends. The antimicrobial activity of medicaments was assessed by measuring CFU/ml at the end of 1, 3 and 5 days. Results: Calcium hydroxide showed the maximum antibacterial activity (5.3X104 CFU/ml) followed by Pomegranate gel (5.4 X104 CFU/ml) with no statistically significant difference between them. Similarly, no statistically significant difference was observed between the mean CFU/ml values of the neem (10.2 X104 CFU/ml) and tulsi gel (10.2 X104 CFU/ml). However, pomegranate gel showed statistically significant antibacterial activity when compared to Neem and Tulsi. (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, table 4) (Figure 1). Conclusion: Calcium hydroxide showed the best antibacterial activity against E.faecalis. Among herbal gels, pomegranate showed the maximum antibacterial activity, however, further in-vivo research is required for it to be used as a sole intracanal medicament clinically.
Keywords: Calcium hydroxide; Enterococcus faecalis; Herbal; Intracanal medicaments; Microbial sensitivity tests; Root canal therapy

Comparison of Colchicine Content in Gloriosa superba L., Root after Pretreatment by Thai Traditional Medicine Methods - Sasithorn Tandhavadhana (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: In Thai traditional medical practice, the roots of Gloriosa superba L. must be treated prior to use as Thai herbal remedies. Colchicine is a major active chemical constituent in the roots. It was reported that lethal doses of colchicine were 7-26 mg. There have been two pieces of evidence that indicated 5 different pretreatment methods of Gloriosa superba L., roots. Therefore, this research aimed to compare the amount of colchicine before and after pre-treated by 5 different methods and compare colchicine content after pretreatment between methods. Methods: Provide five different locations of fresh Gloriosa superba L., roots. Each sample divided into 6 groups. The first group would be treated as a control, the second to the sixth group was pre-treated by roasting, burning, boiling, stewing, and grilling which follow the methods from two pieces of evidence. Subsequently, quantitative analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Results: The amount of colchicine in roots before and after pre-treated by roasting, burning, boiling, stewing, and grilling methods were significantly reduced by 45.61±10.61% (p=0.000), 37.35±14.15% (p=0.000), 44.55±8.60% (p=0.000), 76.40±10.70% (p=0.000), and 30.35±11.31% (p=0.000), respectively. The stewing method was the greatest decrease amount of colchicine which significantly different from other methods. (p=0.000). Conclusion: All 5 methods were significantly reduced amounts of colchicine in the roots of Gloriosa superba L. They were effective methods to pre-treat the roots of Gloriosa superba L. prior to use as Thai herbal remedies.
Keywords: Colchicine; Gloriosa superba L.; HPLC; Pretreatment methods; Thai traditional medicine

Comparison of the Deep Euteutic Solvent (DES) Solvent for Extracting Lignin from the Lignocellulosic Material of Pineapple Leaves - Triyani Sumiati; Herman Suryadi; Harmita; Sutriyo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the materials that has the potential to produce cellulose. Lignocellulose material consists of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose so that the three materials must be separated first to get pure cellulose. The main problem faced in the process of separating cellulose is the difficulty of separating lignin. One of the processes in separating lignin is by pretreatment of lignocellulosic material. Methods: In this study, Deep Euteutic Solvent (DES) choline (ChCl) as a hydrogen bond acceptor was synthesized and eight hydrogen bond donors (HBD) were mixed. Eight types of DESs, i.e. , choline chloride-acetic acid (ChCl-AA), ChCl: formic acid (ChCl-FA). ), choline chloride: Lactic acid (ChCl-LA), choline chloride:Citric acid (ChCl-SA), choline chloride: Glycerol (ChCl-G), choline chloride: Ethylenglycol (ChCl-EG), choline chloride: Sorbitol (ChCl-S), and choline chloride: Urea (ChCl -U) with a ratio of 1: 2 were investigated. Each. DES solvent was applied as a pretreatment for the lignocellulosic material of pineapple leaves. The results of the pretreatment formed were characterized by the Infra Red spectroscopic method to determine the typical functional groups. Result: The results showed that the pretreatment process using DES solvent resulted in a decrease in lignin levels in pineapple leaf powder, the highest in DES with linear saturated acid-based HBD, formic acid at 32.05%, glycerol at 30.18% and then in alpha hydroxy-based HBD, acetic acid at 29.90%. Meanwhile, the FT-IR results show that ChCl-FA has a high delignification ability during pretreatment. Pineapple leaves that have been pretreted with DES solvent can be a potential raw material for the next conversion process. This study presents DES as an effective and easy pretreatment method for lignin extraction.
Keywords: Deep eutectic solvent; Lignocellulose.; Pineapple leaves; Pretreatment

Compound Analysis and Genetic Study of Selected Plectranthus scutellarioides Varieties from Indonesia - Ayun Dwi Astuti; Awaluddin Iwan Perdana; Rosdiana Natzir; Muhammad Nasrum Massi; Subehan; Gemini Alam (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Plectranthus scutellarioides is one of medicinal plants in Indonesia, which has several hundred varieties but only one is known by local people as medicine. Objective: Six varieties of Plectranthus scutellarioides were analyzed for their total flavonoid content, chemical compound, and moleculer genetic. Methods: TFCs were analyzed using AlCl3 colorimetric method, chemical compounds were identified using TLC-scanning densitometer, GC-MS, and FTIR, moleculer genetic were observed using DNA barcoding rbcL gene. Results: The TFCs of trailing psycholeus, and flamingo varieties were higher than the other varieties. TLC-scanner densitometer showed that color blaze dark star, trailing psycholeus, and trailing queen had similar profiles, as did beale street, trailing rose, and flamingo. The GCMS results showed notable difference in trailing psycholeus and trailing queen which have 2-oleoylglycerol and 9(E),11(E)-conjugated linoleic acid in larger amounts than others, respectively. Multivariate analysis of the FTIR spectra showed the closeness of all varieties, except for beale street which had the lowest similarity with the others. Despite that, genetic studies using the rbcL gene and comparing the results with the P. scutellarioides gene in the database (MW538954.1) showed beale street was the most similar (99.52%). The phylogenetic analysis showed that beale street and trailing psycholeus have the highest similarity among others. Conclusions: There is a slight difference in chemical composition between varieties as well as the genetic. Therefore, quality control or standardisation is needed in the use of this plant as a traditional medicine.
Keywords: Coleus scutellarioides; Densitometer; Flavonoid; FTIR; GC-MS; RbcL.

Consumer Behavior Model Based on Integration of Food Safety and Health Consciousness in Padang City - Skunda Diliarosta; Arief Muttaqiin; Rehani Ramadhani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
The growing number of food poisoning cases that occurred in Padang City in 2017-2018 shows that various regulations that have been made by the government have not been able to stop producers and traders from using hazardous substances in food. Therefore, research is needed that aims to form a model of consumer behavior that focuses on consumer awareness of the choice of food consumed through the integration of health awareness and food safety. This study is a Research and Development study using the ADDIE approach. Based on the results of the analysis conducted at the Padang city market, it shows that the behavior of vegetable consumers in the city of Padang tends not to care about the dangers of chemical residues in pesticides and fertilizers used by vegetable farmers. Based on the existing need to support the formation of an integrated consumer behavior model for food safety and health awareness, it is by providing guidance in choosing healthy vegetables and by distributing leaflets on the benefits of vegetables. And to encourage consumer awareness, motivation is given to a healthy lifestyle so that families avoid the dangers of food poisoning through social media. This study produces a Conceptual Design of Consumer Behavior Model based on Integration of Food Safety and Health Consciousness in Padang City. From the results of the model test, the F significance value of 0.000 (p <0.05) can be concluded that the hypothesis is accepted, meaning that food selection variables, health awareness and food safety have a significant effect on consumer behavior together.
Keywords: Consumer Behavior; Food Safety; Pasar Raya Padang; Vegetable Consumers

Culture of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Natural Environments Based on Dates - Soumia KEDDARI; Mokhtaria Yasmina BOUFADI; Meriem MOKHTAR; Djahira HAMED (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Lactic acid bacteria are used in the food industry and have restrictive criteria for probiotic potential. The most common growth media used for lactic acid bacteria is de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe culture medium (MRS). Methods: In this study, three culture media were developed (date powder DP, date core DC and date core associated with lentils CL) based on locally available plant materials with a low market value to obtain a less expensive culture medium compared to the reference medium MRS for the growth of lactic acid bacteria. Four lactic strains were used (Lactobacillus acidophilus LbA-CECT4529, Lactobacillus plantarum LbP-CECT 748, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis Bb12 and Bifidobacterium bifidum Bb 443). The growth and acidification kinetics of the tested strains were evaluated. The content sugar was determinate with HPLC. Results: All lactic bacteria were able to grow on all culture media, but the best results were obtained with MRS and DP media. No significant difference (p <0.05) was observed between DP and MRS medium. The consumption of sugars and proteins in the DP medium was good with all tested bacteria (70.87 to 81.96% and 71.42 to 80.90%, respectively). After the analysis of sugar content of DP medium before and after fermentation with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fructose was the only sugar detected (45.28μg/ml ± 0.24). After fermentation, 83% of fructose was consumed by Bb12. Conclusion: The present data allow us to conclude that date medium promotes the growth of lactic bacteria and can be considered as MRS standard medium substitute.
Keywords: Dates; Fermentation; Lactic acid bacteria; Medium; MRS

Cytotoxic Activities of Phytochemical Components from Ethanol Extract of Ajwa Date on Human Hepatoma Cancer Cells in Vitro - Faizah Ahmed AlMalki (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver cancer that occurs and develops in the liver and is among the top frequent cancer-related death worldwide. Currently, clinical treatment options can control the HCC cancer, but, in some cases, it develops resistance to standard therapies and does not respond to these treatment options. Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is used in traditional and alternative therapies for its various health benefits. Objective: The present study aims to evaluate the anticancer and cytotoxic effects of Ajwa date ethanol extract (ADX) on hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cells. Materials and Methods: The polyphenolic constituents of ADX were analysed using HPLC to identify the major polyphenols in the extract. The cell proliferation and viability percentages were examined through Trypan blue dye and MTT assay. Additionally, DNA fragmentation and mRNA expression level of apoptotic genes were applied to investigate the cell death mechanism. Results: The ADX induced significant cytotoxic effects against hepatocarcinoma cells in vitro. It was reduced the viability and proliferation in HepG2 cells treated with ADX at various concentrations for different exposure times comparing to untreated cells. Furthermore, the microscopic investigation showed apparent changes in HepG2 treated cells and the results of DNA fragmentation showed an increase in the percentage of fragmented DNA. Moreover, the expression of p53 and Bax genes was up regulated, while Bcl-2 gene expression was down regulated, in HepG2 cells treated with ADX. Conclusion: The ADX may be a promising natural anticancer agent and can be developed as a new anticancer therapy tool.
Keywords: Anticancer; Date extract; DNA fragmentation; HepG2 cells; MTT Assay.

