Accumulation of Potential Photo-Protective Compound Groups in Mangrove (Sonneratia caseolaris (l.) Engler.) Leaves - Haviah Hafidhotul Ilmiah; Tri Rini Nuringtyas; Laurentius Hartanto Nugroho (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: To analyze the accumulation of potential photo-protective compound groups, include phenol, flavonoid, and tannin in the leaf tissues of Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler. Methods: The research used Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler leaves as materials. The total of compound groups and photo-protective ability level of each tissue was measured using spectrophotometry, while detection of compound group accumulations in the leaf tissue were observed using histochemical assay. Results: Epidermis extract contained the highest content of total phenolic compounds (phenol, flavonoid, and tannin), followed by those of mesophyll and whole leaf. Moreover, Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value of epidermis was also higher than those of mesophyll and whole leaf, considering that there were no significant difference of SPF value between mesophyll and whole leaf. Result of histochemical assay of S. caseolaris fresh leaf sections showed that phenol, flavonoid, and tannin were highly accumulated in the epidermis and some parts of mesophyll. Conclusion: Potential photo-protective compound groups of S. caseolaris leaves were accumulated in epidermis and mesophyll. However, epidermis showed the highest level of potential photo-protective compound groups than those of other tissues. Photo-protective ability of epidermis also showed higher value than those of mesophyll. Key words: Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler, Secondary metabolite, Photo-protective, SPF, Leaf anatomy.
Keywords: Leaf anatomy.; Photo-protective; Secondary metabolite; Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler; SPF

Acute and Sub-Acute Antihypertensive Effects of Syzygium polyanthum Leaf Extracts with Determination of Gallic Acid using HPLC Analysis - Azlini Ismail; Nurul Syahida Ramli; Mahaneem Mohamed; Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Context: Aqueous decoction of Syzygium polyanthum (ADSP) leaf is one of Malay traditionalremedial- preparations for hypertension. Intravenous ADSP reduced blood pressure of anesthetized Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Spontaneously-Hypertensive rats (SHR); however, acute and sub-acute effects of oral ADSP on conscious rats and its bioactive compound(s) are not comprehensively studied. This study aims to examine the acute and sub-acute effects of ADSP in comparison to methanol extract (MESP) on systolic blood pressure (SBP) of conscious WKY and SHR rats, as well as to identify their major phenolic-compound using highperformance- liquid-chromatography (HPLC). Methodology: For acute study, SHR and WKY rats were gavaged with single-dose of ADSP or MESP (2.00, 2.50 or 3.00 g/kg), vehicles, or losartan (0.01 g/kg). SBP was measured after 1, 3, 5, 6 and 24 hr-post-administration. For subacute experiment, SHR rats were gavaged once-daily with ADSP or MESP (2.50 g/kg/day), vehicles, or losartan (0.01 g/kg/day) for 3-week and their SBP was weekly-measured. Phenolic compounds were screened using ferric-chloride test, then gallic acid was determined using HPLC. Results: Acute administration of ADSP (2.50 to 3.00 g/kg) and MESP (2.00 to 3.00 g/ kg) significantly reduced SBP of SHR, but not of WKY rats. Repeated-daily-dose administration of MESP (2.5 g/kg/day) significantly reduced SBP of SHR after 2-week and sustained until 3-week, while ADSP (2.5 g/kg/day) significantly reduced SBP only after 3-week. Gallic acid was the major phenolic-compound in ADSP (157.09 ± 4.18 ppm) and MESP (134.04 ± 10.30 ppm). Conclusion: Oral ADSP and MESP that contain gallic acid possess acute and sub-acute antihypertensive effects in SHR, but MESP’s effect was more prominent than ADSP
Keywords: Antihypertensive; Gallic acid; HPLC; Hypertension; Syzygium polyanthum

Acute Toxicity, Anti-ulcer and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Methanol Extract of Gladiolus segetum in Rats - Salah Eddine Marref; Naima Benkiki; Mohamed Akram Melakhessou; Soumia Bouzidi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objectives: To evaluate the in vivo anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract of the aerial parts of Gladiolus segetum. Methods: First methanol extract of Gladiolus segetum was subjected to the acute oral toxicity test according to the OECD, guideline no 423.The anti-ulcer activity of Gladiolus segetum was investigated by ethanol induced gastric ulcer in Wistar rats. Methanol extract was administered by gavage one hour before ethanol to the different groups at a dose corresponding of 100,250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. The control group received normal saline in comparable volume (10ml/kg body weight) by the same route. The anti-inflammatory activity of the tested extract was evaluated in adult wistar rats by the egg albumin induced paw edema method. Results: A significant reduction (p <0.001) was observed in the results of the present study, revealed that methanol extract possessed gastroprotective activity and exerts a topical anti-inflammatory effect in vivo. Conclusion: These results suggest that methanol extract of Gladiolus segetum may represent an important clinical alternative in anti-inflammatory and antiulcer genic therapeutics.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Antiulcer genic; Gastric ulcer; Gladiolus segetum

Aloe Vera (Medicinal Plant) Research: A Scientometric Assessment of Global Publications Output during 2007-16 - BM Gupta; KK Mueen Ahmed; SM Dhawan; Ritu Gupta (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
The paper examines 1988 global publications on Aloe Vera research, as covered in Scopus database during 2007-16. The Aloe Vera research registered 3.91% growth and averaged its citation impact to 9.57 citations per paper. The top 12 most productive countries individually contributed global share 5.36% to 52.17%. India accounted for the largest global publication share (32.55%), followed by USA (11.52%), Iran (8.15%), China (4.63%) etc. Together, the top 12 countries accounted for 79.18% global publications share and 84.94% global citation share during 2007-16. Seven of top 12 countries scored relative citation index above the world average i.e. 1.04: U.K. (1.82), Thailand and USA (1.63 each), Spain (1.23), Pakistan and China (1.15 each) and Italy (1.12) during 2007-16. The country share of international collaborative publications across top 12 most productive countries varied from 5.36% to 52.17%, in Aloe Vera research during 2007-16. Medicine, among other subjects, accounted for the highest publications share (40.90%), followed by pharmacology, toxicology and pharmaceutics (35.16%), agricultural and biological sciences (23.09%), biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology (20.27%), chemistry (7.90%), immunology and microbiology (6.24%) and engineering (5.38) during 2007-16. The top 20 most productive research organizations and the authors collectively contributed 11.47% and 8.55% respectively global publication share and 12.87% and13.82% respectively global citation share during 2007-16. The journals medium accounted for the largest 79.08% global share with top 15 journals accounting for just 16.01% of total output that was reported in journals during 2007-16. Only 18 papers in Aloe Vera research registered 100 plus citations between 104 to 242 citations per paper, and together these papers cumulated 2656 citations, averaging to 147.55 citations per paper. These 18 highly cited papers involved the participation of 66 authors and 41 organizations and were published in 15 journals.
Keywords: Aloe vera; Bibliometrics; Global research output; Medicinal plant; Scientometrics

Alpha-Mangostin Effect on Inhibition Development Stadium and Globin Accumulation Against Plasmodium falciparum - Hadi Kuncoro; Aty Widyawaruyanti; Taslim Ersam (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
α--Mangostin is a widely reported group of Xanthone compounds from the Clusiaceae family of 40 genera and over 1000 species spread across the tropics and subtropics area. The Objective for determine effect of α-mangostin from Garcinia tetrandra Pierre stem bark against development stadium inhibition and globin accumulation of Plasmodium falciparum. Inhibition stadium development assay used based on the Rosenthal method. Plasmodium falciparum parasitic globin accumulation assay. Globin accumulation assay used the highest concentration of in vitro antimalarial test using SDS-PAGE with positive control E-64 and α-mangostin were incubated together with the malaria parasite during 24 h. Result of Inhibition stadium development of Plasmodium falciparum against α-mangostin show inhibition from development stadium of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, Electrophoresis show globin accumulation from electrophoresis followed by staining using Coomassie brilliant blue. α-mangostin showed inhibition the growth of malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum with dose 10 μg/ml is expected to occur a large accumulation of globin, which can be viewed both morphologically and by the method of SDS-PAGE.
Keywords: Development stage inhibition; Garcinia tetrandra; Plasmodium falciparum; SDS-PAGE; α-mangostin

Ameliorative Effect of Moringa oleifera Fruit Extract on Reproductive Parameters in Diabetic-induced Male Rats - Amira Kamalrudin; Malina Jasamai; Mahanem Mat Noor (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Diabetes mellitus negatively impact the male reproductive parameters. The ability of Moringa oleifera fruit to improve the reproductive parameters in diabetic-induced male has yet to be documented. Aim: To investigate the anti-hyperglycaemic potential of M. oleifera fruit aqueous extract and its effect on reproductive parameters in diabetic-induced male rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups; normal control (without diabetic induction), negative control (diabetes without treatment), positive control (diabetes with metformin) and treatment group (diabetes with 500 mg/kg M. oleifera fruit aqueous extract). Treatments were given via oral gavage for 21 consecutive days. Analysis of fasting blood glucose level, sperm quality, testicular histology and relative testis weight were performed. Results: The administration of M. oleifera fruit aqueous extract exhibited a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose level and a pronounced increase in sperm quality (sperm count, motility, viability and morphology) compared with the negative control group. M. oleifera fruit extract restored the histology of the testes as they were seen to be packed with sperms and showed an organised spermatogenesis. The relative testis weight showed no significant difference between all groups. Conclusion: The results obtained suggested that M. oleifera fruit aqueous extract possessed an antihyperglycaemic property and improved the reproductive parameters in diabetic-induced rats
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Fasting blood glucose level; Male reproductive; Moringa oleifera fruit; Sperm quality

Ameliorative Role of Vitamin D on Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure of Monosodium Glutamate Induced Steatohepatitis in Rat Pups - Nandan Padmanabha; Nirupama Muralimunglimane; Nayanatara Arun Kumar; Bhagyalakshmi Kodavanji; Jyoti Ramnath Kini; Roopesh Poojary (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widely used flavor enhancer has been linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome, including progressive liver disease. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the most common hepatic disorder with an etiology related to changes in diet and lifestyle. Prenatal and postnatal exposure to MSG been shown to affect developing tissues in growing animals. Increased Risk of Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis has been associated with Vitamin D deficiency. The present study was aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of vitamin D on MSG induced animal models of steatohepatitis in neonatal rats. Materials and Methods: Eighteen nulliparous female wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=6/group). Group-I received a daily oral dose of 5g/kg body weight of MSG. Group-II received the same dose of MSG along with calcitriol (0.2μg/kg BW). Group-III was treated with saline served as the control. The rats could mate, and treatment was given for the entire period of gestation and thirty days thereafter, during lactation. The histological changes in the liver was observed. Results: Pan-lobular microvesicular steatosis, lobular inflammation and ballooning of hepatocytes was observed in the MSG-treated group. These histotoxic changes were ameliorated in the vitamin D treated group. Conclusion: Vitamin D might be beneficial in the protection of the pre-and postnatal exposed MSG induced steatohepatitis. Further, induction of steatohepatitis in a shorter period could also make it an ideal study model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
Keywords: Gestation; Glutamate; MSG; Steatohepatisis; Vitamin D

Analysis of bioactive constituents of n-hexane and methanol fractions of Vernonia calvoana Extracts using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry - Iwara A. Iwara; Godwin O. Igile; Friday E. Uboh; Mbeh U. Eteng; Patrick .E. Ebong (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Aim: Bioactive constituents of n-hexane and methanol fractions of Vernonia calvoana (VC) leaves were evaluated using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry. Method: The leaves were harvested, cleaned and air dried for 7 days. They were ground to yield 5kg weight powder which was macerated and extracted in 8000 mL of 80% ethanol for 48 hours, yielding 310.3g (6.2%) of crude extract after evaporation of the solvent. The paste (251.8g) was subjected to column chromatography over silica gel (mesh 60 – 120μm) and eluted with 1.5L of n-hexane and methanol respectively. The fractions were analyzed for bioactive constituents using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (30m x 0.25mm ID x 0.25μm film thickness). Result: The results of GC-MS analysis showed the presences of twelve compounds with phytol (46.67%), 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (33.40%), octadecanoic acid (11.25%), pentadecane carboxylic acid (10.69%), 9, 12, 15-octadecatrien-1-ol (8.12%) and ethyl palmitate (7.68%) in the n-hexane fraction, while methanol fraction was observed to have 14 compounds with oleic acid (33.40%), hexadecanoic acid (12.49%), 2-butanone (14.32%), palmitadehyde (8.36%), 11-octadecenoic acid (5.56%), Z-4-nonadecen-1-ol-acetate (5.36%) and limonene Oxide (4.37%) as well as other compounds in trace concentrations. Conclusion: it may be concluded from the results that, extracts of Vernonia calvoana contain various bioactive components that may be exploited as a good source of new drug for pharmaceutical industries.
Keywords: Bioactive constituents; Methanol; n-hexane; Vernonia calvoana

Anatomical Study and Characterization of Metabolites in Leaves of Momordica charantia L. - Rafaela Damasceno Sá; Marília Barbosa Cadena; Rafael José Ribeiro Padilha; Luiz Carlos Alves; Karina Perrelli Randau (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae), is an herbaceous plant used for food and traditional medicine. It presents a proven antidiabetic activity in the literature, being a promising species for the development of phytotherapics. Objective: The objective was performing an anatomical study and characterizing the metabolites in leaves of M. charantia. Materials and Methods: Semipermanent histological slides were prepared for analysis of petiole and leaf blade in optical, polarization and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Maceration and histochemical tests were also performed in the leaf blade. Results: The anatomical characterization revealed information about the type of trichomes, cuticle, vascular bundles and arrangement of the idioblasts and tissues that determine the botanical identity of this species. The histochemistry allowed determining the location of the metabolites and, along with the chemical microanalyses, to identify the type of crystal in the leaf blade. Conclusion: The study described new characters for M. charantia and the results provide support to quality control of the species.
Keywords: Anatomy; Bitter melon; Crystals; Histochemistry; Melão-de-São-Caetano

Andrographolide Induced Apoptosis in NALM-6 Cells Mediated Through the Cell Cycle Arrest and Nuclear Fragmentation - Swadesh Sarkar; Priya K Gopal; Santanu Paul (Pharmacog Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Andrographis paniculata is an herb widely cultivated in South and Southeastern Asia. It has been traditionally used to treat infections and other Physiological disorders for several hundreds. We investigated the anti-leukemic potential of Andrographolide (AGP) isolated from the leaves of this plant against an array of cancer cells to investigate its most efficacies in a particular cancer type. Methods: AGP was isolated from Andrographis paniculata leaves by using column chromatography. The structure was further determined by LC-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. AGP was initially tested against four different cancer cell lines, namely NALM-6 (pre B-ALL), K562 (CML), A549 (lung carcinoma) and MCF-7 (breast carcinoma) using MTT assay at different time points and different concentrations. The effect of the isolated biomolecule was also investigated in inducing apoptosis through the study of cell cycle progression using flow cytometry by PI staining and nuclear fragmentation pattern by DAPI staining and fluorescence microscopy. Results: the spectral analysis of the isolated bio-molecule assured that the compound was AGP. MTT assay data indicated that AGP was most potent to induce cytotoxicity in NALM-6 cells. Further investigation revealed that it effectively induced apoptosis by arresting cell cycle progression and increased the nuclear break down in NALM- 6 leukemic cells. Conclusion: Our study efficiently demonstrated that the AGP isolated from Andrographis paniculata induced apoptosis in NALM-6 cells, which could be used in the therapeutic intervention of leukemia in the future.
Keywords: Andrographis paniculata; Andrographolide; Apoptosis; Cell cycle; Cytotoxicity; Leukemia

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition of Fractions from Eleusine indica Leaf Extracts - Jasmin T Tutor; Christine L Chichioco-Hernandez (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Solvent fractions and decoction of Eleusine indica leaves were tested for their ability to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), an important component of the Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone System which is a critical regulator of arterial blood pressure. The ACE inhibitory activity of each fraction was measured by employing a colorimetric assay based on the hydrolysis of histidyl-hippuryl-leucine (HHL) by ACE. Preliminary assay results revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest antihypertensive activity with a percent inhibition of 51.51%. This fraction was considered for further isolation using a bioassay-guided fractionation scheme.
Keywords: Bioactive extracts; High-blood pressure; Hypertension; Medicinal; Plant extracts

Anthelmintic Activity of Fruit Extract and Fractions of Piper longum L. In vitro - Krishnaprasad Ganapati Koorse; Sujith Samraj; Preethy John; Priya Manakkulaparambil Narayanan; Devi SS; Usha PTA; Surya Sunilkumar; Gleeja VL (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
The present study was aimed to assess the in vitro ovicidal, larvicidal and adulticidal activity of methanolic extract and its fractions from fruits of Piper longum against strongyle ova, larvae and adult amphistomes respectively. The fruits of P. longum was identified and the accession number 006 was obtained. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, diterpenes and triterpenes in extract and fractions of P. longum. The extract and fractions were diluted serially in 6.25 per cent tween 80 to obtain concentrations of 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.63, 7.81, 3.91 and 1.95 mg/mL. Ivermectin and thiabendazole at 10 μg/mL acted as positive controls and 6.25 per cent tween 80 as negative control. The methanolic extract was highly active against ova with IC50 of 0.026 mg/mL. The n-hexane fraction was potent in inducing larval mortality with IC50 of 1.383 mg/mL while chloroform fraction inhibited larval migration with IC50 of 1.796 mg/mL. Amphistomes were highly sensitive for methanolic extract of P. longum which possessed IC50 of 5.493 mg/mL Based on IC50 values, the methanolic extract was found to be most potent while chloroform fraction was effective against ova, larvae and also adults. GCMS analysis of potent methanolic extract revealed the presence of piperidinone, hydrocinnamic acid, ethylhexahydro azepine, methyleugenol, hexadecanoic acid and caryophyllene oxide which may have contributed for the anthelmintic activity. The acute oral toxicity study revealed mild vascular changes in liver. From the present study, it can be concluded that chloroform fraction of P. longum possessed maximum broad spectrum anthelmintic activity comparable to controls.
Keywords: Adulticidal; GCMS; IC50; Larvicidal; Ovicidal; Piper longum.

Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities of Sponges Collected off the Coast of Togean Islands, Indonesia - Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair; Subehan Lallo; Masteria Yunovilsa Putra; Tri Aryono Hadi; Ibrahim Jantan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Context: Marine sponges (Porifera: Demospongia) have astonishing structural diversity and broad biological activities. Aims: To evaluate the antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of five sponges collected off the coast of Togean Islands, Indonesia, identified as Spheciospongia inconstan, Melophlus sarasironum, Oceanapia amboinensis, Biemna sp and Axinella sp. Methods and Material: All dried sponges materials were extracted by maceration method using methanol and then evaporated by the rotary evaporator to obtain viscous extracts. The determination of antibacterial activity was performed by well agar diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli while the cytotoxic activity was determined by MTT methods on human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and human colon colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116), followed by determination of the apoptosis mechanism by Annexin V-FTIC assay. Results: M. sarasinorum and Axinella sp showed strong inhibition against S.aureus and E.coli with the diameter of inhibition of 14.21 ± 0.92 mm and 14.36 ± 0.92 mm, and 10.01 ± 2.65 mm and 12.07 ± 1.54 mm, respectively. Moreover, they also exhibited potent cytotoxicity on HCT-116 with IC50 values of 0.002 and 8.518 μg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, on MCF-7, only M. sarasinorum showed moderate inhibition with an IC50 value of 87.35 μg/mL. Annexin V-FTIC assay clearly showed that the cytotoxic mechanism of M. sarasinorum and Axinella sp on HCT-116 and MCF-7 was via apoptosis induction. Conclusion: The sponges of M. Sarasinorum and Axinella sp are undergoing further analysis to identify the active constituents which could be developed as potential antibacterial and anticancer agents.
Keywords: Antibacterial; Cytotoxicity; MTT; Sponges; Togean Islands

Antibacterial Property and Molecular Docking Studies of Leaf Calli Phytochemicals of Bridelia scandens Wild. - Ravikumar Shivakumar; Krishna Venkatarangaiah; Sudhesh Shastri; Ravishankara Burladinni Nagaraja; Ajith Sheshagiri (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Bridelia scandens Wild. (Euphorbiaceae) leaves are widely used to cure asthma, bronchitis pleurisy, exudation, sores in mouth and genital cancers. Objective: To evaluate antibacterial activity of the leaf calli methanol extract (LCME). Materials and Methods: Mass production of leaf calli was established on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BAP and 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D. Methanol extract of the dried calli was subjected to HR-LCMS analysis, antibacterial screening of the extract was carried out against human pathogenic clinical isolates. Molecular docking study of HR-LCMS identified compounds was performed by docking with bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase. Results: HR-LCMS analysis of LCME shows that the compounds azaperone bifonazole, fusidic acid, lasalocid and quinine as the major constituents. The antibacterial screening of LCME against clinical pathogens showed significant bactericidal activity against the strains Staphylococcus aureus (17.67±0.88 mm.d.), Streptococcus pneumonia (13.67±0.33), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.33±0.67), Salmonella typhi (17.67±0.33), and Vibrio cholera (15.33±0.33) as compared to the standard drug ciprofloxacin. The molecular docking of lasalocid against the bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase exhibited good binding affinity of -4.9 kcal/mol, good drug likeness (2.5589), 2 hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interaction with 7 amino acid residues, so that lasalocid processes good inhibitor as compared to other 4 compounds. Conclusion: LCME of Bridelia scandens showed significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi. Lasalocid is the major phytocomponent of LCME which exhibited good inhibitory activity against bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase. This investigation supported traditional claim of LCME as potential antibacterial drug.
Keywords: ADMET; Antibacterial; Bridelia scandens; DNA Gyrase; Molecular docking

Antidepressant and Antipsychotic-like Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of the Leaves of Maytenus macrocarpa - Tácuna-Calderón Ana Lucia; Huaccho-Rojas Juan Jesus; Zimic-Zare Carolina; Pante-Medina Carlos; Salazar-Granara Alberto (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Maytenus macrocarpa (Chuchuhuasi) is an Amazonian Peruvian traditional plant, traditionally used as anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antihemorrhagic and antidiarrheic agent. Also, chuchuhuasi is known as a master plant, attributing to it properties in the central nervous system. In addition, depression is a disorder of the mood that cause disability to millions of people around the world. For this reason, the aim of this study was to determinate the antidepressant and antipsychotic-like activity of the ethanolic extract of Maytenus macrocarpa. Methods: It was used the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Maytenus macrocarpa (EELMM) in female mice at the experimental model of the Forced Swim Test described by Porsolt. As control, it was used distillate water, fluoxetine and haloperidol. Results: The immobility time of the groups of EELMM has a mean of 38.26 ± 21.57, 84.32 ± 26.68 and 32.17 ± 25.55 for the doses of 750, 1000 and 1250 mg/Kg respectively; and the immobility time had a median of 7.5 [4.07 – 20.3] and 20.93 ± [17.63 – 23.75] for the doses of 500 mg/Kg and 1500 mg/Kg. It was seen a positive dose-response between the dose of 500 to 1000 mg/Kg (Pearson correlation of r=0.8339 and R=0.6954) and a negative dose-response between the dose of 1000 to 1500 mg/Kg. (Pearson correlation of r= -0.7590 and R= 0.5760). Conclusion: It was demonstrated the antidepressant-like activity of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Maytenus macrocarpa with a dose of 500 mg/kg and an antipsychotic-like activity with a dose of 1000 mg/kg.
Keywords: Chuchuhuasi; Depression; Fluoxetine; Forced swim test; Haloperidol

Antidiabetic Activity Studies of White Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Ethanolic Extracts in Streptozotocin-nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Rats - Lia Ardiana; Rani Sauriasari; Berna Elya (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: The high polyphenol content of white tea exhibits antiseptic and antioxidant properties that can prevent free radicals, inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation associated with various diseases such as obesity, diabetes and other degenerative diseases. Oral administration of white tea ethanolic extract (WTE) is expected to use as an alternative in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effect of WTE on reducing fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. Methods: Antidiabetic activity study of white tea extract performed on diabetic Sprague-Dawley male rats induced streptozotocin-nicotinamide for 14 days of oral administration. The antidiabetic effect compared to normal control, diabetic control, and standard control groups. Results: The administration of WTE for 14 days showed decreased fasting blood glucose level in diabetic rats. The dose of 100 mg/kg BW of WTE has the highest effect on reducing fasting glucose level significantly compared to negative control group (p<0.05). The content of flavonoids, especially catechin compounds are suspected to play a role in lowering fasting blood glucose levels. Conclusion: The administration of WTE for 14 days has potentially antidiabetic activity in diabetic rats induced streptozotocin-nicotinamide.
Keywords: Antidiabetic; Camellia sinensis; Catechin; Hypoglycemic; Streptozotocin; White tea

Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Adipogenic Potential of Quercetin Rich Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Prunus persica - Gaurav Sharma; Sunil Kumar; Megha Sharma; Navneet Upadhyay; Sunil Kumar; Zabeer Ahmed; Neeraj Mahindroo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Diabetes mellitus is enfeebling threatening diseases with continuously increasing rates of incidence and mortality and it may rise tremendously by 2025. Objective: Quercetin rich ethyl acetate fraction (PP-EtOA) of leaves of Prunus persica was evaluated for antidiabetic, anti-oxidant and anti-adipogenic activities. Material and Methods: Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and normalglycemic rat models were investigated at the doseof 100 and 200 mg/kg,p.o. of PP-EtOA. Results: At 200 mg/kg, significant anti-hyperglycaemic activity(p<0.05) was observed in all the rat models. In STZ induced diabetic rat model, improvement in body weight and lipid profile was also observed.DPPH (2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging method showed dose dependent scavenging. Preadipocyte differentiation assay (3T3-L1) showed significant inhibition of differentiation. HPLC fingerprinting analysis of fraction was also performed. Conclusion: PP-EtOA possesses potent free radical scavenging property. Its antihyperglycemic and antiadipogenic activities may be due to quercetin (flavonoid) and may prove to be effective in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and diabetes driven dyslipidemic conditions.
Keywords: Anti-adipogenic; Anti-diabetic; Anti-oxidant; Prunus persica; Quercetin

Antiemetic Activity of Trigona spp. Propolis from Three Provinces of Indonesia with Two Methods of Extraction - Al Mukhlas Fikri; Ahmad Sulaeman; Sri Anna Marliyati; Mokhamad Fahrudin (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees to protect their hives. One of the least explored function of propolis is its antiemetic activity. The present study aimed to investigate the antiemetic activity of Trigona spp. propolis from three provinces of Indonesia. Methods: Ultrasound-assisted extraction using two kinds of solvent, water and ethanol was conducted to extract propolis from South Sulawesi, South Kalimantan and Banten. Antiemetic activity was observed on copper sulfate–induced emesis in young chicks. Result: All propolis indicated antiemetic activity, in which water extract had higher activity than ethanol extract. Regardless the type of solvents, propolis from South Sulawesi showed higher antiemetic activity than others. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that propolis has antiemetic activity, in which propolis from South Sulawesi showed the highest activity and water extraction is recommended.
Keywords: Antiemetic; Propolis; Retching; Stingless bee; Trigona spp

Antiepileptic Effect of Nux vomica, Homeopathic Remedy, Against Strychnine-Induced Seizers - Anjana Goel; Aditya Saxena; Ashok Kumar Bhatia (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: To investigate the antiepileptic effect of homeopathic remedy Nux vomica on mice and its comparison with standard therapeutic diazepam. Methods: BALB-c mice were taken and divided into three groups comprising ten mice in each group. The first group was treated as control; the second group received standard therapeutics (diazepam, i.p.) and the third group received Nux vomica CH7. All groups were treated with strychnine intra peritoneally. Following parameters were observed; start time of convulsions, the number of animals had convulsions, and survival time until death. Results: Nux vomica CH7 homeopathic preparation was found effective in suspending onset of convulsions (P˂ 0.01), and extending survival time until death (P˂ 0.01) in comparison to control mice. It also increased percentage survival in comparison to control as well as diazepam treated animals. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated efficacy of Nux vomica in epilepsy management.
Keywords: Anticonvulsant; Epilepsy; Nux vomica; Strychnine

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Methanolic Extract from Pistacia atlantica Desf. Leaves - Oukacha Amri; Abderrahmane Zekhnini; Abdellah Bouhaimi; Saida Tahrouch; Abdelhakim Hatimi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: The extracts of the Pistacia species are known for their anti-inflammatory activity, including fruits and oil of P. atlantica. However, the inflammatory effect of the methanolic extract of P. atlantica leaves has not been studied. This work aimed at assessing the antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities of P. atlantica leaves extract in relation to phytochemical studies of flavonoids. Methods: The extract was obtained using sonication of leaves powder in 80 % methanol. The analysis of phenolic compounds was carried out using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by the reduction of carrageenaninduced hind paw edema in mice. Results: The TLC revealed 3 glycosylated flavonoids and gallic acid derivatives. The flavonoids identified corresponded to rutin, quercetrin and other heterosides of quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin. Total phenolics and flavonoids contents were comparable for the male and female trees. The antioxidant activity did not show a significative difference between the two sexes, except for that evaluated by the FRAP assay which was significantly greater for the male tree leaves extract. The leaves extract permitted significative reduction of the edema at h3 and 6 in a dose-dependent manner (100 and 250 mg/kg), while diclofenac used as control reduced the edema at h 1.5. This difference could be explained by the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of diclofenac and P. atlantica leaves compounds. Conclusion: P. atlantica has a strong anti-inflammatory activity and constitutes a potential source for the development of new treatments.
Keywords: antioxidant activity; Flavonoids; Methanolic extract; Plantar edema; TLC

Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-pyretic and Acute Toxicity Effects of n-Butanol Extract of Atractylis flava Desf in Rats - Melakhessou Mohamed Akram; Benkiki Naima; Marref Salah Eddine; Bouzidi Soumia (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objectives: This study was aimed to explore the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of n-butanol etract of Atractylis flava Desf (A. Flava) using experimentally induced inflammation and pyrexia models in rats. Methods: In the acute toxicity study, a single oral dose of 2000 mg/kg of n-butanol extract was given to rats. The antipyretic activity was evaluated using brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia in rats. In addition, albumin induced rat paw edema was performed by the injection of 100 μL undiluted fresh egg albumin to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of the plant. Results: The results of the present study revealed that n-butanol extract of A. Flava significantly (P<0.001) reduced fresh egg albumin-induced rat paw edema and also inhibited fever significantly in brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that A. flava possesses antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity in the models studied.
Keywords: Atractylis flava desf; Brewer’s yeast; Egg albumin; Inflammation; Pyrexia

Antimicrobial Potential of Crude Extracts of Thespesia populnea L. Flower on Multiple Drug Resistant Opportunistic Pathogens in HIV/AIDS - Jancy Varghese; S. Rajamani; Betty Daniel (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Thespesia populnea L. commonly known as tulip tree or ‘portia’ tree has been traditionally used for different illnesses. Thespesia populnea L. is considered to have high tannin content and have high therapeutic value. Purpose: The antifungal and antibacterial potential of T. populnea L. should be checked on multiple drug resistant opportunistic pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans in HIV/AIDS patients. Methods: In order to check the effect of antibiotics antibiogram was studied with antibiotic sensitivity discs. To study the major factor affecting resistance test on formation of biofilm was done by tube and plate methods. The dried flower powder was subjected to sauxlaut hot extraction and the crude extract was analysed by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrophotoscopy. Antimicrobial potential of the ethyl acetate extract of the flower was checked by well agar diffusion, UV Spectrometry for growth rate and docking of selected compounds on the microbes of our study by the application of a software. Results: The tested extracts and the selected compounds have showed significant results in the antimicrobial activities against the opportunistic pathogens in human. Higher the concentration of the extracts better is the inhibition of microbes. Conclusion: The study provides a scientific rationale for the traditional use in the management of opportunistic pathogens which are multidrug resistant.
Keywords: Antibiogram; Antimicrobial; Biofilm; Docking; Inhibition; Multidrug Resistant; Opportunistic Pathogens

Antimicrobial Screening of Medicinal Plants Popularly used in Mato Grosso for Treating Infections: Advances on the Evaluation of Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist in vitro and in vivo Antibacterial Activities - Cristiane Coimbra de Paula; Domingos Tabajara De Oliveira Martins; Karuppusamy Arunachalam; Sikiru Olaitan Balogun; Quessi Irias Borges; Marcelo Garcia Picone; Wander Miguel de Barros; Regilane Matos da Silva Prado (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: The aim of this study was to screen a group of medicinal plants’ extracts used in the treatment of ailments related to infections in the Brazilian popular medicine. And to carry out in vivo toxicity and antibacterial studies on Conyza bonariensis (Asteraceae) leaves and roots methanolic extracts selected based on the screening. Methods: Eleven methanolic extracts obtained from nine plants, reportedly used in the treatments of infections from the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, were initially screened for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities employing disc diffusion and broth micro dilution assays. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out. The most promising extract based on our results and previous literature reports was then evaluated in the in vivo antibacterial activities using mouse model of bacterial infection induced by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In addition, in vivo acute toxicity was conducted to evaluate the safety profile of the extracts. Results: All of the extracts tested were active against at least one of the bacterial and fungal strain tested with activities ranging from moderate to weak. Phytochemical analyses of MECbl and MECbr demonstrated the presence of free steroids and coumarins in MECbl and flavonoids, tanins, free steroids, reduced anthraquinones and coumarins in MECBr. Oral administration of MECbl and MECbr up to 5000 mg/kg did not provoked any toxicological events in the mice, thus suggesting that the LD50 is higher than 5000 mg/kg. In vivo antibacterial assay demonstrated superior prophylactic activity of MECbl compared to MECbr. Conclusion: MECbl and MECbr are safe when administered acute orally at doses up to 5000 mg/kg. Methanolic extracts of Conyza bonariensis possessed in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. Considerable in vivo antibacterial activities were observed in bacterial infection model for both MECbl and MECbr, effects comparable to that of meropenem, in some cases. Both extracts present in common free steroids and coumarins. The current in vivo antibacterial activity study further lend supports to the use of Conyza bonariensis in the treatment of infections in many traditional medicines.
Keywords: Acute toxicity; Antimicrobial; Conyza bonariensis; Mato Grosso; Medicinal plants; Preliminary phytochemistry

Antioxidant Activities, Acute Toxicity and Chemical Profiling of Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior Jack.) Inflorescent Extract - Bunleu Sungthong; Buavaroon Srichaikul (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Aim/Background: The objectives of the study were to determine total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities and assess acute toxicity of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior Jack.) inflorescent hydroethanolic extract. Methods: The analysis of total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities were analyzed spectrophotometrically using micro-titer plate reader. With regard to acute toxicity assessment, Wistar rats were fed with a single dose of torch-ginger either 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 g extract/kg body weight in comparison with control group. Results: Total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents of the extract were 0.17±0.02 mM gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 0.30±0.01 mM quercetin equivalent/g extract, respectively. The antioxidant evaluation using DPPH radical scavenging assay, FRAP assay and ABTS radical scavenging assay were 0.14±0.08 mg/ml (EC50), 0.13±0.01 mmol Fe2+ equivalent/g extract and 0.30±0.12 mM trolox equivalent/g extract, respectively. According to acute toxicity, no mortality or bizarre behavior had been observed throughout 14 days. Clinical chemistry including blood glucose, AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, total serum protein, albumin, globulin and total bilirubin were in normal ranges and comparable to the control (p<0.05). In conclusion, phenolic compounds and flavonoids of torch-ginger could be measured and indicated the quality of the extract as well as antioxidant activities. Regarding acute toxicity assessment, the extract was safe for experimental animals up to 2.0 g extract/kg body weight. Conclusion: Torch-ginger extract exhibited high amounts of phenolic contents, flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities and was safe in animal model.
Keywords: Acute toxicity; Antioxidant Activities; Torch ginger; Total flavonoid contents; Total Phenolic Contents

Antioxidant Activities of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Asparagus racemosus Roots - Ladachart Taepongsorat; Surapong Rattana (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Asparagus racemosus (AR) is commonly known as shatavari, satawar or satmuli in India and in Thailand it is call sam-sib or rak-sam-sib. The dried root of AR is used in Ayurveda as an antiulcerous and antiinflammatory and has medicinal/pharmacological value. Objective: To investigate the antioxidant activities of Asparagus racemosus root extracts via total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Methods: Antioxidant capacity measurements were carried out by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the aluminum chloride colorimetric method, respectively. Results: The ethanolic extract possessed higher antioxidant capacities than the aqueous extract in the three antioxidant assays (p<0.05).These results have shown high phenolic and flavonoid contents. The ethanolic extract of AR root possessed higher amounts of phenolic and flavonoid contents than the aqueous extract. Conclusion: The antioxidant capacity of the ethanolic extract was higher than that in the aqueous extract.
Keywords: antioxidant activity; Asparagus racemosus; Flavonoid; Phenolic compound

Antioxidant Activities of Terpenoids from Thuidium tamariscellum (C. Muell.) Bosch. and Sande-Lac. a Moss - Greeshma Geetha Mohandas; Murugan Kumaraswamy (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Thuidium tamariscellum is a small creeping epiphytic moss growing on trunks and branches of trees as well as on moist shady rocky surface at high altitudes areas. Methods: The present study was undertaken to analyze the phytochemicals in the species and its antioxidant potentialities interms of DPPH, ABTS, H2O2, FRAP and metal chelating ability. Results: Total terpenoids level was remarkable. Interestingly, a concentration dependent free radical scavenging potential was noticed and was comparable with the synthetic antioxidant ascorbate. Further, the FTIR analysis of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract confirmed the presence of alcohols/phenols, primary, secondary amines, amides, alkanes, aldehydes, saturated aliphatic alkenes aromatics and aromatic amines, nitro compounds, carboxylic acids, esters, ethers, aliphatic amines, alkyl halides and carbonyls in the moss indicating the presence of medicinally important compounds like flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids in the various solvent extracts of the moss. Conclusion: The overall result of the present study showed that the moss is rich in important pharmaceutical compounds and was reflected as its antioxidant potential. Further studies are warranted to isolate, identify and purify the lead terpenoid present in the moss.
Keywords: Moss; Phenols; Terpenoids; Thuidium tamariscellum

