Efficacy of Allium sativum, Curcuma mangga and Acorus calamus Extract Combination on Rat Fertility - Bayyinatul Muchtaromah; Roihatul Muti’ah; Desy Rahma Yusmalasari; Putri Mardyana; Tanjina Sharmin (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Objective: to evaluate the efficacy of Allium sativum, Curcuma mangga, and Acorus calamus extract combination on female rat fertility. Methods: Thirty-six female rats were randomized divided into 9 groups (n=4): C- (no treatment); C+ (clomiphene citrate); composition 1 (A. sativum 36%: C. mangga 36%: A. calamus 28%) with 3 doses i.e T1, T2 & T3 of 50, 75 & 100 mg/kg BW; composition 2 (A. sativum 35%: C. mangga 40%: A. calamus 25%) with 3 doses i.e T4, T5 & T6 of 50, 75 & 100 mg/kg BW and T7 (Subur Kandungan herb™). Treatment was given every day for 15 days. Results: The results revealed that all treatments affected reproductive hormone and uterine histology profile. However, T1 produced the highest estrogen and progesterone levels, and T2 produced the highest endometrial and myometrium thickness, as well as the number of endometrial glands. Furthermore, the hormonal profile in T1 and histological profile of uterus in T2 were not significantly different from those of T7 group. Conclusions: Combined A. sativum, C. mangga, and A. calamus extracts could be used to increase fertility in female rat. The most effective treatment in this study was dose of 50-75 mg/BW in both compositions.
Keywords: Acorus calamus; Allium sativum; Curcuma mangga; Fertility; Rat

Encouraging Leads from Marine Sources for Cancer Therapy A Review Approach - N Srinivasan; S Dhanalakshmi; P Pandian (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Cancer is one of the dreadful illnesses that cause mortality in many individuals around the world. Present cancer treatments generally include surgery, radiation therapy with chemotherapy. One of the primary sources of anticancer drugs are natural products that exhibit impressive potential in medicines. Plant and microbial secondary metabolites are an important source for cancer drug development. The ocean has an immense collection of flora and fauna overflowing with natural compounds having potent pharmaceutical significance. Marine bioprospecting has just started recently hence, marine ecosystem has not yet been explored properly. Nearly 68 percent of the drugs derived from marine sources are utilized for cancer and the remaining are utilized for inflammation, pain relief etc. Ongoing advancement in synthetic processes has helped in solving the limitations caused due to the complicated structure of natural products. Unlimited potent sources of compounds that can be isolated having diverse structures are found in the marine biodiversity. Only 1% of the marine microorganisms have been distinguished till now. Coral reefs and mangrove ecosystem have been focused for bioprospecting on the grounds that they have an elevated level of biodiversity. This review focuses on pharmacologically active anti-cancer lead discovery from marine ecosystem. The review has also tried to describe the structure
Keywords: Algae; Anti-cancer activity; Marine sponges; Natural sources

Endangered Medicinal Plant Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr A Review - Vijay Danapur; Haleshi C; Sringeswara AN (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr. (Menispermaceae), is a large woody liana found in moist deciduous to the evergreen forest at an altitude of 350-1200m. It is well suited to wet evergreen, semi evergreen, deciduous and dry deciduous forest types. Stem and root of this species are highly medicinal and is sold in the drug sales of India as Maramanjal and Europe as False Calumba or tree turmeric. The stem is bitter, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, febrifuge and tonic and is useful in vitiated conditions of kapha and vata, ophthalmopathy, wounds, ulcers, diabetes, fever, and general debility. Due to destructive collection, overexploitation and habitat loss, the plant is on the verge of extinction in the wild. It is categorized as critically endangered in India, Vulnerable in Vietnam, and Indeterminate in Sri Lanka and Malaysia1-47. Therefore an overview of this plant on pharmacognosy, pharmacology, safety and toxicity is presented below along with HPLC details of Berberine the active ingredient in the stem and root of the plant.
Keywords: Berberine Pharmacognosy; Coscinium fenestratum Menispermaceae

An Endangered Medicinal Plant, Ilex khasiana Exhibits Potent Antiparasitic Activity Against Intestinal Tapeworm - Charles Lalnunfela; PB Lalthanpuii; TC Lalhriatpuii; K Lalchhandama (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: A species of holly, Ilex khasiana Purk. (family Aquifoliaceae) is one of a few critically endangered medicinal plants in India. It is endemic to Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, and Aizawl, Mizoram. In the traditional medicines of Khasi and Mizo people, the leaves are used as a panacea for all sorts of infections. Nothing is known about its true pharmacological potentials. Objective: We aimed to assess the extract of I. khasiana leaves for its purported antiparasitic property. To test the antiparasitic activity, we collected intestinal tapeworms, Raillietina tetragona. Materials and Methods: I. khasiana leaves were dried and extracted in methanol. The plant extract was used to treat the tapeworms at different concentrations. The efficacy was recorded as survival values and were analysed by Student’s t-test. The plant extracttreated tapeworms were fixed, dehydrated and observed under scanning electron microscopy for studying the structural details. Results: The methanol extract of I. khasiana leaf showed dose-dependent antiparasitic effect as that of albendazole. The treated tapeworms developed massive structural damages. The scolex was deformed, with its tegument extensively damaged. The suckers had their spines clumped. The body segments severely contracted and some portions were eroded. Hair-like microtriches were completely lost. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that I. khasiana has antiparasitic activity and requires further investigations, and that there is a need to foster its conservation and propagation.
Keywords: Medicinal plant; Parasite; Scanning electron microscopy; Tapeworm; Tegument

Establishment of Simple Cell-based Screening Assay and the Identification of Potent Antiviral Activity of a Plant Extract against HSV-1 - Ratika Rahmasari; Takahiro Haruyama; Muhareva Raekiansyah; Farhana Mossadeque; Marina Ika Irianti; Ayun Erwina Arifianti; Nobuyuki Kobayashi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Backgrounds: Drug screening is a time-consuming and costly process confronted with low productivity and challenges in using animals, which limits the discovery of new drugs. The cellbased assay allows the minimization of using the animal models and can provide more relevant in vivo biological information than biochemical assay. Objective: We aimed to establish a simple cell-based screening assay for the discovery of lead extract against HSV-1. Materials and Methods: Assay setting up was performed by optimization of the cell, incubation time, virus titer, and determination of Z value. Results: We have successfully established reproducible methods, by setting up assay plate including determination: 1) Vero cells as a model for HSV-1 infection, 2) Incubation for 5 days as sufficient time for CPE endpoint at monolayer cells, 3) 100 TCID50/well HSV-1 as infection titer which caused high percentage of cell detachment, 4) determination of Z value of 100 TCID50/well infection > 0.5. In addition, the established system was tested using ACV as the most common anti-HSV drug. Furthermore, we demonstrated the current system to screen extracts from Acacia nilotica, Uncaria gambir and Aspalathus linearis against HSV-1. It was observed that the alkaline extract of Uncaria gambir exhibited the highest SI (12.5) compared to other extracts. Conclusion: We demonstrated current cellbased screening system was reproducible and able to identify lead extracts against HSV-1 infection.
Keywords: HSV-1; Natural product activity; Simple cell-based screening

Estrogenic Effect of the Leaves from Katuk (Sauropus androgynus L. Merr) on Vaginal and Endometrial Atrophy in Perimenopausal Mice - Retno Susilowati; Lailatul Khoiriyah; Exma Mutatal Hikmah (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Objective: To examine the potency of estrogenic effect of Katuk (or star gooseberry or sweet leaf) Sauropus androgynus L. Merr (Phyllanthaceae) leaf extract on the vaginal and endometrial atrophy in perimenopausal mice model. Methods: Completely random experiments divided into 4 groups with 5 female mice in each group: control group (N), perimenopause group which induced by 4-vynil cyclohexene dioxide (VCD) (P0), perimenopause group followed by S. androgynus leaves extract administration with 15 and 30 mg/kg BW (P15 and P30). The mice were induced to artificial perimenopause with 160 mg/kg body weight (BW) of VCD 5 times/week for 2 weeks and continuously treated with S. androgynus leaf extract for 30 days. Vaginal smear examination, maturation index (MI), vaginal epithelium and endometrial thickness were observed. Data were analyzed using a standard one-way ANOVA with LSD Test by SPSS 16.0 for Windows. Results: Administration of S. androgynus leaf extract for 30 days to perimenopausal mice model significantly decreased the duration of mice diestrus phase (p<0.01) compared to perimenopause mice. S. androgynus leaf extract treatment at dose 30 mg/kg BW led to higher vaginal epithelium thickness and maturation index compared to another group (p<0.01). The effective dose to enhance the vaginal epithelial and endometrial cells proliferation was 30 mg/ kg BW. Conclusions: S. androgynus leaf extract had a good estrogenic action that it might be useful for therapy of vaginal and endometrial atrophy caused by perimenopause effect.
Keywords: Endometrial atrophy; Estrogenic effect; Laboratory mice; Perimenopause; S. androgynus leaf extract; Vaginal atrophy

Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potential of Cycas revoluta Thunb A Review - GS Deora; Monika K Shekhawat; Sarswati (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Cycas revoluta Thunb. or sago palm is an important species of cycads, endemically found in Japan, especially in southern Japan throughout the Ryukyu Island. The species is of massive ethnobotanical significance and used at large by the poor people and population of hilly areas in famine condition. It is mainly valued for its starch contains and used as fiber to construct cloth and ropes. It shows several pharmacological activities since different parts of this plant contain several chemicals like glycosides, amino acids, flavonoids, fatty acids and lectins. The aim of the present review is to compile all the informations available related to taxonomy, ethnobotany, chemical constituents and their pharmacological activities to explore the importance of C. revoluta.
Keywords: Cycas revoluta; Endemic species; Ethnobotany; Pharmacology; Phytochemistry

Ethnobotany and Traditional Knowledge of Acanthaceae in Peninsular Malaysia A Review - Siti Maisarah Zakaria; Che Nurul Aini Che Amri; Rozilawati Shahari (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Plants are considered as a great source of various herbal medicines which are been useful in the treatment of various ailments and diseases. A great contribution of plant-based materials in the pharmaceutical field results in the growing interest on the exploitation of indigenous medicinal plants to make a potential medicine. Several potent plant families are broadly investigated throughout the world including the family of Acanthaceae. Acanthaceae is a large pantropical family of flowering plants comprised of approximately 240 genera and 3250 species in the world. In Peninsular Malaysia, Acanthaceae is one of the families with the largest number of genera and species by which 29 genera and 158 species are respectively recorded. This study thereby deals with the review of information on the ethnobotanical significance of medicinal plants belong to Acanthaceae. This review covers informative data on medicinal plants, its uses and part used based on three tribal groups of indigenous people, Malay villagers and local market traders in Peninsular Malaysia. From the review, Acanthaceae possesses a huge contribution to the ethnobotanical part especially to treat certain diseases. The ethnobotanical data has also served a great contribution to the conservation and sustainability of natural resources. By keeping this point, this present review on ethnobotany and traditional knowledge of Acanthaceae is expected to give benefits and considered a good starting point for future works on the pharmaceutical field, especially for Peninsular Malaysia.
Keywords: Acanthaceae; Ethnobotany; Medicinal plants; Traditional Knowledge

Evaluation of Antidiarrhoeal Activity of the Leaves and Stem of Bauhinia vahlii - Divaker Shukla; Kavita Gahlot (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the antidiarrhoeal activity of the traditional claim of Bauhinia vahlii Wight and Arn. Method: Dried ethanolic extracts of leaves and stem of the plant were used at two dose level (200 mg/ kg and 400 mg/kg p.o) screened separately for their antidiarrhoeal activity by Castor oil induced diarrhea and enteropooling in rats model. Result: The leaves extracts showed significant (p<0.001) antidiarrhoeal activity at 400 mg/kg in both the tested models. Conclusion: The findings of the present study provide clear idea and prove the traditional claim that ethanolic extracts of the leaves and stem of Bauhinia vahlii (EEBVL and EEBVS).
Keywords: Antidiarrhoeal activity; Bauhinia vahlii; Castor oil induced diarrhea; Castor oil induced enteropooling

Evaluation of Myrmecodia pendans Water Extracts on Hematology Profiles, Liver, Kidney Function and Malondialdehyde Level in Healthy Volunteer - Tri Widyawati; M Aron Pase; Milahayati Daulay; Imam Bagus Sumantri; Nor Adlin Yusoff (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Ant Nest (Myrmecodia pendans) is one of plants that have been used by locals in Indonesia to empirically treat various diseases. Ant Nest in vitro and in vivo studies on animals have been widely reported its pharmacological activities as an antioxidant. Unfortunately, scientific proofs reported on this plant as human medicine are still lacking. Aim: This study aimed to ensure effectiveness, and safety due to administration of Ant Nest Water Extract (ANWE) formulated in capsule. Materials and Methods: Twelve volunteers were divided into 2 groups, 6 volunteers in each group. Group I: Ant Nest Water Extract Capsule (ANWEC) in dose of 350 mg ANWE, and group II: Placebo Capsule (PC) which contained 350 mg amylum. Each groups given the capsule once daily for 28 days. The comparison was made between group I and group II. Hematology tests include hemoglobin, leucocyte and thrombocyte. Blood chemistry tests include SGOT, SGPT, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, glucose, ureum (Ur) and creatinine (Cr). Malondialdehyde (MDA) level was measured at day-28 which was the last day of the intervention. Results: After 28 days administration of ANWE, the SGOT, SGPT, Ur, and Cr showed in normal level as follows SGOT (U/L): 19.2 ± 3.99; SGPT (U/L): 17.2 ± 6.80; Ur (mg/dL): 19.75 ± 3.66; Cr (mg/dL): 1.06 ± 0.13. MDA (ng/mL) level in ANWEC-treated group was significantly lower (117.2±23.8) than PC (147.25±18.7). There was no intolerable complaints during the observation. Conclusion: The study concluded that Water Extract of Ant Nest 350 mg has no damage to liver, kidney and hematology, so it was proven that this plant is safed to be consumed by human for its potency as antioxidant.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Malondialdehyde; Myrmecodia pendans; Safety

Evaluation of Traditional Herb Extract Salvia officinalis in Treatment of Alzheimers Disease - Sanjana Datta; Shailendra Patil (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Aim and Objective: Alzheimer’s disease is progressive neurodegenerative disorder which affects older individuals. It is the most common cause of dementia and it is associated with the presence of senile plaques which are deposition of beta- amyloidal protein in the hippocampus area of the brain. Medicinal plants have played vital role in world health. In spite of the great advances observed in modern medicine in recent decades, plants still make an important contribution to health care. The present study is done to evaluate Salvia officinalis, for in vivo study on Alzheimer’s disease induced mice. Materials and Methodology: Memory Enhancing Activity, Conditioned avoidance test, Y-maze spontaneous alternation test, Elevated Plus Maze, Morris Water Maze, Measurement of Locomotor Activity were done to assess memory and cognitive functioning. The isolated brain homogenate is estimated for reduced glutathione content, Acetyl cholinesterase Activity, Superoxide dismutase assay (SOD), Lipid peroxidation assay (TBARS), Glutathione peroxidase assay (GSH-Px) and Histopathology examination of brain was performed and analyzed. Results and Discussion: The elevated level of enzymes and decreased level of tissue antioxidant markers were observed in treatment comparative to piracetam treatment group. While 300 mg/kg extract significantly reduced the elevated levels of the enzymes and also significantly increased the tissue antioxidant levels, while decreased the glutathione levels when compared with the control. Conclusion: The histopathological study confirmed the recovery. The herbal extract (150 and 300 mg/kg) has shown effectiveness against Alzheimer’s disease.
Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Histopathological assessment; Locomotor activity; Salvia officinalis

Expression of Heat-labile Enterotoxin of Escherichia coli in Biolistic Transformed Hairy Roots of Daucus carota L. - Sharada Laxman Deore; Someshekhar S Khadabadi; Bhushan A Baviskar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Expression and secretion of recombination proteins in transgenic hairy roots have opened door to simple, feasible and economic option compared to animal and bacterial systems. Here, we report a feasibility study for producing the nontoxic B subunit of Escherichia coli heatlabile enterotoxin (LTB) in Daucus carota L hairy root where transformation is achieved by biolistic gene gun method. Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain (R-1000) cells containing synthetic LTB gene in pMYO51T plant expression vector under the CaMV 35S promoter introduced to Daucus carota L roots by biolistic gene gun method. PCR amplification confirmed the integration of synthetic LTB gene in carrot hairy roots. Western blot analysis confirmed production of LTB pentamer in similar banding pattern to the native bacterial derived LTB. 0.50-0.70% of LTB protein estimated in carrot hairy roots. GM1-ganglioside assay indicated formation of biological active pentamers. LTB protein with biochemical properties identical to native LTB protein in the hairy roots of edible carrot roots opens the way for inexpensive, safe, and effective plant-based edible vaccines for humans and animals.
Keywords: Carrot; Gene gun; hairy root; LTB

The Extract of Kincung Flower (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) Activity to Decrease IL-4 and IgE Levels in Type I Hypersensitivity White Male Mice - Elidahanum Husni; Relin Yesika; Yufri Aldi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Kincung Flower (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) is a herbal plant which contains many secondary metabolites. It showed to suppress allergic reactions by inhibiting mast cell degranulation, active cutaneous anaphylaxis and decreasing the number of basophils and eosinophils. Aim: The study conducted to determine the decreased IL-4 and IgE level of type I hypersensitivity male white mice using kincung flowers extract. Materials and Methods: The maceration method used to make ethanol extract of Kincung flower (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.). The research used 25 allergic male white mice, which made by injected 20% albumen that given on the first day 0.2 mL/20 g intraperitoneally. On the seventh day are given albumen with the same dose subcutaneously. The characteristic of the allergic mice is the redness at the injection site. It divided into five groups: the negative control group, the positive control group and three dose groups (100; 300; and 1000 mg/kg). After mice given extract for seven days, then measured IgE and IL-4 levels in the serum of mice. Results: The results after three dose groups (100; 300; and 1000 mg/kg) given, the negative and positive control group showed sequentially the IL-4 level was: 33.024; 27.933; 25.192; 23.130 and 41.538 ng/ mL. And IgE level in serum was 0.944; 0.629; 0.210; and 1,597 μg/ mL. Conclusion: It concluded that kincung flowers decreased IL-4 and IgE level significantly (p<0.05). So it could use as an anti-allergic drug.
Keywords: Allergies; Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm; IgE; IL-4; Kincung Flower; Mice

Extraction of Quercetin from Nothopanax scutellarium Leaves via Ionic Liquid-based Microwave-assisted Extraction - Ika Aulia Rahmi; Mahdi Jufri; Abdul Mun’im (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Nothopanax scutellarium leaves have been used in Indonesian traditional medicine to treat several diseases. Previous studies used conventional extraction methods with large volumes of organic solvents, long extraction times, and low levels of quercetin content. This study was aimed to identify the optimal solvent among different ionic liquids that has the highest quercetin content. Methods: Ionic liquids including 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, for extracting quercetin from N. scutellarium leaves using microwave-assisted extraction under the following conditions: ratio, 1:10; operation time, 10 min; and power, 10 W. Then, quercetin was fractionated using ethyl acetate and separated using 0.01 mol/L sodium bocarbonate, dipotassium phosphate or sodium cloride. The total flavonoid content was determined using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and quercetin content was determined using HPLC. Results: Extraction with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride using NaCl as the separation salt was associated with the highest total flavonoid (360.57 mg/g) content among the ILs, whereas 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate combined with sodium chloride generated the highest quercetin content (26.13 mg/g). Conclusion: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate is the optimal solvent for extracting quercetin from N. scutellarium leaves.
Keywords: Flavonoid; Green extraction; Green technology; Ionic liquid; Mangkokan Leaf

Formulation and Evaluation of Safety and Antifungal Efficacy of Syzigium Aromaticum-Base Cream on Guinea Pigs Infected with Trichophyton Mentagrophytes - Roger Ducos Youmsi Fokouo; Patrick Valere Tsouh Fokou; Cedric Derick Jiatsa Mbouna; Elisabeth Zeuko’o Menkem; Fabrice Fekam Boyom (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: The increasing incidence of dermatophytoses in the world and the side effects of the current therapies encouraged the search of alternative drugs. Hence the objective of this work was to determine antidermatophytes activity of Syzigium aromaticum formulate antidermatophytic cream. Materials and Methods: The extracts were prepared by maceration of plant materials into methanol. Three formulations of creams were made, and the best was chosen according to its physicochemical stability and appearance. The acute dermal toxicity and antidermatophytic efficacy of the cream was performed on guinea-pig. Results: The methanolic extract of S. aromaticum was incorporated in the final cream formulation. The formulation containing shea-butter 58.5%, acetylic alcohol 2.5%, stearic acid 1.5%, bee-wax 10%, borax 1.5%, polysorbate 60 2.5%, 2 drops of lactic acid and water was chosen because of its good appearance and stability. The cream with methanolic extract of S. aromaticum did not reveal any dermal toxic effect. The cream efficacy was dose-dependent. The treatment with cream at 5% methanolic extracts of S. aromaticum revealed the best potency after 14 days of treatment. Conclusion: These results show that the cream at 5% methanolic extract of S. aromaticum seed is promising in the treatment of dermatophytoses and could be used as an alternative in the development of a new therapy.
Keywords: Antidermatophytes activity; Cream; Dermatophytes; Formulation; S. aromaticum; Toxicity

Formulation of Creams Containing Active Fraction of Cassia fistula L. Barks and its Antibacterial Activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa; Muhaimin Muhaimin; Yasmiwar Susilawati; Tiana Milanda (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Cassia fistula L. has been traditionally used to cure skin diseases. That disease can be caused by various bacteria, such as Propionibacterium acnes and Pseudomonas aerugniosa. Objective: the objective of this research was to formulate cream containing active fraction of Cassia fistula bark and to study the antibacterial activity as well as physical stability of the active substance after formulation. Materials and Methods: The cream base were oilin- water (O/W) and water in oil (W/O) type. Antibacterial activity test had been performed by using agar diffusion method. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were conducted by microdilution method. The active fraction was formulated into creams with concentration of 4 -6x MIC. Physical evaluation of creams including organoleptic, pH, viscosity, TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) profiling and antibacterial activity against both tested bacteria were evaluated during 28 days of storage. Results: The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction was the most active, having MIC and MBC values of 175 and 350 ppm respectively against P. acnes, while those against P. aeruginosa were 400 and 800 ppm. Optimation on creams using different type of cream bases showed that either O/W or W/O creams remained stable during 28 days of storage in terms of organoleptic and pH. The viscosity increased in O/W and decreased in W/O type. Qualitative analysis by TLC profiling showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of Cassia fistula as chemical compounds in creams was relatively stable as the profile remained the same after 28th day of storage. Result of antibacterial activity test on cream with O/W base was unchange after 28 day, while that with W/O revealed no activity which may due to poor diffusion within the cream base as media. Conclusion: active fraction of Cassia fistula can be formulated into cream with O/W cream base system.
Keywords: Antibacteria; Cassia fistula; Cream; Propionibacterium Acnes; Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Fumaria indica (L), a Famous Medicinal Herb of Tribal Regions of Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh: Broad Spectrum Antibacterial and Phytochemical Profilng Against Some Pathogenic Microorganisms - Shoket Ali; Shikha Bansal; Ravi Prakash Mishra (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
This work describes the broad spectrum antibacterial properties of methanolic and chloroform extracts of Fumaria indica herb in different concentrations (50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml and 150 mg/ ml) against Bacillus subtilis(MTCC 10110), Staphylococcus aureus(MTCC96), Escherichia coli (MTCC 77), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC1688) and Klebsiella pneumonia (MTCC4032) using agar well diffusion method compared to standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Results have shown significant activities against the tested microorganisms viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa than other strains. Minimum inhibitory as well as minimum bactericidal concentrations against Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia were evaluated. The study indicates the possible potentiality of F. indicato act as an active antibacterial agent in the modern drug formulations. As the target plant species serves for the tribal medicinal purpose in several tribal regions of Madhya Pradesh, hence, the aim of the present study is to link comparatively the possible traditional use of this herb with the modern antibiotic usage.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity; Fumaria indica; Phytochemicals; Tribes; Zone of Inhibition

Garlic and its Active Compounds: A Novel Strategy to Fight Diseases Through Modulating Biological Activities - Faris Alrumaihi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Throughout history, many plants and their products have been widely used as medicines for the prevention and treatment of different diseases in many cultures. Garlic (Allium sativum), is commonly used as a spice and traditionally used for its medicinal value since ancient times. Recent studies support the effects of garlic and its extracts in a wide range of applications. Due to the presence of sulfur containing compounds, high trace mineral content and enzymes, garlic has been reported to have implications in disease management and play a role as anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-obesity, anti-oxidant and anti-tumor, dyslipidaemia effect, neuroprotective, cardio-preventive and photo-protection effects. It contains various active compound such as allicin, ajoene, diallyl disulfide and S-allyl-cysteine that modulates various biological cascades and prevent the pathogenesis. This review illustrates the role of garlic and their active ingredients in the health management based on in vivo and in vitro studies.
Keywords: Ajoene; Allicin; Anti-cancer; Anti-inflammatory Effect; Anti-oxidant; Diallyl disulfide; Garlic

GC-MS Analysis of Anti-Enterobacterial Dichloromethane Fraction of Mandukaparni (Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb.) – A plant from Ayurveda - Manab Mandal; Debabrata Misra; Narendra Nath Ghosh; Sukhendu Mandal; Vivekananda Mandal (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Mandukaparni (Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb.) is a well known medicinal herb used as folklore medcine in many chronic and infectious gastric and other diseases by the people of Estern Himalayan regions. However, the therapeutic active principles of this plant remained unknown. Objective: The main objective of the study was to characterize antienterobacterial dichloromethane fraction of the volatile oils of it by GC-MS. Materials and Methods: In the present study, dichloromethane (DCM) fraction (MP-DCMf) of Mandukaparni was collected by phase separation of the methanol extract and tested for anti-enterobacterial potentiality against human pathogenic gastrointestinal and food poisoning bacteria by agar well diffusion assay, viability assay and LDH assay and SEM studies. Characterization of the active MP-DCMf fraction was performed by TLC and GC-MS analysis. Results: The MP-DCMf possessed bio-active compounds that have antibacterial potentiality against both the Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria. The MIC and MBC values were in the range from 1.56 mg/ml to 0.78 mg/ml and 6.25 to 1.56 mg/ml, respectively. The time kill assay showed that at a dose of 3.12 mg/ml of MP-DCMf was lethal to the E. coli MTCC 723 at the 18th hr of treatment. LDH release had moderate positive correlation with the activity index and time of treatment whereas strong negative correlation with CFU count. It caused highest cell disruption in S. mutans. The principal compounds were D-carvon (30.949%);1H-Isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione; 2-(2-chlorophenyl) (28.483%);Cyclohexanone; 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethen) trans (10.04%); D-Limnone (9.256%);2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl- acetate (6.684%); p-Cresol (0.551%), and Thymol (0.118%). Pub-chem database search also supports that these compounds have very strong bactericidal activity by membrane damage as evidenced by LDH and SEM studies. Conclusions: MP-DCMf contains many potential antibacterial compounds that can be used to combat the gastrointestinal and food poising bacterial pathogens.
Keywords: Anti-enterobacterial; Chemical profiling; Mandukaparni; Time kill assay; Volatile oils

Grapes and their Bioactive Compounds: Role in Health Management Through Modulating Various Biological Activities - Saleh A Almatroodi; Ahmad Almatroudi; Mohammed A Alsahli; Arshad Husain Rahman (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Grape is one of the important plant and its implication in health management has been proven. Grapes are used in the production of grape juice, food products and in other form. The fruits leaves and seeds of the plant are confirmed its role in diseases management based on in vivo and in vitro study. Leaves, fruits and seeds of grape are rich source of bioactive compounds and such compound play role in diseases cure and management. Grapes leaves, fruits and seeds shows therapeutic implications as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective effect and antimicrobial. Grapes leave, fruit and seed and their active compounds play significant role in inhibition of cancer. Its bioactive compound has designated its role in tumour management through modulating genes activity. This review comprehensively summarizes the role of grapes fruits, seeds and leaves in diseases management through modulating different biological activities based on in vivo and in vitro study.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Anti-tumour; Antioxidant; Proanthocyanidins; Vitis vinifera

Great Effect of Fallopia Multiflora and Other Herbs in Poliosis Treatment - Huynh Tan Hoi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Nowadays, many people with gray hair or poliosis soon lose their confidence in life. Early gray hair is not necessarily a sign of age, but also a disease of many causes. Although not dangerous to health, but gray hair soon loses the aesthetics, making us inferiority, inferiority complex in work and life. This article discusses some herbal remedies that Vietnamese use. Its effects are quite effective and help many people lead a healthier and more confident life.
Keywords: Fallopia multiflora; Folk treatment; Health; Poliosis

Green Algae Halimeda macroloba in Spermonde Archipelago: Phytochemical and in vitro Antibacterial Studies - Lulu Adilla Latifah; Nunuk Hariani Soekamto; Akbar Tahir (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Green algae Halimeda macroloba compounds active against human, fish, and shrimp pathogenic bacteria. It is one of the marine natural organisms (MNO) which is a diverse source of secondary metabolites. Objective: We have set our goal towards determining the antimicrobial potential of crude extracts of green algae H. macroloba. Materials and Methods: Three crude mixtures of Marine Natural Product (MNP) were obtained from macroalgae Halimeda macroloba (Lae-Lae island, Spermonde Archipelago) by extraction (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol were used as solvents). Results: Theses mixtures (phytochemical tests showed they contained steroids, terpenoids, and alkaloids) were screened for their activity against shrimp pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio harveyi (M-120), Aeromonas hydrophilla and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (T-170)). The obtained results confirmed weak antibacterial activity of studied extracts of H. macroloba. The ethyl acetate extract was the most potent antimicrobial agent at a concentration of 4 μg/25 μl. The inhibition zones for the growth of A. hydrophilla (the most susceptible microorganism) and V. harveyi were at 8.27 mm and 8.23 mm, respectively (inhibition zone was 15.2 mm for ciprofloxacin which was used as a positive control). Conclusion: They might be even used in the future as alternatives to conventional drugs in aquaculture.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity; Halimeda macroloba; Phytochemical screening; Shrimp Pathogenic Bacteria

Healing Capacity of Leaves Stalks Extract of Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack.) on Incised Wounds of Mice Skin - Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan; Astrid Maulidya; Anita Restu Puji Raharjeng; Shovon Chakma (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Pasak bumi is a medicinal plant commonly used as herbal medicine by Indonesian people. This study aims to examine the healing capacity of mice skin incised wounds by using pasak bumi leaves stalks ethanol extract ointment. Materials and Methods: This study used twenty-five male mice Balb/ c strains, grouped into five groups, divided into three treatment groups (ointment with 20% extract concentration, ointment with 35% extract concentration, and ointment with 50% extract concentration), a positive control group using Betadine®, and the negative the negative control group using an ointment base. The back of the mouse was slashed 1.0 cm long with a depth of 0.2 cm. Then, the wound was smeared twice a day for 21 consecutive days. Results: The application of 20%, 35%, and 50% of ointment extract had the effect of healing the incised wounds after 21 days just as Betadine®. From the description score of the wound on the twenty-first day, it can be seen that the applied ointment with 35% of extract concentration shows the same healing capacity as Betadine® (p> 0.05), unlike the administration of ointment base (p <0.05). Conclusions: It can be concluded that pasak bumi leaves stalks has the potential effect to heal incised wounds.
Keywords: Eurycoma longifolia Jack.; Incised wound; Ointment

Hepatoprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Artemisia absinthium L. on Diclofenac-induced Toxicity in Rats - Sagástegui-Guarniz William Antonio; Silva-Correa Carmen R; Villarreal-La Torre Víctor E; Cruzado-Razco José L; Calderón-Peña Abhel A; Aspajo-Villalaz Cinthya L; Gamarra-Sánchez César D; Ruiz-Reyes Segundo G; Chávez-Flores Juana E (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Artemisia absinthium L. is known for its antimalarial activity however, hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extracts has also been reported but, nephroprotective activity not yet evaluated. Objective: To evaluate the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activities of A. absinthium against diclofenac-induced toxicity on rats. Materials and Methods: Three different doses of methanol and ethyl acetate extract of A. absinthium (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day) were evaluated and compared with silymarin 100 mg/kg. Rats received these doses for 5 days and on the 3rd and 4th day diclofenac (50 mg/kg i.p.) was administered 1 h after treatment. Animals were sacrificed 48 h after the last injection of diclofenac. Biochemical blood parameters like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea and creatinine, and histopathologic changes of liver and kidney were studied and evaluated. Results: A. absinthium reduced the elevated blood levels of ALT, AST, ALP, urea and creatinine with the methanol extract to 200 mg/kg/day being more effective. The histopathologic evaluation suggested that A. absinthium decreased hepatic and renal necrosis induced by diclofenac. Conclusions: Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activities of methanol and ethyl acetate extract of A. absinthium were demonstrated, being methanol extract to 200 mg/kg/day the most effective. This provides scientific support for the use of medicinal plants such as A. absinthium in the treatment of liver and kidney disorders.
Keywords: Artemisia absinthium; Biochemical parameters; Diclofenac; Hepatoprotective; Histopathology; Nephroprotective

Hepatoprotective Effect of Bioactive Fraction of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Bark Against Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Liver Toxicity - Lal Chand Pal; Anil kumar; Veena Pande; Ch V Rao (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: The phenolics and flavanoid enriched bioactive fraction of L. speciosa bark were reported for its medicinal value in various illness however hepatoprotective activity against monosodium glutamate-induced liver toxicity yet to be reported. Objective: To evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential of L. speciosa bark extract fraction against monosodium glutamate-induced liver toxicity. Methods: The phytochemical constituent of ethyl acetate fraction of L. speciosa bark extract (LSE) were identified by GC-MS analysis. The antioxidant activity of LSE were analyzed with in-vitro antioxidant assay and subjected to evaluate hepatoprotective activity against monosodium glutamate induced liver toxicity in rat. Results: LSE evaluated as rich in phenolics and flavonoid content along with potent hepatoprotective activity. GC-MS analysis of bioactive fraction exhibits Palmitic Acid, Octadecanoic acid, 5-methyluridine, catechine, epigallocatechin, and norgestrel as major biologically active phytocompounds. Oral administration of LSE (100 and 200 mg/kg.) declined the elevated levels of the biochemical marker as well as interleukins while enhanced the enzymatic antioxidant activity and reduced the increased level of stress marker (MDA) in monosodium glutamate-induced rats. It also restored the altered expression level of proapoptotic genes, but there is no significant change in the expression level of the anti-apoptotic gene. LSE improved histopathology of the liver through the improvement of hepatocellular architecture, inflammation, and attenuation of vascular and cellular degeneration. Conclusion: The bioactive fraction of L. speciosa bark was found to exhibit strong antioxidant and hepatoprotection in monosodium glutamate induced liver toxicity in rats.
Keywords: Apoptosis; Lagerstroemia speciosa; Monosodium glutamate; Superoxide dismutase

High Dose Allicin with Vitamin C Improves EPCs Migration from the Patient with Coronary Artery Disease - Yudi Her Oktaviono; Muhammad Rafdi Amadis; Makhyan Jibril Al-Farabi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) have an important role in endothelial dysfunction repairment through neovasculogenesis and cardiac myocytes regeneration. However, EPCs migration is greatly reduced in the patient with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Allicin and Vitamin C are hypothesized to improve EPCs migration due to its antioxidant properties. Objective: To investigate the effect of Allicin and its combination with Vitamin C in EPCs migration of CAD patients. Material and Method: Mononuclear cells were isolated from CAD patients and cultured on fibronectin-coated plates with colony-forming unit Hill medium. The cells were divided into untreated (control), Allicin treatment (dose 100 mcg/ml, 200 mcg/ml, 400 mcg/ ml), and each dose of Allicin combined with 250 mcg/mL of Vitamin C. EPCs migration was assessed with Transwell Migration Assay Kit and evaluated by using statistical tests. Results: This research shows that EPC migration was significantly higher in the treatment. Allicin at all dose (dose 100 mcg/ml, 200 mcg/ml, 400 mcg/ml) and its combination with 250 mcg/mL of vitamin C compared to untreated group (p<0.05). Allicin increase EPCs migration in a dosedependent manner. However, the only combination of 400 mcg/ml Allicin with 250 mcg/mL of vitamin C which has significantly higher EPCs migration compared to Allicin treatment alone. Conclusion: Allicin improves EPCs migration in a dose-dependent manner. Improvement of the migration only observed on the Allicin dose 400 mcg/ml with Vitamin C.
Keywords: Allicin; Antioxidant; Endothelial Progenitor; Migration

Human Umbilical Cord Blood-derived Secretome Enhance Endothelial Progenitor Cells Migration on Hyperglycemic Conditions - Yudi Her Oktaviono; Melly Susanti; Achmad Lefi; Ferry Sandra (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Hyperglycemia state is harmful to body’s homeostasis. Uncontrolled hyperglycemic patients, especially patients with diabetes mellitus have a higher mortality risk of heart disease 2 to 4 times compared to non-hyperglycemic patients. Vascular endothelial impairment always been observed and found as a key feature of hyperglycemia state, which is correlated with reduced numbers and dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Objective: This paper aims to investigate the effect of hUCB-MSCs derived secretome treatment on the EPCs migration under hyperglycemia state. Materials and Methods: EPCs were isolated and cultured from peripheral blood samples and cultured for three days. Cultured EPCs were cultivated in 6-well plates until confluence and incubated with high glucose for 5 days, then placed in the modified Boyden chamber at the upper chamber with basal media. The lower chamber was supplemented with basal media and secretome at 2%, 10%, and 20% concentration and VEGF treated group as a control. EPCS migration was evaluated using a Boyden chamber assay. Statistical analysis was performed using SPS 25.0. Results: EPCs migration were significantly higher when hUCB-MSCs-derived secretome was given in high glucose concentrations compared to the and control group (79.80 ± 5.07 vs 51.00 ± 5.15, p<0.000). This study also showed that hUCB-MSCs-derived secretome increase EPCs migration under high glucose concentrations in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). Conclusion: hUCB-MSCsderived secretome enhances EPCs migration under hyperglycemic state. This result may be of relevance for cell-free and regenerative therapeutic modality for a diabetic patient with coronary artery disease (CAD).
Keywords: Endothelial progenitor cells; Hyperglycemia state; Mesenchymal stem cells; Migration; Secretome