Cytotoxic Activity of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack Root Extract Against Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cell Line - Nur Haseena Kajahmohideen; Siti NurSyafiqah Razi; Ghasak Ghazi Faisal; Abdelkader Elbadawy Ashour; Anisa Kusumawardani; Essam A. Makky; OE Ibrahim (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Eurycoma longifolia (E. longifolia) or Tongkat Ali is a tree that grows in southeast Asia, the roots of which contain bioactive components that exhibit cytotoxic properties against various cancer cell lines. However, no study has been conducted to relate the cytotoxic properties against nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a type of cancer that shows poor prognosis for metastatic disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the E. longifolia root extract exerts cytotoxic activity against nasopharyngeal carcinoma (ORL-115) cell lines. Materials and Method: E. longifolia root extracts were obtained through Soxhlet extraction method and by using two different solvents; ethanol and dicholoromethane. MTS assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the root extracts against ORL-115 cell line for three different incubation time which were 24-hour, 48-hour and 72-hour. Results: Ethanol extract was significantly more potent compared to DCM extract. Ethanol extract exhibited lower IC50 value compared to DCM extract. The IC50 of ethanol extract were 232.1 μg/ml, 66.86 μg/ml and 42.6 μg/ml. Meanwhile the IC50 of DCM extract were 678.87 μg/ml, 136.71 μg/ml, 73.72 μg/ml for 24-hour, 48-hour and 72-hour incubation period respectively. The cytotoxic activity of both extracts increased as the incubation time prolonged. The cytotoxic activity of ethanol extract at each incubation time was significantly different from DCM extract except at 72 hours. Conclusion: E. longifolia root extracts exerted cytotoxic activity against the nasopharyngeal carcinoma (ORL-115) cell line. Ethanol extract exhibited lower IC50 value compared to DCM extract. The cytotoxic activity of both extracts were dose dependent and time dependent.
Keywords: Cytotoxic activity; E. longifolia; Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Cytotoxic Activity of Peronema canescens Jack Leaves on Human Cells: HT-29 and Primary Adenocarcinoma Colon Cancer - Arsyik Ibrahim; Siswandono; Bambang Prajogo EW (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: In Indonesia, this species was well known in Sumatera, Kalimantan, Java, and Sulawesi. Peronema canescens Jack (Sungkai) was traditionally used as an anti-flatulent, fever, toothache. Sungkai leaves contain many secondary metabolites with potential anticancer activity. The reported anticancer research was still limited to the cytotoxic activity of chloroform extract on the HT-29 colon cancer cell line. However, it was necessary to uncover the underlying mechanism. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism (such as cell cycle inhibition, induces cells apoptosis, and necrosis) of subfraction chloroform (SF3) from P. canescens extract has anticancer activity on HT-29 cells and primary Adenocarcinoma (AdenoCa pT3N1cM1) colon cancer cells. Materials and Methods: The extraction by maceration method using methanol solvent, the fractionation process was using vacuum column chromatography (VCC) with polarity gradient eluent. The cytotoxicity of SF3 was measured by MTT assay. The cell cycle inhibition, apoptosis induction, and necrosis cells were evaluated with the Flow cytometry method. Results: Cytotoxicity value (IC50) against AdenoCa cells was 1.897 μg/ml. The inhibition activity of synthesis and mitosis phase in cell cycle demonstrated that the different concentrations of SF3 have inhibition activity on HT-29 (29.614 μg/ml) of 26.79% and 0.16%, AdenoCa cells (14.807 μg/ml) of 10.27% and 19.29%, respectively. For induced apoptosis activity on HT-29 (29.614 μg/ml) and AdenoCa cells (14.807 μg/ml) were 26.58% and 11.50%, successively. Whereas, necrosis activity on HT-29 (29.614 μg/ ml) and AdenoCa cells (14.807 μg/ml) were 0.02%, and 9.56%, respectively. Conclusion: The subfractions chloroform (SF3) of P. canescens extract has potential activity on HT-29 and Adenocarcinoma cells through cell cycle inhibition, induces apoptosis and necrosis cells.
Keywords: Apoptosis; Cell cycle; Colon cancer cells; Necrosis; Peronema canescens Jack

Cytotoxicity Effect of the Pericarp Extracts of Garcinia forbesii King on MCF-7 Breast Cancer and HepG2 Liver Cancer Cell Lines - Joharman; Hadi Poerwono; Sukardiman (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: The species from the genus Garcinia has long been used as traditional medicine for cancer treatment. Objective: To analyze the phytochemical contents and assess the cytotoxic effects of pericarp extracts of Garcinia forbesii King against MCF-7 breast cancer cells and HepG2 liver cancer cells. Materials and Methods: The phytochemical contents were analyzed using the thin-layer chromatography and the cytotoxic activity was assessed using the MTT assay method. Results: Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and polyphenols. The cytotoxic activities of n-hexane, DCM and ethyl acetate extracts on MCF-7 cells were shown with IC50 103.605±2.3410 μg/ mL, 397.609±28.0534 μg/mL and 1,518.301±68.6379 μg/mL respectively, while the IC50 on HepG2 cells were 79.798±1.2261 μg/mL, 83.230±4.2557 μg/mL and 671.875±94.3338 μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: The n-hexane, DCM and ethyl acetate extracts from pericarps of G. forbesii King have cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells, therefore, it has the potential to be developed as an anticancer.
Keywords: Anticancer; Cytotoxic; Garcinia forbesii King.; HepG2; MCF-7

Cytotoxicity Study of Ethanol Extract of Bintangor Leaf (Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f) on T47D Breast Cancer Cell Line (Cytotoxicity Study with MTT Assay Method) - Elidahanum Husni; Fatma Sri Wahyuni; Hanifa Nurul Fitri; Elsa Badriyya (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: The public has used Bintangor leaf (Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f) for various medical treatments, including treated inflamed eyes and gout. Aim: This research aimed to determine the cytotoxic effect of ethanol extract and fraction of Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f leaf toward T47D breast cancer cell. Methods: The test used T47D breast cancer cells, the 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test method, and ELISA Reader to determine the absorbance. This method's principle was the presence of tetrazolium salts by the reductase system in the mitochondria of living cells formed purple formazan crystals. The used parameter was the value of IC50. Results: The result showed that ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and butanol fraction did not have a cytotoxic effect on T47D breast cancer cell. The values of IC50 respectively are 585.31 μg/ml; 409.33 μg/ ml; 534.08 μg/ml; and 563.22 μg/ml. Conclusion: Ethanol extract and Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f leaf fraction did not have a cytotoxic effect on T47D breast cancer cells.
Keywords: Bintangor Leaf; Breast Cancer Line; Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f; Cytotoxicity; MTT Assay; T47D

The Cytotoxicity Study of Lantana camara Linn Essential Oil on HeLa Cancer Cells Line - Suryati; Dira Hefni; Fatma Sri Wahyuni; Dachriyanus (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Lantana camara Linn (Verbenaceae) is a natural plant that thrives in tropical climates and is relatively easy to cultivate. In Indonesia, this plant is still often considered as a weed. When held, the unpleasant smell and sticky hand make people dislike this plant even though the flowers are diverse. The essential oil was extracted from the leaves of L. camara by hydrodistillation. This study aimed to see how cytotoxic L. camara essential oil was against HeLa carcinoma cells. This research aimed to discover if L. camara essential oil was cytotoxic to HeLa cancer cells. The GC-MS investigation of an essential oil recognized ten compounds; two main constituents of the oil were Caryophyllene (27.65%) and Germacrene D (23.01%). The essential oil showed cytotoxicity on HeLa cervical cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic effect of oil was determined using MTT, IC50 values were 44.86 μg/mL + 0.07
Keywords: Cervical cancer; Cytotoxicity; HeLa; Hydrodistillation; Lantana camara

Determination of Lupeol, a Cytotoxic Compound Against SW620 Cells in the Extracts of Ha-Rak Recipe - Pathom Somwong; Chomnapas Chuchote (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Ha-Rak is an herbal recipe that has been stated by Ministry of Public Health, Thailand to utilize as the herbal medicines for the treatment of fever. The recipe comprises the roots of five plants including Capparis micracantha, Clerodendrum indicum, Ficus racemosa, Harrisonia perforata and Tiliacora triandra as its ingredients. Methods: The extracts of Ha-Rak and its five herbal principles were evaluated for their potential on the cytotoxicity against SW620 cancer cell lines using the MTT assay and an active compound, lupeol which was found as a cytotoxic compound in the herbal ingredients of Ha-Rak was further determined. A chromatographic method for investigating that compound in the extracts was developed herein. The analytical method comprised a cholesterol-coated C18 column, a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol (70:30) with a flow rate of 2 mL/min, and a diode-array UV wavelength at 210 nm as a stationary phase, mobile phase, and detector, respectively. Results: The amount of lupeol in the extracts of Ha-Rak and the herbal principles, which possessed cytotoxicity against SW620 cell lines with the IC50 values of 30.10-212.24 μg/mL displayed variously in the range of 4.50-250.62 mg/100g. The difference of the contents among the extracts was noted significantly (P < 0.05). The correlation between the lupeol contents and their cytotoxic performances on the tested cell lines was observed in our investigation. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that Ha-Rak recipe contains a promising cytotoxic compound, lupeol and it will support the recipe to subject further pharmacological studies on anticancer activity.
Keywords: Benchalokawichian; Cancer Cell Lines; Cytotoxicity; Ha-Rak; Lupeol; MTT

Determination of Urinary Methyl Hippuric Acid Using Shimadzu UV-Visible Spectrophotometer Among Petroleum Employees - Vidya Gowdappa Doddawad; B.M. Gurupadayya; Shivananda S; Vidya CS; Azhar Mohammed; Bhuyan L (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Xylene is a significant part of petroleum and a broadly considered as a natural impure material. About 98% of Xylene is extracted from the petrochemical and petrol refining factories. It is one of the major genotoxicant part in petroleum, which may initiate various diseases but malignancy is questionable. Taking into consideration, we intend to identify the urinary methyl hippuric acid level which is metabolic product of xylene among petroleum station employees as well as in healthy persons. Aims and Objectives: To identify the occupational exposure of xylene in petrol station employees by assessing urinary methyl hippuric acid level. To determine and compare the level of urinary methyl hippuric acid among healthy individuals and petrol station employees. Materials and Methods: Urine samples were collected from 30 healthy individual (control) and 30 petroleum employees (case) working in petroleum station who are above 18 years of age. The urinary methyl hippuric acid (MHA) level was analysed by using Shimadzu UV-Visible Spectrophotometer method. Results: The urinary Methyl hippuric acid level was significantly higher in petroleum station employees than in healthy individuals (p<0.001). Conclusion: The urinary MHA level is a helpful tool to identify the occupational exposure of people who work in petrol and petroleum product. Subsequently, our investigation accentuates that proper precautionary measure and efficiently bio-observing should be taken among petrol station employees which will assist with reducing their likely degrees of risk related with the occupation. It might start the cancer-causing disease through the cellular DNA changes and induce genotoxic effects.
Keywords: Occupational Exposure; Urine Methyl Hippuric Acid Level; UV Spectrophotometry; Xylene

Effect of a Gel Based on Ipomoea batatas (Purple Sweet Potato) on Dermal Wound Healing in Mice - Carmen R. Silva-Correa; Cristel M. Ortiz-Noriega; Víctor E. Villarreal-La Torre; Abhel A. Calderón-Peña; Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz; Luz M. Guerrero-Espino; William A. Sagástegui-Guarniz; Anabel D. González- Siccha; María V. González-Blas; José L. Cruzado-Razco; Jorge Del Rosario-Chávarri; Patricia Contreras- Vera; et al. (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (I. batatas) is a root native from South America that is characterized by its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties contribute to the wound healing process. Objective: To evaluate the healing activity of a gel based on I. batatas on dermal wound healing in mice. Material and methods: An acid ethanolic extract (1.5 N hydrochloric acid: Ethanol 96 ° 15:85, v / v) was prepared with the peels of the roots of I. batatas "purple sweet potato", which was incorporated into the formulations 0.5% and 1% gel. Mus musculus Balb / c with induced injury were distributed in four experimental groups: Group I (Control), which did not receive any treatment. Group II (Gel base), Group III (Gel I. batatas 0.5%) and Group IV (Gel I. batatas 1%) received the daily administration of topical treatments for 14 days. Wound closure was determined during the experimentation time, then they were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital 60 mg / kg / pc v.ip. to obtain skin samples for histopathological analysis. Results: Group IV shows a higher percentage of wound closure, which is also evidenced in histopathological changes. Conclusions: The 1% gel based on the ethanolic extract of the peels of the roots of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. they show healing activity in wounds induced in mice, being the most effective treatment.
Keywords: Histology; Ipomoea batatas; Skin.; Wound Healing

Effect of a Gel Based on Ipomoea batatas (Purple Sweet Potato) on Dermal Wound Healing in Mice - Carmen R. Silva-Correa; Cristel M. Ortiz-Noriega; Víctor E. Villarreal-La Torre; Abhel A. Calderón-Peña (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (I. batatas) is a root native from South America that is characterized by its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties contribute to the wound healing process. Objective: To evaluate the healing activity of a gel based on I. batatas on dermal wound healing in mice. Material and methods: An acid ethanolic extract (1.5 N hydrochloric acid: Ethanol 96 ° 15:85, v / v) was prepared with the peels of the roots of I. batatas "purple sweet potato", which was incorporated into the formulations 0.5% and 1% gel. Mus musculus Balb / c with induced injury were distributed in four experimental groups: Group I (Control), which did not receive any treatment. Group II (Gel base), Group III (Gel I. batatas 0.5%) and Group IV (Gel I. batatas 1%) received the daily administration of topical treatments for 14 days. Wound closure was determined during the experimentation time, then they were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital 60 mg / kg / pc v.ip. to obtain skin samples for histopathological analysis. Results: Group IV shows a higher percentage of wound closure, which is also evidenced in histopathological changes. Conclusions: The 1% gel based on the ethanolic extract of the peels of the roots of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. they show healing activity in wounds induced in mice, being the most effective treatment.
Keywords: Histology; Ipomoea batatas; Skin.; Wound Healing