Antioxidant Activity of Fractions from Garcinia hombroniana Pierre Leaves Extracts - Nita Triadisti; Rani Sauriasari; Berna Elya (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Radicals were compounds that generated in normal metabolism and create cell damage. A significant increase of free radical and decreased radical elimination can lead to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of many diseases. Enhanced supply of antioxidants will help prevent the morbidity of many diseases. Garcinia hombroniana Pierre has potency as an antioxidant, but study to evaluate the active fractions as an antioxidant has not been done. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate antioxidant activity of fractions separated from ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH) extract of Garcinia hombroniana leaves and to obtain active fractions to facilitate finding a pure antioxidant compound. Methods: The extract was fractionated using column chromatography, while antioxidant activity assay was conducted in vitro using spectrophotometric methods with DPPH and FRAP method. Results: EtOAc extract of G. hombroniana leaves yielded EA-8 with radical scavenging percentage 32.67% (10 ppm, with DPPH method) and EA-11 with antioxidant activity percentage 25.73% (10 ppm, with FRAP method) as the most active fraction from EtOAc extract, while MeOH extract yielded M-3 with radical scavenging percentage 37.42% (10 ppm, with DPPH method) and 26.70% (10 ppm, with FRAP method) as the most active fraction from MeOH extract Conclusion: Most active fractions has good antioxidant activity, worthy for further study to isolate antioxidant compound which is responsible for antioxidant activity. However, the percentage of radical scavenging or antioxidant activity of all active fractions were smaller than quercetin as a positive control.
Keywords: Column chromatography; Free Radicals; Spectrophotometric thin layer chromatography

Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Berberis aristata DC. and Berberis thomsoniana C.K. Schneid. from Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal - Lok Ranjan Bhatt; Bina Wagle; Minu Adhikari; Santoshi Bhusal; Anjana Giri; Shandesh Bhattarai (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Medicinal plants are the major sources of the crude drugs and natural antioxidants. Berberis species have been used in the treatment of various ailments around the world including Nepal. However, systematic study on phytochemistry and pharmacology of Berberis species from Nepal is lacking. Objectives: To evaluate the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Berberis aristata and Berberis thomsoniana from Sagarmatha National Park. Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activity was measured through 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were estimated using Folin–Ciocalteau and aluminum chloride method respectively. Results: Samples showed dose-dependent radical scavenging activity. Radical scavenging activity of the methanolic extracts of different parts of B. aristata and B. thomsoniana ranged from 19.38 to 98.47%, with leaf extracts of B. thomsoniana showing the strongest activity. The total phenolic content of the samples varied from 11.04 to 65.30 mg GAE g-1 dry weight whereas total flavonoid content was in between 2.4 to 16.46 mg quercetin/g dry weight. Conclusion: Among the tested samples, leaf extracts of B. thomsoniana showed the strongest antioxidant activity and contained the highest amount of total phenolic and flavonoid content.
Keywords: antioxidant activity; Berberis; Flavonoid content; Nepal; Phenolic content

Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content and Total Flavonoid Content of Water and Methanol Extracts of Phyllanthus species from Malaysia - Siti Nur Dalila Mohd Zain; Wan Adnan Wan Omar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Aims: The effects of 2 types of solvents, water and methanol were investigated to determine the presence of antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) from three Phyllanthus species namely, Phyllanthus urinaria, Phyllanthus niruri and Phyllanthus debilis. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant activities were measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,20- azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays. The chemical contents of the Phyllanthus sp. were presented as total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Statistical analysis used: All statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS for Windows, Version 22. All data were presented as mean ± standard deviation. Results: Our result showed that P. urinaria showed higher TPC, followed by P. debilis and P. niruri for both methanol and water extracts. Similarly, P. urinaria showed higher TFC than P. debilis and P. niruri. The antioxidant activity by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrydydrazyl (DPPH) assay showed EC50 of samples ranged from 15.8 to 29.3 μg/mL for methanol extract and 33.5 to 73.0 μg/mL for water extract. The 2,20- azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assay showed EC50 ranges which were from 11.2 to 26.0 μg/mL for methanol extract and 13.5 to 37.4 μg/mL for water extract. Conclusion: Methanol extract showed higher TPC, TFC value and lower EC50 values for antioxidant activities when compared to water extract. In both methanol and water extracts, P. urinaria had higher TPC and TFC value and lower EC50 for both DPPH and ABTS assay followed by P. debilis and P. niruri.
Keywords: ABTS; DPPH; Flavonoid; phenolic; Phyllanthus

Antioxidant and Anti-Collagenase Activity of Sargassum Plagyophyllum Extract as an Anti-Wrinkle Cosmetic Ingredient - Mansauda Karlah Lifie Riani; Effionora Anwar; Tati Nurhayati (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Sea algae are widely used as food and cosmetics in the world. There are several algae including brown algae which are us for human used to maintain health and skin care. Brown algae have various potential biological activities because contain substantial phytochemical constituent. Numerous report has identified phytochemical compound of Sargassum sp. extract but the activity as anti-collagenase almost none. Objective: To study the antioxidant, and anti-collagenase activity of Sargassum plagyophyllum extract as active pharmaceutical ingredient for anti-wrinkle cosmetics. Methods: Sargassum plagyophyllum obtained from Pasauran Beach, Banten, West Java, Indonesia. The extract Sargassum plagyophyllum extracted with three concentration ethanol-water: (E1) ethanol 25%, (E2) ethanol 50% and (E3) ethanol 75%, by using maceration extraction method for 24 h, thrice. The extract was evaluated include total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and the best extract was tested for the anti-collagenase activity. Results: Total phenol in the extract were 0.588 ± 0.01 (E1), 0.272 ± 0.01 (E2), and 0.220± 0.03 (E3) mg PGE/ 100 g extract, respectively. Antioxidant activity of the extract (50 mg/mL) was 41,61±0,02% (E1), 39,16±0,01% (E2), 37,58±0,03% (E3) and ascorbic acid 78.03±0,65 % (22.44 μg/mL) as a standard. The best extract (E1) had inhibited the activity of collagenase by 54.46 ± 0.37%. Conclusion: The brown seaweed (Sargassum plagyophyllum) extract can be used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient for anti-wrinkles cosmetic
Keywords: Anti-collagenase; Anti-wrinkle; Antioxidant; Sargassum plagyophyllum

Antioxidant and Antidiabetes Capacity of Hexane, Ethylacetate and Ethanol Extracts of Durio zibethinus Murr. Root - Yayu Mulsiani Evary; Amir Muhammad Nur (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Active natural products from medicinal plants are good sources for the antioxidant and antidiabetic agent. Natural antioxidants protect human health against oxidative stress and free radicals which cause degenerative disease such as diabetes. Objectives: This study was conduct to try one approach to treat diabetes that is to reduce gastrointestinal glucose absorption through the inhibition of the α-glucosidase enzyme. Methods: We make three different root extracts from Durio zibethinus Murr. The extracts were examined for their DPPH radical scavenging activity, antioxidant activity using β-carotene-linoleic acid assay, and their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity by a standard method. Additionally, we have also determined their total polyphenols and total flavonoids quantitatively using spectrophotometer UV-Vis. Results: The root extracts Durio zibethinus Murr. were effectively scavenged DPPH radicals in varied rate. The hexane (EHD), ethyl acetate (EEAD), and ethanol (EED) extracts revealed DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 541.28, 83.95 and 11.24 μg/ml respectively and their β-carotene-linoleic acid assay showed activity with IC50 of 273.58, 139.53, and 166.83 μg/ml, respectively. In vitro assay of the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the EHD, EEAD, and EED extracts showed an IC50 of 119.84, 23.69, and 3.35 μg/ml, respectively. Conclution: In this present study, we found that ethanol extract revealed the most active antioxidant activity and the highest inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase enzyme. The total phenolics and total flavonoids contents of the extracts were studied, where the ethanol extracts were found to have the highest than that of other extracts. This study proofs the medicinal potencies of Durio zibethinus Murr. root extracts.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Durio Zibethinus Murr.; Extracts; roots; α-glucosidase inhibitor

Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potential of Galing Stem Extract (Cayratia trifolia Domin) - Muhammad Ilyas Yusuf; Wahyuni; Sri Susanty; Ruslan; Muammar Fawwaz (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Galing (Cayratia trifolia Domin.) have been used empirically to treat various diseases, one of them is antidiabetic. Objective: To determine the phytochemical content and the activity of the ethanol extract of the galing stem as antioxidant and antidiabetic. Method: The galing stem extract was investigated for phytochemical by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and its antioxidant activity using DPPH scavenging activity assay. In vivo, antidiabetic test was conducted by animal diabetes modeling that has given streptozotocin 150 g/kg BW and 10% of sucrose solution intraperitoneally. The average level of fasting blood glucose at 307 mg/dL. Mice were divided into 6 groups, normal control group, diabetes induction group, positive group (treated by glibenclamide) and treatment group consisted of three groups were treated by ethanol extract of galing stem in dose 400, 500, and 600 mg/kg BW, respectively. Mice treated with appropriate doses of each treatment once a day for 7 days. The measuring blood glucose level was using a photometer 5010V5+. Results: The ethanol extract of galing stem contained the alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, and triterpene. It is potential as an antioxidant with the IC50 61,52 mg/L which indicated that the extract had strong antioxidant. The antidiabetic activity showed that the effect of extract 400 and 500 mg/kg BW are not different significantly with glibenclamide in reducing blood glucose levels subset of the statistics ANOVA (p> 0.05). Conclusion: The ethanol extract of galing steam is potent as an antioxidant due to the phytochemical content inside particularly the flavonoid compound.
Keywords: Antidiabetic; Antioxidant; Galing stem; Mice; Phytochemical

Antioxidant Capacity and Cytotoxicity of the Aqueous Extract of Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC - Regiane Sablina Almeida Bernardes; Sandra Layse Ferreira Sarrazin; Flaviana Alves dos Santos; Moacyr Jesus Barreto de Melo Rêgo; Maira Galdino da Rocha Pitta; Marina Ferraz Cordeiro; Patrícia Danielle Oliveira de Almeida; Ricardo Bezerra de Oliveira; Leoneide Érica Maduro Bouillet; José Guilherme Soares Maia; Rosa Helena Veras Mourão (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Ethnobotanical studies report that Myrcia guianensis (Myrtaceae), belonging to a group of plants known as pedrá-ume-caá or insulin plant, is used as a tea to treat various diseases, including diabetes, a metabolic disorder that leads to the constant production of free radicals. The objective of this work was to determine the antioxidant capacity and the cytotoxicity of the AEMg. Methods: The content of phenolic compounds in AEMg was determined by colorimetric assays. In vitro tests of the antioxidant capacity of AEMg, in the sequestration of DPPH radicals, in β-carotene bleaching, in the FRAP, as well as in human fibroblast cells of the MRC-5 lineage, were performed. The cytotoxic activity of AEMg was evaluated in assays with eukaryotic cells from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in PBMC. Results: The results showed that the AEMg is rich in phenolic compounds, presenting high antioxidant potential in all the tests carried out, including in human fibroblast cells of the MRC-5 lineage, besides not being toxic to eukaryotic cells. Conclusion: The AEMg, rich in antioxidant compounds and no toxicity, can be used as source of natural antioxidant in the treatment of metabolic diseases to combat free radicals.
Keywords: antioxidant activity; Myrtaceae; Oxidative stress; Pedra-ume-caá; Phenolic compounds

Antioxidant Potential and Ionomic Analysis of Two Buckwheat Species from Kashmir Region - Tanveer Bilal Pirzadah; Bisma Malik; Inayatullah Tahir; Reiaz Ul Rehman (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Buckwheat in the past had been the staple food for many regions in the Himalaya’s and its utilization has declined with time. In recent times buckwheat gained a lot of attention as it has been placed in the list of underutilized crops by FAO. There is a strong sentiment and realization for buckwheat revival because of its neutraceutrical properties due to which it provides the consumers with extra choice for his food basket. In this context the present investigation aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential and mineral element analysis of two buckwheat species grown in Kashmir region. Methods: To achieve this goal, antioxidant potential of two buckwheat species was done by using standard protocols. For ionomic analysis, atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) was done to unravel the macro-and micro-nutrient composition. Result: Aqueous extract of Fagopyrum tataricum exhibits higher TPC (159.51±10.3 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 DW) and TFC (79.49±9.76 mg rutin equivalent g-1 DW). The F. tataricum samples exhibit high radical scavenging activity (RSa50=26.67μg ml-1) as compared to F. kashmirianum (RSa50=34.15μg ml-1). Elemental analysis revealed that calcium (Ca) was found high in F. tataricum (5125±56.76ppm) while as the iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) were found in high concentration in F. kashmirianum (1122.5±25.77ppm) and (122.75±12.34ppm) respectively. Conclusion: These findings suggested that buckwheat extract possess excellent antioxidant property and is rich source of minerals indispensable for human health. Thus, buckwheat could be a promising alternative in functional food sector for improving the social well-being and diminishing malnutrition especially for the impoverished community. Key words: Aqueous extract, Antioxidants, AAS, Buckwheat, DPPH, FRAP.
Keywords: Aas; Antioxidants; Aqueous extract; Buckwheat; DPPH; FRAP.

Antioxidant Potential and Ionomic Analysis of Two Buckwheat Species from Kashmir Region - Tanveer Bilal Pirzadah; Bisma Malik; Inayatullah Tahir; Reiaz Ul Rehman (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Buckwheat in the past had been the staple food for many regions in the Himalaya’s and its utilization has declined with time. In recent times buckwheat gained a lot of attention as it has been placed in the list of underutilized crops by FAO. There is a strong sentiment and realization for buckwheat revival because of its nutraceutrical properties due to which it provides the consumers with extra choice for his food basket. In this context the present investigation aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential and mineral element analysis of two buckwheat species grown in Kashmir region. Methods: To achieve this goal, antioxidant potential of two buckwheat species was done by using standard protocols. For ionomic analysis, atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) was done to unravel the macro-and micro-nutrient composition. Result: Aqueous extract of Fagopyrum tataricum exhibits higher TPC (159.51±10.3 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 DW) and TFC (79.49±9.76 mg rutin equivalent g-1 DW). The F. tataricum samples exhibit high radical scavenging activity (RSa50=26.67μg ml-1) as compared to F. kashmirianum (RSa50=34.15μg ml-1). Elemental analysis revealed that calcium (Ca) was found high in F. tataricum (5125±56.76ppm) while as the iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) were found in high concentration in F. kashmirianum (1122.5±25.77ppm) and (122.75±12.34ppm) respectively. Conclusion: These findings suggested that buckwheat extract possess excellent antioxidant property and is rich source of minerals indispensable for human health. Thus, buckwheat could be a promising alternative in functional food sector for improving the social well-being and diminishing malnutrition especially for the impoverished community.
Keywords: Aas; Antioxidants; Aqueous extract; Buckwheat; DPPH; FRAP

Antioxidant Role of Beta Carotene: Protection against Cadmium Induced Testicular Toxicity - Rekha Durgadas Kini; Nayanatara Arun Kumar; Anupama Noojibail; Bhagyalakhshmi K; Sneha Shetty Bhoja; Pratik Kumar Chatterjee (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Cadmium (Cd) is an industrial pollutant that affects the male reproductive system. The purpose of present study was to investigate the protective role of Beta carotene on cadmium induced testicular damage. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted following approval from Institutional Bioethical Committee and strict internationally accepted guidelines, for the usage of animals in experimental study were. Rats were divided into four groups with 8 rats in each.The Gr. I rats were administered with the single dose of normal saline intraperitoneally. Group II received Beta carotene (10 mg/kg bw) orally for 30 days. Group III received a single dose of 1 mg/kg bw cadmium chloride and Group IV received Beta carotene for 30 days prior to cadmium administration. After the desired protocol, rats were sacrificed and both the testes were removed for biochemical and histopathological evaluation. One testis was fixed in Bouvins fluid and processed or histopathological studies. The levels of lipid peroxides (LPO) and glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected in the tissue homogenates of other testis. Results: In the present study, the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) was significantly high and GSH and SOD (P<0.001) were low in cadmium treated rats compared to normal control. Pre-treatment with beta carotene showed a protective effect by decreasing LPO and increasing GS Hand SOD level (P<0.001). The morphological changes like atrophy of tubules, edema and decreased spermatogenesis in the testis of rats exposed to cadmium chloride. But, antioxidant showed the normal architecture of the testis. Conclusion: Results of the present study showed the antioxidative role of beta carotene in protecting the testis from cadmium induced toxicity.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Lipid peroxidation; Oxidative stress; Superoxide demutase; Testis

Antioxidative Properties of Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig Stem Bark Extract and Inhibitory Effects on Carbohydrate Hydrolyzing Enzymes Associated with Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus - Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo; Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye; Oluwatosin Debbie Imiere; Oluwatosin Adeyonu; Israel Olayide; Adewale Fadaka (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background and Aim: In Africa, the fruit, seed, leaf, and stem of Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig are used as remedy for a range of diseases. This study characterized the phytochemicals, assessed the antioxidant and inhibitory properties of the stem bark of Blighia sapida. Materials and Methods: Samples were consecutively extracted using ethanol solvent and investigated for phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging abilities, iron chelation, reducing power, α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities as markers of in vitro anti-diabetic activities. Phytochemicals were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Results: The extract had radical scavenging capabilities, iron chelation and reducing power. Furthermore, the results reveal the extract had considerably high α-glucosidase and α- amylase inhibitory activities as the concentration increases with IC50 values of 4.17 ± 0.24 mg/mL and 5.30 ± 1.25 mg/mL, respectively. Enzyme kinetic studies indicated that the extract displayed uncompetitive inhibitor for α-glucosidase and was a competitive inhibitor of α-amylase. The ethanolic extract is rich in several aromatic phenolic compounds and long chain aliphatic acids. Conclusion: These results reveal the bark possessed antioxidant as well as α -glucosidase and α -amylase inhibitory activities.
Keywords: Antidiabetic; antioxidant activity; Blighia sapida K D Koenig; α-amylase; α-glucosidase

Anti-Proliferative Properties of Terminalia sericea Burch. Ex Dc Leaf Extracts Against Caco2 and HeLa Cancer Cell Lines - BiYun Gu; Joseph Shalom; Ian E. Cock (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Terminalia spp. are characterised by their high levels of antioxidant phytochemicals and several species have anticancer activity. This study examines the anti-proliferative activity of T. sericea leaf extracts against Caco2 and HeLa carcinoma cell proliferation. Methods: Solvent extracts were prepared from T. sericea leaves and their antioxidant capacities were determined by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Anti-proliferative activities against Caco2 and HeLa cancer cells were determined by an MTS based cell proliferation assay. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Results: The methanolic and aqueous T. sericea leaf extracts displayed high antioxidant capacities (equivalent to 150 and 340 mg of ascorbic acid per gram of plant material extracted respectively). In contrast, the ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane extracts had relatively low antioxidant contents (≤5 mg of ascorbic acid equivalents per gram of plant material extracted). The antioxidant contents of the T. sericea leaf extracts correlated with the ability of the extracts to inhibit proliferation of Caco2 and HeLa cancer cell lines. The high antioxidant methanolic and aqueous extracts were potent inhibitors of cell proliferation, with IC50 values 120-1400 μg/mL. The aqueous T. sericea leaf extract was particularly effective, with IC50 values of 528 and 120 μg/mL against Caco2 and HeLa cells respectively. The methanolic extract also displayed good, albeit substantially less potent, antiproliferative activity against HeLa cells, with an IC50 of 1358 μg/mL. In contrast, the lower antioxidant content extracts generally did not inhibit cancer cell proliferation. Cell imaging studies detected morphological features consistent with apoptosis in Caco2 cells exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the methanolic and aqueous T. sericea leaf extracts, indicating that these extracts are functioning by cytotoxic mechanisms. The aqueous T. sericea leaf extract displayed low to moderate toxicity in the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with an LC50 value of 737 μg/mL. All other extracts were nontoxic. Conclusion: The antiproliferative activity and low toxicity of the T. sericea methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts extracts against HeLa and Caco2 cancer cell lines indicates their potential in the treatment and prevention of some cancers.
Keywords: Anticancer activity; Antioxidant Capacity; Antiproliferative Activity; Apoptosis; Combretaceae; DPPH; Silver Cluster Leaf

Antiradical and Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitory Activity of Ripe and Unripe Fruit of Rubus steudneri Schweinf. (Rosaceae) - Raghavendra H.L; Prashith Kekuda T.R (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objectives: A free radical is a molecular species characterized by the presence of an unpaired electron in its outer orbital. Free radicals are highly reactive and are known to damage biomolecules including lipids resulting in a myriad of pathophysiological conditions. The present investigation was carried out to screen antiradical and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity of ripe and unripe fruit of R. steudneri. Methods: The powdered ripe and unripe fruit materials were extracted by maceration process using methanol. Antiradical activity of extracts was evaluated by DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Lipid peroxidation inhibition assay was carried out by estimating the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Both ripe and unripe fruit extracts were screened for the presence of phytochemicals viz. alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins, glycosides, sterols and triterpenoids by standard tests. Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis indicated that both ripe and unripe fruit extracts contain saponins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, sterols and triterpenoids. When compared to unripe fruit extract, ripe fruit extract displayed marked scavenging of DPPH and hydroxyl radicals and inhibition of lipid peroxidation as indicated by lower IC50 values. Conclusion: Overall, ripe fruit extract displayed marked free radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity. The presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the extracts might be responsible for observed bioactivities of ripe and unripe fruit of R. steudneri.
Keywords: Free radical; Lipid peroxidation; Maceration; Phytochemical; Rubus steudneri Schweinf

Anti-Staphylococcal and Antioxidant Properties of Crude Ethanolic Extracts of Macrofungi Collected from the Philippines - Christine May Gaylan; John Carlo Estebal; Ourlad Alzeus G. Tantengco; Elena M. Ragragio (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Macrofungi have been used in the Philippines as source of food and traditional medicines. However, these macrofungi in the Philippines have not yet been studied for different biological activities. Thus, this research determined the potential antibacterial and antioxidant activities of crude ethanolic extracts of seven macrofungi collected in Bataan, Philippines. Methods: Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay and broth microdilution method were used to screen for the antibacterial activity and DPPH scavenging assay for the determination of antioxidant activity. Results: F. rosea, G. applanatum, G. lucidum and P. pinisitus exhibited zones of inhibition ranging from 6.55 ± 0.23 mm to 7.43 ± 0.29 mm against S. aureus, D. confragosa, F. rosea, G. lucidum, M. xanthopus and P. pinisitus showed antimicrobial activities against S. aureus with an MIC50 ranging from 1250 μg/mL to 10000 μg/mL. F. rosea, G. applanatum, G. lucidum, M. xanthopus exhibited excellent antioxidant activity with F. rosea having the highest antioxidant activity among all the extracts tested (3.0 μg/mL). Conclusion: Based on the results, these Philippine macrofungi showed antistaphylococcal activity independent of the antioxidant activity. These can be further studied as potential sources of antibacterial and antioxidant compounds.
Keywords: Antimicrobial; Antioxidant; Mushrooms; Philippines; Staphylococcus aureus

Antithrombotic Effect of Kaempferia galanga L. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. on Collagen-epinephrine Induced Thromboembolism In Mice - Fadlina Chany Saputri; Chavella Avatara (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: Kaempferia galanga L. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. have been proven to possess antiplatelet activity in vitro. The aim of this study is to investigate the antithrombotic effect of the rhizome extracts of Kaempferia galanga L. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb in a mouse thrombotic model. Methods: The ethanol extracts of K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza were orally administered with three different doses (7, 14 and 28 mg/20 g BW) in two experimental mouse models. Bleeding time prolongation was observed on mice tail that had been cut and the survival rate of mice was observed after thromboembolism induction by collagenepinephrine. These two experiments were observed after 7 days extracts pre-treatment and compared to the positive control, aspirin. Results: A potent effect of K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza extracts were demonstrated through significant bleeding time prolongation compared to control group. C. xanthorrhiza extract exhibited better activity than K. galanga extract. Moreover, both K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza extracts significantly protected mice from thromboembolic death, where the protective effect of C. xanthorrhiza extract was stronger than K. galanga extract in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza extracts have a potential to be developed as antithrombotic agents against platelet thromboembolism.
Keywords: Antithrombotic; Bleeding time; Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.; Kaempferia galanga L.; Survival rate

Antiurolithiatic Activity of Daucus carota: An In vitro Study - Sweta Bawari; Archana Negi Sah; Devesh Tewari (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Context: Urolithiasis is a polygenic disorder with complex etiology and even complicated treatment outcomes. Daucus carota is a widely cultivated crop with traditional claims for its antiurolithiatic potential. Aim: Present study was an attempt to investigate the antilithic potential of D. carota root extract (DCRE) against calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis by employing in vitro methods. Methods: Nucleation, growth and aggregation assay of CaOx crystallization were used. FT-IR analysis was used for characterizing CaOx crystals. Results: DCRE exhibited significant inhibition of nucleation, growth and aggregation of CaOx crystals. It produced a favorable morphological transformation of CaOx crystals from calcium oxalate monohydrate to calcium oxalate dihydrate. FT-IR analysis confirmed formation of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals to be utilized for growth and aggregation assays. Conclusion: DCRE possesses significant antiurolithiatic activity against CaOx urolithiasis in vitro which could be attributed to its saponins, tannins, flavonoids and polyphenolic content.
Keywords: Aggregation; Flavonoids; FT-IR; Nucleation; Urolithiasis

Arginase Inhibitory Activity and Total Flavonoid Content on Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart Stem Bark Extracts - Devi Indriani; Berna Elya; Arikadia Noviani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds that are ubiquitous in nature, have been known for their pharmacological as antifungal, diuretic, antihistamin, antihypertension, insecticide, bactericide, antiviral, antioxidant, and enzim inhibitor. Flavanones found in all parts Scutellaria indica, has the ability to inhibit arginase, flavanols found in the seeds of Theobroma cacao L. Previous study showed that Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart stem bark contains flavonoid compound. Objective: The objective of this study to analyze arginase inhibitory activity and to determine the total flavonoid content of Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart stem bark by using AlCl3 colorimetric method. Methods: Dried Caesalpinia ferrea stem barks were refluxed with three different solvent with gradual gradient polarity i.en-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Each extract was tested to determine arginase inhibitory activity. Total flavonoid content was determined on extract showed the highest arginase inhibitory activity. Results: Methanolic extract showed arginase inhibitory activity of 12.81% and flavonoid content was 2 mgQE/g. Phytochemical screening on Caesalpinia ferrea stem bark ethyl acetate extract showed that it contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids, meanwhile Caesalpinia ferrea stem bark methanolic extract contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. Conclusion: Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart stem bark extracts were not potential to inhibit arginase.
Keywords: Arginase; Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart; Flavonoids

Arginase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. Bark Extract - Arini Wulansari; Berna Elya; Arikadia Noviani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the arginase inhibitory and the antioxidant activities of the bark extract of Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. (Dewi tree). Methods: The bark of Dewi tree was extracted successively under reflux condition with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Each extract was tested for its activity in inhibiting arginase activity by measuring the quantity of urea produced in the reaction mixture using a microplate reader. The active extracts were determined for their total flavonoid content followed by antioxidant activity by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry with ascorbic acid as standard. Phytochemical screening was conducted to determine the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids. Results: Arginase inhibitory activity test showed that the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts have average inhibition values of 14.43 and 33.59%, respectively, at concentration of 100 μg/mL. The total flavonoid content of the methanol and ethyl acetate extract were 7.75 and 6.30 mgQE/g sample, respectively. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts showed antioxidant activity with an IC50 values of 4.720 and 3.647 μg/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate extract contained flavonoid, tannin, saponin, and steroid, while the methanol extract contained flavonoid, tannin, and saponin. Conclusion: In conclusion, C. coriaria bark extracts possessed low arginase inhibitory activity. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts have good antioxidant activity.
Keywords: antioxidant activity; Arginase inhibitory activity; C. coriaria; Phytochemicalscreening; total flavonoid content

Arginase Inhibitory, Antioxidant Activity and Pharmacognosy Study of Sterculia macrophylla Vent. Leaves - Rini Prastiwi; Berna Elya; Rani Sauriasari; Muhammad Hanafi; Yesi Desmiaty (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the arginase inhibitory activity, antioxidant activity, and also pharmacognostical study of Sterculia macrophylla leaves. The main component of genus Sterculia was flavonoid that was well known to demonstrate arginase inhibitory activity. Methods: Sample was extracted gradually using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvents, subsequently. The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract were determined for their arginase inhibitory activity. The most active extract was methanol extract. This extract was determined for its antioxidant activity, arginase inhibitory activity, identification of chemical compound, chromatogram profile and determined the content of total flavonoid. The leaves and powder of Sterculia macrophylla were identified with microscopic and macroscopic evaluation. Results: The most active extract was methanol extract with IC50 114,659 μg/mL for arginase inhibitory activity and IC50 78.47 μg/mL for DPPH scavenging activity. The secondary metabolite of methanol extract presence compound of alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, terpene, and glycoside. The total flavonoid content was 141.10 mg/gram extract. The star-shape trichoma was identified as a specific fragment. Conclusion: The methanol extract of Sterculia macrophylla showed activity as arginase inhibitor and antioxidant.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Arginase; Flavonoid; Pharmacognostical; Sterculia macrophylla

Assessment of Anti-Protease Property of Nutmeg in Causing Delayed Disintegration of Platelet Rich Fibrin – an in vitro Study - Darshanaa Arunachalam; Sheeja Varghese; Lakshmi Thangavelu (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Platelet-rich fibrin is a second generation platelet concentrate enhances tissue healing and is in predominant use as a barrier membrane in periodontal regeneration. However, a normal PRF membrane has rapid degradability (1-2 weeks). Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) has been found to have antiprotease property. It was hypothesized if this property helps in inhibiting degradation of PRF. Aim: To assess whether nutmeg has any effect in inhibitingdegradability of PRF membrane and to compare the degradability of PRF at different concentrations (200mg, 100mg, 50mg) of ethanolic and crude extracts of nutmeg. Materials and Methodology: PRF was procured from 30 ml blood from 5 different donors were cut to equal sizes into 35 pieces. They were measured at baseline and dropped in 7 sets of ependorphs containing PBS, PBS containing 200 mg, 100mg and 50 mg crude extract of nutmeg, PBS containing 200 mg, 100mg and 50 mg ethanolic extract of nutmeg. After 1 week the PRF were retrieved and measured. The percentage of remaining PRF was calculated and data analysed. Result: It was found that there was a difference in percentages of remaining PRF between all the groups when compared to the control group, out of which, crude extract of nutmeg 200 mg group alone had a significantly lesser % of remaining PRF than the control. All ethanolic extract groups had a significantly greater % of remaining PRF when compared to that of the control. Conclusion: Nutmeg is effective in inhibiting the degradation of PRF membrane.
Keywords: Myristica fragrans; Periodontal guided tissue regeneration; Periodontitis; Platelet-rich fibrin; Proteolysis

Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence by Some Indonesian Medicinal Plants Ethanolic Extract - Sylvia Utami Tunjung Pratiwi; Titik Tri Handayani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Context: One strategy to address the emergence of infectious diseases supported by the increasing cases of microbial antibiotic resistance is the development of anti-pathogenic drugs, a quorum quenching compound(s) capable of inhibiting microbial communication (quorum sensing inhibitor). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common source of chronic opportunistic infections, which demonstrates the most consistent resistance to antimicrobial agents. Quorum sensing (QS) controls secretion of virulence factors in P. aeruginosa. Aim: This study aims to discover quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) from some Indonesian medicinal plants ethanol extract to analyze their inhibitory activities against QS-mediated virulence factors in P. aeruginosa. Settings and Design: In-vitro experimental study-laboratory setting Material and Methods: Indonesian medicinal plant ethanolic extracts were tested for their capability to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility, biofilm formation using microtiter plate method, pyocyanin and LasA production using LasA staphylolytic assay. Statistical analysis used: Statistical significance of the data were determined using one way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s test. Differences were considered significant with P values of 0.05 or less. Results: Ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and A. alitilis flower capable to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility as well as pyocyanin production and biofilm formation. Both extracts also showed capability in reducing LasA protease production. Conclusion: T. catappa and A. alitilis are an interesting sources of innovative plant derived quorum quenching compound(s), thus can be used in the development of new antipathogenic drug.
Keywords: Anti-pathogenic drugs; Ethanol Extract; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Quorum quenching; Quorum sensing inhibitor

Bactericidal Kinetics and Antibiofilm Efficacy of Pimarane-Type Diterpenes from Viguiera arenaria Against Cariogenic Bacteria - Juarez Henrique Ferreira; Rafael Martinez Garcia; Fariza Abrão; Yadira Arnet Fernandez; Regina Helena Pires; Sérgio Ricardo Ambrósio; Rodrigo Cassio Sola Veneziani; Carlos Henrique Gomes Martins (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Dental caries is an infectious disease related to biofilm formation. Among the microorganisms presents in the oral microbiota, Streptococcus mutans can form biofilm on the tooth surface in the presence of dietary carbohydrates. This study aimed to evaluate the bactericidal kinetics and antibiofilm efficacy of ent-pimara-8(14),15-dien-19-oic acid (compound 1) and ent-8(14),15-pimaradien-3β-ol (compound 2) obtained from Viguiera arenaria against oral pathogens; this study also aimed to determine the effect of these compounds on the morphology and architecture of the S. mutans biofilm by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: The bactericidal kinetics revealed different results depending on the tested bacteria. Compound 1 eliminated the viable bacteria within 24 hs of incubation. In the antibiofilm assay, compound 1 displayed promising results against S. mitis (ATCC 49456 and clinical isolate) and L. casei (clinical isolate), whereas compound 2 was not active at the evaluated concentrations. Conclusion: Compound 1 is an important metabolite in the search for new antibacterial agents against cariogenic bacteria both in the sessile and planktonic modes. The SEM image of Streptococcus mutans in the presence of compound 1 suggested that this metabolite acts by disrupting the bacterial membrane disrupting the bacterial membrane and/or cell wall and causing microrganism death.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity; Bactericidal kinetics; Scanning electron microscopy; Streptococcus mutans; Viguiera arenaria

Bio-activity in Flowers of Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br.- An Endangered Medicinal Plant from Thar Desert of Rajasthan (India) - Sunita Arora; Sonam Meena (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), an endangered medicinal plant distributed in various habitats in semi-arid region of Thar Desert of Rajasthan. Present study is focused on the extraction of bioactive compounds from the flowers of this plant by Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using Methanol and chloroform as solvents. Methods: Flowers were collected from hilly and stony regions from xeric and harsh conditions of Indian Thar Desert of Rajasthan, during the month of July-September. The phytochemical compounds were investigated using Perkin-Elmer gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract were matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology library. Result: Maximum % area is found for 24-Norursa-3, 12-diene is present in maximum amount (26.25%) with retention time (RT) =39.441 min, followed by Tetracontane (20.68%) with RT=30.275min in the methanolic extract. Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, acetate, (3.beta.)- is present in maximum amount (35.70%) with retention time (RT) =38.569 min, followed by Tetracontane (15.24%) with RT=29.678 min in the chloroform extract of flowers of Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br. Conclusion: Flowers of Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br. shows important pinpoint pharmacological activity. These bio-active constituents can be used by pharmaceutical or other drug designing industry to find a novel drug and pharmacologically active constituents justifying the use of this plant to treat many ailments.
Keywords: Asclepiadeaceae; Chloroform; GC-MS; Hexatriacontane; Methanol; Phytochemicals; Retention time (RT); Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br.