Hypoglycemic Effect of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam) Pers. Leaf Extract - Ana L Agüero-Hernández; Catalina Rosales-López; Cristina Herrera; Andrés Vargas-Picado; Rodrigo Muñoz; Ana Abdelnour-Esquivel (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam) Pers (Crasulaceae) is a succulent ornamental plant. In Costa Rica, the leaves are used as a coadjuvant treatment for Diabetes Mellitus based on traditional knowledge of natural remedies. Moreover, there are some studies mentioning its use for Diabetes Mellitus as medicinal plant in several countries. This research aimed to demonstrate the antidiabetic properties of hydroalcoholic extracts of K. pinnata leaves through phytochemical screening, alpha amylase inhibition and rodent models. Methods: Crude extracts of K. pinnata leaves were prepared by infusion and decoction using water:ethanol (70:30) as a solvent. The extracts prepared by decoction (LAED, lyophilized-water:ethanoldecoction) and by infusion (LAEI, lyophilized-water:ethanol-infusion) were analyzed by FolinCiocalteu, HPLC and capacity of inhibition of α-amylase activity. To determine hypoglycemic activity in rats, extracts were administered orally at doses of 250, 500 and 750 mg/Kg and blood sugar levels were monitored over a four hours period using a glucometer. Results: A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in blood glucose was observed after one hour in rats treated with 500 mg/Kg of LAED extract. Treatment with 750 mg/Kg LAEI induced a statistically significant reduction in blood sugar at 90, 180 and 240 min, showing that the glucose-lowering effect of this extract was greater at a higher concentration. Conclusions: This study confirmed the hypoglycemic effect of K. pinnata extracts in the acute phase in rats and supports the use of this Crassulaceae as a home remedy.
Keywords: Antidiabetic activity; Diabetic; Extract; Kalanchoe pinnata

Hypoxic Preconditioning Decrease ROS and Increase SOD Expression in Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Cell - I Gde Rurus Suryawan; Andrianto; Ratna Dewi Cahyaningtias; Makhyan Jibril Al-Farabi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (AMSCs) have promising ability to differentiate into a cardiomyocyte. However, post-transplantation survival of AMSCs is relatively low due to lethal cellular hypoxia. Hypoxic preconditioning is a sublethal hypoxia condition which may improve AMSCs survival. This research evaluates the effect of hypoxic preconditioning on the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of AMSCs. Isolated human AMSCs was cultured to the 4th passage and confirmed with CD45, CD90 and CD105 expression. Cells were divided into control group (normoxia with 21% O2) and hypoxic preconditioning group (with 1% O2). ROS and SOD were evaluated using immunofluorescence and analyzed using SPSS 25. AMSCs was characterized by the CD105 and CD90 without expression of CD44 and CD45. ROS expression is significantly lower in hypoxia group than in controlled group (253,13 ± 67,795 vs 342,13 ± 116,447; p < 0.05) and SOD expression is significantly higher in hypoxia group than in controlled group (340,25 ± 96,476 vs 234,56 ± 38,238; p <0.05). In conclusion, hypoxic preconditioning in human AMSCs induce lower expression of intracellular ROS and higher expression of intracellular SOD.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Hypoxia; Oxidative stress; Stem Cells

Identification of Antibacterial Activity with Bioactive Compounds from Selected Marine Sponges - Noor Azlina Kamaruding; Noraznawati Ismail; Noormaizura Sokry (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Marine sponges (phylum Porifera) are sessile filter-feeders from the ocean that are becoming the wealthiest sources of pharmacologically active compounds. Objectives: Our objectives are to identify bioactive compounds from marine sponges (Xestospongia exigua, Xestospongia muta, and Iotrochota baculifera) and to determine their antibacterial activity. Materials and Methods: Methanolic crude extracts were subjected to two-steps fractionation: first, solvent partitioning was conducted using diethyl ether and butanol, followed by column chromatography. The resulting fractions were tested for antibacterial activity against four bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698, Escherichia coli ATCC 11775, and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14128). The fractions were subsequently profiled using High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), and the component of active sub-fractions (SF) was identified using Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: Although no antibacterial activity was recorded of the methanolic extracts in all marine sponges samples, the response towards diethyl ether extracts of X. exigua was strong. Out of 17 sub-fractions of diethyl ether profiled, three sub-fractions, i.e. 5, 13, and 14 were active. GC-MS identified five compounds in SF 5, four compounds in SF 13, and three compounds in SF 14. Furthermore, SF 13 and SF 14 could inhibit the growth of all bacteria tested, indicating a broad-spectrum activity. On the contrary, SF 5 showed selective inhibition only to E. coli and S. typhimurium, indicating narrow-spectrum activity. Conclusion: Bioactive SF 13 of X. exigua has a high potential as an antibacterial agent but in vitro assessment such as cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines is needed to determine the toxicity and drug response.
Keywords: Diethyl ether; HPTLC; Iotrochota baculifera; Minimum inhibitory concentration; X. muta; Xetospongia exigua

Identification of the Chemical Compound of Essential Oil from Ketumbar (Coriandrum sativum L.) Leaves with Gc-Ms - Kasta Gurning; Iksen; Helen Anjelina Simanjuntak; Hermawan Purba (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Coriandrum sativum L. leaves are plants used as a cooking spice that has a distinctive aroma. Various components of bioactive compounds are known from various parts of this plant, but the components of the bioactive compounds of essential oils from the leaves have never been reported. Objective: This research was designed to analyze the components of bioactive compounds contained in the essential oil of C. sativum leaves using a modified simple distillation tool. Method: C. sativum leaves essential oil component analysis with GC-MS (Shimadzu QP-2010 Plus). Results: Analysis GC-MS of the content of the bioactive compounds of essential oils contained various bioactive compounds. The dominant bioactive compounds are 2-Decen-1-ol (17.01%), 9-Octadecenal (9.59%), 1-Decanol (8.20%), Dotriacontane (4.40%), and Tetrapentacosan (3.68%). Conclusion: The results of the research showed that there were various bioactive compound contents from the essential oil of C. sativum leaves and it was important to test the activity of each component of the bioactive compound as an important recommendation for pharmaceutical natural ingredients.
Keywords: Bioactive compounds; Coriandrum sativum; Distillation; Essential oil and GC-MS

Immunosuppressive Activity of Goat Kefir in a Rat Model with Bleomycin-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis - Tias Pramesti Griana; Tri Yudani Mardining Raras; Karyono Mintaroem; Iin Noor Chozin; Catur Saptaning Wilujeng (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory capacity of goat kefir on pulmonary fibrosis rat model. Material and Methods: Twenty-five male rats were randomly divided into five groups: one group only received induction with bleomycin (0.3 mg/rat) to induce pulmonary fibrosis; three groups were treated with different doses (2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 mL/200 g BW) of goat kefir, following the induction with bleomycin, for 30 days; and one group served as negative control, did not receive bleomycin induction as well as kefir. On day 30, all the animals were sacrificed. Plasma levels of TGF-β, IL-4, and IFN-y were measured using the ELISA method, and the expression of α-SMA in myofibroblast cells was examined with the help of immunohistochemistry assay. Results: Induction with bleomycin significantly elevated the expressions of TGF-β, IL-4, and IFN-y in comparison to the control group. Following the administration of kefir (3.5 and 4.5 mL/200 g BW), the concentration of TGF-β was significantly decreased (p<0.05); whereas, the concentration of IFN-y increased slightly (p<0.05) only in the group that received the 4.5 mL/200 g BW dose of kefir. In contrast, IL-4 exhibited increasing levels with higher doses of kefir (p<0.05). The expression of α-SMA in myofibroblasts showed a tendency to decline following the administration of kefir, although this decline was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Goat kefir caused a reduction in the TGF-β levels in fibrosis conditions; however, the kefir elicited an immunosuppressive effect during the progression of the pulmonary fibrosis.
Keywords: Bleomycin; Cytokine; Immunomodulator; Kefir; Pulmonary fibrosis

Impact of Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos on Protein and Amino Acid Contents in Liver, Kidney and Brain of Exotic Teleost Fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1973) - Revathi B; Lakshmanan S; Veerakumar D (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Pesticides are one of the most potentially harmful toxic chemicals introduced into the environment and human ambient. These pesticides are utilized widely to ensure agricultural harvests against the harm brought about by different sorts of irritations. Anyway, these chemicals may reach non focused on biological systems like lakes and waterways through rain and wind, influencing numerous different organisms. Biochemical factors show explicit reactions to specific types of ecological pressure. The methodology of present work was to assess toxic effects of an insecticide, chlorpyrifos on biochemical constituents like protein, and Amino acid in liver, kidney and Brain of freshwater fish, Channa punctatus. The fish exposed to chlorpyrifos showed a decrease the protein and increase the amino acid levels for 15 and 45 days in liver, kidney and brain compared to control. The objectives of the present work was to observe the effect of chlorpyrifos on protein and amino acid levels in the liver, kidney and brain of teleost fish Channa punctatus.
Keywords: Biochemical constituents; Brain; Channa punctatus; Chlorpyrifos; Kidney; Liver

Importance of Cinnamomum Tamala in the Treatment of Various Diseases - Shashank Tiwari; Shreya Talreja (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Cinnamomum tamala is a multipurpose evergreen plant it is a native of India. The plant is commonly known as Indian cassia, Tejpatta, Indian bay leaf etc. All parts of plant possess many major bioactive constituent due to the presence of major phytoconstituent it is useful for the treatment of various diseases or disorders such as Cancer, cardiac diseases, diabetes, Anxiety, depression, ulcer, GI diseases and possess many pharmacological activity includes anti-oxidant, anti-hypercholesterolemia, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, antibacterial etc. In Ancient time the plant also used as for its medicinal value and it contains a aromatic property due to the presence of these property it is used in perfumery industry and used as mouth refreshing, useful for removal of bad odour from body, mouth and also used in pharmaceutical industries. The leaves of the plant possess flavouring agent property it is used as a flavouring agent in food, curry, fast food, pickles and used as a spice. The main aim of this review/study was to promote and upgrade the knowledge of the use of this multipurpose evergreen plant.
Keywords: Cinnamomum tamala; Diseases; Pharmacological activity; Uses

In silico Anticancer Activity and in vitro Antioxidant of Flavonoids in Plectranthus amboinicus - Kesaktian Manurung; Delmi Sulastri; Nasrul Zubir; Syafruddin Ilyas (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng is a plant that has a high flavonoid content. The leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng contain many flavonoids Chrysoeriol, Cirsimaritin, Eriodictyol, Luteolin, Rutin, Salvigenin, Thymoquinone, Quercetin, Apigenin, and 5-O-Methyl-Luteolin. Objectives: To determine the antioxidant activity and anticancer activity of flavonoid compounds contained in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. Methods: Anticancer activity testing was carried out by in silico against several cancer receptors and antioxidant activity testing was carried out by in vitro using the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryhydrazil method. The results showed that the flavonoid compounds contained in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng have similar anticancer activity to the reference molecule at the P-Glycoprotein-1, Cyclin Dependent Kinase-2, and Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase receptors, as well as better anticancer activity than the reference molecule for the Cyclooxygenase-2 and Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase receptors. Results: The antioxidant activity of the extract gave an Inhibitory Concentration 50% value of 9.77 μg/mL, the flavonoid compounds contained in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng gave an Inhibitory Concentration 50% value that lower than the extract, which ranged from 6.92 μg/mL to 8.50 μg/mL. Flavonoids in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng anticancer activity by in silico molecular docking and antioxidant activity by in vitro 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryhydrazil method. Conclusions: All the flavonoid compounds contained in the ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves exhibit very strong anti-cancer and antioxidant activity, which results in ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves have very strong antioxidant activity.
Keywords: Anticancer; Antioxidant; Flavonoid; in silico; in vitro

In vitro Anti-Amebic Activity of Cage Xanthones from Cratoxylum sumatranum Stem Bark Against Entamoeba histolytica - Fendi Yoga Wardana; Defi Kartika Sari; Myrna Adianti; Adita Ayu Permanasari; Lidya Tumewu; Tomoyoshi Nozaki; Aty Widyawaruyanti; Achmad Fuad Hafid (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Amoebiasis is caused by Entamoeba histolytica, which is a pathogenic species living on human colon tissues. The development of new drugs for anti-amebic are still very needed for clinical treatment. Objective: This aims to identify the compounds in Cratoxylum sumatranum for their anti-amoeba activity. Materials and Methods: In this study we used bioactivity-guided isolation and structural analysis to identified anti-amebic compounds from dichloromethane extract of Cratoxylum sumatranum stem bark. Their anti-amebic activity was determined by an in vitro cell-based assay against Entamoeba histolytica and an enzymatic assay on NAD kinase. Results: Two known compounds from the cage xanthone groups, namely cochinchinoxanthone (1) and cochinchinone D (2), were isolated. The structures of the cage xanthone compounds were established by extensive spectroscopic data analysis. Compound (1) showed the greatest level of anti-amebic activity both in cell-based and enzymatic assay, yielding IC50 values of 4.57 and 12.17 μg/mL, respectively. In contrast, compound (2) yielded IC50 values of 5.19 and 12.60 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: When considering the demonstrated anti-amebic activities, it becomes apparent that these compounds, isolated from Cratoxylum sumatranum stem bark, have the potential to be further developed into effective anti-amebic medicine against Entamoeba histolytica.
Keywords: Amoebiasis; Bioactivity-guided isolation; Cratoxylum sumatranum; Entamoeba histolytica; NAD kinase

In vitro Antibacterial and In silico Toxicity Properties of Phytocompounds from Ricinus communis Leaf Extract - Sandile Nduduzo Mboyazi; Mduduzi Innocent Nqotheni; Tsolanku Sidney Maliehe; Jabulani Siyabonga Shandu (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: The rapid occurrence of multiple drug resistance and adverse side effects of aliphatic medicine threatens human health. Medicinal plants are known to possess phytocompounds with antibacterial activity and less toxic effects. Objective: This study aimed at determining the chemical composition of the methanolic Ricinus communis` leaf extract and evaluate their antibacterial and toxic effects. Methods: R. communis leaves were extracted by acetone, chloroform, ethanol and methanol. The extracts were assessed for antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10102), Escherichia coli (25922), Staphylococcus aureus (25923) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) using agar-well diffusion and microwell dilution methods. The extracts were screened for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids. The chemical constituents of the methanolic extract were analysed by gas chromatography – mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). In silico toxicity of the phytocompounds were investigated using PreADMET tool. Results: The methanol extract showed the antibacterial activity against the bacterial strains, with the MIC values of 1.56 mg/mL against B. cereus, 3.13 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL against P. aeruginosa and E. coli. The extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, tannins, terpenoids and saponins. The GC-MS showed phytocompounds namely hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (0.62%), tridecanoic acid (0.76%), pentafluoropropionic acid, nonyl ester (0.85%), 10-octadecanoic acid, methyl ester (2.93%) and cis-vaccenic acid (94.84%). Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester was predicted not to have mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Moreover, all compounds exhibited low inhibitory risks against hERG gene. Conclusion: R. communis leaf extract has potential to be used as a safe source of therapeutic compounds.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity; Chemical compounds; Ricinus communis; Toxicity

In vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potential of Crude Extracts from the Seed Coat and Fruit Pulp of Strychnos madagascariensis - Michael Osawemi Oboh; Foluso Oluwagbemiga Osunsanmi; Godfrey Elijah Zharare; Rebamang Anthony Mosa; Michael Chukwuka Ojo; Andrew Rowland Opoku (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Diabetes mellitus remains a global health issue despite the advance in orthodox medicine. This study investigated the in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of crude extracts from the seed coat and pulp of Strychnos madagascariensis. The phytochemical screening was carried out using standard protocols. Different extracts were prepared from the fruit parts by maceration using methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water for antioxidant and antidiabetic assays, and their percentage yield was calculated. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was determined using 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and 2’2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Antidiabetic activities of the extracts were investigated using α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase assays. Terpenoids, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides were present in both the fruit parts. However, saponin present in the fruit pulp was absent in the seed coat (testa). The percentage yields are as follows; water > ethyl acetate > hexane > methanol (seed coat) and methanol > water > ethyl acetate > hexane (fruit pulp), respectively. The crude extracts scavenged ABTS and DPPH radicals in different degrees. The aqueous extract of the pulp and seed coat (testa) showed significant (P < 0.05) higher scavenging activity against ABTS (IC50; 0.012 and 0.006 mg/ml) and DPPH (IC50; 0.06 mg/ml and 0.064 mg/ml) radicals than other extracts. The crude extracts inhibited α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase. The aqueous and methanol extracts of the fruit parts showed better amylase inhibitory activity than other extracts. The aqueous extract of the seed coat (IC50; 0.0785 mg/ml) showed the highest glucosidase inhibitory activity. In addition, methanol extract of the seed coat (IC50; 0.069 mg/ml) exhibited the highest inhibitory activity on pancreatic lipase compared to the extracts in other solvents. Hence, the aqueous and methanol crude extracts of Strychnos madagascariensis seed coat and fruit pulp could be used in the preparation of nutraceutical products for managing diabetic mellitus.
Keywords: Alkaloids; Diabetes; Hyperglycaemia; Hyperlipidaemia; Phytochemicals

In vitro Assay and Study Interaction of Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb. as Anti-fibrotic Activity Against A549 Cell Line - Desdiani Desdiani; Iris Rengganis; Samsuridjal Djauzi; Agus Setiyono; Mohamad Sadikin; Sri Widia A Jusman; Nuryati Chairani Siregar; Suradi; Putri C Eyanoer; Fadilah Fadilah (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Aim: The aim of this study is to finding inhibitor potential from several compounds in gambir plant by using in vitro MTT assay and study interaction with molecular docking. The interaction of amino acids on the binding site with substances in the gambir plant was analyzed to determine its potential as a herbal-based therapy candidate for pulmonary fibrosis. Material and Methods: Protein target using TGFβ1 and NF-κB and compounds from gambir plant ((+)-Catechin. Epigallocatechin gallate, (+)-Epicatechin, Gambiriin A1, Gambiriin A2, Gambiriin B1, Gambiriin B2, Gambiriin C, Procyanidin B1, Procyanidin B3). Result: The results from docking analysis observed that compounds from gambir fruit contain anti-fibrotic activity which act by inhibiting DNA transcription of NF-κB and TGF-β1receptors. The compound Procyanidin B3, an essential amino acid, contains a hydrogen bond with the greatest NF-κB inhibitory activity on Gly214 and Lys337. Compounds from Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb. can be an inhibitor to TGFβ1, all the compounds are on the active site of TGFβ1, and use native ligand which is an inhibitor of TGFβ1 (Naphtyridine). The positive compound catechin has the highest inhibitory activity. Gambiriin B1 and Gambiriin A2 are the most identical compounds with similar affinity binding value. Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb. is already a proven antifibrotic which is further confirmed by (IC50: 19,255 ± 1.08 μg/ml, p < 0.05) in A549 cell line. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that Gambiriin have cytotoxic effects and was found potentially as anti-fibrotic by MTT assay and in silico evaluation.
Keywords: Gambiriin compounds; Inhibitor of p50 NF-κB; Molecular docking; Pulmonary fibrosis; TGF-β1 receptors

In vitro Cytotoxicity of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn Extracts on A549 Lung Cancer Cell Line - Qotrunnada Fithrotunnisa; Ade Arsianti; Gerry Kurniawan; Fona Qorina; Nadzila Anindya Tejaputri; Norma Nur Azizah (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Lung cancer is the one of the leading causes of cancer death. However, current treatments for lung cancer are expensive and show negative side effects. Therefore, the study concerning natural anticancer from plants has intensified. Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn are Indonesian herb plants which have been consumed as a drink, are known to have anticancer activity against several cancer cell lines. However, its potential cytotoxic activity on A549 lung cancer cell line is still unclear. Objective: This study aimed to identify cytotoxic activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn extracts on A549 lung cancer cell line. Materials and Methods: Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn flowers from Tangerang, province of Banten, Indonesia, were macerated in three different solvents: ethyl acetate, ethanol, and n-hexane. Afterwards, cytotoxic activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn extracts on A549 lung cancer cell line were evaluated using MTT assay. There were eight variety of concentration of the extracts, the experiment has been done triplicate for each concentration. The anticancer activity is expressed by IC50 value. Results: Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn extracts in ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane showed IC50 value of 374.01 μg/mL, 719.28 μg/mL, and 906.57 μg/mL respectively, in which indicated weak cytotoxic activity on A549 lung cancer cell line. Conclusion: Ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn are potential to be further developed as natural anticancer agents.
Keywords: A549 Lung Cancer Cell Line; Cytotoxicity; Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn

In vitro Evaluation of Anthelmintic Activity of Gymnema sylvestre Plant - R Ram Narayanan; TK Gopal; D Chamundeeswari (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
The evaluation of anthelmintic activity of Gymnema sylvestre was performed by bioassay method where hot and cold hydroalcoholic extracts were used against earthworm (Pheretima posthuma). The anthelmintic assay was carried out as the 50ml formulations containing five different concentrations of each cold and hot hydroalcholic extracts (25, 50, 100 ,250 and 500mg/ml in distilled water) were prepared and six worms (same type) were placed in them. Time for paralysis and death time was noted. Albendazole (20mg/ml) was used as a reference standard, while normal saline as the control.
Keywords: Nil

In vitro Propagation and Determination of Total Phenolic Compounds, Flavonoid Contents and Antioxidative Activity of Globba globulifera Gagnep - Wipa Yaowachai; Surapon Saensouk; Piyaporn Saensouk (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Currently, there is a reduction in the number of Globba globulifera, which is due to its slow multiplication rate, high susceptibility to pathogenic diseases and overexploitation of the plant from natural sources. In vitro culture to study suitable concentrations of plant growth regulators for shoot and root induction of G. globulifera. Bioactive compounds were measured by TPC, TFC and FRSA methods for comparison of those from in vitro and natural conditions. Methods: Microshoots were cultured on solid and liquid MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of cytokinins (BA, Kinetin and TDZ) and auxins (NAA and IBA) for eight weeks. Methanol was used as the extraction solvent via the ultrasonic method, TPC and TFC were both measured. DPPH for free radical scavenging activity was investigated. Results: The best result for shoot formation was achieved when culturing on MS medium with 3 mg/l and 5 mg/l of BAP or 5 mg/l of BAP plus 1 mg/l of IBA. The plantlets were transplanted to pots in a greenhouse. All the planting material showed a 100% survival rate. The rhizomes of in vitro derived plantlets showed the highest value of TPC (52.28 mg GAE/g crude extract) and FRSA (93.55%) and lowest of IC50 (0.46 mg/ml). Conclusion: The in vitro culture and antioxidant activity analysis could be the foundation for plant propagation in large quantities and the use of medicine.
Keywords: Bioactive compound; DPPH; Micropropagation; TFC; TPC; Zingiberaceae

Indigenous Knowledge of Medicinal Plants by Dayak Community in Mandomai Village, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia - Nurul Qamariah; Dewi Sari Mulia; Denny Fakhrizal (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Dayak community has a long history of using medicinal plants as traditional medicine. But this knowledge is conveyed verbally without any written documentation. Therefore, this study aim is to preserve Dayak`s knowledge about medicinal plants in Mandomai village. Methods: To collect the information, a survey was conducted in January 2019. Snowball sampling method was utilized to select 11 informants. Data were collected using structured interviews to gather information about local names, part of plants, the benefit of plants and how the plants are used. Results: The result showed that 55 species of medicinal plants used by the Dayak community in Mandomai as traditional medicine. However, only 48 species were identified, while 7 others were still in the process of being identified. The most widely used part of the plants is the leaves. Before being used as traditional medicine, medicinal plants are processed first. Some plants are ground and used immediately, while some are boiled or soaked in warm water. Conclusion: This documentation provides a catalog of medicinal plants used by Dayak community for the education of future indigenous knowledge
Keywords: Central Kalimantan; Dayak community; Indigenous knowledge; Medicinal plants

Investigation of Secondary Metabolites and its Bioactivity from Sarocladium kiliense SDA20 Using Shrimp Shell Wastes - Dina M Eskander; Sherien MM Atalla; Ahmed A Hamed; Ezzel -Din A El-Khrisy (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: In this study we isolated bioactive compounds using different chromatographic techniques from culture filtrate of Sarocladium kiliense SDA20 grown in fermentation media containing shrimp shell waste as substrate under optimum conditions. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of crude extract and purified compounds were evaluated. Methods: The test fungi strain Sarocladium kiliense SDA20 was isolated from Egyptian soil and identified by18 S ribosomal RNA. Optimization conditions were carried out in fermentation media containing shrimp shell waste as sole carbon source, inoculated by 106 spores/ml of Sarocladium kiliense SDA20 at pH 7.0 produce 84.5% of the total toxins. Different chromatographic techniques for ethyl acetate extract of culture filtrate of fungi were used resulting in isolation of pure compounds were elucidated spectroscopically and comparing their data in literature. GC/MS analysis of extract was used for identification of other chemical compounds. Antibacterial and biofilm activity was evaluated using MTT assay. Results: Five compounds for the first time were identified: Cholest-5-en-3-ol (C1), Palmitic acid (C2), Oleic acid (C3), Nicotinamide (C4), Tricin (C5). GC-MS analysis showed the presence of twenty-seven compounds. Antibacterial activity of crude and pure compounds displayed a strong inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis. C1, C4, C5 showed moderate activity against Escherichia coli, followed by C2, C3. Meanwhile, Staphylococcus aureus was less susceptible to pure compounds with low activity of C3, C5. The crude extract and pure compounds displayed biofilm inhibition activity against four pathogenic bacterial strains. Conclusion: Shrimp shell wastes are one of the economic bioproducts used for the production of bioactive secondary metabolites from fungi.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity; Antibiofilm activity; GC/MS analysis; Sarocladium kiliense SDA20; Secondary metabolities; Shrimp waste shell

Investigation on Photodecomposition of Standardised Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Katha - Pankaj Sharma (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Objective: The present study delves into photodecomposition of a standardised ethyl acetate fraction of Katha and manifest how the antioxidant potential degrades exponentially with time. Methods: Coarsely dried heart wood of Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. was treated with 10 % hydro-alcoholic solution to obtain Katha as final product. The powdered Katha was standardised via pharmacognostic parameters and further subjected to soxhlet extraction using ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol to obtain different extracts/fractions. Phytochemical investigations were carried out to screen polyphenols (tannins) of interest which later were confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Photodecomposition of ethyl acetate fraction with respect to its in-vitro antioxidant potential using DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging assay was determined at 0 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 16 h, 20 h and 24 h of 250, 500, 750 and 1000 μg/ml concentrations respectively. Ethyl acetate fraction conceded the highest amount of polyphenols. Results: The extract was found to be unstable at room temperature and displayed a quick change in colour from light orange to deep dark orange within few hours, which also abide by its decreasing antioxidant activity exponentially with time. Antioxidant potential was observed in the following order in dose dependant manner: 0 h > 4 h > 8 h > 12 h > 16 h > 20 h > 24 h. Conclusion: Moreover, published literature should have not mentioned the age of extract they have used for their study, which may explain the wide differences in the observations reported with this plant.
Keywords: Acacia catechu; Antioxidant; DPPH; Free radical; Katha; Nitric oxide scavenging

In-vitro Antioxidant and In-Vivo Hepatoprotective Activity of Ethenolic Extract of Tectona grandis Bark Against CCl4 Induced Liver Injury in Rats - Rajkumar S Bagali; Sunil S Jalalpure; SS Patil (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Objectives: The systematic screening of Tectona grandis bark with the purpose of discovering new bioactive compounds as a hepatoprotective agent and to establish the scientific basis for the therapeutic actions of traditional plant medicines. Methods: Tectona grandis bark ethenolic extract was studied for the hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced liver injury in rats. Serum enzymes level, total bilirubin and histopathological study of liver were performed. This extract’s DPPH radical scavenging potential was also studied. Results: Oral administration of ethenolic extract of Tectona grandis bark (200 mg/kg) exhibited significant reduction (p<0.05) in CCl4-induced increased levels of SGPT, SGOT, ALP and bilirubin (Total) concentration. Treatment with Liv 52 syrup also reversed the hepatotoxicity significantly (p<0.05). Histopathological studies also provided supportive evidence for biochemical analysis. This extract also showed better activity in quenching DPPH radical. Conclusion: Tectona grandis bark ethenolic extract shown to have hepatoprotective and antioxidant action due to presence of quinones and tannin like phytoconstituents.
Keywords: Antioxidant; CCL4 induced hepatopathy; Hepatotoxicity; Histopathology; Quinones; Tectona grandis

Iron-Folate Supplementation during Pregnancy for Prevent Oxidative Stress in Pregnant Rats: Level of MDA, Creatinine, Glucose, Erythrocite, Blood Pressure, Body Weight and Number of Offspring - Joko Wahyuwibowo; Abdul Aziz; Eka Safitri; Minidian Fasitasari; Siti Thomas Zulaikhah (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Iron and folic acid deficiency during pregnancy can increase oxidative stress and result in impaired intra-uterine growth, abortion and preeclampsia. Folate is trace nutrient that influent for essential role for epigenetic mechanism cues into changes in gene expression and had impact health development. This study aimed to determine the effect of several doses of iron and folate supplementation on level of: MDA, glucose, creatinine, maternal body weight and number and birth weight of offspring. Methods: This research was conducted in the laboratory of the Center for Food and Nutrition Studies, Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta. Experimental research with posttest only control group design with a number of samples: 20 pregnant rats, divided randomly into 4 groups. The control group (C) was given standard feed (AIN-93G), KI: added iron 1,8 mg/200gBW and folic acid 0,0023mg/200gBW, KII: added iron 3,6 mg/200gBB and folic acid 0,0045 mg/200gBW, KIII : added iron 5,4mg/200gBW and folic acid 0,0068 mg/200gBW. Duration of treatment 20 days. Measurement of body weight, blood pressure and then taken blood samples at the 21st day for examination of MDA, glucose, creatinine, erythrocyte level. Sectio caesarean to performed the number and body weight of offspring. Data obtained were analyzed using one way Anova followed by Post hoc LSD. Results: there are significant different (p <0.001). on level of : MDA, glucose, creatinine, maternal body weight, average number and fetal weight of offspring between treatment group compare to control group. Conclusion: Iron and folate suplementation during pregnancy can decreased level of oxidative stress and better pregnant outcome.
Keywords: Folic acid; Iron; MDA; Oxidative stress; Pregnancy

Isolation and Identification of Chemical Compounds from Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb Stem Bark Extract - Novia Delita; Berna Elya; Muhammad Hanafi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Garcinia is a tropical plant that grows in Indonesia. Garcinia has many health benefits for the body. Garcinia contains many phenolic compounds and their derivatives, such as xanthon, flavonoids, benzophenone, lactone, and phenolic acids. Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb. comes from the family Clusiaceae. The results of the phytochemical examination showed that G. fruticosa bark extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and saponins. Objective: This study aims to isolate and identify chemical compounds from the ethyl acetate extract of G. fruticosa Lauterb stem bark. Method: G. fruticosa Lauterb bark. dried, milled, and extracted with Step Gradient Polarity/SGP maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Isolation was done by column chromatography and identified by thin layer chromatography and IR spectroscopy, LC-MS/MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D-NMR (HSQC, HMBC). Results: Compound D7a has a molecular weight 168.0496. The IR spectrum shows the presence of a group –OH appears on 3483 cm-1, aromatic presence in 1609 cm-1. The H-NMR spectrum shows the presence of aromatic signals on 6.96 (d, 8 Hz), 6.96 (d, 2 Hz) and 7.70 (dd, 8; 2 Hz). The C-NMR spectrum shows the presence of a carboxylic-COOH group appearing at 166.57 ppm, the presence of 2 x C-OH appearing at 147.18 and 151.18. In the HMBC spectrum, the -OCH3 position is located at C-3 with a correlation between the 3.79 (s) signal and the C signal at the chemical shift 147.18. Conclusions: Structural elucidation shows that compound D7a is a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoate acid (Vanylic Acid) and isolate I-1 is an impure compound namely β-Sitosterol and Stigmasterol.
Keywords: 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic acid; Garcinia fruticosa; Isolation; Stigmasterol; Structural elucidation; β-sitosterol

Isolation and Structural Characterization of Phytoconstituents from Strobilanthes kunthianus - Geetha Balasubramaniam; Mahendran Sekar; Subban Ravi; Shrishailappa Badami (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Strobilanthes kunthianus T Anders (Neela kurinji) is well known for its medicinal properties and reported to possess many biological activities. However, so far there is no phytoconstituents are isolated and reported in S. kunthianus. Objective: The present study aimed to isolate and characterize the chemical constituents present in various parts of S. kunthianus. Methods: The successive petroleum ether root and stem extracts, chloroform stem extract, macerated and crude methanol flower extracts were subjected to column chromatography for the isolation of constituents. All the isolated compounds were characterized based on their physical and spectral data analysis. Results: Ten compounds were isolated and being reported for the first time from S. kunthianus. Except lupeol (1 and 2), betulin (3), α-amyrin (5) and β-sitosterol (7), other five compounds including of 3,5-bis-(dimethylcarbamoyl)methyl)-4-(11- cyclohexylundecyl)-4-heptyl-N1,N1,N7,N7 tetramethylheptanediamide (4), 4-amino-tetrahydro- 2H-pyran-3,5-diol (6), 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl-4-((E)-3,6-dimethylundec-4-enyl)cyclohexyl propionate (8), flavone glycoside (9) and decahydro-1,1,4a,8-tetramethylphenanthren- 2(1H,3H,4bH)-one (10), isolated from S. kunthianus were novel. Conclusion: The novel compounds need to be further investigated for ascertain pharmacological activities which will be useful for further drug development.
Keywords: Column chromatography; Flavone glycoside; Neela kurinji; Phytoconstituents; Strobilanthes kunthianus

Isolation, Identification Similarity and Qualitative Expression of Metallothionein Gene in IR-Bagendit Rice (Oryza sativa) - Budi Santosa; Budi Santosa; Aprilia Indah Kartika; Fitri Nuroini; Aditya Rahman Ernanto; Annisa Ayuningtyas; Mohd Nazil Salleh; Siti Thomas Zulaikhah (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Metallothionein (MTs) is an enzyme that plays a role in the binding of metals in plants. Various types of rice have been known to contain MTs and IR-Bagendit rice leaves have the highest MTs protein content compared to other rice varieties. However, MTs coding gene in IRBagendit rice variety is still unknown. OsRAC1 gene is reported as the down-regulator of MTs and there is an analogous gene for MTs-like gene using RAP1 and RAP2 primers in various plants. This study aimed to isolate, identification of similarity, and analysis of qualitative expression of MTs gene in IR-Bagendit rice as compared to Inpari, IR-36, and IR-34. The steps of this research were DNA isolation, PCR in OsRAC1 gene, RNA isolation and cDNA reverse transcription using primer RP1 and RP2, and agarose gel electrophoresis. Amplification quality of OsRAC1 gene in IR-Bagendit, Inpari, IR-36, and IR-34 showed the same result. Qualitative expression of MTs by reverse transcription showed that IR-Bagendit has the highest MTs-like gene compared to other samples.
Keywords: IR-Bagendit; Metal Exposure; Metallothionein; MTs-like gene; Rice

Lathraea squamaria L. (Orobanchaceae): A Review of its Botany, Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Pharmacology - Bokov DO; Barkalova VE; Suslikova MA; Sokhin DM; Kakhramanova SD; Rendyuk TD; Strelyaeva AV; Antsyshkina AM; Balobanova NP; Prostodusheva TV; Grikh VV; Krasnyuk II1 (junior); et al. (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
This paper presents the results of the review pharmacognostic study of common toothwort, a perennial plant, parasitizing on the roots of trees. Currently, in Russian traditional medicine, there is considerable experience in the use of сommon toothwort (Lathraea squamaria L.) herb and roots as antitumoral, biligenic, infertility-treatment and diuretic drugs. The chemical composition of L. squamaria has not been quite well determined. Phenylethanoid glycosides (acteoside, isoacteoside), iridoid glycosides (aucubin, and aucuboside ester, 6'-O-glucopyranosyl-aucubin, melampyroside, 6'-O-glucopyranosyl melampyroside), simple sugars, fatty acids, organic acids, β-sitosterol were identified. Further study of L. squamaria raw materials is a very promising field including implementation in official medicine.
Keywords: Aucubin; Chemical compounds; Common toothwort; Iridoids; Lathraea squamaria; Orobanchaceae; Parasitic plants

Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Seeds: A New Potential Source of Sulfhydryl Compounds - Sri Wardatun; Yahdiana Harahap; Abdul Mun'im; Fadlina Chany Saputri; Noorwati Sutandyo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds are considered the most widely consumed legumes by ruminants. The seeds contain around 1.5 mmol of thiol/sulfhydryl compounds per 100 g of dried seeds. The contents of the sulfhydryl compounds can act like glutathione. On the other hand, the intake of a high amount of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds is limited by mimosine because it can induce toxicity and death in ruminants. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine sulfhydryl compound levels in Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds after the mimosine removal process. Materials and methods: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds were soaked in aquadest for 24 hours and then dried at 40°C for 86 hours. The dried seeds were macerated at room temperature using 30%, 50%, 70%, and 96% (v/v) of ethanol as the solvent with a 1:10 solvent-to-solid ratio. Levels of dried extract yield were determined for sulfhydryl compounds and mimosine using a spectrophotometer. Results: The 30% ethanol extract without soaking produced the highest levels of extract yield, but 70% ethanol was the most effective solvent for extracting the maximum sulfhydryl and minimum mimosine levels. Conclusion: Ethanol solvent (70%) can be used to extract maximum levels of sulfhydryl compound and minimum levels of mimosine from Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit soaked seeds.
Keywords: Ethanol; Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit; Mimosine; Sulfhydryl compounds

Lithium Nitrate Induced Biochemical Modifications in catla catla upon Short Term Exposure - S Jagadeep Chandra; Naganagouda V Kote; S Sandya; Sharath Chandra SP (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Alkali metals such as lithium nitrate due to its properties have found their application in industries. However, reports of acute toxicological impact of lithium nitrate on aquatic animals are largely not available in the literature. Objective: With this interest, we have assessed the impact of LiNO3 on Catla catla, a freshwater fish widely consumed. Materials and Methods: In this study, LC50 of LiNO3 was determined to be 5ppm, for 24 h. Following this, 1/10th of the LC50 levels of LiNO3 (0.5ppm) was chosen for acute investigation of 96 h. Results: The results demonstrated increase in serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in treated fish. Further examinations disclosed changes in antioxidant enzyme systems with remarkable changes in the serum catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) contents, with elevation in malondialdehyde (MDA). The investigation found increased glutamate levels in the brain tissue of treated groups, demonstrating tissue damage. Conclusion: The study underlines the toxicological impact of LiNO3 and role of certain potential biomarkers which determine the impact of these toxicants in aquatic environment.