Effect of Aporosa villosa Stem Ethanolic Extract on Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes - Urarat Nanna; Linda Chularojmontri; Pholawat Tingpej; Rawiwun Kaewamatawong; Sudarat Homhual; Wanwisa Suwannaloet; Thanes Fuangfoo; Jarinyaporn Naowaboot (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: An excessive fat accumulation is related to development of obesity. Obesity is associated with the induction of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus conditions. Aporosa villosa is a plant that found in the Northern and Northeastern region of Thailand. Objective: The present study used 3T3-L1 adipocytes for investigating the effect of Aporosa villosa stem ethanolic extract (AS) on adipogenesis. Materials and Methods: 3T3-L1 adipocytes were used for measuring the cytotoxicity of AS at a concentration range of 3-100 μg/mL. After adipocyte cells treated with AS (3-100 μg/mL) for 8 days, the lipid accumulation was detected by Oil Red O staining and adipogenic gene expression were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Results: AS extracts (3-100 μg/mL) did not show cytotoxicity on cell proliferation. After 8 days of treating 3T3-L1 adipocytes with AS at doses of 3, 10, 30 and 100 μg/mL, the lipid droplets were reduced as compared to non-treated cells. Furthermore, the adipogenic genes were measured. The regulators of adipogenesis, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor γ (PPARγ) and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) were found decreasing in AS extracts. The downstream target genes of these regulators cluster of differentiation (CD) 36, fatty acid synthase (FAS) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were also reduced by AS treatments. Conclusion: These findings indicate that AS extract has an inhibitory activity on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via suppressing C/EBPα, PPARγ and SREBP1c.
Keywords: Aporosa villosa; Adipogenesis; Obesity

The Effect of Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg Extract Supplementation on Kidney Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Rat - Anton Bahtiar; Aulia Jihan Miranda; Ade Arsianti (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a kidney disease resulting in high morbidity and mortality levels in humans. One of the disorders classified as AKI is ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), characterized by two phases. The first phase is Ischemia in the kidneys due to obstruction of the renal arteries or veins, followed by the second phase, which is the occurrence of reperfusion with blood flowing back in the renal arteries veins. The aim of this current research is to analyze the efficacy of Artocarpus altilis on Kidney ischemiareperfusion model rats. Methods: To this end, first, we established Ischaemia-reperfusion kidney injury rat. We then evaluated the Artocarpus altilis extract on IRI model rats. A total of 36 rats have grouped into six groups. Group I is the Sham group, Group II is the negative control group, Group III is the positive control group (vitamin C 100 mg/kg BW), Group IV is Dose I of Artocarpus altilis extract 50 mg/kg BW), Group V is Dose II Artocarpus altilis extract 100 mg/kg BW), Group VI is Dose III Artocarpus altilis extract 200 mg/kg BW). The vitamin C and Artocarpus altilis extract administered 14 days before and after Ischemia-reperfusion treatment. At day 0, Ischemia was made by bilateral renal pedicle clamping method for 30 minutes, sacrificed 14 days after reperfusion. The blood and histology samples were collected on day 0, a day after reperfusion, at 24 hrs after reperfusion, at 48 hrs after reperfusion, and 14 days after treatment. Results: The clamping duration of 30 minutes leads to achieving the most representative clinical IRI conditions. It shows the most significant recovery of injury conditions within the 14-day reperfusion period in IRI animal models, making it ideal for IRI operations for the preliminary test. The administration of 100 mg/kg BW of Artocarpus altilis extract could reduce the malondialdehyde plasma compared with the sham group. The SOD and Catalase activity showed improvement after reperfusion. Conclusion: Artocarpus altilis extracts showed antioxidant activity to prevent the kidney from ischemia-reperfusion injury by modulated SOD and Catalase.
Keywords: Acute kidney disease; Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg; Free Radicals; Reperfusion injury; Sukun

The Effect of Ethanol Extract of Katuk Leaves (Sauropus androgynus) on Red Blood Cell Count (HR), Hemoglobin (Hb), and Hematocrit (Ht) of Rats Exposed to Emission - Budi Siswanto (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 70% of the world's urban population has breathed polluted air from motorcycle emissions. Lead poisoning will have an impact on anemia which is characterized by a decrease in the amount of red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin level (Hb), and hematocrit level (Ht). Katuk leaves contain papaverine which can bind to the red blood cell. The purpose of this research is to see the ability of the ethanol extract of katuk leaves (Sauropus androgynus) to prevent the reduction of RBC, Hb, and Ht. The descriptive, experimental research method that analyzes changes in hematological parameters in experimental rats was conducted 24 days with samples of 30 white rats species of Rattus norvegicus, divided into five groups: control (-), control (+), Treatment 1 (P1, extract 50 mg/kg body weight), Treatment 2 (P2, extract 100 mg/kg body weight), and Treatment 3 (P3, extract 200 mg/kg body weight). All rats used in treatment groups were exposed to motorcycle smoke. The study was carried out for 16 days, and on day-17, all groups were drawn blood through the orbital vein. The results showed the concentration of extract of 200 mg/kg weight has the highest increase in hematological parameters for RBC (8.42 ± 0.67); Hb (14.0 ± 0.48); and Ht (44.6 ± 0.89). Katuk leaf ethanol extract had a significant effect (p <0.05) in increasing RBC, Hb, and Ht. Therefore, the ethanol extract of katuk leaves can be a potential drug candidate for medicine in conditions where lower hematological parameters occur due to exposure to air pollution.
Keywords: Air Pollution; Hematology; Katuk Leaves

The Effect of Ethanol Extract of Moringa Leaf (Moringa oleifera Lam) Against the Activity and Capacity of Phagocytosis of Macrofag Cells and the Percentage of Leukosit Cells of White Mice - Elidahanum Husni; Elsa Badriyya; Luqyana Putri; Yufri Aldi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Aim: This study aims to determine the activity, capacity of macrophage phagocytosis, and percentage of leukocyte cells of male mice treated with the ethanol extract of moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera Lam). Methods: Twenty male mice were divided into four equal groups. The extract was administered orally for seven days at a dose of 10; 30; 100 mg/kg; and 0.5% CMC Na suspension as a negative control. On the 8th day, the percentage of blood cell leukocytes in mice tail was calculated using a microscope. Suspension of Staphylococcus aureus was injected intraperitoneally. The peritoneal fluid was taken to figure the activity and capacity of macrophage cell phagocytosis. The activity and capacity of macrophage cells are calculated using a microscope. The data were statistically analyzed by the one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) method and Duncan test. Results: The results showed that giving oral ethanol extract of Moringa leaves on male could increase macrophage activity and capacity, increasing dose, macrophage activity number, and capacity increased. The highest activity and capacity was achieved at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Moringa leaf extract can also increase the percentage of banded neutrophil, lymphocytes, eosinophil cells and decrease the percentage of neutrophil cell segments and monocytes from male white mice. The highest percentage of banded neutrophil, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and reductions in the percentage of neutrophil cell segments, monocytes present at doses of 100 mg/kg. Conclusion: From the result, it can conclude that ethaol extract of Moringa Leaf can increase the activity and capacity of macrophages and percentage of neutrophils.
Keywords: macrophage cell; Moringa oleifera Lam; Phagocytosis; Staphylococcus aureus

The Effect of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) Root Extract on salivary S. Mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida Albicans Isolated from High-Risk Caries Adult Patients - Muhamad Iyad bin Ramzi; Muhammad Hazzim bin Kosnin; Ghasak Ghazi Faisal; Mohd Hafiz Arzmi; Anisa Kusumawardani; ASM Sabere; Essam A Makky; OE Ibrahim; Ghasak Ghazi Faisal; Mohd Hafiz Arzmi; Anisa Kusumawardani; ASM Sabere; et al. (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: The roots of E. longifolia jack (E.L.) or Tongkat Ali have been used in traditional medicine as well as supplements and food additives. Many chemical compounds have been detected in extracts of its roots which are believed to be responsible for its medicinal properties. In this study, our objectives were to study the effects of EL root extracts on the growth of Streptococcus Mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida Albicans isolated from saliva of adult patients with high caries risk. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of the root of this plant was tested against saliva isolated Streptococcus Mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida Albicans via disc diffusion assay at a concentration of 200mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration was carried out by the standard broth microdilution method. Cell viability of test microorganisms against different concentration of the extract and inhibition zones were calculated. Results: Disk diffusion assay showed positive zones of inhibition for all test microorganisms with S. mutans, Lactobacillus and C. albicans exhibiting zones of inhibition of 8.3 ± 0.7mm, 12.4 ± 2.4mm and 21.4 ± 2.7mm respectively. For minimum inhibitory concentration, the test microorganisms were tested at concentration of 250mg/ mL, 125mg/mL, 62.5mg/mL, 31.3mg/mL and 0mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration showed that MIC of S. mutans was at 62.5mg/mL, Lactobacillus at 125mg/mL and C. albicans at 31.3mg/mL. Lastly, the cell viability results supported the MIC determined prior. Conclusion: Ethanol-based E. longifolia Jack root extract has an antimicrobial effect on the following microorganisms isolated from the saliva of high-risk caries adult patients: S. mutans, Lactobacillus and C. albicans.
Keywords: Antimicrobial effect; Eurycoma longifolia Jack; Inhibition; Salivary isolate

The Effect of Giving Red-fleshed Watermelon Juice (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)) on Pregnant White Mice (Mus Musculus) Exposed by Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) Orally on the Number and Morphology of Fetus - Dwisari Dillasamola; Fitri Rachmaini; Dian Ayu Juwita; Rini Haryati (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Infertility can occur due to the presence of free radicals. One of the most popular of free radical is monosodium glutamate. Free radicals from monosodium glutamate can be prevented by antioxidant compounds. Red-fleshed-fleshed watermelon is a fruit that contains antioxidant compound such as lycopene. Aim: This research was conducted to see the effect of red-fleshed-fleshed watermelon juice on the fetus including number, morphology, visual abnormalities and body weight of pregnant white mice exposed to monosodium glutamate solution orally. Total of 25 female white mice aged around 2-3 months were used as test animals. Methods: Pregnant white mice were divided into 5 test groups. Group I and II served as negative controls (whithout treatment) and positive controls (exposed to monosodium glutamate solution orally at dose of 1g/kgBW). Group III was given a solution of monosodium glutamate orally at dose of 1 g/KgBW added red-fleshed-fleshed watermelon juice at dose of 1.4 g/kgBW. Group IV was given solution of monosodium glutamate orally at dose of 1 g/KgBW added red-fleshed-fleshed watermelon juice at dose of 4.2 g/kgBW. The research data were processed using the one-way ANNOVA test. Results: The result showed that mice body weight, fetal number and morphology (body weight, body length, tail length, and head diameter) did not significantly influence (p>0.05). However, it significantly affected the weight gain of mice during pregnancy. However, it significantly affected the weight gain of mice during pregnancy day 6 to day 17 of pregnancy (p<0.05) and found abnormalities in the fetus such as low birth weight (LBW) and haemorrhage in group II and III. Conclusion: It can be concluded that watermelon juice at dose of 2.8 g/kgBW and 4.2 g/kgBW are effective in ward offfree radicals from monosodium glutamate orally at dose of 1 g/kgBW.
Keywords: Fetus; Infertility; Lycopene; Monosodium glutamate; Red-fleshed watermelon

Effect of Glycyrrhizin and Sappan Wood Extract on Chemically- Induced Oral Mucosal Ulcer: An in vivo Animal Study - Ariiq Azmi Rofiqi Sulkhan; Abdul Mun’im; Sutriyo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Stomatitis is the most common oral mucosal lesions characterized by round ulcers with yellow-white color and usually heals up to 14 days. Many recent studies have demonstrated that glycyrrhizin (GL) and C. sappan extract (CSE) exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and antioxidant action but no study has demonstrated the effect on the oral mucosal ulcer. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of GL and CSE in experimentally chemically induced oral mucosal ulcers using rats. Methods: Male Sprague- Dawley rats were randomly distributed into seven groups: the control group, the comparison group of 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide (TCA), a single treatment group of 3% GL and 3% CSE, combination groups of 3% GL + CSE (1:1, 1:2, 2:1). The oral ulcer model was induced by 15 μL of 50% acetic acid. The clinical healing was evaluated by measuring the ulcer size and body weight from day 0–14 and evaluate the leukocyte number on days 0, 4, 9 and 14. Histological examination was conducted at the end of the treatment. Results: The group of 0.1% TCA and GL:CSE (2:1) showed greater ulcer closure (>80%) and decreased leukocyte number since day 4 (p<0.05). Body weight loss was observed after ulcer initiation and started to increase after day 4 of treatment. While the histological examination showed similar tissue regeneration profile only from the GL:CSE (2:1) group with the healthy oral mucosa. Conclusion: Combination treatment of GL:CSE (2:1) enhanced the closure of oral mucosal ulcer and demonstrate complete tissue regeneration.
Keywords: Caesalpinia sappan; Licorice; Stomatitis; Triamcinolone Acetonide