Bioassay Guided Fractionation and in vitro Anti-plasmodial Activity of Ficus deltoidea and Ficus benjamina - Hayat Mohammad Mukhtar; Amandeep Singh; Hardeep Kaur (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Malaria is infectious vector born disease affecting 212 million people belonging to 97 countries globally in the year 2016. Although this number has reduced progressively from last one decade but recent failure of currently available antimalarial drug therapy has accentuated the urgent need to explore different novel approaches in Anti-plasmodial drug discovery. Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the Anti-plasmodial activity of traditional medicinal plants Ficus deltoidea and Ficus benjamina. Materials and Methods: Crude petroleum ether and hydro alcoholic extract of both the plant species were evaluated for Anti-plasmodial activity by schizont maturation inhibition assay using 3D7 plasmodium strains. Results: It was observed that petroleum ether extract of F. benjamina leaves showed most promising inhibitory effect on the growth of schizonts with IC50 14.5 μg/ml. Bio-assay guided fractionation of petroleum ether extract of F. benjamina led to the hexane and chloroform fraction with high Anti-plasmodial activity (IC50 4.0 μg/ml and IC50 7.8 μg/ml respectively). Further, phytochemical investigation of F. benjamina indicated the presence of various valuable phytochemicals belonging to class of steroids, terpenoids and phytosterols. Conclusion: This study has revealed the Anti-plasmodial activity of F. deltoidea and F. benjamina for the first time. Significant Anti-plasmodial activity and preliminary phytochemical studies of F. benjamina indicates its rich chemical diversity which make this plant a good candidate for isolating new molecule that could serve as new lead in Anti-plasmodial drug discovery.
Keywords: Antiplasmodial; Bioassay guided fractionation; Ficus deltoidea Ficus benjamina; Malaria; Schizont maturation inhibition assay

Bombax ceiba: A Potential Anti-Anxiety Drug - Abdulrahman Alsayari; Mohammed Ghazwani; Dalia Almaghaslah; Yahya Alhamhoom; Maha Saad; Rawan Ahmed; Wafa Saeed; Wijden Ali; Sadia Batool (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Bombax ceiba is a famous plant used extensively in traditional medicine for various diseases. However, data pertaining to its effects at CNS level is limited. Objective: To analyze the anti-anxiety potential of ethanolic extracts of Bombax ceiba leaves on rats using the elevated plus maze protocol. Materials and Methods: Five groups containing six rats each were treated with respective drugs.Control rats were treated with 0.5ml of 10% ethanol i.p. (negative control). Single treatments of diazepam (2mg/kg i.p) were used as a positive control and varied levels of ethanolic extracts of Bombax ceiba leaves (150 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, i.p.) were applied to other groups. The index of anxiety was measured by observing the entry and time duration in the open arm of the EPM. Results: Extract at 400 mg/kg significantly increased the time duration and number of entries into the open arm which was statistically significant (p value <0.05) when compared to the control group (ethanol). Diazepam showed the most significant results when compared to other groups (p<0.0005). Extracts at 150 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg demonstrated negligible results that were statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The results indicate the anti-anxiety potential of Bombax ceiba leaves at higher concentration. Further studies are required to analyze the implicated phytochemicals and the mechanism at cellular level.
Keywords: Anti-anxiety; Bombax ceiba leaves; Diazepam; Elevated Plus Maze; Ethanol

A Brief Review of Synonyms and Properties of Gudūcī (Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers) from Selected Nighantus (Ayurvedic Drug Lexicons) - Sujithra Ram Manohar; Vimala; Priyalatha; Raiby Paul; Priya S (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
The use of Herbal medicines are continuously on the rise as they are known to be very efficient without causing much undesired effects. Herbs are the main source for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Persian and extensive literature and scientific research is being done in this aspect. Ethnobotanical studies are being conducted in specific areas to understand and analyse the relative priority, agreement percentage and the use value. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Tests are also carried out to substantiate the use.1 Plant toxins and plant poisoning have been reported in children.2 Unfortunately, though herbs are generally considered to be safe, it does contain chemical constituents that can be helpful or harmful when consumed individually or in combination with other herbs or drugs. For more and more scientific studies to come up, the basic literature review has to be done. Ayurveda is an Ancient System of Medicine practiced in India since centuries. The practice is based on Classical Ayurvedic Texts and the Nighantus that came in the later period. In this article, Guduci- Tinospora cordifolia (Tco) - a commonly used plant in Ayurveda that holds a great medicinal value.3 has been chosen and the review of the Synonyms and Properties of this plant mentioned in selected Nighantus has been done. The different properties of the plant like anti hyperglycemic action, antioxidant, hepato-protective activity, etc have already been researched and proven.4 Retrospectively, here a comparative analysis of synonyms and properties of Tco as mentioned in the Nighantu’s from the Ayurvedic Point of view has been done.
Keywords: Ayurveda; Guduci; Nighantus; Properties; Synonyms; Tinopsora cordifolia

Cell-free Supernatant from Exiguobacterium acetylicum Isolated from Water Cabbage (Pistia stratiotes) Roots Inhibits Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli - Ashok Kumar Ranganathan; Renato A Dela Peña Jr; Marilyn T Malison; Oscar V Punzalan Jr; Christian R Pangilinan; Daniel E Gracilla (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: The study was carried out to isolate and identify potential antibiotic-producing bacteria associated with water cabbage (Pistia stratiotes) roots collected from Pampanga River, Pampanga, Philippines. Seven (7) bacterial colonies were randomly chosen at the 10-6 dilution factor. Antibiotic sensitivity test using agar well method revealed that only one isolate out of 7 selected colonies can inhibit the growth of the test organisms. Specifically, the isolate (namely T4) supernatant inhibited E. coli and B. subtilis but not S. aureus. T4’s ability to inhibit E. coli was comparable with that of Tetracycline (positive control). Surprisingly, its inhibition of B. subtilis is significantly higher than that of Tetracycline. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis using NCBI Basic Local Alignment Search Tool revealed 99% similarity of the isolate (T4) with Exiguobacterium acetylicum, a gram-positive, antibiotic-producing bacterium previously isolated from an apple orchard rhizosphere.
Keywords: Antibiotic; Cell-free supernatant; Exiguobacterium acetylicum; Pistia stratiotes

Characteristics of Thai Pigmented Rice Milk Kefirs with Potential as Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Foods - Sirirat Deeseenthum; Vijitra Luang-In; Supaporn Chunchom (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Aims: The characteristics, antioxidant property of Hawm Nil rice (Purple rice), Red Hawm rice (Red rice), Khao Dawk Mali 105 rice (White rice) milk kefirs and mixing of three color rice milk kefir in different ratios were investigated. Then, anti-inflammatory activity of Hawm Nil rice kefir was studied. Methodology: The physiochemical properties, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of these rice milk kefirs were investigated. Anti-inflammatory measurements were performed to study blood chemistry, hematological values and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) level in colitis rats compared with rats treated with prednisolone (positive control) and cow’s milk kefir. Results: All the rice kefir formulas had lower pH values than the cow’s milk kefir. Moreover, they all exhibited no changing viscosity. Lactic acid concentrations increased in cow’s milk kefir during 24-48 h. Alcohol concentrations in all the rice formulas increased within 24-48 h, while cow’s milk only increased at 72 h. Antioxidant activity, most of the rice milk kefirs had antioxidant activity higher than cow’s milk by DPPH assay. In addition, the Hawm Nil rice milk kefir had high antioxidant activity by DPPH assay and FRAP assay. Blood chemistry, hematological values and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in colitis rats treated with Hawm Nil rice milk kefir did not differ from those treated with prednisolone and cow’s milk kefir. TNF-α in the serum of colitis rats treated with Hawm Nil rice milk kefir was significantly reduced when compared to the PBS buffer. Conclusion: The findings indicated that color rice kefirs may offer protection against chemically induced tissue injury. Hawm Nil rice milk kefir exerted potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and was safe for human consumption. Other Thai colored rice will be used to develop Thai rice milk kefir products as new and antioxidant-rich beverages and functional foods for human health benefits in the future.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Antioxidant; Lactic acid; Rice kefir; Thai color rice

Characterization of the Anthelmintic Activity of Murraya koenigii (Linn.) - Sujith S; Priya MN; Deepa CK; Usha PTA (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: To identify the most potent sub fractions(s) of the different extracts of the leaves of Murraya koenigii for the anthelmintic property. Methods: The dried leaves were subjected to soxhlet extraction using methanol, fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol and water. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done using standard techniques. The potent fractions were subjected to TLC and the appropriate solvent was selected for flash chromatographic separation of the extract. The sub fractions were tested for their anthelmintic activity in vitro using egg hatch assay and larval motility assay on Haemonchus contortus eggs and the most potent fraction was found out. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic, tannins and saponins in all extracts and the effect of the extracts could be due to these components. On TLC, toluene: ethyl acetate in 9:1 ratio was found to be the best mobile phase for hexane and chloroform fractions whereas cyclohexane: ethyl acetate at 6:4 was found suitable for butanol fraction. Of the sub fractions (SF), SF 3 and 11 of chloroform fraction showed better ovicidal activity whereas SF 2,6,7,32 and 37 showed best larvicidal activity. The larvae that were used for testing the larvicidal activity, were found to be sluggishly motile after half an hour incubation with the extract and were progressively dead on a dose dependent manner. Conclusion: The chloroform extract of Murraya koenigii and its sub fractions 2, 3,6, 7, 11, 32 and 37 possessed good anthelmintic activity and the isolation of active molecules is necessary for development of a novel anthelmintic.
Keywords: Anthelmintic; Egg hatch assay; Haemonchus contortus; Larval motility assay; Murraya Koenigii

Characterizationof the Anthelmintic Activity of Murraya koenigii (Linn.) - Sujith S; Priya MN; Deepa CK; Usha PTA (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective:To identify the most potent sub fractions(s) of the different extracts of the leaves of Murraya koeniggi for theanthelmintic property.Methods: The dried leaves were subjected to soxhlet extraction using methanol, fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol and water. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done using standard techniques. The potent fractions were subjected to TLC and the appropriate solvent was selected for flash chromatographic separation of the extract. The sub fractions were tested for their anthelmintic activity invitro using egg hatch assay and larval motility assay on Haemonchus contortus eggs and the most potent fraction was found out. Results:Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic, tannins and saponins in all extracts and the effect of the extracts could be due to these components. On TLC, toluene: ethyl acetate in 9:1 ratio was found to be the best mobile phase for hexane and chloroform fractions whereascyclohexane: ethyl acetate at 6:4 was found suitable for butanol fraction. Of the sub fractions (SF), SF 3 and 11 of chloroform fraction showed better ovicidal activity whereas SF 2,6,7,32 and 37 showed best larvicidal activity. The larvae that were used for testing the larvicidal activity, were found to be sluggishly motile after half an hour incubation with the extract and were progressively dead on a dose dependent manner.Conclusions:The chloroform extract of Murraya koenigii and its sub fractions 2, 3,6, 7, 11, 32 and 37 possessed good anthelmintic activity and the isolation of active molecules is necessary for development of a novel anthelmintic. Key words: Anthelmintic, Murraya koenigii, Haemonchus contortus, Egg hatch assay, Larval motility assay.

Chemical Characteristics and In vitro Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activities of Premna serratifolia L. Leaf Infusion and Decoction - Kris Herawan Timotius; Adelina Simamora; Adit Widodo Santoso (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Leaves of Premna serratifolia L. (local name: arogo) is well known as food ingredient for fish/meat-based soup in Tentena, Indonesia. Evaluation of its bioactivities is needed. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of infusion and decoction of P. serratifolia leaves. Methods: The leaf samples were prepared by infusion and decoction and analysed for their α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities, as well as total phenolic contents and LC-MS profiles. Results: The total phenolic content of the decoction was higher than the infusion. The UV spectra of both infusion and decoction showed peak at 325 nm and shoulder at 285 nm. Their LC-MS yielded one dominant component at 132 (100) m/z fragment, which was tentatively identified as caffeic acid. Both infusion and decoction extracts exhibited strong α-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 of 4.27 and 0.046 μg GAE/ml, respectively. The IC50 for DPPH scavenging activity of the infusion and decoction were similar; 6.82 and 7.28 μg GAE/ml, respectively. But the IC50 of the infusion and decoction for ferrous ion chelating activities were different; 161.66 and 28.34 μg GAE/ ml, respectively. The α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities were related to the phenolic content. Conclusion: The study concludes that both infusion and decoction of arogo leaves have antidiabetic effect and potential antioxidant activity. The decoction of the leaves may increase its antidiabetic capacity.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Aqueous extract; Inhibition mechanism; P. serratifolia; α-glucosidase inhibitor

Chemical Composition and Ethnobotany of Livistona jenkinsiana Griff: An Endangered Thatching Palm Tree of Eastern Himalayas - Temin Payum (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objectives: To study the uses of various parts and cultivation of Livistona jenkinsiana among tribal people of Arunachal Pradesh in addition to study the chemical composition and the related health benefits if any. Methods: Field survey and interview were used for ethnobotany and GCMS was used in the studies of chemical compositions. Results: This study reports numbers of volatile and non-volatile compounds from the fruit of Livistona jenkinsiana with various health benefits. Presence of remarkable high percentage of trehalose sugar is reported in this work from the fruit of L. jenkinsiana. The study also reports various uses of the parts of this palm tree as thatching tree, fencing and house construction. The study also reports need of conservation of this bioculturally important endangered and threatened thatching palm tree. Conclusion: L. jenkinsiana is a bioculturally and economically important endangered thatching palm tree. The fruit could be a source of plant originated fats and trehalose sugar. Fifty percent of compounds present in this fruit are useful in various health problems. There should be further scientific studies in the domains of industrial utility of this underutilized palm tree.
Keywords: Biocultural; Ethnobotany; Fruit; Himalayas; Indigenous People; Phytochemical; Thatch; Trehalose

Chemical Composition and Hepatoprotective Activity of Saponaria officinalis on Paracetamol-Induced Liver Toxicity in Rats - Mallikarjuna Rao Talluri; Veda Priya Gummadi; Ganga Rao Battu (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: The present day life style causing different illness including liver diseases and different health complications. So, there is a need to identify new chemical entities with more efficiency in the treatment of diseases and less side effects. There were many reports in recent times, about identifying new drugs from different medicinal plants and also precursors for synthesis new bioactive molecules for treating various diseases. Objective: The present study was carried out on root parts (rhizomes) of S. officinalis for phytochemical analysis and hepatoprotective activity on Paracetamol-induced liver toxicity. Materials and Methods: The phytochemical analysis was carried out to know biological active compounds in different extracts of S. officinalis using standard procedures and quantified the total alkaloid and phenolic contents. Hepatoprotective activity of the S. officinalis extracts were carried out by using Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Results: The phytochemical analysis of S. officinalis roots’ extracts showed presence of sterols, terpenoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, proteins, flavanoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins and absence of saponins and oils. The methanolic extract showed more phenolic and alkaloid contents on their quantification. The S. officinalis roots extracts are found to be safe at 2000 mg/kg b. w. in acute toxicity study and showed dose dependent percentage protection on liver toxicity. Methanol extract showed more activity at 500mg/kg b. w. and is comparable with standard drug Liv 52 on altered liver biomarker enzymes AST (SGOT), ALT (SGPT), ALP, total bilirubin and total protein with percentage protection 56.17%, 54.53%, 61.55% 57.29% and 53.66%. Conclusion: The present study results indicates that phytochemical constituent’s diversity in S. officinalis and those extracts possess hepatoprotective activity. Further studies are needed and should involve the isolation of pure, biologically active compounds
Keywords: Liver; Paracetamol; roots; Saponaria officinalis; Toxicity

Chemical Composition and Hepatoprotective Activity of Saponaria officinalis on Paracetamol-induced Liver Toxicity in Rats - Mallikarjuna Rao Talluri; Veda Priya Gummadi; Ganga Rao Battu (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: The present day life style causing different illness including liver diseases and different health complications. So, there is a need to identify new chemical entities with more efficiency in the treatment of diseases and less side effects. There were many reports in recent times, about identifying new drugs from different medicinal plants and also precursors for synthesis new bioactive molecules for treating various diseases. Objective: The present study was carried out on root parts (rhizomes) of S. officinalis for phytochemical analysis and hepatoprotective activity on paracetmol-induced liver toxicity. Materials and methods: The phytochemical analysis was carried out to know biological active compounds in different extracts of S. officinalis using standard procedures and quantified the total alkaloid and phenolic contents. Hepatoprotective activity of the S. officinalis extracts were carried out by using Paracetmol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Results: The phytochemical analysis of S. officinalis roots’ extracts showed presence of sterols, terpenoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, proteins, flavanoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins and absence of saponins and oils. The methanolic extract showed more phenolic and alkaloid contents on their quantification. The S. officinalis roots extracts are found to be safe at 2000 mg/kg b. w. in acute toxicity study and showed dose dependent percentage protection on liver toxicity. Methanol extract showed more activity at 500mg/kg b. w. and is comparable with standard drug Liv 52 on altered liver biomarker enzymes AST (SGOT), ALT (SGPT), ALP, total bilirubin and total protein with percentage protection 66.67%,60.63%,65.93%,64.24% and 60.98%. Conclusion: The present study results indicates that phytochemical constituent’s diversity in S. officinalis and those extracts possess hepatoprotective activity. Further studies are needed and should involve the isolation of pure, biologically active compounds.
Keywords: Liver; Paracetamol; roots; Saponaria officinalis; Toxicity

Chemical Constituents from Salvia fruticosa libanotica - Rima Boukhary; Maha Aboul-Ela; Othman Al-Hanbali; Abdalla El-Lakany (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: Plants of genus Salvia are used in traditional folk medicine for their antidiabetic, anti-oxidant effects and for gastric disorders. The oil has an antiseptic property and it is used as a fragrance in soaps and perfumes. An infusion of the leaves is widely used as a mouthwash or gargle and for the treatment of inflammation of the mouth and throat. It is used as carminative, antiinflammatory, astringent, cytotoxic and antispasmodic. Materials and Methods: Air-dried powdered aerial parts and roots of Salvia fruticosa libanotica were extracted separately with ethanol and acetone then their residues were separately extracted with different solvents on silica gel columns. Results: From Salvia fruticosa libanotica, eight phenolic compounds were isolated from methylene chloride, ethyl acetate and butanol extracts of the chosen plant. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were determined by NMR, MS, IR and UV spectroscopic methods. Conclusion: Among these compounds three Flavonoids named apigenin, luteolin and rutin were identified in addition to three phenolic acids which are ferulic acid, gallic acid and rosemarinic acid from aerial parts. Moreover, carnosol and dehydro-abietic acid were also isolated from Salvia fruticosa libanotica  root extract. All the isolated compounds were obtained for the first time from Salvia fruticosa libanotica .
Keywords: Anti-oxidant; Antidiabetic; Dehydroabietic acid; Rutin; Carnosol; Salvia fruticosa libanotica

Chemical Constituents of Cymodocea rotundata Asch. and Schweinf - Judy D. V. Perez; Chien Chang Shen; Consolacion Y. Ragasa (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Cymodocea rotundata Asch. and Schweinf, a widespread seagrass with reported antimicrobial activity, was investigated for its chemical constituents. Methods: The compounds were isolated by silica gel chromatography and identified by NMR spectroscopy. Results: This study has led to the isolation of β-sitosteryl-3β-glucopyranoside-6′-O-fatty acid esters (1), chlorophyll a (2) and a mixture of β-sitosterol (3a) and stigmasterol (3b) in about 1:1 ratio from the dichloromethane extract of C. rotundata. Conclusion: This is the first report on the isolation of 1-3b from C. rotundata. Compounds 2-3b were reported to exhibit antibacterial activity and may be partly responsible for the reported antimicrobial activity of the C. rotundata extract.
Keywords: Chlorophyll; Cymodocea rotundata; Cymodoceaceae; Stigmasterol.; β-sitosterol; β-sitosteryl-3β-glucopyranoside-6′-Ofatty acid esters

Chemicals and Bioactivity Discrimination of Syconia of Seven Varieties of Ficus deltoidea Jack via ATR-IR Spectroscopic-Based Metabolomics - Alkasim Kabiru Yunusa; Zalilawati Mat Rashid; Nashriyah Mat; Che Abdullah Abu Bakar; Abdul Manaf Ali (Pharmacog Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Ficus deltoidea is one of the common Malaysian medicinal plants and currently commercialized as raw ingredients in some local food products. However, those products do not discriminate the varieties of Ficus deltoidea used. Methods: FTIR-based metabolomics coupled with chemometric technique was applied to discriminate chemical components in ethanolic extracts of syconia of seven varieties of Ficus deltoidea namely; var. deltoidea, var. trengganuensis, var. kunstleri, var. angustifolia, var. bilobata, var. intermedia and var. motleyana. Unsupervised multivariate data analysis (MVDA) including principal component analysis (PCA) was used as to evaluate chemical variability among the seven varieties. For discrimination, orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was applied, while partial least square (PLS) was used to evaluate the relationship between the alpha-glucosidase inhibition, antioxidant activity and Ficus deltoidea varieties. Results: As a result, OPLS-DA successfully discriminated the seven varieties. The FTIR fingerprints which were responsible for the discrimination includes 1729, 1705, 1448, 1095, 453, 443 cm-1. In addition, PPLS model demonstrated the correlation between var. kunstleri, var. deltoidea and var. intermedia respective chemicals fingerprints and their bioactivity (DPPH, FRAP and α-glucosidase inhibition). Conclusion: The findings revealed that FTIR spectroscopy, in combination with MVDA, can be used for structural functional discrimination in relation to the sample bioactivity.
Keywords: Alpha-glucosidase Inhibition; antioxidant activity; Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy; Orthogonal Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis; Principal Component Analysis

Cholesterol-lowering Effects of Extract from Garcinia daedalanthera in Hyperlipidemic rats - Sarah Zielda Najib; Wilzar Fachri; Rani Sauriasari; Berna Elya; Raymond Tjandrawinata (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: A native plant from Indonesia, Garcinia daedalanthera has been scientifically proven have antidiabetic effects and antioxidant activity. We hypothesized that Garcinia daedalanthera can modulate the lipid profiles of hyperlipidemic rats. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic potential of Garcinia daedalanthera extract. Materials and Methods: Garcinia daedalanthera leaves extract (GDE) were orally administrated to high fat diet-induced rats for 15 days. After the end of experimental period (43 days) the lipid profiles were estimated along with histopathological liver examination of animals. Results: The results showed that Garcinia daedalanthera extract significantly reduced the level of serum total cholesterol, total triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein as compared to control group with an increasing level of serum high-density lipoprotein. Furthermore, the extract has a favorable effect on histopathological study. Conclusion: This study proved antilipidemic property by lowering altered levels of lipid profile in male wistar rats and suggest lipid lowering effects of Garcinia daedalanthera extract which serves as a new potential natural product for preventing hyperlipidemia.
Keywords: Anti-cholesterol; Garcinia; Herbal; In vivo; Pre-clinical study; Rat

Chromosomal Disturbances during Mitotic Activity of Root Tip Cells in Allium by Certain Commonly Used Antibiotics - Sanjay Kumar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: The certain commonly used antibiotics (cefixime, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, cefpodoxime and cetirizine) purchased from the chemist shop in Mokokchung town, Nagaland and effects on mitotic activity of root tip meristematic cells of Allium Cepa were observed. Methods: The different concentrations were prepared by retaining the original effective concentrations (400, 400, 500, 200 and 10 mg) of the antibiotics and treated the root tips of Allium at different times (6, 12 and 24 h) to record the effects or abnormalities. Results: All the concentrations (ppm) and time (h) were effective to induce the chromosomal disturbances during the mitotic activity of root tip cells in Allium. Conclusion: The mean value (±S.E.) recorded for mitotic cells, mitotic stages, physiological and clastogenic abnormalities and showed a mixed response which could not predict dose response curve in actual.
Keywords: Allium cepa; Antibiotics; Chromosomal disturbances; Clastogenic abnormalities; Physiological disturbances

Chuquiraga spinosa Lessing: A Medicinal Plant for Gastric Cancer Induced By N-Methyl-N-Nitroso-Urea (NMU) - Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo; Oscar Herrera-Calderon; Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas; Victor Chumpitaz-Cerrate; César Franco-Quino; Renán Hañari-Quispe (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most frequent diseases in human population: Many plants from Peruvian flora is used to treat cancer as alternative treatment. Chuquiraga spinosa Lessing (ChS) is a species with high potential therapeutic due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect as well as protective against prostate cancer. Objective: The main objective was to evaluate the possible protective effect of Chuquiraga spinosa extract on NMU (N-methyl-N nitrosourea)-induced gastric cancer in rats. Methods: Gastric carcinogenesis was induced in 30 male Holtzman rats by providing NMU 50 μg/Kg by oral administration for 16 weeks. Ethanolic extract of ChS aerial parts was administered at doses 50, 250 and 500 mg/Kg per oral. The protective effect was determined through weight controls, biochemical and hematological parameters; the antioxidant capacity by superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and anti-inflammatory capacity by the level of C-reactive protein (CRP). The tumors were monitored by using histological examinations. Results: Oral administration of Chuquiraga spinosa extract significantly decreased superoxide dismutase malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, C-reactive protein levels (p<0,01, p<0,01, p<0,01 and p<0,01 respectively compared with Inductor group). There was a significant increase in the weights of animals (P<0.05). Conclusion: Considering the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties of Chuquiraga spinosa extract, we conclude that it has a protective effect on NMU induced gastric cancer in rats.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Anticancer; Antioxidant; Chuquiraga spinosa; NMU

Comparative Analysis of Biochemical Compounds of Leaf, Flower and Fruit of Couroupita guianensis and Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles - Prakash Pandurangan; Madhumitha Sahadeven; Swetha Sunkar; Sai Krishna Nerella Mohana Dhana (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Couroupita guianensis is commonly known as cannonball tree, belonging to the family Lecythidaceae. This tree has enormous medicinal values since most of its parts are used as medicines traditionally. In this work, two major aspects were studied. Firstly, the phytochemical screening and biological activities of various extracts of leaf, flower and fruit are prepared and studied. Secondly, silver nanoparticles were synthesized from these parts, characterized instrumentally and checked for its antibacterial activity. This study reveals that except the aqueous extracts, all other extracts have good antioxidant and antibacterial activity hence stating the presence of bioactive compounds. Flower mediated nanoparticles showed better results than others which may be due to the presence of certain phytochemical compounds responsible for the reduction and capping of silver nanoparticles. These results showed the potential of Couroupita guianensis and further investigation to isolate such pharmacologically active compounds that can be used in the production of novel drugs for various diseases would be promising.
Keywords: Bioactive compounds; Couroupita guianensis; Nanoparticles

Comparative in vitro Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activity of Various Extracts of Ficus Species - Shaikh Abusufyan; Mohammed Ibrahim; Khan Mohib (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Ficus religiosa, Ficus benghalensis and Ficus glomerata are plants from Ficus species used traditionally for the treatment of various ailments. This study aimed to investigate in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of three plants from Ficus species and effect of extracting solvents, total flavonoids and phenolics content on its in vitro activity. Methods: Dried leaf powder was extracted successively by using solvents with increasing order of polarity index (PI). In vitro antioxidant (RP: reducing power assay, DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay and HP: Hydrogen peroxide assay) and antidiabetic (αA: α-amylase assay and αG: α-glucosidase assay) activities as well as total flavonoid (TF) and total phenolic (TP) contents of extracts were evaluated. The correlation between in vitro activities and solvent polarity index, total flavonoid and phenolic content were established by using pearson’s correlation coefficient (R). Results: Strong positive correlation was observed with PI of extracting solvents and TP content of Ficus religiosa (PI/ TP, R=0.8159) and Ficus glomerata (PI/ TP, R=0.9172). Comparatively benzene and water extracts of Ficus glomerata were found to have significantly (P<0.05) highest in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activity respectively. Strong positive correlation was observed between TF and αG inhibitory (TF/ αG, R=0.793) effects of Ficus benghalensis. In addition, strong positive correlation observed between TP and antioxidant activity (TP/DPPH, R=0.9744; TP/RP, R=0.9514 and TP/HP, R=0.8108) of Ficus glomerata. Conclusions: Finding of our research will help in selection of solvents for extracting antidiabetic and antioxidant rich phytoconstituents from Ficus species.
Keywords: Antidiabetic; Antioxidant; Ficus benghalensis; Ficus glomerata; Ficus religiosa

Comparative Micromorphological Investigations of Red Godji Berries (Lycium barbarum L.) and Black Godji Berries (Lycium ruthenicum Murr.) - Serebryanaya FK; Sekinayeva MA; Denisenko ON (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
The comparative morphological and anatomical research of the fruits and seeds of two species of the genre Lycium is conducted. An objective of this research was carrying out comparative studying of anatomical diagnostic signs of fruits of a red Godjy berries (Lycium barbarum L.) and black Godjy berries (Lycium ruthenicum murr.) for establishment of authenticity of medicinal vegetable raw materials. This work is a fragment of complex researches of plants of flora of the North Caucasus and also introduced species. Because of the conducted comparative this research the main signs allowing to carry out identification of medicinal vegetable raw materials both in integral and in the crushed look are revealed. The conducted researches can be used further for development of normative documentation on raw materials of these species.
Keywords: Chromoplastes; Fruits; Lycium barbarum L; Lycium ruthenicum; Micro-diagnostic features; Seeds; Testa

Comparative Micromorphological Investigations of Red Godji Berries (Lycium barbarum L.) and Black Godji Berries (Lycium ruthenicum Murr.) - Serebryanaya FK; Sekinayeva MA; Denisenko ON (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
The comparative morphological and anatomical research of the fruits and seeds of two species of the genre Lycium is conducted. An objective of this research was carrying out comparative studying of anatomical diagnostic signs of fruits of a red Godjy berries (Lycium barbarum L.) and black Godjy berries (Lycium ruthenicum murr.) for establishment of authenticity of medicinal vegetable raw materials. This work is a fragment of complex researches of plants of flora of the North Caucasus and also introduced species. Because of the conducted comparative this research the main signs allowing to carry out identification of medicinal vegetable raw materials both in integral and in the crushed look are revealed. The conducted researches can be used further for development of normative documentation on raw materials of these species. Key Words: Lycium barbarum L, Lycium ruthenicum, Micro-diagnostic features, Fruits, Seeds, Testa, Chromoplastes..

Comparative Morphological and Anatomical Research of Leaves 6 Sorts of Laurels Noble (Laurus Nobilis L.), Growing in the Conditions of an Introduction in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden - Serebryanaya Fatima Kazbekovna; Orlov Aleksei Nikolaevich; Konovalov Dmitryi Alexeevich; Naida Mahmudovna Nasuhova (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
This research is a fragment of complex studying of grades of laurels of the noble, growing in the territory of botanical gardens of Pyatigorsk medical and pharmaceutical institute and the Nikitsky botanical garden which is carried out based on department of botany and a pharmacognosy of the Pyatigorsk medical and pharmaceutical institute. Introduction: Research objective is to conduct a comparative morphological and anatomical research of leaves of 6 sorts of Laurus nobilis. Material and Methods: The exemplars of leaves of 6 grades of laurels noble, growing in the territory of the Nikitsky botanical garden (the settlement of Nikita, Crimea republic). When carrying out comparative morphometric, micromorphological, histochemical methods. Results: The comparative morphometric research of a leaf plate is conducted, at the same time the form of a leaf plate, character of a top, basis and margined of a leaf plate were estimated. In the analysis of features of a micromorphological structure carried out the analysis of an anatomic structure of scapes of leaves and a structure of a transversal cut of a sheet plate, a top and bottom epidermal of a sheet plate. The form of the cross- section of the petiole is horseshoe-shaped, dredging is absent or falciform with the expressed dredging, rounded triangular form, dredging is absent. The presence or absence of coverage trichomes, the presence only at the top party of a scape and it is presented by individual monocelled lengthiest hairs, is presented by a small amount of individual, monocelled small hairs on the top party of a petiole it is presented by individual monocelled small hairs. Existence and arrangement of a resin ducts are presented in big quantity, especially there is a lot of around a phloem part of a vascular bundle or the ducts are presented in a great many, there is a lot of them, both around a phloem part of a vascular bundle, and under epidermis. Existence and arrangement of a sclerenchyme –around the vascular bundle from two parties or it is presented by groups of fibers around the vascular bundle or absent. Conclusion: As for an anatomic structure of an epidermis of a leaf plate, differences in a histological structure of an epidermis of the studied grades of laurels noble it is not revealed. The following signs are characteristic of all studied exemplars: leaf plate of hypostomatic type. Stomates are present only at the lower part of an epidermis. The stomatal type is anomocytic. Epidermal cages of the lower epidermis have the extended form with sinuous anticlinal walls. Anticlinal walls of the main cages of the top epidermis have the reference uniform thickenings In the analysis of features of a micromorphological structure carried out the analysis of an anatomic structure of scapes of leaves and a structure of a transversal cut of a sheet plate, a top and bottom epidermal of a sheet plate.
Keywords: Anatomical topographical schemes; Comparative micromorphological study; Cross-section of leaf and petiole; Laurus Nobilis

Comparative Pharmacognostical and Pharmacological Evaluation of two Achyranthes species - Pushpendra Kumar Shukla; Ankita Misra; Sharad Srivastava (Pharmacog Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Achyranthes is a well-known herb used in folk lore and traditional systems of medicine for its therapeutic value. The two species Achyranthes aspera and Achyranthes bidentata are used interchangeably by people and by herbal industries due to their resemblance in appearance. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the comparative pharmacognostic and pharmacological properties of both species. Methods: Pharmacognostic characters were evaluated as per the guidelines of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. A quantitative HPTLC method was developed for quantification of linoleic acid and oleanolic acid using toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (6: 4: 0.5 v/v/v) as a mobile phase. Quantification was performed using linear regression analysis by plotting the peak area vs concentration curve with 2000-5000 ng/band (R2 = 0.998) for oleanolic acid and 2000-5000 ng/band (R2 = 0.994) for linoleic acid. The developed method was validated in terms of accuracy, recovery and inter and intraday study as per ICH guidelines. Antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts was estimated by five different models viz. DPPH free radical scavenging assay, total anti-oxidant capacity, reducing power assay, total flavonoid and phenol content. Anti-diabetic activity was analyzed by α-amylase inhibition assay using 3, 5 di nitro salicylic acid and iodine starch model. Results: The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of oleanolic acid and linoleic acid were determined, respectively, as 0.426, 1.29 and 0.427, 1.29 μg mL−1. Inhibition of free radicals increases with concentration and IC50 of A. aspera and A. bidendata was obtained at 1.35 ± 0.173 mg/ml and 1.28 ± 0.169 mg/ml respectively. In in vitro antidiabetic activity, IC50 value shows that A. bidentata exhibit better activity than A. aspera. Conclusion: The present study generates data for the proper establishment of quality control standards of the crude drug.
Keywords: Achyranthes; Antioxidant; HPTLC; Linoleic acid; Oleanolic acid; α- amylase

A Comparative study on Internet Of Things (IoT) and its applications in Smart Agriculture - A. Srilakshmi; Jeyasheela Rakkini; K. R. Sekar; R. Manikandan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Agriculture plays a vital role in country’s economy and it has an extensive contribution towards human civilization. Due to the growing expansions in sensor devices, RFID and Internet protocols the architecture of Internet of Things (IoT) has been made to support agriculture by making a Smart agriculture. This paper describes the implementation of various IoT techniques and intelligent decision support systems used in agriculture. It provides a wide review on methods and technologies like ANFIS and PLSR Model predictions, experiences in various challenges as well as further work are discussed through the review article.
Keywords: ANFIS and PLSR; Internet of things; RFID-radio frequency Identification

Comparison between High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography and High Performance Liquid Chromatography Methods for Determination of Rubraxanthone in the Stem Bark Extract of Garcinia cowa Roxb - Meri Susanti; Sanusi Ibrahim; Yahdiana Harahap; Dachriyanus (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objectives: To develop simple, rapid, accurate methods for determination of rubraxanthone in the stem bark extract of Garcinia cowa using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Methods: The HPTLC method was performed on aluminum plate precoated with silica gel 60 F254 using Chloroform: Ethyl acetate: Methanol: Formic acid (88:2:2:8) as a developing system. Quantification was achieved using densitometric measurements at 243 nm. The HPLC method involved a 5 μm C18 column and an isocratic solvent using 0.4% formic acid: methanol (12:88) with a flow rate 1 mL minute-1. Quantitation was also achieved with ultraviolet detection at 243 nm based on peak area. All necessary validation tests for both methods were done for their comparison. The results obtained by these two different quantification methods were compared by Tukey’s-test. Results: Both assays provided good linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity and limits of detection and quantitation for determination of rubraxanthone in The Stem Bark extract of G. cowa. Conclusion: Both methods revealed reasonable validation parameters concerning linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity and limits of detection and quantitation. A statistical comparison of the quantitative analysis of rubraxanthone in extract did not show any statistically significant difference between two analysis methods. As both methods were found to be equal, they therefore can be used for the analysis of rubraxanthone in the Stem Bark extract of G. cowa.
Keywords: Garcinia cowa Roxb; High Performance Liquid Chromatography; High performance Thin layer Chromatography; rubraxanthone

Comparison between Volatile Oil from Fresh and Dried Fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. and Cytotoxicity Activity Evaluation - Sewan Theeramunkong; Maleeruk Utsintong (Pharmacognosy Journal,, 2018)
Introduction: Zanthoxylum rhetsa is a tree found in northern Thailand. It has been used as a traditional herb with medicinal properties. However, the comparison of composition in volatile oil from fresh and dried fruit is still not fully investigated. In study, we evaluated the constituents in oil from fruits of Z. rhetsa and evaluated the cytotoxicity in non-small lung cancer cells. Methods: The hydro distillation was applied to afford the oil. The obtained oil was analyzed by GC-MS and evaluated the cytotoxicity and apoptosis in non-small lung cells by using MTT method and flow cytometry respectively. Results: Fresh and dried fruits provided a higher yield of volatile oil by approximately 10% and 20% respectively, compared to other studies. Twenty-eight compounds were identified and the major components of fresh and dried fruits were not distinctly different. The major component, α-limonene, was found in dried fruits from Phayao, southern Nan and Chiang Rai province. A high content of β-phellandrene was found in dried fruits from northern Nan province and the (+)-sabinene was found in high content of fresh fruits from southern Nan, Phayao and Chaing Rai province. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity tests displayed that all of oil products were active against lung cancer cells. Among the components investigated, fresh and dried fruits from southern Nan province showed to be the most potent (EC50 = 1.91 ± 0.53, 1.79 ± 0.43 μL/mL, respectively). Conclusion: Volatile oil of Z. rhetsa exhibited a strong cytotoxic properties against cytotoxic may be potentially used as natural anticancer agents. Key words: Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Local variation, Volatile oil, Chemical composition, Cytotoxic activity.