Lutein: A Comprehensive Review on its Chemical, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potentials - Nurul Iman Nurul Fuad; Mahendran Sekar; Siew Hua Gan; Pei Teng Lum; Jaishree Vaijanathappa; Subban Ravi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Lutein is a naturally occurring carotenoid found in high amounts in flowers, grains, fruits and green vegetables with green leaves include spinach, kale and carrots. The market for lutein encompasses pharmaceutical, dietary supplement, food, animal and fish feed industries. Objective: The present review aimed to provide an updated and comprehensive analysis of lutein, including its chemistry, biological properties and therapeutic potentials. Methods: Relevant literatures were collected from several scientific databases, include Google Scholar, Pubmed and ScienceDirect between 2000 to till date. Following a detailed inclusion and exclusion screening process, the information obtained was summarized. Results: Information on the sources, chemistry and biological properties including antioxidant, anti-arthrisits, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-cataract, antidiabetic, anticancer and bone remodelling activities, as well as food industry processing for lutein were tabled. Lutein can be considered powerful antioxidants along with multifaceted molecular targets, such as NF-ҡB, PI3K/Akt, Nrf‑2, HO-1 and SIRT-1 signaling pathways in various pathological conditions. Conclusion: The present review observe the chemical, pharmacological properties, in addition to the therapeutic potentials of lutein. It is hoped that the information can provide a good reference to aid in the development and utilization of lutein in phytopharmaceuticals and food industries.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Inflammatory cytokines; Lutein; Molecular targets; Pharmacology; Transcription factors

Memory Enhancing Efficacy of an Ayurvedic Polyherbal Formulation on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Deficit Experimental Models - Deepa Shukla; Sajal Srivastava; Talha Jawaid (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
The present study was performed to determine the efficacy of an ayurvedic polyherbal formulation (PHF) in the learning and memory process of animal models. The prepared PHF was a suspension of three plant extracts i.e. Alpinia galanga (AG), Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG) and Convolvulus pluricaulis (CP) along with other excipients. Learning and memory assessment of PHF was performed using different behavioral models in scopolamine-induced memory impairment animals. Biochemical estimation was performed to determine the enzymatic level of MDA, GSH and AChE level in rats. Results indicated that the time of social investigation trial 2 (SIT2) was reduced significantly compared to SIT1 due to the treatment of PHF. In the water maze test, plant extracts significantly decreased the latency time in the 4th and 5th sessions comparing to session 1. Administration of AG, CP, GG, and PHF caused amelioration of scopolamine-induced memory impairment in the MWM test. The extracts and PHF were also effective in reducing latency time in the pole climbing test. Biochemical parameters exhibited a reduction in MDA and AChE levels with an increase in GSH level after treatment with extracts and PHF. It can be concluded from the study that PHF is an effective formulation for learning and memory processes against scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Further, the isolation of active constituents is desired from different plant extracts.
Keywords: Alpinia galanga; Convolvulus pluricaulis; Glycyrrhiza glabra; Latency time; Pole climbing test; Social recognition test

Microencapsulation of Macaranga gigantea Leaf Extracts: Production and Characterization - Muhaimin Muhaimin; Yusnaidar Yusnaidar; Wilda Syahri; Madyawati Latief; Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: The aim of this research was to formulate the microcapsules of Macaranga gigantea leaves extract with solvent evaporation method using Ethocel 10 cP and Eudragit E100 as matrix. Methods: M. gigantea leaves were extracted using ethanol 96%. This extract was dried by rotary evaporator. The microencapsulation process of M. gigantea leaves extract was conducted by solvent evaporation method (O/W: oil in water). The formula of M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsules were designed into six formulas (Eudragit E100: FA1, FA2, FA3 and Ethocel 10 cP: FB1, FB2, FB3). Microcapsules of M. gigantea leaves extract were characterized for particle size, in terms of surface morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and encapsulation efficiency. Antioxidant activity of the formulation have been evaluated by DPPH method. Physical characterization on microparticles were performed by conducting entrapment efficiency and SEM picture. Results: In this research, the micoparticles containing M. gigantea extract has been developed by using ethyl cellulose (Ethocel 10 cP ) and eudragit (Eudragit E100) as polymer matrix. The results showed that high concentration of polymer (Ethocel 10 cP and Eudragit E100) used in microencapsulation resulted in better M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsules in terms of physical characteristics. Particle size of microcapsules containing M. gigantea leaves extract were in the range of 3.564 to 5.887 μm. Encapsulation efficiency (% EE) was categorized as good because the value were ≥ 80% to which 85.978% (FA3) and 88.992% (FB3). SEM picture of FA3 (Eudragit E100) revealed that the surface of microcapsule were rough and porous. When Ethocel 10 cP used as polymer, a smoother surface and less visible pores of microcapsule were obtained. The antioxidant ability of M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsule showed that IC50 values was 64.51 ppm. Conclusion: It can be concluded that microcapsules of M. gigantea leaves extract can be prepared by solvent evaporation method by using Eudragit E100 and Ethocel 10 cP as polymer matrix. M. gigantea leaves has potent antioxidant activity either as extract or after formulated into microcapsules.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Ethocel 10 cP; Eudragit E100; Macaranga gigantea; Microencapsulation; Solvent evaporation method

Microscopic Investigations and Pharmacognosy of Striga orobanchioides Benth - Sunayana Vikhe; Rahul Kunkulol (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Objective: To study delineate Pharmacognosy of the stem of plant Striga Orobanchioides Benth (Scrophulariaceae), prime plant in Indian system of medicine. A comprehensive account on standardization of herbal drug Striga Orobanchioides Benth by using microscopic as well as Pharmacognostic parameters. In the field of herbal medicines, the main issues are quality, purity, and effectiveness, as in many cases herbal drugs are knowingly or unknowingly substituted or adulterated with similar species or varieties. Methods: The macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical analysis, preliminary phytochemical testing of the powder of plant stem and other WHO recommended methods for standardization was done. Results: T S of young as well as old stem was studied. T.S. of the young stem confirmed the presence of thin epidermal layer, fairly wide cortex and thin vascular cylinder having the pith disintegrated or retained as homogeneous parenchymatous tissue. T.S. of the old stem confirmed the presence of cortical cells, parenchyma cells, sclerenchyma cells, vascular tissue. The lower conical part of the stem has epidermis cortical zone and vascular cylinder continued from its wide upper part. The cortical zone consists of parenchymatous ground tissue with sealed masses of sclerenchyma cells. The xylem tissue becomes gradually narrow and thin in the end of the stem. It includes compact radial lines of vessels, filnes and xylem rays. Conclusion: The above parameters, being reported to the first time for the studied plant species, and are significant towards establishing the microscopic and Pharmacognostic standards for future identification and authentication of genuine herbal drug. It can be concluded that the Pharmacognostic outline of Striga Orobanchioides plant is beneficial in developing standards for quality, purity and sample identification.
Keywords: Pharmacognosy; Stem; Striga Orobanchioides

Modern Approaches to the Analysis of Kelp (Laminaria sp.) as Pharmacopoeial Herbal Drugs and Food Products - Bokov DO; Potanina OG; Nikulin AV; Shchukin VM; Orlova VA; Bagirova GB; Kakhramanova SD; Al- Khafaji H; Balobanova NP; Evgrafov AA; Samylina IA; Krasnyuk II; et al. (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Currently, the chemical composition of Laminaria J.V. Lamour. species is well studied; they have found applications in the food, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical industries. The main groups of biologically active compounds are polysaccharides (alginic acid, laminarin, mannitol, fucoidan, and others) and minerals (iodine compounds, magnesium, potassium, calcium, iron) that are determined according to pharmacopoeial and All-Union State Standards requirements. Materials and Methods: For data obtaining various types of search tools and engines such as Google, Google scholar, scientific literature (including Russian sources), normative documentation of Russian Federation (State Pharmacopoeia of Russian Federation IV edition, All-Union State Standards, and others) electronic databases such as e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed were used. Results: In the course of this review study, a modern characteristic of the kelp thallus as a pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, food substance of plant origin is presented. The data on the chemical composition, harvesting, and processing of raw materials are summarized. The standardization and safety issues of kelp thallus are considered taking into account modern pharmacopoeial and food international requirements. The approaches to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of biologically active compounds (polysaccharides, iodine) and the determination of safety indicators are studied. Conclusions: The regulatory documentation that is used in the quality control of kelp needs to be finalized and updated. For pharmacopoeial analysis, all possible physicochemical methods (gravimetric, titrimetric, spectrophotometric) should be presented in the newly approved monograph. In this case, modern procedures should be developed, including HPLC with various types of detection (determination of the carbohydrates profile and polysaccharides, including methods with acid and enzyme hydrolysis). This will ensure the required level of quality, the safety of kelp (Laminaria) raw materials.
Keywords: alginic acid; Fucoidan; Iodine; Kelp; Laminaria japonica; Laminaria saccharina; Laminarin; Mannitol

Molecular Mechanism of Capsaicin from (Capsicum Annuum L.) on Expression of MAPK1 and AKT1 Protein as Candidate of Anticancer Drugs: In silico Study - Mohammad Sukmanadi; Sri Agus Sudjarwo; Mustofa Helmi Effendi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
One of the most important compounds in Capsicum annuum L. is capsaicin, capsaicin is a secondary metabolite of the Capsicum Annuum L. plant. In the pharmaceutical field in addition to relieving pain or pain, capsaicin is also known to have anticancer activity because it inhibits certain oncogenic proteins. Further screening of the capsaicin compound against the oncogenic protein produced in the HCC pathogenesis signaling is needed. Screening components in Capsicum annuum L. against MAPK1 and AKT1 target proteins is the initial stage of drug discovery. MAPK1 and AKT1 protein bundles and capsaicin ligand bundles that were prepared previously in Autodock 4.0 were molecular dockings (molecular docking). After molecular docking, it was found that capsaicin binds to MAPK1 / ERK with the free energy of Gibbs of -5.5 Kcal/mol and AKT1 of -6.7 Kcal/mol. The free energy of Gibbs is so negative that it is ensured that the reaction will take place spontaneously and lead to high affinity. The data that has been obtained, capsaicin in Capsicum annuum L. has a high affinity for MAPK1 and AKT1 receptor/protein targets with the binding energy of -5.5 Kcal/mol and -6.7 Kcal/ mol and Potential Activity Score (Pa ) equal to 0,690 for preneoplastic treatment, 0.590 for apoptosis agonist, and 0.366 for antineoplastic activity and accordingly become candidates for anticancer drugs.
Keywords: AKT1; Anticancer; Capsaicin; Capsicum annuum L.; MAPK1

Molecules of Interest – Karanjin – A Review - Aina Akmal Mohd Noor; Siti Nurul Najiha Othman; Pei Teng Lum; Shankar Mani; Mohd Farooq Shaikh; Mahendran Sekar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: At the present time, several plants are largely contributing to the medical field due to its valuable use. Scientific evidence generated with their special inherent compounds gave more confidence to the scientific community. Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) is an Indian native plant and well exploited in Ayurvedic medicinal system. Concurrently, a few pieces of scientific research have been done to prove the therapeutic activity of this medicinal plant. The medicinal properties of this plant are most likely due to its principal active compound, karanjin. As a molecule of interest, karanjin is an antioxidant and also exerts other biological benefits. Karanjin has also been recognized to be used in agricultural and environmental management other than medicinal purposes. Objectives: This review aimed to provide a brief information on the chemical and biological properties of karanjin along with its traditional uses. It is also discusses the scientific evidences available for its various biological properties. Materials and Methods: Various databases such as Google, Google Scholar Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed had been searched and the data was obtained. Results: The chemistry and reported biological properties of karanjin were highlighted. Karanjin revealed antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-Alzheimer's activities, and thus has several possible applications in clinical research. Conclusion: Therefore, further research may help in exploiting its properties and emergent phytopharmaceuticals based on it.
Keywords: Chemistry; Flavonoid; Karanja; Karanjin; Pharmacology; Pongam oil tree; Pongamia pinnata

Morpho-anatomical, Phytochemical and TLC/HPTLC Studies on Whole Plant of Plectranthus vettiveroides (Jacob) N.P. Singh and B.D. Sharma - Velvizhi D; Nartunai G; Susikumar S; Ilavarasan R (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Plectranthus vettiveroides is an aromatic perennial herb, which belongs to family Lamiaceae. The whole plant of P. vettiveroides is aromatic, bitter, cooling, febrifuge, diaphoretic, stimulant, diuretic, useful in vitiated conditions of pitta, burning sensation, leprosy, skin diseases, leucoderma, fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, ulcers, stomachic and emmenagogue. In the present investigation morpho-anatomical, preliminary phyto-chemical, physico-chemical parameters and TLC/HPTLC fingerprint of the whole plant of P. vettiveroids were carried out and reported. Objective: To carry out morpho-anatomical, phytochemical and TLC/HPTLC studies on dried whole plant of P. vettiveroides for authentication/identification. Methods: The morphology, microscopy and phyto-chemical investigation were carried out by following standard methods. Results: Microscopically spiral, reticulated, scalariform and pitted vessels, libriform and septate fibres, multicellular branched covering trichomes, glandular trichomes and silica crystals are the unique diagnostic characteristics in whole plant of P. vettiveroides. The preliminary phyto-chemical, physico-chemical parameters and number of spots and Rf values of TLC/HPTLC are found to be unique diagnostic characteristics of the plant for identification. Conclusion: The finding of present study is helpful in standardization of formulation consists of whole plant of P. vettiveroides as ingredient in their powdered form and also for authentication/ identification of dried whole plant of P. vettiveroides.
Keywords: Morpho-anatomy; P. vettiveroides; Phytochemistry; standardization; TLC/HPTLC finger print

Nanoparticle Characterization of Allium sativum, Curcuma mangga and Acorus calamus as a Basic of Nanotechnology on Jamu Subur Kandungan Madura - Bayyinatul Muchtaromah; Didik Wahyudi; Mujahidin Ahmad; Rahmi Annisa (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: The increasing of researcher attraction on the herbal drug after so long ignored due to difficulties in processing has opened a new door for the development of a novel of "jamu Subur Kandungan". However, the constraints that then faced in consuming "jamu Subur Kandungan", an herbal reproductive drug, are the solubility and poor absorption in the intestine. Therefore, this study aims to characterize nanoparticle of the combination of garlic (Allium sativum), temu mangga (Curcuma mangga) and jeringau (Acorus calamus) encapsulated by chitosan. Material and Methods: the simplicial of garlic (Allium sativum), temu mangga (Curcuma mangga) and jeringau (Acorus calamus) was purchased from Materia Medica Batu Malang Indonesia. Nanoparticle of combination of garlic, temu mangga and jeringau was produced by ionic gelation method. Nanoparticle characterization was assessed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Spectrophotometer Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), Particle Size analyzer (PSA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Result: The ionic gelation method succeeded to make nanoparticle. The produced nanoparticle was around 438-1159 nm. The length of sonication has proven to make the particle size smaller. The particle size distribution of chitosan at the time of 90 min sonication and 150 min was classified as uneven because of the particle size clustered in the range 500-1000 nm and 3000-5000 nm. The hydroxyl (OH) group appeared at wave number 3429-2466 cm-1, while the amide functional group appeared at wave numbers (1648-1652 cm-1. Phosphate groups (P = O) also appeared, which is a TPP residue, at a wavenumber 1384 cm-1. Conclusion: Chitosan-garlic nanoparticles (Allium sativum), temu mangga (Curcuma mangga) and jeringau (Acorus calamus) were successfully produced with ionic gelation method.
Keywords: Characterization; Garlic; Ionic gelation; Jeringau; Nanoparticle; Temu mangga

Nanoparticle Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of Kaempferia pandurata Roxb. Extract to the Growth of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cell Line - Risya Amelia Rahmawanti; Fadilah Fadilah; Brenda Cristie Edina; Lowilius Wiyono; Rafika Indah Paramita (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Breast cancer is the most common cancer worldwide and in Indonesia. Kaempferia pandurata Roxb. is a herbal plant from South-East Asia which is known for its ability to inhibit the growth of Estrogen Receptor (ER) + breast cancer cell line from the former study. However, its effect on ER- breast cancer cell lines had not been studied. Therefore, we want to examine the cytotoxicity effect of K. pandurata Roxb. on ER- breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). Nanoparticle is a form of preparation that optimizes the activity of any compound to the targeted cell. Therefore, it is expected that it can increase the effectivity of anticancer in Kaempferia pandurata Roxb. In this study, the rhizome of K. pandurata Roxb. trituration was dried and extracted with n-hexane solvent. Nanoparticle of K. pandurata Roxb. was synthesized with CaCl2, chitosan, and alginate by stirring with a magnetic stirrer, adjusting pH, and centrifugation. Then, nanoparticle was analized by UV/VIS spectrofotometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The cytotoxicity of K. pandurata Roxb. extract and nanoparticle were examined with MTT assay. The result of this test is data of inhibition percentage and IC50 value. The result showed that n-hexane extract of K. pandurata Roxb. is synthesized into nanoparticle form with 99,43% yield percentage (entrapment value). Anticancer activity of n-hexane extract and nanoparticle of K. pandurata Roxb. is moderate with IC50 value of the extract is 87,23 μg/ml and the nanoparticle is 24,23 μg/ml. The nanoparticle’s activity is better than the extract. n-Hexane extract and nanoparticle of K. pandurata Roxb. has cytotoxicity effects towards MDA-MB-231 cell line. Nanoparticle can increase the cytotoxicity effect of K. pandurata Roxb. extract because its hydrophobic feature and nanometer size.
Keywords: Breast cancer; Kaempferia pandurata Roxb.; MDA-MB-231 cells; Nanoparticle; Temu Kunci

Naringenin and Vanillin Mitigate Cadmium-Induced Pancreatic Injury in Rats via Inhibition of JNK and p38 MAPK Pathways - Amr A Fouad; Entesar F Amin; Amira F Ahmed (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Cadmium can induce pancreatic injury via oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Naringenin (NGN) and vanillin (VLN) exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. Objective: The likely ameliorative effects of NGN, VLN and their combination were studied in rats exposed to cadmium-induced pancreatic injury. Materials and Methods: Rats received NGN (50 mg/kg/day, p.o.), VLN (100 mg/ kg/day, p.o.), or NGN + VLN for 7 days and one injection of CdCl2 (2 mg/kg, i.p.) on the 6th day. Results: Cadmium significantly lowered serum amylase and insulin levels. Cadmium also caused significant increments of malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, nuclear factor-κB p65, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and significant decrements of reduced glutathione and catalase in the pancreas of rats received CdCl2. Additionally, CdCl2 caused marked histopathological necrosis and significantly increased caspase-3 expression in pancreatic tissue. The cadmium-induced biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical changes were significantly ameliorated by NGN, VLN and NGN + VLN. However, NGN + VLN caused more significant ameliorative effects than did NGN and VLN alone. Conclusion: NGN, VLN and NGN + VLN afforded significant protection of pancreas in rats exposed to cadmium insult through modulation of JNK and p38 MAPK pathways and inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.
Keywords: CdCl2; JNK/MAPK; Naringenin; p38/MAPK; Pancreas; Vanillin

The Nephroprotective And Antioxidant Activity of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq. Leaves - Rini Prastiwi; Ema Dewanti; Inka Nurul Fadliani; Nessa Aqilla; Salwaa Salsabila; Vera Ladeska (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Sterculia has an antioxidant activity. The Sterculia genus has phenols and flavonoids content, and this chemical content may be have an nephroprotective activity. Objective: The study was to investigate the in vitro study of antioxidant activity with DPPH and FRAP study and nephroprotective activity of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq. Leaves extract. Materials and Methods: The leaves was extracted using ethanol. This extract was determined for antioxidant activity by in vitro study with DPPH and FRAP methods, determined the content of total phenols, total flavonoids, and also identification of chemical content. Nephrotoxicity study done by induced gentamycin. The groups divided 6 group, consist: negative control, positive control, normal control, and the extract with dose 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/ kg. The parameter for nephroprotective activity was tubular necrosis, the presence of tubules casts and glomerular damage, creatinine serum, and urea. Results: The ethanol extract has IC50 162.34 μg/ml for DPPH scavenging activity and 18.65 ± 3.53 FeEAC (Mol/g) for FRAP. The secondary metabolite presence flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, alkaloids, and glycosides. The total phenols 462.36 ± 9.23 mg GAE/gr, total flavonoids content 59.44 ± 0.11 mg QE/gr extract. All the dose have an nephroprotective activity, but the best dose was 50 mg/kg. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Sterculia rubiginosa showed antioxidant activity and nephroprotective activity.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Gentamicin; Nephroprotective; Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll Ex. Miq.

Neuro-protective Effect of Ayurveda Formulation, Saraswatharishtam, on Scopolamine Induced Memory Impairment in Animal Model - Jai Prabhu; K Prabhu; Anathbandhu Chaudhuri; Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao; V S Kalai Selvi; T K Balaji; Shruthi Dinakar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: In the management of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, memory loss remains very challenging. Saraswatharishtam (SWRT) is an ayurvedic formulation prescribed for several neurological ailments like acute anxiety, partial memory loss, slurred speech, neuro-degenerative diseases like Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s etc. Methods: Present study explores the possibilities of curative effects of SWRT on Scopolamine induced memory impairment and to compare the effects of commonly used drug Piracetam. Adult Wistar Swiss albino mice were used for this experiment and divided into five different groups for the treatments of the drugs in various combinations. The first group was vehicle treated control while the second group was treated with scopolamine to induce memory impairment. The third groups of animals were treated with Scopolamine where the mice were pretreated with standard neuro-protective drug Piracetam, while the fourth and fifth groups of animals were treated with scopolamine and the animals were pretreated with SWRT at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively to compare with the effect of Piracetam. Scopolamine was administered on day eight, only for 45 minutes in all the cases (Group I- Group V). Several neurobehavioral parameters were examined to confirm the neuro-protective effects of SWRT. Results: Saraswatharishtam significantly reversed the memory loss in mice model as revealed from elevated plus maze, radial maze and rectangular maze experiments justifying its neuroprotective potential as observed in usually used synthetic Piracetam. SWRT was found to be nontoxic and very promising antioxidant recorded from acute and chronic toxicological studies. Conclusions: It is suggested that SWRT, could be used as safe and easily available Ayurveda medicine to treat neurological dysfunctions without any side effects. Further translational research is needed to explore its neuro-protective potential.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Ayurvedic; Elevated Plus Maze; Neuro-protection; Piracetam; Saraswatharishtam; Scopolamine

Neuro-protective Effect of Ayurveda Formulation, Saraswatharishtam, on Scopolamine Induced Memory Impairment in Animal Model - Jai Prabhu; K Prabhu; Anathbandhu Chaudhuri; Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao; VS Kalai Selvi; TK Balaji; Sruthi Dinakar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: In the management of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, memory loss remains very challenging. Saraswatharishtam (SWRT) is an ayurvedic formulation prescribed for several neurological illnesses like acute anxiety, partial memory loss, slurred speech, neuro degenerative diseases like Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s etc. Methods: Present study explores the possibilities of curative effects of SWRT on Scopolamine induced memory impairment and to compare the effects of commonly used drug piracetam. Adult Wistar Swiss albino mice were used for this experiment and divided into five different groups for the treatments of the drugs in various combinations. The first group was vehicle treated control while the second group was treated with scopolamine to induce memory impairment. The third group of animals were treated with Scopolamine where the mice were pretreated with standard neuroprotective drug Piracetam, while the fourth and fifth group of animals were treated with scopolamine and the animals were pretreated with SWRT at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively to compare with the effect of Piracetam. Scopolamine was administered on day eight, only for 45 minutes in all the cases (Group I- Group V). Several neurobehavioral parameters were examined to confirm the neuroprotective effects of SWRT. Results: Saraswatharishtam significantly reversed the memory loss in mice model revealed from elevated plus maze, radial maze and rectangular maze experiments justifying its neuroprotective potential as observed in usually used synthetic Piracetam. SWRT was found to be nontoxic and very promising antioxidant recorded from acute and chronic toxicological studies. Conclusions: It is suggested that SWRT, could be used as safe and easily available Ayurveda medicine to treat neurological dysfunctions without any side effects. Further translational research is needed to explore its neuro-protective potential.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Ayurvedic medicine; Elevated Plus Maze; Neuroprotection; Piracetam; Saraswatharishtam; Scopolamine

Noni Juice (Morinda citrifolia) to Prevent Cancer Progression in Mice Induced DMBA and Cigarette Smoke Exposure - Didin Wahyu Agustina; Mulya Dwi Wahyuningsih; Sri Widyarti; Aris Soewondo; Hideo Tsuboi; Muhaimin Rifa’i (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the body commonly lead to degenerative disease such as cancer. This study aims to investigate the potential of Morinda citrifolia to maintain the immune system against toxic exposure. Materials and Methods: This study used Five weeks old male Balb/C mice as animal model. The 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) was administrated for six weeks following with 3 days cigarette smoke (CS) exposure then treated with noni juice (M. citrifolia) for two weeks. Experimental animals were divided into six groups. Normal control (N); DMBA+CS; Cisplatin; D1; D2; and D3. Profil of CD4+TNFα+, CD11b+IL6+, CD11b+IFNγ+, CD4+CD25+ IL10+, NK+IL6+ cells was analyzed by flow cytometry and data was analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey HSD test with a significance of p-values < 0.05. Results: This study show that DMBA+CS induction increasing level of CD11b+IL6+, CD4+CD25+ IL-10+ and NK+ IL-6+ meanwhile decreasing CD4+TNFα+significantly (P<0.5) than Normal group. Noni juice in dose 90 mg/Kg BW decrease cytokine pro-inflammation (IL-6 and IFNγ) both in macrophage and NK cell profile significantly (P<0.05). Noni juice in 30 mg/Kg BW could improve the activation CD4+TNFα+ significantly (P<0.05). Noni juice also has efficacy to control T regulator activation to prevent tumor escape. Conclusion: These results suggest that noni juice has anti-cancer potencies by maintain homeostasis of immune system and could be immune herbal supplement.
Keywords: Homeostatic; Immunotoxin; Inflammation; Noni juice; Tumor progression

Nutrient Content, Active Compound and Antibacterial Activity of Padina australis against Aeromonas hydropilla - Yuliana Salosso; Siti Aisiah; Lumban Nauli Lumban Toruan; Wesly Pasaribu (Active compound, Antibacterial activity, Padina australis, Nutrient content,, 2020)
Background: Padina australis is one of the brown macroalgae that possess several compounds that can be used for various medicinal properties. Objective: This study aims to analyze the nutrient content, active compounds, and antibacterial activity of Padina australis against Aeromonas hydropilla. Methods: The nutrient content and phytochemical composition of P. australis were examined in this study. The antibacterial effect was evaluated using the disc method against A. hydropilla. Results: The nutrient content of P. australis include 38.5% carbohydrate, 2.07% fat, 13.89% protein, 16.12% water, 33.34% ash, 8.54% total amino acid, and minerals (11.36% calcium, 0.22% iron, and 1.81% potassium). Phytochemical analysis showed that P. australis contained phenols, tannin, flavonoid, and steroid. These compound may be responsible for inhibiting A. hydropilla, with an inhibition zone of 10.5 mm for water extract of P. australis and 10 mm for methanol extract P. australis. Conclusion: This study revealed that P. australis produced antibacterial effect against A. hydropilla which could be potential for further antimicrobial agent development.
Keywords: Active compound; Antibacterial activity; Nutrient content; Padina australis

Ochna kirkii Oliv: Pharmacognostical Evaluation, Phytochemical Screening, and Total Phenolic Content - Endang Hanani; Vivi Anggia; Ike Nurvita Amalina (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Ochna kirkii Oliv. belongs to family Ochnaceae is commonly known as “mickey mouse plants” in Asia, included in Jakarta. Objectives: This research was conducted to study the pharmacognosy and total phenolic content. Methods: The pharmacognosy study including the macroscopic, microscopic, fluorescence and phytochemical characteristic, which enable to identification of medicinal plant drug, as well as the total phenolic content using spectrophotometric method. Physicochemical parameters, like loss on drying, ash value, extractive values etc. were also determined following WHO guidelines. Results: Physicochemical standard quantified include total ash 5.15% ± 0.4623, acid insoluble ash 0.32% ± 0.2614, water soluble ash 10.72% ± 0.2340, alcohol soluble extractive 12.8% ± 1.3770, ether soluble extractive 7.30% ± 1.8341, water content 5.76 % ± 0.0050, loss on drying 6.91% ± 1.6133. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaves showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins and triterpenoid. TLC profile of the O.kirkii leaves extracts (n-hexane, DCM, ethyl acetate and 70% ethanol) showed 8, 6, 7 and 10 spots respectively; in different solvent system. The total phenolic content was 252.08 mg GAE/g± 0.4430. Conclusions: The various macroscopic, microscopic, physical and phytochemical analysis of the O.kirkii leaf is useful in standardization for quality, purity and sample identification.
Keywords: Chromatogram profile; Fluorescence; Macroscopic; Microscopic; Ochna kirkii

Ocimum sanctum: Role in Diseases Management Through Modulating Various Biological Activity - Saleh A Almatroodi; Mohammed A Alsahli; Ahmad Almatroudi; Arshad Husain Rahmani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Medicinal plants are used commonly by traditional medical practitioners in their daily practice for the treatment of various diseases. The treatment based on natural products are preferred because they are more economic and have lesser side-effects. In this regards, Ocimum sanctum commonly known as holy basil or tulsi is used in the diseases cure and treatment since ancient time. Ocimum sanctum has been proven health promoting effect through modulation of various biological activates. Ocimum sanctum shows therapeutic role through its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective and wound healing effects. Besides, the constituents of holy basil have been confirmed to have a noteworthy effect in cancer management through inhibition of cancer development and progression. Further, the synergistic effect of Ocimum sanctum component with anti-cancer drugs has been proven as it reduces the growth of cancer. Molecular mechanism and human clinical trials based should be performed to avail its role in diseases cure and management. This review comprehensively summarizes the role of holy basil in disease management through in vivo and in vitro study.
Keywords: Anti-cancer; Anti-oxidant effect; Health promoting effect; Ocimum sanctum

Online Survey for Patient Outcomes on Hericium Erinaceous Mushroom - Noha Abd Al Kreem Younis Younis (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Hericium Erinaceous (Lion's Mane) mushroom is steadfast becoming one of the most widespread and familiar of medicinal mushrooms currently available worldwide, this could be due to its many surprising health benefits and it is the ability to treat various ailments. In our study, we connected a questionnaire to the largest internet portal for Hericium Erinaceous (H.Erinaceous) consumers to measure respondents’ feedback. The questionnaire addresses the attitude and potential benefits of respondents towards H.Erinaceous intake by using a numeric rating scale (NRS),97respondents took part in our study. The most frequently used of H. Erinaceous in our sample were in the treatment of neural diseases, enhance memory and GI disorders. The benefits and satisfied outcomes were highest with participants who use H. Erinaceous in a dose of 2-3 tablets (3g) twice/day to improve memory and cognitive properties and lowest in the treatment of autism even with high doses. 69.9%of participants did not discuss consuming this mushroom with their physician. Objectives for the study to determine the prevalence and purposes of using the mushroom in different diseases and to predict the outcomes, side effects and the most effective dose taken by participants.
Keywords: Hericium Erinaceous; Lion's Mane; Medicinal mushrooms; Numeric rating scale

Paronychia argentea: A Critical Comprehensive Review on its Diverse Medicinal Potential and Future as Therapeutics - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan; Sardar Hussain; Janardhana Papayya Balakrishna; Surapaneni Krishna Mohan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Paronychia argentea has been used since long as a traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes, kidney stones, anti-microbial and many other human diseases. However, the plant has not been explored much. In the present scenario of drug resistance and toxicity associated with available drugs, there is a need for elaborated studies of plants like Paronychia argeneta which had been used as folk medicines. Aim and Objectives: The present article is focused on reviewing the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, traditional usage, biological activities, of Paronychia argentea which has been used in traditional medicinal system for ages. The aim of the study was to assess the ethnopharmacological usage of this plant and to explore therapeutic potentials and future opportunities for research. Materials and Methods: Information on the traditional usage and studies of the Paronychia argentea was gathered from from various journals, MSc dissertation, conference abstract, local books. Various search engines including Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Elsevier, ACS, Pubmed, Web of Science, CNKI and EMBASE were used to collect the information along with libraries. Results: Paronychia argentea has played an important role in traditional medicines in Algeria, Portugal, Israel and Jordan. The aerial parts of this plant are used as diuretics in Algerian traditional medicines and are used as antiurolithiasis. Leaf decoction of this plant is also used as diuretic. Paronychia argentea has been used as analgesic, treatment of stomach ulcer, anorexia, and flatulence in Portugal. Scientific studies on extracts of Paronychia revealed a wide range of pharmacological activities including anti-microbial activity, anti-oxidant, nephroprotective activity. Moreover, few reports have given contradictory data for usage of Paronychia when compared with its traditional usage. As in the case of alpha-amylase inhibitory efficacy of PA, it was observed that PA inhibits alpha-amylase activity but later on it was proven that PA does not have a hypoglycemic effect. Main bioactive metabolites present in this plant include alkaloids, flavonoids, volatile oils, etc. Conclusions: Based on this review, there are evidences from various studies regarding pharmacological effects of this plant as nephroprotective, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial activity. Some indications from in vitro studies have confirmed the inhibitory activity of this plant extract against alpha amylase enzyme. The available literature showed that most of the activities of the Paronychia can be accredited to the flavonoids present in them. Data regarding mechanisms of action of this plant along with pharmacokinetics, toxicology studies is still limited, which indicate the need of such studies for the clinical usage of this plant.
Keywords: Anti-microbial; Anti-oxidant; Bioactivity; Herbal medicine; Nephroprotective; Oxidative stress; Paronychia argentea; Therapeutic value; Ulcerative colitis

A Perspective Overview on Hygrophila auriculata - S Dhanalakshmi; N Harikrishnan; N Srinivasan; P Pandian; BA Tanisha; M Tharun Kumar; V Lokesh; N Yuvashri; S Supriya (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Hygrophila auriculata, belonging to the family Acanthaceae, is a promising medicinal plant with great economic potential. The medicinal value of H. auriculata has been appreciated in the ancient medical literature. The plant contains terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and is traditionally known as an aphrodisiac, renal tonic, and for its health-promoting properties. The plant is cultivated throughout India. However, systematic information on the different aspects of this species is not available. In this review, an attempt has been made to present this information.
Keywords: Hygrophila auriculata; Pharmacological activity; Phytochemistry

Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Evaluation of the bark of Grewia tiliifolia Vahl. - Jaya Kuruvilla; M Anilkumar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Grewia tiliifolia Vahl. is an important ethnomedicinal tree widely distributed in the tropical and sub-tropical areas and has been used as a source of herbal shampoo by the local communities in many places of Kerala, India. It has been routinely used in the traditional Ayurvedic medicines against cough, ulcers, cancer, skin diseases, pruritus, wounds and urinary infections. Objective: The aim of this study was the pharmacognostical standardisation of G. tiliifolia. Methods: Pharmacognostic evaluation of G.tiliifolia bark was carried out by usual macroscopic and microscopic examinations and phytochemical screening. In addition, the quantification of major phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins and carotenoids were carried out by standard procedures which can further throw light on the medicinal use of this ethnobotanically important plant. Results: Anatomical studies revealed the presence of prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate and druses in the stem and bark. Mucilage cavities were observed only in the stem. Histochemical studies revealed that the tissues of phloem parenchyma are the main localising region of various phytoconstituents. The physicochemical examinations along with the estimation of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins and carotenoids will help in setting the pharmacopoeial standards of G.tiliifolia. Conclusion: The present study provides useful information that will help in the exact identification as well as assessment of purity of crude drugs of G.tiliifoia.
Keywords: Grewia tiliifolia; Pharmacognostic studies; Physicochemical evaluation; Phytochemical screening; Quantification of phytoconstituents

Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Studies of Leaves of Psydrax horizontalis Schum. and Thonn (Rubiaceae) - Onyekere Peculiar Feenna; Odoh Uchenna Estella; Peculiar-Onyekere Chioma Obianuju; Nwafor Felix Ifeanyi; Ezugwu Christopher Obodike (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Psydrax horizontalis Schum. and Thonn; is used traditionally in the treatment of malaria, fever, and management of diabetes in Nsukka, South-eastern Nigeria. Owing to its increasing ethno-medicinal relevance, proper identification and evaluation are vital to prevent adulteration. This research article presents a detailed pharmacognostic, physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation on the leaves of Psydrax horizontalis which will be used in its identification and consequent standardization. Methods: The fresh and powdered leaves were evaluated for their macroscopic and microscopic features. Physicochemical properties and phytochemical screening were carried out based on standard procedures by World Health Organization (WHO). Results: Psydrax horizontalis is a petiolate, stipulate and compound bi-pinnate leaf with reticulate venation, entire margin, chordate base and has opposite leaf arrangement. Microscopic diagnostic characters observed were paracytic stomata, unicellular covering trichomes, microsphenoidal shaped calcium oxalate crystals, lignified vessels and fibres as well as numerous starch grains. The total ash, water soluble ash, sulphated ash, acid insoluble ash compositions were 6.5, 0.5, 2.75 and 0.5% respectively. The moisture content, alcohol soluble extractive and water soluble extractive values obtained were 8.8, 3.8 and 3.7% respectively. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening showed flavonoids, tannins, steroids, phenols and alkaloids at 100.00±0.035, 22.00±0.036, 19.50±0.024, 15.00±0.032 and 13.00±0.014 mg/g respectively as the major phytochemical constituents. Conclusion: The pharmacognostic standards of the leaves of Psydrax horizontalis were determined and serve as quality control parameters for their purity, identification and standardization.
Keywords: Evaluation; Microscopic; Pharmacognostic; Phytochemical; Psydrax horizontalis

Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and Ethnopharmacological Potential of Cyclamen coum Mill - Bokov DO; Krasikova MK; Sergunova EV; Bobkova NV; Kovaleva TYu; Bondar AA; Marakhova AI; Morokhina SL; Krasnyuk II; Moiseev DV (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: This review focuses on characterization of Cyclamen coum Mill. (Myrsinaceae), composition and content of biologically active substances presented in the above-ground and underground parts, reporting use of this plant in traditional medicine, predicting possible pharmacotherapeutic effects. Materials and Methods: Various electronic search engines such as Google, Google scholar, scientific literature, electronic databases such as e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed had been searched and data obtained. Results: Cyclamen L. is classified in the Myrsinaceae family now. It is a typical element of the Mediterranean flora. C. coum. is a species characteristic of the Caucasus and Crimea with rounded leaves and rounded corolla lobes, bright and pink-purple flowers. Chemical composition of biologically active substances of C. coum was described in sufficient detail. C. coum contains saponins (coumoside A, coumoside B, cyclaminorin, deglucocyclamin, cyclacoumin, and mirabilin lactone), sterols (stigmasterol and other related compounds), piperidine alkaloid (2-β-D-glycopyranosyl-2-undecil-3,5-dihydroxy-6-carboxypiperidine), flavonoids, phenols, tannins, cardiac glycosides. Antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor activities are established for different C. coum extracts. Conclusion: C. coum can be used for the production of potential anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal drugs. It should be noted that more pharmacognostic, pharmacological studies are needed for providing further information to use this medicinal plant in the official medicine. Also, standardization procedures for a crude herbal drug should be developed.
Keywords: Coumoside A; Coumoside B; Cyclacumin; Cyclamen coum; Cyclaminorin; Deglucocyclamine

Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and in vitro Biological Evaluation of Blepharis repens (Vahl) Roth - Sharada L Deore; Poonam B Bhansali; Bhushan A Baviskar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Blepharis repens (Vahl) Roth of Acanthaceae family, commonly known as Hadsan in Marathi and Haridachchu in Kannada, is threatened species due to exploitation from natural habitat. Objectives: The objective of present study is to establish scientifically well evaluated pharmacognostic and biological efficacy parameters. Methods: Microscopical parameters of leaf, root and stem are evaluated. Powder microscopy, physicochemical analysis, elemental analysis, fluorescence analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening and estimation of major phytoconstituents of whole herb powder are carried out. In vitro biological evaluation of Blepharisrepens carried out for antioxidant potential by DPPH method, in vitro anticancer activity by SRB assay and antimicrobial efficacy by both agar well diffusion and bioautography methods. Results: Morphologically, roots are cylindrical and elongated, leaf has symmetric base, entire margin, acute apex while stem is cylindrical, elongated. Microscopic evaluation reveals that both leaf and stem are covered with trichomes. Leaf has unicellular uniseriate trichomes while stem has multi-cellular uniseriate covering trichomes. Physicochemical evaluation revealed that total ash, acid insoluble ash and water-soluble ash values 13.85 7.7 and 3.1% respectively. Petroleum ether, alcohol and water extractive values found 0.84%, 1.64%, and 3.52% respectively. Loss on drying value is found 3.43%. Element analysis of whole herb confirms presence of nitrogen, sulphate and carbonate. Fluorescence tests are performed by treatment with different acids and alkalis and exposure to ultraviolet light. Phytochemical screening shows presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. Estimation of phytochemicals like carbohydrate, alkaloid, tannin and flavonoid found 5.78%, 1.43%, 5.7% and 1.48% respectively. Biological evaluation reveals that plant has significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activity while plant is devoid of in-vitro anticancer activity against human leukemia cell line HL-60.
Keywords: Anti-cancer; Anti-microbial; Anti-oxidant; Bioautography; Blepharisrepens; HL-60

Pharmacognostic Profile of Ageratum conyzoides L Plant and Simplicia - Warsinah; Hanif Nasiatul Baroroh (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Ageratum conyzoides Linn. is known as billy goat weed, including the family Asteraceae. This plant has been used empirically as a medicine for diarrhea, scratches, antinflammatory, snakebite, insecticide and nemasiticide. This study aims to identify plants based on pharmacognitive profiles including macroscopy, microscopy and non-parametric characters from plant parts of Ageratum conyzoides to determine the standardization of herbs. The results showed that the leaves were ovoid, pale green, soft hairy and purple, bluish or white flowers flowers. Microscopic observations of cross section of stem and leaf showed the presence of parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells and multicellular non-glandular trichomes, upper and lower epidermal cells, stomata in the upper and lower epidermis of the leaf. The highest value of water content was in the radix. The highest value of ash content was in the stem. The highest value of acid soluble ash content was in the radix. The highest value of water-soluble extract was in the folium. The highest value of ethanol-soluble extract was in the flower. The results of this study can be used as authentication of plant parts and a basis for the analysis of the standard pharmacopoeia A. conyzoides.
Keywords: Nil

Pharmacognostic Studies on Methanolic Extract of Leaves of Vitex negundo Linn - Kiran Sharma; Manish Yadav; Kavita Attri (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Vitex negundo Linn (verbenaceae), known as Nirgundi is important medicinal plant with variety of phytoconstituents having significant pharmacological activities. It has antiinflammatory, analgesic, anti-histaminic, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, hepatoprotective, antiimplantation, laxative, larvicidal, anti-arthritic, anticonvulsant and effective against snake venom activity. Two compounds namely vitexin and negundoside are reported to have anticancer and hepatoprotective activity respectively. For safe and effective use of herbal drugs in a formulation, proper standardization of herbal drugs is necessary. So, in this research paper basic pharmacognostic studies on Vitex negundo leaf extract like physicochemical parameters- ash values and extractive values, Fluorescence analysis, phytochemical screening, TLC profile with different solvent systems, behavior with different reagents and metal analysis was done. The findings throw light on preliminary standardization of this important medicinal plant. Key
Keywords: Ash values; Extractive values; Fluorescence analysis; TLC; Vitex negundo (VN)

Pharmacognostical Investigations of Hedysarum Caucasicum Bieb. (Fabaceae) - An Ethnomedicinal Plant of Northern Caucasus, Russia, Determination of Mangiferin and Antibacterial Potentials - Serebryanaya Fatima К; Imachueva Djavgarat R; Guseynova Ziyarat A (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
The main active component of members of the genus Hedysarum is xanthone C-glycoside - mangiferin which was found in the above-ground part of 17 species of Hedysarum. Mangiferin is contained in plants of the genus Hedysarum can serve as a chemotaxonomic marker of this genus, it has antiviral activity against DNA-containing viruses: Herpes simplex virus, Varicella zoster, Cytomegaloviruses, also has immunostimulatory properties (stimulates cellular and humoral immunity). We have prepared the morphological and anatomical studying, phytochemical research availability of tannines, flavonoids, xanthones, the free organic acids, the sugars and amino acids among which in the significant amount glutamic acid, aspartic acid and an arginine collect is established. The maintenance of the sum of xanthones made 7.12%. As a result of a research of amino-acid structure of a grass of Hedysarum caucasicum Bieb. presence at the significant amount of glutamic acid (13.58 g/kg), aspartic acid (13.61 g/kg), an arginine (14.99 g/kg) is revealed. In a grass of Hedysarum caucasicum Bieb. The quantitative maintenance of the sum of xanthones in terms of a specific indicator of a mangiferin is established. The technology of receiving a liquid extract by means of 80% of ethanol is developed, standardization is carried out it. It is established that extract of Hedysarum caucasicum Bieb. shows the antimicrobial activity concerning Shigella sonnei, Bacillus subtilis and B.anthracoides.
Keywords: Hedysarum; Hedysarum caucasicum Bieb.; Mangiferin

Pharmacognostical, Physicochemical and Phytochemical Evaluation of Strobilanthes kunthianus (Acanthaceae) - Geetha Balasubramaniam; Mahendran Sekar; Shrishailappa Badami (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation of various parts of Strobilanthes kunthianus. Methods: Macroscopical, microscopical, physico-chemical and phytochemical evaluations of leaves, stem, root and flowers of S. kunthianus were investigated. The paraffin embedded specimens were sectioned with the help of Rotary Microtome. The thickness of the sections was 10-12 μm and dewaxing was done by customary procedure. The sections were stained with toluidine blue for microscopical analysis. The preliminary phytochemical study was carried out for various extracts of S. kunthianus using standard procedure. Results: In the pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical studies, in an attempt to standardize the leaves, stem and root of S. kunthianus have been shown that will be definitely useful to the future researchers for the identification of the plant. Conclusion: These studies offer referential evidence for accurate identification and standardization of S. kunthianus.
Keywords: Pharmacognostic standardization; Physico-chemical evaluation; Phytochemical analysis; Strobilanthes kunthianus

Pharmacological Screening of Anti Lice and Antidandruff Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Leaves of Datura metel - Sreedhar V; J Mastanaiah; B Chakrapani; D Venkata Narayana; B Nagendra Babu; M Sushma; C Usha Sree; N Krishna Sree (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
It should be noticed that there is no drugs is available to treat lice and dandruff both are very great public health concern. So it is necessary to screen a drug especially of herbal origin to treat the both head lice and dandruff without affecting eyes. In the present study, Datura metel leaf extracts was evaluated for their insecticidal properties using head lice as an insect model. The study was conducted from November 2019 to March 2020. Plant sample (leaf) of Datura metel was collected from anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India in November 2019. The various concentration of ethanolic extract of leaves of Datura metel was prepared by using distilled water. 20%, 40%, 60% were used. A colony of P.humanus capitis was collected by combing the hair of 20-25 infected children at the age group of 10-15. Head lice were reared in the glass vessels covered with nylon mesh containing tufts of hairs. The hair tufts was impregnated with appropriate doses for the screening. Pure culture of M.furfur (MTCC: 1374) was obtained from institute of Microbial type of culture collection, Chandigarh, India. The culture was maintained in SDA medium. The current study afford scientific basis for the ethnomedical use of this plant as antilice application. It is concluded that it can be optimistic that the present work proved Datura metel of dual therapeutic advantage to be a potential phytochemical target in the design of a drug for the treatment of both lice and dandruff.
Keywords: Anti dandruff; Anti lice; Datura metel; Ethnomedical use; Pharmacological screening

Pharmacopoeial Analysis of Inulin-Containing Medicinal Plant Raw Materials and Drugs - Bokov DO; Karabeshkin DI; Samylina IA; Potanina OG; Krasnyuk II; Malinkin AD; Sergunova EV; Kovaleva TYu; Bobkova NV; Antsyshkina AM; Bondar AA; Evgrafov AA; et al. (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Today, there are some unresolved issues and discussions concerning inulin quantitative determination in medicinal plant raw materials (MPRM). MPRM containing polyfructans or fructosans (inulin and others) are rather complex multicomponent matrixes with many interacting compounds. The article discusses the prospects for further standardization of inulin-containing pharmacopoeial MPRM that include, in addition to polysaccharides (inulin), other biologically active compounds with pharmacological activity. Materials and Methods: Different types of search tools such as Google scholar, Google, scientific literature, normative documentation of Russian Federation (State Pharmacopoeia of Russian Federation IV edition and others) electronic databases such as e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed had been searched and data obtained. Results: The pharmacopoeial spectrophotometric procedures of inulin determination in the Russian Federation are approved in a version that does not fully satisfy modern standardization criteria. Regulatory changes required in the near future. Conclusion: Undoubtedly, to determine inulin quantitatively, it is necessary to modify the existing spectrophotometric procedures and introduce an additional alternative, more specific HPLC-RID (or similar) ones.
Keywords: Fructosans; HPLC-RID; Inulin quantitative determination; Polyfructans

Phenolic Compounds and Immunomodulating Activity of Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) Extract - Saybel OL; Rendyuk TD; Dargaeva TD; Nikolaev SM; Khobrakova VB (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: This research aims to determine the immunomodulating activity of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) herb extract and to evaluate the prospects of development of the medicine based on it. Methods: Object of the research was dry chicory extract obtained from herb (aerial part) of a wild plant. The chemical composition of the extract was determined by HPLC-MS method. Its immunomodulating action has been explored in vivo experiments involving intact animals, as well as immunosuppressed animals, treated with azathioprine cytostatic agent. Chicory extract was administered at a dose of 30 mg/kg per os 1 time per day for 14 days. As a reference drug, Immunal (Lec Pharma, Slovenia) was used. Chicory extract action on the state of cell immune component was evaluated in delayed hypersensitivity reaction. The humoral immunity condition was evaluated by the count of antibody-forming cells determined by the local hemolysis method. The state of the macrophage component of the immune response was evaluated in the phagocytosis reaction of peritoneal macrophages in relation to colloid liquid ink particles. Results: Dry chicory extract is capable to reduce the suppressive azathioprine effect on the cell-mediated immune response, antibody response, and phagocytosis with macrophages; it does not change the immunity indicators in intact animals. Conclusion: Dry chicory extract contains phenolic complex of biologically active substances, namely oxycoumarins, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonoids. Dry chicory extract is an effective immunocorrecting agent; it should be recommended for further study and application aiming for the prevention and treatment of immunodeficiency states.
Keywords: Chicory herb; Dry extract; Immunomodulating activity; Phenolic compounds

Phenolic Compounds from Caesalpinia sappan - Van Ba Nguyen; Binh Duong Vu; Gia Khanh Pham; Bach Quang Le; Van Chuyen Nguyen; Chu Van Men; Van Thu Nguyen (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Caesalpinia sappan L., a traditional ingredient of food and beverages in South East Asia, was investigated for its chemical constituents. Methods: The compounds were isolated by column chromatography and their chemical structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by comparison of their NMR data with literature data. Results: Repeated column chromatography of the EtOAc-soluble fraction from the heartwood of C. sappan resulted in the isolation of sappanchalcone (1), caesalpiniaphenol G (2), and quercetin (3). Conclusion: Three phenolic compounds have been successfully isolated from C. sappan.
Keywords: Analgesic; Caesalpinia sappan; Caesalpiniaceae; Homoisoflavonoids

Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Heavy Metal and Microbiological Analysis of Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves - Emelia Oppong Bekoe; Yakubu Jibira; Gladys Amponsah Agyei (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Moringa oleifera leaves is one of the highly patronized herbs on the Ghanaian market. It is used for the treatment and prevention of several diseases. It is imperative that available and effective methods can be utilized to assess the quality of samples before being consumed. Objective: A study of the leaves was conducted to ascertain its physicochemical, phytochemical, heavy metal and microbiological content to develop a simple but acceptable criteria which could be useful in ensuring the quality of this crude drug. Materials and Methods: The qualitative and quantitative morphological features, physicochemical, phytochemical, microbial load and flouresent features of the leaves of M. oleifera were evaluated. Results: M. oleifera leaves were found to be glaborous with opposite leaflet, leaflet tripinnate, with a micronate apex and possessing an entire margin. Microscopy showed vein islets, rosette calcium oxalate crystals, polygonal epidermal cells and unicellular trichomes. The 50 % ethanol soluble extractives of M. oleifera were highest, followed by the water and petroleum ether. Tannins, alkaloids, gylcosides, phenols, flavonoids, phenols, gums, and mucilage were present. Conclusion: The documented pharmacognostic features may be used as part of daily protocols to correctly identify and determine the quality of the the crude plant. The preliminary phytochemical, heavy metal and microbiological limits can be further used to ascertain the quality of raw materials of M. oleifera before they are used.
Keywords: Fluorescence; Heavy metal; Microbiological; Pharmacognostic; Physicochemical

Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-diabetic Activity of Leaf extract of Psydrax horizontalis Schum and Thonn (Rubiaceae) - Onyekere Peculiar Feenna; Odoh Uchenna Estella; Ezugwu Christopher Obodike (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Rubiacaeae is a large family of flowering plants of 630 genera with over 13000 species widely distributed in the tropical and warm regions of the world. The Psydrax genus has been reported to have various pharmacological activities. Based on ethno-pharmacological information, Psydrax horizontalis Schum. and Thonn. (Bridson) locally known as “Akata-ike” in Nsukka is used in the management of diabetes in South-eastern Nigeria. However as at the time of this research, no previous work has been done to investigate its phytochemical constituents and anti-diabetic activity. Methods: The methanol extract (ME) obtained by maceration was analysed for phytochemicals present using standard procedures. Alloxan monohydrate at 150 mg/Kg was used to induce diabetes. Acute toxicity test was done using the Lorke’s method. The normoglycemic and alloxan-induced groups of twenty animals each were treated orally with 100, 200 and 400 mg/Kg of ME; 5 mg/Kg of glibenclamide and 2 mL/kg of 3% Tween 80 as the controls. The fasting blood glucose concentrations were monitored at 0, 1, 3 and 6 h, as well as 1st, 3rd and 5th day. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, saponins and terpenoids. Median lethal dose was greater than 5000 mg/kg. In the alloxan-induced diabetic rats, significant activity at p<0.01 on the 6th hour was recorded at doses 100, 200 and 400 mg/Kg ME on day 3. Conclusion: The ME of Psydrax horizontalis possesses significant anti-diabetic activity in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The results obtained validate its traditional use in management of diabetes.
Keywords: Alloxan monohydrate; Diabetes; Extraction; Flavonoids

Phytochemical Analysis and Antihyperuricemic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Moringa oleifera Seeds - Nurlina Ibrahim; Siti Nuryanti; Asriani Hasanuddin; Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Moringa oleifera is a popular plant that has been known to have several importance biological activities. Objectives: To perform phytochemical analysis, to in vivo evaluate the antihyperuricemic activity and to measure the inhibition of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera seed on xanthine oxidase enzyme. Materials and Methods: The seed were collected from Sigi regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Extraction was performed by maceration method with ethanol 96% as a solvent. Thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometric UV-Vis were used to determine the phytochemical contents. The antihyperuricemic activity was evaluated by using in vivo model of rat induced by potassium oxonate. The xanthin oxidase inhibitory activity was also determined by spectroscopic method by measuring the catalytic rate of xanthin oxidase enzyme. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponin and tannin. Quantitative determination of total flavonoids and quercetin concentration found the values of 82.17 ± 0.684 mg QE/g and 0.5131 ± 0.0022 mg/g dried extract, respectively. Ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera seed have potential antihyperuricemic activity in which it can significantly reduce the serum uric acid level on potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic rat model with the effective dose of 125 mg/ kg BW. Xanthin oxidase inhibitory activity showed the moderate activity with IC50 of 88.39 μg/ml. Conclusion: This study confirmed the potential of Moringa oleifera seed ethanolic extract, growing in Sigi, Central Sulawesi to be developed as herbal medicinal source for antihyperuricemic drug.
Keywords: Antihyperuricemic; Moringa oleifera; Quercetin; Total flavonoids; Xanthin Oxidase

Phytochemical and Antibacterial Activity of Cardiospermum halicacabum Against Wound Pathogens - Sathish Kumar Karuppannan; Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath; Mohamed Khalith SB; Darul Raiyaan GI; Sundarapandian Subramanian; Kantha Deivi Arunachalam (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Plants serve as an important source for curing various medical ailments for a wide variety of human and animal diseases. It is therefore necessary to prove the biological activities of the selected plants scientifically using modern technology. The current study focuses on the use of Cardiospermum halicacabum in their wound healing applications. Cardiospermum halicacabum is a well-known plant that has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic properties and it is also used to treat joint pains, muscle tears, back pain, etc. Materials and Methods: In this study methanolic extracts of the active compounds from Cardiospermum halicacabum were tested for its phytochemical attributes by qualitative method, GC-MS, and the antioxidant properties were also assessed. The bactericidal activity and Minimal Inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the plant extract has been evaluated in both Gram +ve and Gram -ve microorganisms using the disc diffusion method. Results: The results obtained showed the presence of significant antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The plant extract was found to be more active against Gram positive microbes compared to Gram negative microbes. The extract has the radical scavenging activity of about 77%. And the GCMS results showed the presence of different phytocompounds which are greatly known for their pharmacognistic activities.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity; antioxidant activity; Cardiospermum halicacabum; Phytochemicals

Phytochemical and Antioxidant Evaluation of the Flavonoids and Tannins from Synadenium grantii Hook f, (Ephorbiaceae) - Asmaa S Abd Elkarim; Sahar Abdelaziz; Hany Gouda Attia; Hanan AA Taie; Rafik Monir (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: The methanol extract (MeE) of the aerial parts from Synadenium grantii Hook f, (Ephorbiaceae) has more Polyphenols and used to treat several diseases. Objective: The aim of this study is isolation, purification and identification of Polyphenols that showed good antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: In the present study, purification of the MeOH-H2O extract (70:30) from the air-dried aerial parts of S. grantii resulted by different chromatographic tools. The antioxidant activities were evaluated for the examined compounds by several methods using DPPH, Reducing power, ABTS and FRAP assays. Results: A total of 14 compounds were isolated from this plant species for the first time. The results obtained showed that all the examined compounds possess remarkable antioxidant activity through all assays especially compounds 2 and 4 where they showed the highest antioxidant activity among the other compounds and very close to the results of the standard compound BHA. Conclusion: The compounds examined have exhibited antioxidant activity with promising value as natural source antioxidant drugs.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Ephorbiaceae; Flavonoids; Synadenium grantii; Tannins

Phytochemical Composition and Evaluation of Marine Algal Sargassum polycystum for Antioxidant Activity and In Vitro Cytotoxicity on Hela Cells - Ade Arsianti; Anton Bahtiar; Vincent Kharisma Wangsaputra; Norma Nur Azizah; Wilzar Fachri; Lince Dameria Nadapdap; Ajeng Megawati Fajrin; Hiroki Tanimoto; Kiyomi Kakiuchi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Sargassum polycystum is one of marine algal which has a potent antioxidant anticancer activities. This research aims to investigate phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity and in vitro cytotoxicity of marine algal Sargassum polycystum on cervical HeLa cancer. Methods: Sargassum polycystum collected from Dompu beach, Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat Province, Indonesia, were extracted into organic solvent of n-hexane, ethylacetate, chloroform and ethanol, respectively. Subsequently, Sargassum polycystum extracts were applied for Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis, phytochemistry test, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, as well as for antioxidant activity test by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method, and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation on HeLa cells by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Results: Phytochemical analysis of S. polycystum extracts are positive for metabolites of flavonoid, steroid, tannin and glycoside. TLC analysis revealed that S. polycystum extracts containing four phytochemical components. Ethylacetate extract of S. polycystum showed the highest total phenolic content, and exhibited greater antioxidant activity than ethanol extract. Total phenolic and total flavonoid content in ethylacetate extract are 548.61 μg/mL and 40.06 μg /mL, respectively. Ethylacetate extract of S. polycystum with IC50 value of 298.3 μg/mL is assigned to have a weak antioxidant activity against DPPH free radical. The results indicate that antioxidant activity of ethylacetate extracts of S. polycystum is directly correlated with its total phenolic and flavonoid content. Moreover, S. polycystum extracts demonstrated a strong anticancer activity on cervical HeLa cells with IC50 ranging from 38.3 μg/mL to 112.8 μg/mL. Conclusion: This work confirmed that S.polycystum are promising natural antioxidant and anti-cervical cancer agents.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Cytotoxicity; HeLa cells; phytochemisty; Sargassum polycystum

Phytochemical Compounds in Arundo donax L. Rhizome and Antimicrobial Activities - Kanoktip Pansuksan; Sophida Sukprasert; Netiya Karaket (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: The aerial part of Arundo donax L., giant reed, is a well-known fuel source used in many countries. Methods: Phytochemical compounds in A. donax L. rhizome, sequentially extracted with hexane (HEX), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA), and methanol (MeOH), were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial activities of the rhizome extracts were evaluated using disc diffusion assay against yeast (Candida albicans), and bacteria Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus cereus ATCC11778, and Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC25922). Results: The detected phytochemicals were screened against WILEY07 library; 84 compounds matched with a similarity ≥ 90%. All the characterized compounds were grouped based on their functional group. The major phytochemicals in the HEX, DCM, and EA extracts belonged to sterol groups, while lipids, fatty acids, and related conjugates were the main components of the methanolic extract. The other characterized compounds were hydrocarbons, phenolics, terpenoids, xanthones, and xanthene. Growth of B. subtilis was inhibited by the HEX, DCM, EA, and MeOH extracts, whereas B. cereus growth was inhibited only by the DCM and EA extracts. However, growth of E. coli and C. albicans could be not inhibited by A. donax L. rhizome extracts. Analysis of the compounds as well as their antibacterial activities via hierarchical clustering showed that hexadecanoic acid is the major compound influencing B. subtilis growth, while, B. cereus growth was affected by xanthone. Conclusions: Rhizomes of A. donax L. is one potential source of antimicrobial agents and further applied in medicinal uses.
Keywords: Bacteria; GC-MS; Giant reed; HCA

Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Activity and Cell Line Study of Marine Red Macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii on Lung A-549 Cancer Cells - Ade Arsianti; Gerry Kurniawan; Nadzila Anindya Tejaputri; Fona Qorina; Qotrunnada Fithrotunnisa; Norma Nur Azizah; Ajeng Megawati Fajrin (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: In this century, cancer has increased in incidence and become one of the deadliest disease in the world. However, to date, lung cancer treatments are still not fully effective, quite expensive and very exhaustive for the patient. Eucheuma cottonii is an abundant marine red macroalgae in Indonesia which have a potential anti-lung cancer properties. Aim of this research is to determine phytochemical profile of Eucheuma cottonii extracts, as well as to evaluate its antioxidant and cytotoxic effects on Lung A-549 cancer cells. Methods: Eucheuma cottonii obtained from Sorong beach, West Papua Province, Indonesia, were extracted with three different solvents, that is ethanol, ethylacetate, and n-hexane. These three Eucheuma cottonii extracts were identified for its phytochemical profiles, antioxidant activity by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, and cytotoxic activity on lung A-549 cells by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed that Eucheuma cottonii contains metabolites of triterpenoid and alkaloid. Antioxidant activity evaluation showed ethanol extract of Eucheuma cottonii has IC50 value of 559.76 μg/mL against DPPH free radical. Whereas cytotoxicity evaluation showed that ethanol extract and ethylacetate extract of Eucheuma cottonii have cytotoxic effects on Lung A-549 cancer cells, with IC50 value of 251.73 μg/ mL and 261.41 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: These results suggesting that Eucheuma cottonii extract could be further developed as a natural anti-lung cancer agent.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Cell line study; Eucheuma cottonii; Lung A-549 cells; Phytochemical

Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of the Fruits of Boscia senegalensis (Pers.) Lam. e.g. Pear. (Capparaceae) - Awa KA; Kady Diatta Badji; Moustapha Bassimbé Sagna; Aliou Guissé; Emmanuel Bassène (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Objective: This study aims to assess the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of the fruits (pulp and seeds) of Boscia senegalensis from the Ferlo zone in Northern Senegal. Material and Methods: Fruit collection of Boscia senegalensis was carried out in three Ferlo’s localities: Tessékéré, Labgar and Ranérou. The sample consists of 36 individuals selected randomly from each locality. The major chemical groups were determined by conventional methods using specific general reagents. The determination of total polyphenols and total flavonoids, the 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing of antioxidant power (FRAP) were evaluated by spectrophotometry. Results and Discussion: The results of the photochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, sterols and triterpenes, flavonoids and polyphenols in both parts of the fruit (pulp and seeds). Assays carried out on extracts of pulp and seed powders reveals higher levels of total polyphenols and flavonoids in the pulp. The study of antioxidant activity has shown that hydro-ethanol extracts of pulp and seeds have a very interesting reducing activity, particularly in the pulp. However, we can see a weak antiradical activity of these extracts. The origin effect has a weak influence on the antiradical and reducing activity of the pulp and seed extracts. Conclusions: The biological activity of the harvested Boscia senegalensis extracts highlighted in this study could justify the traditional uses of this plant in the treatment of several pathologies. This fruit should be consumed in order to prevent few dietary imbalances or valorized in order to develop new bioactive compounds.
Keywords: antioxidant activity; Boscia senegalensis; Fruits; Phytochemical screening

Phytochemical Screening and in vivo Immunosuppressive, Antioxidant and Anti-hemolytic Activities of Zea mays Silk Aqueous Extract - Bendiar Salma; El Faqer Othman; Chennaoui Sanaa; Benjelloun Naima; Mtairag El Mostafa; Oudghiri Mounia (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: The use of plants in traditional medicine goes back to antiquity and still represents an essential part of the Moroccan health care system due to their effectiveness. Although Zea mays (ZM) silks are considered as waste products, they are consumed for their medicinal properties. They are rich in bioactive components, giving them a wide range of uses as remedies. The aim of this study was to evaluate after a phytochemical screening, the effect of ZM silk aqueous extract on humoral immune response, on Neutrophil bactericidal, antioxidants and hemolytic activities. Methods: The antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH. Hemagglutination titer assay was used to evaluate the effect on humoral immunity. Hemolytic effect of ZM was evaluated by quantifying hemoglobin rates. The effect on Neutrophil bactericidal activity was assessed using MTT colorimetric assay. Results: The extract exhibited high quantity of saponins and flavones; a high antioxidant activity (IC50: 247,15 vs. control 0,152 mg/ml), a significant (p<0, 05) immunosuppressive effect in vivo on titer values of antibodies (80 times) as well as an antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis. A significant suppression of Neutrophil bactericidal activity of cells treated with 0, 5 and 1g/ml of ZM extract was observed. It also exhibited a significant dose-dependent anti-hemolytic activity with the lowest hemolytic activity was found with the lowest concentrations of the extract. Conclusion: Our results indicate that aqueous extract of ZM silk possess antioxidant, anti-hemolytic activity as well as an immunosuppressive activity by decreasing humoral immune and Neutrophil bactericidal responses.
Keywords: Anti-hemolytic; Antioxidant; Inhibition of antibody production; Neutrophil bactericidal activity; Zea mays silk

Phytochemicals, Antioxidants and Anti-tyrosinase Analyses of Selected Ginger Plants - Apinya Rachkeeree; Kuttiga Kantadoung; Ratchadawan Puangpradub; Ratchuporn Suksathan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Some of Zingeberaceae are not widely used for medicine of food, although in Thailand have been used them for many reasons about health or the diet. This study evalued the phytochemicals and anti-tyrosinase activities of 16 plant species of Alpinia, Amomum, Curcuma, Etlingera and Kaemferia (Zingiberaceae). Methods: The extractions of dried powdered rhizomes were performed using n-hexane, ethylacetate and ethanol. Percentage extract yield of the samples varied among species and solvent extracts. Chemical groups (alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, steroids and terpenoids) were identified using phytochemical screening. The total phenolic contents (TPC) were analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent, while antioxidant activities were detected using 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothizoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS.+). The anti-tyrosinase was expressed to the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value (mg/mL). Results: The ethyl acetate extract of Amomum showed the highest value of TPC. The strongest antioxidant activity were found in Amomum and Kaemferia extracts, while ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of all samples have a better antioxidant properties than the n-hexane extracts. On the other hand, the n-hexane extracts have the highest anti-tyrosinase potential in all samples and of these, Curcuma extracts were the best group. Conclusion: Our research indicated that plants of the Zingiberaceae would be new sources of antioxidants and anti-tyrosinase for further natural product developments in cosmetics, food or nutraceuticals.
Keywords: ABTS assay; Anti-tyrosinase; DPPH assay; Phenolic content; Phytochemicals; Zingiberaceae

Phytoconstituents and Proximate Composition of Clerodendrum Colebrookianum Walp.: A Widely Used Anti High Blood Pressure Medicinal Food Plant in Eastern Himalayas - Temin Payum (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp.is a medicinal food plant widely used in the North East India. The herb is used as vegetable as well as medicine to control high blood pressure. Minerals and Proximate compositions in a food is vital for the proper growth and development of a healthy body and secondary metabolites included in diet act as a nutraceuticals thus help in fighting various health problems. The present study was carried out to discourse the Phytoconstituents, Proximate composition and Minerals of the nutraceutical herb, Clerodendrum colebrookianum. Methanol extract of sample was subjected to GCMS to profile the Phyoconstituents while Standard methods including AOAC was followed to study proximate and minerals of the sample under studied. Moisture content was 77.90%, carbohydrate 4.28%, 2.36% crude protein, 4.21% crude fibre and 0.35% crude fat respectively. The minerals concentrations are 0.215mg of Fe/g, 0.105mg/g of Mn, 0.0425mg of Cu/g, 0.056mg Zn/g, 2.55mg of Mangnesium/g, 4.3mg of Na/g and 24.5mg of K per gram of sample. A total of eleven compounds are recorded to be useful for high blood pressure problem and as many as other twenty useful phytoconstutuents were recorded from the sample including antioxidant, anti-uric acid formation, anti-tumour, bioabiability of zinc etc. The present study advocates the traditional knowledge on the use of Clerodendrum colebrookianum as a remedy for high blood pressure problem.
Keywords: Clerodendrum colebrookianum; Minerals; North East India; Nutraceutical Herb; Phytoconstituents; Proximate

Phytotherapeutic Evidence Against Coronaviruses and Prospects for COVID-19 - Abdullahi Temitope Jamiu; Christiana Eleojo Aruwa; Ismail Abiodun Abdulakeem; Abdulwakeel Ayokunnun Ajao; Saheed SABIU (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
The emergence of the novel β-coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and subsequent outbreak of COVID-19, is a global health challenge with no known treatment to date and has culminated in significant morbidity and mortality. This article highlights current understanding on SARSCoV- 2 based on the available scientific evidence on human coronavirus (HCoV) infections, which could offer novel insights and therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. Specifically, the paper presents available phytotherapeutic evidence against pathogenic HCoVs with a view to identifying potent plant-derived antiviral agents that could be developed to aid the fight against coronaviruses and the current COVID-19. Evidently, elucidation of CoV integral proteins such as the spike protein, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, 3C-like cysteine protease and papain-like protease, as good targets for drug developments has lent credence to the use of medicinal plants or their metabolites as prophylaxis or treatment interventions in CoV infections and holds promising ground for SARS-CoV-2. While some promising phytocompounds are currently under clinical trials for COVID-19, increased research into plants and in-depth characterization of their metabolites could reveal more interesting results that would benefit humanity in its fight against emerging and re-emerging viral infections including the current COVID-19. Overall, given the current body of evidence on the potential development of phytotherapeutics for COVID-19, fears need to be allayed while clinical trials continue. Conclusively, the lockdown and other preventive measures which have been implemented in most parts of the world should be humanely exercised and supported to ensure compliance and safety of lives.
Keywords: Antivirals; Coronavirus; COVID-19; Drug target; Natural products; Plant metabolites; Plants; SARS-CoV-2

Pimpinella Treatment on Reducing Apoptosis of Kidney Cells Following UVB Radiation in Rats - Taufiqurrachman Nasihun; Eni Widayati (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Pimpinella alpina Molk (PM) is a botanical antioxidant was able to inhibit apoptosis in various cells. Apoptosis is a leading cause of tubular atrophy and therefore chronic kidney disease. However, the effect of PM on reducing apoptosis in kidney cells remains unclear. Objective: aim of this study to elucidate the effect of PM on reducing apoptosis in kidney cells. Methods: In the post test only control group design, 35 male rats were grouped into 7 comprise: NC-G, samples were neither exposure to UVB nor PM treatment; NG-7 and NG-15, all samples were only exposure to UVB irradiation for 7 days; P10-7, P15-7, P10-15, P15-15 groups, samples were exposure to UVB for 7 days and treated with PM for 7 and 15 days respectively. Bax and Caspase3 expression were assessed by rt-PCR and IHC staining method. Results: Statistical analysis showed that RNA-Bax and RNA-caspase3, Bax and caspase3 protein expression in P15-7, P10-15 and P15-15 were lower significantly compared to those of NG-7, p<0.05, and no significant difference compared to those of NC-G, p > 0.05. Conclusion: PM treatment with 100 and 150 mg/day for seven and fifteen days were able to decrease Bax and Caspase3 expression in kidney cells following UVB irradiation. Even, the decreased in Bax and caspase3 expression were comparable to normal.
Keywords: Apoptosis; Bax; Caspase3; Kidney Cells; Pimpinella alpina Molk

Potential Anti-acne: Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.) from Central Kalimantan-Indonesia - Susi Novaryatiin; Syahrida Dian Ardhany (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Research development has been carried out by exploring antimicrobial agents from herbal sources that can be further developed as anti-acne drugs. Some previous studies reported that bawang dayak has antibacterial properties. However, the study of bawang dayak as anti-acne in Indonesia was limited so that it becomes one of the reasons why this study should be developed. Objective: This study was aimed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of bawang dayak ethanol extract and to determine the antibacterial activity of the chloroform fraction and the ethyl acetate fraction of bawang dayak extract. Methods: The MIC value was determinate by measured initial absorbance and final absorbance of ten variations of concentration of extract using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The antibacterial activity of chloroform and ethyl acetate fraction was performed using the disc diffusion technique, with five variations of concentration against P.acnes, S. epidermidis, S. aureus. Results: The decrease in absorbance value occurred at a concentration of 0.19%, 1.56% to 100%, which means that at that concentration can inhibit bacterial growth. The antibacterial activity showed that both the chloroform fraction and ethyl acetate fraction of bawang dayak extract were active against all the tested bacteria, whose inhibition zones were in the range of 5.8 ± 0.9 - 23.6 ± 2.3 mm. However, the ethyl acetate fraction of bawang dayak extract showed better antibacterial activity than chloroform fraction of bawang dayak extract. Conclusion: In this study, it was found that the concentration of 0.19% is the MIC of bawang dayak extract against P. acnes. The highest antibacterial activity was produced by 20% of ethyl acetate fraction of bawang dayak extract against S. aureus.
Keywords: Acne-causing bacteria; Antibacterial activity; Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.; Minimum inhibitory concentration

Potential of Hard Candy Containing Spray-Dried Vernonia cinerea Extract with Total Phenolic Compounds, Total Flavonoids and Nicotine Replacement as an Anti-Smoking Aid - Rungtiwa Kanthain; Supawatchara Singhatong; Surapol Natakankitkul; Nathupakorn Dechsupa; Jirakrit Leelarungrayub (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Backgound: Vernonia cinerea (VC) is a natural plant claimed to reduce cigarette smoking. Some pilot anti-smoking products with nicotine replacement, such as lozenges or gum, have been presented, but with some adverse effects. Thus, application of VC as a new-anti-smoking product is very challenging. Objectives: The aims of this study were to compare the active compounds; total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and nicotine, and study antioxidant activity on scavenging 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrzayl (DPPH) radicals of extracts prepared by spray drying (SD) and freeze drying (FD) techniques for pilot hard candy. Methods: Raw VC materials of mixed parts, i.e., the stem, flowers and leaves, were made to form extracts by FD and SD techniques. Then, extract from the SD technique was manufactured industrially into hard candy containing glucose syrup and refined glucose. Total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, nicotine, scavenging activity of extracts, VC hard candy and placebo candy were evaluated by folin-ciocalteau reagent, aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, high-performance liquid chromatography, ABTS cation decolorization and DPPH protocols. Results: Total phenolic compounds were significantly different between extracts, but total flavonoids and nicotine were slightly higher in SD extract. Antioxidant activity of both extracts on ABTS radicals was not significantly different, but the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) on DPPH radicals was significantly higher in SD extract when compared to the FD extract. Finally, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and nicotine, as well as scavenging activity could be detected in hard candy. Conclusion: VC can be used as an anti-smoking aid with nicotine replacement and anti-oxidant compounds in pilot hard candy.
Keywords: antioxidant activity; Hard candy; Nicotine; Total flavonoids; Total phenolic compounds; Vernonia cinerea