The Effect of Jatropha curcas L Seed Extract on AST/ALT Activity and The Central Vein Thickness in Liver - Faradila Amirabagya; Rr Ayu Fitri Hapsari; Endah Wulandari (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Jatropha is known as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-fungal, anti-cancer, and has coagulant activity. Jatropha curcas (Jatropha curcas L.) contains toxic compounds such as cursin, ricin and gallic acid. The liver has an important role in the process of metabolism and detoxification of xenobiotic substances. Repeated exposure to toxic compounds can damage hepatic hepatocytes. If the hepatocyte cells are injured, the AST/ALT enzyme is excreted and goes into the blood vessels, as an indicator of liver damage. This is also indicated by changes in the thickness of the central veins. This study aims to determine the effect of giving jatropha seed extract (Jatropha curcas L.) on AST/ALT activity and the central vein thickness in the liver. Materials and Methods: The research design was experimental, using male rats (Rattus novergicus L) Sprague Dawley strain. The rats were given Jatropha seed extract at doses of 0, 5, 25, 50, and 250 mg/ KgBW for 28 days. To assess liver damage, measurements of AST/ ALT activity and thickness of the central vein in the liver were performed. Results: Jatropha seed extract increased ALT activity at doses of 25.50, and 250 mg / KgBW compared to the control group (1.207; 1.62; 1.548 IU/L/ mg tissue x 10-3); and increased AST activity at doses of 5, 25, 50, and 250 mg / KgBW compared to the control group (0.769; 0.974; 1.449; 1.185 IU/L/ mg tissue x 10-3); Central vein thickness increased at doses of 25 and 50 mg/KgBW (6.17 and 4.9 μm) (Kruskal Wallis; p> 0.05). Conclusion: Jatropha curcas L. seed extract increased the activity of AST/ALT and the thickness of the central vein in the liver.
Keywords: AST/ALT; Jatropha; Liver; The central vein thickness

The Effect of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) Leaf Extract on the Mucin 1 Expression in Mice Colonic Epithelial Cells Induced by Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) - Kusmardi Kusmardi; Natasha Yemima Situmorang; Endah Zuraidah; Ari Estuningtyas; Aryo Tedjo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic inflammation caused by the malignant inflammation response and if not treated, could lead to colorectal cancer. One of the researched treatment is mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) leaf extract that has flavonoid compound known to reduce inflammation. This study was aimed to prove that mahkota dewa leaf extract could reduce inflammation of mice colon induced with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and observe MUC1 expression from colon epithelial crypt of Lieberkuhn. Methods: This was a laboratory experiment using biological material (paraffin block) taken from 28 mice and divided into 5 groups: normal, aspirin, low and high dose mahkota dewa, and negative control. They were processed into immunohistochemistry and stained microscopic slides. Afterwards, they were observed with 400x magnification and 5 field-of-view of mice colon crypt of lieberkuhn. Then MUC1 expression was counted using ImageJ to obtain mean immunohistochemistry score and analyzed with SPSS. Results: There were significant reduction of MUC1 expressions from normal, aspirin, and high dose mahkota dewa groups compared to the negative control group. The result shown MUC1 expression from high dose mahkota dewa (M=149.90,SD=3.81) and aspirin (M=158.92,SD=5.28) were closer to normal group (M=148.02,SD=5.28). There were no significant results between negative (M=175.39,SD=14.30) and low dose mahkota dewa group (M=149.90,SD=5.02). Conclusion: There was a reduction of MUC1 expression in DSS-induced mice colonic epithelial cells for high dose mahkota dewa group. This shown that high dosage mahkota dewa leaf extract could reduce inflammation like aspirin.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory agent; Colon epithelial cell; Inflammatory bowel Disease; Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa); MUC 1 expression

Effect of Muntingia calabura L. Leaf Extract on Blood Glucose Levels and Body Weight of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice - Tridiganita Intan Solikhah; Gahastanira Permata Solikhah (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Objective: To evaluate the effect of Muntingia calabura L. leaf extract on the blood glucose level and weight of alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Methods: The mice were injected using 150mg/kg of alloxan intraperitoneally to induce diabetes. Blood glucose level was tested before alloxan injection and 5 days after injection to confirm diabetes development. M. calabura leaf extract with 100 and 300 mg/kg and 600 μg/kg of glibenclamide was given orally for 14 days. Results: The statistical results showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level, especially on day-7 and day-14 in the M. calabura leaf extract treatment group and glibenclamide treatment group compared to the model control group. There was an increase of weight on day-7 and day-14 in the M. calabura leaf extract group and a significant decrease in weight on day-7 in the glibenclamide group compared to the model control group. Conclusion: M. calabura leaf extract had a significant antidiabetic effect that can normalize the weight of alloxan-induced diabetic mice.
Keywords: Alloxan; Diabetes; Mice; Muntingia calabura leaf

Effect of Muntingia calabura L. Leaf Extract on Blood Glucose Levels and Body Weight of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice - Tridiganita Intan Solikhah; Gahastanira Permata Solikhah (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Objective: To evaluate the effect of Muntingia calabura L. leaf extract on the blood glucose level and weight of alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Methods: The mice were injected using 150mg/kg of alloxan intraperitoneally to induce diabetes. Blood glucose level was tested before alloxan injection and 5 days after injection to confirm diabetes development. M. calabura leaf extract with 100 and 300 mg/kg and 600 μg/kg of glibenclamide was given orally for 14 days. Results: The statistical results showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level, especially on day-7 and day-14 in the M. calabura leaf extract treatment group and glibenclamide treatment group compared to the model control group. There was an increase of weight on day-7 and day-14 in the M. calabura leaf extract group and a significant decrease in weight on day-7 in the glibenclamide group compared to the model control group. Conclusion: M. calabura leaf extract had a significant antidiabetic effect that can normalize the weight of alloxan-induced diabetic mice.
Keywords: Alloxan; Diabetes; Mice; Muntingia calabura leaf

The Effect of Sambiloto and Spirulina Combination on Mucin-1 Protein Expression in Medial Colon of Plasmodium berghei ANKA Infected Mice - Kusmardi Kusmardi; Baiqi Nur Hairi; Nadar Sukri Lubis; Tri Wahyuni Lestari; Putri Reno Intan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Malaria still be health problem in the world, especially in Eastern Indonesia. Malaria’s inflammation and metabolism defect can cause colonic damage, such as enhancement Muc-1 protein expression and goblet cells hyperplasia. Sambiloto and spirulina combination as antiinflammatory and antioxidative agent can prevent medial colon damage Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice. The aim of the study to show the effect of sambiloto and spirulina combination on Muc-1 protein activity in medial colon Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice. This study use preserve male Swiss Webser mice colonic tissue which has inoculated by Plasmodium berghei ANKA, whose treatment group include positive control (dehyroartemisin piperaquine), negative control (carboxymethil cellulose), AP (sambiloto), AP+ES (sambiloto+spirulina extract), and AP+PS (sambiloto+spirulina powder) and terminated after 28 days of treatment. Colonic tissue was stained with immunohistochemistry and observed using light microscope (400x) in five different field and was analyzed with ImageJ® sowtware, and statisitcal analysis was done with SPSS 20.0. According to One Way ANOVA and Duncan posthoc test, only AP+PS(120,98 ±3,37), which significantly difference between negative control, AP, and AP+ES group. Meanwhile, between DHP, AP+PS group not significantly differenece. Sambiloto extract and spirulina powder combination can reduce Muc-1 protein expression in medial colon Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice.
Keywords: Medial colon; Muc-1; Plasmodium berghei Anka; Sambiloto; Spirulina

Effect of Soybean on Bone Health and Some Metabolic Parameters in Postmenopausal Egyptian Women - Mouchira Abdel Salam; Hala M. Raslan; Doha A. Mohamed; Aliaa Elgendy; Rehab A. Hussein; Omneya Moguib; Maha Abdelhadi; Rokia Abd El-Shafy Soliman El-Banna; Karem Fouda; Safenaz Y. El Sherity; Emad N. Zikri; Nagwa M. Ammar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Great concern has been raised recently concerning the therapeutic impact of soybean. The present study aims to investigate the effects of soybean on bone health and metabolic parameters in postmenopausal women. Methods: In this clinical study, 72 healthy postmenopausal women aged between 45-65 years were given soybean bioactive fraction 2 capsules (500mg each) daily for 24 weeks. Each capsule contained 31.25 mg proteins, 3.2 mg carbohydrates and 4.84 mg isoflavones. Blood pressure, bone mineral density, plasma osteocalcin (OCN), telopeptides of collagen type I (CTX), fasting insulin and blood glucose, lipid profile, serum creatinine, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and TSH were assessed prior and after the period of the study. Insulin resistance was calculated by homeostatic model assessment-IR formula (HOMA-IR). Results: Soy ingestion resulted in a significant increase in T score of the hip and OCN; recording -1.97±0.13/-1.76±0.12 and 22.44±0.60ng/ml/30.93±0.57ng/ml before/after treatment, respectively. A marked decrease was also detected in CTX from 2.22±0.10ng/ml to 1.48±0.08ng/ml. With regard to metabolic parameters, there was a significant decrease in fasting insulin (5.40±0.62uU/ml vs 4.15±0.45uU/ ml), however, fasting glucose and HOMA-IR showed no significant alterations. Lipid profile displayed remarkable decline in total cholesterol (188.86±7.23mg/dl vs 159.60±4.72mg/dl, triglycerides (97.09±5.23mg/dl vs 83.56±4.27mg/dl), LDL-c (75.60±3.06mg/dl vs 63.95±1.86mg/ dl) accompanied with a significant elevation in HDL-c (53.09±0.88 vs 65.81mg/dl±0.80mg/ dl). A significant decrease in both TSH (1.97±0.13 uIU/ml vs 1.40±0.08 uIU/ml) and serum creatinine (0.82±0.02mg/dl vs0.77±0.02mg/dl) was also noticed. Conclusion: Consumption of soy improves bone health, reduces cardiovascular risk with no adverse effects on kidney, liver or thyroid functions.
Keywords: Bone health; Bone mineral density; Hypocholesterolemic effect; Insulin resistance; Metabolic parameters; Soybean

Effect of Tender Coconut Water (TCW) on TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 in Streptozotocin (STZ) and Nicotinamid (NA) Induced Diabetic Rats - Siti Thomas Zulaikhah; Joko Wahyuwibowo; Mochammad Navi Suharto; Bagus Haruno Enggartiasto; Mohammad Iqbal Raka Ortanto; Arrizki Azka Pratama (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is characterized by an increase in blood sugar levels also known as hyperglycemia. Continuous hyperglycemia can increase the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS causes oxidative stress and increases the formation of TNF-α expression as a marker of inflammation. Tender coconut water is rich in sources of free amino acids, L-arginine and vitamin C which can prevent oxidative stress. Aim and Objectives: This research to investigate the effect of tender coconut water on TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 in Streptozotocin (STZ) and Nicotinamid (NA) induced diabetic rats. Material and Methods: Experimental research design using posttest control group design. Twenty four male wistar strain rats were used in this study were divided randomly into 4 groups, which are group K1 (control); K2 (DM type 2); K3 (DM type 2+ Glibenclamid 0,18mg/200grBW); K4 (DM type 2+ tender coconut water 8mL/200gr BW). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus were induced using Streptozotocin (STZ) 65mg/kg body weight and Nicotinamid 230 mg/kg body weight. The administration of tender coconut water were given on day 3 after DM condition is reached, given daily for 4 weeks with dose of 8 mL/200 gr BW. Data on of TNF-α , IL-1 and IL-6 levels were analyzed by One Way Anova. Result: Average TNF-α level, IL-1 level and IL-6 level in Group 2 increased compared to Group 1 , in Group 3 it decreased compared to Group 2 as well as in Group 4 .The results of the analysis has the p values <0.05. Conclusion: Administration of tender coconut water can be decreasing of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 levels in wistar strain male rats with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; IL-1; IL-6; Tender coconut water; TNF-α

Effects of Jamaican cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) Fruits Extract on Immunoglobulin G Levels and Hematological Profiles in Mice - Tanti Azizah Sujono; Ika Trisharyanti Dian Kusumowati; Rima Munawaroh (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Jamaican cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) fruits contain potential immunomodulatory agents such as phenolic and flavonoid compounds. However, previous research was limited only to the effect of Jamaican cherry fruits on non-specific immune response namely the phagocytic index. Objective: This study aims to determine the immunomodulatory activity of Jamaican cherry fruits against specific immune response by measuring the antibody formation named immunoglobulin G (IgG). In addition, the hematological profile of the animals induced by hepatitis B vaccine was also evaluated. Materials and methods: forty male mice were grouped into 8 groups consist of control, treatment, and standard groups. Control group was given CMC-Na 0.5%, six treatment groups were each given either the methanol extract of Jamaican cherry fruits (MEJF), or ethyl acetate fraction of Jamaican cherry fruits (EAJFJ) with the doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW (each dose for one group), and levamisole was given to the standard group. Levamisole and extract of Jamaican cherry fruits were prepared as a suspension in CMCNa 0.5% and administered orally for 15 days. Mice were induced with hepatitis B vaccine intraperitoneally twice. The levels of IgG, hematological profiles, and organ index were measured on the 16th day. Results: The administration of MEJF and EAFJF stimulated IgG production significantly compared to the control group (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the MEJF and EAFJF did not influence the hematological profile. An increase of the spleen index was found in the EAFJF group compared to the control. Both MEJF and EAFJF were shown to have flavonoids, phenolics, and triterpenoids contents. Conclusion: MEJF and EAFJF possessed immunostimulant properties by increasing the specific (humoral) immune response (IgG) after induction with the hepatitis B vaccine.
Keywords: Hematological profile; Hepatitis B vaccine; Immunoglobulin G; Jamaican cherry (Muntingia calabura L.)