Comparison between Volatile Oil from Fresh and Dried Fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. and Cytotoxicity Activity Evaluation - Sewan Theeramunkong; Maleeruk Utsintong (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)

Comparison between Volatile Oil from Fresh and Dried Fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. and Cytotoxicity Activity Evaluation - Sewan Theeramunkong; Maleeruk Utsintong (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Zanthoxylum rhetsa is a tree found in northern Thailand. It has been used as a traditional herb with medicinal properties. However, the comparison of composition in volatile oil from fresh and dried fruit is still not fully investigated. In study, we evaluated the constituents in oil from fruits of Z. rhetsa and evaluated the cytotoxicity in non-small lung cancer cells. Methods: The hydro distillation was applied to afford the oil. The obtained oil was analyzed by GC-MS and evaluated the cytotoxicity and apoptosis in non-small lung cells by using MTT method and flow cytometry respectively. Results: Fresh and dried fruits provided a higher yield of volatile oil by approximately 10% and 20% respectively, compared to other studies. Twenty-eight compounds were identified and the major components of fresh and dried fruits were not distinctly different. The major component, α-limonene, was found in dried fruits from Phayao, southern Nan and Chiang Rai province. A high content of β-phellandrene was found in dried fruits from northern Nan province and the (+)-sabinene was found in high content of fresh fruits from southern Nan, Phayao and Chaing Rai province. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity tests displayed that all of oil products were active against lung cancer cells. Among the components investigated, fresh and dried fruits from southern Nan province showed to be the most potent (EC50 = 1.91 ± 0.53, 1.79 ± 0.43 μL/mL, respectively). Conclusion: Volatile oil of Z. rhetsa exhibited a strong cytotoxic properties against cytotoxic may be potentially used as natural anticancer agents.
Keywords: Chemical composition; Cytotoxic activity; Local variation; Volatile oil; Zanthoxylum rhetsa

Comparison of Antibacterial Efficacy of Cinnamon Extract and Calcium Hydroxide as Intracanal Medicament against E. fecalis: An In vitro Study - Veerale Panchal; Deepa Gurunathan; Lakshmi Thangavelu (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: There has been an increased use of natural products as medicament in endodontic treatment due to the increased adverse effect observed in chemical products used. The natural products used aims to disinfect the root canal and provide a sterile environment as efficiently as the comparable chemical products. Aim: To compare the antibacterial efficacy of cinnamon extract and calcium hydroxide as intracanal medicament against E. fecalis. Materials and Methods: The study is an in vitro randomized controlled study conducted on 40 single rooted permanent teeth. The study sample was divided into two groups- cinnamon extract as intracanal medicament and calcium hydroxide. The intracanal medicament was placed for 7 days. The outcome was measures using colony forming units per ml. Statistical analysis was done using Mann-Whitney’s test to compare between the two groups. Results: Cinnamon extract intracanal medicament showed higher antibacterial efficacy as compared to calcium hydroxide. (p=0.002). Conclusion: Cinnamon extract showed better antimicrobial efficacy against E. feacalis as intracanal medicament as compared to calcium hydroxide.
Keywords: Antibacterial efficacy; Calcium hydroxide; Cinnamon extract; E. feacalis; Intracanal medicament

Comparison of Tongkat Ali Root Chemical Composition Extracted by Soxhlet, Conventional Steam and Microwave Assisted Extraction Techniques - Ghazi Faisal Najmuldeen; Kamalanathan Narayanan; Deeveeya A/P Kirubananthan; Ghasak Ghazi Faisal (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) roots are used in traditional medicines for its wide range of biological effects. The process of extracting out this essential oil from the plant requires a delicate and efficient method. In this research the extract of the essential oil of Eurycoma longifolia’s root using Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE), Soxhlet Extraction and Conventional Steam Extraction (CSE) methods, is characterized to identify the components of essential oil extracted and then to compare the yield percentage and components of the extracts from both methods. The extract obtained was characterized using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) by comparing the compositions of components present in commercial Tongkat Ali oil stored in the GC-MS library. The findings showed that the MAE gives a maximum yield percentage of 5% with six chemical components extracted in 20 min while SE and CSE gives high yield percentage of 28.3% in 3 h and 2.5 % in 6 h respectively with only three chemical components extracted. Therefore, MAE is the optimum method for extracting essential oil from Tongkat Ali with a high quality.
Keywords: Conventional Steam Extraction (CSE); Essential oil; Eurycoma longifolia Jack; Microwave assisted extraction; Soxhlet Extraction

Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Hydro-Alcohol and Aqueous Extracts Obtained from the Lamiaceae Family - Ramdan Btissam; El Malki Fatima; Eddarraji Kamal; Greche Hassane; NHIRI Mohamed (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Context: Plant from the Lamiaceae family are considered as dietary spices and medicinal herbs traditionally used in medicine for the treatment of several pathologies. Objective: Evaluation of the in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanol and aqueous extracts of nine Moroccan plants from the Lamiaceae family against six bacterial strains regularly implicated in toxiinfection. Method: The antibacterial activities of hot (HAE), cold (CAE) aqueous extracts and ethanolic extracts (EE) were evaluated using agar-well diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and IC50 against six foodborne bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed as well. Results: In the present study, the ethanol extracts were rich in polyphenols, with middling values of flavonoids, and relatively poor in condensed tannins. The presence of saponins, essential oils, irroides, alkaloids, anthocyanins, and aldehydes was recorded. The effect of the extracts was directly bactericidal for B. cereus and L. monocytogenes; for the other strains, the MBC value was twice higher than that of MIC. However, the ethanol extract (EE) of O. majorana and T. satureioides showed the highest antibacterial activity. With the principal component analysis, it was demonstrated that the nine Lamiaceae family plants possess a powerful antibacterial effect, correlated with their phenolic content. Statistical analysis: Analysis of variance was performed by uni-varied ANOVA in the software SPSS 22 Fr. Conclusion: The active compounds were thermostable and soluble in ethanol and water. The antimicrobial activities of the plants extracts investigated may contribute to understand their involvement in traditional medicine against many microbial infections.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity; Aqueous Extract.; Flavonoic Content; Hydro-Alcohol Extract; Lamiaceae Family; Phenolic compounds

Correlation of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid and Carotenoid Content of Phyllanthus emblica Extract from Bandung with DPPH Scavenging Activities - Sani Nurlaela Fitriansyah; Diah Lia Aulifa; Yessi Febriani; Emi Sapitri (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Many potential compounds have antioxidant activity, such as the flavonoid group, phenolics and carotenoids. Phyllanthus emblica is widespread in Bandung-Indonesia and is a very potent as an antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity and correlation with total flavonoids, phenolics and carotenoids from Phyllantus extract from Bandung-Indonesia have not been reported. The aim of this research were to determine the antioxidant activity from extract of various parts of P. emblica and its correlation of antioxidant activity with the total flavonoid, phenolics and carotenoid. Method: Successive extractions of various part of P.emblica were performed by maceration using differrent polarity solvent n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. The antioxidant activity of each extracts was performed using DPPH (2.2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazil) method. The determination of total flavonoids, phenolics and carotenoids were performed by UV-Spectrophotometry. Antioxidant activity was demonstrated by IC50 and its correlation to total flavonoids, phenolics and carotenoids using the Pearson’s method. Result: The highest antioxidant activity was given by fruit ethyl acetate (BE) extract with IC50 3.032 μg/mL. Etyl acetate extract of stem bark P.emblica (KE) had the highest of total phenol content (12.818 g GAE/100 g), ethanol extract of leaves P.emblica (DO) had the highest of total flavonoid content (3.594 g QE/100 g), and n-hexane extract of leave (DN) had the highest of total carotenoid content (0.759 g BE/100 g). Conclusion: According to coeficient correlation Pearson’s between P. emblica extract with IC50 of DPPH scavengging activities, suggested that flavonoid and phenolic compound in stem bark extract and leaves extract of P. emblica were contributor major in its antioxidant activity with DPPH methode, and its same with carotenoid content in leaves extract of P. emblica.
Keywords: Antioxidants; Crotenoids; Flavonoids; Phenols; Phyllantus emblica

Curcuma longa (Medicinal Plant) Research: A Scientometric Assessment of Global Publications Output during 1997-2016 - K K Mueen Ahmed; B. M. Gupta; Ritu Gupta (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
The present study examined 5351 global publications in Curcuma longa as covered in international Scopus database during 1997-2016, with a view to understand their growth rate, global publication share, citation impact, international collaborative papers share, distribution of publications by broad subjects, productivity and citation profile of top organizations and authors, preferred media of communication and bibliographic characteristics of high cited papers. The global publications registered an annual average growth rate of 13.40% and its citation impact averaged to 29.04 citations per paper. Among the top 15 countries, the global share ranged from 1.91% to 31.04%, with India contributing the largest share of 31.04%, followed by USA (13.96%), China (11.55%), etc. 92.66% and 96.84% of the cumulative global publication and citation share comes from top 15 countries during 1997-2016, showing increase in publication share from 89.25% to 93.62% from 1997-2006 to 2007-17. Five countries registered relative citation index above the world average of 1.05: USA (2.29), U.K. (2.08), Taiwan (1.81), Italy (1.23) and South Korea (1.10) during 1997-2016. Medicine, among seven broad subjects, contributed the largest publications share of 37.38%, followed by pharmacology, toxicology and pharmaceutics (32.07%), biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology (31.68%), agricultural and biological sciences (25.53%), chemistry (12.78%), etc. during 1997-16 Among various organizations and authors contributing to global Curcuma longa research, the 20 most productive global organizations and authors together contributed 13.89% and 5.59% global publication share and 20.75% and 14.25% global citation share respectively during 1997-2016. Amongst 5157 journal papers (in 2216 journals) in global Curcuma longa research, the top 20 most productive journals contributed 15.92% share of total journal publication output during 1997-2016. Three hundred forty (340) publications were found to be high cited, as they registered citations from 100 to 3869 during 1997-2016 and they together received 81274 citations, which averaged to 239.04 citations per paper. It is suggested that developing countries need to increase their efforts in investment in R & D to increase their output and also to perform better in terms of quality of research.
Keywords: Bibliometrics; Curcuma longa; Global research output; Medicinal plant; Scientometrics

Cytotoxic Activities of Fractions from Dioscorea bulbifera L. Chloroform and Methanol Extracts on T47D Breast Cancer Cells - Rinto Muhammad Nur; Laurentius Hartanto Nugroho (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: To elucidate cytotoxic activity of fractions from chloroform and methanol extracts of D. bulbifera organs on T47D breast cancer cells. Method: The vegetative organs of D. bulbifera were extracted gradually using chloroform and methanol. Cytotoxicity tested on T47D cells using MTT Assay. The most toxic extract was fractioned by vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) followed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The extract and fractions potential were tested on the Vero cells using the same method as cancer cells. The most toxic fraction was analyzed using TLC followed by the application of various spray reagents for the identification of active compound. Results: The chloroform extract of the D. bulbifera leaves was the highest cytotoxic on T47D cells (IC50 115.63±86.01 μg/mL). Moreover, the cytotoxicity test on the combined fractions of leaves chloroform extract showed that fraction 5 (F5) and fraction 6 (F6) were the most toxic fractions compared to those of other fractions. The IC50 of both fractions were 14.55±8.62 and 7.12±4.43 μg/mL respectively. However, Its were very weak compared to those of cancer medicine (Doxorubicin) with the IC50 was 0.04±0.02 μg/mL. Potential fractions were not toxic against Vero cells with IS>10. The active compounds in those fractions were alkaloid and terpenoid. Conclusion: Chloroform extract of the D. bulbifera leaves had the highest cytotoxic effect on T47D cells. Potential fractions were not toxic against Vero cells. The active compounds in those fractions were alkaloid and terpenoid.
Keywords: Cytotoxicity; D. bulbifera; MTT Assay; Secondary metabolites; T47D

Cytotoxic Activity of Ethanol Extract of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Induced Ginger Rhizome on T47D Breast Cancer Cell Lines - Netty Suharty; Fatma Sri Wahyuni; Dachriyanus (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: A study of investigate the cytotoxicity activity of ethanolic extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) induced with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) against T47D cells line breast cancer have been conducted. Methods: Cytotoxicity were determined using the “microtetrazolium (MTT) Assay”, by measuring the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenase in living cells that have ability to convert pale yellow of dissolved MTT to purple formazan product. The extract used at various concentration (0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 μg / mL. The level of cytotoxic actifity was determined by calculating the inhibitory concentration (IC50) value that was based on the precentage of cell death after 24 h treatment with the extract. The change of cell morphology were observed by using inverted microscope. Results: The statistic results proved that ethanol extract of AMF induced ginger rhizome could barriers T47D breast cancers significantly at concentrations of 10 μg / mL and 100 ug / mL, with IC50 value was 12.5 ± 3.73 μg / mL. centration of 0.1 μg / mL, 1.0 μg / mL, 10 μg / mL and 100 mg / mL. Results of statistical analysis showed that the ethanol extract of ginger rhizome induced AMF at a concentration of 10 μg / mL and 100 μg / mL was able to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells T47D significantly. Conclusion: The results showed the ethanol extract of AMF induced ginger rhizome was potential as herbal medicine for cancer-related ailments with IC50 value was 12.5 ± 3.73 μg / mL.
Keywords: AMF; Breast cancer; Cytotoxicity; Ginger; MTT Assay; T47D

Detection and Quantification of Major Phytochemical Markers for Standardization of Talinum Portulacifolium, Gomphrena Serrata, Alternanthera Sessilis and Euphorbia Heterophylla by HPLC - Mamillapalli Vani; Shaik Abdul Rahaman; Avula Prameela Rani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: High-performance liquid chromatography is one of the major analytical techniques used in the quality control of phytochemicals. Objective: This research article presents the development of HPLC method to detect and quantify the major marker components, kaempferol, and quercetin from four plant species. Materials and Methods: HPLC method was developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of plant extracts by using orthophosphoric acid and methanol (95:5) at 370 nm for kaempferol, methanol and orthophosphoric acid (60:40) at 262nm for quercetin. Results: Kaempferol was detected from the hydro alcoholic extracts of Talinum portulacifolium leaves (RT 13.720, concentration 1.08 mg/ml) and flowers of Gomphrena serrata (RT 13.758, concentration 2.13mg/ml). Kaempferol was reported for the first time from Gomphrena serrata. Quercetin was separated and identified from the hydro alcoholic extracts Alternanthera sessilis stems (RT 6.503, concentration 0.01mg/ml). The hydroalcoholic extract of Euphorbia heterophylla stems (RT 6.588, concentration 0.01mg/ml) was also evaluated for the presence of quercetin. Conclusion: The method developed is very useful tool for qualifying and quantifying the plant specimens as well as their extracts.
Keywords: Extracts.; HPLC; Kaempferol; Marker; Plant specimens; Quality control; Quercetin

Development of Standard Operating Protocol for Slide Preparation of Powdered Bark Samples with Varying Grinding Techniques. - Dharya Singh; Vidhu Aeri; DB Ananthanarayana (Pharmacog Journal, 2018)
Background: Powder microscopy is the most common method to authenticate herbal drugs. The botanical origin and quality can be determined based on cellular features. Objective: To develop a standard operating protocol to prepare slides of powdered bark samples obtained by using different grinding techniques. Materials and methods: Alstonia scholaris, Saraca asoca, Syzygium cumini, Terminalia arjuna and Pongamia pinnata were selected for study. Three samples of each bark were studied: Sample A was collected from NISCAIR Pusa, New Delhi. Sample B and C were procured from industries and were coded as: AP I, AP II, AP III, AP IV and AP V and MP I, MP II, MP III, MP IV and MP V respectively. The slides were prepared by soaking and chemical treatment and photographed by Motic microscope. The samples were observed for general and specific features of the bark and the impact of grinding (industrial grinding and blade grinding in laboratory) on probability of change in various microscopical features. Results: The microscopical features were found to be stable and specific, which can be used to determine the botanical identity of the drug. There was no significant difference in microscopical characters of powdered barks which emphasized that grinding technique does not have any impact on powder microscopy of different bark samples. The method of preparation of slide was also optimized. Conclusion: Powder microscopy, irrespective of grinding technique can be used as a cheap, fast, efficient and accurate method to authenticate herbs or distinguishing species with similar morphological characters without cutting and examining sections.
Keywords: Grinding technique; Powder microscopy; Slide optimization

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV Inhibitory Activity of Fraction from White Tea Ethanolic Extract (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) ex vivo - Meiliza Ekayanti; Rani Sauriasari; Berna Elya (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Treatment for type-2 diabetes mellitus focuses on the incretin hormone, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1). However, it has a short half-life. Inhibition of the enzyme Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) required maintaining the active form of GLP-1. Based on the previous studies on the highest activity of DPP IV enzyme inhibition of white tea extract, this study conducted on the fraction of white tea extract using rat blood serum (ex vivo). Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the inhibitory activity of fraction from white tea extract. Methods: White tea leaves extracted with ethanol. The inhibitory activity determined by using rat blood serum as DPP IV enzyme source (ex vivo), AMC (7-amino 4-methyl coumarin) as fluorescence substrate of DPP IV and sitagliptin as the standard reference. The the cleavage of fluorescence reaction product observed by a microplate reader with λex = 360 nm and λem = 460 nm at 37oC. Data expressed as mean ± SD and the IC50 value determined by nonlinear regression curve and fit using Prism Graph 7. Result: Methanol fraction (250 μg/mL) has the greater inhibition percentage (50.487%), and the fraction of n-hexane and ethyl acetate are 32.417% and 36.541%. The methanol fraction IC50 value is 227 μg /mL. Conclusion: The methanol fraction is the most active to inhibit DPP IV enzyme.
Keywords: Antidiabetic; Camellia sinensis; Dipeptidyl peptidase IV; DPP IV; Fraction; White tea.

The Effect of Coconut Water and Boiling on Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Contents in Schizophyllum commune Fr. - Chanate Wanna; Montarop Sudhadham (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Context: Schizophyllum commune Fr., a split gill mushroom has been acknowledged for its medicinal properties. Aims: The present study was to evaluate the effect of coconut water and boiling on antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents in Schizophyllum commune Fr. Settings and Design: The experiment was completely randomized design (CRD) using tender and mature coconut water compared to synthetic hormone at concentration of 50% and 100% in volume of 5 and 10 ml. The first group is fresh mushrooms and the second group is boiled mushroom then was dried in hot air oven at 45°C for 48 hr. Materials and Methods: The S. commune was extracted with ethanol and then was evaluated the scavenging activity by DPPH and FRAP assay and Folin-Ciocalteau method was used to determine total phenolic contents. Statistical analysis used: The data were recorded as means ± standard deviations and analyzed by using SPSS version 21. The mean values of data were subjected to a oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the significance of the difference between means was determined by the Tukey’s multiple comparison tests at 95% least significance difference (p < 0.05). Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents in sample extracts. Results: In fresh mushroom group showed higher antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents than boiled mushroom group. When compared to a loss of antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents after boiling only the experiments with coconut water found that tender coconut water 50% of 5 ml has the lowest of loss in TEAC and total phenolic contents as 9.28% and 9.85% respectively. Mature coconut water 100% of 10 ml has the lowest of loss in FRAP as 2.77% and followed by tender coconut water 50% of 5 ml as 4.82% which were lower than control treatment but similar with synthetic hormone of 5 ml. The relationship between antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of mushrooms was low in both groups. Conclusions: It concluded that tender coconut water 50% of 5 ml could maintain the antioxidant properties and total phenolic compounds in S. commune. Key-words: Antioxidant, Free radicals, Total phenolic contents, Coconut water, Schizophyllum commune Fr. Key Messages: The tender coconut water 50% of 5 ml was suitable for holding the antioxidant properties and total phenolic contents and also boiling affect to loss of antioxidant compounds in S. commune. The findings from this study provide information for alternative selection of coconut water as natural hormone.

The Effect of Coconut Water and Boiling on Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Contents in Schizophyllum commune Fr. - Chanate Wanna; Montarop Sudhadham (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Context: Schizophyllum commune Fr., a split gill mushroom has been acknowledged for its medicinal properties.  Aims: The present study was to evaluate the effect of coconut water and boiling on antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents in Schizophyllum commune Fr. Settings and Design: The experiment was completely randomized design (CRD) using tender and mature coconut water compared to synthetic hormone at concentration of 50% and 100% in volume of 5 and 10 ml. The first group is fresh mushrooms and the second group is boiled mushroom then was dried in hot air oven at 45°C for 48 hr. Materials and Methods: The S. commune was extracted with ethanol and then was evaluated the scavenging activity by DPPH and FRAP assay and Folin-Ciocalteau method was used to determine total phenolic contents. Statistical analysis used: The data were recorded as means ± standard deviations and analyzed by using SPSS version 21. The mean values of data were subjected to a oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the significance of the difference between means was determined by the Tukey’s multiple comparison tests at 95% least significance difference (p < 0.05). Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents in sample extracts. Results: In fresh mushroom group showed higher antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents than boiled mushroom group. When compared to a loss of antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents after boiling only the experiments with coconut water found that tender coconut water 50% of 5 ml has the lowest of loss in TEAC and total phenolic contents as 9.28% and 9.85% respectively. Mature coconut water 100% of 10 ml has the lowest of loss in FRAP as 2.77% and followed by tender coconut water 50% of 5 ml as 4.82% which were lower than control treatment but similar with synthetic hormone of 5 ml. The relationship between antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of mushrooms was low in both groups. Conclusions: It concluded that tender coconut water 50% of 5 ml could maintain the antioxidant properties and total phenolic compounds in S. commune.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Coconut water; Free Radicals; Schizophyllum commune Fr; Total Phenolic Contents

Effect of Dalechampia indica Wight Extract Fractions on Behavioral and Biochemical Abnormalities following Ischemia-Reperfusion Insult in Rats - Sindhura Srinivasula; Chinna Eswaraiah Maram (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: To evaluate the cerebro protective effect of Dalechampia indica (DI) ethanolic (EDI) and chloroform (CDI) extract fractions against cerebral ischemia- reperfusion insult in rats. Method: The rats were treated with different doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) of EDI and CDI orally once daily for 30 days. After completion of pre-treatment, ischemia was induced by blocking bilateral common carotid arteries (BCCAO) for 30 mins followed by reperfusion and ferric chloride induced thrombosis. The post treatment was continued for another week after surgery. The behavioral parameters were assessed and finally, rats were sacrificed to isolate the brains to estimate biochemical parameters. Results: Combination of global (BCCAO) and focal (Thrombosis) ischemic model along with reperfusion has induced prominent ischemic insult indicated by antioxidant enzymes depletion and elevation of lipid peroxidation. Pre-treatment with different doses of EDI and CDI significantly improved the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione enzymes (GPx, GSH, GST, GR), catalase (CAT) and decreased the lipid peroxidation. Conclusion: Results established Cerebro protective role of Ethanolic extract fraction of DI in cerebrovascular insufficiency states and cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury produced by bilateral common carotid artery ligation along with reperfusion and thrombosis which may attribute to presence of alkaloids,flavonoids, and phenolic compounds.
Keywords: BCCAO; Dalechampia indica; Ferric chloride; Reperfusion; Thrombosis

Effect of Gynura procumbens Extracts on Anti-Proliferative Activity and its Associated Morphological Changes of Human Glioblastoma multiforme Cell Line (U-87) - Mohd Adzim Khalili Rohin; Mimie Noratiqah Jumli; Norhaslinda Ridzwan; Atif Amin Baig; Ahmad Zubaidi Abdul Latif; Norhayati Abd Hadi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr is a well-known traditional herb and is widely used for traditional medicine by human. Previous clinical studies have shown the benefit effect of this leaves with inflammation, high blood pressure and others. This study aims to investigate the effect of methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of Gynura procumbens on U-87 cell line, human glioblastoma multiforme cell line. Methods: In the present study, effect of methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts on U-87 cell line was determined by MTT-based anti-proliferative assay and any significant changes to the cells towards apoptotic changes was observed under a light microscope. Results: The ethanol and methanol extracts of Gynura procumbens was found to have high anti-proliferative effect on U-87 cell line with IC50 less than 20μg/ml. By comparing IC50 value, ethanol and methanol extracts of Gynura procumbens had high potential for anti-proliferative effect on U- 87 cell line. Therefore, ethanol and methanol extracts can be a potential anti-proliferative effect on U-87 cell line. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of exploring the effect of Gynura procumbens extracts using three different polarity (methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate) effect on U-87 cell line, Human glioblastoma multiforme cells. Key words: Gynura procumbens, Ethanol, Methanol, U87 cell line, Antiproliferative.
Keywords: Antiproliferative.; Ethanol; Gynura procumbens; Methanol; U87 cell line

Effect of Gynura procumbens Extracts on Anti-Proliferative Activity and its Associated Morphological Changes of Human Glioblastoma multiforme Cell Line (U-87) - Mohd Adzim Khalili Rohin; Mimie Noratiqah Jumli; Norhaslinda Ridzwan; Atif Amin Baig; Ahmad Zubaidi Abdul Latif; Norhayati Abd Hadi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr is a well-known traditional herb and is widely used for traditional medicine by human. Previous clinical studies have shown the benefit effect of this leaves with inflammation, high blood pressure and others. This study aims to investigate the effect of methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of Gynura procumbens on U-87 cell line, human Glioblastoma multiforme cell line. Methods: In the present study, effect of methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts on U-87 cell line was determined by MTT-based anti-proliferative assay and any significant changes to the cells towards apoptotic changes was observed under a light microscope. Results: The ethanol and methanol extracts of Gynura procumbens was found to have high anti-proliferative effect on U-87 cell line with IC50 less than 20μg/ml. By comparing IC50 value, ethanol and methanol extracts of Gynura procumbens had high potential for anti-proliferative effect on U- 87 cell line. Therefore, ethanol and methanol extracts can be a potential anti-proliferative effect on U-87 cell line. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of exploring the effect of Gynura procumbens extracts using three different polarity (methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate) effect on U-87 cell line, Human Glioblastoma multiforme cells.
Keywords: Antiproliferative; Ethanol; Gynura procumbens; Methanol; U87 cell line

Effect of Lutein on Cytochrome P450 (Isoform CYP3A4) - An in vitro Study - Murthy Meenapriya; Roy Anitha; Thangavelu Lakshmi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Lutein is a carotenoids vitamin rich in many fruits and vegetables and also available in multivitamin products. It is consumed for its effect on eye disease, cancer, diabetes and other health conditions. Recently, herbal preparations are increasingly used in healthcare systems and concomitant administration of synthetic medications may cause pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions leading to very serious medical problems. Understanding the ability of herbal extracts and preparations to modulate the metabolizing enzymes can help the health system for proper treatment of patients and thereby can avoid many adverse effects associated with it. The aim of the study was to find the effect of lutein isolated from Tagetes erecta L on cytochrome P450 isoform CYP3A4. Materials and Methods: The different concentrations of lutein (5 – 100μg/ml), potassium phosphate buffer, CYP450 reagent and substrate 7-Benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (BFC) were added to a 96-well plate. The fluorescent intensities of the products were measured by Perkin Elmer Enspire fluorescence reader using an excitation and emission wavelength of 405 nm and 460 nm, respectively to examine the effect of lutein on Cytochrome P 450 isoform CYP3A4 and the IC50 was calculated by plotting concentrations of lutein against the corresponding percent inhibition. Results: All the tested concentrations of lutein showed potent inhibition against CYP3A4 in a dose – dependent manner. The IC50 value was found to be 35.27μg/ml. Conclusion: The inhibitory effect of lutein indicates the possibilities of herb-drug interaction if it is co – administered with prescribed drugs that are normally metabolised by CYP3A4 enzyme.
Keywords: CYP3A4; Cytochrome P450; Inhibitory assay; Lutein; Marigold

Effect of Thai Folklore Recipe from Abutilon indicum and Mimosa pudica in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats - Ampa Konsue; Chusri Talubmook (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Context: Abutilon indicum and Mimosa pudica were a folklore recipe in Northeastern of Thailand. The recipe was reported that claim to diabetic treatment. Aims: The studies were evaluated to hypoglycemic effect, serum insulin secretion and blood biochemistry in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: The recipe were composed of whole plants from A. indicum and M. Pudica (1:1 w/w) powder. The pound plants were macerated with aqueous (AMA), hydro-ethanol (AMHE) and 80% ethanol (AME) to crude extracts. The AMA, AMHE and AME at the doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) were administered orally daily in diabetic rats during eight weeks. Fasting blood glucose levels (FBG) were measured at weekly. The serum insulin levels and blood biochemical data including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CREA), total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were estimated at the end of experiment. Results: All doses of the extracts were showed significantly (p<0.05) decreasing percent age of FBG in diabetic rats. Especially, AME 125 mg/ kg b.w. was showed more potent significantly (p<0.05) decreasing percentage of FBG at week of 2, 5, 7 and 8. The serum insulin levels of all doses administered with the extracts were significantly (p< 0.05) higher than diabetic control group. On the other hand, all doses of the extracts were significantly (p< 0.05) decreasing ALT and ALP lower than diabetic control group. While, AMA and AMHE at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. were increased HDL, but decreased TC, TG and LDL. Conclusion: The study was proved to diabetic treatment and improvement of diabetic stage and blood biochemical parameters. In addition, the experiment was confirmed to folklore traditional use. Key words: Thai folklore recipe, A. indicum , M. pudica , Fasting blood glucose.
Keywords: A. indicum; Fasting blood glucose.; M. pudica; Thai folklore recipe

Effect of Thai Folklore Recipe from Abutilon indicum and Mimosa pudica in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats - Ampa Konsue; Chusri Talubmook (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Context: Abutilon indicum and Mimosa pudica were a folklore recipe in Northeastern of Thailand. The recipe was reported that claim to diabetic treatment. Aims: The studies were evaluated to hypoglycemic effect, serum insulin secretion and blood biochemistry in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: The recipe were composed of whole plants from A. indicum and M. Pudica (1:1 w/w) powder. The pound plants were macerated with aqueous (AMA), hydro-ethanol (AMHE) and 80% ethanol (AME) to crude extracts. The AMA, AMHE and AME at the doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) were administered orally daily in diabetic rats during eight weeks. Fasting blood glucose levels (FBG) were measured at weekly. The serum insulin levels and blood biochemical data including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CREA), total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were estimated at the end of experiment. Results: All doses of the extracts were showed significantly (p<0.05) decreasing percent age of FBG in diabetic rats. Especially, AME 125 mg/ kg b.w. was showed more potent significantly (p<0.05) decreasing percentage of FBG at week of 2, 5, 7 and 8. The serum insulin levels of all doses administered with the extracts were significantly (p< 0.05) higher than diabetic control group. On the other hand, all doses of the extracts were significantly (p< 0.05) decreasing ALT and ALP lower than diabetic control group. While, AMA and AMHE at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. were increased HDL, but decreased TC, TG and LDL. Conclusion: The study was proved to diabetic treatment and improvement of diabetic stage and blood biochemical parameters. In addition, the experiment was confirmed to folklore traditional use.
Keywords: A. indicum; Fasting blood glucose; M. pudica; Thai folklore recipe

Effect of Trigonella foenum gracecum (fenugreek) Seed Extract in Experimentally Induced Gastric Ulcer in Wistar Rats - shreelakshmidevi singaravelu; Jaikumar Sankarapillai; Abilash Sasidaran Chandrakumari; Pammy Sinha (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Trigonella foenum graceum (Fenugreek) seeds are commonly used in India as traditional medicine for Diabetes, Dysmenorrhea, lactation and arthritis. The gastro-protective role of Fenugreek seeds are yet to be explored. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of Fenugreek seed extract in Indomethacin induced gastric ulcer models. Materials and Methods: Albino wistar rats were divided into five groups with eight animals in each. Gastric ulcer was induced using Indomethacin 20 mg/Kg. Fenugreek at dose of 200mg/Kg and 400mg/Kg was administered to group III, IV and group V received Rantidine 30mg/Kg. Ulcer index, volume of gastric juice and acidity was estimated. To study the anti-oxidant property the level of catalase, SOD, GST and T. Bars were done. Results: Fenugreek treated group III showed a significant decrease in ulcer index, volume of gastric juice and acidity when compared to control positive group II. Oxidative enzyme study indicated a significant increase in Catalase, SOD and GSH value in treated group when compared with control positive group II and significant decrease in T. Bars value in treated group. Conclusion: Fenugreek seed extract has both gastro-protective and Anti-oxidant property.
Keywords: Fenugreek; Gastro-protection; Indomethacin; seed-extract; Ulcer inhibition

Effects of Asparagus racemosus Root Extracts on Serum Lipid Profiles, Lipid Peroxidation and Superoxide Dismutase in Ovariectomized Rat - Ladachart Taepongsorat; Methin Phadungkit (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Once rats have been ovariectomized they have a high risk of cardiovascular disease due to changes in the blood cholesterol and lipid profile. Objective: To investigate the effects of Asparagus racemosus (AR) root extract on the serum lipid profiles, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant levels in ovariectomized rats. Methods: Twenty-five, two month-old female Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: SH, OVX,OEE, OAAR and OEAR. The daily doses of 500 mg/KgBW of the AR root extracts for five weeks.The levels of serum TG, TC, HDL, LDL, the liver, kidney and uterine tissue lipid peroxidation and SOD levels were determined. Results: Serum TC and LDL showed no significant differences in any groups. Serum TG of the OAAR and OEAR groups were not significantly different. The serum HDL of the OAAR and OEAR groups were significantly lower than the OEE group. The liver MDA levels of the OAAR and OEAR groups were significantly decreased compared with the OVX and OEE groups while the SOD level of the OAAR group was significantly increased. The MDA levels in the kidney and uterine of the treated group showed no significant difference. The SOD levels in the kidney of the treated group were not different but the SOD levels in uterine were significantly decreased. Conclusion: It can be believed that the lipid profiles were maybe regulated via estrogen.The AR extract has low effects on the lipid profiles at this dose and duration of treatment. The capacity of the extracts to decrease the MDA level and increase the SOD level in this study clearly reflected the antioxidant efficiency of these substances.
Keywords: Asparagus racemosus; Lipid profiles; Malondialdehyde; Ovariectomized rat; Superoxide dismutase

Effects of Dayak Onion Bulbs (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb) on Bone Development of the Hipoestrogen Model Rat. - Anton Bahtiar; Riza Annisa (Pharmacog Journal, 2018)
Background: Eleutherinol is a naphtoquinone derivative that has strong affinity to bind with estrogen alpha receptors (ERα). This compound can be found in Dayak Onion Bulbs (Eleutherine bulbosa Mill.). Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of Dayak Onion Bulbs extract on the growth of the bone of hypoestrogen model rat. Methods: A total of 36 female white rats of Sprague-Dawley were divided into 6 groups. All 6 groups receive CMC Na 0,5% (sham group), CMC Na 0,5% (negative group), tamoxifen (positive group), three level of dayak onion bulbs extract doses namely dose 8 mg/ 200 g, 12 mg/ 200 g , and 18 mg/ 200 g. All groups, except the sham, is ovariectomized to obtain the conditions of hypoestrogen. After ovariectomy, all rats were evaluated for the success of ovariectomy on day 35, followed by the administration of the extracts by oral administration for 21 days. After 21 days administration, the level of bone calcium, bone weight, and bone length were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Results: Dayak onion bulbs extract at dose 3 (18 mg/200 g BW) could increase significantly bone calcium level, bone weight, and bone legnth of hypoestrogen rat. Conclusion: The results showed that Dayak onion bulbs extract could be developed to be a drug for menopause woman in the future.
Keywords: Bone calcium level; Bone length; Bone weight; Dayak onion bulbs; Hypoestrogen; Menopause

Effects of Food Processing on Resveratrol and Total Phenolic Content in Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) Seeds - Islamudin Ahmad; Desta Andriyani; Christoper Gunawan; Nisrina Dhiah Fauziah; Sutriyo Sutriyo; Abdul Mun’im (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: Trans-resveratrol is a phenolic compound in the stilbene group present in Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seeds. In Indonesia, these seeds are consumed by roasting, frying (i.e., emping), and boiling. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of food processing on trans-resveratrol and total phenolic compound levels in melinjo seeds. Methods: Melinjo seed was roasted at 145oC for 10 and 20 min, boiled at 100oC for 5, 15, and 30 min, and fried at 160-170oC for 2 and 4 min. Samples were refluxed with 96% ethanol. The determination of trans-resveratrol levels was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method. Results: Based on the results, it was found that trans-resveratrol and total phenolic content levels in Melinjo powder decreased from 36% to 10% (trans-resveratrol) and 15% to 4% (total phenolic) after 20 min of roasting, and in fried empings, it decreased 60%, 68%, and 92% (trans-resveratrol) and 41%, 45%, 97% (total phenolic) after 5, 15, and 30 min of boiling, respectively. Conclusion: There were significant changes in trans-resveratrol levels and total phenolic content in Melinjo seeds before and after various cooking processes (i.e., roasting, boiling, and frying).
Keywords: Food processing; Gnetum gnemon L.; Melinjo seeds; Resveratrol levels; total phenolic content

Effects of Kefir Fermentation on Antioxidation Activities (in vitro) and Antioxidative Stress (in vivo) of Three Thai Rice Milk Varieties Prepared by Ultrasonication Technique - Sirirat Deeseenthum; Vijitra Luang-In; Stephen Moses John; Pheeraya Chottanom; Supaporn Chunchom (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Aims: The effects of kefir fermentation were investigated on antioxidation activities (in vitro) and antioxidative stress (in vivo) for different Thai rice; Hawm Nil rice, Red Hawm rice and Khao Dawk Mali 105 rice. Methodology: Antioxidant activity (in vitro) was investigated using ferric reducing antioxidant power and 2, 2´-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assays. In addition, antioxidative stress (in vivo) was performed using colitis rat models to study nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) compared with rats treated with prednisolone and cow’s milk kefir. Results: Antioxidant activity of rice kefir powder from both assays had higher antioxidant activity than cow’s milk kefir powder. NO levels of colitis rats received Hawm Nil rice kefir powder (HNKP) was reduced when compared to phosphate buffered saline (PBS) group. Moreover, colitis rats received HNKP did not differ in NO levels from colitis rats that received prednisolone and non-colitis rats. The result of LPO product malondialdehyde (MDA) indicated that colitis rats treated with HNKP had reduced TBARS compared to PBS group, and did not differ in TBARS levels from rats that received prednisolone and non-colitis rats. Surprisingly, increase in SOD activity was observed in colitis rats that received HNKP compared to PBS, with similar results of increased SOD in rats that received prednisolone and cow’s milk kefir powder. Conclusion: Hawm Nil rice kefir may offer a protective effect for antioxidative stress resulting from chemical induction; it has potential as a supplementary food with high antioxidant activity and is regarded as safe for consumer health.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Antioxidative stress; Lactic acid; Rice kefir; Thai rice

Effects of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Leaves Extracts in Culture of Human Umbilical Vein Cells - Ratikorn Chatchanayuenyong; Patcharawan Sujayanont; Auranut Vuttivirojana (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Oxidative stress can induce vascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetic and hyperlipidemia patients. Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit has been reported of possessing antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticholiesterase activity; as well as the toxic substance called mimosine. Aims: To determine antioxidant effects of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Leave extracts in oxidative stress induced vascular endothelial function. Methods and Material: Leave extracts were determined for antioxidant activity. Either or both of oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and glucose were applied to induce oxidative stress condition in human umbilical vein cultured (HUVCs) to observe superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, nitric oxide (NO) level and morphological changes. Results: Total polyphenol and flavonoid were 51.04 ± 0.91 mg GAE/g and 0.13 ± 0.01 mg catechin/g of dried weight (DW), respectively. Free radical reduction efficiency of crude extract observed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay showed IC50 value of 329.6 μg of vitamin C equivalent/mg of extracts. Frap value was showed 428.54 ± 15.32 mM FeII equivalent/g of DW. The result observing in HUVCs showed that comparing to the control, SOD activity, NO and MDA level were maintained in 0.05 mg/mL of L. leucocephala treated group, but NO and MDA level were lowered when comparing with oxLDL and glucose-induced oxidative stress. No change was observed in 0.05 mg/mL of L. leucocephala treated group, comparing with control group. Conclusion: This study has been performed to exhibit the antioxidant activity of L. leucocephala in endothelium functions and has been found to have an appropriate concentration at 0.05 mg/mL in reducing oxidative stress condition in impaired fasting blood glucose patients. Nevertheless, the optimal level for toxic activity in inhibition of cancer angiogenesis should be further investigated.
Keywords: antioxidant activity; De Wit; Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.); Nitric oxide; Superoxide dismutase; Vascular endothelial.