The Potential of Stem Bark of Kayu Sarampa (Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roen)) as α-glucosidase Inhibitor - Fitri Santy Budiarso; Berna Elya; Muhammad Hanafi; Roshamur Cahyan Forestrania (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 in the world is more than 230 million people, increases about 3% in a year. Kayu Sarampa or Nyirih batu (Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roen) has traditionally been used to treat diabetic patient by native people in Ratahan, North Celebes, Indonesia. Therefore, this research was sequentially extracted bioactive component from stem bark of kayu sarampa showed alpha glucosidase inhibitor. Objective: To assess antioxidants and alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity of hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract from stem bark of Kayu Sarampa. Method: The Stem bark was extracted with Reflux method using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as mobile phae/solvent. The Hexane Extract (HE), Ethyl Acetic Extract (EAE) and Methanol Extract (ME) were subjected to the antioxidant activity assay by the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. Antidiabetic activity was determined by enzymatic alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. Results: The extract which had the highest activity based on the DPPH test and FRAP test was the ME compared with EAE, and HE with IC50 values of 16.51 μg/mL, 34.10 51 μg/mL, and 38.82 51 μg/mL , respectively. Ferrous equivalent antioxidant capacity (FeEAC) method, methanolic extract had a higher reduction capacity than the EH and EEA which were 148.96 μmol/gr, 48.96 μmol/gr, and 148.96 μmol/gr, respectively. The result showed that kayu sarampa stem bark exhibited antidiabetic activity due to its high inhibition compared with control (acarbose). ME showed inhibition of 53,11% followed with EAE 49,7%, HE 44,53%, and acarbose as control 29,32%.Conclusion: stem bark of kayu sarampa have bioactive component as alpha glucosidase inhibitor
Keywords: Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; Antidiabetic; Antioxidant; Kayu Sarampa

Potential Test of Nephropathy Sonchus arvensis L. Leaves on Male Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Diabetes Mellitus - Joni Tandi; I Nyoman Edi Sutrisna; Mentari Pratiwi; Tien Wahyu Handayani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
This study aims to determine the type of secondary metabolites compounds of the ethanol Sonchus arvensis L leaves extract, the effect of ethanol Sonchus arvensis L leaves extracts the levels of blood glucose and a histopathology picture male white rat induced by streptozotocin. This study used 30 males white rats which were divided into 6 groups, namely the control of normal, negative control, positive control, doses of 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg BW. Results of the study showed that the ethanol Sonchus arvensis L. leaves extracts contained compounds of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins and tannins. Sonchus arvensis L ethanol extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg BW is an effective dose in reducing blood glucose levels with an average value of decreasing blood glucose levels 101.6 mg / dL and has an effect on the regeneration of renal tubular cells with an effective dose is 300 mg / kg body weight with an average damage value of 0.28.
Keywords: Diabetes; Leaf Sonchus arvensis L; Renal; Tubular

Prebiotic Activity of Polysaccharides Extracted from Jerusalem Artichoke Tuber and Development of Prebiotic Granules - Sakulrat Rattanakiat; Pawitra Pulbutr; Wanwisa Khunawattanakul; Bunleu Sungthong; Kritsanee Saramunee (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Jerusalem artichoke tubers (JA) contain non-digestible carbohydrates, especially inulin-type fructans, which have been found to possess various benefits on human health, including the prebiotic effect. Although many studies established the prebiotic property of inulin or fructo-oligosaccharides, there are less information of the prebiotic potential of JA crude extract. This study aimed to investigate prebiotic effect of the JA extract and develop prebiotic granules from JA extract. Material and Methods: Crude polysaccharide extract of JA was obtained using hot water and freeze-dried method. The selected probiotics, including L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, B. longum and B. breve were used in this study. The prebiotic effect of the JA extract was indicated by bacterial growth and acid production. Parallelly, JA extract granule formulation was developed to be a prebiotic food product. Results: The JA extract at the highest concentration tested (2%) caused a significant increase in the growth and acid production of every probiotics tested, including L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, B. longum and B. breve. The growth promoting effects of the 2% JA extract were detected as early as 12 hour-incubation, and this action was maintained throughout the observed incubation period. Conclusions: The developed JA extract granules possessed desirable properties with the moisture content of 4.00±0.20%. The formulated granule was soluble in water and produced a brown and clear solution with slightly sweet taste. Nonetheless, in vivo experiments on the prebiotic effect of the developed preparation should be performed further.
Keywords: Granule; Helianthus tuberosus; Jerusalem artichoke; Prebiotic effect; Probiotics

Prevalence of Traditional Herbs and Supplements Use Among Hypertensive Patients in Om Elamad Health Center - Dua Al-Hadid; Raad Jaber Musa; Ahmad Al-Talhuni; Jamal Alyoussef Alkrad (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: In recent years, hypertension has developed into a global health concern as the number of deaths from it has been on the increase across the world. Health provision in Jordan like other developing nations is poor compared to countries like the United Kingdom (UK) and US. However, concurrent use of conventional medication and the supplements and traditional herbs can impact on the treatment of hypertension. In this regards, it was significant to conduct this study to find out the prevalence of supplements and traditional herbs usage among hypertensive patients in Jordan so as to understand the associated factors and create awareness on the magnitude so that appropriate advice can be given to patients and thus improve health of populations. Material and Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional study design in undertaking the research. A total of 208 hypertension patients aged 16 years and above were used as the sample. Purposive and convenient sampling was applied in the selection of the Om elamad health centre in Jordan because it has a population of the catchment Centre. Data analysis was carried out using various techniques SPSS version21and excel. Results: The key findings of the study were as follows: Hypertension was prevalent among the elderly, herbs had no effect on the blood pressure, conventional drugs were more potent in comparison to herbs and/or supplements. Combining antihypertensive drugs and herbs was found to be potent than taking antihypertensive drugs only(P-value=0.0050) in SBP, and (P-value=0.0001) in DPB. Influences on herbs use came from the patients' families/relatives as they were found to be the most knowledgeable sources of medicinal herbs. Conclusion: From the study, it was deduced that the use of herbal medicines and supplements as well as antihypertensive drugs was prevalent among hypertensive patients in Jordan. Over half of the patients involved in this study were taking herbs to treat their blood pressure diseases (51. 4 %). It was also deduced that a combined usage of herbal medicine and supplements with antihypertensive drugs was far more potent than using antihypertensive drugs only.
Keywords: Hypertensive; Om Elamad Health Center; Supplements; Traditional Herbs

Properties of A Thiamine Binding Protein Purified from Mung Bean - Dwirini Retno Gunarti; Megawati Kartika; Mohamad Sadikin (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Thiamine (vitamin B1) was the first B vitamin which has been identified. It serves as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in energy metabolism. The laboratory test against thiamine deficiency can be done by measuring thiamine levels in the blood. The aim of this study was to identify the stability and the binding activity characters of TBP. The equilibrium dialysis technique was used to see the factors affecting the bond between TBP and thiamine. The MBTBP concentration of post-chromatographic affinity resulted from dilution of lyophilisate was stable for 30 days at -20°C and 3 days at 4°C. The optimal pH for binding MBTBP to thiamine was 7.5. Alkylation with iodoacetic acid decreased the binding capacity of TBP which suggested the presence of a–SH or imidazol group in its active site. The importance of disulfide bridge was proven by decreasing of Thiamine binding capacity of TBP after β-mercaptoethanol treatment. This binding activity was also affected by oxidizing agents, but it was less affected by calcium ions and heavy metals.
Keywords: Binding capacity; Mung bean thiamine binding protein (MBTBP); Thiamine

Prospects for the Use of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Containing Phytoecdysteroids and Polyphenols - Bokov DO; Sidorova YuS; Mazo VK; Bessonov VV (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Phytoadaptogens, biologically active compounds increasing the nonspecific resistance of the human organism, are well known for the prevention and correction of stressful conditions. Phytoadaptogens group includes phytoecdysteroids and polyphenols, that are characterized by the multiplicity of pharmacological effects in combination with the low toxicity. According to literature data, spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a promising source of these compounds. This work aims to systematize data on the chemical composition of biologically active compounds of spinach, that determine its adaptogenic properties and concentration methods in the spinach processing for use in specialized foods and dietary supplements. Materials and Methods: Manifold electronic search engines, electronic databases, and libraries such as Google, Google scholar, Crossref, Indian Science Abstracts, Emerging Sources Citation Index, e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed, Chemical Abstracts, Index Copernicus, scientific literature had been searched and data obtained. Results: Botanical characteristics of spinach, main cultivation conditions, the latest data on the chemical composition of raw spinach material cultivars and extracts based on it are presented in this study. Schemes for the obtaining of products enriched with polyphenols and ecdysteroids are considered, and ways of proper purification are mentioned. Conclusion: It is recommended to introduce spinach into the diet of healthy people in order to increase the functional reserves of a person during periods of hypovitaminosis, overwork, intense physical exertion, and also to compensate for the adverse effects of external factors. Spinach extracts containing phytoecdysteroids (20-hydroxyecdysone) and polyphenols (flavonoids) can be used as a prophylactic to overcome the negative effects of stress, accelerate recovery after strong physical and mental stress, particularly for people with extreme occupations, athletes, and those who are engaged in hard physical labor.
Keywords: 20-hydroxyecdysone; Flavonoids; Phytoecdysteroids; Polyphenols; Spinach leaves; Spinacia oleracea

Protection of Erythrocytes against Lipoperoxidation and Antiinflammatory Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Encelia canescens Lam Leaves in Mice - Fernández-Flores N; Rojas-Cardenas NF; Vásquez-Quispe AD; Chávez-Flores Juana E; Justil-Guerrero Hugo J; Parreño-Tipian JM; Silva-Correa Carmen R; Villarreal-La Torre Víctor E (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Encelia canescens Lam is a plant traditionally used in Peru for medicinal purposes, and is attributed antioxidant properties, indicating that it could be used in the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the protection of erythrocytes from lipoperoxidation and the anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of E. canescens leaves in mice. Materials and methods: Protection from lipoperoxidation was evaluated by inhibition of hemolysis and quantifying malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration against oxidative stress induced with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at 200, 150, 100, 50 and 25 μg/mL E. canescens concentrations. The 1% carrageenan-induced air pouch model was used for evaluated inflammation, where albumin, total proteins, MDA, number and leukocyte differentiation were determined in the exudate, and a histopathological evaluation was performed. The concentrations evaluated were 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg of E. canescens Results: All the concentrations evaluated protected protected erythrocytes from lipoperoxidation (p<0.05), being E.D. value 200 μg/mL. Regarding anti-inflammatory effect, the albumin, total proteins and MDA values of the treatment groups were lower than carrageenan 1% group (p<0.05), but, due to less leukocyte migration and presence of macrophages and the histopathological evaluation, the E.D value was 500 mg/kg. Conclusion: Ethanolic extracts of E. canescens leaves protect erythrocytes from lipoperoxidation and have dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects maybe for presence of p-hydroxyacetophenone-derived, and these could be new safer anti-inflammatories.
Keywords: Antiinflammatory; Carrageenan; Encelia canescens Lam; Hemolysis; Lipoperoxidation; Malondialdehyde

Protective Effect of Natural Products against Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity: A Review - Siti Nurul Najiha Othman; Pei Teng Lum; Siew Hua Gan; Shankar Mani; Mahendran Sekar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Cancer is one of the diseases with high mortality rate recorded each year across the world. Its mainstay treatment is chemotherapy although they are largely toxic, causing severe adverse reactions including cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity. Cardiotoxicity is unique to certain chemotherapeutic agents and occur via several mechanisms. It has been hypothesized that co-administration of natural products which may be cardioprotectant, together with chemotherapy can alleviate cardiotoxicity-induced by chemotherapy. Objectives: This review aimed to provide a brief information about the protective effect of natural products against chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity Methods: To complete this review, relevant literatures were searched from several scientific databases including Google, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science and Pubmed. Results: In this paper, we have reviewed ten natural products (curcumin, mangiferin, naringenin, quercetin, 6-gingerol, lycopene, resveratrol, apigenin, proanthocyanidins and indole-3-carbinol), which have major influences in attenuating chemotherapy-drug induced cardiotoxicity. Apart from the cardioprotective effects, they tend to confer some synergistic effects with chemotherapeutic agents and therefore have the potential to be used as an adjunct. Conclusion: Though a panel of natural products demonstrate protective effects against cardiotoxicity in cells and animal models, their therapeutic potentials for clinical needs further investigation.
Keywords: Anticancer drugs; Cardioprotective; Cardiotoxicity; Chemotherapy; Natural products

Protective Role of Ficus carica Extract Against Hepato-Testicular Side Effects and Genotoxicity Induced by Cisplatin - Maha A Fahmy; Entesar E Hassan; Noha E Ibrahim; Emad M Hassan; Zeinab M Hassan; Enayat A Omara (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Objective: The present work investigated the protective effect of Ficus carica (common fig) leaves methanol extract against genotoxicity and testicular damage of cisplatin (CP) and identified some of its active ingredients. Methods: Seven main groups were investigated as follows: I. control negative, II. Control plant (600 mg/kg fig, orally), III, IV. Control positive (treated i.p with 10 and 15 mg/kg CP), V-VII. groups treated with fig (200, 400 and 600 mg/ kg) + Cisplatin (15 mg/kg). Results: Ficus carica alleviated the destructive effects of CP in the testis, liver and bone marrow due to the presence of high amount of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Also it has a normal effect in the tested parameters as compared with the control negative. Chromatographic investigation resulted in the identification of 6 compounds: Catechin, Luteolin-8-C-β-D glucopyranoside, Quercetin, Quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, Chlorogenic acid and Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. In bone marrow cisplatin induced significant percentage of chromosome abnormalities, micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes and toxicity to cells. On the contrary the two tested doses of cisplatin had a normal effect on spermatocyte chromosomes (germ cells). The dose 15 mg/kg induced an overexpression of the liver genes NF-kB and iNOS as indicated by real-time PCR. Different forms of histopathological alterations and instigation of the expression of TNF-α gene in the testis were detected after CP treatment. Conclusion: Ficus carica is a promising candidate rich in many bioactive constituents and can be used in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs to alleviate their destructive effects.
Keywords: Bone marrow; Cisplatin; Fig; Liver; Protection; Spermatocytes; Testis

Prototype Star Fruit-Honey Product and Effectiveness on Antixidants, Inflammation and Walking Distance in Participants with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Yothin Pothasak; Jirakrit Leelarungrayub; Surapol Natakankitkul; Supawatchara Singhatong (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) is a seasonal fruit, which has proven antioxidant and inflammation activities in vitro. However, sweet-type is more available than sour-type. Therefore, developing a new product from sweet-type star fruit, and evaluating its effectiveness on antioxidants and inflammation have been very challenging. Objectives: The aims were to develop a prototype product from sweet-type star fruit and evaluate its effectiveness with or without walking exercise on participants with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: The prototype product of sweet-type star fruit was prepared industrially by mixing with honey before nutrients such as L-ascorbic acid (Vit C) and total phenolic compound, and contaminants like chemicals, microbials and oxalic acid were evaluated. Effectiveness of this product on antioxidents, inflammation and physical function was evaluated in participants with stable COPD with and without walking exercise, and compared to walking exercise and control participants. Two spoons of the product (20 g) in sterile warm water (150 mL) were guided and consumed twice daily for 4 weeks, whereas the walking exercise was prescribed with moderate intensity at home for 30 min 3 days per week. Plasma Vit C, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrotic factoralpha (TNF-∝) and 6-minutes walking distance (6MWD) were evaluated before and after the 4-week study period. Results: The prototype product composed of star fruit juice with honey (1:1, v:v). Main nutrients were composed of ash (0.4 g), carbohydrate (74.59 g), lipid (2.88 g), protein (0.57 g) and 326.56 kcal of total energy, whereas Vit C and total phenolic compound were equivalent to 0.25 ± 0.11 mg and 144.89 ± 2.51 μg gallic acid equivalent in a 100 gram of product. The results of chemicals and microbials showed safety under food conditions. The results of study compared the ages of stable COPD participants between those of the controls (n=10, 69.20±1.40 years), and those with star fruit juice and honey supplement (n=20, 71.25 ± 6.01 years), walking exercise (n=15, 60.60±3.38 years), and supplement with walking exercise (n=15, 64.40±1.63 years) and no statistical difference was shown in any parameters in the control group. Whereas, the plasma Vit C and TAC levels increased, and MDA and TNF-∝ levels reduced significantly, in the supplement consumption group, which was in contrast to the Vit C, MDA and TNF-∝ levels in the walking exercise group. However, the TAC level increased significantly when the walking exercise was completed. When the prototype product was applied to the walking exercise, the levels of Vit C and TAC increased, and MDA and TNF-∝ levels reduced significantly. Whereas, the supplement levels increased significantly in all of the groups, especially in the 6MWD. Conclusion: This study proposed that sweet-type star fruit can be prepared industrially by mixing with honey, and be developed as a new commercial product with antioxidant and inflammation activities for participants suffering with chronic lung disease.
Keywords: 6MWD; Antioxidant; COPD; Oxidative stress; Star fruit product; TNF-∝

Qualitative and Quantitative Assay of Hydroxycinnamates of Prunus spinosa L. - Sergey Kondrashev; Nadezhda Nesterova; Alexey Luzin; Vitaliy Kochanov; Anna Luzina; Alexey Matyushin (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) is a plant commonly found in the Russian Federation on the roadsides, forest margins, and meadows. Despite lack of recognition by the official medicine, blackthorn fruits possess antioxidant properties and are used in homeopathic preparations. They may also demonstrate antibacterial and anticancer potential due to hydroxycinnamic acids. The aim of present study was to identify and assay hydroxycinnamates in fruits of P. spinosa cultivated in Moscow Region. Materials and Methods: Fresh and dried fruits of P. spinosa, gathered from plants cultivated in Moscow Region in the harvest maturity stage, were used in the study. Qualitative composition of hydroxycinnamic acids was assessed by high performance liquid chromatography, using reversed phase C18 column. Total hydroxycinnamic acids (THA) content was assessed spectrophotometrically. Results: Similar chromatographic profiles were obtained for both fresh and dried blackthorn fruits, the two most abundant compounds being epicatechin (2.91%) and chicoric acid (2.90%). Fruits gathered in Chekhovsky District had lower content of hydroxycinnamates (0.798 ± 0.89) than those coming from Klinsky District (0.886 ± 0.92). However, the THA content in dried fruits grown in both districts was found to be similar (0.540 ± 0.71 and 0.557 ± 0.74, respectively). Conclusions: It can be concluded that blackthorn fruits can be considered as a source of hydroxycinnamic acids, as both fresh and dried fruits contain at least eleven hydroxycinnamates. It was found that the dried fruits have similar content of hydroxycinnamic acids, independently of their origin. Future research should be aimed at drying method optimization.
Keywords: Blackthorn; Herbal raw material; HPLC; Hydroxycinnamic acids; Prunus Spinosa L.; Spectrophotometry

Recent Scenario of Impact of Xenobiotics on Marine Fish: An Overview - Jagadeep Chandra S; Chandana GL; Naganagouda V Kote; Sharath Chandra SP (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Xenobiotics from chemicals to plastics have seriously interfered with the biological process of living system. Their impact on aquatic ecosystem, fish in precise is studied with significant interest. However, studies on impact of xenobiotics on marine fish are limited. This literature review integrates and summarizes the impact of xenobiotics on marine fish. The review tries to understand the impact of macro and micro litters, microplastic, metals like mercury and nanoparticles. Finally, we conclude with the ways to regulate the presence and distribution of these xenobiotics in marine environment.
Keywords: Fish; Litters; Marine; Xenobiotics

Representatives of the Genus Goryanka (Epimedium L) – a Promising Source of Raw Materials for the Creation of Medicines for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction in Men - Bukinich Darya Dmitrievna; Salova VG; Odintsova EB; Rastopchina OV; Solovyovа NL; Kozlova AM; Krasniuk II (jun); Krasniuk II; Kozlova Zh M (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Erectile dysfunction and multiple mechanisms of its development are one of the most pressing problems of modern medicine. In the twenty-first century, millions of men around the world suffer from sexual disorders, and the number of such patients is only growing from year to year. The flavonoid icariin, contained in plants of the genus Epimedium L., is a promising pharmacologically active substance used for erectile dysfunction, due to its ability to affect type 5 phosphodiesterase, inhibiting its activity. To date, domestic and foreign pharmaceutical companies produce biologically active food additives and herbal preparations, which include Goryanka extract. But the range of standardized herbal medicines is very small.
Keywords: Drug; Epimedium Estrellita; Icariin; Impotence

Resveratrol: Latest Scientific Evidences of its Chemical, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potentials - Nur Mursyida Saad; Mahendran Sekar; Siew Hua Gan; Pei Teng Lum; Jaishree Vaijanathappa; Subban Ravi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Resveratrol is a non-flavonoid polyphenol possesses many biological properties with great potential to develop into various products. In order to cure a wide variety of diseases, resveratrol has attracted a great deal of attention for medicinal purposes. Objective: The present review aimed to provide a comprehensive literature summary of latest scientific evidences on the chemistry, biological properties and therapeutic potentials of resveratrol. Methods: To complete this review, relevant literatures were collected from several scientific databases, including Google Scholar, Pubmed and ScienceDirect, using keywords “source”, “chemistry”, “bioavailability”, “pharmacokinetics”, “isolation”, “anticancer”, “analgesic”, “antiinflammatory”, “antidiabetic”, “nephroprotective activity”, “neuroprotective activity”, “antiobesity”, “cardioprotective effects”, “antioxidant”, “anti-aging” with resveratrol. After a detailed screening process for inclusion and exclusion, the information obtained was summarised. Results: The information on the source, chemistry, bioavailability, biological and therapeutic potentials of resveratrol were tabled. In various pathological conditions, resveratrol can be considered as powerful antioxidants along with multidimensional molecular targets such as NF-ҡB, MAPK, AMPK, SIRT-1, Nrf-2, m-TOR, PI3K/Akt and PPAR-γ signaling pathways. Conclusion: Based on the existing knowledge, we may believe that resveratrol has a significant therapeutic potential for the treatment of various diseases. To accelerate the development and utilization of resveratrol as promising products, in-depth studies should be focused on exploiting its properties and developing phytopharmaceuticals.
Keywords: Bioavailability; Inflammatory cytokines; Molecular targets; Pharmacology; Resveratrol; Toxicity

A Review on Genus Saurauia: Chemical Compounds and their Biological Activity - Gunawan Pasaribu; Emil Budianto; Herry Cahyana; Endang Saepudin (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Saurauia plant has been widely used to treat a variety of diseases suffered by villagers at various places in the world. These species are widely used traditionally by the community as antidiabetic and digestive problems’ remedy. This paper will present various uses and researches ever carried out by researchers in the world on various types of the genus Saurauia. Methods: The Information was collected from scientific journals, books, and reports. Results: This review summarizes the existing information on several species of Saurauia in relation to their chemical compounds and biological activity. There are some of chemical compounds present and identified in Saurauia, i.e. 3β-hydroxy-Olean-12-en- 28oic acid; 3,19-Dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid; 3-hidroksi, 12(13)-en, 28-oleanolat acid; actinidin; several monoterpene lactones; seven triterpenoids, namely, cis-3-O-p-hydroxycinnamoyl ursolic acid; trans-3-O-p-hydroxycinnamoyl ursolic acid; ursolic acid; oleanolic acid; corosolic acid; maslinic acid; and β-amyrin; and two steroids, stigmasterol; and β-sitosterol. There are several biological activities afforded by Saurauia i.e. antioxidant activity, anti-cholesterol, antidiabetic activity, antihyperlipidemic, analgetic activity, antimicrobial activity, wound-healing activity and immunostimulatory activity.
Keywords: Biological activity; Chemical compounds; Human disease remedy; Saurauia

A Review on Phaseolus vulgaris Linn - M Devi; S Dhanalakshmi; GE Thillai Govindarajan; BA Tanisha; Talluri Sonalika; JE Ruth; T Avinash; C Jethendra Sri; K Logeswaran; M Nithish Ramasamy (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Medicinal herbs have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since antiquated times. Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. (Family-Fabaceae) commonly known as French bean, is a most consuming carbohydrate and protein rich food crop having medicinal values. This plant having diverse compounds like carbohydrate, proteins, flavonoids, Saponins, tannins and phenolic acid. The seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. Possess having anti-urolithiatic activity and anti- obesity activity. This review provides a summary of phytochemistry and pharmacological effect of Phaseolus vulgaris Linn., The plant can be further investigated for other pharmacological activities as it contains variety of chemical constituents and it is a commonly using food crop and medical remedies of this plant are sync with nature.
Keywords: Food crop; Obesity; Phaseolus vulgaris Linn; Urolithiasis

Review on Plants for Management of Diabetes in India: An Ethno- Botanical and Pharmacological Perspective - Shikha Dixit; Sugandha Tiwari (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent chronic disease, which is recognized as a common threat to health in the last decade, especially in Asia. It is a lifestyle disease which may cause a number of complications in the body of humans like cardiac failure and dysfunctioning of urinary tract. Materials and Methods: The data is obtained from various search tools and electronic databases like, scientific literature, Google scholar, Google, Pubmed, Web of science and Scopus. Results: Major therapy for diabetes is insulin, oralantidiabetic drugs, and herbal treatment. However, insulin and oral anti-diabetic drugs come with a number of side effects and cannot be afforded by people with below poverty line. The herbal medicines have performed a satisfactory clinical practice for the management of diabetes mellitus. Moreover, pharmacological & phytochemical screening of medicinal plants has also witnessed the hypoglycaemic effects of these plants in treating diabetes mellitus. Majority of the modern drugs like metformin, atropine, digitalis, etc. are also originated from plants. Conclusion: The current paper presents a review of medicinal plants used for diabetes management in India. The therapeutic potential, ethnobotanical use, and their pharmacological evaluations are highlighted for harnessing the anti-diabetic potential of these plants by the Indian healthcare system.
Keywords: Diabetes management; Ethnopharmacology; Herbal drugs; India

The Role of Recombinant Parathormone derivative in Bone healing. Making the Unfavorable, Favorable - A Systematic Review - S Swarna Meenakshi; Sheeja S Varghese (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Teriparatide is a recombinant parathormone derivative encompassing the first 1-34 amino acids off PTH, which is said to contain potent anabolic capability. It is said to induce osteoblastogenesis thereby placing an essential role in bone healing. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the best available evidence from randomized controlled trials analyzing the effectiveness of teriparatide on bone regeneration and healing in osteoporotic patients and patients with fractures. Aim: This systematic review aims to assess whether Teriparatide enhances bone regeneration and healing in terms of improving clinical, radiographic, histologic parameters and Biomarkers of Bone formation and resorption. Materials and Methodology: A comprehensive search was done in databases such as ‘PubMed’, ‘Google Scholar and ‘Cochrane’ databases based on pre-determined eligibility criteria. Randomized control trials assessing the effectiveness of Teriparatide in Bone healing in fractures as well as osteoporosis were selected after thorough screening. Results: The selected 13 studies compared teriparatide to either placebo or another anti-resorptive drug. Out of the 13, 8 studies were done to evaluate the improvement and healing of bone in Osteoporotic patients whereas 5 studies were done on improvement in fracture healing. The studies evaluated outcome parameters such as Clinical and Radiological improvement, Biomarkers of Bone resorption and formation and Safety.6 studies assessed clinical parameters, 12 studies assessed radiological parameters, 7 studies assessed biomarkers, 11 studies assessed safety parameters by means of occurrence of any adverse effects. All the 8 studies done on osteoporotic patients showed a good improvement. Of the 5 studies on fracture healing, only 2 studies showed beneficial effects while the other 3 did not show any benefits. Conclusion: Teriparatide could have beneficial effects in bone healing in osteoporotic patients and is well tolerated. However, the results are inconclusive whether they have beneficial effects in treating fractures. More Homogenous Randomized control trials are required to ascertain whether teriparatide could improve bone healing.
Keywords: Bone healing; Fracture; Parathormone; Recombinant derivative; Teriparatide

Screening Data Reveals that Spirogyra triplicata, a Fresh Water Algae Induces Robust Anti-Proliferative Activity Against A549 Cells - Ankita Mridha; Priya K Gopal; Santanu Paul (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Algae comprise a promising source of novel components with potent therapeutic agents. In particular, algae have been considered as a potential source of new bioactive compounds. The antioxidant data of our previous study with six different algal methanolic extract reveals the presence of high antioxidant, total phenol content and total flavonoid content in Spirogyra triplicata. Thus, we further focused on screening the anti-proliferative activity of six different green algae on five different cancer cell lines like MCF7, A549, HEPG2, REH, MOLT4. Methods: To fulfill our aim we performed MTT assay for testing anti-proliferative activity and DAPI staining for observing nuclear morphology. We also looked into the metabolomic profiling of Spirogyra triplicata by GC-MS chemometric study. Results: The result indicates that after 24 hours of treatment with methanolic extract of Spirogyra triplicata A549 was the most sensitive cell line with IC50 value of 24.07 ± 1.09 μg/ml. Followed by Rhizoclonium fontinale and Hydrodictyon reticulatum with IC50 value of 25.97 ± 1.94 μg/ml and 32.50 ± 1.97 μg/ml respectively. The HEPG2 cell line was the second most sensitive cell line against S. triplicata with IC50 value of 30.20 ± 1.45 μg/ml. The MOLT4 cell line was detected as most resistant cell line against the green algal extract in this study. Though the methanolic extracts of six green algae showed maximum to moderate anti-proliferative activity on different cancer cell line but no significantly affect on normal PBMC was observed. Nuclear fragmentation was observed in a dose dependent fashion by DAPI staining on A549 cells treated with methanolic extract of Spirogyra triplicata. We further looked into the chemo profiling of Spirogyra triplicata by GCMS analysis. The result of GC-MS clearly indicates presence of nineteen major components and twenty-three minor components which have more or less bioactivity and would help in therapeutics in future. Conclusions: In brief this study indicates for the first time that green algae Spirogyra triplicata induces anti-proliferative activity specifically against A549 cell but not in normal PBMC. It can be concluded that Spirogyra triplicata holds a great promise as a good repository of anti cancer compounds which may be used in future drug discovery.
Keywords: A549; Anti-proliferative; GCMS; Spirogyra triplicata

Screening of Phytochemical Analysis and In vitro Bioactive of Polyherbal Formulation - Vasanth MP; KG Purushotham (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Plants have the capability to synthesize various forms of phytochemical compounds as secondary metabolites. Method: In the present investigation phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, carbohydrates, reducing sugar, proteins, saponins, flavanoids, phenols, terpenoids and phytosterols were detected in polyherbal formulation A. marmelos, G. glabra and R. centrifolia. Results: The Total flavonoid, steroids, alkaloids and phenolic content was observed from fruit, root and pettles1.40mg QE/g DE, 12.14mg BE/g DE, 14.40mg AE/g DE and 99.33mg GAE/g DE. FTIR spectrum of the polyherbal sample revealed 5 major peaks at 2919.40 cm-1, 2357.62 cm-1, 1150.56 cm-1, 1076.22 cm-1 and 1015.64 cm-1. The antibacterial activity was maximum zone of inhibition (19 mm) was recorded in S. aureus strain and minimum zone of inhibition (5mm) was observed in S.mutans strain. The antioxidant study maximum and minimum scavenging DPPH, NOR, H2O2 and SOD activities (%) of 62.28, 53.68, 39.67 & 43.98 at 5 mg/ml and 39.88, 36.49, 5.9 and 34.94 at 1mg/ml was recorded. The polyherbal sample exhibited significant albumin denaturation, proteinase inhibitory, membrane stabilization and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities as the maximum inhibition of 46.53%, 36.7%, 51.9% and 64.71% was observed at 500 μg/ml. Conclusion: Hence the present studies indicate good antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities from the medicinal plants, A. marmelos, G. glabra and R. centrefolia proves the possibility of its utilization as an additional potent source medicinal uses.
Keywords: Antimicrobial activity; antioxidant activity; FTIR; HR-LCMS; Phyto chemical; Secondary metabolites

Seagrass in the Control of Hyperglycemic and Hyperlipidemic States of Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats - M Vani; P Uma Maheswari Devi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: The present study intended to evaluate the beneficial effects of the seagrass Halophila beccarii, against induced diabetes mellitus in rat models. Halophila beccarii is a type of Seagrass abundant in Pulicat Lake of Andhra Pradesh, India. Objective: Evaluating the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic properties of seagrass extract in comparison with standards. Materials and Methods: STZ induced diabetic rat models were adopted to analyze the effect of long-term treatment with seagrass extract on blood glucose, HbA1c and serum lipids. Results: The methanolic extract of seagrass demonstrated a significant drop of blood glucose levels (52%), in diabetic rats, after 6 h of supplementation. After 40 days of treatment with 500 mg/day of seagrass extract, STZ diabetic rats exhibited tremendous decrease in fasting blood glucose with significant improvement in glycemic control as evidenced by controlled levels of HbA1c. Lower levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL cholesterols and higher levels of HDL cholesterol in STZ-induced diabetic rats provided an evidence for significant anti hyperlipidemic property of seagrass extract. Conclusion: Phytochemicals of seagrass like phenols, flavonoids and bioactive lipids contribute to the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic activities and Halophila beccarii extract serves as a natural supplement in the management of diabetes.
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; FBG; Halophila beccarii; HbA1c; HDL; LDL

Simultaneous Quantification of Lupeol, Stigmasterol and β- Sitosterol in Extracts of Adhatoda vasica Nees Leaves and its Marketed Formulations by a Validated RP-HPLC Method - Nandhini S; Ilango K (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Adhatoda vasica Nees (Acanthaceae) is a well-known medicinal plant used for the treatment of respiratory disorders such as asthma and bronchitis. Objective: To develop a simple and precise RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous assessment of lupeol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol of various extracts of Adhatoda vasica Nees. Materials and Methods: The compounds were separated on RP-Phenomenex C18 (250mm×4.6mm; 5μ) column with a mobile phase comprising of 0.1%v/v formic acid in water and methanol (28:82%v/v) splashed at a flow of 0.8mL/min with PDA detector at 208nm. Results: The retention time of lupeol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol was found to be 16.89, 18.26 and 20.72 minutes respectively. The amount of lupeol was abundant in hexane extract (0.952%w/w) and formulation III (23.72ng/g) whereas, stigmasterol (0.285%w/w) and β-sitosterol (8.649%w/w) was highly abundant in chloroform extract and formulation I stigmasterol (2.57ng/g) and β-sitosterol (0.98ng/g). The optimized method was validated for different parameters and all the validated constraints were within the limits as per ICH guidelines. The proposed method was linear over the concentration range of 12.5-200μg/mL with correlation coefficients greater than 0.997. The LOD and LOQ values of lupeol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol were found to be 0.66, 5.64 and 12.8μg/mL and 2.01, 17.10 and 36.62μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: To conclude, the developed method for the simultaneous estimation of lupeol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol was simple, precise, accurate and thus reliable for the quality control investigations of crude drugs and its herbal formulations.
Keywords: Adhatoda vasica Nees; HPLC; Lupeol; Simultaneous quantification; Stigmasterol; β-sitosterol

Southeast Asian Medicinal Plants with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibition Properties - T A Faiz T Anuar; Azlini Ismail (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: This article aims to provide a summary of medicinal plants in the Southeast Asian countries that have an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity that is therapeutically useful for treating hypertension. Methods: This review paper is a result of extensive searches via electronic database platforms, including Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct with the keyword search terms: ACE enzyme, Southeast Asia countries, plants, and extracts. Results: Thirty-four articles on ACE inhibition activity of 76 Southeast Asian medicinal plants were found and further reviewed. Several plants from Malaysia (Chassalia curviflora, Citrus hystrix, Murraya koenigii, Senna garrettiana), Indonesia (Gnetum Gnemon, Momordica charantia, Nasturtium officinale, Peperomia pellucida, Pereskia saccharose), and Thailand (Mammea siamensis) were found to exhibit strong ACE inhibitory activity in vitro. Bioactive compounds such as 3’,4’, dihydroxy-3-5 dimethoxy flavone-7-O- β-rhamnose and quercetin-3-O-glucoside showed the highest potency in exhibiting the ACE inhibition activity in this review. Conclusions: This review suggests for an in-depth investigation on the potent crude extracts for the potential development of complementary herbal medicines as well as on the potent ACE inhibitor compounds for further development as new ACE inhibitor candidates for hypertension therapy.
Keywords: ACE; Angiotensin-converting enzyme; Antihypertensive; Medicinal plants; Southeast Asia

Standardization Bark of Cinnamomum burmannii Nees Ex Bl. from Five Areas of Indonesia - Budiastuti; Yusnia Wahyu Andini; Intan Ayu Cahyasarl; Riesta Primaharinastiti; Sukardiman (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: The Cinnamomum burmannii Nees ex Bl species is a native plant that grows in many places in Indonesia. The bark of Cinnamomum burmannii Nees ex Bl (C. burmannii bark) in Indonesia is commonly used as a medicinal ingredient, but information related to specific and non-specific parameters of C. burmannii bark from several regions in Indonesia is very limited. Objective: To investigate the standardization C. burmannii bark from five areas of Indonesia. Methods: Determination of non-specific parameters and specific parameters of C. burmannii bark and metabolite profile of essential oil of C. burmannii bark Results: We found there are differences in the nature of C. burmannii bark from five regions in Indonesia. Conclusion: It can be concluded that C. burmannii bark from Mount Kerinci is the best. C. burmannii bark from Mount Kerinci showed that it had the strongest odor and the highest water-soluble extract and alcohol soluble extract as well as the highest essential oil content and the highest cinnamaldehyde content.
Keywords: Cinnamaldehyde; Cinnamomum burmannii Nees Ex Bl; Metabolite profilin; Non-specific parameters; Specific parameters; standardization

Standardization of Indonesian Traditional Antihypertensive Medicines (Jamu) through the ACE Inhibitor Mechanism - Aprilita Rina Yanti Eff; Sri Teguh Rahayu; Putu Gita Mahayasih; Muhammad Unggul Januarko (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Herbal medicine (jamu) is a traditional Indonesian drug that has been used by the community in efforts to overcome health problems. One of the herbs that are frequently used by the public is antihypertensive jamu. This study aimed to determine the standardization parameters of 8 antihypertensive jamu in the form of specific and nonspecific parameters, antioxidant and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) activity. Materials and methods: Jamu were extracted using ethanol. Nonspecific parameters that are water content, ash content, ash insoluble acid content, level of substances dissolved in alcohol and water, Coliform microbial contamination, and mold/yeast numbers. Determination of specific parameters including determining organoleptic (color and texture), chemical content, identification of infrared spectrum, in-vitro antioxidant activity, and ACE inhibitor activity. Results: nonspecific parameter such is the average water content of 5.92-8.1 v / w; total ash content of 5.85-7.2 w / w, levels of ash insoluble acid content were 0.45-0.55 w/w and the level of substances dissolved in alcohol and water were 24.22-54.21 and 24.22-54,21, respectively. The eight extracts were uncontaminated with coliform, mold, and yeast microbes. Antioxidant and ACE inhibitor activity test showed that all eight extracts had antioxidant activity in vitro with IC50 values ranging from 9.31 - 157.9 ppm and ACE inhibitor activity with the IC50 value is in the range of 18.37-740.8 ppm. Conclusion: The eight antihypertensive jamu met the standard of extract parameters both the specific and nonspecific and have potential in-vitro activities as ACE inhibitors.
Keywords: ACE inhibitor; Antihypertensive; Antioxidant; Herbal medicine (jamu)

Standardization Study of Simplicia and Extract of Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) Peel, Quantification of Hesperidin and Antibacterial Assay - Elidahanum Husni; Friardi Ismed; Dony Afriyandi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) is a commodity which is widely grown in Indonesia, including in western Sumatera. Aim: This study was conducted to Standardization Study of Simplicia and Extract of Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) Peel, Quantification of Hesperidin and Antibacterial Assay. Materials and Methods: The semi-solid extract of Calamondin peel was made by the maceration method using 70% ethanol solvent. Then standardization study chamomile extract (Organoleptic examination of extracts, Chromatographic analysis, Total Ash, Acid-insoluble ash, Water content), quantification of hesperidin by TLC-densitometry method and antibacterial activity assay for diffusion method. The antibacterial activity of extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginous. Results: The organoleptic properties of the calamondin peel showed that the outer surface was brown and the inside was yellow, slightly smelly and sour taste. Microscopic characterizations obtained identifiers of calcium oxalate crystal fragments, fibers, parenchyma with oil cells, ladder-shaped transport tissue. Water and alcohol-soluble extractive are not less than 19.73% ± 0.97% and 10.26% ± 0.25%, loss on drying is not more than 10.78% ± 0.05% and the total and acidinsoluble ash is not more than 4.33% ± 0.03% and 1.01% ± 0.07%. The calamondin peel extract is described in the form of thick extract, a specific smell, a black color, bitter taste and yield not less than 25.33% ± 1.3%. Quantification of hesperidin obtained not less than 4.78% ± 0.09%, a water content of no more than 17.47% ± 0.82% and the total ash content and acid insoluble ash are not more than 4.65% ± 0.06% and 0.13% ± 0.04%. Antibacterial activity of extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginous at 15% concentration with inhibitory diameter range of 7.65 mm ± 0.36 mm to 9.96 mm ± 0.52 mm and at a concentration of 20% with inhibitory diameter ranges of 9.26 mm ± 0.72 mm to 13.39 mm ± 0.28 mm. Conclusion: Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) peel have antioxidant and antibacterial activity.
Keywords: Antibacterial; Antioxidants; Citrus microcarpa Bunge; Hesperidin; standardization

A Study Comparing Antibacterial Activity of Ageratum Conyzoides L. Extract and Piper Betle L. Extract in Gel Dosage Forms Against Staphylococcus Aureus - Arif Budiman; Diah Lia Aulifa (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses often infect humans in their living environments. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) are gram-positive bacteria that are widely used in antibacterial activity experiments and cause infection in the body surface of mammals. Ageratum conyzoides L. (AC) and Piper betle L. (PB)are the natural herbs which have antibacterial activity against SA. Objective: This research was aimed to compare the antibacterial activity of AC with PB extracts in gel dosage form against SA. Methods: The antibacterial activity of both extracts were determined by disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were evaluated by the microdilution method. These extracts were formulated into gel dosage form using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with various concentrations and then evaluated for pH, viscosity and antibacterial activity. Results: The results show that both AC and PB extracts have antibacterial activity against SA with MIC value of 2 % and 5 %, respectively. Then, the gel containing 4 % sodium CMC showed the best physical stability, either containing AC or PB extract. The gel dosage forms of both extracts did not show any difference in organoleptic properties, pH and viscosity after 28 days storage. The gel dosage forms of AC and PB extracts have antibacterial activity with inhibition zone of 20.3 mm ± 1.3 mm and 15.21 ± 1.3 mm, respectively. Conclusion: ,The antibacterial activity of AC extract was higher compared to that of PB extract in the gel dosage form.
Keywords: Ageratum conyzoides L. extract; Gel; Piper betle L. extract; Staphylococcus aureus

The Study of External Signs, Microscopy and Chemical Composition of Medicinal Plant Materials of Verоnica beccabunga L. Herb - Angelina V Strelyaeva; Olga A Larina; Alla M Antsyshkina; Roman M Kuznetsov; Alina A Bondar; Vladimir A Sorokin (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Veronica beccabunga L. belongs to the class dicotyledons, order Lamiáles, family Scrophulariaceae. Representatives of the genus Veronica have long been used in folk medicine as antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antiseptic, wound healing, hemostatic, choleretic and antispasmodic drugs. Widely studied species are Veronica officinalis and Veronica chamaedrys. Veronica beccabunga L., which is the object of our study, remains a poorly studied plant. Aim: The study of external signs, microscopy and chemical composition of medicinal plant materials of Verоnica beccabunga L. herb. Materials and Methods: Chromato-mass spectrometry was used in the work. Results and Discussion: When describing external signs and microscopy, diagnostic signs of Verоnica beccabunga were revealed. 27 compounds were identified by chromatography-mass spectrometry. The maximum content falls on: Citronellol epoxide (R or S) (30.5 %), Linolenic acid, ethyl ester (15.18), Diethyl succinate (12.17%), Ethyl palmitate (6.43%), Phytol (4.89%), Acetaldehyde ethyl amyl acetal (3.94%), Dibenzylamine (3.01%), Oleamide (2.77%), 2-(1-Methylbutyl)oxirane (2.7%), Butyl octyl phthalate(1.7%), Ethyl 10-bromodecanoate (1.68), Valeric acid, 4-methyl-, ethyl ester (1.58). Glycoside detected : 1-Benzyl-1Hbenzimidazole 3-oxide (0.76%). Conclusion: The revealed morphological and anatomical signs of Verоnica beccabunga herb can be used to diagnose this species and develop authenticity indicators for promising medicinal herbs. 27 compounds were identified by chromatographymass spectrometry. Using the method of simple normalization, the relative percentage of identified compounds was determined.
Keywords: 1-Benzyl-1H-benzimidazole 3-oxide; Verоnica beccabunga L.

Study of Quality Medicinal Plants Bark Walnuts and Extract from it - Strelyaeva AV; Lezhava DI; Luferov AN; Kuznetsov RM; Bobkova NV; Lazareva YuB; Kostikova EN (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Objective: The bark of walnut is currently poorly understood and is not represented in the Russian State Pharmacopeia. The purpose was to study the quality indicators medicinal plants walnut crust and extracts therefrom were studied: moisture content, total ash, ash insoluble in 10% hydrochloric acid feedstock walnut crust; content of tannins and juglone in walnut crust; GC-mass spectrometric study of the composition petroleum extract from the bark of a walnut. Materials and Methods: Microscopy was prepared by the pharmacopoeial method. The chemical composition of the petroleum extract was investigated by chromatomass spectrometry. Results: The content of glycosides amount in terms of gidroyuglone glucoside and absolutely dry RL was 5.30 ± 0.15. Humidity was 9,41% ± 0,21. total ash content was 10,18% ± 0,1. The ash content insoluble in 10% hydrochloric acid was 4.8 ± 0.16. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method in petroleum extraction from the bark of walnut were identified following compounds: oktadetsilgeksanoat (28%) of 4-isopropenyl- 1-methyl-2-cyclohexenol-1 (38%), cineole (1,6%), thujone (0.7%), camphor (16.6%), 2 - benzamidoantrahinone (0.45%), 4,5 - dihydroxy - 3,4 - dihydro - 1 (2H) - naftalenon (6.4%) ethyl ester of palmitic acid (8.25%) Toxic effects petroleum extract was TD50 = 2,5. Chronic absent. All mice in the experimental group had diarrhea. It was established that the extraction has petroleum anthelmintic properties at askaridioze. Conclusions: The analysis of petroleum extraction from walnut partitions was carried out, the content of basic biologically active substances was revealed. The main anatomical and diagnostic signs of walnut bark walls were studied.
Keywords: Juglans regia; Total ash; Toxic effect

Study of the Effect of Lampeni (Ardisia humilis Vahl.) Planting Condition toward the Alpha-glucosidase Inhibition Activity in vitro - Sri Ningsih; Fifit Juniarti; Idah Rosidah; Adam Arditya Fajriawan; Kurnia Agustini; Syofi Rosmalawati; Agung Eru Wibowo; Erliana Sasikirana; Wahono Sumaryono (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: The quality of a medicinal plant is influenced by agronomic conditions and harvesting time. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of planting method (openair (OA) and shedding house (SH)) and harvesting time (2, 4, 6 months) of Lampeni (Ardisia humilis Vahl.) toward the inhibitory activity of alpha-glucosidase. Methods: The Lampeni seedling were placed under controlled light conditions (SH) and on direct sun exposure (OA). Harvesting of the leaves was carried out at the age of 2, 4, and 6 months after plantation (2m, 4m, and 6m). Each leaves dry powder was refluxed with methanol 70% and followed by liquid-liquid partition using n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and water. All samples were evaluated toward inhibition of the alpha-glucosidase enzyme in vitro. Total phenol levels were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Results: The results showed that EtOAc fractions of both plantation techniques exhibited the highest inhibition of alpha-glucosidase. The highest activity was demonstrated by the 4m-OA-EtOAc fraction (IC50, 93.50 ppm) and followed by the 6m-OA-EtOAc fraction (IC50, 98.13 ppm). Based on the kinetic study, the inhibition type of the two most active samples were categorized as a non-competitive type. Total phenolic contents were decreased in the following order: 6m-SH-EtOAc > 4m-OA-EtOAc > 6m-OAEtOAc > 4m-SH-EtOAc fraction. It was shown that there was no positive correlation between the strength of inhibition with total phenolic content. Conclusions: This study concluded that Lampeni at open-air plantation harvested on fourth months demonstrated the highest alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity, although there was no positive correlation between the inhibition activity and phenolic content.
Keywords: Alpha-glucosidase; Ardisia humilis Vahl.; Lampeni; Open-air; Shedding house; total phenolic

Study on Pharmacognosy Curricula in UAE B. Pharm Programmes and Possible Implications - IM Abu-Al-Futuh (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: The current Pharmacy Curricula development initiatives in developing countries are focused on the expansion of courses in Patient-oriented Pharmacy Education. This resulted in the decrease of credit hours allotted to Pharmacognosy curricula. Methods: The current curricula for the Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) programme of universities in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) were studied. The curricula stated in the Study-Plans of these universities were divided into eight divisions based on the specialty of courses. The divisions: Pharmaceutics; Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Pharmacology; Pharmacognosy; Patient-oriented Courses; Training; Biomedical and University Requirements. Study-Plans data were obtained from related universities' official websites. The percentage analysis of credit hours allotted to each division was calculated. In addition to UAE, B Pharm programmes of representative universities from Africa and the Middle East were also studied for comparison. Results: Results obtained from UAE Universities show that Pharmacognosy division has (4.7%); Pharmaceutics (15%); Pharmaceutical Chemistry (14.4%); Pharmacology (9.7%); Patient-oriented Courses (18.8%); Training (11.5%); Biomedical courses (10.8%) and University Requirements (15.7%). Our analysis of study-plans of other representative universities from Middle East (8.6%) and Africa (8.9%) demonstrated a higher percentage for Pharmacognosy compared to UAE (4.7%) Universities. Conclusion: The inadequate credit hours allotted to Pharmacognosy division may have adverse implications on Drug Industry, Patient Health Care and Herbalism. Recommendations are given on how to amend this inadequacy in Pharmacognosy curricula.
Keywords: B. Pharm. Curricula; Drug discovery; Pharmacognosy

A Study on Phyllanthus amarus; Pharmacognostic, Mycobactericidal and Mutagenic Properties - Emelia Oppong Bekoe; Cindy Kitcher; Philip Debrah; Patrick Amoateng; Paul Owusu Donkor; Sarfoa Martinson (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Phyllanthus amarus is a medicinal plant used in the treatment of various ailments which include gonorrhoea, jaundice, diabetes, kidney diseases, bladder and intestinal infections, influenza, measles, viral infections, and tuberculosis. Tuberculosis treatment is faced with many challenges, resulting in a prolonged treatment regimen and potential treatment failure. There is a need to search for more favourable treatment options. Objective: This study aimed at investigating the pharmacognostic and mycobactericidal properties of P. amarus. Since toxicity could also be an issue, the mutagenic activity of this plant was also assessed. Materials and Methods: The macroscopic, microscopic, and physicochemical characteristics were assessed with reference to the Quality Control Methods for Herbal Material WHO (2011). The mycobactericidal activity was determined by the agar diffusion and broth dilution methods, while mutagenicity was investigated by the Ames test. Results: P. amarus contained tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins and steroids. The 50% ethanol extract exhibited activity against M. smegmatis at 100 mg/mL with an inhibitory zone of 2.0 cm. P. amarus had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 50 mg/mL while that of rifampin was 0.1 μg/mL. P. amarus showed weak mutagenicity at a concentration of 10 μg/mL. Conclusion: The documented pharmacognostic characteristics can be used for quality control of the crude plant material. The mycobactericidal activity also affirmed its folkloric use in the treatment of tuberculosis. The mycobactericidal activity can be further exploited for drug development.
Keywords: Fluorescence; Mutagenic activity; P. amarus; Pharmacognostic; Tuberculosis

Subacute Toxicity of Butanol Fraction of Tali Putri Plants (Cassytha filiformis L.) Against Hematology Parameters of White Male Mice - Dwisari Dillasamola; Annisa Yatursyi; Armenia (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Hematotoxicity study of butanol fraction of Cassytha filiformis L. on white male mice has been performed. A total of 12 white male mice were used, and they were divided into four groups. Each group consists of 3 mice. These animals were treated with Cassytha filiformis L. butanolic fraction at several doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg for seven days. Hemoglobin value, erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils counts were measured at the 1st, 3rd, and 7th day of treatment. The data of this study were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, followed by Duncan's multiple region tests. The results showed that the doses of butanol fraction did not affect hemoglobin value, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and neutrophils (p >0.1), but it significantly reduced platelet, monocyte, lymphocyte count, and increases eosinophils (p <0.01) counts within their normal limits. There is no influence on the duration of administration and the interaction of dosage, and also the duration of use of the parameters above. This result implies that the Cassytha filiformis butanol fraction at doses of 2.5-10 mg/kg does not affect hematology parameters if it were used for seven days.
Keywords: Butanol fraction; Cassytha filiformis L; Haematology; Subacute toxicity

Supplementation of Lactobacillus Probiotic Strains Supports Gut- Brain-Axis and Defends Autistic Deficits Occurred by Valproic Acid-Induced Prenatal Model of Autism - K Sunand; G Krishna Mohan; Vasudha Bakshi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Gut microbiota can interact with the brain by bidirectional communication through Gut-Brain-Axis. Gut microbiota colonization is essential for the establishment of symbiotic relation between gut and brain. A healthy gut can properly directs the brain for its functions. Autistic people are deficient in gut microbiota, a condition known as Dysbiosis. Gastro-Intestinal symptoms are comorbid conditions in autism. Re-colonization with daily supplementation of microbiota is needed in autism. Methods: Autism induced by Valproic acid (VPA) at a dose of 400 mg/kg, i.p. on an embryonic day (ED) 12 to the pregnant rats. Born rats exhibited many autistic features, for the treatment we selected specific Lactobacilli strains such as L. Plantarum, L. Casei, L. Acidophilus, L. Bulgaricus, with a dosage of not less than (NLT) 1 Billion Colony-forming units (CFU) /ml given orally every day for 42 days. Results: The results showed that Lactobacillus strains significant ameliorated the behavioral anomalies such as T-Maze, Memory, Social interaction studies as compared to the autistic group. Furthermore, Lactobacillus supplementation helped to shift the hypersertonomia (27.33±2.33 vs 8.167±0.72), increasesd BDNF (59.00±2.08 vs 48.17±0.60) increased IL-6 (46.00±1.52 vs 32.00±1.73) and TNF- α levels (145.0±3.21 vs 98.67 ± 2.028) to baseline. Histopathology examination of the cerebellum revealed that apoptosis and degeneration were reversed with lactobacillus treatment. Conclusion: This study proved, daily supplementation of Lactobacillus strains has reversed autistic deficits and improved immune functions might because of gut and brain symbiotic relationship.
Keywords: Autism; Dysbiosis; Gut-Brain-Axis; Lactobacillus strains; VPA

Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Gallic Acid Nanoparticles Towards Breast T47D Cancer Cells - Ade Arsianti; Anton Bahtiar; Fadilah Fadilah; Vincent Kharisma Wangsaputra; Rafika Indah Paramita; Norma Nur Azizah; Lince Dameria Nadapdap; Ajeng Megawati Fajrin; Hiroki Tanimoto; Kiyomi Kakiuchi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Gallic acid is a naturally polyphenolic acid which shows cytotoxicity against several cancer cells, as well as it displays chemo-preventive activity which is attributed to its strong apoptosis- inducing and antioxidant effects. Thus, gallic acid has become an attractive substance to be further developed due to its strong cytotoxic activity. This study aimed to synthesize gallic acid nanoparticle coating with alginate-chitosan, and evaluate its cytotoxicity against breast T47D cancer cells. Methods: Gallic acid nanoparticle was synthesized using ionic gelation method. The yield, size and morphology of the nanoparticles were determined by UV-Vis Spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity evaluation of gallic acid nanoparticle towards breast T47D cancer cell is carried out by MTT(3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide) assay. Results: Spherical nanoparticles of gallic acid with the size of 100-200 nm has been successfully synthesized in 96% of yield. Compared to gallic acid (IC50: 20.86 μg/mL) and alginate-chitosan nanoparticle (IC50: 38.46 μg/mL), gallic acid coating with alginate-chitosan nanoparticles demonstrated higher cytotoxicity towards breast T47D cancer cells with IC50 value of 9.03μg/mL. Conclusion: Our results clearly confirmed that gallic acid nanoparticles coating with alginate-chitosan showed a strong cytotoxicity towards breast T47D cancer cells, which is potential to be developed as a candidate for new anti-breast cancer agent.
Keywords: Cytotoxicity; Gallic acid; Nanoparticle; Synthesis; T47D cells

Tacrolimus Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Vietnamese Renal Transplant Recipients - Van Anh T Nguyen; Thang Viet Le; Manh Van Bui; Toan Quoc Pham; Son The Trinh; Binh Nhu Do; Lien Huong T Nguyen (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Use of tacrolimus (Tac) is pivotal to renal transplant (RT) immunosuppressive maintenance regiments. The most frequently used means of Tac monitoring is the measurement of the trough concentration (C0) in whole blood to maintain drug efficacy and minimize the consequences of overexposure. Most previous studies focused on therapeutic drug monitoring of Tac in renal transplant recipients and assessed the clinical response of patients. Our study aimed to describe a real Tacrolimus therapeutic drug monitoring transplantation and determine the clinical outcomes in Vietnamese adult renal transplant recipients. Methods: This retrospective study including 114 adult renal transplant patients (89 men and 25 women) with a mean age of 35.4 ± 8.98 years has been performed from August 2012 to March 2018 at Military Hospital 103 (Vietnam). Tac trough concentrations were adjusted according to the target range proposed by the European consensus conference on tacrolimus optimization. Samples for determination of tacrolimus blood levels were subdivided according to the posttransplantation period into three groups (0- 3 months (G1), 3-12 months (G2) and over 1 year (G3). Median Years of follow-up was 15.4 months [range 0.233 to 68.4 months]. Results: A total of 3037 blood samples for the determination of tacrolimus trough concentration were obtained. Median concentrations were 6.7 (4.5 – 10.2) ng/ml, 6.4 (5.1 – 8.3) and 5.6 (4.5 to 7.1) ng/ml for G1, G2, G3, respectively. After transplantation, three acute rejection (AR) events were documented (Cellular AR: 2, Humoral AR: 1). Cytomegalovirus, BK polyomavirus, Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus were detected in 7, 4, 7 and 3 renal post- transplant recipients, respectively. There were 5 patients with post-transplant diabetes (NODAT) and all of them had to convert to cyclosporine. 6 patients developed chronic kidney disease (CKD) after transplantation and 2 case with Tac-associated nephrotoxicity with proven biopsy. This observational study provided a real Tacrolimus therapeutic drug monitoring transplantation in Vietnamese renal transplant recipients. Main outcomes were acute rejection, post-transplant viral infections, neurotoxicity, NODAT, CKD, and Tac-associated nephrotoxicity.
Keywords: Renal transplantation; Tacrolimus; Therapeutic drug monitoring; Vietnam

Tender Coconut Water Inhibits the Process of Lipid Peroxidation, Reduce Glucose Levels and Increase Plasma Insulin in Pregnant Diabetic Rats - Friday Super Nova; Shofa Chasani; Atina Hussanna; Siti Thomas Zulaikhah (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Diabetes during pregnancy or Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) causes oxidative stress and have bad effect for mother and baby, risk of abortion, still birth, premature and preeclampsia. GDM can be prevented by monitoring the glucose level and providing rich antioxidants meals. TCW is a nutritious healthy drink rich in antioxidants, diet rich in antioxidants promotes better health, Inhibits lipid peroxidation and enhances the total antioxidant status. Aim and Objectives: This research to investigate the effect of tender coconut water can prevent lipid peroxidation, reduce glucose levels and increase insulin plasma level on pregnant diabetic rats. Material and Methods: Experimental study by post test only control group design, population of pregnant wistar strain rats. Twenty four samples used in this study were randomly divided into 4 groups, K1 (pregnant rats), K2 (pregnant rats+diabetic), K3 (pregnant rats+diabetic+ glibenklamid 0.23 mg/kg BW ) and K4 (pregnant rats+diabetic+TCW 8mL/200grBW). Diabetes Mellitus were induced using Streptozotocin (STZ) 65mg/kgBW and Nicotinamid 230 mg/kgBW. Data on insulin plasma, glucose and MDA levels were analyzed using One Way Anova with significant level 0.05. Result: The results showed that the average insulin plasma levels in group 2 decreased compared to group 1 , in group 3 and 4 it increased compared to group 2. Average glucose and MDA levels in group 2 increased compared to group 1 , in group 3 and 4 it decreased compared to group 2. The results of the analysis has the p values 0.000 (p<0.05). Conclusion: TCW can inhibit the process of lipid peroxidation, reduce glucose levels, increase insulin plasma levels and in pregnant diabetic rats.
Keywords: GDM; Glucose; Insulin plasma; Lipid peroxidation; Tender coconut water (TCW)

Thin Layer Chromatography Fingerprinting and Clustering of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. from Different Origins - Kartini Kartini; Ervina Rustiana Dewi; Fandi Achmad; Nikmatul Ikhrom Eka Jayani; Mochammad Arbi Hadiyat; Christina Avanti (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Orthosiphon stamineus has been widely used across Asian countries for the treatment of various diseases. The quality of herbal medicine determine its safety as well as efficacy; and geographical origin is important factor contributing on the quality of herb and its products. Materials and Methods: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method combined with chemometric, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), has been employed to evaluate the quality of Orthosiphon stamineus leaves collected from eleven origins in Indonesia. Results: The results showed that mobile phase suitable for Orthosiphon stamineus was chloroform, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate (7:4:1). The method used has met the requirements of TLC system stability and precision. TLC-fingerprints analyzed with chemometrics showed an ability to discriminate Orthosiphon stamineus from various origins. PCA score plot of the first two principal components (PC) clearly distinguished 3 clusters of samples, whereas the loading plot of the first two PC showed that compounds with the Rf values of 0.0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.3, and 0.9-1.0 are the most important compounds for clustering of samples. Conclusions: TLCfingerprint combined with the PCA was able to discriminate among the leaves of Orthosiphon stamineus originated from various locations. TLC-fingerprints analyzed with chemometrics can be used as an alternative of marker-oriented method to evaluate the quality of Orthosiphon stamineus.
Keywords: Geographical origin; Herbal medicine; Marker; Principal Component Analysis; Quality; TLC

Topical Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Bromelain - Elsa Badriyya; Salman; Amalia Refina Pratiwi; Dwisari Dillasamola; Yufri Aldi; Elidahanum Husni (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme found in pineapple plants. Aim: This study conducted to determine the activity of bromelain enzyme as an anti-inflammatory using the Granuloma Pouch method. Methods: The experimental animals were divided into five groups, namely the positive control group, the bromelain concentration group of 0.1%; 0.5%; 1%, and the comparison group. Experimental animals induced carrageenan 2% subcutaneously. The dosage form is given topically for 2, 4, and 6 days. The observation was made by measuring the volume of edema, the total number, and the percentage of leukocyte cells on days 2, 4, and 6. Results: The observation results of a positive control group, bromelain concentration 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, and the comparators, there was a significant decrease for the volume of exudate on days 2, 4, and 6 (p<0.05). The average total number of leukocytes also decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the positive control, the bromelain, and comparison group in day 2, 4, and 6. At the same time, the mean leucocyte percentage had no effect (p>0.05). Conclusion: From the results of the study, it was concluded that the bromelain enzyme at concentration 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% have an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing the volume of exudate, and the total number of leucocyte.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Bromelain; Exudate; Gel; Granuloma; Leukocyte

Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Extracts of Cordia sebestena L. Leaves - Ni Putu Ermi Hikmawanti; Endang Hanani; Yuni Sapitri; Wulan Ningrum (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Cordia sebestena L. (Boraginaceae) wildly planted in Jakarta, Indonesia. The secondary metabolites of plants have biological and pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant. The antioxidant activity of plants might be due to their phenolic compounds. Objective: To determine the total phenolic content and evaluate the antioxidant activity of C. sebestena leaves extracts (n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and 70% ethanol). Materials and Methods: The total phenolic content was determined using spectrophotometric methods with a Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by its ability to inhibit DPPH radicals through IC50 values (ppm). Results: The highest total phenolic content (167.61 ± 0.56 mg GAE/g) and best antioxidant activity (31.41 ppm) were found in 70% ethanol extract of C. sebestena compared to other extracts (ethyl acetate > dichloromethane > n-hexane). Conclusion: The C. sebestena leaves have a good potential as a source of natural antioxidant, and further research, is recommended to evaluate the antioxidant activity using another method.
Keywords: Boraginaceae; Cordia sebestena; DPPH; Folin-Ciocalteu

Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid and Phytochemical Screening by FTIR Spectroscopic of Standardized Extract of Mikania micrantha Leaf - Imam Bagus Sumantri; Henny Sri Wahyuni; Lolyta Fiti Mustanti (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Mikania micrantha is a great plant that has been used as raw material for traditional medicines. Objective: This paper aims to evaluate total phenols, total flavonoids, and phytochemical screening by FTIR spectroscopy of standardized extract of Mikania micrantha leaf to confirm its medicinal values. Materials and Methods: The leaves were extracted by maceration method using ethanol 96% and evaporated by rotary evaporator. The determination of total phenolic and total flavonoid were performed by spectroscopic method. The phytochemical constituent was screened through the bioactive group of the chemical by FTIR analysis. Results: The total phenolic of extract of Mikania micrantha leaf ranged from 13.19±0.74 to 34.24±1.24 mg gallic acid equivalent/g and total flavonoid ranged from 1.11±0.11 to 20.63±0.16 mg quercetin/g. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of O-H, aliphatic CH, and C=O functional group. Conclusion: the result of this study confirm that Mikania micrantha possesses the potential of bioactive compounds which are responsible for the biological activities that are useful for raw material of traditional medicines.
Keywords: FT-IR; Mikania micrantha; total flavonoid; total phenolic

Toxicity Assessment, Evaluation of Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity on Cordia obliqua Fruit Extracts - G Tharun; S Sivakrishnan; JVC Sharma (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Cordia obliqua Willd plant is a genus of flowering plants in the borage family, Boraginaceae. It is also known as clammy cherry. Very little research was carried out for identification of its medicinal importance when compared to other Cordia species Objective: To determine the safe dose and to explore the in vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of Cordia obliqua fruits Methods: As per our previous study the ethanolic and aqueous extracts were rich in phytoconstituents and exhibited good in vitro antioxidant effect. So the ethanolic and aqueous extracts were used for evaluation of activity. Acute toxicity study (LD50) was conducted according to OECD guidelines. For hepatoprotective activity paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity was studied using standard drug like Silymarin. The antioxidant potential] of the plant extracts were tested using three tests viz, Reduced GSH, Catalase and SOD activity Results: Acute toxicity studies showed the non-toxic nature of Cordia obliqua fruit extract upto dose of 3000mg/kg body weight. Administration of Paracetamol to rats increased the levels of marker enzymes like ALT, AST and ALP. Increase in the levels of these enzymes in serum indicates damage to the liver cells. Pretreatment with aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Cordia obliqua decreased the levels of ALT, AST, ALP and increased levels of total protein, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and comparisons histology of cells of extract which are an indication for the hepatoprotective activity. Conclusion: The fruits of Cordia obliqua are safe and effective in treatment of hepatic disorders and prevent oxidation of cells.
Keywords: Cordia obliqua; Hepatotoxicity; Paracetamol; Silymarin

Toxicity Assessment of Vachellia karro (Hayne) Banfi and Galasso Pods using Brine Shrimp Assay - S Maposa; AJ Afolayan; GA Otunola (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background and Objective: Vachellia karroo is widely used in folk medicine in the Eastern Cape Province South Africa, however, the pods are usually discarded as waste. This study evaluated the toxicity of acetone, hexane, aqueous and methanol extracts of Vachellia karroo pods using brine shrimp model. Materials and Methods: Different concentrations (0.0625-1 mg/mL) of the extracts were used to incubate the cysts and nauplii of brine shrimp (Artemia salina) to evaluate their effects on the hatching of the cyst and mortality of the nauplii respectively. The percentage of hatched cysts and Lethal Concentration (LC50) needed to kill 50% of the nauplii were recorded. Results: Successful hatching of the cysts was in order: Aqueous extract> methanol extract> hexane extract> acetone extract. The hatching of nauplii was in a concentration dependent fashion, with hatching success decreasing with increase in concentration of extracts. Conclusion: Lethality of extracts determined based on Meyers’ index of toxicity, revealed that acetone and hexane extracts of V. karroo were moderately toxic.
Keywords: Brine shrimp; Cyst; Lethality; Nauplii; Toxicity; Vachellia karroo

UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS Profiling of Clerodendrum inerme and Clerodendrum splendens and Significant Activity Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Hesham I Elaskary; Omar M Sabry; Asmaa M Khalil; Soheir M El Zalabani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Antibiotic resistance is a major problem that is spreading and increasing while the development of new antibiotics is ceasing. As a result, some bacterial infections that were easily treated previously became untreatable. The antibacterial activity of Clerodendrum inerme and Clerodendrum splendens leaves were investigated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the widely known multi-drug resistant bacterium. UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS is characterized by high sensitivity, resolution and speed for identification of plant metabolites even the minor ones. The chemical constituents of the leaves of C. inerme and C. splendens were investigated by UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS metabolic analysis. Methods: The antibacterial activity of the ethanol extracts of the leaves of the two species under investigation was evaluated against the multi-ethanol drug resistant bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis using MABA assay. The methanol extracts of the leaves of C. inerme and C. splendens were subjected to comparative UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS analysis. Results: The ethanol extract of C .inerme leaves showed significant antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, while that of C. splendens showed moderate activity. The UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS analysis revealed a total of 36 metabolites detected and tentatively identified in the two species under investigation, among them 28 chromatographic peaks were assigned in C. inerme while only 14 were assigned in these C. splendens. The main classes of secondary metabolites detected were Phenylpropanoid and, iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, diterpenoids, phenolic acid and fatty acid derivatives. Conclusion: The results of the antibacterial activity and UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/ MS analysis showed stronger activity and higher number of metabolites for C. inerme as compared to C. splendens.
Keywords: Clerodendrum; Diterpenoids; Iridoids; Mycobacterium; Phenyl-propanoids; UPLC profiling

Vietnamese Medicinal Plants Useful in Treatments of Gout - Huynh Tan Hoi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Gout is a metabolic pathology associated with an increase in the concentration of uric acid in the blood, characterized by episodes of acute arthritis or chronic arthritis caused by deposition of mononatri urate crystals in joints and connective tissue. Long ago, gout was considered a rare disease and a disease of the rich. Since the early years of the 21st century, the incidence of gout and increased uric acid is increasing rapidly around the world. Clinical manifestations of the disease, the age and gender of the patient, related diseases, response to treatment, adverse consequences of the disease, its association with cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, etc. There are many changes in the negative direction that make the disease become incurable in many patients. Even in developed countries, the disease is not managed and monitored closely, increasing the rate of illness, death, disability and quality of life. The article focuses on the causes, manifestations of gout and, most importantly, the introduction of some herbs used in Vietnam. The scientific components, its effective effects have been confirmed by some documents and trusted by patients.
Keywords: Gout; Health; Medicinal herbs; Treatment

Wound Healing Activity of an Ointment from Solanum tuberosum L. "Tumbay Yellow Potato" on Mus musculus Balb/c - Galy P Rosas-Cruz; Carmen R Silva-Correa; Abhel A Calderón-Peña; Víctor E Villarreal-La Torre; Cinthya L Aspajo-Villalaz; José L. Cruzado-Razco; Jorge Del Rosario-Chávarri; Juan C Rodríguez-Soto; Orlando E Pretel-Sevillano; William Antonio Sagástegui-Guarniz; Anabel D González-Siccha (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Solanum tuberosum L. is an Andean tuber that is mainly characterized by its antioxidant properties. Objective: To evaluate the healing activity of an S. tuberosum-based ointment on wounds induced in mice. Material and methods: Ethanolic extracts of peel and pulp of tubers of S. tuberosum "Tumbay yellow potato" were prepared, which were incorporated into 1% and 2% ointment formulations. Mus musculus Balb/c with induced wound were distributed in the following working groups: Group I (Negative Control), Group II (Positive Control: Neomycin, Polymyxin B and Bacitracin Ointment) and Groups III and IV (Ointment at 1 % and 2% of S. tuberosum extract, respectively), daily administration of topical treatments were carried out for 07 days. Wound closure was determined during the experimentation time, then euthanized with sodium pentobarbital 60 mg/kg b.w. (i.p.) to obtain skin samples for histopathological analysis. Results: Groups III and IV showed that better evidence of wound closure and scarring in the histopathological analysis, the greatest effect being in Group IV. Conclusions: S. tuberosum ointments show healing activity in induced wounds in mice, the most effective treatment being the 2% ointment formulation.
Keywords: Histology; Skin; Solanum tuberosum; Wound Healing; Yellow potato

Wound Healing Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Selaginella Bryopteris on Rats - Shravan Kumar Paswan; Sajal Srivastava; Chandana Venkateswara Rao (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
The objective of the present study was to determine wound healing activity of ethanolic extract of Selaginella bryopteris on rats. The whole plant of S. bryopteris Linn. was collected from Andhra Pradesh, India and extraction was done using ethanol. GC-MS analysis was performed to determine active metabolites present in the extract followed by determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents. In vivo wound healing activity of ethanolic extract was evaluated using excision wound model. The extract was applied topically on animals by preparing ointment in two concentrations (5% and 10%) where soframycin (10%) was taken as positive control. Antioxidant activity of S. bryopteris extract was observed by measuring oxidative enzymatic levels i.e. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), reduced Glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in animal tissues. Histopathological studies of excised skin were carried out after the experimental period. The contraction rate of the wound was higher and dose-dependent in rats treated with 5% and 10 % ointment of extract in comparison to untreated control group. The drug treated groups showed recovery phase and the percentage of healing was more in 10% at the end of experimental period. Results exhibited sufficient insights on the healing process with normal recovery stages and restored oxidative enzymatic levels. Histopathological findings provided additional positive results; the dermis with proliferating capillaries and skeletal muscle were replaced by cellular fibrous tissue and collagen fibers. Overall, the results showed that ethanolic extract of S.bryopteris was an interesting traditional agent that possess significant wound healing activity.
Keywords: Flavonoid content; Oxidative stress; Selaginellabryopteris; total phenolic content; Wound Excision Model

Aloe Vera Peel Extract Administration Increased Antioxidant Enzyme Levels of Serum and Seminal Plasma in Type 2 Diabetic Rats - Wulan Christijanti; Achmad Zulfa Juniarto; Lisyani B. Suromo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered as a complex metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Aloe vera peel extract on the antioxidant levels of serum and seminal plasma of type 2 diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rat was injected by 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) combined with 230 mg/kg of Nicotinamide acid (NA) intraperitoneally. The rats were declared to have diabetic with fasting blood glucose level > 200 mg/dl 72 hours after induction. Diabetic rat samples were divided into four groups, control group (diabetes without treatment) and three groups were treated by Aloe vera peel extracts orally: 100 mg (P.1), 200 mg (P.2), and 400 mg/kg body weight (P.3), respectively. Antioxidant levels of serum and seminal plasma, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) were examined after 28 days of treatment. Results: The levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH in the group receiving Aloe vera peel extract were statistically significant (p <0.05) higher than the control. There were also significant differences between the dose variations group. Conclusion: Aloe vera peel extract can significantly increase antioxidant levels in serum and seminal plasma of type 2 diabetic mice.
Keywords: Aloe vera peel extract; Antioxidants; Diabetes; Seminal Plasma; Serum

Alpha Mangostin and Xanthone Activity on Fasting Blood Glucose, Insulin and Langerhans Islet of Langerhans in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Mice - Welly Ratwita; Elin Yulinah Sukandar; I Ketut Adnyana; Neng Fisheri Kurniati (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: This research elaborated role of alpha mangostin and xanthone on fasting blood glucose, insulin and langerhans islet in alloxan induced diabetic mice. Methods: Fasting blood glucose, insulin and langerhans islet test were conducted using male Mus musculus mice, divided into 10 groups randomly, which were normal, control (alloxan induced only), glibenclamide, various doses of α-mangostin and xanthone (5, 10, 20 mg/kgbw). Mice were treated for 21 days. Overnight-fasted mice (12 h) were sacrificed by cervical decapitation on day 21st, following the ethical norms granted by the ethics committee. Fasting blood glucose and insulin plasma were checked. Pancreatic tissues were excised from sacrificed animals, and then fixed in 10 % (v/v) neutral buffered formalin. Histologic observations for Langerhans area were performed after staining using Gomori staining method. Results: The effects of alpha mangostin and xanthone on fasting blood glucose different significantly to control, and were not significantly different from glibenclamide and metformin. Increasing alpha mangostin/xanthone dose from 5 mg/kgbw to 20 mg/bw also did not cause significant differences, although the best results were obtained at a dose of 20 mg/kgbw. Insulin plasma analize showed that there were no significant difference between alpha mangostin/xanthone to normal group, except xanthone 10 mg/kgbw. Langerhans area showed significant difference between alpha mangostin/xanthone to control group. But there’s still had significant difference if we compare to glibenclamid/metformin group. Conclusion: Alpha mangostin and xanthone are two substances that showed antidiabetic effect on fasting blood glucose level, insulin plasma and Langerhans islet.
Keywords: Fasting blood glucose; Insulin plasma; Langerhans; Xanthone; α-mangostin

Altitude and Seed Phenotypic Effect on Amygdalin Content in Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Kernel - Avilekh Naryal; Pushpender Bhardwaj; Anil Kant; OP Chaurasia; Tsering Stobdan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: Genetic component influencing amygdalin content in apricot kernel is well documented. This study aims to evaluate influence of altitude and seed phenotypic characters on amygdalin content in apricot kernel. Methods: Fruits from 126 genotypes differing in kernel taste and seed coat colour were collected from seven locations from 3008-3346 m asl in trans-Himalaya. Amygdalin content in kernel was determined. Results: Amygdalin content in bitter kernel was significan tly higher (44.6±9.0 mg.g-1) than that of sweet kernel (3.1±1.8 mg.g-1) with brown seed coat. The geographical elevation had no influence on kernel amygdalin content. Similarly, seed and kernel physical characters, except seed coat color, had no significant effect on kernel amygdalin content. High variability within genotypes was observed suggesting that genotype played significant role on amygdalin content in apricot kernel. Low amygdalin content (2.4±1.2 mg.g-1) in apricot kernel with white seed coat phenotype confirmed our earlier finding that the white phenotypic marker is associated with sweet kernel. Conclusion: The geographical elevation had no influence on kernel amygdalin content. White seed coat phenotype can be taken as a marker for low amygdalin content in future studies.
Keywords: Bitterness; Cyanide; Elevation; Ladakh; Seed Coat; Sweetness

Anatomical and Histochemical Characterization of Leaves of Luffa cylindrica (L.) M. Roem - Laís Emanuelle Bernardo Vieira; Rafaela Damasceno Sá; Karina Perrelli Randau (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Luffa cylindrica (L.) M. Roem. (Cucurbitaceae) is an herbaceous plant used for food as compose salads and do sweets and also used in traditional medicine as treat parasitic infections and intestinal diseases. Although this information, there are not many relates about anatomic characters for use in your quality control. Objective: The aim was investigating the anatomical characters of petiole and leaf blade and characterizing the metabolites in the leaf blade of L. cylindrica. Materials and Methods: Semipermanent histological slides were prepared for analysis of petiole and leaf blade in optical microscopy. Histochemical tests were also performed in the leaf blade. Results: The anatomical study revealed information about the type of trichomes, cuticle, vascular bundles and arrangement of the tissues that determine the botanical identity of this species. It was also identifying, for the first time, the presence of two types of trichomes in both of leaf blades faces. The histochemistry allowed determining which metabolites are in the leaf blade and also their location. Conclusion: The study described new characters for L. cylindrica and the results provide support to quality control of the species.
Keywords: Anatomy; Cucurbitaceae; Histochemistry; Luffa cylindrica; microscopy

Anatomical Study of Pachyphragma macrophyllum (Hoffm.) N. Busch - VV Fedotova; DA Konovalov; АА Kruglaya (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Pachyphragma macrophyllum (Hoffm.) N. Busch is not studied endemic of the Caucasus (Russia) and Turkey. Now in medicine, it is not applied yet, but preliminary data confirm potential use of this plant. For this purpose, it is necessary to carry out the analysis of P. macrophyllum, and we began with morphological, anatomic studying. Materials and Methods: P. macrophyllum herb was collected during the flowering period on the Mount Mashuk in Pyatigorsk, Stavropol region, Russia in April 2019. The anatomical structure of P. macrophyllum is considered in accordance with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia XIV. Results: The main morphological signs of P. macrophyllum: basal leaves have petioles; cordate or reniform. Stem leaves oval, petioles short. The leaves have a serrated margin. The inflorescences grow in a raceme. Fruit cordate silicula. Microscopic signs: on the edge of the leaf blade are outgrowths, walls of cells of the upper and lower epidermis heavily sinuous, stomata as a rule anisocytic type. In cross-section of the leaf, two types of mesophyll: palisade and spongy; vascular bundle collateral round shape. On the cross-section of the stem, the epidermis, collenchyma, parenchyma, collateral vascular bundles are located around. Cells of epidermis of a petal and sepal of a flower polygonal. Conclusion: The received standards will provide reference information for identification, purity, standardisation for the use of P. macrophyllum as raw materials for medicines.
Keywords: Collenchyma; Cross-section; Mesophyll; Outgrowths on the edge of the leaf; Pachyphragma macrophyllum; Stomata anisocytic type; Vascular bundle

Anthelmintic Activity of Millettia pachycarpa Root Bark Extract on an Intestinal Roundworm, Ascaridia galli - Kholhring Lalchhandama (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Millettia pachycarpa Benth. is member of the family Fabaceae and is a wellknown traditional medicinal plant used for different health conditions. Its roots and seeds are rich in bioactive compounds such as chalcones, isoflavones and rotenoids, which are attributed to the anticancer, antiparasitic and insecticidal properties of the plant. In Mizo traditional medicine, the root bark is also used for parasitic infections. Objective: The study was designed to understand the anthelmintic efficacy and effects of M. pachycarpa on an intestinal roundworm, Ascaridia galli. Materials and Methods: The methanolic extract of the root bark was prepared and survival test was performed against A. galli. The structural effects were studied using scanning electron microscopy and histological preparations. Results: The roundworm showed extensive structural changes and damages. The cuticle showed extensive shrinkage and cracks. Lacerations and scars distorted the fine transverse rings. The mouthparts collapsed with shrunken lips and degenerated denticles. Internal tissues such as musculature and reproductive organs were also impaired. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the plant extract is effective against parasitic roundworms.
Keywords: Ascaridia galli; Cuticle; microscopy; Millettia pachycarpa; Roundworm

The Anti-Angiogenic Properties of Morinda citrifolia. L (Mengkudu) Leaves Using Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Assay - Zulhabri Othman; Hamimi Rasyiqah Hassan Khalep; Azrina Zainal Abidin; Halijah Hassan; Santosh Fattepur (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Anti-angiogenesis or inhibition of blood vessel formation is the best way to prevent the growth and metastasis of tumors. The use Morinda citrifolis. L extracts have been reported to exhibit a broad range of therapeutic effects, including antibacterial and antitumor. Objective: This study aims to investigate the anti-angiogenic properties of Morinda citrifolia. L leaves extracts using Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) assay. Materials and Methods: The Fertile White Leghorn eggs were divided into five groups which were control, Bevacizumab drug and treatment groups with 25%, 50% and 75% of Morinda citrifolia. L leaves extracts respectively. The reduction of the blood vessel was counted after 12 h and 24 h post-treatment. Results: Analysis have shown significant differences (P<0.05) in the reduction of the blood vessel between each group at 24 h post-treatment. The group with 75% extracts showed 37.1% reductions of blood vessel compared to groups 50% and 25% extracts which showed 4% and 12.8% respectively. The phytochemical screening has showed that Morinda citrifolia. L leaves extracts was positive for flavonoid, phenols and phytosterols. Conclusion: Morinda citrifolia. L leaves extracts consist of the phytochemical compounds that have the ability to inhibit the angiogenesis.
Keywords: Anti-angiogenesis; Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) assay; Morinda citrifolia. L leaves; Phytochemical; White Leghorn eggs

Antibacterial Activity of Carica papaya Leaves and Allium sativum Cloves Alone and in Combination against Multiple Strains - Srividya Lonkala; A. Rama Narsimha Reddy (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Aim: Screening of natural extracts is a focused intensive study that aims to find active principles sorted from plant resources both safe and environmental friendly. The present study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of direct crude extracts of Carica papaya leaves and Allium sativum cloves alone and in combination against multiple drug resistant strains. Methods: Two Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and three strains of Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Carica papaya leaves and Allium sativum using Agar Disk Diffusion Method. Results: The results of this study showed that both extracts showed moderate antibacterial activity against the test bacterial strains and the potency of the extracts was increased when these two extracts were combined. Conclusion: These extracts directly can be used as natural alternative preventives to control various food poisoning diseases and preserve food stuff avoiding healthy hazards of chemically antimicrobial agent applications.
Keywords: Allium sativum cloves; Antibacterial activity; Bacillus cereus; Carica papaya leaves; crude extract; Escherichia coli; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Salmonella typhi; Staphylococcus aureus

Antibacterial Activity of Coastal Plants and Marine Sponges from Kei Island Indonesia against Bacterial Fish Pathogens - Andi Hamdillah; Alim Isnansetyo; Indah Istiqomah; Indun Dewi Puspita; Desy Putri Handayani; Takushi Kaneko (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of coastal plants and marine sponges extracts against fish bacterial pathogens. Methods: Samples were extracted by maceration and the extracts were examined for their antibacterial activities against Streptococcus sp. BJ0509, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Aeromonas hydrophila BA03 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus 29S by means of paper disc diffusion method. Active extracts were partitioned and purified by column chromatography. The purified substance was tested for Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against seven bacterial fish pathogens namely Streptococcus sp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi, Photobacterium damselae, Aeromonas hydrophila and A. dhakensis. Results: The highest antibacterial activity against all bacteria used in the assay was demonstrated by OKA 6, a bark extract sample of a coastal plant, Diospyros maritima. It showed a diameter of inhibition zones against Streptococcus sp. BJ0509, S. aureus ATCC 6538, A. hydrophila BA03 and V. parahaemolyticus 29S of 19, 33, 18, and 18 mm, respectively. The column chromatography fraction of OKA 6 inhibited the growth of S. aureus ATCC 6538 with MIC of 3.125 μg/mL. The MIC of this fraction against seven bacterial fish pathogens ranged < 0.098 to 3.125 μg/mL. The antibacterial activity of partially purified substance obtained from column chromatography fractionation of OKA 6 was higher than those of oxytetracycline and kanamycin. Conclusions: This result indicates that antibacterial activity of the partially purified substance is potentially higher than those of the commercial antibiotics tested. It further indicates that OKA 6 extract from D. maritima can serve as a promising resource for the development of therapeutic agents against bacterial infections in aquaculture.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity; Bacteria; Coastal plant; Fish pathogen; Marine sponge; Secondary metabolite

Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Jojoba Wax Liquid (Simmondsia chinensis) - Ahmed Al-Ghamdi; Thanaa Elkholy; Shahd Abuhelal; Hatim Al-Abbadi; Dina Qahwaji; Nahlaa Khalefah; Hanaan Sobhy; Mohammad Abu-Hilal (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html -->Introduction: Plants are a rich source of bioactive compounds. Simmondsia chinensis, also known as Jojoba, is the sole member the Simmondsiaceae’s family and has been known traditionally for many medical uses. Objectives: Herein we evaluate the value of crude jojoba oil (J.O) as an antimicrobial agent in vitro. Methods: J.O was tested for potential antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, P. mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Asperigillus flavus. Results: Our results did not show any effect on fungi or yeast. However, a significant antibacterial activity was observed against B. subtilis, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis. A high activity was observed for J.O at Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) level of 12.5 mg/ml. Interestingly, S. typhimurium, E. coli and Ps. aeruginosa were found to be highly resistant. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that J.O may have a medicinal potential as natural antibacterial agent.
Keywords: Antibacterial; Antimicrobial activity; Jojoba oil; Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC); Simmondsia chinesisis

Antibacterial and Antifungal Approaches of Ficus racemosa - Tanvi Pingale; Pallavi Duse; Sunita Ogale (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Ficus racemosa also called as Ficus glomerata Roxb. is a species of plant in the family Moraceae. Popularly known as the Audumbar, cluster fig tree, Indian fig tree or goolar (gular). Different parts of plant shows Antibacterial, Antitussive, Anthelmintic, Antidiarrhoeal, Anticancer, Anti-inflammatory activities etc. on various extracts. Latest and previous studies have concluded the beneficial aspects of fruit of the plant shows Antimicrobial, Antibacterial and Antifungal activity using different cultures and extracts. Materials and Methods: The method was adopted for preparation of plant extracts. The media used for antibacterial test was Nutrient agar/broth. The culture medium was inoculated with the microorganism separately suspended in nutrient broth. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by measuring the diameter of zone of inhibition observed. The broth dilution method was adopted for determination of MIC value against the pathogens. Results and Discussion: The ethanoic and ethyl acetate extract showed more promising antimicrobial activity as compared to Water, Hexane and Chloroform extract. In well diffusion method, the ethyl acetate extract had showed significant bactericidal activity.
Keywords: Anthraquinone glycosides.; Ficus racemosa; Moraceae; Soyabean casein digest agar

Antidepressant-Like Effects of Dracocephalum moldavica L. in Mouse Models of Immobility Tests - Marcos Ignacio Jimenez Zuniga; Alejandro Jonathan Hurtado Mariles; Jose Luis Castrejon Flores; Jose Antonio Mondragon Herrera; Maria Guadalupe Ramirez Sotelo; Genaro Ivan Ceron Montes; Yolanda de las Mercedes Gomez y Gomez (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the antidepressant activity of the ethanolic extracts of “toronjil azul”(Dracocephalum moldavica L.). Methodology: The forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) were performed on CD-1 mice to evaluate the antidepressant activity of the ethanolic extracts. The ethanolic extracts were administered orally at an 80 and 100 mg/kg. The animals were dosed 1, 6 and 24 h before initiating the FST assay and 40 minutes before for the TST assay. Imipramine and fluoxetine were dosed at 15 mg/kg, while the flavonoid quercetin was given an a lower concentration of 10 mg/kg as a positive controls. Results: The extracts of Dracocephalum moldavica L. and significantly decreased the immobility time in the FST and TST assays when compared with the negative control and reported similar values than those obtained with the positive controls. Conclusion: The results obtained indicate that extract of Dracocephalum moldavica L. have antidepressant effect similar to those obtained by.
Keywords: Depression; Dracochepalum moldavica L.; Forced swim test; Tail suspension test

Antidiabetic, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Different Extracts from Brucea javanica (L.) Merr Seeds - Adelina Simamora; Kris Herawan Timotius; Adit Widodo Santoso (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: The seeds of B. javanica are known as herbal material for anticancer, antimalaria and antiamoeba. Limited report is available on their antidiabetic and antibacterial properties. Methods: Methanol (ME) and Ethyl acetate extracts (EAE) were studied for their inhibition activities on α-glucosidase in vitro, including combination of ME with acarbose and inhibition mechanism. Antibacterial activity was tested by well diffusion and microdilution methods. The extracts were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant property by DPPH assay, as well as their phenolic and flavonoid contents. Results: ME exhibited a strong α-glucosidase inhibition activity (IC50 271.97 μg/ml) compared to EAE and acarbose (IC50 of 1745.05 and 823.99 μg/ml, respectively). A low dose of ME gave an additive inhibition on α-glucosidase when combined with acarbose. By a kinetic analysis, ME was found to inhibit α-glucosidase in a mixed-type inhibition. Both ME and EAE showed strong antibacterial activities against gram negative and positive bacteria. The strongest inhibition was observed against C. violaceum and S. mutans for ME (MIC of both 0.387 mg/ml) and P. aeruginosa for EAE (MIC 2.938 mg/ml). Both extracts showed weaker antioxidant activities than standards; IC50 664.73 and 4225.40 μg/ml, respectively. ME was rich in phenolics (277.54 mg GAE/100 g DW), unlike EAE (1.86 mg GAE/100 g DW). Conclusion: This study can recommend B. javanica seeds as a source for antidiabetic and antibacterial agents. Combination with acarbose may have important role for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Keywords: Additive inhibition; Antibacterial; Brucea javanica; Mixed type inhibition; α-glucosidase inhibitor

Antidiabetic Aptitude of Cordia sebestena and its Outcome on Biochemical Parameters, Serum Electrolytes, and Hematological Markers - Sachin Chaudhary; Harish Chandra Verma; Mandeep Kumar Gupta; Hitesh Kumar; Sudhansu Ranjan Swain; Ramesh Kumar Gupta; Abdel-Nasser El-Shorbagi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: The present study investigated the antidiabetic outcome of ethanolic extract of Cordia sebestena fruit (EECSF) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetogenic rodents and evaluated its consequence to improve the level of biochemical parameters, serum electrolytes level, and hematological indices along with its impact on body weight. Materials and Methods: The albino rodents were selected to observe oral glucose tolerance test by oral intake of aqueous glucose solution (4 g/kg, body weight) in normal rodents and assessment of blood glucose level after administration of EECSF at 100 and 200 mg/kg and standard drug glibenclamide at 0.6 mg/kg, body weight. Antidiabetic activity was estimated in the chronic biological model by STZ (65 mg/kg/i.p.)-induced diabetes in rodents escorted by the determination of blood glucose. Further pharmacological research was carried out to explore the effect of EECSF on body weight, variations in biochemical parameters including aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and total protein, transformations in serum electrolytes such as Na+, K+, Cl−, and Ca2+ along with estimation of hematological indices such as red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes. Results: It was discovered that EECSF significantly lowered the blood glucose level of diabetic rodents along with enhancement in body weight. Correspondingly, EECSF significantly ameliorated the biochemical parameters, serum electrolytes, and hematological indices. Conclusion: The results demonstrated the antidiabetic potential of EECSF in STZ-induced diabetes in rodents, and it could be selected to benefit from diabetes and its affiliated complexities inclusive of anemia, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and hepatitis.
Keywords: Anemia; Antidiabetic; Cordia sebestena; Glucose; Streptozotocin

Antidiabetic Potential and HPTLC Fingerprinting of Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken - Shambaditya Goswami; Ravindra Pal Singh (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken., also known as Lac tree, is a traditional plant used to treat different ailments since ancient time. The folkloric use of this plant as hypoglycemics is still un-revealed scientifically. So, the present study includes the in-vivo evaluation of hypoglycemic activity with HPTLC fingerprinting, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of the extracts of the plant. Methods: Ethanolic extract of the plant (SOE) was subjected for phytochemical screening and HPTLC finger printing (using CAMAG LINOMAT 5 instrument). For the evaluation of hypoglycemic activity Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats were treated with glibenclamide (0.5mg/kg body weight) and ethanolic extract (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight) of the plant. Acute and chronic studies were performed for the evaluation of blood glucose levels. Results: The presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenolics and flavonoids were confirmed in the preliminary phytochemical screening. Quantitative screening of total tannins (6.15±4.20), total flavonoids (25.13±3.21) and total phenolic compounds (48.09±2.58) were reported. HPTLC fingerprinting analysis of SOE affirmed the presence of quercetin. Conclusion: The positive outcome was observed in the results of hypoglycemic activity, as all the treatments significantly decreased blood glucose level. During the study, SOE and glibenclamide maintained the body weight of the rats while diabetic control reduced the body weight by 11.33%. In support of its traditional use Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken. was proved to be a potent antidiabetic herbal plant.
Keywords: HPTLC; Hypoglycemic; Quercetin; Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken

Anti-Elastase Activity of Rumput Teki (Cyperus rotundus L.) Rhizome Extract - Isni Rizqi Putri; Rosita Handayani; Berna Elya (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) often trigger the activation of elastase to degrade the elastin, an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein that provides resilience and elasticity of the skin. Therefore, the inhibition of elastase could reduce the wrinkles formation in the skin. Rumput teki (Cyperus rotundus L.) is used empirically to increase the skin elasticity but the scientific justification was still limited. This study aimed to determine the activity of Cyperus rotundus L (CyR) in inhibiting the elastase activity. Methods: Extraction of CyR was performed by maceration method using 70% ethanol. The inhibition percentage and IC50 were determined by the colorimetric method using porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) and N-Succ-(Ala)3-p- nitroanilide (SANA) as substrate. Phytochemical screening, determination of Total Phenolic content (TPC), and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) were also performed to calculate the level of phenolic and flavonoid content in the sample. Results: The extract of CyR rhizomes contained TPC and TFC of 62.72 mgGAE/g and 10.72 mgEQ/g extract respectively and showed an inhibitory activity on elastase with IC50 of 178.72 μg/mL, smaller than IC50 of quercetin as reference drug (200.00 μg/mL). Conclusion: This finding suggested that extract of CyR rhizomes could be used as elastase inhibitor but the further research still needs to be developed.
Keywords: Cyperus rotundus L.; Elastase; Skin ageing; total flavonoid content; total phenolic content

Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Murraya koenigii Leaves Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts on Serum Lipid Profile of High Fat-Fructose Fed Rats - Rohan S. Phatak; Chitra C. Khanwelkar; Somnath M. Matule; Kailas D. Datkhile; Anup S. Hendre (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Dyslipidemia has been considered as one of coronary risk factors contributing to the cardiovascular diseases. The beneficial effects of Murraya koenigii leaf on HFFD induced hyperlipidemia in rats has been very less reported in the recent review of literature. Aim and Objectives: To study the hypolipidemic activity of Murraya koenigii leaves on the serum lipid profile in HFFD rat model. Material and Methods: Thirty-six rats of either sex were randomly divided into six groups of six animals each. HFFD was fed p.o to all rats from Groups I, II, IV, V and VI except Group III throughout the period of 14 weeks. Group III rats received normal diet and water ad libitum only. Group I, II, IV and V were treated respectively with AEMK (200 mg/kg/day, p. o), MEMK (200 mg/kg/day, p. o), MET (50 mg/kg/day, p. o) and ATO (10 mg/kg/day, p. o). On the last day of experimental study, blood was collected by retro-orbital puncture method. BSL and lipid profile were assessed. Results: Elevated levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C and diminished level of HDL-C were observed in group VI. Murraya koenigii leaves extract exhibited significant hypolipidemic effect on serum TC and LDL-C in rats owing to its hypocholesterolemic properties. AIP was highly significant in both of AEMK and MEMK extracts. Conclusion: Results of the present study have suggested that the antihyperlipidemic activity of Murraya koenigii leaves leading to decrease in serum lipid parameters mainly TC, LDL-C along with atherogenic risk might be due to its presence of bioactive compounds.
Keywords: Atherogenic index; High fat-fructose diet; Hyperlipidemia; lipid profile; Murraya Koenigii

Anti-Inflammatory and Neurobehavioral Effects of the Leaves from Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz and Pavon) Briquet in Mice - Luján-Carpio Elmer; Medina-Salazar Henry; Mayor-Vega Alexander; Medrano-Canchari Karola; Mazuelos-Rivas María; Lizarraga-Castañeda Zaida; Pante-Medina Carlos; Salazar-Granara Alberto (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Context: Maytenus macrocarpa (Chuchuhuasi) has long been employed in Peru as a traditional alternative therapy for several diseases, including cancer, arthritis and diarrhea. Recent studies show that several species of Maytenus have effects on nociceptive and inflammatory signaling, as well as toxic effects on behavioral neuronal pathways. Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects and neurobehavioral side manifestations of the leaf of Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz and Pavón) Briquet. Methods and Materials: Experimental study, double blind. 60 male albino mice strain Balb/c were divided in ten groups and each group, was orally feed with different doses of ethanolic extracts of Maytenus macrocarpa (500, 750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 mg/kg), others group received distilled water, caffeine 32 mg/kg, diazepam 32 mg/kg, diclofenac 15 mg/kg and the last group without substance. Neurobehavioral effects were assessed by the Irwin test. The anti-inflammatory activity was measured by the Carrageenan paw oedema test. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA test and Fisher exact test. Results: Anti-inflammatory effects of M. macrocarpa were observed in a non-significant trend of dose dependent form. M. macrocarpa displayed an anti-inflammatory effect at 1250 mg/kg and these effects were higher in comparison with diclofenac (74.14% vs 58.62%, one way ANOVA, p<0.05). Neurobehavioral side effects secondary to M. macrocarpa therapy were also identified, these included excitation, abnormal gait, abdominal cramps, piloerection, stereotypes and scratching (Fisher exact, p<0.05, CI 95%). Conclusion: M. macrocarpa leaves presented anti-inflammatory activity and concomitants neurobehavioral side effects.
Keywords: Anti-inflammation; Diclofenac; Leaves; Maytenus; Mice; Neurobehavioral manifestations

Anti-inflammatory Effect of Phyllanthus niruri L. from Indonesia (Pre-clinical Study) - Em Sutrisna; Maryati; Sri Wahyuni; Tanti Azizah S (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Indonesian people often use Phyllanthus niruri L. (P. niruri L.) to treat pain. Pain is the one of symptoms of inflammation. Some people take traditional medicine to treat this pain, because some analgesic drugs have several adverse effects. The aim of this research is to explore the anti-inflammatory effect of ethyl asetat fraction of ethanolic extract of P. niruri L. (EAPN) from Indonesia in rats induced by carrageenan. A total of 25 rats were divided into 5 groups. Group 1 (diclofenac sodium 50 mg/kgbb), group 2 (aqueous extract), groups 3,4and 5 were ethyl asetat fraction at dosage of 250; 500 and 1000 mg/kgbw respectively. Group 1 was treated by diclofenac sodium at dose of 50 mg/kgbw, group II was treated by aqueous 2mL/rats, groups III, IV and V were treated by EAPN at dosage of 250; 500 and 1000mg/kgbw respectively. Thirty minutes later, all rats were injected by carrageenan 0,1 mL 1% w/v sub cutaneous into back rat’s left paw. Paw volumes were measured by Plethysmometer on minutes 0, 60, 90, 150, 210, 330. Area under the curve (AUC) were calculated from these results (AUC 0-30; AUC 0-90; 0-150; AUC 0-210 and AUC 0-330). The AUC of EAPN at dosage of 250; 500 and 1000mg/ kgbw smaller than negative control significantly (P<0.05). EAPN contains alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and triterpens. EAPN has anti-inflammatory effect in rats induced by carrageenan.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Carrageenan; Phyllanthus niruri L.

Anti-inflammatory Effect of the Aqueous Fruit Pulp Extract of Tamarindus indica Linn in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Macrophages - Mathews Meriam Leya; Roy Anitha (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the aqueous fruit pulp extract of Tamarind indica Linn on NO production and iNOS expression in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Material and Method: The efficacy of tamarind extract on nitric oxide production was determined using RAW macrophages. RT - PCR was used to examine the expression of the iNOS gene in activated macrophages. The Statistical analysis for multiple comparisons was evaluated by one way ANOVA followed by the Dunnett’s test when significant differences were detected. The data were considered to be statistically significant at p < 0.001, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05. Results: LPS stimulated RAW macrophages strongly up regulated the iNOS gene expression levels. The iNOS levels were significantly suppressed in the presence of different concentrations of tamarind extract, compared to LPS treatment alone. The tamarind extract also exhibited dose – dependent decrease in the production of NO. The IC50 was found to be 35.69 μg/ml. LPS stimulated group showed 89.61 ± 0.47 % of NO. Conclusion: Nitric oxide production is found to be more in conditions such as periodontitis, oral squamous cell carcinoma and many other diseases. This study could prove the ability of tamarind fruit pulp extract to inhibit the production of nitric oxide and the iNOS gene expression. Hence, Tamarind indica Linn pulp extract may be used as a good anti-inflammatory agent in periodontitis as well as in conditions associated with over production of nitric oxide in different cancers such as oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Keywords: iNOS expression; Nitric oxide; Oral squamous cell carcinoma; Periodontitis; Tamarind indica

Antimalarial Activity of Microalgae Extracts Based on Inhibition of PfMQO, a Mitochondrial Plasmodium falciparum Enzyme - Endang Ariyani Setyowati; Alim Isnansetyo; Tjut Sugandawaty Djohan; Raden Wisnu Nurcahyo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Malaria is an important global disease that threatened human life. The resistance Plasmodium sp. to the available medicines encourages the search for new antimalarial substances based on new mechanisms on the inhibition of PfMQO (the mitochondrial Plasmodium falciparum enzyme). Objective: The purposes of this study was to screen antimalarial substances from microalgae based on the inhibition of PfMQO. Materials and Methods: Five microalgae were extracted by maceration using chloroform pa and ethanol pa. These ten crude extracts obtained were tested for the inhibitory activity against the PfMQO enzyme. Results: The highest inhibitory activity against PfMQO enzyme was chloroform extract of S. costatum with 91.050% of inhibition and 0.043 μg/mL of IC50. The ethanol extract of S. platensis showed 91.999% and 5.25 μg/mL of inhibition and IC50, respectively. These results indicated that the two extracts provide high antimalarial activity exceeded a theoretical standard of antimalarial bioactive compounds. Conclusion: Chloroform extract of S. costatum and ethanol extract of S. platensis are promising sources of antimalarial compounds based on the inhibition of PfMQO.
Keywords: Antimalarial; Inhibitory activity; Microalgae; P falciparum; Screening

Antimicrobial and Antidiarrheal Activities of Methanolic Fruit Peel Extract of Pouteria caimito - Abreu MM; Nobrega P De A; Sales PF; Oliveira FRDe; Nascimento AA (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Pouteria caimito is a native Amazonian fruit specie, popularly known as "abiu", that belongs to the Sapotaceae family. It has a wide popular use to relieve diarrhea, cough, fever and inflammation, among other purposes. However, few reports in the scientific literature deal with its phytochemical composition and biological activity. This study aimed to evaluate the antidiarrheal and antimicrobial activity of Pouteria caimito fruit peel extract. Methods: The antidiarrheal activity was evaluated in mice, using modulation models of normal defecation, cathartic agent-induced diarrhea and stimulated intestinal transit. Antimicrobial activity was, in turn, analyzed against strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, S. epidermidis, S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumonie, E. faecalis and Salmonella tiphy) through the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by the microdilution in broth method. Results: This study showed that there was no antidiarrheal activity in the experimental models analyzed and that the methanolic extract of P. caimito (MEPC) can positively modulate normal defecation. Regarding the antimicrobial activity, the crude extract and the ethyl acetate fraction presented a satisfactory action against most of the strains evaluated except for Enterococcus faecalis and Salmonella tiphy. Conclusions: The MEPC did not present any measurable antidiarrheal activity, but more possibly a laxative effect. The extract and acetate fraction showed antimicrobial activity against strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The activity of the crude extract was more potent than the results obtained by the use of acetate fractions; the fractions with lower polarity did not present any relevant antimicrobial activity.
Keywords: Abiu; Antidiarrheal activity; Antimicrobial activity; Sapotaceae

Antimicrobial, Cyto and Genotoxic Activities of Equisetum hyemale - Camilla Filippi dos Santos Alves; Pauline Cordenonsi Bonez; Marcia de Souza Ebling; Camila Casagrande; Litiane Freitas; Carolina Dolwitsch; Fernanda Pires; Michele Rorato Sagrillo; Gerson Fernandes de Brum; Marli Matiko Anraku de Campos; Roberto Christ Vianna Santos (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
The popular use of natural products has great benefits for the health of the human population. In this study we highlight Equisetum hyemale, belonging to the phylum Sphenophyta and the family Equisetaceae. Popularly, the stems of this plant are used for their diuretic, digestive, anti-anemic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Given this context, and the fact that the growth of antimicrobial resistance is a serious problem for global public health, this plant could be used as an alternative, to increase our therapeutic arsenal. Therefore, it is important to more clearly elucidate the complex structures present in plants, because these substances are mainly responsible for their beneficial and/or toxic effects. Thus, the objective of this study was evaluate the antimicrobial activity, cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the phenolic compounds separately. The substances luteolin, ferulic acid and coumarin were identified at high concentrations by ultra-high performance chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS). Antimicrobial activity was elucidated through microdilution in broth; the phenolic compounds were able to inhibit the visible growth of the standard bacterial strains at low concentrations. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT and genotoxicity was analysed through cellular damage using a Comet assay; the results showed that it did not present cytoxicity or genotoxicity at the corresponding concentrations. With this, we suggest that E. hyemale may be an alternative for the treatment of infections by microorganisms that are resistant to synthetic drugs.
Keywords: Antimicrobial activity; Cytotoxicity; Equisetum hyemale; Phenolic compounds

Antiosteoporosis Effects of 70% Ethanolic Extract Combination of Dayak Onion Bulbs (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb) and Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) on the Hypoestrogen Rats - Anton Bahtiar; Renita Dewi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Cowpea and Dayak onion bulbs extracts were proven to have an effect on bone, cause by the content of daidzein and eleutherinol which has been known to have an affinity to bind with estrogen receptor selectively. The objective of this study to determine the effects of Dayak onion bulbs and cowpea extract combination on the level of bone calcium, bone weight, and the scoring of bone marrow fat in the hypoestrogen rats compared with the single dose of cowpea extract. Material and Methods: This study used 32 female, white Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into eight groups. The SHAM group was given CMC 0.5%; the negative group was given CMC 0.5%, the positive group was given raloxifene 1.08 mg/200 g BW, cowpea group was given cowpea extract 100 mg/200 BW. The dose variation was given 70% ethanolic extract combination of Dayak onion bulbs and cowpea with four doses variation 36 mg/200 g; 100 mg/200 g BW, 18 mg/200 g; 100 mg/200 g BW, 9 mg/200 g; 100 mg/ 200 g BW, and 4.5 mg/200 g; 100 mg/200 g BW. Ovariectomy was performed on all groups except the SHAM to obtain the condition of hypoestrogen. Four weeks after the surgery, the rats were treated with an oral administration of extract daily for 28 days. Determination of the levels of tibia bone calcium, tibia bone weight, and the scoring of tibia bone marrow fat counted on day 29. Results: The result showed that Dayak onion bulbs and cowpea extract combination were able to elevate the level of bone calcium and bone weight significantly, and reduced the scoring of bone marrow fat higher than a single dose of cowpea extract. Conclusions: The results showed that Dayak onion bulbs and cowpea extract combination could be developed to be a drug for osteoporosis in the future.
Keywords: Antiosteoporosis; Bone calcium; Bone marrow fat; Bone weight; Cowpea; Dayak onion bulbs; Raloxifene

Antioxidant Activity, HPTLC Fingerprint and Discriminant Analysis of Plantago major Leaves from Diverse Origins in Indonesia - Kartini Kartini; Christina Avanti; Chutima Phechkrajang; Omboon Vallisuta (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) is a perennial herb having contribution to the folk medicine all around the world, including Indonesia with wide geographical distribution. Plant materials origin is one factor that significantly influences the quality of herbal medicines. Materials and Methods: In this paper, High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) method using pattern-oriented approach has been employed to evaluate the quality of Plantago major leaves collected from seven origins in Indonesia. To differentiate the antioxidant capacities of those plant materials, the crude extracts were tested using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total phenolics, and total flavonoids assay methods. Results: The results showed that radical scavenging activity, total phenolics, and total flavonoids of plant material from seven origins were significantly different. Moreover, HPTLC fingerprints analyzed with chemometrics showed an ability to discriminate the leaves samples from various origins as well as detect chemicals responsible for discrimination. Two models using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS-DA) were built in chemometrics test. The PCA model was able to describe the studied samples by using four principal components with a value of explained variance of 95%, whereas PLS-DA model accurately classified the leaves samples with prediction ability of 100%. In the PCA, loading plot of the first PC showed that peaks number 10 and 12 are the most important peaks for clustering of the samples. Conclusions: Plantago major collected from different origins revealed different radical scavenging activity and concentration of total phenolics as well as total flavonoids. HPTLC fingerprints coupled with chemometrics analysis can be used as an alternative to marker-oriented method for the quality control of Plantago major.
Keywords: Chemometrics; Flavonoids; Herbal medicines; Pattern-oriented; Phenolics; PLSDA

Antioxidant Activity of Cumin Oil Mediated Silver Nanoparticles - Nagarajan Keerthiga; Roy Anitha; S Rajeshkumar; Thangavelu Lakshmi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Aim: The aim of the study was to employ cumin oil in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and check the antioxidant activity of the cumin oil mediated silver nanoparticles. Background: The introduction of Nanoparticles (NPs) has revolutionized every field including medicine, nutrition and energy. The use of nanotechnology in medicine especially for drug delivery is shown to have various benefits. Nanoparticles are being used to reduce toxicity and side effects that drugs may impose to the patient. Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) is a common spice used for its distinct aromatic effect. Plant mediated biological synthesis of nanoparticles has been gaining importance due to its simplicity and eco friendliness. This study therefore was aimed to synthesize cumin oil mediated silver nanoparticles and assess its antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Cumin oil mediated silver nanoparticles were initially synthesised and characterised by UV-Visible spectrophotometer and TEM. Further the cumin oil mediated AgNPs were subjected to DPPH assay to determine the antioxidant activity. Results: Cumin oil mediated AgNPs were biosynthesised with ease and showed good antioxidant activity compared to standard. Conclusion: This study conclude that cumin seed oil mediated silver nanoparticles have the potential to be used as an effective antioxidant. Hence, it may be employed in large scale production and may be used in many medicinal applications where there is a need for antioxidant.
Keywords: AgNP; antioxidant activity; Biosynthesis; Cumin oil; Nanoparticles

Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic Extract and Various Fractions from Green Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Leaves - Karmika Indarti; Elsa Fitria Apriani; Agung Eru Wibowo; Partomuan Simanjuntak (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Free radicals are one of the causes that can cause premature aging and degenerative disease. To overcome this problem, the body needs antioxidant intake. Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) leaves are one of the plants known as antioxidant agent due to its flavonoids and phenolic compounds or better known as catechin compounds. Catechin is polar flavonoid compounds so it is necessary to separate it from non-polar compounds so their antioxidant activity becomes effective. Objective: This study aims to determine antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of green tea leaves and its fractions namely ethyl acetate and water fraction, and measure the total flavonoid content, total phenolic content and catechin content. Materials and Methods: Green tea leaves extracted using maceration method with 96% ethanol. Fractionation was conducted using liquid-liquid extraction using a solvent of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water. Screening of flavonoid and phenolic and antioxidant activity was performed against the ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction. Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method using ultravioletvisible spectrophotometry with ascorbic acid as standard. Results: The ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction contains flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The IC50 value of ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction were 9.017; 3.926 and 7.408 μg/mL consecutively. The ethyl acetate fraction also showed better antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid (4.855 μg/mL). Conclusion: The ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction showed very powerful antioxidant activity but ethyl acetate fraction has the best antioxidant activity.
Keywords: antioxidant activity; DPPH method; Ethanolic extract; Ethyl acetate fraction; Green tea leaves

Antioxidant Activity of the Germinated Seed of Four Varieties of Amaranthus Caudatus L. from Peru - Enrique Javier Aguilar-Felices; Marta Romero-Viacava; Edwin Enciso-Roca; Oscar Herrera-Calderon; Pablo Común-Ventura; Ricardo Ángel Yuli-Posadas; Luz Chacaltana-Ramos; Bertha Pari-Olarte (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of four varieties of germinated seeds of Centenario, Cristalino, Oscar Blanco and Taray of Amaranthus caudatus L. compared to non-germinated seeds. Material and Methods: The determination of total phenols was carried out by using Folin-Ciocalteu, total flavonoids by the method of aluminum chloride and the antioxidant activity by the methods of DPPH, ABTS and FRAP. Results: Cristalino variety had the highest germination (3.0 cm of height) and all varieties had a 50% germination rate. Cristalino and Taray varieties had the highest content of total phenolics (GAE 32.92 and 35.00 mg/g sample), Cristalino variety had higher content of flavonoids (580.95 mg QE/g) (P < 0.05); Cristalino and Taray varieties showed greater scavenging activity of DPPH radical (151.85 and 151.38 mg TE/g sample), ABTS (178.09 and 180.18 mg TE/g sample); and reducing capacity of the ferric ion (FRAP) (132.75 and 136.42 mg TE/g of sample). Conclusion: Sprouts of Cristalino and Taray varieties had higher antioxidant activity than non-germinated seeds and they are directly related to higher content of total phenols and flavonoids.
Keywords: Amaranthus caudatus L.; antioxidant activity; Germinated seeds; Phenolics

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Bauhinia ungulata L. (Fabaceae) on LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells - Raphael de Oliveira Rodrigues; Juliana Navarro Ueda Yaochite; Milena Aguiar Braga; Amanda Ribeiro de; Sousa; Greyce Luri Sasahara; Said Gonçalves da Cruz Fonseca; Thiago Dias de Vasconcelos Araújo; Gilvandete; Maria Pinheiro Santiago; Leôncio Mesquita de Sousa; Jarbas Lima de Carvalho; et al. (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial activities of Bauhinia ungulata L. Method: A flavonoid-rich fraction was obtained from the Bauhinia ungulata L stem, called the ethyl acetate fraction of Bauhinia ungulata (FABU). The total antioxidant capacity of the FABU was determined through the phosphomolibdenium reduction method. For the evaluation of its antioxidant activity on a cell culture model, LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were treated with different concentrations of FABU and the reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) production levels were measured. For the analysis of its immunomodulatory capacity, TNF-α, TGF-β and IL-10 levels were determined in the culture supernatant. In order to determinate the antimicrobial activity of FABU, antifungal and antibacterial susceptibility testing was performed against Candida albicans, methicillinsensitive Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Result: The FABU demonstrated neither significant antimicrobial activity nor immunodulatory capacity; on the other hand, its potential antioxidant activity was demonstrated by the phosphomolibdenium reduction assay. Also, FABU treatment inhibited the ROS, NO, H2O2 and TBARS levels in the supernatant of LPS-stimulated cells. Conclusion: A significant reduction in the amount of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) was observed, in addition to lipid peroxidation inhibition. Our data suggest that the FABU is a natural antioxidant complex that may interfere in the cascade of cell damage caused by free radicals and a promising potential drug in chronic disease models in which immunopathogenicity involves high levels of RONS.
Keywords: Bauhinia ungulata; RAW 264.7 cells; Lipopolysaccharide; Free radicals; Antioxidant activity

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Attributes of Paris polyphylla Smith from Sikkim Himalaya - Dawa Lhendup Lepcha; Abhijit Chhetri; Dhani Raj Chhetri (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Paris polyphylla Smith is a high value medicinal plant available in Sikkim Himalaya which is well known in local traditional medicine system. Scientific study to ascertain its claimed biological activity is lacking. The objective of this work was to determine the antioxidant and anticancer activity of Paris polyphylla rhizomes. Methods: Phytochemical analysis were carried out by standard methods. Antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract was carried out by DPPH, ABTS, OH-radical and Fe2+chelating activity assays. Cytotoxicity of the extract was determined by MTT assay on three cancer cell lines: HeLa, HepG2 and PC3. Results: Of the P. polyphylla from two altitudinal zones, P. polyphylla from Tholung (PPT), the one from the higher altitude showed higher total phenolic contents in methanolic extracts of rhizomes as compraed to that from the lower altitude i.e., P. polyphylla from Uttaray (PPU). PPT also showed a higher content of total falvonoid and total flavonols. Both types of plant were excellent scavenger of DPPH and ABTS radical and Fe2+ chelator. A trend of a relatively greater antioxidant activity of PPT was established through these assay methods. In MTT assay, both the extract showed significant dose-dependent inhibition of HeLa cell growth after 72 hrs of treatment, while the extract had a moderately positive effect on the inhibition of PC3 and HepG2 cells growth. Conclusion: The study suggested a strong antioxidant activity and appreciable cytotoxic activity of P. polyphylla from Sikkim Himalaya. Of the two varieties, PPT was more pronounced in both type of activities.
Keywords: Anticancer; Antioxidant; Cytotoxicity; Paris polyphylla; Phytochemicals; Sikkim Himalaya

Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitor Activities of Ethanol Extracts of Brown Seaweed (Turbinaria conoides) as Lightening Ingredient - Diani Mega Sari; Effionora Anwar; Nurjanah; Ayun Erwina Arifianti (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Turbinaria conoides is one of abundant brown macroalgae in Indonesian oceans contains phenolic derivatives. Phloroglucinol is a multifunctional phenolic derivative in brown algae. Phloroglucinol has been known to have activity inhibitor tyrosinase, because phloroglucinol is copper chelating agent. The antioxidant and the tyrosinase inhibitor activities are parameters of the skin lightening active ingredient. The mechanism of tyrosinase inhibitors is to decrease skin pigmentation by inhibit the catalytic steps of the enzyme to the pigmentation associated with melanin production in the pathway of melanogenesis. Antioxidant activity protects skin against oxidative stress mediated by UVR. Numerous report have determine phenolic compound of T. conoides as antioxidant but none is reported as tyrosinase inhibitor. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the activities of T. conoides as antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor. Methods: Turbinaria conoides were extracted with ethanol with different concentration (30%, 50% and 70%) by maceration method. Crude ethanolic extracts of T. conoides were determined its total phenolic content, antioxidant activity (DPPH) and tyrosinase inhibitor. Results: E50 showed the highest total phenolic content (27.63±1.05 mg PGE/g extract). Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor activities of E50 showed IC50 value of 215.96 μg/mL and 188.85 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of Turbinaria conoides is potential as antioxidant agent and tyrosinase inhibitor.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Lightening agent; Phloroglucinol; total phenolic content; Turbinaria conoides

Antioxidant Content in Different Parts of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) from Cold Arid Ladakh region of Trans- Himalaya (Jammu and Kashmir) - Sonam Chorol (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Raphanus sativus (radish) which is consuming in Ladakh from many decades coming as one of the heirloom root vegetables. It is consumed mostly during winter where there is scarcity of vegetables due to prolong cut off from the rest of the world. The aim of this study was done to investigate the phenolic and antioxidant profile in different parts of radish (root. leaf, peel and seed). The aerial part leaves and peel of root of Raphanus sativus L. are always discarded which possess the potent antioxidant properties. The combine (Methanolic and acetone) extract of radish- Sprout was showing the maximum TPC in all the three radish cultivars of Gya Labuk- 34.5 ± 4.9 mgGAE/g DW, Tsentay Labuk- 38.5 ± 6.3 mgGAE/g DW and Pusa Himani- 39.4 ± 2.6 mgGAE/g DW) minimum values was for the peel (Gya Labuk-1.7 ± 0.1 mgGAE/g DW, Tsenaty Labuk- 1.8 ± 0.1 mg GAE/g DW and Pusa Himani-1.9 ± 0.3 mgGAE/g DW statistically significant at p˂0.05. FRAP- The maximum values were for the leaf of Gya Labuk-50.1 ± 6.1 9 FeSO4.7 H2O mmol/g, Tsentay Labuk- 61.5 ± 5.8 FeSO4.7 H2O mmol/g and Pusa Himani- 8.2 ± 0.0 FeSO4.7 H2O mmol/g and minimum values were for the peel of Gya Labuk-2.8 ± 0.9 FeSO4.7 H2O mmol/g, Tsentay Labuk-2.9 ± 1.5 FeSO4.7 H2O mmol/g, Pusa Himani-0.6 ± 0.2 FeSO4.7 H2O mmol/g statistically significant at p˂0.05 and in case of DPPH maximum values were for leaf of Gya Labuk- 2.10 ± 0.16 DPPH mg/ml, Tsentay Labuk-1.77 ± 0.09 DPPH mg/ml, Pusa Himani- 0.25 ± 0.04 DPPH mg/ml and minimum values were for the peel of Gya Labuk-0.06 ± 0.01 DPPH mg/ml, Tsentay Labuk-0.06 ± 0.03 DPPH mg/ml, Pusa Himani-0.02 ± 0.01 DPPH mg/ml statistically significant at p˂0.05. Epidemiological evidence suggests that consumption of vegetables can prevent degenerative diseases caused by oxidative stress. Considering the less data available on antioxidant activity of roots vegetables consumed in area where there is very less production of vegetables due to harsh climatic condition that prevail in the high mountain area such as Ladakh mostly root vegetables are consumed during the winter season as there used to be no vegetables outside only those vegetables having long shelf life is consumed during winter like radish, turnip, carrot, swede, cabbage, etc. Hence leaves and peel which were often discarded possessed a considerable amount of antioxidant and phenolic and can be used as an ingredient in foods.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Heirloom; Raphanus sativus; Root vegetable

Antiplasmodial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Macaranga Gigantea Leaf and Its Major Constituent - Muhaimin Muhaimin; Yusnaidar Yusnaidar; Wilda Syahri; Madyawati Latief; Riski Dwimalida Putri; Andita Utami; Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa; Andreas Yoga Aditama; Josephine Elizabeth Siregar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: This research main goal is to study the antiplasmodial activity of Macaranga gigantea leaf ethanolic extract and its major components on malaria parasites using ex vivo model. Methods: This study was conducted by extraction of M. gigantea leaves using ethanol and isolation of its major constituent. The extract and isolate were tested ex vivo on Balb-C mice’s blood after i.p. administration of Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA. Antiplasmodial activity was observed from mice blood treated by various concentration of either extract or isolate and the parasitaemia percentage were determined by calculating infected blood cell after 24 h of the treatment. It is expressed as decreased of parasitaemia levels and percent of inhibition. Qualitative analysis of active fraction were tested by HPLC method. Chemical structure of isolate were characterized by using UV, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS spectrophotometry. Results: Ex vivo antiplasmodial study gave the percent inhibition as much as 92.1; 85.7; 64.1; 41.5 and 21.7% at extract concentrations of 300, 100, 30, 10 and 3 μg/ mL respectively. The IC50 values of the extract was 27.1 μg/ml. With respect to the percent of inhibition, at the same concentration, the isolate showed activity as much as 70.2; 62.5; 39.1; 21.7 and 10.8%. The IC50 value of the isolate was 60.2 μg/ml. At the same concentration with extract and Isolate, Pyrimethamine as positive control gave percent inhibition of 94; 87.5; 44.8; 15.; and 12%, with IC50 of 31.4 μg/ml. The results showed that major constituent of M. gigantea leaves is flavonoid. HPLC analysis using a photo diode-array detector showed that the active fraction have same retention time with that of apigenin as standard. Based on instrumental analysis data and compared with literature, a flavonoid derivate known as apigenin can be said has been isolated. Conclusion: It can be concluded that either M. gigantea leaves extract or isolated active constituent known as apigenin have potent antiplasmodial property.
Keywords: Antiplasmodial; Ex vivo; Flavonoid; Macaranga gigantea; Plasmodium berghei

Antiplasmodial Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Mangrove Plants against Plasmodium berghei - Muhaimin Muhaimin; Madyawati Latief; Riski Dwimalida Putri; Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa; Andreas Yoga Aditama; Normalita Eka Pravitasari; Josephine Elizabeth Siregar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: A mosquito-borne disease infected by Plasmodium is named as Malaria. Some drugs subjected to be active againts protozoans has developed resistance. It is very urgent to find alternative sources of new antimalarial agent. The main aim of this research was to study the activity of methanolic extracts of the leaf from mangrove plants on Plasmodium berghei by using ex vivo model. Method: Screening of antiplasmodial activity from methanolic leaf extracts of Sonneratia alba, Acanthus ilicifolius and Sonneratia caseolaris against Plasmodium berghei was carried out in this study. Antiplasmodial study was subjected ex vivo against P. berghei strain ANKA infected into Balb-C mice. Calculation of the percentage of parasitemia after 24 h observed in the model and a decrease in parasitemia level and inhibitory propagation were defined as the results. Results: Potential antiplasmodial activity shown by a decrease in parasitemia level and high inhibitory percentage was revealed by S. alba leaf methanolic extract at concentrations of 300, 100, 30, 10 and 3 μg/mL which provide the inhibition percentage of 95.5; 92,9; 78.7; 42.7 and 18.8%, respectively. Antiplasmodial activity can also be identified by the life cycle inhibition of plasmodium. Methanolic leaf extract of S. alba showed inhibition activity in the development of ring stage at minimum extract concentration of 300 μg/mL. At lower concentrations, trophozoites and schizones persisted with defects in morphological conditions. Moreover, Antiplasmodial activity of methanolic extracts of S. alba leaf was better than methanol extracts of A. Ilicifolius and S. caseolaris leaf. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that among the mangrove plants have been studied, S. alba mangrove exhibited the highest antisplasmodial activity which moreover assumed as a potential source for natural antimalarial drug candidate.
Keywords: Antimalaria; Ex vivo; Mangrove; Plasmodium berghei; Sonneratia alba

The Anti-proliferative and Anti-bacterial Activity of Argan oil and Crude Saponin Extract from Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels - Namrita Lall; Marco Nuno De Canha; Karina Szuman; Zoubida Charrouf; Lester M. Davids; Sunelle Rademan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Argan oil is a well-known cosmeceutical that is commercially available. It is traditionally used for the treatment of acne and skin inflammation among others. The objective of this study was to assess the anti-proliferative and antibacterial activities of argan oil and a crude saponin extract from the argan tree (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) that is endemic to Morocco. Materials and Methods: The anti-proliferative activity of argan oil and the crude saponin extract was assessed by the 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium- 5-carboxanilide (XTT) assay on A431; HaCat; HeLa; MCF-7 and UCT-Mel 1 cells. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by the broth microdilution method against two species of bacteria: Cutibacterium acnes and Prevotella intermedia. Results: The results of this study indicated that the argan oil sample did not inhibit the cell growth of the specified cell lines up to 1000μg/ml, while the crude saponin extract had low anti-proliferative activity. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for both the argan oil and the crude saponin extract were found to be 500μg/ml against Cutibacterium acnes. No antibacterial activity from the argan oil or the crude saponin extract was evident against Prevotella intermedia up to a concentration of 12.5mg/ml. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that argan oil and the crude saponin extract might have direct inhibitory effects on the growth and proliferation of Cutibacterium acnes. This finding supports the use argan oil as a treatment for acne vulgaris.
Keywords: Acne; Broth microdilution method; Cutibacterium acnes; Prevotella intermedia; XTT assay

Antithrombotic Effect of Mucuna pruriens L. and Coriandrum sativum - Nuriza Ulul Azmi; Astari Rachma Nityasa; Fadlina Chany Saputri (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Mucuna pruriens (MP) L. and Coriandrum sativum (CS) have been found for in vitro antithrombotic activity. However, the in vivo studies for both plants have not been discovered yet. Objective: The objective of the study is to prove the efficacy of MP L. and CS by conducting in vivo antithrombotic activity test with bleeding time and survival rate as the parameters. Materials and Methods: MP and CS extracts with three different doses were given orally to the experimental animals for 7 days. Aspirin was used as a positive control. The bleeding time was observed on mice tail that had been cut, and the survival rate was determined by inducing thrombosis with collagen–epinephrine injection. Results: Seven-day treatment of plant extracts significantly prolonged the bleeding time of the treated group compared to the normal control group. The result demonstrated the increasing number of survived animals in the treated group compared to the negative control group. Conclusion: Both extracts had shown antithrombotic activity by significantly prolonged the bleeding time and increased the survival rate.
Keywords: Antithrombotic; Bleeding time; collagen; Coriandrum sativum; Mucuna pruriens L; Survival rate

Antitumor and Antioxidant Effects of Flavonoid Fraction of Citrus sinensis peel Extract - Godishala Shirisha; Kiranmai Mandava; Uma Rajeswari Batchu; Kesava Rao Thammana; Vijaya Laxmi Turpu (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and globally the numbers of cases of cancer are increasing gradually. However, surgeries, chemotherapies have become safer, but these treatments have debilitating side effects. Flavonoids present in the human diet comprise many polyphenolic secondary metabolites with broad-spectrum pharmacological activities including their potential role as anti-cancer agents. Objective: The objective of the present study was to extract, orange peel flavonoids (Orange Peel Extract) and to screen anticancer potential of OPF. Methods: In the present study tryphan blue dye exclusion, clonogenic assay and nuclear damage studies by ethidium bromide staining were performed to estimate in vitro antitumor properties of Orange Peel Extract and subsequently in vivo studies also performed using the Dalton lymphoma ascites (DLA) tumor model in Swiss albino mice. Results: In vitro studies revealed the moderate toxicity, high regenerative capacity of Orange Peel Extract and also showed changes in nuclear morphology similar to that of apoptotic cells which is one of the important aspect of an anticancer drug. In vivo studies confirmed the anticancer activity of Orange Peel Extract and has increased the average life span of treated animals and restored the antioxidant enzyme levels and hematological parameters to normal which was comparable to that of standard methotrexate. Conclusion: Overall, these findings have proved that out of the two doses (50mg/kg bw and 200mg/kg bw) employed for the study lower dose (50mg/kg) was found to be more effective than higher dose (200mg/ kg). Hence flavonoid fraction of orange peels can be the better alternative to treat cancer.
Keywords: Dalton lymphoma ascites; Ethidium bromide; Methotrexate; Orange peel flavonoids; Tryphan blue

Antiulcer Property of Mussaenda philippica - Rasmita Jena; Durga Madhab Kar; Diptirani Rath; Kaushik Sur Roy; Goutam Ghosh (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Mussaenda philippica (Rubiaceae) is a shrub distributed in all the planes of India, Philippines and South-East Asia. Its synonyms are M. grandiflora, M. acutifolia, M. frondosa etc. The plant is preferred as medication for the treatment of jaundice, dysentery, stomachache and influenza. The current study was based on the evaluation of antiulcer property of M. philippica leaves extract. Methods: The methods used were pylorus ligated, ethanol induced and 0.2(M) NaOH induced ulcer in rats. Results: In pylorus ligation model, aqueous extract (200 mg/kg) produced a substantial reduction in ulcer index followed by decrease in gastric volume, total acidity associated with a raise in pH, which, confirmed that tested extract of the plant act by altering the mucosal barrier Thus, the gastro protective effect of this extract may be due to the presence of flavonoid in the plant. In the same way, aqueous extract of the plant showed significant effect against ethanol induced gastric ulcer in rat as compared to methanol-treated group, which, may be due to leukotriene antagonistic effect or the inhibition of 5-lipooxygenase pathway. In NaOH induced ulcer model, aqueous extract of M. philippica revealed significant antiulcer effects on the basis of pH effect and ulcer index in rats. The anti-ulcerogenic and anti-secretory effect of the tested M. philippica leaves extracts point out its possible cyto-protective effect. Conclusion: In conclusion the aqueous extract of M. philippica leaves possess potential antiulcer activity in experimental rat models.
Keywords: Anti-secretory; Gastric volume; Methanol extracts; Mussaenda philippica; Pylorus ligation

The Assay of Quercetin Solid Dispersion as a Potential Nephronprotector in Acute Renal Failure Induced Mice - Henny Lucida; Poppy Agustin; Suhatri (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Quercetin has been used with other nutraceutical components to improve renal function. Its potential to be developed as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, however, is limited by poor aqueous solubility and low rate of dissolution leading to low bioavailability in rats (< 17%) and in human (1%). Solid dispersion of quercetin with PVP K30 has increased its solubility 13.24 times and the amount dissolved (95.12 ± 1.83%) in comparison to pure quercetin. This study aimed to determine the nephron-protection effect of the solid dispersion on Acute Renal Failure (ARF) mice. The animals were divided into 6 groups, normal mice as a negative control group (G1), ARF induced mice as a positive control group (G2), ARF induced mice given pure quercetin 50 mg/kg BW (G3), ARF induced mice given solid dispersion containing 10 mg/ kg BW (G4), 5 mg/kg BW (G5) and 2.5 mg/kg BW (G6) quercetin respectively. The ARF was induced by injection of gentamycin sulphate 100 mg/kg BW for 7 days consecutively. Renal function was monitored by measuring the serum creatinine at day 8th. The protection effect was also observed from the histopathology score of the nephrons. Results showed that ARF induction increased serum creatinine above normal. Solid dispersion doses variations significantly influence the serum creatinine (p < 0.05). The stage of renal impairment based on histopathology score was significantly influenced by the doses of quercetin in solid dispersion (p < 0.05). It was concluded that solid dispersion containing quercetin at doses 2.5 and 5.0 mg/ kg BW respectively did not effective as a nephron-protector. The solid dispersion containing quercetin 10.0 mg/kg BW was effective to reduce the serum creatinine and showed a nephronprotection effect on the ARF induced mice.
Keywords: Acute renal failure mice; Nephron-protector; Quercetin; Solid dispersion

Assessment of Phyto-Constituents by GC-MS and Anti-Tumour Activity of Garlic Grown in Different Altitude: A Comparative Study - Susha Antony; Kunnambath Krishna Kumar; Jalaja Sudhi Menon (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is most important spice containing highest sources of total phenolic compounds. It has been used as a component of traditional and modern medicine. Pharmacological properties of garlic is mainly depend on its phyto-constituents content, which varies between geographical regions. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the phyto-constituents content of garlic sample collected from high ranges of Idukki (Kanthallur) with that of Tamil Nadu (Mettupalayam market) garlic sample. Materials and Methods: garlic clove sample were collected from high ranges of kanthallur region (GSK) and Mettupalayam region (GSM). The garlic oil was extracted from the collected garlic sample by solvent extraction method. The phytochemical study of extracted garlic oil were conducted using standard methods of analysis and subjected GC-MS analysis. Further, the extracted oil samples were studied for their anti-tumour activity against Dalton Lymphoma Cell Lines (DLA) in an in vitro model. Results: The obtained results revealed that garlic oil of GSK showed highest percentage of yield of oil (1.1%) than garlic oil of GSM (0.6%). The phytochemical screening of GSK indicated the presence of alkaloids and flavonoid, whereas GSM showed presence of alkaloids only. GC-MS analysis of garlic oil study indicated that garlic oil of GSK was found to have eugenol as a novel source compared with garlic oil of GSM. Garlic oil of GSK showed significant anti-tumour activity against DLA cells, compared with garlic oil of GSM. Conclusion: Garlic oil of GSK exhibited potential anti-tumour activity against DLA cells due to presence of eugenol compound as novel source.
Keywords: Anti-tumour; Garlic oil; GC-MS; MTT; Phyto-constituents

Azadirachta indica: Antibacterial Activity of Neem Against Different Strains of Bacteria and their Active Constituents as Preventive in Various Diseases - Oscar Herrera-Calderon; Kainat Ejaz; Mahnoor Wajid; Muzzamil Shehzad; Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo; Edwin Enciso-Roca; César Franco-Quino; Ricardo Ángel Yuli-Posadas; Victor Chumpitaz-Cerrate (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Neem has become valuable plant in the world which shows the solutions for hundreds to thousands problems. Azadirachta indica (Neem) is a rapidly growing evergreen well known tree found Pada generally in various regions of world like America, Africa and India. It has been widely used in Chinese, Ayurveda and Unani medicines across the world especially in Asians countries for the prevention and treatment of diseases. The different parts of neem plant contain biological compounds responsible for antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activities. It is considered as safe medicinal plants and modulates the numerous biological processes without any adverse effect. Neem tree produces some active compounds which contain biological activities, parts of neem tree such as Root, bark, leaf, flower, seed and fruit together possesses biological activities. Various compounds have been obtained from various parts of neem. Biological activities of few of them have been studied. Hence, the article is aims to utilize the medicinal properties of whole neem plant in various disorders of mankind.
Keywords: Antibacterial; Antifungal; Azadirachta indica; Natural antibiotics; Natural products

Betel Leaf Extract Amends Dehydroepiandrosterone Induced PCOS Related Hormonal Abnormality and Histopathological Alterations in Rat Model - K Sunand; Mahipal Yellow; P Naveen; Yasho Deepika; G Krishna Mohan; Vasudha Bakshi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: PCOS is a hormonal disorder with missed or irregular periods at the reproductive ages of women, which was mainly due to increased androgen levels. Objective: To evaluate the antiandrogen activity of EEBL (ethanolic extract of betel leaf) in DHEA induced PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) and improving ovulation rate, consequently its effects on hormonal and biochemical profile of the blood serum and Histopathology of the ovary. Methods: Divide the 30 immature (4-week-old) female Sprague Dawley rats into 5 groups. Four groups except the control group were injected each morning with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (6 mg/100 g body weight/0.2 ml sesame oil) for 20days. The control group was injected with 0.2ml sesame oil for 20days. Pretreatment completed after 21st day then animals are subjected to posttreatment with EEBL (LD-100, HD-200mg/kg, p.o) and CC (100 μg/kg, p.o) from 21 to 41 days. After the treatment animals are subjected to biochemical, hormonal and histopathological examinations. Results: In negative control group SOD, Catalase were decreased. Total protein, SGOT, SGPT, TG, LDL and cholesterol levels were increased than the control group. Hormones LH and Testosterone levels increased. FSH, estradiol, and progesterone levels were decreased when compared with the control group. Histopathology has revealed that the presence of cysts in the negative control group and recovery of cysts seen in treatment groups. Conclusion: Treatment with EEBL is effectively attenuated to the DHEA induced PCOS and it is significant in comparison results with clomiphene citrate attributing its therapeutic potential towards the treatment of PCOS.
Keywords: Anti-androgenic activity; Betel Leaf; Clomiphene citrate; DHEA; PCOS; Rats

Biochemical Changes During Flowering of Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. - Jayanthi D; Martin Paul A; Thamizhseran N (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Backround: Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv., exhibits a phenomenal structure often referred to as water calyces from within which the entire floral whorls presumed to be developing. Purpose: The present study was an attempt on the exceptional development of corolla under the influence of the bathing fluid of water calyces in Spathodea campanulata. Methods: Three different developmental stages of flower buds were used for anatomical, physiological (PWC, RWC and ᴪW) and biochemical studies (reducing sugars, amino acids, proteins, phenols, IAA and amylase activity) using standard methods. Results: Biochemical composition was found to be directly influencing the unique pattern of floral ontogeny. The exponential expansion of the corolla was found to be corresponding with significant increase in IAA concentration. Conclusions: The bathing fluid with its contents viz., sugars, amino acids, proteins, IAA and phenols seems to play a pivotal role in the development, nourishing and protecting the inner whorls of the flower buds. Anatomical studies also support the idea that the biochemical changes, especially the quantity of sugars and IAA could be the reason for the exponential expansion of the petals.
Keywords: Biochemical composition; Flower development; Water calyces

Bio-Physicochemical Studies on Water Calyx Fluid in the African Tulip Tree, Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. - Martin Paul. A; Jayanthi. D; Thamizhseran. N (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Flowers of Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. development is unique as inner whorls develop immersed in a fluid called water calyces. Purpose: The present study is an investigation into the biochemical composition and physicochemical properties of water calyx fluid from Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. Methods: Fluid composition of small, medium and large stages of S. campanulata flower buds were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for biomolecules viz., reducing sugars, total free amino acids, proteins, phenols and Indole- 3-Acetic Acid (IAA). Physiochemical analyses were done using particle size analyzer. Results: Reducing sugars, total free amino acids, proteins and IAA were present in appreciable amounts whereas total phenol content was low and the content of biomolecules were significant between groups and within the groups. The water calyx fluid is highly stable and absolute necessity for the floral development. Conclusions: The concentrations of all the analyzed biomolecules were found to be decreasing with bud maturity. The contents of water calyx fluid is obligatory for the development of floral whorls.
Keywords: Biochemical composition; Water calyx fluid; Zeta potential

Cakile maritima Scop. Extracts Inhibit Caco2 and HeLa Human Carcinoma Cell Growth: GC-MS Analysis of an Anti-Proliferative Extract - Elsayed Omer; Abdelsamed Elshamy; Rihab Taher; Walaa El-Kashak; Joseph Shalom; Alan White; Ian Cock (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html -->Introduction: Exposure to high levels of antioxidants has been linked to the treatment and prevention of some cancers. Although Cakile maritima has a high antioxidant capacity, it is yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. Methods: Solvent extracts prepared from C. maritima plant material were analysed for antioxidant capacity by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Anti-proliferative activities against Caco2 and HeLa cancer cells were determined by an MTS based cell proliferation assay. Toxicity was determined by the Artemia franciscana bioassay. The most potent anti-proliferative extract (hexane) was further investigated using non-targeted GC-MS headspace analysis. Results: Good DPPH radical scavenging activity was calculated for all C. maritima extracts. The methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts had particularly strong antioxidant activity (IC50 of 4.7 and 3.4 μg/mL respectively). Interestingly, the hexane extract which had the lowest DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 13.6 μg/mL), was the most potent inhibitor or Caco2 and HeLa carcinoma cell growth, with IC50’s of 12 and 126 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract was also a potent inhibitor of proliferation (IC50 values of 185 and 468 μg/mL against Caco2 and HeLa, respectively). The methanolic extract (IC50 values of 2261 and 2046 μg/mL against CaCo2 and HeLa respectively) displayed only moderate anti-proliferative activity, demonstrating that antioxidant activity did not correspond with anti-proliferative activity. All of the extracts were determined to be nontoxic in the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with LC50 values substantially >1000 μg/mL. Non-biased GC-MS headspace analysis of the C. maritima hexane extract highlighted several interesting compounds that may contribute to the therapeutic bioactivities of the extract. Conclusion: The lack of toxicity and the anti-proliferative activity of the hexane and ethyl acetate C. maritima extracts against HeLa and Caco2 cancer cell lines indicates their potential in the treatment and prevention of some cancers.
Keywords: Anticancer activity; Antioxidant; Brassicaceae; CaCo2; European searocket; HeLa; Oxidative stress

Characterization Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Alpha Cellulose Betung Bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) - Herman Suryadi; Sutriyo; Ghina Fauziah (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) is one of pharmaceutical excipients that can be used to increase viscosity in topical, oral and parenteral pharmaceutical formulation, beside that it can also be used as binder and disintegrant in tablet formulation. Betung bamboo is one of natural material that contains high concentration of holocellulose for about 83.80%. The purpose of this study was to characterize Na-CMC obtained through alkalization and carboxymethylation reaction. Methods: Alkalization was carried out using 25% sodium hydroxide and 1.7% sodium tetraborate. Carboxymethylation was done with sodium monochloroacetate to alpha cellulose ratio 1.3 : 1. Product was identified by FTIR and further characterized by XRD, SEM, DS value and pH. Result: The product was white colour powder which has similarities of its infrared spectrum to reference. Other characteristics that showed similarities to reference was degree of substitution 0.7073, pH 7.61, average of particle size distribution 71.54 μm, moisture content 5.88%, sulfated ash content 32.64% and loss on drying 9.85%. Conclusion: Based on the comparison of X-ray diffraction, there is similarity between reference and product (Na-CMC) from betung bamboo. However, there were differences in melting temperature, viscosity and morphological analysis with SEM to reference.
Keywords: Alkalization; Betung bamboo; Carboxymethylation; Cellulose; Characterization; Sodium carboxymethylcellulose

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Effect of Mentha rotundifolia Extracts - Ferdjioui Siham; Belhattab Rachid; Raed M Al-Zoubi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Aim: This report was aimed to investigate both the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of two extracts from Mentha rotundifolia aerial parts. Methods: Aqueous and acetonic extracts were obtained by decoction and Soxhlet apparatus, respectively. Total polyphenols contents were determined using Folin- Ciocalteu reagent whereas flavonoids were evaluated by AlCl3 method. LC-MS/MS method was carried out to reveal the phytochemical composition of extracts. Some tests were used to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts such as DPPH free radical scavenging assay, ABTS+ radical cation decolorization assay, OH• radical scavenging assay, ferrous ion chelating, reducing power and β-caroten/linoleic acid bleaching assay. Results: The results showed that the aqueous extract was richer on polyphenols and flavonoids comparing to the acetonic extract. The analysis by LC-MS/MS allowed to identify many phenolic compounds in extracts, predominated by rosmarinic acid. In addition, the extracts were found to possess a significant antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Accordingly, it can be concluded that M. rotundifolia is quite rich in phenolic compounds and has a good antioxidant activity.
Keywords: antioxidant activity; Extraction; LC-MS/MS; Mentha rotundifolia; Phenolic compounds

Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of the Essential Oil Isolated from the Leaves of Achillea fragrantissima Growing Wild in Yemen - Iman Mansi; Nasser A. Awadh Ali; Nizar M. Mhaidat; Khaled Hussain; Ali G. Al-kaf; Sirajudheen Anwar; William N. Setzer (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Yemen is diverse in its geography and rich in its natural flora. Achillea fragrantissima grown wild in Yemen is widely used in folkloric medicine. Objectives: To investigate the chemical composition, cytotoxicity, xanthine oxidase inhibitory and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the essential oil isolated form the leaves of Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk.) Sch. Bip. growing wild in Yemen. Materials and Methods: The oil was collected after hydrodistillation for 3 h, the oil composition was analyzed by GC-MS and assayed for biological activities. Results: Artemisia ketone (49.53%), camphor (14.73%), α-bisabolol (11.20%), α-bisabolol oxide B (2.62%) were the main components of the oil. The MTT assay of the oil on two human colorectal cancer cell lines (SW480 and HCT-116) showed IC50 values of 110.1 and 134.6 μg ml⁻¹, respectively. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory and tyrosinase inhibitory activity assays were performed but exhibited only marginal activities. Conclusion: the components of the essential oil could be excellent anticancer drugs for treatment of colon cancer.
Keywords: Achillea fragrantissima; Artemisia ketone; Cytotoxicity; Essential oil; GC-MS

Chemical Constituents and Antifungal Activity of Leaf Essential Oil from Oreopanax ecuadorensis Seem. (Pumamaki), Endemic Plant of Ecuador - Paco Noriega; Bryan Vergara; Carlos Carillo; Tatiana Mosquera (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Oreopanax ecuadorensis Seem. is a plant from Ecuador, that is found in the Andean region of the country. The plant is commonly used in protective rituals, and as an antiflu, analgesic and disinfectant medicine. Aim: The research aims to extract and analyze the chemical composition and evaluation of its antifungal potential of the essential oil extracted from its leaves. Methods: steam distillation was used for the extraction of essential oil, the evaluation of its components was performed by GC/MS, and the antifungal evaluation by the disc diffusion method. Results: The essential oil was obtained with a yield of 0.05%. 33 compounds were detected of which 30 were identified, corresponding to 99.28%; the most abundant molecules were: thujene <α-> (36.63%), followed by bicyclogermacrene with (8.76%), pinene <β-> with (8.32%) and limonene with 5.15%. Three of the four strains evaluated were affected by the oil at concentrations of 1.25%, inhibiting its growth. The strains were: Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis. Conclusion: The essential oil shows good antifungal activity, which could be less than 1.25%. In this way, this medicinal plant is valued by verifying ancestral knowledge in the use of medicinal plants by the Andean people of Ecuador.
Keywords: Antifungal activity; GC/MS; Oreopanax ecuadorensis; Puma Maki

Chemical Constituents and Anti-Ulcer Activity of Ethylacetate Extract of the Leaves of Sanchezia nobilis Hook.F. - Loi Vu Duc; Xuan Bui Thi; Ngoc Tran Minh (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Study have two objectives. First objective is about the identification of the five components. The second objective is about the antiulcer activity of the ethylacetate extract. Five compounds (1–5) were isolated from the leaves of Sanchezia nobilis Hook.F. collected in Nam Dinh province by chromatographic methods. These compounds were identified as: Quercetin (1), Scopoletin (2), Kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), Quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranoside (4),3’-Omethyl- 3,4-methylenedioxy ellagic acid (5).Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Compounds 3, 4, 5 were isolated from the leaves of Sanchezia nobilis Hook.F. for the first time. Evaluation the effect of gastric and duodenal anti-ulcer on cyteamine induced gastric ulcer models indicates at this ethylacetate extract has the effect to improve the extent of ulcer lesions treatment (54,17 %); obviously reduced the average of number pocket of ulcers (1,85 ± 0,80) and ulcer index (5,61 ± 2,69), however, it does not change the area of the ulcer.
Keywords: Anti-ulcer activity; Quercetin; Sanchezia nobilis; Scopoletin

Chemical Standardization of Thetran Vithai Kutinir Chooranam-An Antidiabetic Siddha Polyherbal Formulation - Elankani P; Murugammal S; Shakila R; Pitchiahkumar M; N.Kabilan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Belief of general public on herbal drugs led to the stable growth of herbal drug industry thereby necessitated the standardization of herbal drugs and pharmacopoeial standards for their quality control. Aims: Thetran Vithai Kutinir Chooranam (TVKC) is a Siddha polyherbal formulation used for type II diabetes. Aim of the present study is to standardize the drug chemically. Methods and Material: Drug was prepared as per the literature, stored in air tight container and subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis, physico-chemical, thin layer chromatographic photo documentation, high performance thin layer chromatographic finger printing along with chemical markers such as emodin, chrysophanol and gallic acid, quantitative assay of marker compounds, heavy metal analysis, pesticide residue, aflatoxin and microbial load analysis. Results: The results revealed that the drug contains emodin in minor quantity and gallic acid in considerable quantity. The drug is free from microbial, heavy metal contaminations, aflatoxin and pesticide residues. Conclusion: The derived results could serve as a ready reference for quality control assessment of the drug.
Keywords: Anthraquinone; Katukkai; Thetranvithai; Vilam Pisin Alkaloid