Elastase Inhibitory Activity, Determination of Total Polyphenol and Determination of Total Flavonoids and Pharmacognosy Study of Faloak Plant (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br) from East Nusa Tenggara-Indonesia - Sofiah Yunita Radjah; Kunia Sari Setio Putri; Berna Elya (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R. Br) is one of the typical plants of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). Faloak contain flavonoid and polyphenol compounds, and show strong antioxidants activity which potentially correlated with its elastase inhibitory activity. Therefore, in this research, elastase inhibitory activity on various part of Faloak plant was investigated. Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the elastase inhibitory activity, determination of total polyphenol, determination of total flavonoids, and also pharmacognosy characterization of Faloak leaves, roots, stems and stem barks. Methods: Sample of leaves, roots, stems, and stem barks were extracted by 70% ethanol using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Phytochemical screening, microscopic identification and elastase inhibitory activity testing were performed on the leaves, roots, stems, and stem barks extract. This extract with the highest elastase inhibitory activity was then determined for its total polyphenol content and of total flavonoids content. Results: UAE method with 70% ethanol successfully extracted active compounds from leaves, stems, roots, and stem barks of Faloak. Extract of all Faloak parts contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, and glycosides. The extract of Faloak stem barks showed the strongest elastase inhibitory activity as compared to the extract from other parts, with IC50 of 73.7 μg/mL. Alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, terpene, and glycoside were detected as secondary metabolite in the extract of leaves, roots, stems and stem barks. The extract of Faloak stem barks showed the highest elastase inhibitory activity with IC50 73.7 μg/mL. The total flavonoids and total polyphenol content of Faloak stem bark extract were respectively 28.75 mg/gram and 45.25 mg/gram extract. Conclusion: The 70% ethanol extract of leaves, roots, stems, and stem barks of Faloak showed elastase inhibitory activity, and stem barks extract showed the strongest activity. Faloak stem barks extract can be considered as potential to be developed as active compound in anti-aging product, both in cosmetic and pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Keywords: Elastase inhibitory; Flavonoids; Polyphenol; Sterculia quadrifida

Ergosterol Isolated from Agaricus blazei Murill N-Hexane Extracts as Potential Anticancer MCF-7 Activity - Misgiati Misgiati; Aty Widyawaruyanti; Sentot Joko Raharjo; Sukardiman Sukardiman (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Extracts and some of the Agaricus blazrei Murill isolates have potential anticancer. Ergosterol isolate from Amaouroderma rude can also inhibit the growth of MDA-MB-231 cancer cells through apoptotic pathways by increasing FOXO3 expression, while its potency against MCF-7 cells has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to isolate, determine the structure, determine the anticancer activity of MCF-7 cells, and the isolate mechanism by apoptosis from one of isolates the n-hexane A.blazei Murill extracts. This research method includes the isolation of compounds from A.blazei Murill extract by chromatography method guided using Bioactivity Guided Isolation. The structure elucidation of structure isolates used UV, NMR and MS spectroscopy. Anticancer activity test using the MTT cytotoxic test. Eludation of UV, NMR and MS structures showed a ergostrerol. The anticancer activity test showed IC50 values of 43.10 μg/ mL with the strong cytotoxic category. The mechanism of action is to increase apoptosis induction through inhibition of the cell cycle in the G2/ M phase. The conclusion of the isolated compound was ergosterol with an IC50 value of 43.10 μg / mL with an increased apoptosis induction mechanism through inhibition of the cell cycle in the G2/ M phase.
Keywords: Agaricus blazei; Apoptosis; Egosterol; MCF-7 cells; Murill extract

Ethanol Extract Activity of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) Against Hematopoietic on Anemic Male White Mice - Elidahanum Husni; Dwisari Dillasamola; Elsa Badriyya; Resta Angelia; Yufri Aldi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) is known to have many benefits, including as a blood booster. This study aims to determine the activity of pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) on the formation of red blood cells. The parameters include the number of erythrocytes, reticulocytes, hemoglobin levels, and hematocrit values in anemic male white mice induced by chloramphenicol 130 mg/kg for 14 days. Methods: Anemic mice consisted of 4 groups, namely the first group was given physiological NaCl, the second, third, and fourth groups were given ethanol extract of pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) at a dose of 10, 50 and 100 mg/kgper oral every day, for 14 days. Observations were made on days 0, 14, 21, and 28. Results: The results showed that administration of pegagan embun extracts at a dose of 10, 50, and 100 mg/kgto anemic male white mice significantly increase the number of erythrocyte cells, the number of reticulocytes, the hemoglobin levels, and the hematocrit values (p <0.05). Increasing the dose and duration of pegagan embun extract administration could provide a more significant increase in the hematopoietic parameters (p <0.05). Conclusion:It can be concluded that the extract of pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) can be used to treat anemia in male white mice.
Keywords: erythrocytes; Extract of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.; Hematocrit; Hemoglobin; Reticulocytes

Ethnobotanical Study of the Traditional Use and maintenance of Medicinal Plants by the People of Aleta-Chuko Woreda, South Ethiopia - Tizazu Gebre; Bhaskarrao Chinthapalli (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Over centuries, indigenous people have developed their own locality specific knowledge on plant use, management and conservation. However, this valuable traditional knowledge on utilization of plants was not much documented and hence, most of the indigenous knowledge acquired by the local people has been passed on from generation to generation by the word of mouth. Ethnobotanical study is of the use and maintenance of traditional medicinal plant species by the people of Aleta Chuko woreda, South Ethiopia. The study made an attempt to assess the indigenous knowledge that equips the community to identify the medicinal plants, formulate the medicines and subsequently administer the curatives used to treat various human and livestock diseases as the threats that could affect their sustainable use. Methods: A total of 100 informants (85 males and 15 females) were selected to collect information on medicinal plant use from five selected kebeles by using non-probability sampling method. Relevant ethnobotanical information was collected through semi-structured interview, field observation and group discussion. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and simple linear correlation coefficient. The study was carried out from September, 2017 to July, 2018. Results: A total of 53 medicinal plant species representing 49 genera and 30 plant families used in the treatment of 92 (81 human and 11 livestock) different ailments. The plant families Lamiaceae, Rutaceae, and Asteraceae were the most dominant groups. Out of the total recorded medicinal plant species, 79%, 11 % and 10%, were used for treating human, livestock and both humans and livestock health problems respectively. Stomachache and cough were the most common health problems of the study area affecting both humans and animals. 60% of the medicinal plant species were collected from the wild/forest and the remaining 40%were collected from the Homegardens. Herbs were the dominant medicinal plant habit, followed by shrubs and trees. Leaves are the dominant plant part used in formulating curative preparations. The most dominant methods of preparation were crushing and pounding and 70.5% is the dominant route of oral administration. Fagaropsis angolensis was the most effective curatives species against stomach ache, the most common human disease in the study area, followed by Leonotis nepetifolia, and Ajuga integrifolia, Ocimum lamiifolium was the most preferred medicinal plant to treat headache followed by Echinops kebericho and Salvia nilotica. Conclusions: The Coffee-Enset based home gardens which characterize the study area make a substantial contribution to the conservation of medicinal plants species. In order to conserve the traditional medicinal plant species of the study area, community-based in-situ and ex-situ conservation actions, awareness creation in the younger members, and strengthening home gardens and other components of the agro-forestry systems to be used as repositories of medicinal plant species and alternative conservation sites are recommended.
Keywords: Ethnobotany; Indigenous knowledge; Medicinal plant species; Traditional healers

Ethnobotany and Traditional Knowledge of Bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) in Asia and Their Applications in the Complementary and Alternative Medicine: A Review - Mohammad Amil Zulhilmi Benjamin; Shean Yeaw Ng; Fiffy Hanisdah Saikim; Nor Azizun Rusdi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Plants are considered a great source of various herbal medicines in the treatment of certain diseases and ailments. There is a growing interest in the utilization of indigenous medicinal plants as the source for complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) due to the significant contribution of plant-based materials to the pharmaceutical field. Bambusoideae is a large grass family of Poaceae, comprising approximately 119 genera and 1482 described species. About 70% of the bamboo forests are covered throughout Asia. This study aims to provide an informative review of the ethnobotanical significance and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants belonging to the Bambusoideae. This review comprises informative data on medicinal plants, their uses, and parts used by indigenous people and native communities in Asian regions. In line with this review, bamboo has made significant contributions to the ethnobotanical field, specifically as therapeutics for specific diseases. Ethnobotanical data has also made a successful contribution to the CAM. Therefore, the present review on ethnobotany and traditional knowledge of bamboo is expected to have many benefits and could be a good starting point for future work in the pharmaceutical field, both locally and internationally.
Keywords: Asia; Bambusoideae; Complementary and alternative medicine; Ethnobotany; Traditional knowledge.

Ethnomedicinal Knowledge Verification for the Antidiarrheal and Antioxidant Effects of Rhus chinensis Mill. Fruits with Identification of Thirty Constituents - Chandra Mohini Nemkul; Gan B Bajracharya; Hayato Maeda; Ila Shrestha (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Ethnobotanical survey in the rural villages in Nepal revealed that the fruits of Rhus chinensis Mill. have been using for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery. Objective: To evaluate antimicrobial and antioxidant effects, and identification of chemical constituents in the fruits of R. chinensis. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical screening was performed on the hexane and 70% methanolic extracts of the sample followed by gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS). Total phenolic content (TPC) was estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu method. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity. Antibacterial effect was estabilished by the Agar well diffusion assay. Results: A total of 30 compounds belonging to phenolics, anhydrides, aldehydes, fatty acids and hydrocarbons were identified in the extracts. The TPC value of 123.52±1.29 mg GAE/g dry extract was estimated. IC50 value of 135.54±0.82 μg/mL was calculated in DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Scavenging of 42.69±0.1% DPPH free radical and 63.20±1.48% hydrogen peroxide at 100 μg/mL concentration of 70% methanolic extract were estimated. The maximum zone of inhibition (ZOI) observed was 23.00±0.57 mm against Escherichia coli at loading dose of 5 mg of the extract. Conclusion: All together 30 compounds were identified in the fruits. The extracts efficiently inhibited the growth of E. coli and Shigella dysenteriae verifying the rural knowledge. At the same time, the extracts displayed efficient antioxidant activity. The phytochemicals identified were responsible for these activities.
Keywords: Antibacterial susceptibility assay; DPPH radical scavenging assay; GC-MS; Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity; total phenolic content