Effects of Miana (Coleus scutellariodes (L) Benth) to Expression of mRNA IL-37 in Balb/c Mice Infected Candida albicans - Marni Karo; Mochammad Hatta; WaOde Salma; Ilhamjaya Patellongi; Rosdiana Natzir (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Miana (Coleus scutellariodes (L) Benth) are a herbal medicine with potential anti-inflammatory properties in patients infected with vulvovaginal candidiasis. The objective of this work was to the analyze IL-37 expression following administration of miana leaf extract (MLE) in an animal model of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Material and Methods: Adult Balb/c mice, aged 8–12 weeks and weighing 30–40 g, were divided into five groups. Four groups were administered Candida albicans via intravaginal inoculation with a diluted dose of 10-2/ ml and were treated with either MLE, a placebo, or ketoconazole; one group constituted the healthy control and was only treated with MLE. Real-time PCR was used to measure the expression of IL-37. Results: These findings indicated that a component within MLE may mediate its anti-inflammatory characteristics, as indicated by the increase in mRNA IL-37 expression in mice inoculated with C. albicans. The highest increase in fungal load to 101.6 CFU was observed in the placebo group at day 14. Whereas for the mice treated with MLE at 750 mg/kg b.w, the fungal load only increased to 30.0 CFU, similar to that of mice treated with ketoconazole (29.6 CFU). In the mice treated with MLE at 500 mg/kg b.w, the fungal load increased to 68.2 CFU. Conclusion: Fungiostatic effect of MLE 750 mg/kg BB is not less than ketoconazole and MLE may act as anti-inflammatory throught its role as an antioxidant so it could potentially be used as an alternative treatment in humans especially patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis.
Keywords: CFU; Interleukin-37 mRNA; Miana; Realtime PCR; Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

Elemental Composition of the Medicinal Plants Hypericum perforatum, Urtica dioica and Matricaria chamomilla Grown in Ukraine: A Comparative Study - Tetiana Derkach; Volodymyr Khomenko (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: To determine concentrations of essential microelements Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn, as well as toxic metals Pb, Cd, Cr and Co, in three herbal remedies and compare the experimental data obtained with available literature data. Materials and Methods: Elemental compositions of three herbal remedies, Chamomile flowers, Urtica folia (nettle) and Hyperichi herba (St John’s wort), grown and produced in Ukraine, were studied by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results: The Fe concentration decreases, as well as the Zn and Mn concentrations, increase in going from nettle through chamomile to St John’s wort. The Cu content is virtually independent of the plant type. Statistically significant negative correlations between the element concentrations were found in Fe-Mn and Fe-Zn pairs. The studied samples of St John’s wort are more contaminated with Cd than other plants, while the highest Pb content is observed in some samples of nettle. Conclusion: The measured levels of both Pb and Cd still secure against overuse of toxic metals with herbal remedies. Key words: Medicinal plants, Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Elemental composition, Pb, Cd contamination.
Keywords: Atomic absorption spectroscopy; Cd contamination; Elemental composition; Medicinal plants; Pb

Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) as a Source of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites - Imane Chamkhi; Laila Sbabou; Jamal Aurag (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Endophytic fungi are becoming an important source of new natural bioactive products. Many interesting endophytic fungi have been isolated from traditional medicinal plants. Crocus sativus L. (saffron) is one of the most expensive and rarest spices in the world, used as a dye, aroma and for medicinal purposes. This study reports on the molecular characterization of endophytic fungi isolated from roots of saffron plants growing in Taliouine- Morocco, and the examination of the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of secondary metabolites extracted from these endophytes. Methods and Material: The fungi were isolated from sterilized saffron root fragments and identified using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA gene sequence analysis. Three endophytes were fermented and extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and chloroform (CHCl3). The antibacterial activity of fungi extracts was evaluated using the Agar Diffusion Method against six strains, Bacillus sp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Pseudomonas putida, Pantoea sp., Luteibacter sp. and Escherichia coli. The antioxidant activity was tested by using the α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) analysis and β-Carotene bleaching test (BCBT) methods. Results: Sixty fungal isolates were recovered and purified from saffron roots. ITS rDNA sequences were 99-100% identical to three different species: Rhizopus oryzae, Aspergillus fumigatiaffinis and Aspergillus niger. Both Rhizopus oryzae extracts had high antibacterial activity against most of the bacteria tested, while Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae extracts showed an antioxidant capacity using DPPH and BCBT methods, respectively. Conclusion: The fungal endophytes inhabiting saffron roots could be a potential source of natural plant bioactive secondary metabolites especially for antibacterial and antioxidant purposes.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity; antioxidant activity; Crocus sativus L.; Endophytic fungi; ITS rDNA; Secondary metabolites

Essential Oil and Anatomical Study of Flowers Solidago caucasica Kem.-Nath. - Victoria Vladimirovna Fedotova; Dmitry Alexeevich Konovalov (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Plant Solidago caucasica Kem.-Nath. (Asteraceae) is studied by us for the first time. We have established its diuretic and antimicrobial action. The study of essential oil and the anatomical structure of S. caucasica flowers is presented for the first time in this article. Materials and Methods: S. caucasica flowers were collected at the beginning of flowering in the botanical garden of the Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute. Essential oil was obtained by hydro distillation. The component composition of the essential oil was studied by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results: The main components of essential oil and microscopic diagnostic signs of S. caucasica flowers were established. Solidago caucasica flowers contain 0.57% essential oil. It contains humulene epoxide H (-)-spathulenol, β-linalool, α-terpinol, trans-geraniol, carvacrol and others. Numerous pappus hairs meet in the microscopy of the flower. Ligulate florets are characterized by round chromoplasts, covering trichomes multicellular. Epidermal cells of the tubular florets have polygonal chromoplasts, trichomes, consisting of several cells fused with each other, covering trichomes with a thick wall and a thin cavity inside. On the epidermis of the involucre there are stomata of anomocytic type, glandular trichomes, trichomes cone-shaped, trichomes wide and essential oil glands. Conclusion: The obtained standards will provide referential information for correct identification, purity, standardization and preparation of monograph of S. caucasica.
Keywords: Chromoplasts; Humulene epoxide; Pathulenol; Solidago caucasica Kem.-Nath.; Trichomes

Estrogenic Effects of Euphorbia hirta L. Extract in Ovariectomized Rats - Wilawan Promprom; Wannachai Chatan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Context: Euphorbia hirta L. has been wildly used for its health benefits. It has been used as a decoction and to treat diarrhea, peptic ulcers, menstrual problems and venereal diseases. Aims: The study aims to investigate the estrogenic effects of E. hirta on ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Methods: The ovariectomized rats were divided into four groups, including those that received the vehicle (1% v/v Tween 80, p.o.), 17β-estradiol at a dose of 0.01 mg/kg B.W. and the ethanolic extract of E. hirta at the doses of 100 and 500 mg/kg B.W. These were administered daily for 14 days. Estrogenic activity was determined by analyzing the body, vaginal and uterine weight as well as the uterine and vaginal histopathology characteristics of the estrogen-induced response. Results: At the dose of 500 mg/kg B.W., the plant extract produced a significant increase in vaginal weight when compared with the ovariectomized rats, a slightly increase in the uterine weight and could induce hyperplastic epithelium and endometrial thickness of the vagina. Conclusion: The data in this work suggests that the plant crude extract showed weak estrogenic effects in ovariectomized rats and could be useful for health benefits for vagina atrophy of females during the menopause.
Keywords: Estrogenic; Euphorbia hirta L; Ovariectomized rats; Uterus; Vagina.

Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants used by Ayta Communities in Dinalupihan, Bataan, Philippines - Ourlad Alzeus G. Tantengco; MARLON LIAN C. CONDES; Hanna Hasmini T. Estadilla; Elena M. Ragragio (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objectives: This study documented the species of medicinal plants used by Ayta communities in Dinalupihan, Bataan. The plant parts used for medicinal purposes, preparations, mode of administration of these medicinal plants were determined. The most important species based on use values and informant consensus factors were also calculated. Methods: A total of 26 informants were interviewed regarding the plants they utilize for medicinal purposes. Free and prior informed consents were obtained from the informants. Taxonomic identification was done in the Botany Division of the National Museum of the Philippines. Informant consensus factor (FIC) and use values (UV) were also calculated. Results: Ayta communities listed a total of 118 plant species classified into 49 families used as herbal medicines. The Family Fabaceae was the most represented plant family with 11 species. Leaves were the most used plant part (43%). Majority of medicinal preparations were taken orally (57%). It was found that Psidium guajava L. and Lunasia amara Blanco were the most commonly used medicinal plants in the three communities with the use value of 0.814. Conclusion: This documentation provides a catalog of useful plants of the Ayta and serves as a physical record of their culture for the education of future Ayta generations.
Keywords: Ayta; Ethnobotany; Medicinal plants; Philippines; Traditional medicine

Ethnobotanical Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Pterocarpus marsupium: A Review - Mohd Saidur Rahman; Md. Mujahid; Mohd Aftab Siddiqui; Md. Azizur Rahman,; Muhammad Arif; Shimaila Eram; Anayatullah Khan; Md Azeemuddin (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Pterocarpus marsupium is an important therapeutic and medicinal plant belonging to family Fabaceae and commonly named as Indian Kino tree, Bijasal, Venga or Vijayasara. It is a huge deciduous plant and widely distributed in the Central, Western and Southern regions of India. Role of P. marsupium is found in Ayurveda, Homeopathic and Unani systems of medicine. It is a decent source of tannins and flavonoids hence, used as influential astringent, anodyne, cooling, regenerating agent and also used for the treatments of leprosy, leucoderma, toothache, fractures, diarrhea, passive hemorrhage, and dysentery, bruises and diabetes. It is also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, gout, diabetic anemia, indigestion, asthma, cough, discoloration of hair, bronchitis, ophthalmic complications, elephantiasis and erysipelas. Researchers have been stated the presence of several phytoconstituents in P. marsupium and also their pharmacological activities. The current review aimed to define the phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of P. marsupium which will have been help in the researchers for further qualitative research.
Keywords: Antidiabetic; Antioxidant; Epicatechin; Indian Kino; Pharmacology; Phytochemistry; Pterocarpus marsupium; Tannin

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Extracts Commonly Used in Algerian Traditional Medicine against Some Pathogenic Bacteria - Mohamed Senouci Bereksi; Hafida Hassaïne; Chahrazed Bekhechi; Djamel Eddine Abdelouahid (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of hydromethanolic extracts of Berberis vulgaris, Cassia angustifolia, Cinnamomum cassia, Cistus monspeliensis, Nigella sativa, Punica granatum, Rhus tripartata, Withania frutescens and Zingiber officinale against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative reference bacterial strains. Methods: The evaluation of antibacterial activity for different extracts of each plant was carried out using the disc diffusion method and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: The plant extracts showed zone of inhibition ranging from 06.0 to 23.0 mm against one or more tested bacteria, and their efficacy in terms of MICs where ranged from 0.1 to 12.8 mg/mL. The Refluxed and Macerated extracts of these plants have shown relatively similar results in terms of diameters of inhibition and MICs. The extracts of B. vulgaris, C. monspeliensis and P. granatum demonstrated relatively high activity as compared to the other plant extracts mainly against S. aureus, E. faecalis and E. cloacae. Conclusion: Findings of this study indicate that hydromethanolic extracts of these plants have antibacterial activity against the different tested bacterial strains. This activity supports their use in treatment of infections caused by such resistant bacteria. Key words: Medicinal plants, Hydromethanolic extracts, Antibacterial activity, Inhibition zones, MICs, Bacterial resistance.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity; Bacterial resistance.; Hydromethanolic extracts; Inhibition zones; Medicinal plants; MICs

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of some Medicinal Plants Extracts Commonly Used in Algerian Traditional Medicine against some Pathogenic Bacteria - Mohamed Senouci Bereksi; Hafida Hassaïne; Chahrazed Bekhechi; Djamel Eddine Abdelouahid (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of hydromethanolic extracts of Berberis vulgaris, Cassia angustifolia, Cinnamomum cassia, Cistus monspeliensis, Nigella sativa, Punica granatum, Rhus tripartata, Withania frutescens and Zingiber officinale against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative reference bacterial strains. Methods: The evaluation of antibacterial activity for different extracts of each plant was carried out using the disc diffusion method and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: The plant extracts showed zone of inhibition ranging from 06.0 to 23.0 mm against one or more tested bacteria, and their efficacy in terms of MICs where ranged from 0.1 to 12.8 mg/mL. The Refluxed and Macerated extracts of these plants have shown relatively similar results in terms of diameters of inhibition and MICs. The extracts of B. vulgaris, C. monspeliensis and P. granatum demonstrated relatively high activity as compared to the other plant extracts mainly against S. aureus, E. faecalis and E. cloacae. Conclusion: Findings of this study indicate that hydromethanolic extracts of these plants have antibacterial activity against the different tested bacterial strains. This activity supports their use in treatment of infections caused by such resistant bacteria.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity; Bacterial resistance; Hydromethanolic extracts; Inhibition zones; Medicinal plants; MICs

Evaluation of Chemoprotective Effect of Quercetin from Argyreia speciosa against N-methyl-N-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine and NaCl-Induced Gastric Carcinomas in Wistar Rats - Lubna Azmi; Ila Shukla; Shyam Sundar Gupta; Aniruddh Chaudhary; Padam Kant; Narayan Prasad Yadav; Chandana Venkateswara Rao (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the chemo protective potential of Quercetin, an isolated compound from Argyreia speciosa, on N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and NaCl-induced gastric carcinomas in Wistar rats. Methods: The rats were fed with a diet supplemented with 8% NaCl and simultaneously given N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. After administration of the carcinogen, quercetin was administered. The whole stomach and a part of duodenum were sampled, cut open and tumors were recorded. The specimens were histopathologically investigated and the expression of surviving was examined with immunohistochemical analysis. Results and Conclusions: The treatment with quercetin significantly increases body weight in the rats after N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine administration. Survivin expression in glandular stomachs of normal rats, of rats in adenocarcinomas and quercetin at dose dependent manner treated rats were 0%, 90%, 75%, 33.3-25%, respectively. Compared with the survivin expression in negative rats, the differences were significant. Compared with the survivin expression in normal rats, the differences were significant. Histological observations of stomach tissues too correlated with the biochemical observations. These findings indicated that the Quercetin treatment could stimulate immunity activity in rats with N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine induced gastric carcinoma and have pronounced effect on survivin which is an attractive target for gastric cancer therapy.
Keywords: Argyreia speciosa; Gastric carcinoma; Immunochemistry; Quercetin

Evaluation of Different Fractions of Garcinia kola Extracts against Multidrug Resistant Clinical Bacterial and Fungal Isolates - Lorina Ineta Badger-Emeka; Hany Ezzat Khalil; Promise Madu Emeka (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: The effectiveness of antibiotics used in the treatment of bacterial infections has been on the decline due to bacterial resistance. To improve clinical management of recalcitrant bacterial infections, alternative therapy such as medicinal plant products are now being evaluated. This study investigates the antimicrobial effects of Garcinia kola fractions on clinical isolates of multidrug resistant gram negative bacteria and Candida. Materials and Methods: Escherichia coli , Acinetobacter baumannii, Serratia marcescens and Candida species were used for the study. Microbial isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out using basic microbiological procedures. Confirmation of all isolates was done using the VITEK 2 compact automated system (BioMerieux, Marcy I’Etoile France). The powdered dried seeds of G. kola were extracted with 70% methanol for 7 days, using a cold maceration method. The crude extracts were evaporated to dryness, using different solvents to obtain the fractions according to standard fractionation techniques. Results: The aqueous, butanol, chloroform and hexane fractions at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 25mg/ml were active against A. baumannii. Ethyl acetate fraction at MIC of 20 mg/ml also produced growth inhibition of same isolates. At the same MICs, the different fractions were observed to inhibit the growth of candida albicans (CF1) isolate. Overall, aqueous fraction of G. kola produced more growth inhibition followed by butanol fractions, with chloroform fractions producing the least effects. Conclusion: The antibacterial potencies of these extracts could be useful for the treatment of multi-drug-resistant A. baumannii. The aqueous fraction showed better activities than the other fractions studied.
Keywords: Clinical isolates; Garcinia kola; Minimum inhibitory concentration; Multidrug resistant bacteria; Sensitivity

Evaluation of in vitro Antioxidant Potential of Amaranthus caudatus L. Grown in Kashmir Region - Asiya Ramzan; Inayatullah Tahir; Reiaz Ul Rehman (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Plants have a well-developed defensive machinery for minimizing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated damages in the form of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. The in-vitro mechanism of antioxidant action of plant extracts may involve direct inhibition of the ROS generation or ROS scavenging. The antioxidant activity of the extracts may be due to active constituents alone or the combination of constituents. However, the amount of constituents are known to vary according to the change in environment. Method: In our study, antioxidant activity of Amaranthus caudatus L. from two different sites (elevation sites) was investigated at three stages, (vegetative, pre flowering and post flowering) using ethanolic extract (EtOH). Result: The phenolic and flavonoid content increased at all stages from site 1 to site 2. The total reducing power, Ferrous reducing antioxidative power (FRAP), diphenyl picryl hydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, superoxide dismutase scavenging (SOD) assay and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity increased from site 1 to site 2 at all the three stages. Conclusion: The results reveal that the altitude and the growth stage have a significant effect on antioxidative potential of Amaranthus.
Keywords: Amaranthus; Ethanolic extract; Hydrogen peroxide; Phenolics; Reactive Oxygen Species; Superoxide dismutase

Evaluation of in vitro Antiviral Activity of Essential Oil Compounds Against Dengue Virus - María C. Flechas; Raquel E. Ocazionez; Elena E. Stashenko (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: There are not effective drugs available for treatment of dengue fever despite intensive research on synthetic inhibitors. The search for active phytochemicals could serve for the discovery of new drugs. This study aims to evaluate the antiviral activity in vitro of compounds found in essential oils from medicinal plants. Materials and Methods: Nine synthetic-derived essential oil compounds were evaluated. Antiviral effect was screened measuring the reduction of viral NS1 and E proteins in HepG-2 and Vero cells. Results: β-Caryophyllene was identified as the most active compound, it reduced the virus serotype-2 replication in HepG-2 cells at IC50 of 22 ± 5.6 μM, and blocked replication of all four serotypes in Vero cells at IC50 between 8.0 μM and 15.0 μM. The selectivity indexes were between 5.3 and 10. According to results from time-in-addition assays, the antiviral effect of β-caryophyllene appears to be associated with interruption of early steps of the virus life cycle. Citral revealed modest antiviral effect, it reduced the virus serotype-2 (IC50 of 31 ± 4.5 μM) replication but not the other three serotypes. Seven terpenes did not reveal antiviral activity at maximum concentration of 30 μM. Conclusion: Research on compounds found in essential oils can contribute to the drug discovery effort for dengue. β-Caryophyllene could serve as a starting point.
Keywords: Antiviral; Dengue; Essential oil; Flavivirus; Terpene

Evaluation of Modulatory Effect of Combination of Spondias Pinnata and Whey Preparation on Intestinal Antioxidants and Inflammatory Markers in Etoposide Induced Rat Model for Mucositis - Vyshnavi, Gayathri Rao; Shyamala Nayak; Beena Shetty (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Etoposide is an important chemotherapeutic agent that is used to treat a wide spectrum of human cancers. The efficacy of this drug is often limited due to severe sideeffects such as mucositis, anorexia, myelosupperssion, alopecia. At present there are no anti-mucositic agents without side effects. To combat these side effects of cancer treatment, innovative and specific nutritional interventions are needed. The experimental procedure included an oral treatment with combination of Spondias pinnata and whey preparation (100 mg/kg b.w).on etoposide induced mucositis. Methods: Study was conducted at Central Research Laboratory, Kasturba Medical College. Rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and duodenum collected for estimation of biochemical parameters. Estimation was carried out for assessing the levels of TAO, GSH, LPO, NO and activity of MPO. Correlation analysis was performed by one-way Anova using graph pad prism to find the relation between control and test. Result: The antioxidant (TAO and GSH) were found to be significantly high in the rats which received the combination compared to the individual Spondias pinnata and whey treated groups. Administration Spondias pinnata and whey in combination shows significant decrease in the TBARS, NO and MPO levels. Conclusion: Spondias pinnata and whey preparation supplementation in combination have shown mucoprotective effects in rat model. Hence it can be considered as anti-mucositis therapeutic agents which can be safely administered during chemotherapy and can reverse mucositis.
Keywords: Etoposide; Lipid peroxidation (LPO); Mucositis; Myeloperoxidase (MPO); Nitric Oxide (NO); Spondias pinnata; Whey preparation

Experience of Introduction of Two Species of Eryngium in the North Caucasus - Shcherbakova Ekaterina Aleksandrovna; Eliseeva Lyudmila Mikhailovna; Konovalov Dmitry Alexeevich (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
The article gives recommendations on the cultivation of Eryngium caucasicum Trautv. and Eryngium planum L. in the Caucasus. Introduction: In Russia, grows about 20 species of Eryngium, in the Caucasus - 8 species. Materials and Methods: The subjects of the study were two species: Eryngium caucasicum Trautv. and Eryngium planum L. The main methods of research: field, observation, mathematical. Results: The seedlings appear on the 14-16th day. In the first year of vegetation, a rosette of leaves is formed. In September, the rosettes of leaves have a diameter of 35-39 cm. Plants of the second year of vegetation pass through all phases of development: Eryngium caucasicum Trautv. - for 180 days, Eryngium planum L. - for 160 days. Conclusion: Seeds should be sown in late autumn (late October - early November) or early spring (late February - beginning of March). Seeds are sown to a depth of 1-2 cm, between rows - 50-60 cm. Care of plants requires weeding from weeds and watering. Collection of seeds and fruits is recommended in August - September.
Keywords: Eryngium; Eryngium caucasicum; Eryngium plan; Introduction; Recommendations

Extraction of Total Phenolics, Flavonoids and Tannins from Paederia foetida L. Leaves and their Relation with Antioxidant Activity - Shaswat Ojha; Adarsha Raj; Alokesh Roy; Sudipta Roy (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Paederia foetida L. is a climbing shrub that possesses several ethnomedicinal uses with immense pharmacologic relevance. Objective: The study aims to determine an efficient extraction condition for phenolic compounds with substantial antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Solvent (aqueous, methanol, ethanol and acetone) extracts were made from fresh leaves (FL) and shade dried leaves (SDL) of P. foetida with different durations (12, 24, 36 and 48 h). Quantitative estimations of all extracts were made for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC) along with their total antioxidant activity (TAA). The phenolic contents of different extracts were correlated with their TAA. Extracts with highest phenolic yield and TAA estimates for each solvent were assessed by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2ˊ-azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulfonic acid (ABTS), superoxide (SO) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Results: Methanol exhibited the highest extraction ability for TPC, TFC and TAA while aqueous extractions are superior for TTC. The maximum estimates of all the studied components are noted at 48 h. Mostly, extracts of SDL are superior to FL. TPC and TFC are interrelated between themselves as well as showed positive and significant correlation with TAA. The antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, SO and FRAP) reveal higher antioxidant activity with methanolic extracts compared to other studied solvents. Conclusion: The study highlights antioxidant properties of phenolics, particularly flavonoids in P. foetida, which can be further explored for its pharmacological importance. Key words: Antioxidants, Extraction conditions, Fresh and shade dried leaves, Paederia foetida, Polyphenols.
Keywords: Antioxidants; Extraction conditions; Fresh and shade dried leaves; Paederia foetida; Polyphenols.

Extraction of Total Phenolics, Flavonoids and Tannins from Paederia foetida L. Leaves and their Relation with Antioxidant Activity - Shaswat Ojha; Adarsha Raj; Alokesh Roy; Sudipta Roy (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Paederia foetida L. is a climbing shrub that possesses several ethnomedicinal uses with immense pharmacologic relevance. Objective: The study aims to determine an efficient extraction condition for phenolic compounds with substantial antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Solvent (aqueous, methanol, ethanol and acetone) extracts were made from fresh leaves (FL) and shade dried leaves (SDL) of P. foetida with different durations (12, 24, 36 and 48 h). Quantitative estimations of all extracts were made for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC) along with their total antioxidant activity (TAA). The phenolic contents of different extracts were correlated with their TAA. Extracts with highest phenolic yield and TAA estimates for each solvent were assessed by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2ˊ-azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulfonic acid (ABTS), superoxide (SO) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Results: Methanol exhibited the highest extraction ability for TPC, TFC and TAA while aqueous extractions are superior for TTC. The maximum estimates of all the studied components are noted at 48 h. Mostly, extracts of SDL are superior to FL. TPC and TFC are interrelated between themselves as well as showed positive and significant correlation with TAA. The antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, SO and FRAP) reveal higher antioxidant activity with methanolic extracts compared to other studied solvents. Conclusion: The study highlights antioxidant properties of phenolics, particularly flavonoids in P. foetida, which can be further explored for its pharmacological importance.
Keywords: Antioxidants; Extraction conditions; Fresh and shade dried leaves; Paederia foetida; Polyphenols

Ficus religiosa Tree Leaves as Bioindicators of Heavy Metals in Gorakhpur City, Uttar Pradesh, India - Pooja Agrahari; Richa R; Kumari Swati; Supriya Rai; Vinay Kumar Singh; Dinesh Kumar Singh (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: The present work investigates the metal uptake of the plant Ficus religiosa leaves collected from nine experimental sites in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh. Materials and Methods: The concentration of lead in leaves was determined with help of atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: The level of the lead in leaves of Ficus religiosa was much higher than the limits recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). The bioaccumulation of lead was highest in site 2 (Gayatri nagar) i.e. 14.1 mg kg-1 dry weight of F. religiosa. To determine the relationship between the lead concentration in leaves and traffic density the Pearson’s correlation analysis has been performed. Conclusion: The value of Pearson’s correlation coefficient was positive indicating that the traffic density plays an important role in the lead pollution in plants.
Keywords: Atomic absorption spectroscopy; Lead; Metal

Formulation and Evaluation of Solid Dispersion Tablet of Andrographis paniculata Extract - Sachin Annasaheb Nitave; Nilesh B. Chougule; Kailasam Koumaravelou (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: To enhance solubility of ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata by solid dispersion technique and to perform formulation and evaluation of solid dispersion tablet. Materials and Methods: Solid dispersion of Andrographis paniculata extract has been prepared by solvent evaporation technique using soluplus and PEG 6000. Prepared solid dispersions have been evaluated for various micromeritic properties. The tablets of solid dispersion were prepared by direct compression technique and were evaluated for various physical tests and in-vitro dissolution study. Results: The study showed that prepared solid dispersion has good flow property and compressibility. The solubility of extract was found to be more from solid dispersion prepared by using soluplus than that of prepared by using PEG 6000. The rate of drug release was found to be higher in acidic buffer at pH 1.2 as compared to that of in phosphate buffer at pH 6.8. Conclusion: The study concludes that the solid dispersion tablet of ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata can be effectively prepared using soluplus by solvent evaporation techniqu
Keywords: Andrographis paniculata; Ethanolic extract; PEG 6000; Solid dispersion; Soluplus; Solvent evaporation technique

Functional and Morphological Studies of Organic and Inorganic Tomatoes - Shwetha M S; Sinija V R; M Durgadevi; B K Yadav; S Shanmugasundaram (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Aim: To study the functional and morphological characteristics of organic and inorganic tomatoes. Methodology: UV treated, and untreated organic and inorganic tomato powdered samples were assessed using an analytical technique FT-IR and SEM. Results: FT-IR spectra of organic control samples showed peaks at (3290.12, 2924.72 and 1611.61 cm-1) while, organic treated samples revealed some peaks at (3287.11, 2925.66 and 1612.91 cm-1), inorganic control tomatoes confirmed the peaks at (3289.47, 2925.76 and 1619.26 cm-1) and in inorganic treated tomatoes peaks was at (3289.42, 2925.34 and 1619.31 cm-1) respectively, on confirming the presence of O-H, C-H, C=C, C=O and C-OH functional groups. However, results confirmed slight changes in functional groups of organic and inorganic samples and UV treatment helps in decreasing the effect of fluoride, chloride and other synthetic chemicals level by disinfecting the samples. SEM micrographs showed non-significant changes with minimal effect of UV in all samples. Conclusion: The outcome of the study helps in effective understanding of functional and microstructural differences between organic and inorganic tomatoes.
Keywords: FT-IR; Inorganic; Organic; SEM; Tomatoes; UV treatment

Functional and Morphological Studies of Organic and Inorganic Tomatoes - Shwetha Manchanabele Shankar; Sinija Vadakkepulppara Ramachandran Nair; Manoharan Duragdevi; Binod Kumar Yadav; Shanmugasundaram Saravanan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Aim: To study the functional and morphological characteristics of organic and inorganic tomatoes. Methodology: UV treated, and untreated organic and inorganic tomato powdered samples were assessed using an analytical technique FT-IR and SEM. Results: FT-IR spectra of organic control samples showed peaks at (3290.12, 2924.72 and 1611.61 cm-1) while, organic treated samples revealed some peaks at (3287.11, 2925.66 and 1612.91 cm-1), inorganic control tomatoes confirmed the peaks at (3289.47, 2925.76 and 1619.26 cm-1) and in inorganic treated tomatoes peaks was at (3289.42, 2925.34 and 1619.31 cm-1) respectively, on confirming the presence of O-H, C-H, C=C, C=O and C-OH functional groups. However, results confirmed slight changes in functional groups of organic and inorganic samples and UV treatment helps in decreasing the effect of fluoride, chloride and other synthetic chemicals level by disinfecting the samples. SEM micrographs showed non-significant changes with minimal effect of UV in all samples. Conclusion: The outcome of the study helps in effective understanding of functional and microstructural differences between organic and inorganic tomatoes.
Keywords: FT-IR; Inorganic; Organic; SEM; Tomatoes; UV treatment

Functional Ingredients and Medicinal Prospects of Ethanol Extract from Macrocybe lobayensis - Somanjana Khatua; Krishnendu Acharya (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Mushrooms are a good source of bioactive components and have been traditionally consumed across the globe for maintaining health. However, information concerning medicinal activity of ethnically popular macrofungi still remains limited. Aim: Therefore, the present study was aimed for determination of functional constituents and therapeutic efficacy of a less explored mushroom, Macrocybe lobayensis that has been habitually used in local diets. Method: In this context, an ethanol extract was prepared from dried basidiocarps and characterized by spectrophotometry and HPLC to identify bioactive constituents. Alongside, the fraction was also subjected for evaluation of medicinal properties namely antioxidant and antibacterial effects. Results: The formulation was found to be consisted mainly of phenolic compounds (pyrogallol> cinnamic acid> p-coumaric acid> p-hydroxybenzoic acid). As a result, the fraction exhibited strong antioxidant activity evident by the ability of quenching DPPH and ABTS radicals, chelating capacity of Fe2+ as well as reducing components with EC50 of 1000 to 2264 μg/ml. Besides, the formulation also emerged as a potent source of antibiotic as it inhibited growth of investigating microbes in order of Staphylococcus aureus> Escherichia coli> Bacillus subtilis> Salmonella typhimurium> Listeria monocytogenes. Conclusion: Thus, the outcome might encourage use of M. lobayensis as natural antioxidant and antibacterial agent in pharmaceutical, cosmetic or food industries.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity; Antioxidant potential; Ethanol Extract; Wild edible mushroom

GC MS/MS analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Alcoholic Seed Extract of Gauzuma ulmifolia Lam - Sivakami Sundari Ponnusamy; Shanaz Banu; Murugan Vedigounder; Dhanashree Narayanswamy (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Gauzuma ulmifolia Lam. (GU) belonging to the family Malvaceae, commonly called Bastard Cedar is native to tropical American countries. It was introduced into India more than 100 years ago. Methods: In the present study, alcoholic seed extract of Gauzuma ulmifolia Lam. was subjected to GC MS/MS analysis and chemical compounds were characterized. Results: Totally sixteen compounds were characterized. Chemical analysis of the extract showed that it includes bioactive compounds like D-Asarinin (65.02 %), 2,6-Bis (3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo (3.3.0) octane (20.12 %), 1-Dodecanone, 2-(imidazol- 1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl) (7.54 %) and o-Anisic acid, tridec-2-ynyl ester (3.33 %) as major constituents. Minor components such as Vitamin E, γ – Tocopherol, Ergost-5-en-3-ol, (3β), Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester is also present. Conclusion: Based on the above results, the seeds of this plant could posse’s oxygen (92.27 %), hydrocarbon (0.19 %) and nitrogen (7.54 %) derivatives of volatile principle. This is the first-time report on the composition of seed of GU.
Keywords: Alcoholic extract; D-Asarinin; Gauzuma ulmifolia; GC MS/MS analysis; Vitamin E.

GC-MS Analysis and Anti-Microbial Activities of Volatile Oil of Nardostachys Jatamansi D.C. Rhizomes Obtained from Haridwar Region, Uttrakhand - Vijender Singh; Neha Rana; Mohd Ali (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
The Rhizomes of Nardostachys jatamansi D.C (Family Valerianceae) were collected from Haridwar, Uttarakhand. Aim: To identify the various volatile constituents of Nardostachys jatamansi D. C. Rhizomes and evaluation of antimicrobial activity. Method: The essential oil was collected by hydro distillation and analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC- MS). Volatile oil constituents, antimicrobial potential of Nardostachys jatamansi D. C. Rhizomes have been studied using different concentrations of the volatile oil against some micro-organisms. Results: A total of 10 compounds were identified from their fragmentation pattern. The Identified compounds were Calarene (20.4%), Vardiflorene (12.3%), α- Panasinsen (9.7%), α- Santalene (4.6%), γ-Himachelene (17.1%), Jatamansone (7%), Ionol 4 (9.9%), 2,2,7,7- Tetramethyl tricyclo[6,2,1,0 (1,6)] undec-4-ene 3-one (1.7%), Epiglobulol (1.9%) and Resibufogenin (8.4%). Among them major constituents characterized was Calarene (20.4 %) and followed by γ-Himachelene (17.1%) and Vardiflorene (12.3 %). The volatile oil showed significant activity against all tested microorganisms. The maximum antibacterial activity was shown with 1%v/v of volatile oil on Staphylococcus aureus (12.8 mm) followed by Escherichia coli (12.4 mm), whereas maximum anti-fungal activity was shown by 1% v/v of volatile oil on Candida albicans (12.3 mm) followed by Aspergillus niger (11.9 mm). Conclusion: All identified constituents showed antibacterial activity and antifungal activity. Thus, the constituents should be further identified and analyzed by other spectrosopical techniques.
Keywords: Anti-microbial activity; GC GC-MS analysis; Hydro distillation; Nardostachys jatamansi DC; Volatile oil

GC-MS Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Spondias purpurea L (Anacardiaceae) - Taiwo Olayemi Elufioye; Tomayo Ireti Berida (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: There are ongoing efforts to identify the chemical composition of plants used as food or medicines in other to correlate their components with the numerous claims of their medicinal usefulness in folklore. Objective: This work is aimed at profiling the phytochemical composition of Spondias purpurea using GC-MS, as well as to determine the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and the antioxidant capacity by DPPH radical scavenging assay. Methods: Whole fruit and stem bark of Spondias purpurea were collected, dried, extracted with methanol and concentrated in vacou before assessing them for their total phenolic content by Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent method; total flavonoid content and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities. The whole fruit and stem bark extracts were partitioned into n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions. The n-hexane fraction of the stem bark and whole fruit were analyzed on GC-MS. Results: The stem bark had the highest phenolic content of 29.81± 1.18 GAE mg/g. Similarly, free radical scavenging activities assay showed the stem bark to be most active with IC50 of 6.20 ± 1.51μg/ml, better than the standard, ascorbic acid with IC50 of 11.51 ± 0.3μg/ml. The n-hexane partitioned fractions of the fruit and stem bark on GC-MS analysis showed 9 prominent compounds including 9,17-Octadecadienal (5.43%), 3-((4Z,7Z)-Heptadeca-4,7-dien-1-yl) phenol(12%), (Z)-3-(Heptadec-10-en-1-yl) phenol (11.76%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (7.07%) and 13 compounds including 9,17-Octadecadienal (20.51%),trans-13-Octadecenoic acid (12.61%), Pentadecanoic acid (8.3%), n-Hexadecanoic acid(15.24%). Conclusions: This study provides justification for some of the folkloric use of Spondias purpurea.
Keywords: antioxidant activity; DPPH; GC-MS; Spondias purpurea; Total flavonoids; Total Phenols

GC-MS Analysis of Phytochemical Compounds in Syzygium polyanthum Leaves Extracted using Ultrasound-Assisted Method - Erlena Nor Asmira Abd Rahim; Azlini Ismail; Muhammad Nor Omar; Umi Nadhirah Rahmat; Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Context: Syzygium polyanthum has been traditionally formulated by the folklore for the treatment of diseases including diarrhea, rheumatism, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, gastritis and hyperuricemia. Normally, its phytochemicals are always extracted using solvent, maceration and steam distillation methods, but the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method is still not well documented. Aims: This study aims to extract the phytochemical compounds present in S. polyanthum leaves using UAE and to identify them by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Methodology: The leaves were consecutively soaked with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol in a bath sonicator to derive n-hexane (HSP), ethyl acetate (EASP), and methanol (MSP) extracts of S. polyanthum leaves and then the extracts were subjected to GC-MS analysis. Mass-spectral databases of peaks were compared with database from Wiley, NIST and FNSCC libraries for compound identification. Results: GC-MS analyses of HSP, EASP and MSP showed the presence of 21, 27, and 31 peaks, respectively. The major compound for HSP (31.912%), EASP (27.042%), and MSP (22.386%) were unknown compounds which were detected at retention time between 61.980 and 62.29 min, thus requires further characterization. Squalene and phytol were among the other major compounds present in all three extracts. Several identified compounds in the extracts such as squalene, phytol, hentriacontane, palmitic acid, α-pinene, nerolidol, linalool, α-tocopherol and β-tocopherol were known bioactive compounds. Conclusion: GC-MS analyses of n-hexane (HSP), ethyl acetate (EASP), and methanol (MSP) of S. polyanthum leaves extracts have revealed the presence of some known bioactive compounds with therapeutic importance.
Keywords: Bioactive compound; GC-MS; Sonication; Syzygium polyanthum; Ultra-sound-assisted

Glycyrrhiza glabra (Medicinal Plant) Research: A Scientometric Assessment of Global Publications Output during 1997-2016 - B. M. Gupta; K K Mueen Ahmed; Ritu Gupta (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
The present study examined 3428 global publications in Glycyrrhiza glabra, as covered in multidisciplinary Scopus bibliographical database during 1997-2016, with a view to understand their growth rate, global share, citation impact, international collaborative papers share, distribution of publications by broad subjects, productivity and citation profile of top organizations and authors, preferred media of communication and bibliographic characteristics of high cited papers. The global publications registered an annual average growth rate of 10.87% and its citation impact averaged to 19.09 citations per paper. Among the top 12 most productive countries, the global share ranged from 1.87% to 19.81%, with China contributing the largest share of 19.81%, followed by India (13.71%), USA (11.84%), etc. More than 79.0% of the cumulative global publication share comes from top 12 countries during 1997-2016, showing decrease from 100.0% to 77.80% from 1997-2006 to 2007-16. Seven countries registered relative citation index above the world average of 1.10: U.K. (2.39), USA (1.87), Canada (1.71), Italy (1.51), Japan (1.49), Turkey (1.24) and Taiwan (1.18) during 1997-2016. Medicine, among seven broad subjects, contributed the largest publications share of 44.41%, followed by pharmacology, toxicology and pharmaceutics (35.04%), biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology (26.84%), agricultural and biological sciences (16.89%), chemistry (14.59%), etc. during 1997-16. Among various organizations and authors contributing to global Glycyrrhiza glabra research, the 20 most productive global organizations and authors together contributed 15.08% and 9.16% global publication share respectively and 14.57% and 16.62% global citation share respectively during 1997-16. Amongst 3322 journal papers (in 1153 journals) in global Glycyrrhiza glabra research, the top 20 most productive journals contributed 16.80% share of total journal publication output during 1997-2016. One hundred thirteen (113) publications were found to be high cited, as they registered citations from 100 to 852 during 1997-2016 and they together received 22234 citations, which averaged to 196.76 citations per paper.
Keywords: Bibliometrics; Global research output; Glycyrrhiza glabra; Medicinal plant; Scientometrics

Hepatoprotective Potential of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb in Hepatotoxicity Induced by Simvastatin and its consequences on Biochemical and Haematological Indices - Ramesh Kumar Gupta; Sudhansu Ranjan Swain; Jagannath Sahoo; Amresh Gupta; Sachin Chaudhary (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective:To evaluate hepatoprotective activity along with hematological and defensive recital of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb against simvastatin induced hepatotoxicity in experimental rodents. Methods: In the present study, in- vivo hepatoprotective effect of 50% methanolic fruit extract of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb (TME 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) was evaluated using experimental model, simvastatin (20 mg/kg, p.o.), induced hepatotoxicity in experimental animals. The hepatoprotective activity was estimatedby interpreting using various biochemical parameters like SGOT, SGPT, ALP, total bilirubin, total protein and albumin along with the haematological and histopathological studies. Results: The treatment with TME significantly (P<0.05-P<0.001) and dose-dependently reversed simvastatin induced elevation in serum level ofSGOT, SGPT, ALP, total bilirubin and restored the total protein and albumin level. Furthermore, TME also signify the blood parameters at dose of 1000 and 2000 mg/kg and restored the body defense mechanism. The histological examination revealed that TME at dose of 200 mg/kg showed regeneration of hepatocytes around central vein with near normal liver architecture. Conclusion: The results of this study exhibited liver protective effect of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb against simvastatin induced liver injury and there by scientifically support its traditional use.
Keywords: Hepatocytes; Hepatotoxicity; Liver; Simvastatin; Trichosanthes dioica

High Antioxidant and Phenolic Contents Related to Antibacterial Activity against Gastrointestinal Pathogenic Bacteria of Some Thai Medicinal Plants - Parichat Phalanisong; Kanit Vichitphan; Jaehong Han; Sukanda Vichitphan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: Thai medicinal plants were used as the traditional medicines and as part of everyday plants diet. Plants contain a mixture of phytochemical and exhibit a lot of functional food and medicinal properties. This project aims to investigate the potential of selected Thai medicinal plants according to the properties of their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Methods: The eighteen plants were extracted using maceration method with 95% ethanol. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and FRAP assay. The total phenolic content was evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar disc diffusion method. The extract which exhibited high antioxidant and antibacterial activity was selected to observe morphological changes by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: The extract of Caesalpinia sappan showed the highest activities on both antioxidant assayed by FRAP method and total phenolic contents, however, exhibited high antioxidant assayed by DPPH compared to Bauhinia strychnifolia extract. Moreover, the extract of C. sappan showed the excellent antibacterial activities against six pathogenic bacteria in Gastro-intestinal tract. The morphological change by SEM was selected for further investigation antibacterial activities of C. sappan extract. The results showed that the inhibitory effect to those bacterial strains could be caused by the disruption of the cell membrane and decrease biofilm formation after treatment with the extract. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of C. sappan exhibited strong antioxidant and antibacterial activities against the six pathogenic bacteria. This result suggested that C. sappan could be applied to use for medicinal purpose and functional products.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity; antioxidant activity; Caesalpinia sappan; Scanning electron microscope; total phenolic content

High Efficiency in vitro Plant Regeneration and Secondary Metabolite Quantification from Leaf Explants of Rhodiola imbricata - Ashwani Kumar Bhardwaj; Avilekh Naryal; Pushpender Bhardwaj; Ashish Rambhau Warghat; Balpreet Arora; Shikha Dhiman; Shweta Saxena; Pratap Kumar Pati; Om Prakash Chaurasia (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Aim: Rhodiola imbricata is an endangered medicinal plant of the trans-Himalayan Leh-Ladakh region belonging to the family Crassulaceae. An efficient propagation and regeneration system via direct shoot organogenesis from leaf explant and evaluation of cinnamyl alcohol (Secondary metabolite) was established in this study. Material and Methods: In vitro grown leaves were inoculated using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with (alpha)- naphtalene acetic acid (NAA) in combination with 6- benzyladenine (BAP) for callus proliferation and regeneration. Results: The highest percentage of rhizogenous callus was induced in medium containing NAA (10.0-15.0 μM). The highest percentage of shoot formation from leaf derived callus was obtained in the medium containing of NAA (5.0 μM) and BAP (2.5 μM) as well as in NAA (1.0 μM), BAP (5.0 μM) (38.88% and 37.49%) respectively. Rooting of regenerated shoots were effective when a lower concentration of NAA (0.5 μM) was used alone. A maximum number of roots (22.0) and higher length (0.6 cm) was observed. The in-vitro plantlets with well-developed shoots and roots were acclimatized successfully to natural field conditions with a survival rate of over 80%. Cinnamyl alcohol (Secondary metabolite) evaluation was also done for the very first time and an upregulation of 49.6% and 30.6% were observed in in-vitro roots and shoots when compared with mother root and shoot respectively. Hence, it was proved that the content of secondary metabolites obtained from in-vitro raised plants is higher than mother plant. Conclusion: These results may lay a foundation for genetic improvement and can be used to determine sequential level of targeted secondary metabolites through cell culture in Rhodiola imbricata. Key words: Regeneration system, Acclimatization, Endangered, Plant growth regulator, Cinnamyl alcohol.
Keywords: Acclimatization; Cinnamyl alcohol.; Endangered; Plant growth regulator; Regeneration system

High Efficiency in vitro Plant Regeneration and Secondary Metabolite Quantification from Leaf Explants of Rhodiola imbricata - Ashwani Kumar Bhardwaj; Avilekh Naryal; Pushpender Bhardwaj; Ashish Rambhau Warghat; Balpreet Arora; Shikha Dhiman; Shweta Saxena; Pratap Kumar Pati; Om Prakash Chaurasia (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Aim: Rhodiola imbricata is an endangered medicinal plant of the trans-Himalayan Leh-Ladakh region belonging to the family Crassulaceae. An efficient propagation and regeneration system via direct shoot organogenesis from leaf explant and evaluation of cinnamyl alcohol (Secondary metabolite) was established in this study. Material and Methods: In vitro grown leaves were inoculated using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with (alpha)- naphtalene acetic acid (NAA) in combination with 6- benzyladenine (BAP) for callus proliferation and regeneration. Results: The highest percentage of rhizogenous callus was induced in medium containing NAA (10.0-15.0 μM). The highest percentage of shoot formation from leaf derived callus was obtained in the medium containing of NAA (5.0 μM) and BAP (2.5 μM) as well as in NAA (1.0 μM), BAP (5.0 μM) (38.88% and 37.49%) respectively. Rooting of regenerated shoots were effective when a lower concentration of NAA (0.5 μM) was used alone. A maximum number of roots (22.0) and higher length (0.6 cm) was observed. The in-vitro plantlets with well-developed shoots and roots were acclimatized successfully to natural field conditions with a survival rate of over 80%. Cinnamyl alcohol (Secondary metabolite) evaluation was also done for the very first time and an upregulation of 49.6% and 30.6% were observed in in-vitro roots and shoots when compared with mother root and shoot respectively. Hence, it was proved that the content of secondary metabolites obtained from in-vitro raised plants is higher than mother plant. Conclusion: These results may lay a foundation for genetic improvement and can be used to determine sequential level of targeted secondary metabolites through cell culture in Rhodiola imbricata.
Keywords: Acclimatization; Cinnamyl alcohol; Endangered; Plant growth regulator; Regeneration system

High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Analysis for the Simultaneous Quantification of Two Polyphenolic Biomarkers in Methanolic Fraction of Bauhinia tomentosa L. Floral Buds - Abhishek Gupta; Harinath Dwivedi; AKS Rawat (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objectives: A high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of caffeic acid and quercetin in methanolic fraction of Bauhinia tomentosa L. floral buds was developed for the first time. Method: For achieving good separation, a mobile phase of toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (7:3:0.5, v/v/v) was used. The densitometric determination was carried out at 366 nm in reflection/absorption mode. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 100-600 ng per spot for caffeic acid and quercetin. Results: During the analysis methanolic fraction of Bauhinia tomentosa L. floral buds showed the pres¬ence of caffeic acid (0.02%) and quercetin (0.018%). Conclusion: The proposed method is simple, precise, specific, accurate, less time consuming and cost effective. The statistical analysis of data obtained proves that the method is reproducible and selective and can be used for routine analysis of reported phenolic compounds in crude drug and extracts. The simultaneous quan¬tification of these compounds has not yet been reported in floral buds of Bauhinia tomentosa which may be utilized for the proper standardization of the plant.
Keywords: Bauhinia tomentosa; Caffeic acid; HPTLC; Quercetin; Validation

HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitory Activity of Garcinia latissima Miq. Mesocarp Water Extract for Herbal Tea - Herra Williany Monalissa; Berna Elya; Nuraini Puspitasari (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Context: High cholesterol in the blood is a risk factor for atherosclerosis that causes various diseases. The main pharmacologic intervention to reduce cholesterol levels is inhibiting the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. One of the genera of Garcinia, Garcinia dulcis, has potential as an anti-cholesterol. Based on chemotaxonomy, Garcinia latissima Miq. is also estimated to have a potency as anti-cholesterol. Aims: This study aims to test the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase water extract activity of G. latissima fruit flesh with different duration of infusions. Materials and Methods: Garcinia latissima Miq. mesocarp was extracted using infusion method with different duration of infusions. Each of extracts was tested the inhibitory activity of HMG-CoA reductase as well as the determination of total flavonoid and total phenol content. In addition, the simplicia of the mesocarp of G.latissima Miq. will be made as a herbal tea and a hedonic test is performed to find out the degree of liking for the tea. Result: The test results showed the inhibitory activity of 100 ppm G. latissima Miq. mesocarp water extract with infusion for 5, 10 and 15 min respectively 11.32; 29.02; 13.03%. The 10 min extract with the largest enzyme inhibition had total flavonoids content of 31.24 mg QE / gram extract and total phenol content of 4.64 mg GAE/ gram extract. The result of the hedonic test for the colour, aroma, flavour of herbal tea formula A respectively 30; 30; 20% and formula B respectively for 40; 33.3; 50%. Conclusion: The water extract of G.latissima Miq mesocarp has a low potency in HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activities.
Keywords: Anti Cholesterol; Garcinia Latissima; Herbal Tea; HMG-CoA reductase; Mesocarp

Hydroalcoholic and Alkaloidal Extracts of Murraya koenigii(L.) Spreng Augments Glucose Uptake Potential against Insulin Resistance Condition in L6 Myotubes and Inhibits Adipogenesis in 3T3L1 Adipocytes - Parameswari Royapuram Parthasarathy; Janani Murthy; Dinesh Murugan Girija; Srivani Telapolu; Chamundeeswari Duraipandian; Thyagarajan Sadras Panchatcharam (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Murraya koenigii, commonly known as “curry leaves” is native to India. The highly valued part of the plant is the leaves which possess various biological activities. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic effect of Murraya koenigii (MK) leaf extracts, of two different solvent ratios. Materials and methods: 70% hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts of MK leaves were prepared by cold maceration method. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out for both the extracts. In vitro anti diabetic activity was screened by inhibitory action on α – amylase, α – glucosidase enzymes. Further, the 70% hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts were assessed for glucose uptake potential, anti - adipogenic property, as well as inhibitory activity on diabetes associated complications. HPTLC quantification of major phytoconstituent was carried out. Results: The study showed presence of various phytoconstituents such as, polyphenols, alkaloids, tannins, reducing sugars etc. The 70% hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts of MK leaves exhibited >90% inhibition against carbohydrate metabolising enzymes compared to aqueous and absolute alcohol extracts. Both the extracts showed enhanced glucose uptake in L6 myotubes attenuating the effect of Palmitate induced insulin resistance. Significant inhibition on adipogenesis was exerted by both 70% hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts of MK leaves. Besides, marked inhibition of advanced glycation end products was exhibited by the extracts. HPTLC quantification analysis of the aforementioned extracts showed the presence of major phytoconstituent, Mahanine, in it. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that MK possesses significant antidiabetic property and also exhibited considerable effect in preventing diabetes associated complications. The potent antidiabetic activity of MK could be attributed to the presence of Mahanine, the major active constituent, which is a carbazole alkaloid.
Keywords: complications; Diabetes; glucose uptake; L6 myotubes; Mahanine; α - amylase

Identification by Docking Simulation and in vivo Effect of Essential Oil from Cinnamommum burmannii as Anti-obesity with Leptin Receptor in the Olfactory System of Mice Balb C - Kusmardi Kusmardi; Aryo Tedjo; Fadilah Fadilah; Ade Arsianti; Rafika Indah Paramita (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Aim: This study examines the effect of inhalation of essential oil of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) on the metabolic activity of hormone receptors olfactory system of mice Balb C. Methodology: Effects of agonist or antagonist compounds in cinnamon essential oil on metabolic hormone receptors in the olfactory system are predicted using molecular docking simulation. Changes in the metabolic processes that occur views of changes in body weight, change in food intake, as well as lipid profile and blood glucose of mice. Result: The results showed Expression of leptin receptors (Lep-R) in the brains of mice given either inhalation of essential oils derived from the leaves and stems, in contrast to the control group who did not get essential oils. Provision of essential oils through inhalation increased lep-R expression in the brain of mice. Both in silico and in vivo evidence that essential oils from cinnamon plants are extracted from Cinnamommum burmannii and given by inhalation in Balb C mice are known to improve glucose and lipid metabolism by reducing the concentration of serum leptin concentrations and increased sensitivity to insulin.
Keywords: Cinnamomum burmannii; docking simulation; immunohistochemistry; leptin receptors; olfactory system

Identification by Docking Simulation And In Vivo Effect of Essential Oil From Cinnamommum Burmannii as Antiobesity With Leptin Receptor In The Olfactory System of Mice Balb C - Kusmardi Kusmardi; Aryo Tedjo; Fadilah Fadilah; Ade Arsianti; Rafika Indah Paramita (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Aim: This study examines the effect of inhalation of essential oil of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) on the metabolic activity of hormone receptors olfactory system of mice balb C. Methodology: Effects of agonist or antagonist compounds in cinnamon essential oil on metabolic hormone receptors in the olfactory system are predicted using molecular docking simulation. Changes in the metabolic processes that occur views of changes in body weight, change in food intake, as well as lipid profile and blood glucose of mice. Result: The results showed Expression of leptin receptors (Lep-R) in the brains of mice given either inhalation of essential oils derived from the leaves and stems, in contrast to the control group who did not get essential oils. Provision of essential oils through inhalation increased lep-R expression in the brain of mice. Both in silico and in vivo evidence that essential oils from cinnamon plants are extracted from Cinnamommum burmannii and given by inhalation in Balb C mice are known to improve glucose and lipid metabolism by reducing the concentration of serum leptin concentrations and increased sensitivity to insulin. Keywords: olfactory system, leptin receptors, Cinnamomum burmannii, docking simulation, immunohistochemistry

Identification of Phytoconstituents in Lawsonia inermis Linn. Leaves Extract by GC-MS and their Antibacterial Potential - Ritesh Kumar Sharma; Anjana Goel (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Plant extracts contains multiple active constituents which leads to the production of new drugs from plants and chemicals derived from various parts of plants. The objective of present study was to investigate the GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activity of L. inermis leaves extracts. Material and Methods: Crude methanol extract and its fractions were tested for the presence of active phytochemicals and GC-MS analysis of hexane; ethyl acetate and aqueous methanol fractions was performed. Antimicrobial activity against six bacterial strain’s Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtelis, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was also tested. Results: Phytochemical screening of extract confirmed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, quinones, steroids and phenol. In GC-MS chromatograms, 56, 108 and 19 peaks were obtained and out of these, 13, 17 and 7 compounds were identified in hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous methanol fractions, respectively. Conclusion: For best of our knowledge in L. inermis leaves extract, Celidoniol and Vitamin E has not been reported earlier in hexane fractions. While 2, 3 dihydrobenzo furan, 1-H indole -1, 3 (2H)-dione, 1 (3H)-Isobenzofuranone, 1H Isoindole-1, 3 (2H) Dione, Napthelene, 2 ethoxy, 2 (4H) Benzofuranone, Vitamin E, Benzene, 1 isocyano 4 methyl are also identified for the first time in ethyl acetate fraction. Also, in aq. Methanol fraction 1(3H)-isobenzofuranone, Squalene and Vit E were not previously identified. Highest antibacterial activity was confirmed in crude methanol extract which might be due to all the antibacterial compounds present in its fractions. The present study helped in identifying phytoconstituents present in the extract and its fractions which are responsible for various biological and antibacterial activities.
Keywords: 1; 4 Napthelenedione; Antimicrobial activity; Lawsone; Lawsonia inermis Linn; Medicinal plants; Methanol extract

Immunoinformatics Study of Procyanidins as Mast Cell Stabilizers - Anamika Basu; Anasua Sarkar; Piyali Basak (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Allergens are foreign proteins that stimulate the production of immunoglobulin E (IgE), when they come in contact with human body. These allergens after binding with IgE through FcεRI receptor, triggers the signal transduction reaction in mast cell and basophil cells, leading to allergic reactions by releasing some mediators. Four correctly written as surface-exposed tryptpphans Trp 87, Trp 110, Trp 113 and Trp 156 of FcεRI receptor protein,play significant role in IgE and FcεRI receptor binding interaction. Polyphenols in apple are proven effective for allergic rhinitis treatment by preventing degranulation of granulocytes. Objective:To prevent release of mediators like histamine etc., a therapeutic strategy can be designed by inhibiting IgE and FcεRI receptor interactions.This strategy may provide a symptomatic treatment for allergic reactions due to exposure to pollen allergens. Materials and methods: Molecular docking studies are used to analyse the IgE with FcεRI receptor binding in presence and absence of procyanidin molecules, present in apple. Results: For procyanidin molecules, binding affinity of IgE molecule with its high affinity receptor (FcεRI receptor)decreases markedly. Thepositions of Trp 87, Trp 110, Trp 113 and Trp 156 are changed for the presence of procyanidin C1 molecule. Since IgE and FcεRI receptor binding is highly affected in presence of procyanidin C1, so this compound can inhibit mast cell degranulation by altering the binding affinity of IgE with its its high affinity receptor (FcεRI receptor). Conclusion: Procyanidin C1 can be used as natural anti-allergic drug by stabilizing mast cells during pollen allergic reaction after experimental verification.
Keywords: Allergy; IgE; IgE receptor FcεRI; Mast cell stabilizer; Molecular docking; Procyanidins; Tryptophan residues

Immunostimulatory Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles on Wistar Albino Rats - Giftania Wardani; Mahmiah; Sri Agus Sudjarwo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: The active components of natural products provide a potential alternative to conventional immunotherapy for a variety of diseases conditions and become subject to scientific investigations currently worldwide. Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the immunostimulatory activity of the chitosan nanoparticle on Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: The present investigation was carried out on various groups of healthy adult rats. The assessment of immunomodulatory potential was carried out by neutrophil adhesion test, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, haemagglutinating antibody (HA) titre, cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression and phagocytic activity were determined in various groups of animals. Results: The administration of chitosan nanoparticle at doses 300 mg/kg BW and 600 mg/kg BW but not at doses 150 mg/kg BW significantly increased in neutrophil adhesion fibers, haemagglutinating antibody titre values and potentiated the inhibited type hypersensitivity reaction induced by sheep red blood cells. Also, it had good response towards phagocytosis in carbon clearance assay and prevented myelosuppression of cyclophosphamide on rats. Conclusion: From these findings, it can be concluded that chitosan nanoparticle responsible for immunostimulatory activity and has therapeutic potential for the prevention of immune depressed conditions.
Keywords: Chitosan nanoparticle; Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity; Haemagglutinating antibody; Myelosuppression; Neutrophil adhesion; Phagocytosis

Impact of Regularly Supervised Training of Pranayama and Omkar Meditation on the Cardio-Respiratory Parameters and Short-Term Memory of Persons with Special Needs - Kunal; Subbalakshmi Narasajjana Krishnadasa; Pai Sheila R; Rashmi Kaup Shiva; Nayanatara Arunkumar; Vinodini Nithyananda Anantharaya; Pratik Kumar Chatterjee (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Yogic practices are known to affect the cardiac, respiratory and mental status of people. Objective: To investigate if the regularly supervised training of pranayama and meditation affects the basic cardio-respiratory parameters and short-term-memory (STM) of mentally challenged young adults. Material and methods: 80 mentally challenged young adults attending a special school were randomly divided into the control group and Yoga group. Yoga group performed Naadishodhan, Kapalbhati pranayama and Aum Chanting under total supervision for 30 min daily for 3 weeks, except on Sundays. Control group was involved with the regular school curriculum. The parameters were measured twice, before (baseline) and after (follow-up) the study period. STM was evaluated under two subcategories, first by the ability to repeat the numbers in reverse order and second, repeating the words in the same order. Respiratory rate, pulse, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured as cardio-respiratory parameters. Results: Both groups had similar baseline scores. At follow-up, highly significant improvements were observed in Yoga-group as compared to control. In the Yoga-group scores of both the sub-categories of STM were higher, respiratory-rate and heart-rate were lower but was within normal range. However, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures of Yoga group showed no changes as compared to control. Conclusion: The pranayama and meditation has beneficial influences on heart rate, breathing rate and STM of mentally-challenged people.
Keywords: Meditation; Mental retardation; Pranayama; Short term memory; Yoga

Impact of Tridax procumbens on Hematological Parameters in aflatoxin Induced Liver Toxicity in Albino Rats - Palanisamy Sampathkumar; Subramanian Kalavathy; Arumugam Vijaya Anand; Thangavelu Sangeetha; Purusothaman Sujeetha (Pharmacog Journal, 2018)
Objective: Tridax procumbens comes under the family Asteraceae Tridax which is found to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic properties. Materials and Methods: The morphological parameters such as the body weight, liver and kidney weight of experimental animals which were fed by alfatoxin and thereby treating with extracts of T. procumbens were studied along with the Hematological parameters such as Haemoglobin (Hb), Red Blood Corpus Cells (RBC), White Blood Corpus Cells (WBC) , Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Prothrombin time (PT). Results: The results of this study shows that there is an significant changes in the body weight liver and kidney weight in T. procumbens treated animals and also significant raise in blood level was seen in the T. procumbens treated animals. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, we concluded that T. procumbens have an antiaflatoxicosis potency.
Keywords: alfatoxin; etc; Haemoglobin; Packed cell volume; Prothrombin time; Red blood corpus cells; Tridax procumbens; White blood corpus cells

Improved Bioactive Metabolite Production by Saccharopolyspora halotolerans VSM-2 Using Response Surface Methodology and Unstructured Kinetic Modelling - Ushakiranmayi Managamuri; Muvva Vijayalakshmi; Mani Deepa Indupalli; Venkat Siva Rama Krishna Ganduri; Satish Babu Rajulapati; Sudhakar Poda (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: This study targets to optimize and analyse the interactive effects of process variables for improved bioactive metabolite production using RSM and unstructured kinetic modelling by S. halotolerans VSM 2. Materials and Methods: RSM was applied to optimize the interactive effects of five variables, viz., time of incubation, pH, temperature, concentration of maltose and meat extract on bioactive metabolite production and its effect against the five responses viz., S. flexneri, S. marcescens, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Models of Logistic and Luedeking-Piret were used to simulate the cellular increase and bioactive metabolite production. Results: RSM optimal conditions for the bioactive metabolite production recorded were incubation time (12days), pH (8), and temperature (250C), concentrations of maltose and meat extract (1 % w/v) (each). The effect of the bioactive metabolite produced (zone of inhibition) against the responses were found to be 17 mm for S. flexneri, 17 mm for S. marcescens, 16 mm for P. vulgaris, 17 mm for P. aeruginosa and 18 mm for E coli. The data obtained from experimental values are in close agreement with the predicted values of RSM. Model adequacy was evaluated using ANOVA variance where the quadratic effect of p<0.0001 which imply the significance of the model. The unstructured-, mathematical- kinetic models provided a better approximation of profiles of S. halotolerans VSM 2 growth, optimized media utilization and bioactive metabolite production. Conclusion: Optimization of the independent variables for the production of the bioactive metabolite using RSM by S. halotolerans VSM 2 and its effect against the five responses were documented. The predicted values are in good agreement with the experimental values. Unstructured models provided a better approximation of kinetic profiles for bioactive metabolite production by S. halotolerans VSM 2.
Keywords: Bioactive metabolites; Kinetic Modelling; Optimization; Response Surface Methodology; Saccharopolyspora halotolerans

Improvement of Immune System Analyzed through Various Cluster Techniques – A Survey - M Veronica Arokia Mary; K R Sekar; R Manikandan; K S Ravichandran (Pharmacog Journal, 2018)
The world health organization report says the immunity deficiency is the biggest problem in the all over the world. Immune system can be improved through many fruits, especially grape is inevitable fruit that provides high neutrinos. The grape contains phytonutrients, Phenols and Poly phenols in rich amount. It is used for constipation, indigestion, fatigueless, kidney disorder, Macular degeneration and cataracts. The grape seed reduces swelling, Eye disease caused by diabetics and acting as antioxidants. In the research article, plenty number of classifiers were used to identify good type of grapes that provides the above said. The methodology applied in the work were Ada Boost and Machine learning Meta algorithm. The above areas were reviewed to the core.
Keywords: Ada boost classifier; Color components; Grape detection; Immune systems; Phytonutrients; Segmentation techniques

In silico and in vitro Studies on Lyngbya majuscula using against Lung Cancer Cell Line (A549) - Sangeetha Muniaraj; Vijayakumar Subramanian; Prabhu Srinivasan; Manogar Palani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: To predict an anticancer drug from the members of cyanobacteria, in silico molecular docking was carried out between the cyanobacterial bioactive compounds and lung cancer causing receptor. The highest docking score was produced by Lyngbyastatin (Lyngbya majuscula). In the present study anticancer potential of L. majuscula was evaluated on human lung cancer cell line (A549) using its methanolic extract. Methods: Molecular docking was carried out between the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor tyrosine kinase and cyanobacterial compounds. Based on the docking results, Lyngbyastatin was found to be the most effective compound. As this compound is present in the L. majuscula, the cytotoxicity of this organism was assessed by standard cell viability assays like MTT method. Algal methanolic extract treated with A 549 cell line morphology was studied by DAPI staining. DNA fragmentation assay was also conducted to study the presence of DNA laddering. Results: Totally 75 bioactive compounds were docked with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor tyrosine kinase . Of them, 12 compounds were selected based on the docking score. Among the 12 bioactive compounds, Lyngbyastatin found to be most effective compound. L. majuscula showed potential anticancer activity against A549 cell line with IC50 value of 14.82± 0.62 μg/ml in MTT method. Most of the treated cells lost their characteristic stretched appearance with shrinkage of nucleus. DNA profile revealed the presence of sheared DNA in treated ones but no fragmentation was observed. Conclusion: The results indicated potent anticancer of algal methanolic extract on A549 cell line, which may be good candidates for further investigation to isolate bioactive anticancer compounds.
Keywords: Cytotoxic; Lyngbya majuscula; Lyngbyastatin; Molecular docking; MTT assay DAPI staining

In silico, in vitro and in vivo Tests of Ficus deltoidea Jack Leaves Extract as Inhibitor for Beta-Catenin Expression in Colon Carcinogenesis Model - Kusmardi Kusmardi; Tedjo Aryo; Wuyung Puspita Eka; Fadilah Fadilah; Priosoeryanto Bambang Pontjo; Fachri Wilzar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Context: Ficus deltoidea Jack leaves extract as anticolorectal cancer. Aims: This study aims to analyze the potential of FD extract to be an anti-colon cancer by investigating the extract capability in reducing β-catenin expression and inhibiting colon cancer cells growth. Settings |and Design: The research was conducted in Medical Faculty Universitas Indonesia with experimental design. Methods and Material: FD ethanol extracts was tested in vitro, in silico and in vivo. In vitro test was conducted to human colon cell lines. In vivo test was conducted to Balb/c mice induced with 10 mg/kg azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate 1% (DSS). The colonic tissue collected was the distal portion. β-catenin expressions in the cytoplasm and nuclei of the epithelial cells of the colon crypt were semi quantitatively assessed using the immunohistochemistry staining on ten visual fields with 400x magnification. Statistical analysis used: SPSS. Results: FD ethanol extracts inhibit the expression of β-catenin in the crypt ephitelial cells of mice colon induced with AOM/DSS. The extracts also inhibit the growth of human colon cancer (HCT 116) with IC50 value of 5.41 mg/mL. Phytochemical screening to the extracts gave three groups of compounds: alkaloid, flavonoid, and tannin. Water fraction is the best fraction. Based on in the results of in silico analysis with molecular docking, FD extract is believed to influence the expression of β-catenin, in which vitexin and isovitexin are the main candidate compounds to influence the expression of the protein. Conclusion: FD ethanol extract is potential to be an anti-colon cancer proven by the extract capability to reduce β-catenin expression.
Keywords: Azoxymethane; Colon carcinogenesis; Ficus deltoidea; in silico; β-catenin

In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles against Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Giftania Wardani; Mahmiah; Sri Agus Sudjarwo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Chitosan nanoparticles have gained growing interest for nanomedicine, biomedical engineering and development of new therapeutic with improved bioavailability, increased sensitivity and specificity, and reduced toxicity. Objective: The aim of the present study is to synthesis of the chitosan nanoparticles for antimycobacterial applications. Methods: Chitosan were isolated from the shrimp shell. Tripolyphosphate (TPP) will be used to prepare chitosan nanoparticles by ionotropic gelation method. The size and morphology of the chitosan nanoparticle was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The broth microdilution method is used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of nanoparticle chitosan on strain M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Results: The SEM micrographs of the nano-magnetic chitosan showed that they were approximately uniform spheres and the rough surface morphology, have a solid dense cubical or rectangular structure. Using the broth microdilution susceptibility method, chitosan nanoparticle was found to have the antimycobacterial effects with a MIC value of 1200 μg/mL whilst MBCs value of 2400 μg/mL for M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Conclusion: The conclusion from the study was chitosan nanoparticle have potential as a source of lead compounds that may be developed further into antimycobacterial drugs.
Keywords: Chitosan nanoparticle; M. tuberculosis H37Rv; Minimal bactericidal concentration.; Minimal inhibitory Concentration

In vitro Antifungal Effects of Hesperetin and Silibinin - Ramar Gowtham; Fysal Yousuf MA; Devaraj Ezhilarasan; Shanmugam Sambantham; Balakrishnan Anandan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Increasing resistance of microorganisms against available antimicrobial agents is of major concern among scientists and clinicians worldwide. To overcome the resistance and other drawbacks of the current antimicrobial drugs and to obtain more efficacious drugs, an antimicrobial drug having a novel mode of action should be developed. The flavonoid compounds have demonstrated for their therapeutic potential as antimicrobial agents previously. Aim: To evaluate the antifungal efficacy of plant derived compounds such as hesperetin (HSP) and silibinin (SBN) compounds in vitro. Materials and Methods: In this study, we evaluated the antifungal effect of two plant derived flavonoid compounds i.e., SBN and HSP against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Malassezia furfur, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium oxalicum. The disk diffusion test was performed to test the antifungal effect of HSP and SBN with three different concentrations i.e., 15, 20, 25 mg/ml of HSP and SBN. The antifungal efficacy was studied for 72 h. Results: Our results indicate that SBN has significant antifungal effect than that of HSP. The high sensitivity of these compounds was found against C. albicans, C. tropicalis. Conclusion: These drugs could be good candidate to combine with regular antimicrobial agents.
Keywords: Candida albicans; Flavonoids; Fungal infection; Hesperetin; Silibinin

In vitro Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of Mangrove Fruit (Sonneratia caseolaris L.) Extract - Islamudin Ahmad; Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati; Arif Lukman; Muhammad Amir Masruhim; Laode Rijai; Abdul Mun’im (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Mangrove fruit (Sonneratia caseolaris L) from Sonneratiaceae family known with local name “Pidada Merah” has bioactive components. The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of this plant. Method: The sample was macerated using methanol, the antimicrobial activity assay was performed using agar disc diffusion method against Escherichia coli ATTC9637, Staphylococcus aureus ATTC6538, and Candida albicans ATTC10231. Results: Antimicrobial activity of Mangrove fruit methanol extract were obtained the optimum concentration of S. aureus of 80%, E. coli of 15%, and C. albicans of 30%. Conclusion: based on the results, the sample has antimicrobial properties, and this is a preliminary data for further study. Key words: Sonneratia caseolaris L, Mangrove fruit, Antimicrobial activity, Agar disc diffusion method.
Keywords: Agar disc diffusion method; Antimicrobial activity; Mangrove fruit; Sonneratia caseolaris L.