Ethno-Medicinal Plants Used for Medication of Jaundice by The Chinese, Dayak, and Malays Ethnic in West Kalimantan, Indonesia - Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan; Titin; Yohanes Gatot Sutapa Yuliana (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Knowledge in the utilization of plants as medicine is local wisdom passed down from generation to generation. This study aims to make an inventory of plants that is efficacious in overcoming jaundice which is used by ethnic Chinese, Dayak, and Malay people in West Kalimantan. This research applies ethnobotany and medical ethnobiology approaches by using observation techniques, semi-structural interviews, also recording and documenting plant species to overcome jaundice. There were 23 types of medicinal plants used by ethnic Chinese, Dayak, and Malay people to overcome jaundice. The 23 types of plants obtained were tebu hitam (Saccharum officinarum L.), pisang mas (Musa paradisiaca L.), kacang hijau (Vigna radiata L.), bawang dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr.), temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.), lipan-lipan (Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin), ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.), cha chen chou/ sawi (Plantago mayor L.), inai (Lawsonia inermis L), kunyit (Curcuma domestica Val.), kelapa gading (Cocos eburen Durch), belimbing manis (Averrhoa Carambola L.), ilalang (Imperata cylindrica (L) Beauv.), sia li chi o kin/putri malu kuning (Neptunia oleracea Lour.), ketepeng (Senna alata (L.) Roxb.), putri malu bunga ungu (Mimosa pudica L.), stet ma thio kin/bunga kancing (Urena lobata L.), tebu karak (Saccharum officinarum L.), kumis kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.), empedu tanah/sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. Ex Nees), pegage/pegagan (Centella asiatica L. Urban), kai kut chou/tulang ayam (Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau), and bambu kuning (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.).
Keywords: Jaundice; Local Wisdom; Medicinal plants

Evaluate the Effect of Herbal Extract Remedy for Treatment of Liver Cirrhosis in in-vitro - Thanh Ha Tuan Nguyen; Ngan Nguyen Hoang; Xuan Thanh Nguyen; Binh Nhu Do; Son Trinh The (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Objectives: To evaluate the in-vitro effect of herbal extract recepies, namely XGTQ, in the treatment of liver cirrhosis that induced by Carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) in combination with alcohol and high-fat diet in rats. Materials and Methods: Liver cirrhosis was induced by subcutaneously injecting CC14 (initial dose of 5,0ml/kg, followed by 1,2ml/kg twice a week in 10 weeks) in winstar rats. Then, fed with synthetic food, added 20% fat, and 0.05% cholesterol and iron oxalate. Rats were administered a day with fresh water and water mixed with 30% ethanol in another day. The rats were randomly divided into 5 groups and given distilled water (group 1 or control group and group 2 or cirrhosis group), silymarin (group 3 or reference group) or the herbal recipes, aka XGTQ, drug extract (group 4, 5) for 4 weeks. Blood was collected for biochemical test and livers were dissected to evaluate weight, morphology and quantified 4-hydroxyproline to evaluate fibrosis and collagen accumulation. Results: In cirrhotic wistar rats, the XGTQ herbal drug at 19.6 g/kg/24h and 58.8 g/kg/24h showed the ability of reducing the level of enzymes AST, ALT in the blood (p<0.01), increasing plasma albumin and decreasing prothrobin time (p<0.05); improving physical condition, macroscopic and microscopic images of H&E-stained liver; decreasing the concentration of hydroxyproline in the liver and reducing the level of cirrhosis on the masson-stained templates. The effect of herbal recipes XGTQ increased dramatically with the dose, and was equivalent to silymarin at the dose of 70 mg/kg/24h. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of XGTQ herbal remedy has have a good effect in treatment of liver cirrhosis in in-vitro and to be equivalent to that of silymarin at the dose of 70 mg/kg.
Keywords: CCl4; Liver cirrhosis; Silymarin; Wistar Rats; XGTQ herbal extract

Evaluating the Antioxidant and Heavy Metal Content of Pleurotus ostreatus Mushrooms Cultivated using Sugar Cane Agro-Waste - Senzosenkosi Surprise Mkhize; Mthokozisi Blessing Cedric Simelane; Nothando Lovedale Gasa; Ofentse Jacob Pooe (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Pleurotus ostreatus, is one of the most cultivated mushrooms with great economic and medicinal value that can be easily grown on various bio-waste substrates. However, biosafety evaluations on these mushrooms are rarely conducted. Thus, we sought to evaluate the concentration or presence of Heavy metals in P. ostreatus mushrooms cultivated on agro-bio-waste products. Furthermore, the effect of adding agro wastes on wheat bran (WB) cultivated mushrooms was evaluated. Methods: Mushrooms grown in sugar cane tops and bagasse were supplemented with varying levels of WB. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was applied to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals in the substrates and within mushrooms. Furthermore, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was used to determine antioxidant activity of mushroom extracts. Results: The transfer factor analysis (TF) showed that mushrooms have an affinity to absorb Zn, Cd, Cu and Cr from all tested substrates during cultivation (TF>1). The addition of WB supplement into substrates resulted into significant increase in mushroom yield. However, the increased addition of WB, inversely affected the DPPH scavenging activity of the P.ostreatus methanolic extracts. Conclusion: The bioabsorption of heavy metals by P. ostreatus is depended on the metal type. Based on these findings, mushrooms grown on these agro-waste appear to be safe and potent scavenging ability against free radicals.
Keywords: Antioxidant; DPPH; Heavy metals; Mushrooms; Pleurotus ostreatus

Evaluation of Acute toxicity, In-vitro, In-vivo Antidiabetic Potential of the Flavonoid Fraction of the plant Chenopodium album L - Neeraj Choudhary; Pranav Kumar Prabhakar; Gopal L Khatik; Subba Rao Chamakuri; Devesh Tewari; Ashish Suttee (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: The Chenopodium album L. commonly recognized as Bathua, is widely distributed globally and contains various phytoconstituents that help treat several diseases. However, until now, aerial parts' antidiabetic potential and the plant's acute toxicity at fraction level have never been established. Objectives: To investigate the acute toxicity, the in-vitro, in-vivo antidiabetic potential of the plant at fraction level. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of the plant were fractionated into different fractions, i.e., flavonoid fraction (CAFF), tannin fraction (CATF), alkaloid fraction (CAAF), saponin fraction (CASF), and were analyzed for in-vitro alpha-amylase inhibition assay. The CAFF, CATF, and CAAF were selected based on in-vitro alpha-amylase inhibition assay results and were further screened for its acute toxicity and in vivo antidiabetic activity using a high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetes model. The CAFF was characterized by LC-MS, and a molecular docking study was carried out. Results: The in-vitro alpha-amylase inhibition assay revealed that CAFF was found to be more potent than standard Acarbose having IC50 values 122.18 ± 1.15 and 812.83± 1.07 μg/ml, respectively. The CAFF fraction was found to possess potent antidiabetic activity in a dose-dependent manner in both in vitro and in vivo diabetic models and did not produce any sign of severe toxicity. Furthermore, the bioactive CAFF fraction was characterized by LC-MS, showed the presence of quercetin 3-O-(2’’,6’’-di-O-rhamnosyl) glucoside (QRG) or quercetin 3-O-(2’’,6’’-di-Orhamnosyl) galactoside (QRGa) and quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) (QR). It is predicted from the molecular docking study that the CAFF fraction primarily acts as an alphaamylase inhibitor. Conclusion: The CAFF fraction was found to poses dose-dependent potent antidiabetic activity and did not produce any sign of severe toxicity and primarily act as an alpha-amylase inhibitor.
Keywords: Acute toxicity; Alpha-amylase; Antidiabetic activity; Chenopodium album; Lc-Ms; Molecular docking

Evaluation of Antihelmintic Activity of Indigenous Plants Found in India Including Butea Monosperma, Origanum Majorana, Piper Longum and Embelia Ribes And GC-MS Phytochemical Analysis of Plant Extracts - Kiran Giri; Aradhana Singh; Kamlesh M. Palandurkar; Tuhina Banerjee; Satish Chaurasia (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Antimicrobial agents are an essential tool in reducing the burden of the infectious diseases. This study aimed to comprehensively determine the antihelmintic activity of indigenous plants found in India including Butea monosperma, Origanum majorana, Piper longum and Embelia ribes. Methodology: Additionally, the profiling of the phytochemical composition of the extracts was done. The preparation of the extract was done using Maceration method. For determination of antihelmintic activity Eisenia fetida were used. The gas chromatography-mass analysis was carried out in GCMS-QP-2010 plus system). Result and conclusion: Aqueous extracts of Embelia ribes and Origanum majorana did not show anthelmintic activity at any of the tested concentrations. Aqueous extract of Butea monosperma showed antihelmintic activity at 20 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml at 1 hour and 2-hour time interval respectively. The aqueous extract of Piper longum showed activity at concentration 20mg/ml and 10 mg/ml at the time interval of 1 hour and 3-hour respectively.
Keywords: Antihelmintic; Butea monosperma; Embelia ribes; Origanum majorana

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Some Medicinal Plants and their Combination - Tanuj Joshi; Vijay Juyal (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Oxidative Stress leads to several complications within the human body. It is the reason behind the generation of several diseases. Free radicals if generated in excess amount can damage the body to a great extent. Finding newer and potent medicinal plants that can fight oxidative stress can be useful in combating the harmful effects of free radicals. Methods: In the current study ethanolic extract of Ocimum kilimandscharicum, Thymus serpyllum, Spilanthes acmella and their combination in equal ratio were used for their ability to counter oxidative stress. The plants were collected from the district of Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand and extracted by soxhlet’s apparataus using absolute ethanol (99.9%). The extracts were then dried and used for the study. Result: It was seen that highest absorbance was shown by ascorbic acid at the lowest as well as the highest concentration in the reducing power assay. Also, the combination of the extracts showed the highest absorbance among all the extracts at both the lowest and highest concentration. Conclusion: A higher absorbance indicates a better antioxidant potential. The best effect was shown by the combined extract among all the extracts.
Keywords: Flavonoids; Oxidative stress; Phenols; Reducing power

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. Bark - Binawati Ginting; Mustanir; Nurdin; Maulidna; Murniana; Safrina (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer activity of secondary metabolite compounds from Myristica fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg) bark using n-hexane extract based on DPPH radical scavenging and microculture tetrazolium salt (MTT) assay. The chemical structural analysis using NMR, FTIR, and LC-MS spectroscopy confirmed and identified the structure of isolated compound namely (2E)-5(2z.4E)-hexa-2,4,-dio-zyl)-2propylcyclohexanol (C18H30O4) for the first time which is corresponding for the excellent antioxidant and anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell lines with the IC50 value of 99.76 and 10.75 ppm, respectively.
Keywords: Anticancer; Antioxidant; Bark; n-hexane extract; Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt)

Evaluation of Co-administration of Roselle Water Extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and Aspirin for Antiplatelet Therapy in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats - Zahriah; Fadlina Chany Saputri (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Various herbal side effects caused by interactions between herbs and drugs have been reported and reviewed. For instance, roselle water extract and aspirin have similar functions in maintaining cardiovascular function. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of roselle water extract on aspirin pharmacodynamics observed through the parameters of bleeding time, survival rate and the number of microthrombus that induced thromboembolism in rats. Materials and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two different experimental group for bleeding time and survival rate assay. Roselle water extract was given in three various doses (12.5 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg/200 g BW) for seven days followed by aspirin on the last treatment. Results: Results showed that the co-administration of roselle water extract and aspirin did not cause significant changes in the increase in bleeding time, the number of animals that survived and the number of microthrombus. Conclusion: Therefore, roselle water extract does not affect the pharmacodynamics of aspirin.
Keywords: Aspirin; Bleeding time; Roselle water extract; Survival rate; Thromboembolism

Evaluation of Secondary Metabolites, Antibacterial, Antiplasmodial and Acute Toxicity Potentials of Chloroform Crude Extract of Boswellia dalzielii Stem Bark - MI Bunu; M I Ikhile; AN Matheri; MT Charlotte; MCD Fotsing; DT Ndinteh (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Medicinal plants contain bioactive compounds that have the potentials to cure many human ailments without unnecessary side effects like most of the chemotherapeutic drugs used today. Therefore, the need for phytochemicals in medicinal plants for potentials application in the treatments of these human ailments as alternatives. Drug resistance parasite has rendered most of the drugs used in treating many human diseases ineffective. There is an urgent need and continuous search for new drugs from natural sources because most of the drugs used are either derived from plant or end-product of the natural source. Antibacterial and antiplasmodial activities of Boswellia dalzielii stem bark chloroform extract against some pathogens and P. bergei was investigated using the serial dilution method. Phytochemical studies (GC-MS RT profiling) revealed the presence of some secondary metabolites. The extract was tested against thirteen bacterial strains (Styphylococcus epidermidis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Enterococcus faecalis, Styplococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative strains Klebsiella aerugninosa, Proteus vulgaris, K. pneumonia, Klebsiella oxytoca,Entrobacter cloacae, Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extract showed activities against Mycobacterium smegmatis,Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella aerugninosa and Proteus vulgaris. The extract demonstrated high safety with LD50 value greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. The extract shows a high potent of antiplasmodial activities with P. bargie inhibition of 66.95%. The results demonstrated that Boswelliadalzielii stem bark extract can be used as a source of cheaper, less toxic novel antibiotic and antimalarial substances for drug development.
Keywords: Acute toxicity; Antibacterial; Antiplasmodial; Boswellia dalzielii; GC-MS RT; Medicinal plants