In vitro Assay of Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor Activities of Three Seagrasses from Banten Bay, Indonesia - Agung Widiyanto; Effionora Anwar; Tati Nurhayati (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels. One of the approaches for treating DM is by regulating the postprandial blood glucose via inhibition of α-glucosidase enzymes. Seagrass is known as a plant containing bioactive compounds, especially for therapy antidiabetic. This research aims to evaluate the α-glucosidase inhibition activity of three species seagrasses (Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii and Cymodocea rotundata) from the Banten Bay, Indonesia. Methods: The extracts of all parts (root, leaf, and stem) from three seagrasses were prepared with maceration method using 80% ethanol solvents. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was conducted by microplate reader at 400 nm using acarbose as a positive control. Furthermore, the kinetics of α-glucosidase inhibition, phytochemical screening, and total phenolics content were evaluated against extract which has the most potential α-glucosidase inhibition. Results: The result showed that the 80% ethanol extracts of Enhalus acoroides (IC50 values 168.15 ± 2.71 μg/mL) had the most potential α-glucosidase inhibitors activity compared with the positive control acarbose, Thalassia hemprichii and Cymodocea rotundata (IC50 values 197.27 ± 3.07 μg/mL, 425.86 ± 5.15 μg/mL and 429.28 ± 8.89 μg/mL). The kinetic type of inhibition against α-glucosidase was noncompetitive inhibition. The phytochemical compounds were phenols, flavonoid, terpenes, and tannin with the total phenolic content was 28.76 ± 2.46 mgGAE/g. Conclusion: Enhalus acoroides has the strongest inhibitor of α-glucosidase and can be further developed for DM therapy agents.
Keywords: Cymodocea rotundata; Diabetes mellitus; Enhalus acoroides; Phytochemical compound; Thalassia hemprichii

In vitro Cytotoxicity Study on U87 Cells Using Root Extracts of Plumbago Species and GC-MS Study - Sandhya Panicker; Veluthat Kolangara Haridasan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Plumbago is a genus of medicinal plants that are used in recent years to induce significant levels of apoptosis in various cancer cells. Purpose: The test substances that are obtained from Plumbago species are studied for their cytotoxicity against U87 cell line in a dose dependent manner and were first subjected to GC-MS study to know the bioactive constituents present in them. Methods: GC-MS was done using ethanol extracts of the roots of both the species. In vitro cytotoxicity of the roots of two species of Plumbago –P. zeylanica (sample I) and P. auriculata (sample II) were tested against U87 cell line. Test samples were taken at concentrations ranging from 400μg/ml to 3.12μg/ml to determine the percentage growth inhibition of both the test substances on U87 cell line. Results: GC-MS analysis on root extracts of P.zeylanica showed the presence of 27 phytochemical constituents and P.auriculata 16 in number .The test substances, Sample I and Sample II exhibited a cytotoxic CTC50 value of 88.07±4.4 and 23.11±0.9 respectively. Conclusion: P. zeylanica is more effective than P. auriculata in terms of its cytotoxicity as well in the number of useful bioactive compounds.
Keywords: Bioactive constituents; Cytotoxicity; GC-MS; U87 cell line

In vitro Evaluation of Seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa for Cytotoxic Activity against Cervical HeLa Cells - Micheylla Kusumaning Dewi; Ade Arsianti; Cut Raisya Zahira Zagloel; Yully Astika Nugrahayning Aziza; Kartika Dwi Kurniasari; Baiq Kirana Dyahningrum Mandasari; Riathul Masita; Futihati Ruhama Zulfa; Norma Nur Azizah; Rista Putrianingsih (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Seaweed macroalgae of Gracilaria verrucosa has been known to have a potent anticancer activity, however the cytotoxicity against cervical cancer has not been explored further. Objective: This study aims to utilize Indonesia’s marine resource which is focused on seaweed macroalgae G. verrucosa as a future anti-cervical cancer agent. Materials and Method: Seaweed G. verrucosa originated from Labuan Aji beach, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia, extracted, macerated, and fractionated into four organic solvents of different polarity, consisting of hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and ethanol. Then, the macroalgae extracts are diluted into 8 different concentrations. Afterwards, in vitro anticancer activity evaluation of hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and ethanol extracts of G. verrucosa against cervical HeLa cells were conducted by MTT cell proliferation assay. Triplo mechanism is also applied in this study to increase the accuracy of the results. The anticancer activity is measured using IC50 value. Results: The four concentrated extracts G. verrucosa showed cytotoxicity against cervical HeLa cells. The greatest anticancer activity is depicted by hexane extract with an IC50 of 14.94 μg/mL, followed by chloroform (IC50 15.74 μg/mL), ethyl acetate (IC50 16.18 μg/mL), and ethanol (IC50 19.43 μg/mL). Conclusion: Our results clearly indicate that hexane, ethanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts of seaweed G. verrucosa can be further developed to be anti-cervical cancer agents, with hexane extract displaying the greatest cytotoxic effect.
Keywords: Cytotoxicity; Gracillaria verrucosa; HeLa cervical cancer cells; IC50 value; MTT Assay

In vitro Hypoglycemic and Antioxidant Activities of Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. fruits, Traditionally used to Cure Diabetes in Darjeeling Hills (India) - Rakhi Chakraborty; Vivekananda Mandal (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Fruits of Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. has been reported to be used traditionally in the treatment of diabetes in Darjeeling Himalayan region of India; though the hypoglycemic potential of the fruit has not been assessed till now, and the active constituents are yet to be discovered. Therefore, there is a necessity for the appraisal and characterization of the hypoglycemic properties of the fruits. Methods: Fresh fruits were collected and sequentially extracted with solvents of gradient polarity. In vitro antidiabetic activity was performed by α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays. Free radical scavenging activity was performed by DPPH, ABTS, TPTZ (FRAP assay), NO and OH radical scavenging assays. To identify the bioactive components, GC-MS analysis was also performed. Result: Phytochemical screening of secondary metabolites in different solvent extracts showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, and anthocyanins. Methanolic extract exhibited highest antidiabetic potential with IC50 values of 514.9 μg/ml and 1435.7 μg/ml in α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assay respectively followed by ethanol extract. Significant free radical scavenging activities were also found in the alcohol extracts. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of principle compounds like oleic acid, morin, apigenin etc. which might be responsible for hypoglycemic activity. Conclusion: Here we report the appraisal of traditional usage of L. cubeba (Lour.) Pers. fruits based on in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant assays along with GC-MS characterization of potent molecules. Our study confirms the traditional knowledge of the people of Darjeeling Hills regarding the use of the fruit of this plant in curing diabetes.
Keywords: Antidiabetic; Antioxidative; GC-MS analysis; Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers

In vitro Study of Antibacterial Activity of Hydro-Alcohol Morrocan Plants Extracts - Ramdan Btissam; E I Malki Fatima; NHIRI Mohamed (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Context: Several aromatic and medicinal Morrocan plants have been used traditionally in pharmaceutical products and traditional medicine for the treatment of several pathologies. Objective: Evaluation of the protective power of nine Moroccan plants ethanol extracts against some strains of bacteria. Method: The antibacterial activities of ethanolic extracts (EE) were evaluated using agar-well diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and IC50 against nine foodborne bacteria [Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus (PN15 and 25923), Escherichia coli (TF2 and ATCC 25929), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P116 and 195) and Salmonella enterica]. Screening of chemical constituents was carried out as well. Results: We noted the presence of leuco-anthocyanins, anthocyanins, essential oils, alkaloids, and aldehydes in the extracts. The strains of S. enterica followed by S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were the most resistants to the extracts effect. The principal component analysis (APC) demonstrated that the highest antibacterial activity was that of L. nobilis and O. europaea ethanol extract (EE), which was directly bactericidal on all the strains tested with the exception of P. aeruginosa. While, R. tinctorum, S. indicum and L. sativum were characterized by the lowest activity. Statistical analysis: Analysis of variance was performed by uni-varied ANOVA in the software SPSS 22 Fr. Conclusion: The active compounds were soluble in ethanol. The antimicrobial activities of L. nobilis and O. europaea may contribute to understand their involvement in pharmaceutical products and traditional medicine against many microbial infections.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity; Chemical composition; Hydro-Alcohol Extract

In vivo Antibacterial Activity of Green Algae Ulva reticulata against Staphylococcus aureus in Drosophila Model of Infection - Firzan Nainu; Rangga Meidianto Asri; Aryadi Arsyad; Marianti Anggreni Manggau; Muhammad Nur Amir (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Expansion of multi-drug resistant bacteria in social communities and health facilities has been widely reported. To overcome this ever-growing problem, new antibiotics with novel mechanisms of action are urgently required. Purpose: This research was carried out aiming to investigate the in vivo antibacterial effect of green algae Ulva reticulata against Staphylococcus aureus in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) model of infection. Methods: Sample was dried and extracted with ethanol using maceration method. Wild type and mutant fruit flies were infected with S. aureus and subjected to survival and bacterial load analysis in the presence or absence of tetracycline or Ulva reticulata extract at different concentrations. All data were statistically analyzed. Results: Infection of D. melanogaster with S. aureus was characterized by two notable trends: reduction of host survival and increasing level of bacterial growth in the host during the course of infection. Such events were further augmented in mutant flies lacking normal immune responses. Nonetheless, improved survival rates and reduction of bacterial load were observed in wild type and immunodeficient mutant flies challenged with S. aureus in the presence of either tetracycline or ethanolic extracts of green algae Ulva reticulata. Conclusion: Taken together, our results suggest that Ulva reticulata yielded antistaphylococcal activity in vivo thus would be a prospective source for harvesting wide spectrum antibacterial compounds.
Keywords: Antistaphylococcal; Drug discovery; Fruit flies; Infection model; Marine products

Indonesian Herbal SGLT2 Inhibitor Discovery through Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening - Rezwendy R; Rezi Riadhi Syahdi; Arry Yanuar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor had been evaluated in clinical trials as the basic strategy of hyperglycemia handling in diabetes. However, because of SGLT2 inhibitors is the new class of oral antidiabetic, it is rare to be found in Indonesia, and it is costly. This study was intended to find compounds from Indonesian herbal database that show capability to be used as SGLT2 inhibitors through a pharmacophore-based virtual screening approach. Methods: The SGLT2 inhibitor pharmacophore models were made from 10 training sets of SGLT2 ligand inhibitors using the Ligand Scout 4.1.5. Ten pharmacophore models which had been made were validated using test set and decoy set methods to know how the performance of pharmacophore model worked. Virtual screening were then applied to the best pharmacophore model. Results: The model-1 pharmacophore was the best model, with values of 0.9080, EF1% = 56.5, EF5% = 56.5 and AUC100% = 0.87 which served as model for virtual screening. Model-1 consisted of one hydrophobic interaction, one aromatic ring, four hydrogen bond donors and five hydrogen bond acceptors. Virtual screening showed three compounds (Hits) with best pharmacophore fit scores according to model-1 among 1377 compounds, they were vitexin = 113.62; cucumerin A = 112.62; and cucumerin B = 113.51. Conclusion: These results showed that vitexin, cucumerin A, and cucumerin B potentially have activity as an SGLT2 inhibitor.
Keywords: Diabetes; Pharmacophore; SGLT2 Inhibitor; Virtual Screening

Inhibition of Advanced Glycation End-Product Formation by Lutein from Tagetes erecta - Karan Rajpurohit Gayathri; Roy Anitha; Thangavelu Lakshmi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Advanced glycation end products(AGEs) are formed by non-enzymatic glycation of proteins that enhance vascular permeability in both micro and macro vascular structures by binding to specific macrophage receptors. AGEs affect nearly every type of cells and molecule in the body and play causative role in the vascular complication in diabetes mellitus. Materials and Method: AGE reaction solution was constituted with 10mg/ml bovine serum albumin in 50mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and 0.02% sodium benzoate into 0.2M fructose and 0.2M of glucose. 2.5 ml of the reaction mixture was treated with lutein (10, 20, 40, 60, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 μ g/ml in methanol). Amino guanidine was used as the positive control. After incubating at 37°C for 7 days, the fluorescence intensity of the reaction was determined at excitation and emission wavelength of 350 nm and 450 nm, respectively, using a multimode reader. The percentage activity was calculated with respect to solvent control. Result: 7 days of exposure to lutein showed a maximum inhibition of 89.27±0.24 % at 140μg/ml and Amino guanidine exhibited 90% of inhibition. The IC50 of Lutein for AGE inhibition was found to be 77.78μg/ml and for AG, 72.66μg/ml.Conclusion: The non-enzymatic adduct formation between the keto group of sugar and amino group of proteins is one of the molecular basis of diabetic complications in hyperglycaemic state. Inhibition of this process will be useful in the management of diabetic complications. Lutein showed dose dependent inhibitory effect on the protein glycation.Hence, it may be used for the management of diabetic complication.
Keywords: Advance glycation end product; Amino-guanidine; Diabetes mellitus; Lutein

Inhibitory Actions of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Aqueous and Ethanolic Leaf Extracts against Carbohydrate-digesting Enzymes - Wanwisa Khunawattanakul; Passakorn Boonma; Ronnarit Kampetch; Achida Jaruchotikamol; Benjamart Cushnie; Sakulrat Rattanakiat; Pawitra Pulbutr (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Context: The leaves of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. (banaba) have been consumed traditionally in several Southeast Asian countries for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The plasma glucose lowering actions of this medicinal plant were proposed to be linked with several mechanisms of action. However, its inhibitory actions against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which play a major role in the regulation of postprandial plasma glucose, have not been clearly established. Aims: This study thus aimed to investigate the effects of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts (LSA and LSE extracts, respectively) on in vitro carbohydrate-digesting enzyme activities and enzyme kinetics. Settings and Design: In vitro carbohydrate-digesting enzyme activity assay. Materials and Methods: The activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase were indicated by the amounts of maltose and p-nitrophenol generated in the reactions, respectively. Statistical analysis used: The data were analysed by using one-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test. Results: The LSA extract significantly inhibited both α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes with the IC50s of 1.21±0.16 and 49.71±0.86 μg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the LSE extract selectively inhibited α-amylase activity (IC50 = 22.21±4.00 μg/mL) with no apparent inhibition against α-glucosidase activity. Both LSA and LSE extracts inhibited α-amylase enzyme in a mixed inhibition manner whilst the LSA extract also acted as a mixed inhibitor against α-glucosidase enzyme. The extracts possessed higher binding affinities toward the enzymes, indicated by the lower Ki values, when compared to acarbose (positive control). Conclusion: These results suggest the potential use of the extracts for a control of postprandial plasma glucose.
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.; α-amylase; α-glucosidase

Inhibitory effect of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken leaf extract and their fractions on α-amylase, α-glucosidase and cholinesterase enzyme - Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo; Adebola Busola Ojo; Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye; Oluranti Olaiya; Ayodeji Akawa; Oyindamola Olaoye; Omosola Olufisayo Anifowose; Olajumoke Idowu; Oluwaseun Olasehinde; Tajudeen Obafemi; Joseph Awe; Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken leaves are employed as food and as traditional medicines. This study investigates the antioxidant activity (reducing power, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, H2O2 scavenging ability and metal ion chelating), carbohydrate digesting enzymes activity and inhibitory activity of cholinergic enzyme of aqueous extract and fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, residual aqueous fraction) of B. pinnatum leaves were investigated. Results showed that aqueous extract of B. pinnatum exhibited DPPH radical scavenging abilities, iron chelation, hydrogen peroxide scavenging abilities and reducing power (Fe3+- Fe2+). B. pinnatum aqueous extract also had considerably α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values 149.20 ± 14.44 μg/mL and 126.15 ± 9.76 μg/mL respectively. Our findings indicated that ethyl acetate fraction contained a considerably higher (p < 0.05) amount of total phenolic, flavonoids, total antioxidant, FRAP, metal ion, ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity than other solvent fractions. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate fraction elicited a significantly higher (p < 0.05) inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase (IC50 = 70.90 ± 1.23 μg/ml), α-amylase (IC50 = 62.45 ± 1.22 μg/ml), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (IC50 = 66.75 μg/mL) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (IC50 = 62.97 μg/mL) activities than other fractions. Hence, B. pinnatum leaves were rich in biologically active components; thus, could be employed to formulate new plant-based pharmaceutical and nutraceutical drugs to improve human health.
Keywords: Antioxidants; Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.); Cholinesterase; Enzyme inhibitory activity; Oken

Inhibitory Effect of Lantana camara L., Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. and Cosmos caudatus Kunth. Leaf Extracts on ADP-Induced Platelet Aggregation - Ni Made Dwi Sandhiutami; Yesi Desmiaty; Noviyanti (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: The leaves of Lantana camara L., Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. and Cosmos caudatus Kunth. are rich in flavonoids, saponins and essential oils. This study was carried out to determine the antiplatelet effect of the three plant extracts on ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Methods: The samples consisted of clopidogrel as positive control, aquadest as negative control and test extracts with concentrations of 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/ml. Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) was added for each extract concentration. The absorbance test of the samples was measured at 600 nm, before and after the addition of 20 μL adenosine diphosphate (ADP) 5 mM. After ADP added, then measured again the plasma absorbance was measured of the same wavelength. Antiplatelet aggregation activity was determined by calculating plasma absorbance before and after addition of ADP. Results: The results showed that the inhibitory percentage of platelet aggregation with extract concentrations of 100, 80, 60 and 40 mg/ml were Lantana camara L. leaf extract (91.17%; 73.27%; 72.86% and 37.15%), Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. leaf extract (74.55%; 65.60%; 48.00% dan 39.08%) and Cosmos caudatus Kunth. Leaf extract (59.17%; 52.56%; 14.25% dan 13.82%), respectively. The test extracts inhibited in vitro ADP-induced platelet aggregation with IC50 value were as follows: 47.09 mg/ml (Lantana camara L), 59.02 mg/ml (Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.) and 87.26 mg/ml (Cosmos caudatus Kunth.) Conclusion: The present work demonstrated that the three extracts could inhibit in-vitro ADP-induced platelet aggregation and the best potency was shown by Lantana camara L leaf extract.
Keywords: Anti-platelet aggregation; Cosmos caudatus kunth; Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.; Lantana camara L.

An Interactive Antimicrobial Activity of Embelica officinalis Gaertn. Fruit Extracts and Conventional Antibiotics against Some Bacterial Triggers of Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases - Adrian Hutchings; Ian Edwin Cock (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Embelica officinalis Gaertn. is an Indian plant which is known for its therapeutic properties. It is especially well known as a component of the Ayuverdic medicine Triphala. This study focuses on the growth inhibitory activity of E. officinalis fruit extracts against some bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases, both alone and in combination with conventional antibiotics. Methods: E. officinalis fruit powder was extracted with solvents of varying polarity and screened for bacterial growth inhibition by disc diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was quantified by both liquid dilution and disc diffusion techniques. To screen for combinatorial effects, the E. officinalis fruit extracts were combined with a range of conventional antibiotics and tested against each bacteria using a liquid dilution assay. Toxicity was examined using Artemia nauplii and HDF bioassays. Results: The ethyl acetate E. officinalis fruit extract displayed the strongest growth inhibitory activity against all of the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory disease. This extract was a particularly potent inhibitor of P. aeruginosa growth, with an MIC values as low as 264 μg/mL. The ethyl acetate extract was also a moderate to strong growth inhibitor of P. mirabilis, K. pneumonia and A. baylyi, with MIC values generally 1000-1500 μg/mL. The methanolic and aqueous extracts also inhibited the growth of all bacteria, although generally with only moderate to low activity. Whilst no synergistic interactions were detected in combinations containing the E. officinalis fruit extracts and conventional antibiotics, a number of combinations produced additive effects. These combinations are beneficial as they provide enhanced antibacterial efficacy compared to treatment with the antibiotic or extract components alone. No antagonistic interactions were detected. Therefore, use of the extracts in combination with conventional antibiotics would not compromise the antibiotics efficacy. All extracts were nontoxic in the Artemia nauplii and HDF toxicity assays, further indicating their potential for medicinal use. Conclusion: The E. officinalis fruit extracts were moderate inhibitors of the bacterial triggers of selected autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, the extracts potentiated the activity of chloramphenicol and tetracycline against otherwise resistant bacterial strains. Isolation of the active compounds and the potentiating agents may be beneficial in antibiotic drug design.
Keywords: Amla; ankylosing spondylitis; Combinational therapies; Indian gooseberry; Multi-drug resistant bacteria; multiple sclerosis; rheumatoid arthritis; Synergy

Interactive Antimicrobial and Toxicity Profiles of Scaevola spinescens R.Br. Extracts with Conventional Antibiotics - Baxter Blonk; Ian E.Cock (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Scaevola spinescens was traditionally used by Australian Aborigines to treat a variety of conditions including bacterial and viral infections, inflammation and cancer. Conventional antibiotics are amongst the most commonly prescribed groups of drugs in allopathic medicine. Therefore, these therapies may be used concurrently by practitioners of complementary medicine and there is a need to evaluate their effects in combination. Methods: Plant extracts were prepared using solvents of varying polarity and subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening analysis. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using disc diffusion and liquid dilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays against a panel of pathogenic triggers of some autoimmune diseases. Interactions between the S. spinescens extracts and conventional antibiotics were studied and classified by determining the sum of the fractional inhibitory concentration (ΣFIC). Synergistic interactions were further examined across a range of ratios using isobolograms analysis. The toxicity of the individual samples and of the combinations was assessed using the Artemia lethality assay (ALA) and an MTS HDF cell viability assays. Results: Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts showed moderate to good inhibitory activity against several bacterial pathogens known to trigger autoimmune inflammatory diseases in genetically susceptible individuals. However, combinations of the methanolic, aqueous, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts with conventional antibiotics proved significantly more effective in inhibiting the growth of Klebsiellia pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes (bacterial triggers of ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatic fever respectively). In total, 4 combinations proved to be synergistic, all of which contained tetracycline as the conventional antibiotic component. Furthermore, all conventional antibiotics and S. spinescens leaf extracts were determined to be nontoxic when tested alone in the Artemia nauplii and HDF bioassays. Combining the extracts and antibiotics did not significantly affect the toxicity of the combinations. Conclusion: S. spinescens extracts were effective inhibitors of the growth of several bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases when tested alone. Additionally, the methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts potentiated the activity of tetracycline against bacterial otherwise resistant to its actions. Isolation of the synergising compounds in these extracts may be beneficial in drug design against several bacteria including the microbial triggers of ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatic fever.
Keywords: Antibiotic resistance; Australian plant; Conventional antimicrobials; Interaction; Maroon bush; Medicinal plants; Synergy; Toxicity

Investigation of Immunomodulatory Potential of Whole Plant of Boerhavia erecta Linn. - Vasuki K; Murugananthan G; Banupriya C; Ramya R; Mohana priya C; Shenjudar D (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
The present study was designed to investigate immunomodulatory activity of aqueous extract of whole plant Boerhavia erecta. The concept of immunomodulation has been gaining much significance worldwide as people started realizing the indispensible role of the immune system in maintaining a disease-free state. Natural products have been considered a plentiful source in the search for new chemical entities that modulate the immune system with reduced adverse effects. Pharmacological evaluation of the crude ethanolic extract of Boerhavia diffusa roots has shown to possess anti proliferative and immunomodulatory properties but not reported from Boerhavia erecta. Due to that, immunomodulatory activity was carried out for the aqueous extract of Boerhavia erecta (Family: Nyctaginaceae). In this present study, aqueous extract of whole plant of Boerhavia erecta exhibited phagocytosis stimulation of human neutrophils against Candida albicans in a dose dependent manner.
Keywords: Boerhavia erecta; Candida albicans; Phagocytosis stimulation

In-vitro Cytotoxic Activity of Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.)Suksathan and Borchs. On A549, A431, CaCo2, U87 and L929 Cell Lines - Sangeetha D N; S Rajamani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Medicinal plants play a key role to cure many diseases from time immemorial. The usage of medicinal plants in traditional medicinal system is the vital process of India. Cancer is one of the killing diseases and causes severe defects on human being. There are many types of cancer diseases in human beings affects the different organs. There is no proper medicine to cure such kind of cancer diseases. Objective: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the test substances for their cytotoxicity against selected cell lines. Methods: In the present study the in-vitro cytotoxicity potential of chloroform and methanolic leaf extract of Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs. Was carried out against five cell lines, four of which were cancerous and one normal cell line i.e., A549, A431, CaCo2, U87 and L929. Results: The results revealed that the cytotoxicity potential of the leaf and rhizome increased with the increase in concentration of leaf and rhizome extracts. The chloroform leaf extract showed highest percentage of growth inhibition against A549 cell line. The methanol leaf extract showed highest percentage of growth inhibition against A431 cell line. The chloroform leaf extract showed highest percentage of growth inhibition against CaCo2 cell line. The chloroform rhizome extract showed highest percentage of growth inhibition against U87 cell line. The methanolic leaf extract showed highest percentage of growth inhibition against L929 cell line .This shows that for different cell lines the highest percentage growth of inhibition was shown by different extracts. Conclusion: The present study has suggested that the leaf and rhizome extracts of Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs. , Possesses potent anticancer property which can be used to prepare anticancer drug with proper standardization methods.
Keywords: Anticancer activity; Cancer Cell Lines; Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs; Medicinal plant

In-vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Anti-collagenase Activity of Thalassia hempricii as a Potent Ingredients for Anti-Wrinkle Cosmetics - Kiki Zakiah; Effionora Anwar; Tati Nurhayati (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Thalassia hemprichii have reported containing antioxidant effects. However, information on other biological activities relating to the anti-wrinkle properties is limited. The free radical scavenging activity and enzyme inhibitory activity of the plant extracts investigated that they can help restore skin elasticity and thereby slow the wrinkling process. Objective: To evaluate in-vitro antioxidant and anti-collagenase activity of T. hemprichii as a potent ingredient for anti-wrinkle cosmetic. Methods: T. hemprichii was extracted with ethanol 100% (E1) 75% (E2) and ethanol 50% (E3) using maceration extraction method for 24 h, thrice. The extract was examined for total phenolic content, antioxidant activity compared with vitamin C, and the best extract was tested for the inhibitory activity of collagenase. Results: The total phenolic content of T. hempricii extract was 0,525 ± 0,016 mg GAE/100 g extract (E1) 0,538 ± 0,006 mg GAE/100 g extract (E2) and 0,558 ± 0,090 mg GAE/100 g extract (E3) respectively. The antioxidant activity (% inhibition) of the extract was 38,035 ± 0,252 % (E1), 52,502 ± 6,225 % (E2) and 57,261 ± 0,505 % (E3). Ascorbic acid as a positive control of antioxidant activity showed much higher % inhibition than the sample with 78,055 ± 0,756 %. As the best extract from antioxidant activity, E2 and E3 have inhibited collagenase activity with 51,809 ± 0,164 % and 52,212 ± 0,735 % at 20μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: In general the (T. hempricii) extract can be used as a potential active ingradient for anti-wrinkles cosmetic.
Keywords: Anti-wrinkle; Antioxidant; Collagenase; Seagrass; Thalassia hempricii

Isolation and Characterization of Flavones from Artemisia monosperma - Lubna Abu-Niaaj; Ibrahim Katampe (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Artemisia monosperma (Delile) is a green aromatic shrub that grows widely in the deserts of Middle East, Africa and China. This plant is commonly used in folk medicine as a remedy of a wide range of illness including gastrointestinal disorders, inflammation, diabetes and microbial infection. The different categories of the secondary metabolites identified from Artemisia species are recognized for their biological activities as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial compounds. Objective: This study aims to isolate new flavonoids from A. monosperma that might have potential biological activities thus be translated into pharmaceutical uses. Materials and Methods: Air-dried A. monosperma extraction was done using different organic solvents. The methanolic extract was selected for isolation of flavonoids using column chromatography and thin layer chromatography. The chemical structures of the isolated flavones determined based on spectroscopic analysis of ultraviolet, mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Results: Nine flavone aglycones were isolated and identified from the methanolic extract; four of which are reported for the first time from A. monosperma. These include: 5-Hydroxy-3',4', 6,7-tetramethoxyflavone; 3',5-dihydroxy-4',6,7-trimethoxyflavone (eupatorin); 5,6-dihydroxy-4',7-dimethoxyflavone(ladanein); and 2',4',5-trihydroxy-5',6,7– trimethoxyflavone (arcapillin). The remaining five flavones were previously identified from this plant as : 4',5-Dihydroxy-3',6,7-tri-methoxyflavone(cirsilineol);5,7-dihydroxy-3',4',6-trimethoxyflavone (eupatilin);4',5,7-trihydroxy-3',6-dimethoxyflavone(jaceosidin);4',5-dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy- flavone (circimaritin) and 4',5,7-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone (hispidulin). In addition, two acetophenone derivatives were isolated from fractions yielded selected flavones and these were identified as 4-hydroxyacetophenone and 3-(2-hydroxymethyl-2-buten-4-yl)-4-hydroxyaceto- phenone. Conclusion: This successful isolation of these natural flavonoids from A. monosperma can contribute further to the evaluation of bioactive compounds against disorders including but not limited to inflammatory associated disorders and microbial infections.
Keywords: Antimicrobial activity; Antioxidants; Artemisia monosperma; Flavones

Isolation, Characterization and in vitro Pharmacological Activities of Tagetes Erectus Linn - Resmi S; Divya V Nair; Athulya Subhash; Rose Jose; Vishnu V; Subin Mary Zachariah (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Tagetes erectus (family: Asteraceae), commonly known as ‘African marigold’, is an ornamental plant widely distributed in India. The plant has been used in traditional medicines in India and elsewhere in the treatment of cold, bronchitis, rheumatism and inflammation. The flavonoid quercetin has been isolated from the methanol extract of the plant by column chromatography and identified by co-TLC, comparison of its melting point, UV, IR and NMR spectra. Quercetin content has been estimated as 1.22 (±0.26) % in the methanol extract of Tageteserectus whole plant based on HPTLC method using the solvent systemchloroform: methanol (8.5:1.5). The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation (oil yield 0.04% v/w) and 25 compounds comprising 93.9% of the constituents were identified by GC-MS analysis. Monoterpenoids Predominated the oil (78.5%), with piperitone as the major compound (40.1%) followed by terpinolene (12.7%) and limonene (12.0%). The in vitro antioxidant assays of the methanol extract showed moderate activity with IC50 values 109.45 (±1.22) μg/ml for DPPH radical scavenging assay and 201.53 (±4.48) μg/ml for superoxide scavenging assay and the marker compound quercetin showed IC50 values 26.40(±1.75) and 13.87 (±0.54) μg/ml respectively. Reducing power assay also showed moderate activity. Antibacterial activity of the methanol extract and the essential oil against gram positive and gram-negative bacteria were done using disc diffusion method. The essential oil showed remarkable activity against the tested organisms, while the extract showed only moderate activity.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity; Disc diffusion method; DPPH radical scavenging assay; Flavonoids; Quercetin; Terpinolene

Isolation of Cellulolytic Fungi and Utilization of Its Cellulolytic Activity for Microcrystalline Cellulose Preparation from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) - Mitayani Wahyu Murti; Monica Angeline Sudarsono; Herman Suryadi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Microcrystalline cellulose is a cellulase derivative which usually used as a pharmaceutical excipient in the manufacturing of direct compression tablet. High concentration of cellulose is found in water hyacinth (about 60%) therefore it might be used in the manufacturing of microcrystalline cellulose. This study was aimed to obtain the best cellulolytic fungi, the best optimal conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis and comparing microcrystalline cellulose characteristics obtained from water hyacinth with microcrystalline cellulose standard, Avicel pH 101. Method: This study began with isolation of cellulolytic fungi, and then enzymatic hydrolysis of α-cellulose was done with cellulase enzymes extracted from cellulolytic fungi with various pH, temperature, duration and enzyme concentration. Microcrystalline obtained was characterized by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and then the result was compared with Avicel pH 101. Results: The results showed the best cellulolytic isolate was isolate 2 and its optimal hydrolysis conditions at pH 5, 30⁰C, for 1 h with 5 mL (5% v/v) enzyme. Based on the pattern of diffraction there was a similarity between microcrystalline cellulose of enzymatic hydrolysis result compared with Avicel pH 101.
Keywords: Cellulase; Cellulolytic fungi; Cellulose; Enzymatic hydrolysis; Microcrystalline cellulose; Water hyacinth

Isolation of Kojic Acid Producing Mold using Complex Carbon Sources - Ines Dawiyah Suwarjo; Adnina Fithra Azzahra; Herman Suryadi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: An independent effort in term of pharmaceutical raw materials procurement in Indonesia, especially skin brightening agent, is required due to the high demand of brightening skin care product. One of the skin brightening agent widely used in cosmetic skin care formulations is kojic acid. This study aimed to obtain the isolate of kojic acid producing mold from nature and its optimum fermentation condition by using various complex carbon substrates. Methods: Aspergillus oryzae was used as reference. The isolates of fungi were screened with different substrates variation, namely sucrose, corn starch, cassava starch, and cellulose hydrolysate. Then, each of culture was dripped with FeCl3 1% and the most brownish-red color formed was selected as mold and media for further process. The preculture of selected isolate and A. oryzae, were inoculated into 100 ml of fermentation media respectively and incubated at room temperature, 180 RPM for 10 days. The concentration of substrate was varied to 5, 7.5, and 10%. The levels of kojic acid were determined by TLC densitometry with UV detector at 318 nm. Results: IHJ2K isolate in corn starch-yeast extract was selected as the best mold and media. However, the highest level of kojic acid was produced by Aspergillus oryzae with 10% of substrate, with kojic acid concentration of 5.22 g/L. The most efficient fermentation was obtained from A. oryzae with 7.5% of substrate, with the obtained yield of 0.53 g/g. Conclusion: Potential kojic acid producing mold namely IHJ2K was successfully isolated. The selected carbon source for optimum kojic acid fermentation condition with IHJ2K isolate was corn starch combined with yeast extract, KH2PO4, and Mg2SO4.7H2O.
Keywords: Aspergillus oryzae; Complex carbon; Fermentation; Kojic Acid; Mold; TLC Densitometry

Larvicidal and Pupicidal activity of Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer Leaf Extracts against Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti - Pranati Dhal; Jyoti Ranjan Rout; Preeti Krishna Dash; Sagorika Panda; Pallabi Pati; Chandi Charan Rath; Chinmay Pradhan; Santi Lata Sahoo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the larvicidal and pupicidal activity of Clerodendrum philippinum leaf extracts against disease causing vectors Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. Methods: Five different concentrations (200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 ppm) of leaves were prepared by using aqueous (distilled water), ethanol, methanol, n-hexane, chloroform and tested for both the activity. The LC50 and LC90 values of leaf extracts were determined with the help of probit analysis. Results: Among the different extracts of leaf screened, the ethanol extract of C. philippinum was recorded the highest larvicidal and pupicidal activity of 100 ± 1.9 % (1st instar) and 58 ± 0.8 % at 600 ppm concentration for controlling An. stephensi, respectively. Similarly for Ae. aegypti, 97 ± 1.2 (1st instar) and 51 ± 0.5 (pupa) percentage of inhibition were achieved for the same solvent extracts of the leaf which were maximum than others. Moreover, the values of LC50 and LC90 clearly indicate that the activity of both larvicidal and pupicidal are not only solvent extracts dependant but also depend on their concentration. Conclusion: The obtained data highlight the potential role of ethanolic extracts of C. philippinum for controlling An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes at their larval and/ pupal stages of development.
Keywords: Aedes aegypti; Anopheles stephensi; Clerodendrum philippinum; Larvicidal activity; Pupicidal activity

Larviciding Activity of Acroptilon repens Extract against Anopheles stephensi, Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefaciatus under Laboratory Conditions - Ramesh Toolabi; Mohammad Reza Abai; Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat; Hassan Vatandoost; Mansooreh Shayeghi; Saeed Tavakoli; Mohammad Sistanizadeh Aghdam (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Due to the emergence of insecticide resistance among the vectors of human diseases, there is a need to explore the use of plant extracts which are safe alternatives to conventional chemical larvicides used in control of vector-borne diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of Acroptilon repens against third instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefaciatus. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of A. repens plants was dried in the shaded places for 3 days at 26-28°C. The leaves, flowers and stems were blended to crashed form using an electric blender. The larvicidal activity of total extract of A. repens were evaluated against third instar larvae stage of mosquito vectors, An. stephensi, Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefaciatus under laboratory conditions with 24h exposure period. Data were subjected to probit regression analysis in order to estimate the lethal concentrations for 50% and 90% mortality values. Result: The extract of A. repens exhibited significant larvicidal activity against third instar larvae of An. stephensi, with 24h LC50 of 0.2970 and LC90 of 2.2097 mg/l. The LC50 and LC90 values were 2.5047 and 24.7374 mg/l for Cx. pipiens and 2.9047 and 16.1459 mg/l for Cx. quinquefaciatus. Conclusion: The extract of A. repens can serve as a natural larvicide against An. stephensi, Cx. pipiens and Cx.quinquefaciatus. According to the larvicidal properties of this plant, formulating an extract of A. repens which is known as an abundant agricultural weed in Iran creates an alternative to chemical larvicides and providing a job opportunities.
Keywords: Acroptilon repens; Anopheles stephensi; Culex pipiens; Cx. quinquefaciatus; Larvicidal activity; Total extract

Macro-Microscopic Atlas on Heartwood of Santalum album L. (Sandalwood) - Susikumar Sundharamoorthy; Nartunai Govindarajan; Arunachalam Chinnapillai; Ilavarasan Raju (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Santalum album L. (Fam. Santalaceae) is a small evergreen tree distributed in South India mainly on the Deccan plateau, especially in Mysore and Tamil Nadu. The heartwood is highly prized and medicinally useful; Santalum album is one of the ingredients in many Ayurvedic and Siddha formulations. Objective: The present study brings out macro-microscopic atlas on heartwood of medicinal plant Santalum album L. Materials and Methods: Sections and powder were observed and photographed under different magnifications with the help of Olympus BX51 Microscopic unit fitted with Olympus Camera. Results: Macroscopically odour and taste, microscopically tyloses, fibres, tailed pitted vessels, uni and biseriate medullary rays, brownish content and oil globules are the unique diagnostic characters reported. Conclusion: The finding of the present study is believed to be helpful in identifying the correct botanical source of the plant in crude form and also standardization of herbal formulation containing sandalwood as ingredient.
Keywords: Chandana; Macro-microscopic atlas; Pharmacognosy; Sandalwood; Santalum album

Macrophage Immunomodulatory Activity of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Isolated from the Crown-of-thorns Star Fish (acanthaster planci) - M Janib Achmad; Alim Isnansetyo; Noer Kasanah; Ustadi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Immunomodulator are chemical compounds that can improve the body’s defense mechanisms both specific and non-specific, and non-specific induction of both cellular and humoral defense mechanisms. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to investigate immunomodulator activity and to identify the chemical constituents of active fractions from star fish Acanthaster planci, based on bioassay guided isolation. Materials and Methods: A. planci was collected from Ternate Island, North Moluccas, extracted with distilled methanol, partitioned with gradient chloroform-hexane-water and fractionated in column chromatography using silica gel and gradient hexane-ethyl acetate. Profiling chemical constituent was done by thin layer chromatograpahy and GC-MS. The immunomodulator activity was measured based on percentage of phagocytic capacity (PC) and phagocytic index (PI). Results: The result showed that 3 partition fractions exhibited immunomodulator activity. Data analysis exhibited that the best fraction was hexane fraction, and the best dosesmost effective doses of PC and PI were at 0.5 mg/kg body weight (BW) and 0.7 mg/kg BW, respectively. Data analysis of the 3 hexane fractions exhibited that the best fraction was fraction 3 and the best doses of PC was at 0.5 mg/kg BW and that of PI was at 0.7 mg/kg BW. Metabolites analysis using GC-MS yielded a number of chemical constituents of fraction 2 dan fraction 3 that dominated by unsaturated fatty acid. The study concluded that star fish A. planci from Ternate Island has a potential source of immunomodulator.
Keywords: Acanthaster planci; Immunomodulatory; North moluccas; Phagocytic capacity; Phagocytic index; Ternate island

Maltase Inhibitory Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Zingiber officinale Rosc. and Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. - Janhavi Jatin Damani; Radiya Pacha-Gupta; Nandita Mangalore (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Context: An important approach to diabetes treatment involves the regulation of postprandial hyperglycemia by delaying the release of glucose into the bloodstream using inhibitors for carbohydrate digesting enzymes such as maltase. Current synthetic antidiabetic drugs are associated with side effects that have restricted their usage. Antidiabetic plants such as Zingiber officinale and Trigonella foenum-graecum, commonly used as medicinal herbs in India, provide an attractive alternative as a source of maltase inhibitors. Aim: This study aimed to determine maltase inhibitory activity in antidiabetic plants in comparison with that of a synthetic drug, Acarbose, used as a positive control. Study Design: In vitro Enzyme Inhibition Assay. Materials and Methods: Aqueous plant extracts were prepared using rhizome of Z. officinale and leaves of T. foenum-graecum. Varying concentrations of the aqueous plant extract were tested for maltase inhibitory activity using crude yeast maltase enzyme. Statistical Analysis: Unpaired, two tailed t-test was used to detect the significant difference between the mean maltase enzyme activity of the control and that of the test. Results: The aqueous extract of T. foenum-graecum exhibited a higher potent maltase inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 1.05% as compared to that of the aqueous extract of Z. officinale with IC50 value of 2.13%. Acarbose showed the highest potency of maltase inhibition with an IC50 value of 0.014%. Conclusion: Z. officinale and T. foenum-graecum have significant maltase inhibitory activity (p <0.05). Thus, a contributing factor to the antidiabetic property of the two plants may be attributed to their maltase inhibitory activity.
Keywords: Acarbose; Antidiabetic Plants; Maltase Inhibitory Activity; Trigonella foenum-graecum; Zingiber officinale

Microscopic Leaf Constant Numbers of Chromolaena odorata in Thailand - Yamon Pitakpawasutthi; Chanida Palanuvej; Nijsiri Ruangrungsi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King and H. Rob. (syn. Eupatorium odoratum L.), commonly known as Siam Weed, Christmas Bush, or Common Floss Flower, is a species in family Asteraceae. It has been widely used as medicinal plants for a long time. In Thailand, C. odorata is locally used to treat skin diseases and insect bites. Leave juice from the crushed leaves can be used as a haemostatic and anti-inflammatory in the treatment of skin wounds. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the leaf constant values of microscopic characters of leaf in term of stomatal number, stomatal index, epidermal cell number, trichome number, trichome index and oil gland number of C. odorata in Thailand. Method: Microscopic evaluation of leaf constants are frequency used for the medicinal plant samples. Leaf constant numbers used to identify between some closely related species. Light microscope (LM) attached a digital camera and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used in this study. Results and Conclusion: The results showed anomocytic stomata and multicellular non-glandular trichomes on both upper and lower epidermis of C. odorata, while oil glands were found on only lower epidermis of the leaf. The microscopic leaf constant numbers of C. odorata were established and could be used for the species identification of C. odorata in Thailand.
Keywords: Chromolaena odorata; Epidermal cell number; Oil gland number; Stomata number; Trichome number

Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors from Gnetum gnemon L. Seed Extract - Yuditya Artha; Arif Arrahman; Azminah; Arry Yanuar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: Gnetum gnemon L. (melinjo) seed extract contained trans-resveratrol which has been shown to inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase. Therefore it has a potent activity for lowering blood cholesterol. This study was carried out to determine the molecular dynamics simulation of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors from Gnetum gnemon L. seed extract. Methods: Molecular dynamics simulation using AMBER was used. The simulation was set at 300 K as default temperature and 310 K, average human body temperature. The main parameters of this study were ligand-residue interaction, binding affinity, root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), hydrogen bonds analysis, molecular mechanics Poisson Boltzmann surface area (MMPBSA), and molecular mechanics generalized born surface area (MMGBSA). Results: In the simulation study, trans-resveratrol, trans-piceid, gnemonol M, gnemonoside B, viniferin and gnetin C had shown lower energy than HMG (PDB ID: MAH), the substrate of HMG-CoA Reductase. Free energy binding obtained from simulation was between 11.1 to -31.38 kcal/mol. Conclusion: The simulation at 310 K was preferable than 300 K as more interactions were performed and higher affinity was obtained.
Keywords: Gnetum gnemon L; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor; Molecular dynamics; Trans-resveratrol

Nephroprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract of Lantana camara and Squash (Cucurbita pepo) on Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats and Identification of Certain Chemical Constituents of Lantana camara by HPLC-ESI- MS - Heba Abdel-Hady; Mortada Mohamed El-Sayed; Afaf Ahmed Abdel-Hady; Maher Mahmoud Hashash; Ahmed Mohamed Abdel-Hady; Tarek Aboushousha; El-Sayed Saleh Abdel-Hameed; Ezzat El-Sayed Abdel- Lateef; Eman Abdalla Morsi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Cisplatin is a highly effective chemotherapeutic agent; its clinical use is severely limited by serious side effects as nephrotoxicity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the nephroprotective activity of defatted methanolic extract of two Egyptian plants: Lantana camara and Cucurbita pepo and certain fractions derived from the defatted methanolic extract of L. camara on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Also, identification of certain chemical constituents of L. camara by HPLC-ESI- MS. Methods: Nephrotoxicity was induced in rats by single dose of cisplatin. The effect of plants extract at doses 100-400 mg/kg.b.wt comparing with standard; ascorbic acid; was determined using serum urea, creatinine and some ions. Furthermore, the effect of these extracts on some renal antioxidant enzymes and histopathological examination of kidneys were examined. Results: The defatted methanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of L. camara showed the highest improvement of renal parameters. Also, HPLC-ESI-MS analysis of L. camara extracts exhibited bioactive phenolic compounds including phenyl ethanoid, flavonoids and phenolic acids. Conclusion: The phytochemical constituents of L. camara are responsible for their nephroprotective activity.
Keywords: Antioxidant enzymes; Ascorbic acid; Creatinine; Flavonoids; Histological studies; Phenyl etanoid.

Nephroprotective Effect of Aqueous Extract of Pimpinella anisum in Gentamicin Induced Nephrotoxicity in Wistar Rats - Nair Aiswarya; Rao Rashmi R; Shenoy Preethi J; Vinod Chandran; S Teerthanath; Pai Sunil B; KB Rakesh (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Pimpinella anisum known for its various medicinal properties is also a natural antioxidant and a free radical scavenger with no documented evidence as a nephroprotective agent. Objective: To evaluate the nephroprotective activity of aqueous extract of Pimpinella anisum seeds in a rodent model of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. Materials and Methods: Wistar albino rats of either sex, weighing 150–200 g was divided into 5 groups; normal saline, gentamicin 80mg/kg, intraperitoneally for 8 days, aqueous extract of Pimpinella anisum seeds at 1, 2, and 4g/kg, per oral for 8 days, the test extract administered 3 days prior and concurrently with gentamicin for 5 days. Blood urea, serum creatinine, uric acid and blood urea nitrogen analyses and microscopic examination of kidney were performed. Results: Gentamicin treatment caused nephrotoxicity as evidenced by marked elevation in serum urea, serum uric acid, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (107.5±16.92mg/dl, 0.8±0.09 mg/dl, 3.05±0.29 mg/dl, 47.8±9.07 mg/dl) respectively when compared to the saline treated groups. Co-administration of Pimpinella anisum extract with gentamicin decreased the rise in these parameters in a dose dependent manner. Histopathological analysis revealed epithelial loss with intense granular degeneration in gentamicin treated rats, whereas aqueous extract of Pimpinella anisum mitigated the severity of gentamicin-induced renal damage. Conclusion: To conclude, our data suggest that aqueous extract of Pimpinella anisum exhibits renoprotective effect in gentamicin induced renal damage and further studies on its mechanism of action are warranted.
Keywords: Aniseed; Drug induced nephrotoxicity; Gentamicin; Nephroprotective; Pimpinella anisum

Network Analysis of Indigenous Indonesia Medical Plants for Treating Tuberculosis - Sherry Aristyani; Sri Widyarti; Sutiman Bambang Sumitro (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Indonesia is the biggest archipelago country with the second biggest biodiversity in the world. A lot of medical plants for treating various diseases can be found in Indonesia, including medical plants for tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Objective: The goal of this research is to document the information of Indonesia indigenous medical plants that used various local societies to treat tuberculosis and also analyze active compounds of medical plants with proteins that related to tuberculosis. Methods and Material: The annotation of medical plants for treating tuberculosis was collected from a various source comprising local research papers, theses, and other resources. The information of active compound was taken from Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. A network of active compounds-proteins was analyzed by using Cytoscape 3.6.0. Results: The result described that there were twenty-seven species from nineteen families of medical plants used by local societies of Indonesia for tuberculosis therapy, and there were sundry of active compounds from fourteen medical plants had direct interaction with proteins related tuberculosis. Conclusions: Most of the active compounds targeted proteins that had a prominent role in immune system. It indicated that medical plants treating tuberculosis through regulating immunity of human body.
Keywords: Cytoscape; Immune system; Indonesia medical plants; Network; Tuberculosis

Neuroprotective Activity of Sesbania grandifolara Seeds Extract Against Celecoxib Induced Amnesia in Mice - Bhupesh Chander Semwal; Madhuri Verma; Yogesh Murti; Harlokesh Narayan Yadav (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Sesbania grandiflora are characterized by their high anti-oxidant properties. The degeneration of neurons in Alzheimer disease mainly occurs because of high production of free radicals. However, the impact of Sesbania grandiflora on cholinergic system and oxidative stress parameter has not been investigated. Aim: The present study was designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora seeds in mice. Material and method: The seeds of Sesbania grandiflora were powdered and subjected to successive extraction in Soxhlet apparatus. The different doses of ethanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora seeds were evaluated for its neuroprotective activity against celecoxib induced amnesia in mice. Result and Conclusion: Phytochemical analysis of various extracts of Sesbania grandiflora revealed the presence of steroid, saponin, flavonoid, tannins and phenolic compounds. The ethanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora significantly improves the memory of mice and reestablishes the amnesia induced by celecoxib. In addition to improvement in memory the extract treatment also decreases the activity of AchE and MDA and restore the antioxidant anzyme SOD, GSH and catalase in experimental animals. The results of our study showed that ethanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora improve the cognition dysfunction in celecoxib treated mice through the modification in cholinergic system or by the blockage of oxidative stress and inhibition of AchE enzyme.
Keywords: Acetylcholine; Celecoxib; Free radical; Morris water maze; Sesbania grandiflora

Neuroprotective Effects of Valeriana wallichii on Scopolamine Induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats - Aslam Pathan; Abdulrahman Alshahrani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in worldwide, treatment options is extremely limited and costly. The present study was conducted to investigate and validate the traditional claim of Valeriana wallichii on scopolamine treated rats as an AD model. Methods: The Valeriana wallichii rhizome ethanol extract (25 mg/kg/day) was administered daily along with scopolamine for a period of 14 days following which the elevated plus maze test were performed to assess learning and memory. Rats treated with scopolamine or vehicle only were also included in the experiment. Result: The study demonstrate that scopolamine treatment resulted in learning and memory deficits which were partially and significantly ameliorated by the Valeriana wallichii rhizome ethanol extract. Conclusion: The study demonstrates the ability of the Valeriana wallichii rhizome ethanol extract to reverse scopolamine-induced learning and memory deficits in rats.
Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Elevated Plus Maze; Neuroprotective; Scopolamine; Valeriana wallichii

New Medicinal Plant Variety of Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. (Cucurbitaceae) from Northeastern Thailand - Wannachai Chatan; Wilanwan Promprom (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objectives: This research was carried out for describing, illustrating and treating a new medicinal plant variety in the genus Trichosanthes. Methods: This research was carried out by collecting plant specimens in the Northeastern Thailand. Morphological characters were studied and compared with the closely related taxon and taxonomic literatures. Results: T. tricuspidata subsp. rotundata var. longirachis, was found. This plant is described and illustrated here and treated as a new variety. It differs from the other of T. tricuspidata subsp. rotundata by having the following combination characters: Comparatively stout herbaceous climber up to 20 m long, tendril 3–5-brached, probract obovate with obvious glands, mature blade unlobed or 3-shallowly lobed with 1-2 short angles, blade not deeply lobed (unlobed blade found in juvenile plants), blade size 5-11 cm diameter and raceme rachis length 10–130 cm. Its fruits and seeds were used as medicinal parts. Conclusion: Totally, three subspecies and four variety of T. tricuspidata in Thailand have been recorded so far. Important comparative morphological characters with some closely related variety are discussed. The local people used it as medicinal plant.
Keywords: Cucurbitaceae; Ethnobotany; Taxonomy; Thailand; Trichosanthes tricuspidata

Nutritious Pure Herbal Whitening Sun Cream Processed from Seed and Leaf of Moringa oleifera Fortified with Red Rice - Sri Kumalaningsih; Muhammad Arwani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Moringa oleifera seed and leaf contained available medium fatty acid profile and essential amino acid bound in the tissue which should be hydrolysed. The addition of red rice which has antioxidant compound namely ZnO that can have protected the skin from sun burn and also to make the gelatinous slurry due to reducing the moisture content. The utilization of oil seed and leaf as raw material and fortified with red rice for making a low-cost sun cream is beneficial mainly for women living at rural region. Two phases of experiments were carried out. The first phase was the effect of time and temperature on the yield and oleic acid content of the oil. A randomized block design with two factors was carried out. The temperature at three level (50, 55, 60oC) as the first factor, and the time of extraction at three levels (12, 15, 20 hours) as the second factor. It was found that treatment of 50oC at 20 hours extraction shown the best result. The yield of oil was 34% and the oleic acid content was a 71.9% from the extracted oil. A randomized block design was used to carried out the second phase of study. The time of steaming (30, 45, 60 minutes) as the first factor and the red rice concentration (5%, 10%, 15%) as the second factor. The result shown that the use of 60 minutes and 5% red rice concentration was the best result. The slurry has the moisture content of 40.4% and the protein content was 40.5%. The storage stability of the sun cream stored under low temperature (30±1oC) was 6 months and the characteristic of the slurry having oleic acid, essential amino acid and the ZnO.
Keywords: Herbal; Moringa oleifera; Red Rice; Sun Cream; ZnO

Optimization of Extraction Condition to Obtain Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Seagrass Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Asch from Indonesia - Nely Suryani Nopi; Effionora Anwar; Tati Nurhayati (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Asch is one of the commonly found seagrasses spread over the coast of Indonesia and has not been utilized. Previous studies have reported its potency as an antioxidant, however, studies on optimal extraction conditions using ethanol as a solvent to obtain higher antioxidant activity are still limited. Objective: The purpose of this study is to optimize the extraction condition for obtaining the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of the seagrass T. hemprichii. In an addition, percentage yield of extract was also evaluated. Methods: In this study, factorial design with independent factors of ethanol concentrations (50%, 70%, and 100%), the use of HCl 1 N (Yes/No), and temperature (300C, 600C) was developed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significance of the above factors towards antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. The antioxidant activity was evaluated with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and the total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. Results: The highest antioxidant activity (IC50=83.48 μg/mL) was shown in sample R1 (extracted with 50% ethanol, added with HCl 1 N, and 600C). The sample was also showed total phenolic content 41.03 mg GAE per gram and 22% yield extract. Among the factors examined, the used of HCl 1 N showed the most significant effect to the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content, with the p-value of 0.048 and 0.034 respectively (p<0.05). Conclusion: This extraction condition can be applied to obtain higher antioxidant activity and total phenolic content from the plant.
Keywords: DPPH; Factorial design; Thalassia hemprichii; total phenolic content

Oral Glucose Tolerance Activity of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr.) Bulbs Extract Based on the Use of different Extraction Method - Islamudin Ahmad; Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati; Niken Indriyanti; Yurika Sastyarina; Laode Rijai; Abdul Mun’im (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Bulbs of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr; Synonym: Eleutherine americana L. Merr) from family Iridaceae is widely found and grown in Kalimantan island. The local tribe “Dayak” commonly consume this plant and become a traded commodity in traditional markets. This plant is trusted to treat various diseases. Objective: The present study aims to determine the effect of blood glucose reduction from bulbs of Bawang Dayak based on the use of different extraction methods using oral glucose tolerance test. Method: Dried sample was extracted with methanol using maceration, reflux, and Soxhlet method, respectively. The measurement of blood glucose reduction was performed using oral glucose tolerance test in vivo method and was analyzed using statistical comparison (Two-Way-ANOVA). Results: Based on the each extraction results was obtained yields of as 8.636% (reflux method), 11.87% (maceration method), and 14.023% (soxhlet method). While the results of blood glucose lowering effect on each extract were used, there were significant differences in statistical tests and organ index. Conclusion: This result is a preliminary stage and the information is invaluable for further research.
Keywords: Bawang Dayak; Bulbs of plant; Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr; Extraction method; Oral glucose tolerance test

Peels of Citrus Fruits: A Potential Source of Anti-inflammatory and Anti-nociceptive Agents - Pallavi Malleshappa; Ramesh Chapeyil Kumaran; Krishna Venkatarangaiah; Sameera Parveen (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: The present study was contemplated to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic potentials in peels of some commercially grown Citrus fruits of South India viz, Lime (Citrus aurantifolia), Orange (Citrus reticulata), Sour Orange (Citrus aurantium), Pomello (Citrus grandis) and Citron (Citrus medica). Methods: The peel of the fruits were separated and subjected to cold extraction using 70% alcohol. The extracts obtained were screened for the presence of phytoconstituents by qualitative phytochemical analysis; the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts at 250 and 500mg/Kg body weight concentrations were assessed by in vivo Carrageenan induced rat paw edema model and in vitro HRBC membrane stabilization assay whereas Tail immersion and Hot plate methods have been used to evaluate their analgesic property. Results: The results revealed that, all extracts treated animals have shown significant decrease in paw edema volume at 3rd and 4th hour of treatment and increase in reaction time in tail immersion and hot plate readings at 120 and 150 min and are comparable to the standards. From the results it was evident that Citron peel extract exhibited significant antiinflammatory and analgesic property in all models. Preliminary phytochemical investigation revealed that extracts were bestowed with presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, alkaloids, carotenoids and phenolic compounds which might be responsible for the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. Conclusion: From the results it was evident that all citrus fruits have prominent activity in terms of parameters assessed in a dose dependent manner and are more effective in the later phase. The study thus documents that Citrus peels are good sources of anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive agents.
Keywords: Carrageenan; Citrus peel; Hot plate; HRBC; Phytochemicals; Tail immersion

Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Piperine on Gliclazide in Animal Models - Umachandar Lagisetty; Habibuddin Mohammed; Sivakumar Ramaiah (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Back Ground: The objective of the present study was to find out the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions of piperine on gliclazide in rats and rabbits. Methods: Influence of piperine on the activity of gliclazide was determined by conducting single- and multipledose interaction studies in rats (normal and diabetic) and diabetic rabbits. Blood samples collected at predetermined time intervals from experimental animals were used for the estimation of glucose and insulin levels by using automated clinical chemistry analyzer and radioimmunoassay method, respectively. β-cell function was determined by homeostasis model assessment. Additionally, serum gliclazide levels in rabbits were analyzed by highperformance liquid chromatography. Results: Gliclazide showed significant reduction in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats and rabbits. Similarly, piperine also showed significant reduction in blood glucose levels in animals. Additionally, , samples analyzed from all time points in combination with piperine showed peak reduction in blood glucose in diabetic rats and rabbits. The pharmacokinetics of gliclazide was also altered by single- or multiple-dose piperine treatments in rabbits. Conclusion: The interaction of piperine with gliclazide upon single and multiple-dose treatment was pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic in nature, indicating the need for periodic monitoring of glucose levels and dose adjustment as necessary when this combination is prescribed to diabetic patients.
Keywords: Diabetes; Drug interaction; Gliclazide; Piperine

Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological Evaluation of Hyssopus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) Collected from Kashmir Himalayas, India - Akanksha Srivastava; Kuldeep Awasthi; Bhanu Kumar; Ankita Misra; Sharad Srivastava (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Hyssopus officinalis L. is a well-known herb for its culinary and medicinal significance. The purpose of this study was to perform the pharmacognostic evaluation. Methods: Physicochemical and phytochemical analysis, HPTLC quantification and in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity were done. Results: Preliminary screening revealed the presence of phytomolecules such as alkaloid (0.99%), tannin (1.75%), sugar (1.96%) and starch (0.68%). Total phenolic and flavonoid content were found to be 2.32% and 1.16% respectively. HPTLC quantification data showed that the content of ferulic acid (0.034%) was higher than caffeic acid (0.0064%) on dry weight basis The IC50 value for the in vitro DPPH radical scavenging assay was 0.50 μg/ml and in vitro anti diabetic assay displayed IC50 value of 0.8366 mg/ml. Conclusion: The study suggests presence of considerable amount of phenolic acids and antioxidant activity in the plant which supports its use in the traditional systems of medicine.
Keywords: Antioxidant; DPPH; HPTLC; Hyssopus officinalis; Phenolic acids

Pharmacognostic Evaluation and HPTLC Finger Printing of Rhizome of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. from Nepal - Kopila Adhikari; KN Anuradha; N. Prabhu Suchitra (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F.; commonly known as Shveta Musali from the family Liliaceae is a perennial herb. It is used in Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Unani and in folklore practice as an aphrodisiac herb. Present study depicts pharmacognostic features of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. collected from Nepal. Methods: Macromicroscopic analyses, physico-chemical studies and HPTLC finger printing of rhizomes of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. were carried out according to pharmacopoeial procedures. Results: Microscopic analysis has shown presence of epidermis, cork, cortex, collenchymatous cells, starch grains, cluster crystals of calcium oxalate, idioblast, phloem, vascular bundles, pitted xylem parenchyma, sclereids, stone cells, fragment of epiblema, and acicular needles. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed presence of alkaloid, carbohydrate, carboxylic acid, resins and saponins. TLC photo-documentation revealed presence of many phyto-constituents with different Rf values and HPTLC densitometric scan of the plates showed numerous bands under short UV, long UV and 620 nm (after derivatisation). Conclusion: Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. was evaluated for its pharmacognostic features and HPTLC. These specific identities will be useful in identification and authentication of the raw drug.
Keywords: Chlorophytum borivilianum; Pharmacognostic; Phytochemical; Quality control; Shveta Musali

Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Curcumin on Diabetic Retinopathy in Alloxan-induced Diabetes through NF-KB and Brn3a Related Mechanism - Debasish Pradhan; Toffa Dasmohapatra; Gitanjali Tripathy (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Background: Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most common micro vascular complication of diabetes and involves an abnormal pathology of major retinal pigment epithelium, inter retinal oedema and intraocular neovascularisation where pro-inflammatory proteins including ICAM-1,iNOS and VEGF release by activation of enzyme CaMKII/NF-kB expression Diabetic induced oxidative stress followed by deactivation of Brn3a expression in the retinal ganglionic cells are also early events in pathogenesis of Diabetic retinopathy. These factors are important contributors to the development of clinically significant diabetic retinopathy. Objective: Objective of this study to examine the effect of curcumin with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties obtained from Curcuma longa against diabetes-induced retinal vascular damage and its mechanism of action by in-vivo in retinas of rat rendered diabetic by alloxan and in vitro in western blotting and RGC tissue culture. Method: We administered curcumin or saline vehicle to experimental animals daily for 12 weeks. Vascular permeability, expression of CaMK II/NF-kB, Retinal morphology and neuropathic change of the retinal ganglion cells were investigated. Results: As an anti-oxidant, curcumin raised Retinal Ganglionic cells by increasing Brn3a expression during oxidative stress condition and subsequently decreased the expression of inflammatory mediators such as VEGF, iNOS and ICAM-1 as an anti-inflammatory agent by inhibiting CaMKII and NF-kB expression. Conclusion: Curcumin, a common food additive has beneficial effects in experimental studies of diseases that are characterised by increased oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions. It appears to be a useful adjunct therapy to possibly inhibit the progression of retinopathy, sight threatening complication faced by diabetic patients.
Keywords: Brn3a; CaKMII; Curcumin; Inflammation; NF-KB; Oxidative stress

Pharmacognostic Standardization of an Ethnomedicinal Aquatic Herb, Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms for its Antibacterial Potentiality - Debabrata Misra; Manab Mandal; Narendra Nath Ghosh; Vivekananda Mandal (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objectives: To evaluate antibacterial potentiality, pharmacognostic characteristics and quality control parameters including heavy metals, like lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) accumulation in the aerial parts of an aquatic herb, Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms. Methods: Antibacterial assay was done by agar well diffusion method. Pharmacognostic studies like morpho-anatomical and physicochemical analyses were carried out for organoleptic, microscopic and macroscopic evaluations of living aerial parts, and powder microscopy, fluorescence, proximate and elemental analysis of the dried powder sample. Elements and heavy metals contents were determined by carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur / oxygen (CHNS/O) analyzer and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. Results: M. hastata (L.) Solms aerial parts showed antibacterial activity against gastrointestinal and topical pathogens. It exhibited an amphistomatic and hydromorphic anatomical characters. The distinguishing features were the presence of stomata in upper and lower epidermis, broad air chambers, cuticle, collateral vascular bundles, sclereidal fibres, pitted tracheids, pitted vessels, calcium oxalate crystals and annular vessels in leaf. The powder sample contained very less amount of acid insoluble ash than water soluble ash and complete absence of foreign organic matter. Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur (CHNS) ratio was 33:6:5:1 and lead content was lesser than the recommended upper limit though the arsenic content was higher than the permissible upper limit. Conclusions: Though the plant has traditionally been used as a potent Ethnomedicinal herb to cure boils, gastritis, hepatopathy and as laxative, but no such evaluation of pharmacognostic identity and quality parameters have been done so far. This is the first report on its pharmacognostic characters and quality control issues like heavy metal accumulation and physicochemical parameters for future use as powder drug.
Keywords: Fluorescence characteristics; Heavy metal accumulation; M hastata (L.) solms; Pharmacognostic standardization; Traditional medicinal plants

Pharmacognostic Studies of Psychotria rubra(Lour.)Poir. - Gengqiu Tang; Xiaojing Lin; Xiudi Lai; Xue Gong; Shengguo Ji (Pharmacog Journal, 2018)
Objective: Various traditional systems of medicine enlightened the importance of Psychotria rubra (Lour.) Poir to have a great medicinal value. The present study was carried out to provide a scientific basis of the identification and the authenticity of Psychotria rubra (Lour.) Poir with the help of pharmacognostic parameters, which is not done before. Methods: Roots, stems, and leaves of P. rubra were collected for Pharmacognostic studies involving macros, microscopic evaluation, histochemistry and physicochemical parameters analysis like Ash value, Moisture content, Fluorescence analysis and Thin Layer Chromatography et al. Results: Transverse section of root was found like stone cells, calcium oxalate crystal and vessels in circular shape. Transverse section of stem showed the presence of lenticels and stone cell bands. Transverse section of leaf vein revealed the presence of shaft type of porosity. Powder microscopy revealed the presence of cork cells, stone cells, crystals and resin, fibers, needle crystal beam, thread tracheid and scalariform tracheid. Phytochemical investigation was found like alkaloids, flavones, carbohydrates, saponins, tannins and volatile oils. Results obtained in physicochemical parameters like Total ash value, acid insoluble ash and moisture content were 9.77%, 0.68% and 1.28%, respectively. The leaching degree of P. rubra was higher in ethanol(75%, v/v) and methanol solutions than that in chloroform, petroleum ether, and tetrachloromethane solutions. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) of the extract revealed 4 spots with the Rf values 0.47, 0.46, 0.46, 0.47 with the solvent system of chloroform: methanol: water: formic acid(7:3:1:0.1). Conclusion: The observations confirmed that P. rubra has an obvious Pharmacognostic characteristics, which will be useful towards providing a reliable basis for identification, purity, quality and classification of the plant.
Keywords: Histochemistry; Identification; Pharmacognostic; Physicochemical; Poir; Psychotria rubra(Lour.)

Pharmacognostic Studies on the Root of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. - Suman Acharyya; Ranjan Padhy; Santosh Kumar Dash (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Purpose: To undertake the pharmacognostic studies of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. Root for the purpose of identification and differentiation from related species. Methods: The macroscopic and microscopic features of the root were studied, including the use of powder microscopy with the aid of suitable tools and reagents. Physicochemical parameters such as ash value, extractive value and weight loss on drying were also determined. The root powder was successively extracted with different solvents followed by preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts. Results: Macro- and micro-scopic studies revealed cork i.e. the layer of periderm present above the cortex along with lenticels. The periderm is many layered membranous with irregularly fissured crevices containing phellum and phellogen. Secondary phloem is comparatively massive without lignified tissues i.e. bast fibres and contains sieve tubes, phloem parenchyma, many enriched with starch grains. The secondary xylem lignified mingled with medullary rays, vessels, parenchyma and wood fibers. Preliminary phytochemical screening of different extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrate, protein, gum, steroid, tri-terpenoid, saponin, flavonoid and tannin in the root. Conclusion: The findings of this study facilitate pharmacognostic standardization of the plant material and add clues in the preparation of herbal monographs for Phyto pharmacopeia.
Keywords: Anthocephalus cadamba; Kadamba; Macroscopic; Microscopic; Pharmacognostic studies; Phytochemical; Root

Pharmacognostic Study of Leaves of Hedeoma patens - Laura Aracely Contreras-Angulo; Denisse Vega-Gaxiola; Alexis Emus-Medina; Jose Basilio Heredia (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Oregano is a plant consumed as a spice and used to a lesser extent as a medicinal plant for the treatment of respiratory and stomach diseases, among others. Oregano is made up of a large number of species and is currently under study for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic properties. However, pharmacognostic studies of some wild species are lacking. Methods: The present research aims to identify taxonomically and to evaluate the morphological characteristics of Hedeoma patens, a plant used as oregano in Mexico. Results: The specimens were identified as Hedeoma patens J. and their main morphological features were trichome-pelted sites for synthesis of essential oils. Conclusion: The plant used in Badiraguato, Sinaloa is Hedeoma patens J. and the structures that synthesize phenolic compounds and essential oils could suggest a potential use of this plant and will form a basis for future research.
Keywords: Bioactives; Chemical/ Nutraceutical Industries; Essential oils; Hedeoma patens J; Oregano; Pharmacognostic

Pharmacognostic Study of Leaves of Hedeoma patens - Laura Aracely Contreras-Angulo; Denisse Vega-Gaxiola; Alexis Emus-Medina; Jose Basilio Heredia (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Oregano is a plant consumed as a spice and used to a lesser extent as a medicinal plant for the treatment of respiratory and stomach diseases, among others. Oregano is made up of a large number of species and is currently under study for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic properties. However, pharmacognostic studies of some wild species are lacking. Methods: The present research aims to identify taxonomically and to evaluate the morphological characteristics of Hedeoma patens, a plant used as oregano in Mexico. Results: The specimens were identified as Hedeoma patens J. and their main morphological features were trichome-pelted sites for synthesis of essential oils. Conclusion: The plant used in Badiraguato, Sinaloa is Hedeoma patens J. and the structures that synthesize phenolic compounds and essential oils could suggest a potential use of this plant and will form a basis for future research. Key words: Essential oils, Bioactives, Hedeoma patens J, Oregano, Pharmacognostic, Chemical/ Nutraceutical Industries.

Pharmacognostical and Physicochemical Studies of Enhalus acoroides (L.F.) Royle (Rhizome) - Supattra Klangprapun; Benjaporn Buranrat; Wanida Caichompoo; Somsak Nualkaew (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: The rhizome of Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle is used in traditional medicine for treatment of many diseases e.g. muscle pains, wounds and stomach problems where pharmacognostical studies are lacking. Many chemical constituents; luteolin, apigenin, luteolin glycosides, stigmasterol, daucosterol have been reported. The aim of this work was to perform a pharmacognostical evaluation. Methods: Macroscopical, microscopical and physicochemical parameters were assessed. Results: E. acoroides has characteristic morphology. Microscopical studies indicated the presence of vessels, fiber, parenchyma cells, sclereids, tracheids and trichomes. Physicochemical parameters of E. acoroides rhizome; foreign matter, loss on drying and total ash content were measured. As well as chemical investigation through TLC and HPLC were specified. Conclusion: The present study of E. acoroides rhizome provides useful information that can serve as a diagnostic tool for the standardization of E. acoroides and will be helpful in characterization of the crude drug in the market.
Keywords: Enhalus acoroides; Macroscopic; Microscopic; Pharmacognostic; Specification; standardization

Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Analysis on Leaves of Homalium ceylanicum (Gardn.) Benth. - Acharya Rabinarayan; Jani Switu; Chinappa Rudrappa; Shukla Vinay (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: Kakhara, Dhanimari or Kakhda is one of the folklore plant of Odisha, which has been identified as Homalium ceylanicum (Gardn.) Benth. (Syn. H. zeylanicum) belonging to family Salicaceae (Flacourtiaceae). The leaves and bark of the plant is used in rheumatism, diabetes and wound healing. Review of literature revealed that the scientific evaluation on various parts of the plants has not been carried out, hence the present study has been designed to study leaves of Homalium ceylanicum Benth. For its morphology, anatomy, physiochemical and phytochemical aspects. Methods: The leaves samples were collected from Gandhamardana hills, Odisha, in month of September 2016, herbarium was provided with herbarium reference no. phm/6216/2016-17 and also certified by BSI Kolkata. Macroscopic observations were made with naked eyes and centimeter scale was used to measure the leaf size. Microscopy of leaf, Stomatal index and powder microscopy was done as per standard protocol. Physicochemical and qualitative analysis were done following standard API protocols. Results: Leaves are simple, alternate, with crenate margin and petiole is pubescent. T.S. of petiole shows boat shaped with two protruding arms supported by 2 meristele. The schematic diagram of T.S. of petiole shows somewhat orbicular to boat shaped with two arms protruding supporting two meristele in each arm. Stomatal index is 15.94-16.91, powder is bitter with leafy aroma, microscopic shows paracyctic stomata key character of genus. LOD is 8.66 ± 0.72 and carbohydrates are present in both extracts. Conclusion: the anatomical characters and values obtained from analytical study can help in standardization.
Keywords: Anukta Dravya; Flacourtiaceae; Homalium ceylanicum; Leaf; Salicaceae

Pharmacognostical Evaluation of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. from Uttarakhand - Devesh Tewari; Archana Negi Sah; Sweta Bawari (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: Rhododendron arboreum Sm. commonly known as Burans is an important plant of the Himalayan region. It is the national flower of Nepal and state tree of Uttarakhand. The present study pertains to the pharmacognostical evaluation of R. arboreum from Uttarakhand. Methods: Macroscopy, microscopy by free hand section cutting and with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were done along with the physicochemical analysis. Preliminary phytochemical studies and fluorescence analysis was also carried out. Results: Results revealed that the leaves contain paracytic or amphiparacytic stomata in cluster form. The epidermal cells were long and spongy. The cells also contain some grooves and papillae throughout the surface. Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of different secondary metabolites like alkaloids carbohydrates, phenols, proteins, saponins, and tannins. Conclusion: R. arboreum from Uttarakhand region was investigated for its morphological and cytological characteristics with the help of scanning electron microscopy for the first time. The results provide details on the presence of several specific characters which are important for the identification of the genuine crude drug.
Keywords: Burans; Himalaya; microscopy; Phytochemical; SEM

Pharmacognostical Study of Ixora coccinea Flower - Bindu Gopalkrishnan; Roy Chiranjeev (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: The medicinal values of Ixora coccinea Linn. (Raktaka) has been recorded since ancient times. It belongs to family Rubiaceae. The roots and leaves are used in treating various ailments. The flower too has therapeutic potentials. Although the flowers are used as medicine by traditional healers it is not known too many. The current study is carried out to provide scientific details in the identification and the authenticity of I. coccinea Linn. floral parts with the help of pharmacognostical standards. Methods: Pharmacognosy of Ixora coccinea flower parts was carried out by macroscopy, microscopy, histochemistry, powder study, proximate analysis and preliminary phytochemical studies. Results: The macroscopic detail of the flower is calyx persistent; corolla scarlet orange with long corolla tube; the stamen alternipetalous and gynoecium bicarpellary with basal placentation. The transverse section of flower passing through corolla, corolla tube, calyx and ovary showed the presence of unicellular trichomes, cells of anthocyanin pigments, oil globules, calcium oxalate crystals and paracytic stomata. Powder microscopy showed the presence of oil globules, calcium oxalate crystals, anthocyanin pigments, starch grains, unicellular trichomes, stomata, vessels etc. Physicochemical studies revealed total ash (3.1%), acid insoluble ash (0.2%), water soluble ash (1.25%), alcohol soluble extractive value (11.25%) and water soluble extractive value (12%) respectively. Histochemistry and Preliminary phytochemical screening goes concurrent with the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, etc. Conclusion: The observations confirmed that in Ixora coccinea each floral whorl has its diagnostic characters. These will help in identification, authenticity and to put forth the pharmacopoeial standards of the said plant.
Keywords: Flower; Ixora coccinea; Pharmacognosy; Pharmacopeia; Raktaka; Rubiaceae

Pharmacognostical-physico-chemical Evaluation and Development of HPTLC Finger print for Cichorium intybus L. fruits - Achintya Kumar Mandal; Shakila Ramachandran; Kallingilkalathil Gopi Divya; Mattumal Rubeena; Koppala Narayana Sunil Kumar; Parameswaran Sathiyarajeswaran (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Introduction: Many herbal medicines are lacking pharmacognostical, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological data even though used widely for medicinal purposes. Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae) – chicory is an ancient folklore medicine. Various parts of these plants are in use for a wide range of ailments including those affecting liver and kidney. The aim of the current study is to standardize the fruit of C. intybus for macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical parameters, TLC photo documentation along with development of HPTLC fingerprint profiles. Methods: Following standard pharmacopoeial procedures, detailed macro-microscopic characterization along with preliminary phytochemical features of the drug has been recorded from the current study. Results: Macro-microscopic study has revealed the authenticity of this medicinal achene type fruit. Physico-chemical and HPTLC studies revealed constants for identification and authentication of fruits of C. intybus. Conclusion: The current study will serve as a reference tool for quality maintenance, authentication as well as scientific validation of chicory fruits.
Keywords: Chicory fruits; Monograph; Quality control; standardization