Evaluation of the Anticonvulsant, Anxiolytic, Sedative, and Neuroprotective Activities of Polysaccharides from Mycelium of Two Ganoderma Species - Veronica Nunez-Urquiza; Juana Villeda-Hernandez; Elizur Montiel-Arcos; Isaac Tello; Victoria Campos-Pena; Maribel Herrera-Ruiz; María del Carmen Gutiérrez; Vera Petricevich; María Angélica Santana; Martha Navarro; Angélica Berenice Aguilar-Guadarrama; Gabriel Navarrete-Vázquez; et al. (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Ganoderma lucidum has been used as a medicinal mushroom since centuries in East Asia. Recent reports have shown that metabolites isolated from Ganoderma species have shown effects on central nervous system. Objective: To determine the neuroprotective, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and sedative effects of Ganoderma sp. and Ganoderma curtisii polysaccharides. Methods: Polysaccharides (Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2) were isolated from two Ganoderma mycelia submerged cultures. Acute toxicity effects of Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 on mice were treated orally with doses of 50 - 2000 mg/kg. Anticonvulsant activity was determined using three chemoconvulsants: kainic acid (KA), strychnine, or pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Anxiolytic-like effects were determined using the elevated plus maze test on mice. GABA release evoked by GC-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 content was determined by HPLC. Neuroprotective effects of Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2 were determined by glial activation, histopathological changes, and immunohistochemistry. Results: Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 showed neuroprotective activity by diminishing neuronal death, reducing glial activation and Neu-N expression levels. Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2 inhibited convulsions in the KA model. An anxiolytic-like, but not a sedative effect was reported in mice treated with Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2. Polysaccharides Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 evoked endogenous GABA release and increased its concentration within the incubation medium. Pretreatment with Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2 showed a reduction of the LPSinduced NO production. Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 did not produce toxic effects. Conclusion: Ganoderma sp. or Ganoderma curtisii polysaccharides showed neuroprotective and anticonvulsant activities in animal models. The anticonvulsant activity may involve the GABAergic neurotransmision.
Keywords: a- and b-glucan; Anticonvulsant; GABA; Ganoderma curtissi; Ganoderma sp; Neuroprotective

Evaluation of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of Three Organs of Idat (Cratoxylum glaucum Korth.) and Correlation with Phytochemical Cont - Dadang Juanda; Irda Fidrianny; Komar Ruslan Wirasutisna; Muhamad Insanu (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Idat (Cratoxylum glaucum Korth.), belonging to the genus Cratoxylum, is known to contain xanthone, quinone, flavonoids, and other phenolic compounds. Objectives: to analyze total phenolic, flavonoid, antioxidant activity, and inhibitory xanthine oxidase activities of leaves, stem, and cortex of idat. Methods: Extraction of leaves, stem, and cortex of idat was carried out by reflux using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol as a solvent. Antioxidant activity was tested by the DPPH method and calculated to get the antioxidant activity index (AAI). Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid levels by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. Results: Spectrophotometers measured the inhibitory activity on xanthine oxidase in 96-well plates with allopurinol as standard. Total phenolic and flavonoid content from C. glaucum extracts varied from 6.62 to 48.77 g GAE/g extract and 1.54 - 25.96 g QE/100 g extract, respectively. The ethanol extracts of leaves, stem, and cortex were very strong antioxidant activity with Antioxidant Activity Index (AAI) values 3.89; 4.55; 10.50, meanwhile AAI of ascorbic acid and quercetin 9.46 and 14.81 respectively. The n-hexane of stem extract had a strong xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity with the IC50 was 36.64 μg/ml, while allopurinol was 5.02 μg/ml. Conclusions: Total phenolic content contributed to antioxidant activity. Phenolic compounds in leaves extracts led to the xanthine oxidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. The extract of C. glaucum was active as an antioxidant and potentially an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase agents.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Cratoxylum glaucum; Xanthine oxidase inhibitory

Evidence Based Evaluation of Pharmacological Activity and Herb-Herb interaction of Organic Extracts of Certain Natural Anti- Diabetic Mixtures - Asmaa Sayed Abd Elkarim; Amal H. Ahmed; Abdelbaset M. Elgamal; Radwan El Haggar; Alaa Khedr; Mohamed Fouad Shalaby; Roula Bayram; Samah Shabana (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Objective: This work aims to find a new treatment based on the development of safe natural anti-diabetic mixtures. It assesses the hypoglycemic activity of natural mixtures and determines whether there are any negative side effects from the interaction of the herbs and the herbs. Methods: Six natural mixtures were tested for anti-diabetic activity, which was confirmed by a pathological histological examination. We performed a GC-MS analysis on active mixtures 1 and 2, yielding 54 and 38 compounds, respectively. The major compounds were Gingerol, Butan-2-one and 4-(3-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl) (97 and 64.02 per cent). Results: Among the six samples, the organic extract of mixture 1 and 2 showed a significant reduction in BGL compared to the standard drug glimepiride at a dose of 10 mg/kg ip and demonstrated a beneficial effect on renal function in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. These results were confirmed by a histopathological study which revealed that both mixture 1 and mixture 2 had decreased morphological and ultrastructural changes in the triggered liver. Docking of cuminaldehyde, Gingerol and α-Copaenin at the active site of human pancreatic enzymes α-amylase and aldol reductase revealed that these compounds had binding affinity at the active site of the enzymes. Conclusion: Our results revealed the anti-diabetic activity of non-polar mixtures consisting of long chain hydrocarbons, oils and non-polar components, thus suggesting that the herbal formulation is safe and effective for the treatment and complication of type 2 diabetes.
Keywords: Anti-diabetic herbs; Herb-herb interaction; Medicinal Plants.

Evolution of Biometric Parameters and Oil Fatty Acid Composition of Argan "Argania spinosa L. Skeels" Fruits from Beni- Snassen (Eastern Region of Morocco) During Ripening - Abdelhak Chergui; Latifa El Hafid; El Amine Ajal; Imane Zakariya; Rachid Nejjari; Mohammed Reda Tazi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Argania spinosa Skeels is an endemic forest essence of Morocco. The argan of the north-east of Morocco remains a virgin subject of study without enough value given to it. Objective: The aim of this study is to asses the evolution of biometric parameters and fatty acids composition of the argan fruits from Beni-Snassen region during ripening. Materials and Methods: 4 fruit shapes harvested over seven months were characterized through the measurement of their biometric parameters (size and weight), and their composition of majority fatty acids. Results: the studied argan tree could be classified into two major groups, namely: early-riped trees with oval or oval-apiculate fruits and late-riped trees with fusiform or spherical fruits. When considering the fruits size and weight, the highest values were recorded on late-ripened fruits, more particularly fusiform shapes. The obtained results showed, on one hand, a significant difference in the unsaturated fatty acids, according to the fruit ripeness stage and shapes, being the later significantly affecting the stearic acid content; and on another hand, it was noted an increase of oleic acid content while linoleic acid decreased. In the maturation stage, the spherical shaped fruits were found to have the highest ratio of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids. Conclusion: The results demonstrated the possibility to predict the kernel’s weight from the fruit’s length. The results also showed the good dietary and nutritional quality of spherical shapes and that the biometric parameters are important criteria for the differentiation of argan tree fruits.
Keywords: Argan fruits; Beni-Snassen; Biometeric parameters; Fatty Acid; Ripeness

Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum) and its Active Compounds: A Review of its Effects on Human Health through Modulating Biological Activities - Saleh A Almatroodi; Ahmad Almatroudi; Mohammed A Alsahli; Arshad Husain Rahmani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Fenugreek seed are rich sources of various essential compounds and such components shows a significant role in the diseases cure and management through its anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, nephroprotective and anti-microbial activity. Moreover, fenugreek seed is a rich source of antioxidant and such potentiality inhibit the pathogenesis of diseases through free radical scavenging activity. Besides, fenugreek and its active compound shows role in tumour inhibition through modulating various genes activity including induction of apoptosis, tumour suppressor gene and inhibition of tumor necrosis factor. This review comprehensively summarizes the role of fenugreek seeds in health management through modulating various physiological and biochemical activities, along with special emphasis on in vitro and in vivo study.
Keywords: Anti-cancer activity; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidant; Fenugreek; Health management; Trigonella foenum-graecum

A Few Potential Treatments of Asthma in Vietnam - Huynh Tan Hoi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Asthma is a chronic condition that can be fatal if it isn't treated promptly during an attack. Patients with an asthma attack cannot breathe enough air to supply the body with oxygen and within minutes, the patient can die. In Vietnam today, people can buy antibiotics on their own without the need of a doctor to prescribe or visit. Many people who only see signs of coughing, wheezing have voluntarily bought antibiotics for use. The overuse of antibiotics is very common in asthma patients. In fact, antibiotics are not effective in most types of asthma. Abuse of antibiotics is not only ineffective, but also makes the patient more tired, reduces resistance, and digestive disorders. Some antibiotics can even lead to acute asthma attacks. This article covers some of the remedies that can eradicate asthma with a combination of several fairly safe treatments. Through analysis of the scientific composition and current studies, it is possible to treat asthma and maintain good health.
Keywords: Asthma; Health; Medicine; Patient; Prevention

Formulation and Characterization of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia Linn.) Fruit Fraction Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles - Rahayu Anggraini; Silvia Surini; Fadlina Chany Saputri (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: The main active compound of bitter melon (Momordica charantia Linn.) fruit is charantin, which is believed to have important role on antihyperglycemic effect. However, charantin compound has a large molecular weight and is easily hydrolysed when given orally. Therefore, a colloidal drug delivery system, such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), is required to provide a suitable and effective delivery of charantin, which is contained in a bitter melon fraction (BMF). Objective: This study aimed to prepare and evaluate SLN containing BMF with an appropriate characteristic for transdermal delivery. Methods: Bitter melon fruits were extracted with ionic liquid of [BMIM]BF4 using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and fractionated with dichloromethane. Four formulas of BMF loaded SLN were prepared with various ratio of BMF to surfactant and various ratio of lipids using high-shear homogenization followed by ultrasonication method. The obtained SLN were characterized, including morphology, particle size distribution, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. Furthermore, the stability study of BMF-loaded SLN was also conducted. Results: The result showed that BMF was a dry powder and brownish fraction with a specific smell. The BMF loaded SLN showed a spherical shape with the SLN F1 formula as a selected formula. The SLN F1 showed a particle size (Z-average) of 98.3±1.98 nm, polydispersity index of 0.26±0.01, zeta potential of -39.53±0.15 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 82.96±1.42 %. According to the stability study, it revealed that the BMF loaded SLN F1 had an acceptable stability, which the charantin content in the SLN was 96.52% after 3 months storage at 25°C ± 2°C. Conclusion: The BMF loaded SLN F1 with 1:12 ratio of BMF to surfactant and 1:2 ratio of capric caprylic triglyceride to glyceryl monostearate was selected as the best formula with the appropriate characteristics for transdermal delivery.
Keywords: Bitter melon; Charantin; Momordica charantia Linn; Solid lipid nanoparticles

Formulation of Traditional Mask Powder Containing the Mixture of Coffea robusta, Angelica keiskei and Oryzae sativa, and its Activity as Tyrosinase Enzyme Inhibitor - Diah Lia Aulifa; Annisa Sri Rahayu Berliana; Nur Asni Setiani; Arif Budiman (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Objective: Formulate a traditional mask powder with the mixture of Coffea robusta (CR) green bean, Angelica keiskei (AK) leaf and Oryzae sativa (OS) and evaluate its activity as an inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosinase. Methods: The traditional mask powder was formulated by mixing homogeneously CR bean, AK leaf and OS, which is sieved by 125-μm sieve and sealed by foil aluminium. Subsequently, the traditional mask powder was evaluated including organoleptic, pH and microbial contamination test. The total phenolic content of CR bean, AK leaf and OS was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu test, and the inhibitory activities of the tyrosinase enzyme was determined using L-Tyrosine as substrate. Results: The physical stability of the traditional mask powder containing CR bean, AK leaf and OS was stable after 7 days of storage. The total phenolic content of CR bean, AK leaf and OS were 9.51, 2.80 and 2.2 gGAE/100g, respectively. The CR bean, AK leaf and OS had tyrosinase enzyme inhibitor activity with IC50 value 321.52, 930.10 and 339.55 μg/mL, respectively, while the IC50 of traditional mask powder was 127.60 μg/mL, and the IC50 kojic acid used as a positive control was 573.10 μg/mL. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the traditional mask powder made the mixture of the CR bean, AK leaf and OS has a potential as a skin lightening agent.
Keywords: Angelica keiskei; Coffea robusta; Oryzae sativa; Traditional mask powder; Tyrosinase enzyme inhibitor.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Assay of Bio- Active Compounds and Phytochemical Analyses in Three Species of Apocynaceae - Peggy Willie; Edak A Uyoh; Peter O Aikpokpodion (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Objective: Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze for phytochemicals and bioactive compounds in three species of Apocynacae, Gongronema latifolium, Vincetoxicum rossicum and Marsdenia edulis commonly found in tropical rainforest vegetation and used as food and traditional medicine by locals. Methods and Materials: Phytochemical analysis and GC-MS were carried out using leaf samples of the species following standard protocols. Quantitative phytochemical data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significance tested at 5% level of probability. Bioactive compounds were identified by comparing the retention times with those of authentic compounds and spectral data obtained from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, terpenes, steroids, flavonoids and phenols. Among the three species, Gongronema latifolium was highest in flavonoids (28.40 %), Vincetoxicum rossicum was highest in steroids (17.25 %) while Marsdenia edulis was highest in terpenoids (18.17 %). GC-MS profiling of the species revealed biologically functional compounds with therapeutic properties including linoleic acid, phytol, neophytadiene, n-hexadecanoic acid, squalene, transfarnesol, 5-pentadecen-7-yne, and mercaptoacetic acid. Conclusion: The array of bioactive compounds present in the three species especially Gongronema latifolium, commonly used as food indicated their utility in pharmacognosy and drug manufacture. This is the first report of GC-MS based metabolite profiling to detect the various bioactive compounds in methanolic extracts of Vincetoxicum rossicum and Marsdenia edulis. We therefore recommend these species for further study in drug discovery trials.
Keywords: Drug discovery; Gongronema latifolium; Marsdenia edulis; Phytochemical profiling; Underutilized species; Vincetoxicum rossicum

GC-MS Analysis and Screening of Anti-Proliferative Potential of Methanolic Extract of Garcinia cowa on Different Cancer Cell Lines - Anirban Chouni; Amrita Pal; Priya K Gopal; Santanu Paul (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Garcinia cowa (Clusiaceae) is popular among integrative medicine in several communities. This study undertook to evaluate the anti-proliferative activity on cancer cells and its cytotoxic effect on normal cells. Here we are reporting for the first time the metabolomic profiling of G. cowa leaf. Methods: Anti-proliferative potential of ethyl acetate and methanol extract of Garcinia cowa leaf assessed by MTT assay. Metabolomic profiling obtained by GC/ MS analysis. Nuclear morphology visualized by DAPI staining. Caspase activation analysed through spectrophotometric assay. Results: The study reveals, that the methanolic extract is more potential in inducing anti-proliferative activity than ethyl acetate extract. Robust antiproliferative activity of the methanolic extract evidenced in lung cancer cell line, A549 followed by MCF–7, HepG2, MOLT – 4, MDA-MB-468 cells. The anti-proliferative effect was negligible in normal PBMC. Further, a dose-dependent increase of nuclear fragmentation visualized in A549 cells treated with the methanolic extract. Post methanolic extract treatment upregulation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 also evidenced in A549 cells. GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of phytoconstituents of different phytochemical groups comprising of 3.45% diterpenoid, 5.45% triterpenoid, 11.24% steroid, 2.03% phytosterol, etc. in methanol extract, as well as 4.53% diterpenoid, 2.88% triterpenoid, 1.09% steroid, 2.11% phytosterol, etc. in ethyl acetate extract with considerable biological importance. Conclusion: This is the maiden report of the metabolomic profiling of leaf extracts of Garcinia cowa which possess a good repository of potentially bioactive molecules that holds a great promise as a future therapeutic agent in combating lung cancer.
Keywords: Anti-proliferative; Cancer; Garcinia cowa; GC-MS; Metabolomic profiling

GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds and Safety Assessment of the Ethanol Extract of the Barks of Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex.G.Don (Family Apocynaceae): Sub-Acute Toxicity Studies in Swiss Albino Mice - Sanjit Namasudra; Pankaj Phukan; Meenakshi Bawari (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G. Don belongs to the family Apocynaceae and has several therapeutic applications in traditional medicine. This plant has various pharmacological properties such as antihelmintic, antidiuretic and antidiabetic. One of the major concerns, as they are used, is the lack of adequate pharmacological and toxicological data to support their uses. Objective: The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the safety of an ethanolic extract of Holarrhena pubescens Wall.ex.G.Don (Apocynaceae) by determining its potential toxicity after oral administration for 28 days. Methods: In sub-acute toxicity, the extract at the doses of 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg, bw was administered orally for 28 days. After 28 days of treatment, the mice were decapitated; brain was homogenized for evaluating oxidative stress. The brain was fixed in 10 % formalin and processed for histopathological examinations. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extract was performed by (GC-MS). Result: In the sub-acute study in mice, daily oral administration of HP resulted in a significant increase in the lipid peroxidation of treated animals and a decrease in enzymes activity of CAT, SOD, GPX and GR in both, males and females mice. Histopathological analysis showed alterations in the mice brain cortex. From the GC-MS analysis of the plant extract, it was evident that major phytochemicals were present in the ethanol extract of HP. Some major phytochemicals namely, conessimine (17.81 %); lup-20(29)-en-3-one (16.50%); piperidine, 2-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-(6.44%); lup-20(29)-ene-3, 28-diol, (3.beta.) (4.82%) and 17- (1, 5-dimethyl-3-phenylsulfanyl-hex-4-enyl (4.37%) were found. Conclusion: H.pubsecne bark ethanol extract was found to be relatively safe in lower doses although at higher doses it can cause lipid peroxidation and damage to the neuronal cell of the brain and should therefore be used with caution.
Keywords: GC-MS; Holarrhena pubescens; Mice; Oxidative stress; Sub-acute toxicity

Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff. (Syn: Justicia picta Linn.) and its Effectiveness: A Well-Known Indonesian Plant - Feda Makkiyah; Eldiza Puji Rahmi; Rika Revina; Tiwuk Susantiningsih; Yuni Setyaningsih (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff., a shrubby stove plant, has been used traditionally to treat various diseases. This review summarizes the up-to-date data about its phytochemistry and pharmacological properties and provides a perspective and direction for future research. The phytochemical analysis of G. pictum revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, glycoside, tannins, saponin, chlorophyll, nontoxic alkaloid, and anthocyanin. Meanwhile, the pharmacological analysis revealed that this plant possessed various activities such as antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-analgetic, woundhealing, anti-hemorrhoid, anti-diabetic, and estrogenic effects. However, most of its pharmacological activities were based on the crude extracts and the bioactive compounds responsible for the bioactivities have not been well identified. A further detailed investigation in phytochemistry to identify the bioactive compounds and to investigate the mechanism action of its bioactivities is required. Moreover, a toxicology study is also needed to develop a standardized formulation of G. pictum preparation and to fulfill the requirements of modern phytomedicine.
Keywords: Activities; G pictum; Indonesia; Pharmacological

Hepatoprotective Activity of Cordia lutea Lam Flower Extracts Against Paracetamol‑Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats - Ruiz-Reyes SG; Villarreal-La Torre Víctor E; Silva-Correa Carmen R; Sagástegui Guarniz William Antonio; Cruzado-Razco José L; Gamarra-Sánchez César D; Venegas Casanova Edmundo A; Miranda-Leyva Manuel; Valdiviezo Campos Juan Ernesto; Cuellar-Cuellar Armando (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Paracetamol or acetaminophen overdose leads to hepatotoxicity. This study evaluates the effect of Cordia lutea extract on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods: Three different doses of dry fluid extract of C. lutea (200, 400 and 600 mg / Kg) were evaluated and compared with Silymarin 200 mg / Kg. Biochemical parameters such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, total bilirubin, albumin, globulin and total proteins were evaluated, and histopathological changes in the liver were studied and evaluated. Results: C. lutea reduced the levels of ALT, AST, ALP and increases proteins significantly, although the reduction of bilirubin was not significant, the extract at 400 mg / Kg reduced the levels better than the extract at 600 mg / Kg. The histopathological evaluation suggested that C. lutea extract reduced paracetamol-induced liver necrosis. Conclusions: The extract of C. lutea has a marked hepatoprotective effect, significantly reducing the levels of ALT, AST and ALP, in addition to increasing the levels of albumin, globulin and total proteins, in Rattus norvegicus var. albinus. C. lutea extract is an excellent candidate for use in paracetamol-induced liver diseases.
Keywords: Acetaminophen; Biochemical parameters; Cordia lutea; Hepatoprotection; Histopathology; Paracetamol

Hepatoprotective Effect of Ganoderma applanatum Crude Polysaccharides on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Early Liver Fibrosis in Mice - Raden Joko Kuncoroningrat Susilo; Dwi Winarni; Saikhu Akhmad Husen; Suhailah Hayaza; Sri Puji Astuti Wahyuningsih; Ruey-An Doong; Win Darmanto (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Liver fibrosis is a treatable disease when still at early stages. Ganoderma applanatum plays role as alternative medicine. The fungi have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer bioactivities. This study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of G. applanatum crude polysaccharides (GACP) on liver fibrosis due to CCl4 induction. Methods: This study was divided into six groups. BALB/c mice were given CCl4 dissolved in olive oil (2 mL/kg; 1:3) intraperitoneally (i.p) twice a week for four weeks to produce a liver fibrosis model. Distilled water (control group), silymarin 100 mg/kg and GACP 25, 50, 100 mg/kg were given once daily for four weeks. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), tumor necrosis-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Histopathology was stained by hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) and Masson’s trichome. Results: The administration of GACP effectively prevented ALT, AST, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels from high elevation. Additionally, the GACP had protective effect after liver histological analysis exhibited less injury in the liver tissue. Conclusion: The hepatoprotective effect of GACP on liver fibrosis is mainly due to avoid high elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokine. This result revealed that GACP could be a potential hepatoprotective agent for later clinical therapy.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Carbon tetrachloride; Crude polysaccharides; Fibrosis; Ganoderma applanatum

Hypoglycemic and Antianemia Effects of Chlorophyll from Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr Leaves in Rats - Suparmi Suparmi; Minidian Fasitasari; Martanto Martosupono; Jubhar Christian Mangimbulude (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Beneficial effect of katuk (Sauropus androgynus L Merr) leaves (CSA) as one of medicinal plant in Indonesian jamu may potential to cure diabetes mellitus (DM) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) as well as its well-known effect to increase breast milk production. Objectives: This study was aiming to explore the hypoglycemic effects of CSA in streptozotocininduced DM rats (STZ) and antianemia effects in IDA rats (FeD). Material and Methods: STZ male Wistar rats were treated with CSA, commercial chlorophyll (Chln) and glibencamide. Blood glucose levels and histological changes of liver, kidney and pancreas were analyzed after 14 days treatment. At separate experiment, FeD female Wistar rats were treated with CSA and Chln. The treatment was performed orally at the 1st - 20th day of pregnancy. Levels of Hb, Fe and ferritin blood serum, number and body weight of the offspring were analyzed on 21st day (post-partum). Results: Treatment of CSA for 14 days to diabetic animals demonstrated the hypoglycemic effect, however the histological analysis suggested that the scores of liver, kidney and pancreas were higher than that in the normal group. Moreover, CSA exerted a significant restorative effect by returning the levels of hemoglobin, serum iron, and serum ferritin. A fetus analysis suggested that the fetus body weight of in the CSA and Chln groups was similar to that in the normal group. Conclusion: CSA treatment are potential as a new herbal supplement to cure DM and IDA. However, the safety dose should be considered to prevent the toxicity.
Keywords: Antioxidants; Chlorophyll; Diabetes mellitus (DM); Iron deficiency anemia (IDA); Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr