Cinnamon species: In vivo Anti-Oxidant Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Cinnamon Zeylanicum and Cinnamon Cassicae Barks - Balasubramanian Prasanna; Arumugam Vijaya Anand (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html --> Background: The diabetic population is increasing highly in the worldwide due to the poor control of diabetes and environmental conditions. It disturbs the carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism. The natural medicines obtained from the plant source may be the effective treatment of diabetes. Objective: The aim of the present study is to investigate the antioxidant activities of the ethanolic bark extract of Cinnamon zeylanicum and Cinnamon cassiacae. in streptozotocin (STZ) induced oxidative stress in rats. Methods: Oxidative stress is induced with a single dose of STZ 60 mg/kg b.w. and then the animals are treated with a dose of various concentrations of ethanolic bark extract of Cinnamon zeylanicum and Cinnamon cassiacae (200 mg/kg b.w, 400 mg/kg b.w, and 600 mg/ kg b.w) for 45 days. After the treatment lipid peroxides (LPO), reduce glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels are determined. Glibenclamide is used as a standard drug (3 mg/kg b.w.). Results: The present study exposed that the administration of ethanolic bark extract of Cinnamon zeylanicum and Cinnamon cassiacae showed a significant decrease in LPO levels. The treatment also finds that the significant increase in GSH, GPx, SOD and CAT levels in the liver, when compared with diabetic control rats. Conclusion: The results proved that the ethanolic bark extract of Cinnamon zeylanicum and Cinnamon cassiacae treated group may effectively regulate the antioxidant status in STZ induced diabetic treated groups.
Keywords: Anti-oxidant activity; Cinnamon cassicae; Cinnamon zeylanicum; Diabetes mellitus; Streptozotocin

Clinical Uses and Toxicity of Aloe vera: An Evidence-Based Comprehensive Retrospective Review (2007-2017) - Ahmed Muhammad Ibrahim; Hussain Al Sadah; Rizwan Ahmad; Niyaz Ahmad; Atta Abbas Naqvi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Aloe vera (AV), mostly known as succulents, or the healing plant of the genus Aloe of Liliaceae family. It contains large range of vitamins, amino acids, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, and sulfur compounds to control and eliminate mold, bacteria, viruses; however, AV toxicity is most of the times described poorly among AV consumers. Aim of the Study: To report and highlight AV clinical uses and toxicity cases to compare and highlight its therapeutic as well toxic profile. Materials and Methods: AV cases were gathered from databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and E-Resource Portal of Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University using the keywords, i.e., AV case report, AV toxicity, hepatitis, clinical trials about AV, interactions, the current uses of AV, etc. Results: Ten cases met the eligibility criteria where the toxicities were mostly associated with the usage of AV except the intended use, i.e., to be administered topically or AV capsules ingestion or as a drinkable solutions. Major symptoms observed in these cases were related to hepatocytes inflammation (hepatitis), fatigue, nausea, vomiting, thyroid dysfunction, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea along with severe weight loss. These results were not associated with a specific age; however they were more predominant in female gender. Conclusion: AV should be taken within normal/specified dose range which can only be achieved through asking an herbal specialist, and in approved suitable dosage form which is topical.
Keywords: Acemannan; Aloe vera; Cosmetics; Hepatitis; Toxicity

Clinical uses and Toxicity of Ephedra sinica: An Evidence-Based Comprehensive Retrospective Review (2004-2017) - Walaa Al saeed; Marwa Al Dhamen; Rizwan Ahmad; Niyaz Ahmad; Atta Abbas Naqvi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Ephedra sinica (ES) (Ma-huang) is a well-known plant due to its widespread therapeutic uses. However, many adverse effects such as hepatitis, nephritises, and cardiovascular toxicity have been reported for this plant. Few of these side effects are reversible whereas others are irreversible and may even lead to death. Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical uses and toxicity cases/consequences associated with the use of ES. The review will compare and evaluate the cases reported for ES and identify the causes which make the plant a poisonous one. Materials and Methods: An extensive literature review was conducted from 2004 to 2017, and research literature regarding the clinical cases were collected using databases and books such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, Research gate, PubMed, and Web of Science/Thomson Reuters whereas the keywords searched were “Ephedra sinica,” clinical cases of Ephedra sinica, “Ma-hung poisonous,” “Ma-hung toxicity reported cases and treatment,” and “Ephedra Sinica toxicity reported cases and treatment.” Results: eleven different cases were identified which met the eligibility criteria and were studied in detail to extract out the findings. It turned out that most of the patients and participants developed adverse side effects following the use of ES, and after a proper course of treatment or trail, some of the side effects were reversible, whereas others were found irreversible. The most common adverse effects and toxicity observed in patients were liver problems, renal failures, and cardiac toxicity which resulted in two mortalities whereas the other two got recovered. On an in-depth study, it was revealed that most of the toxicities in such cases were associated with the use of ES in combination with other conventional drugs, long-term use, or use in patients with cardiac and renal problems without a medical supervision. Conclusion: Hence, it is concluded that ES may have reversible as well as irreversible adverse effects and may even result in death; however, the use of a plant with the proper knowledge and under sound medical supervision may reduce such exaggerations
Keywords: Cardiac problems; Clinical cases; Ephedra sinica; Liver problems; Toxicity

Co-Chemotherapeutic Effect of Ageratum conyzoides L. Chloroform Fraction and 5-Fluorouracil on Hela Cell Line - Rifki Febriansah; Titi Komalasari (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: This study was to determine the co-chemotherapeutic effect of the chloroform fraction of bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides L.) (CFB) and its combination with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) by in vitro and in silico assay. Methods: Ethanolic extract of bandotan were fractionated with chloroform. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) used to identify active compound and in vitro study with MTT Assay to determine the viability of HeLa cells after extract treatment. Molecular docking used Autodock Vina for in silico study to visualize molecular interaction and affinity between nobiletin and 5-FU with Bcl-XL protein. Results: The result of TLC for CFB showed the Rf value of 0.75, it has the similar value with quersetin standard and indicated that CFB contains flavonoid compound. The Molecular docking had ΔG for nobiletin and 5-FU were -8.0 and -4.7 kcal/mol, respectively. This result showed that the affinity of nobiletin with Bcl-XL protein higher than 5-FU. Single cytotoxic assay of CFB and 5-FU showed the IC50 value of 30 μg/ml and 45 μg/ml, respectively. Combination assay of CFB and 5-FU showed the CI value of 0.36, meaning the presence of synergistic effects. Conclusion: CFB has a positive effect to inhibit viability of HeLa cervical cancer cells and potential to develop as co-chemotherapy agent with 5-FU.
Keywords: Ageratum conyzoides L.; Bcl-XL protein; Cytotoxic assay; Molecular docking; Nobiletin

Combating Diabetes and its Emerging Complications Utilizing Natural Phytochemicals - Karim Raafat (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html -->Introduction: Natural phytochemicals are considered a primary health care measure for many chronic diseases and for assurance of urban health and wellbeing. Diabetes and its related complications are major chronic diseases increasingly threatening human health and wellbeing. Till date, these diseases are not fully managed by the current therapies. Thus, there is an increasing need to find more safe and efficient therapies for diabetes and its related complications. Methods: An evidence-based review of the novel phytotherapies to diabetes and its related complications and discussing their main mechanisms of actions are the main aims of the current study. Data collection were done for the phytotherapies that were extracted, chromatographically standardized, fractionated and the main effective compounds were isolated and evaluated for their potentials against diabetes and its related complications. Special emphasis was given for the extracts and their isolated phytochemicals that had significant hypoglycemic and antinociceptive effects towards diabetes and its related complications, particularly diabetic-neuropathy. Results: The phytochemicals main mechanisms of action were found to be mainly due to their insulin secretagogue, beta-cells regeneration, anti-oxidant potentials. Conclusion: Therefore, clinicians should consider natural phytochemicals when treating chronic diseases and when reassuring better urban health and wellbeing.
Keywords: Combating Diabetes; Complementary medicine; Emerging Complication; Natural Phytochemicals Mechanism of action

The Combination of Spirulina Extract and Sambiloto Effect Histopathologically on Medial Colon from Plasmodium berghei Anka Infected Mice - Kusmardi Kusmardi; Rahyussalim; Rizky Priambodo Wisnubaroto; Dilla Firzani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Malaria is one of the biggest burden in medical section in Indonesia, as the prevalence is still high and half of the provinces in Indonesia considered as endemic area.1-4 Moreover, the drug resistant case number has grown larger within years.3-7 Indonesian people are very close with traditional drug regiment that derived from plants, for example Sambiloto and Spirulina.7-9 This research done in order to see the effect of Sambiloto and Spirulina combination from histopathologic aspect in medial colon of P. berghei infected mice. Method: The data taken from experimental study using male Swiss Webster mice that has been infected with Plasmodium berghei Anka. The four groups of mice were given different treatment. The first group treated with Sambiloto only, the second one with Sambiloto and Spirulina extract, the third group with Sambiloto and Spirulina powder and the last one the control group with administration of DHP. Results: The result shows that the group with extract and powder spirulina show a significant result in the inflammatory focus and angiogenesis. However, this research does not necessarily prove the correlation between Sambiloto-Spirulina and their effect on the goblet cell and dysplasia grade on the infected mice, as the result for both category is insignificant. Conclusion: The study showed that spirulina has positive effect on inflamatory focus and angiogenesis, but the goblet cells count and dysplasia grade result is not noteworthy, as it requires prolonged inflammation process in order to achieve the optimal result.
Keywords: Malaria; Medial colon; Plasmodium berghei Anka; Sambiloto; Spirulina

A Comparative Antibacterial Activity of Three Common Spices Extract and their Anti-Proliferative and Apoptotic Effectiveness against Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Cells - Shabana Bano; Asif Jafri; Nashrah Ahmad; AK Sharma; Md Arshad (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: The present study was performed to analyse the antibacterial potential as well as the anti-proliferative and apoptotic efficacy of three common spices viz. Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) and Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare). Methods: Antibacterial activity was determined by well diffusion assay against selected bacterial strains. Anti-proliferative activity was evaluated by cell viability assay and the apoptotic effect was observed by nuclear fragmentation analysis in MCF-7 cells. Results: The antibacterial activity result revealed that Cinnamon extract (CIE) showed maximum antibacterial activity against selected test organism followed by Cardamom (CAE) and Fennel (FEE). The cell viability results revealed that FEE induces the highest cytotoxicity (IC50 73.9 μg/ml) against MCF-7 cells, while CIE showed the lowest efficacy (IC50 98.2 μg/ml) as compared to control. Conclusion: The findings revealed that CIE has the most potent antibacterial efficacy, whereas FEE was found to be a more potent anti-proliferative and apoptotic agent against human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells.
Keywords: Anti-proliferative; Antibacterial; Apoptotic; Cell viability; Nuclear fragmentation

Comparative Antioxidant Activities of Selected Apiaceous Plants Using EPR Technique - Ayat M Emad; Sherifa F Ali; Meselhy R Meselhy; Essam A Sattar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a unique technique able to identify and quantify free radicals in the complex biological matrices. In this study, free radical scavenging activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of fruits, shoots and roots of dill and parsley was examined using EPR technique, in addition to the determination of their contents of total polyphenols (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC). Method: The hydroxyl anion scavenging activity (HASA) of the tested extracts was determined using EPR spin trapping technique and hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system generating (O•-2). The TPC and TFC were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric assays. Results: Both aqueous shoot of dill (ADSh) and methanol root of parsley (MPR) demonstrated the strongest inhibition of HASA. On the contrary, the aqueous extract of dill fruit at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml was found to be pro-oxidant (49.43 %), but at 10 mg/ml demonstrated potent inhibition of HASA (98.12 %). TPC was found to be the highest in the methanol extract of parsley fruit (MPF, 88.62 ± 0.6 mg GAE/g) and the lowest in MPR (4.34 ± 0.050 mg GAE/g). On the other hand, TFC was the highest in MPF (584.29 ± 2.10 mg GAE/g) and the lowest in the methanol extract of dill fruit (MDF, 1.28 ± 0.02 mg rutin/g). Conclusion: In this study, EPR provided a direct insight that all tested apiaceous plants extracts showed effective HASA except two extracts that proved to be pro-oxidant at 0.5 mg/mL This study confirmed that there is no correlation between antioxidant potential and TPC and TFC.
Keywords: Anethum graveolans; Free Radicals; Petroselinum crispum; total flavonoid content; total phenolic content

Comparative DNA Fingerprinting and Botanical Study of Certain Haworthia and Gasteria Species Growing in Egypt - Ali Mohamed El Shamy; Seham Salah El Din El Hawary; Heba Ahmed Fahmy; Shahira Mohammed Ezzat (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html -->Introduction: Haworthia Duval and Gasteria Duval are succulent plants, native to South Africa. They have been used worldwide in folk medicine. They are members of the Alooideae subfamily, which has been always viewed as a taxonomically confusing sub-family. The present study aims to differentiate between Haworthia limifolia Marloth, Gasteria carinata (Mill.) Duval and Gasteria minima Poelln. growing in Egypt. Methods: A comparative botanical and genetic investigation is presented. Macromorphological and micromorphological botanical features of the leaves and stems of the species under investigation using the entire specimens, transverse sections and isolated elements. Moreover, their DNA was extracted from the leaf samples and RAPD-PCR analysis was made using 10 primers. Results: The comparative botanical criteria of the examined leaves and stems were identified. Furthermore, the total number of amplified products produced by the ten primers was 98 fragments. Primers OPB-07, OPB-01 and OPB-02, recording high percentage of polymorphism (78.6, 70.6 and 57.1%, respectively), can be used to differentiate between the examined species. While primers OPB-01, OPB-04, OPB-07 and OPB-08, generating fragments with wide molecular size (17, 14, 14 and 11fragments, respectively), can be used for the identification of Haworthia limifolia, Gasteria carinata and Gasteria minima. Conclusion: The macromorphological, micromorphological and genetic identifying parameters presented in the current study revealed good crieteria to authenticate and differentiate between Haworthia limifolia Marloth, Gasteria carinata (Mill.) Duval and Gasteria minima Poelln.
Keywords: Gasteria; Haworthia; Macromorphology; Micromorphology; RAPD-PCR

Comparative Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Ethanolic Extract of Leaf, Bark and Flower of Tecoma stans with Ibuprofen- An In vitro Analysis - Swarna SK; Nivedhitha MS; Vishnu Priya V; Gayathri R; Selvaraj J; Madhan K; Shyamala Devi B (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Endodontics has always been indebted to pharmaceutical sciences to provide it with necessary analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents. More specifically, there has always been a need for anti-inflammatory phytotherapeutic agents as the commercially available synthetic anti inflammatory drugs have their own limitations due to undesirable side effects. Hence, novel potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs without considerable side effects from the natural sources are under evaluation. Tecoma stans (Bignoniaceae) is an ornamental plant found throughout India. It has been shown to have variety of medicinal properties. In the present study, we have shown that potential anti inflammatory activity of different parts of Tecoma stans (T.stants) and compared with standard drug. Aim: To evaluate the in vitro anti inflammatory potential of different parts of T.stans ethanolic extract and to compare the anti inflammatory activity with standard drug ibuprofen. Methodology: The ethanolic extraction of T.stans’s bark, leaves and floweres was done as per the standard method. Different concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 μg/ml) of the extracts were used for anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of albumin denaturation. All samples were analyzed in triplicate. The results were statistically analyzed. Results: All the three parts of the plant extract have shown to have anti inflammatory activity in a dose-dependent manner. However, the leaf and flower extracts of T.stans were found to have 100 percent anti-inflammatory pontential than standard drug ibuprofen. Conclusion: It is concluded from the present findings that T.stants possess anti-inflammatory properties which could be due to presence of active constitutents presen in the plant extracts. Hence, T.stans may serve as one of the anti inflammatory herbal durgs for Endontic infection-induced inflammation and related to dental diseases. Further studies on the identification of the active principles present in the leaf and flower extract are warranted to assertatin its potentials.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory Effect; Bark; Flower; Leaf; Tecoma stans

Comparative Free Radical Scavenging Efficacy of Leaves Extract of Moringa Oleifera and Petals Extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa - Garba Auwalu; Emeka John Dingwoke; Adamude Fatima Amin; Nwobodo Ndubuisi Nwobodo; Mohammed Mohammed Lawan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Use of molecules with antioxidant properties have evolved as effective strategy for preventing oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species. Moringa oleifera and Hibiscus sabdariffa are ancient plants with antioxidant properties, and have served numerous therapeutic purposes, in addition to their nutritional benefits. Aim: This in vitro study compared the free radical scavenging efficacy of ethylacetate leaves extract of Moringa oleifera and ethylacetate petal extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa. Method: Determinations were carried out following standard procedures for analytical experiments. The leaves of Moringa oleifera and petals of Hibiscus sabdariffa were extracted by cool maceration with distilled water and ethylacetate, independently for 48 hours using soxhlet extractor. The free radical scavenging activities of the extracts were determined spectrophotometrically. DPPH free radical was used to determine the free radical scavenging activities of the extracts. The reducing power efficacy of the extracts was determined by their ability to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ ions using FERAP. Results: Ethylacetate extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa petals had higher free radical scavenging efficacy and more reducing power with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.57 mg/ml compared to the ethylacetate extract of Moringa oleifera leaves which had an IC50 of 2.60 mg/ml. Phytochemical profile revealed that the predominant compounds in both extracts were flavonoids, phenols, and amino acids. Conclusion: This study has established that ethylacetate extract of the Petals of Hibiscus sabdariffa has more reducing power and free radical scavenging efficacy compared to ethylacetate extract of Moringa oleifera leaves. These plant parts could serve as novel sources for clinically efficient antioxidants.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Free radical scavenger; Hibiscus sabdariffa; Moringa oleifera; Oxidative stress; Oxygen-free radicals

Comparative GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Phytochemicals from Different Plant Parts and Callus of Leptadenia reticulata Wight and Arn. - Priyanka Godara; Bunty Kumar Dulara; Neelam Barwer; Navneet Singh Chaudhary (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Aim: The aim of this study is identification and comparative analysis of bioactive phytochemicals present in methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of different plant organs and callus of Leptadenia reticulata by GC–MS technique. Methodology: The shade dried plant samples (leaves stem and root) and callus produced from leaf of L. reticulata were powdered and then sequentially extracted in methanol and ethyl acetate solvents. Total eight extracts were prepared which were Methanolic Leaf Extract (MLE), Methanolic Stem Extract (MSE), Methanolic Root Extract (MRE), Methanolic Callus Extract (MCE), Ethyl Acetate Leaf Extract (EALE), Ethyl Acetate Root Extract (EARE), Ethyl Acetate Stem Extract (EASE) and Ethyl Acetate Callus Extract (EACE). Then, each of the extracts was further subjected to Gas Chromatography– Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Results: The GC–MS analysis of the eight extracts revealed the presence of 77 different types of high and low molecular weight phytochemicals and bioactive compounds in varying quantities. Some of the phytochemicals detected for first time in L. reticulata are γ-sitosterol, Campesterol, Pristane, Hexahydrofarnesol, Stearic acid, Arachidic acid, Coniferyl alcohol, n-Tetracosanol-1, Ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate, (2S,3S)-3,7,4’-Trihydroxy-5-methoxy-6-methylflavanone etc. These chemical compounds are considered biologically active and pharmacologically important. Conclusion: This study gives a detailed comparison of detection and identification of various bioactive phytochemicals from different plant parts (leaves, stem and root) and callus of L. reticulata. This provides a basis for the biological and biochemical characterization of some newly detected biologically and pharmacologically important phytochemical components from this plant.
Keywords: Callus; Fatty Acid; Root; Stem; Steroids; Terpenoids

Comparative Studies Between Mauritia flexuosa and Mauritiella armata - Vanessa de Andrade Royo; Juliana Almeida Rocha; Kamylla Teixeira Santos; Jeane Ferreira Leal Freitas; Clarice Avelar Almeida; Bianca Ribeiro; Elytania Veiga Menezes; Dario Alves de Oliveira; Murilo Malveira Brandão; Afranio Farias de Melo Júnior (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Mauritia flexuosa and Mauritiella armata belong to the family Arecaceae and are widely found in Brazil. Aim: In this work were evaluated: the phytochemical profile of the secretion popularly known as M. flexuosa wine, antioxidant activity of leaf, root and petiole hydroethanolic extracts of the two species, as well as the quantification of flavonoids and the chromatographic profile by means of high performance liquid chromatography. Material and Methods: The chromatographic profile was determined by high performance liquid chromatography, quantification of flavonoids and antioxidant activity, were performed by spectrophotometric method. Results: Antioxidant activity and presence of flavonoids were observed in the extracts of all the analyzed structures of the two species. The phytochemical profile of the wine evidenced the presence of secondary metabolites reported in other structures of M. flexuosa. In the chromatographic analysis, it was observed that the extracts evaluated have between three and nine compounds. Conclusion: Further studies should be performed to identify the active compounds in the two species.
Keywords: antioxidant activity; Arecaceae; Flavonoids; Phytochemical; Secondary metabolites

Comparative Study for the Volatile Oil Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Rhanterium epapposum Oliv. Growing in Qassim, Saudi Arabia - Hamdoon Abdelhamid Mohammed; Mohsen Saleh Al-Omer; Adel Mohammed Ahmed; Nadia Elbialy Hashish; Hasan Meshal Alsaedi; Suliman Abdulaziz Alghazy; Ahmed Abdelfattah Hafez Abdellatif (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Rhanterium epapposum is an herbaceous plant widely distributed in the Gulf region and used by Bedouins as antiseptic for wounds, skin infections and in gastrointestinal disturbances. Aim: The study aimed to compare the results obtained from volatile oil analysis of R. epapposum growing in Buraydah, Qassim with reported data of the same plant growing in Riyadh “Al-Majmaah” and Northern border region of Saudi Arabia. Both cold and hot extracts of the R. epapposum were used to find the best extraction method to be adopted as an antimicrobial agent. Methods: Volatile oils were distillated using Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by GC-MS. The plant powder was extracted by cold maceration and hot contentious extraction methods. Furthermore, antimicrobial activity was conducted using the agar diffusion method. Results: The hydro-distillation of R. epapposum growing in Qassim region yielded 0.5 % w/w of the total volatile oils. Moreover, forty-three compounds of 97.68% of the volatile oil components were identified while modephene, caryophyllene, linalyl acetate and epizonarene were the major components of volatile oils. Nevertheless, the volatile oils diversity and concentrations were found to be different in R. epapposum growing in Buraydah, as compared with the plant growing in Riyadh and the northern border region of Saudi Arabia which almost due to the differences in the environmental condition. Among all extracts, ethyl acetate hot extract showed the best inhibition to bacterial strains while fugal strain Candida albicans growth was better inhibited by hot n-hexane extract. Conclusion: Volatile oils were active against all microbial strains. Hot extracts were more active against bacterial strains while the opposite effects were found against Candida albicans which was generally inhibited by the cold extracts.
Keywords: Antimicrobial activity; Comparative study; Essential oils; Hot extraction. Cold extraction; Rhanterium epapposum

Comparative Study of the Effects of Annona muricata and Tapinanthus globiferus Extracts on Biochemical Indices of Diabetic Rats - Atanu FO; Avwioroko OJ; Ilesanmi OB; Oguche M (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Annona muricata and Tapinanthus globiferus (mistletoe) are medicinal plants used in traditional medicine to combat an array of human diseases. However, there is dearth of scientific prove for the activity of these plants in the management of non-infectious human diseases such as cancer, insomnia, hypertension, ulcers and diabetes. Method: The present study was designed to assess comparatively the effects of methanol extracts of Annona muricata (AME) and Tapinanthus globiferus (TGE) on biochemical indices of alloxan induced diabetic rats. The animals were allocated to eight (8) groups, group I were normal non-diabetic rats, group II (diabetic untreated group), group III treated with metformin alone, groups IV & V were diabetic rats treated with AME at dose of concentration 200 mg/kg BW & 400 mg/kg BW respectively, groups VI & VII were diabetic rats treated with 200 mg/kg BW & 400 mg/kg BW of TGE respectively. Group VIII were diabetic rats treated with AME + TGE at concentration of 200 mg/kg BW each. Concentrations of serum total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG) of alloxan diabetic rats, creatinine and urea were assayed after 21 days of the respective treatments. Results: Diabetic untreated rats had significant increase p<0.05 in TC, TG, urea and creatinine compared to normal control group as opposed to the significant decrease observed for HDL in diabetic rats. However, treatment of diabetic rats with AME and TGE significantly suppressed (p<0.05) the concentrations of TC, TG and creatinine when compared with the diabetic untreated rats. A similar trend was observed for the calculated atherogenic index of treated rats when compared with diabetic untreated rats. Interestingly, co-administration of AME + TGE improved the biochemical indices of diabetic rats better than using each plant separately. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that AME and TGE could offer some benefits in the management of diabetic complications especially with regard to cardiac and renal health.
Keywords: Alloxan; Annona muricata; Diabetes; Mistletoe; Tapinanthus globiferus

Comparison between the Effect of Precipitate and Supernatant Aloe vera Gel on Experimental Cutaneous Wound Healing Using Optical Coherence Tomography - Kusmardi Kusmardi; Nurrashida Binti Mok Hallim; Aryo Tedjo; Anwar Ibrahim; Salinah (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html --> Background: Wound healing is a fundamental response to injured tissue that results in the restoration of tissue integrity. One of the famous herbs that promote wound healing is Aloe vera. Despite well known for its therapeutic effect, several studies reported inconclusive evidence regarding this. Besides, lack of evidence to postulate the superior effect of two components of Aloe vera which are the precipitate and supernatant. Objective: Study compares the effects of precipitate and supernatant in promoting tissue repair. Evaluation takes place by using optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and is comparable with histopathology study. Methods: Twelve male mice were randomly divided into four groups (precipitate, supernatant, control 50% ethanol, and normal). 200 mg of Aloe vera was extracted. A standardized 2 cm longitudinal incision wound was created. All mice were given topical Aloe vera, 0.5 g each, once daily and assessment of wound surface was performed using OCT. The animals were sacrificed on day 10 to evaluate histopathologically. Results: R parameter from the OCT was utilized to analyze the data. There is no significant difference in the treatment effect between Aloe vera treated group and control on day 10 post-injury. Treated animals with precipitate did not differ significantly from supernatant treated group. Nevertheless, from histopathology analysis, precipitate showed better wound reepithelialisation, collagen formation and angionesis despite having numerous inflammatory cells. Conclusion: OCT using R parameter is not the best choice to detect wound healing. Nevertheless, from histopathological perspective, Aloe vera accelerates wound healing and precipitate Aloe vera gel does have a superior effect from supernatant in promoting wound healing.
Keywords: Aloe vera; OCT; Precipitate; Supernatant; Wound Healing

Comparison of Extraction Methods, Antioxidant Activities, Total Phenol in Seeds and Seed Shells of Kabau (Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C. Nielsen) From Lampung and South Sumatra - Hesti Riasari; Sani Nurlaela Fitriansyah; Rika Hartati; Kusnandar Anggadiredja; Sukrasno (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Kabau is one of the famous plants in Lampung and South Sumatra. Kabau is usually used as an ingredient to increase the aroma of cooking. Kabau is a plant belongs to the same genus with Archidendron pauciflorium (Benth.) IC. Nielsen and in the same family with Leucaena leucocephala L. Objective: The purpose of this research was to compare the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity between seed and fruit carp (shell) of kabau grown in Lampung and South Sumatra. Method: Kabau seeds and the shells were obtained from Lampung and South Sumatra. Extractions were conducted by maceration and a continuous extraction using Soxhlet apparatus with ethanol as the solvent. Phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of the extract were then measured. Results: The antioxidant activity and high phenol levels were found in kabau shell extract obtained by maceration method with IC-50 value of seed shell from Lampung 17.61 μg/mL and 44, 7 μg / mL for those from South Sumatra. Phenol content of seed shell from Lampung 11.74 g GAE / 100 g and South Sumatra 5.88 g GAE / 100 g. Conclusion: Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded that high antioxidant activity and high levels of total phenol were found in shell extract obtained by maceration of shell from Lampung and South Sumatra.
Keywords: Antioxidants; Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) Nielsen; Phenols; Seed shell; Seeds

Comparison of Fatty Acid Profiling and RBC Membrane Stabilization Activity of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides and Hippophae salicifolia) Seed Oil - Suchita Dubey; M.V. Ramana; Anuradha Mishra (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Keywords: Nil

Correlation of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid and Tannin Content of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) (Crassulaceae) Extract with the Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Activities - Taiwo O. Elufioye; Damilare M. Olusola; Adebola O. Oyedeji (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Bryophyllum pinnatum is a perennial herb used in traditional medicine against varieties of ailments such as memory disorder. This study quantitatively estimated the total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC) and total proautocyanidin (TPA) contents of extract and fractions of B. pinnatum and correlated them with its antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities. Methanolic extract of the dried leaves was partitioned into n-hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions. Total phenolic, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins content were estimated as gallic acid or quercetin equivalents. DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging activity as well as ferric reducing power assays were used to evaluate antioxidant activity, using 2,6-di-tert-butyl- 4-methylphenol (DDM) and ascorbic acid as standards. In vitro anticholinesterase activity was evaluated by Ellmann’s colorimetry assay with phsiostigmine (serine) and donepezil as positive control. The crude methanol extract had the highest phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content. The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest DPPH radical scavenging effect (IC50 0.004 mg/ml) while the aqueous fraction had the highest NO scavenging and ferric reducing effects with values of IC50 0.012 mg/ml and 0.007 mg/ml respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction had the best cholinesterase inhibitory effect (IC50 0.951 μg/ml AChE; 3.546 μg/ml BuChE). DPPH radical scavenging effect correlated strongly with total phenolic, flavonoids and proautocyanidins (r2 0.896, 0.651 and 0.619 respectively) while ferric reducing power showed weak correlation and NO scavenging as well as AChE inhibition had no correlation. The study shows DPPH radical scavenging could be due to the phenolic content while other class of compounds are responsible for the cholinesterase inhibition.
Keywords: Anticholinesterase; Antioxidant; Bryophyllum pinnatum; Total flavonoids; Total Phenolics

Cytoprotective Effect of the Eryngium foetidum "Sacha Culantro" Methanolic Leaf Extract Versus Sodium Fluoride Exposed Mice using the Micronucleus Test and the Comet Assay - Paola Raunelli; Danae Liviac; Rafael Alvis; Silvio Puente; Ivan Best; Oscar Reategui (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Eryngium foetidum, commonly known as sacha culantro, is a plant that grows in the Peruvian Amazonian jungle, studied for its high concentration of antioxidant substances and various ethnopharmacological properties. The main goal of the study is to observe the cytoprotective and antioxidant effect of the extract from its leafs in Mus musculus previously administered with Sodium fluoride (NaF) using the Micronucleus test and the Comet assay. Methods: The extract was administrated orally in four different concentrations: 180, 360, 720, 1440 mg/Kg for ten days, at the 11th day a single dose of NaF was administrated via intraperitoneal at 20 mg/Kg. The genotoxicity study was made with mice from the strain BALB/c, using the Micronucleus test on bone marrow and the Comet assay on peripheral blood according the OECD guides 474 and 489 respectively. The statistical analysis was made by the media’s analysis with ANOVA. Results: Significant differences were found in Micronucleus frequency between the highest concentrations of Eryngium foetidum and NaF. The Comet assay showed significant reduction in NaF induced damage according to different concentrations of the extract. Conclusion: The Eryngium foetidum extract has cytoprotective activity against oxidant substances such as NaF.
Keywords: Comet assay; Cytoprotective; Eryngium foetidum; Genotoxicity; Micronucleus test; Toxicity

Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activities of Selected South African Medicinal Plants - G Ayeni; OJ Pooe; M Singh; N Nundkumar; MBC Simelane (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Indigenous plants are known to play a pivotal role in the well-being of Africa’s native societies. These plants are believed to be endowed with healing effects against various ailments rooting from oxidative stress. However, most of these plants including Ziziphus mucronata, Warburgia salutaris and Eucomis autumnalis lack scientific reports validating their medicinal properties. Thus, the current study, aimed to investigate the cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of selected South African medicinal plants. Methods: Scavenging activity of the extracts were evaluated on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion (O2 -) nitric oxide (NO-), hydroxyl anion (-OH) radicals and lipid peroxide (LP) values at varying concentration (20 - 100 μg/mL). Cytotoxic evaluation using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) was conducted on HEK293 cells. Reducing power and metal chelating ability of the extracts were assessed. In the same vein, protective index of DNA plasmid (pET151/D TOPO plasmid) induced free radical by incubating with Fenton’s reagents were tested, in vitro. Reducing and metal chelating ability of the extracts were evaluated in this study. Results: The crude extracts displayed radical scavenging activity and limit peroxidation process. The extracts showed potent ferric reducing power and chelating effects. Cytotoxic effects of the extracts analyzed using the MTT assay displayed low toxicity levels. Furthermore, the extracts were able to protect pET151/D-TOPO plasmid DNA nicking induced by hydroxyl radicals in a Fenton’s reaction mixture. Conclusion: It is evident in this study that the plant extracts are potential antioxidant therapeutics and justify inclusion of indigenous herbs as a complementary agents in the treatment regimen.
Keywords: Antioxidants; DNA; Eucomis autumnalis; Warburgia salutaris

Detailed Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Screening of Stem and Stem Bark of Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. Ex sm. - An Extra Pharmacopoeial Drug of Ayurveda - Gupta Shashi; Acharya Rabinarayan; Harisha CR; Shukla Vinay (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Stem bark of Bhumi udumbara (Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.) is used traditionally in the treatment of leprosy, ulcer, dysentery, wound, pregnancy, complaints of gastric, liver, bladder and various disorders. In present study, stem and stem bark of F. semicordata are explored for their microscopic including powder microscopy, physiochemical and preliminary phytochemical aspects. Materials and Methods: Stem and stem bark of the plant, after proper authentication by BSI Kolkata, were evaluated following standard procedures. Results: Stem is hard, cylindrical, cut pieces measures about 10 - 25cm in length and 0.4 – 0.8 cm in diameter. Diagrammatic transverse section of stem shows outer cork followed by wide parenchymatous cortex with prismatic and rhomboidal crystals, starch grains and tannin content. Powder light brown in colour; odour woody; taste tasteless to astringent; texture fibrous. Stem bark is hard, single quilled after drying, outer dark reddish brown in colour with presence of lenticels, longitudinal cut fibres, rough in surface. Diagrammatic section, of the bark, shows outer several layered cork followed by cortical region along with medullary rays. Powder tortilla(brown) in colour; odour slightly aromatic; taste astringent; texture fibrous. Loss on drying at 110°C was found to be 7.41% and 8.60% of stem and stem bark respectively. HPTLC results shows 3 peaks and 0 peak at 254 and 366 nm of stem and 3 peaks at 254 and 366 nm of stem bark respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: Woody stem and presence of brown content, tannin, rhomboidal and prismatic crystals in stem and stem bark are the diagnostic characters.
Keywords: Anukta Dravya; Bhu-udumbara; Bhuindumer; Extra-pharmacopoeial; Ficus semicordata

Determination of Specific and Non-Specific Parameters of Simplicia and Ethanolic 70% Extract of Gadung Tubers (Dioscorea hispida) - Sasmita Retno Sari; Berna Elya; Katrin (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: D. hispida can be used as a painkiller, rheumatic drugs and antioxidant. Based on its medicinal properties, D. hispida can be used as a traditional medicine that must be guaranteed on quality, safety and benefit. Therefore, standardization is needed. This aim of this study was to obtain some specific and non-specific parameter of simplicia and ethanolic 70% extract of D. hispida tubers from three different regions. Materials and Methods: The samples were macerated by using ethanol 70%. Results: The results showed that the specific parameters of D. hispida simplicia; the total water soluble extract was 11.25-16.20%; the total ethanol soluble extract was 6.42-9.39%; the chromatogram profile was obtained by using thin layer chromatography in toluene-ethyl acetate-chloroform (5:1:4) mobile phase with β–sitosterol as standard, the total phenolic content was 2.15–2.50 expressed in mgGAE/g simplicia. The non-specific parameters of D. hispida simplicia; the total loss on drying was 10.53-12.40%; the total ash content was 5.81-5.94%; the total acid insoluble ash content was 0.20-0.22%. The specific parameters of D. hispida extract; the total phenolic content was 10.30-11.72 expressed in mgGAE/g extract. The non-specific parameters of D. hispida extract; the total water content was 10.27-10.47%; the total ash content was 2.84-2.93%; the total acid insoluble ash content was 0.14-0.19. Conclusion: conform the parameters.
Keywords: D. hispida; Gadung; Non-specific parameter; Specific parameter; standardization

Development and Validation of a Spectrophotometric Procedure for Determining Silicon in Common Horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) Herb - Aleksandr Vladimirovich Nikulin; Olga Georgievna Potanina; Evgeniy Alexandrovich Platonov; Dmitry Olegovich Bokov; Olga Aleksandrovna Smyslova; Rimma Aleksandrovna Abramovich (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: An accurate, simple and selective UV-spectrophotometric method was developed for the estimation of silicon in medicinal plant raw material – horsetail herb (Equisetum arvense L.) of Russian origin. Methods: The determination of total silicon content in terms of silicon dioxide (SiO2) by the direct ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry method (at a wavelength of 815 ± 5 nm) in the horsetail herb is based on the formation of yellow-colored silicomolybdic acid, and its further reduction to molybdenum blue. Results: Recoveries were found to be in the range of 100.2 to 105.1% and %RSD was less than 2%. Conclusion: The developed method is accurate, specific, precise within an interval 2-12% and suitable for the analysis of horsetail herb commercial samples.
Keywords: Equisetum arvense; Horsetail herb; Medicinal plant raw material; Silicon

Development of Ethosome Containing Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia Linn.) Fruit Fraction and In Vitro Skin Penetration - Silvia Surini; Antik R Arnedy; Raditya Iswandana (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: Bitter melon fruit, which is containing charantin, has poor penetration through the skin. This problem can be solved with the lipid vesicle called ethosomes that offers better skin penetration. This study was aimed to develop ethosomes for improving skin penetration ability of charantin. Methods: Bitter melon was extracted with ethanol 80% and fractionated with dichloromethane. Ethosomes were formulated with a various concentration equal to 2% (F1), 3% (F2) and 4% (F3) of bitter melon fruits fraction (BMFF) and prepared using thin layer hydration method. The obtained ethosomes were characterized, then the penetration study was conducted using Franz diffusion cells. Results: The results showed that the BMFF was a dry, brown-greenish fraction and gave a positive test for a steroid. The entrapment efficiency of ethosomes F1, F2 and F3 was 91.50 ± 0.40%, 92.62 ± 0.26% and 83.85 ± 1.10%, respectively. Moreover, the particle size (Dv90) of ethosomes F1, F2 and F3 was 1083.33 ± 15.27 nm, 1736.67 ± 11.55 nm and 1976.67 ± 5.77 nm, respectively. Ethosomes F1, F2 and F3 resulted polydispersity index of 0.42 ± 0.02, 0.35 ± 0.05 and 0.50 ± 0.11, as well as zeta potential of -54.33 ± 0.75, -57.50 ± 0.44 and -50.60 ± 0.98, respectively. Besides, all ethosomes had a spherical shape. The research revealed that ethosome F2 was the optimal ethosome among another formulas. Cumulative percentage of penetrated stigmasterol glycoside for ethosome F2 was 18.25 ± 0.08%, while the control solution did not penetrate within 20 h. Conclusion: This research demonstrated that the ethosome could increase the skin penetration of stigmasterol glycoside, which is charantin content, from the fraction of bitter melon fruit.
Keywords: Bitter melon fruits; Charantin; Ethosomes; Skin penetration

Difference of Acidic Adding Effect in Ethanol Extraction of White Mulberry Stem Bark (Morus alba) and DPP-4 Inhibiting Activity Screening for Identifying its Antidiabetic Potential - Muhajri Agusfina; Fadlina Chany Saputri; Aditya Sindu Sakti; Abdul Mun’im (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: Murberry (Morus alba) is one of the plants that can be used to treat diabetes and bioactive compounds that play a role are apigenin. Apigenin compounds have been reported to have an antidiabetic effect and are found in the form of glycosides. To separate apigenin from its glycosides, it takes the process of hydrolysis using acid. This study aims to look at the differences between ethanol extracts without hydrolysis with acids and ethanol extracts which are hydrolyzed by acid and determine their activity as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors in vitro. Methods: Morus alba stem bark dry powder was extracted MAE using 96% ethanol with acid hydrolysis using HCl 2 N and extracted without acid hydrolysis then apigenin levels can be measured by each extraction process using HPLC. DPP-4 activity was evaluated using glycyl-prolyl-7-amino-4-methyl coumarin (Gly-Pro-AMC) substrate then the inhibitory effect of extracts was determined based on the number of free AMCs by measuring fluorescence at excitation wavelengths of 350-360 nm and emission wavelengths of 450-465 nm using micro-plate readers. Sitagliptin is used as a positive control of DPP-4 inhibition in this test. Results: The ethanol extraction method with acid hydrolysis can attract more apigenin compounds than the ethanol extraction method without acid hydrolysis. The level of apigenin in the sample of ethanol extract with acid hydrolysis was 0.16%, and in the ethanol extract without acid hydrolysis was 0.04%. The amount of inhibitory activity of DPP-4 Morus alba stem bark extract was 23%, which is 0.33 times the inhibition of sitagliptin activity. Conclusion: Extraction methods with acid hydrolysis are more effective in attracting apigenin compounds than without acid hydrolysis. Morus alba stem bark extract has an anti-diabetic effect through the mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors can be used as a reference for therapy of diabetes mellitus from natural ingredients.
Keywords: Apigenin; DPP IV; Morus alba

The Diversity of Biologically Active Compounds in the Rhizomes of Recently Discovered Zingiberaceae Plants Native to North Eastern Thailand - Theeraphan Chumroenphat; Issaraporn Somboonwatthanakul; Surapon Saensouk; Sirithon Siriamornpun (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: To identify and quantify the bioactive compounds, along with biological activities, of native Thai edible Zingiberaceae. Methods: The bioactive compounds evaluated were phenolic acids, flavonoid, vitamin C, curcumin, 6-gingerol, eugenol and essential amino acids; analyses involved HPLC and LCMS/MS. Antioxidant activities were assessed by DPPH and FRAP assays. Results: Zingiber officinale was the richest source of bioactive compounds, followed by Z. officinale, Alpinia zerumbet and Alpinia conchigera. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid contents ranged widely across these species (17 to 200 mg GAE/100 g DW and 17 to 66 mg RE/100 g DW). All the species studied possessed strong antiglycation properties, ranging from 82 to 98%, with strong positive correlations of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The contents of curcumin, 6-gingerol, eugenol and vitamin C were in the range of 1 to 26, 1 to 140 μg/ g DW, 5 to 1600 and 4 to 21 mg/100 g DW, respectively. Seven essential amino acids identified by using LCMS/MS were found in most samples studied ranging from 2 to 6752 μg/100 g DW. Conclusion: Z. officinale is an abundant source of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in all these samples. These plants are fresh sources for developing novel functional ingredients in either food or cosmetics.
Keywords: Antiglycation; Antioxidants; Bioactive compounds; Essential amino acids; Ginger family

The Effect Hypoglycemic of Ethanol Extract Combination Red Betel Leaf (Piper crocatum) and Dayak Onion (Eleutherine palmifolia Merr) in Streptozotocin-Induced - Viani Anggi; Magfirah (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Red betel leaf and Dayak onion is used traditionally to treat diabetes mellitus, The use of this combination of extracts to assess the effectiveness of the combination therapy is getting better by working synergistically. Objective: This study aimed to determine the hypoglycemic effect and the effective dose of ethanol extract combination of red betel leaf and Dayak onion of male rats (Rattus norvegicus). Methods: The number of 35 male rats were divided into 7 groups and each group consisted of five rats. The first group (normal control) was given Na CMC; the second group (negative control) streptozotocin-induced ; the third group (positive control) glibenclamide , while the 4th, 5th,6th, and 7th were successively given a single dose of ethanol extract of red betel leaf 25 mg/KgBB, a single dose of Dayak onion50 mg/ KgBB, combination red betel leaf and forest onion bulbs, 25+50 and 50+100 mg/kg bb. Each rat group was intraperitoneally (IP) induced with STZ 40 mg/KgBB and then treated for 21 days. The hypoglycemic effect was tested by using the God- Pap method. Result: Phytochemical analysis revealed that flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phytosterols and phenols were present in ethanol extract of red betel leaf and forest onion bulbs. The study concluded that the combination of red betel leaf and Dayak onion at doses 25 mg/KgBB and 50 mg/KgBB were synergistic in reducing glucose. Conclusion: In conclusion, the ethanol extract combination of red betel leaf and dayak onion have hypoglycemic effects.
Keywords: Dayak onion; Hypoglycemic; Red betel leaf; Streptozotocin

Effect of Agricultural Model of using Fertilizer, Harvesting Time and Extraction Method on Phytochemical Contents and Antioxidant Activities from Mulberry Leaves Grown in Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand - Pharnuwan Chanhan; Ampa Konsue; Rachanee Nammatra (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Aims: Phytochemical contents and free radical scavenging of Mulberry leaf extracts by using different fertilizer, time of harvesting and solvent extraction were evaluated. Materials and Methods: Dried Mulberry leaves were extracted by using different solvent including aqueous, 50% ethanol and 95% ethanol. The phytochemical screening were determined by Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Contents (TFC). The anti-oxidation were tested by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical scavenging and 2,2 -azinobis-(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS+) assay. Results: This experimental study found that the mulberry leaf extract were given extraction with 95% ethanol, all of fertilizer and at Week 4 showed highest total phenolic contents espectcially BET2 was high amount of TPC (124.444±0.609 mgGE/gExt). The harvest time, all of groups at the Week 4 were significantly higher than all of groups at the Week 2. On the other hand, total flavonoid contents, the DET1 (Fertilizer formula 15-15-15, extraction with 95% ethanol at the Week 2; 110.913±3.208 mgQE/gExt) showed highest amount. The Antioxidant activities, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, The groups were given extraction with 95% ethanol, all of fertilizer at the Week 4 including CHT2 (IC50 =0.00459±0.00001 mg/mL), BHT2 (IC50 =0.00487 ±0.00005 mg/mL), AHT2 (IC50 =0.00499±0.00007 mg/mL), DHT2 (IC50 =0.00499±0.00005 mg/mL) and EHT2 (IC50 =0.00667 ±0.00039 mg/mL) were more potent on free radical scavenging higher than all of groups. The ABTS+ assay, at the Week 2 of all fertilizer groups were given with all solvent extraction including BHT1 (IC50 =0.03191±0.00257 mg/mL), CHT1 (IC50 =0.03247±0.00044 mg/mL), AHT1 (IC50 =0.03320±0.00120 mg/mL), EHT1 (IC50 =0.03342±0.00116 mg/mL) and AAT1 (IC50 =0.03792±0.00076 mg/mL) showed free radical scavenging activity not different from standard substances, ascorbic acid (IC50 =0.00699 ±0.00004 mg/mL) and Trolox (IC50 =0.01594±0.00116 mg/mL). Conclusion: The study was undertaken to investigate it’s fertilizer use, harvest time and extraction method for biologically activities also chemical composition contents and their antioxidant potentials. Therefore, our data might be help to good cultivation and harvesting practice selection in order to produce better of mulberry leaf production.
Keywords: Antioxidation; Fertilizer; Harvesting; Mulberry leaves; Phytochemistry

Effect of Aqueous Extract of Liquorice (G. Glabra L) in Treatment of Stress Induced Gastric Ulcer in Wistar Rats - Saksham Mathur; Cheryl Sarah Philipose; Ganaraja B (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Peptic ulcer is a disease affecting a large number of people, caused due to various reasons including infection with H pylori, consumption of alcohol, NSAIDs and stress. Although not a life-threatening disease, it causes undue distress and discomfort and accounts for increased time off from work thereby leading to manpower and economic losses. In this condition, histamine receptor blockers provide relief. Objectives: Natural remedies for peptic ulcer have not been effectively utilized in clinical set up. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of water extract of Glycyrrhiza Glabra L, commonly known as Liquorice on stressinduced gastric inflammation. Materials and Methods: Liquorice extract was prepared. Male Wistar rats (n=5 in each group) were procured from the central animal house and divided into four groups namely Group 1(control); Group 2 (low dose treatment); Group 3 (high dose treatment) and group 4 (prophylactic). They were housed individually and subjected to restraint stress in PVC pipes for 2 hours daily and their stomach was examined for ulcer in Licorice (oral) fed groups and control. Results: Control group showed the inflammatory changes, ulcer index showed a significant lesion, whereas the animals treated with low dose and high dose showed proportionate decrease in the severity of inflammation as evidenced by the histological features. Fourth group of rats which was treated prophylactically before they were subjected to stress, showed no sign of stress-induced inflammatory changes in the gastric mucosa. Conclusion: The results of this study strongly suggested that the G Glabra extract reduces the inflammation and relieves the ulcers and also it can be used as a prophylactic agent to prevent the peptic ulcer in vulnerable subjects.
Keywords: Glycyrrhiza glabra; Immobilization stress; Peptic ulcer; Prophylactic use

Effect of Beta Glucosidase Inhibitor from Lichen Extract in Microcrystalline Cellulose Preparation from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) - Citra Bonnita Putri; Sutriyo; Herman Suryadi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is an excipient commonly used in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical preparations, especially tablet. MCC has been successfully made from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) through enzymatic hydrolysis process. This study aimed to find the effect of β-glucosidase inhibitor from lichen extract to the yield of MCC, the optimum conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis including pH and reaction time and characteristics of MCC obtained compared to reference, Avicel PH-101. Method: The study was began with extraction of cellulose enzyme and followed by determination of optimum beta-glucosidase inhibitor concentration. Then, this conditions were used for enzymatic hydrolysis of α-cellulose to MCC, followed by identification and characterization of MCC obtained and compared with Avicel PH- 101. Results: The optimum concentration of inhibitor was 120 ppm. A little higher yield of MCC was obtained when inhibitor extract is used in hydrolysis alfa-cellulose to MCC. The identity of MCC obtained was similar to infrared spectrum of reference. Other characteristics of MCC obtained were powder in the form of a slightly coarse, odorless and tasteless and slightly yellowish than reference. Conclusion: Addition of extract of Beta glucosidase inhibitor did not improve the MCC yield significantly, but identity and characteristics of MCC obtained showed similarities to the microcrystalline cellulose reference (Avicel PH = 101).
Keywords: Enzymatic hydrolysis; Lichen extract; Microcrystalline cellulose; Water hyacinthm; β-glucosidase inhibitor

The Effect of Coriander Ethanol Extract (Coriandrum sativum L.) Against Phagocytosis Activity and Capacity of the Macrophage Cells and the Percentage of Leukocyte Cells in White Male Mice - Dwisari Dillasamola; Yufri Aldi; Marselani Kolobinti (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Coriander has long been used by humans as a traditional drug and to enhances the taste of foods. This study aims to know the effects of coriander ethanol extract against phagocytosis activity and capacity of the macrophage cells and the percentage of leukocytes. The test animals used were white male mice which divided into 4 groups and each group consists of 5 mice. The first group (control) was given with 0.5% Na CMC suspension. The second, the third, and the fourth groups were given with coriander extract each with doses of 100 mg/kg, 140 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg orally for 7 days long. On the 8th day, the mice were induced by Staphylococcus aureus to help their immune system. The results showed that the administration of coriander extract at doses of 100, 140 and 200 mg/kg can increase the phagocytic activity of macrophages by 44.6%; 54.2%; and 60.2% each, while the phagocytic capacity replaces the results of 95.8; 104.4; and 126 cells. The total number of leukocytes showed were 5210, 6190, and 7310 /μL blood. In the number of leukocyte cells, the amount of coriander extract can reduce the number of neutrophil and monocyte cell segments. The conclusion of this study regarding coriander ethanol extract at doses of 100, 140 and 200 mg/kg can increase phagocytosis activity and capacity of the macrophage cells and the total leukocyte cell counts in male white mice.
Keywords: Activity; Coriandrum sativum; Leukocytes; Macrophages; Phagocytosis capacity

Effect of Diallyl Disulphide (DADS) on Gluconeogenesis: A Study in Isolated Alloxan Induced Diabetic Liver - Prashanth kumar Goudappala; Ethirajan Sukumar; C V Yogaraje-Gowda; Kashinath RT (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Coordinated regulation between cellular glucose uptake and endogenous glucose production is indispensable for maintenance of constant blood glucose concentrations. Liver contributes significantly by altering levels of hepatic glucose release, through controlling gluconeogenesis. Objective: To assess effect of Diallyldisulphide on hepatic gluconeogenesis by assessing gluconeogenic substrates and activity of regulatory enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase and to compare the Diallyldisulphide effect on gluconeogenesis with Metformin. Methodology: Wistar albino rats were categorized into four groups; group Inormal control. Group II, III and IV rats were administered single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate 150 mg/kg body weight. Rats were maintained on rat diet and water adlibitum for 30 days. On 31st day rats were sacrificed and procured liver tissues. Each liver tissue cut into small slices and group-III and group-IV liver tissues were separately incubated with Diallyldisulphide 4 mg/g liver tissues and Metformin 4 mg/g liver tissues for 60 minutes at 37oC. The total amino acids and total keto acids levels were estimated after exposure. And post exposure effect on activity of glucose -6-phoshatase and transaminases were also estimated. Results: Alloxan induced diabetes resulted significant raise in total amino acids, total ketoacids, glucose -6-phosphatase and transaminases activities. Whereas incubation of liver tissues with diallyldisulphide significantly reduced total amino acids, total ketoacids, glucose-6-phosphatase, transaminases activities and ratio of total amino acids and ketoacids as compared to diabetic control rat liver tissues. Conclusion: Study suggested that diallyldisulphide suppressed gluconeogenesis as liver glucose-6-phosphatase activity is significantly decreased and precursors for gluconeogenesis were significantly reduced. Suggesting Diallyldisulphide has role in gluconeogenesis and can hold potentials for glucose homeostasis.
Keywords: Alloxan; Diabetes mellitus; Diallyldisulphide; Gluconeogenesis; Glucose-6-phosphatase; Total amino acid; Total keto acid

Effect of Fibroblast Growth Factor Combination with Ethanol Extract of Morinda citrifolia L. on Blood Glucose Levels - Dharma S; Rahmawati Y; Nessa; Dillasamolla S (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
A research has been conducted on the effect of giving Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) with Morinda citrifolia L. ethanol extract. This study aims to determine whether the administration of a combination of FGF with ethanol extract of noni fruit can reduce blood glucose levels in diabetes mice induced by alloxan. FGF requires amino acids in regenerating pancreatic β cells, where the amino acids expected from noni fruit can provide a signal response in regenerating pancreatic β cells. In addition, the active substances contained in noni fruit namely xeronine and flavonoid alkaloids can function to reduce blood glucose levels. Test animals were divided into 6 groups, each group consisted of 10 male white mice. Group 1 is a normal control group is a group without any given. Group 2 was a negative control group given 150 mg/kg alloxan. Group 3, 4, and 5 are the treatment groups that are given alloxan and the combination of noni fruit ethanol extract with 3 variations of dose (125; 350; and 1000) mg / KgBW plus FGF dose of 800 mg / kgBW, group 6 is the comparison which is only given FGF alone at a dose of 800 mg / kgBW. The study was conducted for 21 days, observed every 7th, 14th, 21st day using the Easy Touch® GCU digital device. The results of this study showed that administration of noni fruit ethanol extract with FGF was able to reduce blood glucose levels by significance (p <0.05) and based on the percentage calculation of blood glucose levels as much as 44.9% at a dose of 1000 mg / kgBW on the day observations 21st.
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; FGF; Morinda citrifolia

Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Some Pharmacological Properties and Microbial Activities of Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon Linn.) Seeds - Rezi Riadhi Syahdi; Aditya Sindu Sakti; Agung Kristiyanto; Riky Redmawati; Abdul Mun’im (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Ionizing radiation, such as gamma irradiation, serves as a useful approach to inhibit spore germination and to control pathogens in postharvest seeds. Recently, its application on phytochemical sources and its influence on antioxidant activity of various phytochemical compounds has become an interesting topic to be explored. Objective: The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of gamma irradiation as sterilization method on the resveratrol content and its antioxidant, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitory activities of Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) seeds. Methods: In this research, melinjo seeds were irradiated by 0.0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5; and 10.0 kGy with gamma irradiation and then extracted with ethanol. The extracts were tested for resveratrol content with HPLC, antioxidant activities by DPPH assay, HMG-CoA inhibitory activity using HMG-CoA reductase assay kit and DPP-4 inhibitory activity using DPP-4 Inhibitor Screening Assay Kit. Gamma irradiation has effect on resveratrol content, antioxidant activity, HMG-CoA reductase inhibition and DPP-4 inhibitory activity. Results: From the research, the highest value of resveratrol content is 0.18±0.004 mg/g seeds powder found in 5.0 kGy gamma irradiation treatment with IC50 94.64±0.236 μg/mL, while the highest HMG-CoA reductase inhibition is shown in 2.5 kGy irradiation dose. Melinjo seeds irradiated by 2.5 kGy gamma irradiation also shown a significant increase of DPP-4 inhibition activity. Conclusion: This study suggests that 2.5-5 kGy radiation is the effective gamma irradiation dose to improve the quality of melinjo seeds.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Dipeptidyl peptidase-4; Gamma irradiation; Gnetum gnemon; HMG-CoA reductase; Resveratrol

Effect of Maturation on Phenolics and Flavonoids Content of Greenhouse-Grown Beet Leaf - Phunchok Angmo; Sonam Chorol; Desyong Namgail; OP Chaurasia; Tsering Stobdan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: This study aims to determine how maturation stages of greenhouse-grown beet leaf influence the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Methods: Beet leaf was grown under two different passive solar greenhouses in trans-Himalayan Ladakh. Leaves harvested at three maturity stages were evaluated for TPC and TFC. Results: Significant difference in TPC and TFC was observed between the three maturity stages. Midmature leaves had the highest TPC and TFC followed by mature and immature leaves. When TPC and TFC for all maturity stages were averaged, a marked difference in TPC and TFC was observed in beet leaf grown under the two passive solar greenhouses. Higher TPC and TFC were observed in the greenhouse with higher photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and UV-transmittance. Conclusion: Beet leaf should be harvested at the midmaturity stage for consumer to benefit from elevated levels of phenolics and flavonoids.
Keywords: Antioxidants; Greenhouse; Ladakh; Maturity; Vegetable

The Effect of Noni Fruit Extract (Morinda citrifolia L.) in Gingivitis Patient - Yufri Aldi; Hasanatul Khairiyah; Nila Kasuma; Afriwardi; Agus Sri Banowo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Antiseptic mouthwash (chlorhexidine and povidone iodine) is usually used to decrease the number of colonies of pathogenic bacteria. But, somehow it gives side effect if it used for a long time. So, it should take another alternative as a raw material to make a mouthwash with minimal side effects, economical and efficacious. Aim: The aim of this research was to examine the effect of noni fruit extract (Morinda citrifolia L.) that given as mouthwash on 15 gingivitis patients. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted for 7 days in a row and gingival index of each patient was measured before and after the treatment. The patients were divided into 3 group and given 3 different treatments. Group I used mouthwash noni fruit extract 5%; Group II used chlorhexidine 0.1%; and Group III used a mixture of extracts of noni: chlorhexidine (2.5% : 0.05%). The mouthwash was used in the morning and at the night before going to sleep as much as 15 ml and gargling it for 30 sec. Results: The results showed the gingival index was declined in every group treatment (mouthwash noni fruit extract 5%, chlorhexidine 0.1% and a mixture of extracts of noni: chlorhexidine (2.5% : 0.05%). The differences between each group were not significant (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Despite it give the same effect, the extract of noni fruit should be used as an alternative to mouthwash because it gives the same effect as much as chlorhexidine and it also economical, efficacious and minimal side effects.
Keywords: Chlorhexidine; Gingival index; Morinda citrifolia L.; Mouthwash; Noni fruit extract

Effect of Ocimum sanctum Leaf Extract on Entero-Insular Axis by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Albino Rats - Inbaraj SD; Muniappan M (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
This research study evaluates the effect of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract on the entero-insular axis and the hyperglycemia due to oral glucose tolerance test in albino rats. Methanolic leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum was prepared by Sami labs, Bangalore and used for the study. After obtaining Institutional Animal ethical committee clearance male albino rats (155–215 g) were divided into 4 groups. 6 albino rats were randomly assigned to Control (Normal saline) group, Standard (Vildagliptin 50 mg/kg) group, Ocimum sanctum leaf extract (100 mg/kg) and (200 mg/kg) groups. After overnight fasting the baseline biochemical evaluation in the fasting state blood glucose, Insulin level, Glucagon level, GLP-1 (Glucagon like peptide-1), GIP (Glucose dependent Insulinotropic peptide) level were measured for all the above groups. Control, Vildagliptin (STD) and the extracts were orally administered by using rat oral feeding tube. 30 minutes later oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done. Blood samples were evaluated for blood sugar, Insulin, Glucagon, GLP-1 and GIP at 0, 15 and 45 minutes after oral glucose load. Ocimum sanctum (200 mg/kg) showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) reduction in blood glucose at 45 minutes when compared to control. Ocimum sanctum (100 mg/kg & 200 mg/kg) showed significant (p ≤ 0.001) increase in GIP levels at 45 minutes of OGTT. Ocimum sanctum leaf extract showed significant antihyperglycemic and incretin enhancing effects. Further indepth animal and clinical studies are necessary to demonstrate the therapeutic potential of this extract for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Keywords: Antihyperglycemic; Entero-Insular axis; Glucagon; Insulin; Ocimum sanctum

Effect of Perillyl Alcohol (POH) A Monoterpene on Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Status in High Fat Diet-Low Dose STZ Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Experimental Rats - Towseef Hassan; Elanchezhiyan C; Insha Naseer; S Marimuthu (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Aim: The plan of this study was to assess the protective activity of Perillyl alcohol (POH) on the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) by-products and antioxidant defense systems in the plasma and other tissues of normal and High Fat Diet-Low Dose Streptozotocin (STZ) induced type 2 diabetes in wistar rats. Materials and Methods: The experimental diabetes was induced in animals by High Fat Diet-Low Dose STZ (35 mg/kg i.p.) injection, and treatment with Perillyl alcohol at the dose of (50mg/kg b.w and 100mg/kg b.w) was continued for 30 days. At the end of treatment period, oxidative stress parameters like lipid peroxidation by-products; enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and non-enzymic antioxidants including reduced glutathione, Vitamin C and Vitamin E were measured in the plasma and tissues of experimental rats. Results: In untreated diabetic rats an increase was seen in the levels of lipid peroxidation by-products and significant decrease was seen in antioxidant enzymes. Oral administration of Perillyl alcohol a monocyclic monoterpene to diabetic rats for 30 days caused a significant reduction in the levels of lipid peroxidation by-products and an increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, when the same were compared with the untreated diabetic group. Conclusion: The result of this study indicates that Perillyl alcohol has anti lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status potential in experimental diabetes.
Keywords: Antioxidants; High Fat Diet; Lipid peroxidation; Perillyl alcohol; Streptozotocin

Effect of Porana paniculata Whole Plant on Blood Glucose Levels and Lipid Profile of STZ Induced Diabetic Rats - Sanjeeva Kumar A; Raveendra Reddy Juturu; Rama Mohan Gupta Vankadari (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: To establish the antidiabetic potential of Porana paniculata whole plant belongs to Convolvulaceae family. Methods: Extraction and preliminary phytochemical screening were conducted by standard methods. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated by streptozotocin induced diabetic rats where the hydroalcoholic extract of plant was administered orally at a dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg for 30 days. Blood glucose levels were estimated at 1st, 10th, 20th and 30th day of study. Lipid profile was studied 30<s>th</s> day of study and body weight of the animals was measured at day 1 and 30. Results: Plant extract significantly (p<0.01) reduced the blood glucose levels at both the tested dose levels of 250 and 500 mg/kg. The lipid profile was estimated in which the plant extract showed significant improved in both tested dose level that is 250 and 500 mg/kg. The body weight of the animals under study was also estimated on day 1 and 30 in which a good control was observed by the plant extract. Conclusion: Antidiabetic activity of Porana paniculata whole plant extract may be due to the presence of various phytoconstituents. Present study gives a scientific evidence for the folklore claim of the plant under study for its use in diabetes.
Keywords: Diabetes; Folklore; lipid profile; Porana paniculata; Streptozotocin

Effect of Porana paniculata Whole Plant on Blood Glucose Levels and Lipid Profile of STZ Induced Diabetic Rats (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html -->Background: To establish the antidiabetic potential of Porana paniculata whole plant belongs to Convolvulaceae family. Methods: Extraction and preliminary phytochemical screening were conducted by standard methods. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated by streptozotocin induced diabetic rats where the hydroalcoholic extract of plant was administered orally at a dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg for 30 days. Blood glucose levels were estimated at 1st, 10th, 20th and 30th day of study. Lipid profile was studied 30th day of study and body weight of the animals was measured at day 1 and 30. Results: Plant extract significantly (p<0.01) reduced the blood glucose levels at both the tested dose levels of 250 and 500 mg/kg. The lipid profile was estimated in which the plant extract showed significant improved in both tested dose level that is 250 and 500 mg/kg. The body weight of the animals under study was also estimated on day 1 and 30 in which a good control was observed by the plant extract. Conclusion: Antidiabetic activity of Porana paniculata whole plant extract may be due to the presence of various phytoconstituents. Present study gives a scientific evidence for the folklore claim of the plant under study for its use in diabetes.
Keywords: Diabetes; Folklore; lipid profile; Porana paniculata; Streptozotocin

Effect of Sacha Inchi Oil (Plukenetia volubilis L.) on Genotoxicity in Mice (Mus musculus) and Subchronic Toxicity in Goldfish (Carassius auratus) - Oscar Herrera-Calderon; Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo; Roberto Chávez-Asmat; Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas; Edwin Enciso-Roca; Victor Chumpitaz Cerrate; César Franco-Quino; Luz Chacaltana-Ramos; Ricardo Ángel Yuli-Posadas (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Plukenetia volubilis is known as Sacha Inchi (SI) is originary from the peruvian amazone and it has been cultivated and consumed since the pre and Inca's time. Objective: Sacha inchi oil was assessed for genotoxicity in Balb C albino mice and subchronic toxicity in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Material and Methods: The genotoxicity was assessed in Mus musculus Balb C (n = 25) separated into five groups randomly selected of twenty-five each one. Groups were 10 mL / kg normal saline (NS), 40 mg / kg cyclophosphamide group (CP) and the three other groups received cyclophosphamide and sacha inchi oil of concentrations 10, 100 and 1000 mg / kg respectively. The substances were administered three times during 24 hours. The genotoxicity in mice was evaluated determining micronucleus levels in blood and bone marrow. The subchronic toxicity was assessed in goldfish (Carassius auratus) (n = 48) separated into four groups randomly selected of six each: normal saline group (control) and three groups that received doses of 10, 100 and 1000 μg sacha inchi oil per litre of water respectively for 45 days. Results: The values of weight, length, growth rate, condition factor (K) and number of survivors were recorded. CP group showed higher micronuclei levels in blood and bone marrow compared with sacha inchi oil 10, 100 and 1000 mg / kg groups (ANOVA Test p <0.01 Scheffe´s Post Hoc p <0.05, p <0.01 and p <0.001 respectively). The subchronic toxicity assessment in goldfish showed isometric growth, a decline in "K" and a similar specific percentage growth rate per day in all groups (ANOVA test p> 0.05). Conclusion: Sacha inchi oil was not toxic under experimental conditions.
Keywords: Genotoxicity; Plukenetia Volubilis; Sacha Inchi Oil; Subchronic Toxicity

Effect of Tender Coconut Water to Prevent Anemia on Wistar Rats Induced by Lead (Plumbum) - Siti Thomas Zulaikhah; Joko Wahyuwibowo; Aziz Rakha D; Dede Rizky P; Ahmad Fauzi N (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Tender coconut water (TCW) is a nutritious healthy drink, some content as L-arginin, iron, vitamin C, vitamin B6, folic acid and fatty acid have roles during the process of blood formation (hematopoesis). Lead (Pb) is one of heavy metal which can trigger the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), causing oxidative stress and hematopoetic stem cell disorders which cause the decrease of hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocyte levels as the sign of anemia. Aim and Objectives: This research to investigate the effect of tender coconut water to prevent anemia on lead induced rats. Material and Methods: Experimental research by post test only control group design, using 18 white wistar strain male rats randomly divided into 3 groups. Group K1 served as control, Group K2 was fed lead (10 mg/day/rat), Group K3 was given tender coconut water (8 mL/200gr BW rats/ day) orally for four weeks. Rats’ blood from ophtalmicus venous was analyzed using Hematology Analyzer to measure the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte levels. Data were analyzed using Anova test and Kruskal Wallis. Results:That decreased levels of hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocyte were show in group K2 compared with group K1. Increased levels of hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocyte were observed significantly in both groups K3 than K2. Conclusion: Results of the present study have administration of tender coconut water (8 mL/200gr BW rats/ day for 4 weeks) could increased of hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocyte levels (p <0.05). The administration of tender coconut water has proven to prevent the anemia indicated by the increase of hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocyte levels on wistar strain male rats induced by lead.
Keywords: Anemia; Lead (Pb); Tender coconut water

Effect of Trigonella Foenum Graecum Seed Extract on Entero- Insular Axis by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Albino Rats - SD Inbaraj; M Muniappan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
The research study evaluates the effect of Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract on the entero-insular axis and the hyperglycemia due to oral glucose tolerance test in albino rats. Methanolic seed extract of Trigonella foenum graecum was prepared by Sami labs, Bangalore and used for the study. Institutional Animal ethical committee clearance obtained. Male albino rats (155–215 g) were divided into 4 groups each having 6 albino rats were randomly assigned Control (Normal saline) group, Standard (Vildagliptin 50 mg/kg group), Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract (100 mg/kg) and (200 mg/kg) groups. After overnight fasting the baseline biochemical evaluation in the fasting state blood glucose, Insulin level, Glucagon level, GLP- 1 (Glucagon like peptide-1), GIP (Glucose dependent Insulinotropic peptide) level were measured at -30 minutes for all the above groups. Control, Vildagliptin (STD) and the extracts were orally administered by using rat oral feeding tube. 30 minutes later oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done. Blood samples were evaluated for blood sugar, Insulin, Glucagon, GLP- 1and GIP at -30, 0, 15 and 45 minutes after oral glucose load. Trigonella foenum graecum (2 gm/kg) showed significant reduction in blood glucose (p= <0.001) at 45 minutes when compared to control. Trigonella foenum graecum (1 gm/kg and 2 gm/kg) showed significant (p=<0.001) increase in GIP levels at 45 minutes of OGTT and (1 gm/kg) showed reduction in glucagon levels (p=< 0.001) at 15 minutes and at 45 minutes (p=<0.05). Trigonella foenum graecum extracts showed significant antihyperglycemic and incretin enhancing effects through entero-insular axis. Further in-depth animal and clinical studies are necessary to bring out the therapeutic potential of this seed extract for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Keywords: Antihyperglycemic; Entero-Insular axis; GIP; GLP-1; Glucagon; Insulin; Trigonella foenum graecum

The Effect of Ultraviolet-B Radiation Exposure on Hibiscus cannabinus Linn with its Phytochemical and Pharmacological Responses - T Sundarrajan; V Velmurugan; MK Kathiravan; K Manikandan; KS Lakshmi; MR Ganesh (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Aim: Exposure of UV-B Radiation on Hibiscus cannabinus Linn and to evaluate both Phytochemical and Pharmacological responses. Objective: UV-B can increase the nutrients contents from plants, plants become tastier and increases the yield and UV-will make plants resistant to fungal infections and stimulate the production of phytomarkers. Material and Methods: Hibiscus cannabinus Linn seeds were soaked with 50% H2O2 for 12 hours and then inoculated with the Azospirillum. UV-B radiation cabinet was provided by UV lamps which are above 15 cm from control maintained. Normal daylight exposed control group Seedlings irradiated for 2 hour per day (12.30 pm to 2.30 pm) for 20 days. Results and Discussion: 20 days treatment increases total phenolic contents and sugars content were decreased in uncovered leaf tissue. Protein content was at first diminished but expanded on the 20 day of UV-B treatment. Also, perform pharmacological studies no toxic elements are observed 20 days treatment and pharmacological activity by using anticancer activity by using human colon HT-29 cancer cell line. UV light exposed plants shows good anticancer activity when compared with non UV exposed Plant.
Keywords: Cancer cells line HT-29; Hibiscus cannabinus Linn; Total Phenolic Contents; UV-B radiation

Effectiveness of Methanol Solvent Extraction for Red Macroalgae Acanthophora spicifera Antitumoric Activity - Eka Sunarwidhi Prasedya; Ni Wayan Riyani Martyasari; Candra Dwipayana Hamdin; Masao Miyake; Daisuke Kobayashi; Sri Widyastuti; Akihiro Hazama; Haji Sunarpi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Red macroalgae Acanthophora spicifera is commonly found in most parts of Indonesia coastal areas. However, information regarding their potential pharmaceutical uses remains largely unexplored. This study evaluates the antiproliferative activity of Acanthophora spicifera collected from Indonesian extracted with different solvents of ethanol and methanol. Methods: Cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activity of A. spicifera crude ethanol extract (AS-EtOH) and A. spicifera crude methanol extract (AM-MetOH) were evaluated with Lactate dehidrogenase (LDH) and Trypan blue exclusion assay in Human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells for 72h. Concentration of extracts treated in HeLa cells were 6.25 to 200 μg/mL. Viability staining with fluorescence stain Hoechst33342/PI was conducted to investigate apoptotic activity. Potential apoptotic activity of treatments was confirmed by DNA fragmentation assay. Results: AS-MetOH demonstrated high cytotoxicity in HeLa cells with IC50 of 127.3 ± 33.13 μg/mL. However, AS-EtOH IC50 values could not be determined in this study. Antiproliferative activity was highly significant in AS-MetOH treated cells as cell density was suppressed to 20 x 104 cells/mL compared to AS-EtOH (73 x 104 cells/mL) and untreated cells (83 x 104 cells/mL). Finally, apoptotic activity could be determined in AS-MetOH treated cells with increase PI fluorescence emitting cells and DNA fragmentation. On the other hand, apoptotic activity was not observable in AS-EtOH treated cells based on fluorescence viability staining and DNA fragmentation assay. Conclusion: Current results show methanol solvent as an effective solvent to promote potential pharmaceutical properties of macroalgae A. spicifera. Further advanced studies in a compound level from A. spicifera methanol fraction would be reasonable for development of macroalgae based anticancer agent.
Keywords: Acanthophora; Antiproliferative; Cytotoxicity; Indonesia; Macroalgae

Effectiveness of Moringa oleifea Extract in Attenuating the Toxic Effect on Platelet Count: An Experiment on Cadmium Exposed Rats - Vinodini NA; Pratik Kumar Chatterjee; Kunal; Suman VB; Rashmi KS; Nayanatara AK; Anupama N; Ramesh M. Bhat; Sheela Joice P (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Aims and Objective: To determine the role of Moringa oleifera on total platelet count alterations (T-PC) in rats treated with cadmium. Materials and Methods: In the present study female adult Wistar Albino rats, (180-200) gm were divided into, Group I-normal control, Group II-pretreated control, group III-cadmium treated , group IV- pre-treated with Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOE) and then administered oral cadmium for a day, with n=6 each Results: Indicate that the pre-treatment with MOE (100 mg/kg/bw) prior to cadmium infusion augmented the level of total platelet count (p≤0.001) as compared to the cadmium-exposed group, which might have a role in clotting mechanisms also. Conclusion: Moringa oleifera extract has a beneficial effect on platelet count in cadmium-induced animal model.
Keywords: Cadmium; Clotting Mechanisms; Moringa oleifera; Platelet Count; Toxicity

Effects of Aqueous and Ethanol Root Extracts of Olax subscopioidea on Inflammatory Parameters in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-Collagen Type II Induced Arthritic Albino Rats - Nkiru Nwamaka Ezeani; Udu Ama Ibiam; Obasi Uche Orji; Ikechuku Okorie Igwenyi; Chinyere Aloke; Esther Alum; Partrick Mmaduabuchi Aja; Okechukwu Paul Chima Ugwu (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Aim/Background: Rural and Urban dwellers in Nigeria claim to treat their arthritis with Olax subscorpioidea root extracts. One of the reasons they chose this treatment is that it is effective and cost less than orthodox drugs with their accompanying side effects. Hence the aim of this study is to investigate the anti-arthritis effects of Olax subscorpioidea Afzel ethanol and aqueous root extracts on chicken type II-Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis rat model. Materials and Method: The anti-arthritic potential of ethanol and aqueous root extracts of Olax subscorpioidea was evaluated using the chicken type II-Complete Freund’s adjuvant model in 135 female wistar albino rats. The rats were treated with aqueous and ethanol root extracts of Olax subscorpioidea at varying doses and standard indomethacine drug. Results: The ethanol and aqueous root extracts of Olax subscorpioidea showed significant anti-arthritic activity that was statistically similar to that of indomethacine. Our results suggest that the alcoholic extract of Olax subscorpioidea showed significant (P<0.05) anti-arthritic potential.
Keywords: Adjuvant; Arthritis; Indomethacine; Plant extracts; Rats

Effects of Beta Glucosidase Inhibitor on Cellulase Enzyme Activity for Preparation of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) - Annisa Shabrina; Herman Suryadi; Sutriyo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was a highly desirable excipient which being used for making tablets with direct compression method in Pharmaceutical manufacture. The purpose of this study was to compare microcrystalline cellulose preparation from water hyacinth powder with and without addition of β-glucosidase inhibitor followed by identification and characterization of the resulting powders. Methods: The study was began with isolation of potential organisms from soils in mangrove followed by extraction of • -glucosidase inhibitor. MCC was prepared through enzymatic hydrolysis of alpha-cellulase with and without addition of beta-glucosidase inhibitor. Identification was done using FTIR, then characterized by organoleptic examination, qualitative analysis, starch test, pH test, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of particle size and distribution, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), moisture content, loss on drying test, particle density test, flow rate test and angle of repose test compared to microcrystalline cellulose which had been available on the market. Results: The hydrolysis conditions were carried out at 30°C, for 2 h and the powder was dissolved in acetate buffer pH 7 by addition of enzyme and 2.5 ml inhibitor. MCC yield with addition of beta-glucosidase inhibitor (80%) was higher than without addition of beta-glucosidase (68%). Conclusion: Addition of beta glucosidase inhibitor showed positive impact to increase MCC yield from alpha cellulose sample.
Keywords: Charaterization; Enzyme hydrolyisis; Microcrystalline cellulose; Water hyacinth; β-glucosidase inhibitor

Effects of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) Alcoholic Root Extract Against Oral Pathogens - Irani Binti Alloha; Nurul ‘Ain Liyana Binti Aziz; Ghasak Ghazi Faisal; Zurainie Abllah; Mohd Hafiz Arzmi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Eurycoma longifolia jack (E.L) is a herbal medicinal plant of South-East Asian origin, popularly recognized as ‘Tongkat Ali.’ The plant roots have been scientifically proven to have many biological effects including antibacterial activity however, no previous research to date has studied the effect on oral pathogens including cariogenic bacteria. This study was done to determine the antibacterial and antifungal activities of E.L. root extract against three common oral pathogens. Material and Methods: The microorganisms used were Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei. E.L root was extracted using soxhlet method. Disc diffusion assay was conducted using extract concentration of 200 mg/ml. Nystatin and Ampicillin were used as positive control for fungal and bacterial tests respectively. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was done to determine the lowest inhibitory concentration of the extract on the microorganisms. Results: E.L extract inhibited the growth of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans at a concentration of 200 mg/ ml with a zone of inhibition of 16.0 ± 3.0 mm and 7.0 ± 1.0 mm respectively. There was no antimicrobial effect of the extract on Lactobacillus casei. The MIC of E.L extract against both Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans was 25 mg/ml. Conclusions: The results from this study revealed the potential use of Eurycoma longifolia jack as an antimicrobial agent which can be used to produce new oral care products.
Keywords: Antifungal; Candida albicans; Eurycoma longifolia Jack; Lactobacillus casei.; Root extract; Streptococcus mutans

Effects of the Ethanolic Extracts of Guava Leaves, Licorice Roots and Cloves on the Cariogenic Properties of Streptococcus mutans - Nalita Phaiboon; Pawitra Pulbutr; Bunleu Sungthong; Sakulrat Rattanakiat (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Streptococcus mutans is a major causative pathogen of dental caries. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the ethanolic extracts of Psidium guajava, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Syzygium aromaticum against cariogenic properties of Streptococcus mutans. These medicinal plants have been used traditionally as the ingredients in the herbal mouthwash for the management of dental caries. Methods: The 95% ethanolic extracts of these medicinal plants were prepared and their phytochemical contents were analyzed by using thin layer chromatography-densitometry. Antibacterial activities of the extracts against S. mutans were evaluated according to broth dilution method. The effects of the extracts against cariogenic properties of S. mutans, which are surface adherence, biofilm formation and acid production, were also investigated. Results: The biological active constituents, quercetin, glycyrrhizic acid and eugenol, were found in P. guajava, G. glabra and S. aromaticum, respectively. The three extracts possessed anti-bacterial activity against S. mutans with the MICs of 1.562, 0.195 and 1.562 mg/mL, respectively. The extracts at every concentration tested (at lower than their MICs) significantly inhibited cariogenic properties of S. mutans, which included inhibitions against surface adherence, biofilm formation and acid production. Conclusion: The ethanolic extracts of guava leaves, licorice roots and cloves produced anti-bacterial and anti-cariogenic activities against S. mutans. These plant extracts thus can potentially be developed as a product for the prevention of dental caries in the near future.
Keywords: Cariogenic properties; Glycyrrhiza glabra; Psidium guajava; Streptococcus mutans; Syzygium aromaticum

Effects of Withania somnifera Nicotine Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Mice - Nitin Govindrao Dumore; Milind Janrao Umekar; Brijesh Gulabrao Taksande; Manish Manohar Aglawe; Nandkishor Ramdasji Kotagale (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Herbal medicines can be novel treatment strategies for management of nicotine addiction. Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) is an Indian medicinal plant of great medicinal value; used in many clinically proven conditions. Objective: In present study we aimed at investigating the effect of withania somnifera extract (WSE) on preventing nicotine mediated effects attributed for the development of addiction. Material and Methods: Mice were treated with nicotine and/or WSE and subjected to nicotine induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in male albino mice was checked. Results: Application of two-way ANOVA showed that with preconditioning and post-conditioning values as a within-subjects (column) factor and treatment as an independent between subject (row) factor. Two-way ANOVA revealed significant effect of treatment [F(3,40)=4.119, p<0.05], time [F(1,40)=23.76, p<0.001] and interactiontreatment x time [F(3,40)=5.244, p<0.01] on Intra-peritoneal (ip) administration of nicotine (1 mg/kg). WSE did not produce any changes in the preference to drug-paired compartment. Factors like treatment [F(3,40) = 0.656, p>0.05], time [F(1,40) = 7.383, p<0.01] and interactiontreatment x time [F(3,40) = 0.5748, p>0.05] showed insignificant effects. Withania somnifera (50,100,200 mg/kg ip) coadministered with nicotine during the 6 days conditioning sessions completely abolished the acquisition of nicotine-induced CPP in mice. Conclusion: Above data indicate that withania somnifera attenuate nicotine induced CPP. Hence it has potential as an anti-addictive therapy.
Keywords: Condition place preference; Nicotine; Withania somnifera

ELISA Test on Cordia myxa L. Leaf Extract for alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor - Ahmad Najib; Aktsar Roskiana Ahmad; Virsa Handayani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Aimed: Determine the potential of Cordia myxa L. leaf on inhibited α-glucosidase. Material: ELISA Kit, Ethanol 96%, Colomn Chromatography, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, Glocobay®.  Method: Sample from Cordia myxa L. leaf extracted by ethanol 96% then evaporated to get the sticky extract. The sticky extract of Cordia myxa L. leaf fractionated by column chromatography with n-hexane, n-hexane: ethyl acetate (90:10; 80:20; 75:25; 70:30; 65:35; 60:40; 55:45; 50:50) Assay: The fractions assayed by ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) with acarbose (Glucobay ®) as the comparator. Result: The results showed that the n-hexane fraction is the highest potency on inhibited α-glucosidase with the noncompetitive mechanism. The IC50 of n-hexane fraction is 0.53 ppm been while the acarbose is 6.85 ppm. Conclusion: The n-hexane fraction of Cordia myxa L. leaf has the highest potency to use for possible decrease blood glucose level.
Keywords: Acarbose; Cordia myxa L.; ELISA; IC50; α-glucosidase

Establishment of a 3D-structure Database for Chemical Compounds in Indonesian Sponges - Retno Prihatiningtyas; Rezi Riadhi Syahdi; Masteria Yunovilsa Putra; Arry Yanuar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: Nowadays, There hasn’t any three-dimensional (3D) chemical structure database yet for biologically active compound in sponges from Indonesian origin. Therefore, this study aimed to create in silico a 3D-structure database of such compound and to evaluate the preferred software for this purpose. Methods: 2D- structure of selected compounds was established using MarvinSketch software. Conversion from 2D- into 3D-structures was evaluated by comparing MarvinSketch, OpenBabel and VegaZZ software packages. Visualization of the respective 3D-structures was perfomed by using PyMOL software. From 68 scientific articles, 212 chemical compounds were selected from 53 Indonesian sponge species. Results: The conversion of 2D-structures of the selected 212 chemical compound into 3D-structures lead to 7118 files, respectively consisting of 2508 files from the MarvinSketch, 1672 files from the OpenBabel and 1051 files from the VegaZZ software. The results based on the extention files were 1043 SDF, 1258 MOL and 2930 PDB format files of the three-dimensional structure. The valid and correct three-dimensional structure of chemical compound were 914 .sdf format files, 916 format .mol files and 72 .pdb format files. From the three-dimensional structures visualization, the database prefers established by using MarvinSketch with SDF or MOL format files since the results is consistent to literature and contain less number of errors.
Keywords: 2D-and 3D-chemical structures; 3D-database of chemical structures; Evaluation of software packages; Indonesian sponges

Estimation of Phytochemical, Vitamins Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Pelargonium inquinans Leaves - Ogochukwu Izuegbuna; Gloria Otunola; Graeme Bradley (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html -->Aims: To estimate the phytochemical and vitamins composition and the antioxidant activity of Pelargonium inquinans leaves. Background: Some plants that are used in the traditional setting for the management of different ailments have documented observations and scientific studies. However many other plants lack scientific reports to support their medicinal use. One of such plant is Pelargonium inquinans Ait that is traditionally used to treat headaches and flu by tribes in South Africa. Not much is known about its chemical composition. Methods: The phytochemical composition of acetone, aqueous and ethanol extract of leaves of Pelargonium inquinans as well as the vitamins A, C and E of its dried weight leaves and the antioxidant activities were evaluated using standard in vitro methods. The phytochemical composition and vitamins were determined spectrophotometrically, while the antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and phosphomolybdenum (total) antioxidant activity. Statistical analysis: The One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test were used to determine the differences among the means of the various samples. Results: The phytochemical composition differ significantly in the various extracts. The total phenolics were higher than other phytochemicals in all the extracts used. The hydrogen peroxide and DPPH scavenging activity were very high and dose-dependent. The aqueous extract had the highest antioxidant activity at 98.4 % of control (hydrogen peroxide), while the ethanol extract had the lowest at 37.5% control (nitric oxide). Conclusion: The results supports the notion that the Geraniaceae family and Pelargonium inquinans in particular is rich in polyphenolic compounds and has good antioxidant activity.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Cancers; Pelargonium inquinans; Phenols; Phytochemical; Vitamins

Ethanol Extract of Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr. Flowers Produces Sleep Improvement in Rat Model - Kusnandar Anggadiredja; I Ketut Adnyana; Dewi Safitri; Siti Farah Rahmawati; Tomi Hendrayana (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Sleep disorder may have detrimental consequences on health and one of the treatments is the use of hypnotics. Unfortunately, hypnotics treatment may also be accompanied by side effects and lead to dependence. The present study aimed to investigate the sleep improving effects of ethanol extract of Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr. flowers in rat model. Methods: Rats were assigned into group receiving the extract (at 0.9 or 1.8 g/kg), the reference drug crocetin (at 0.9 mg/kg) or vehicle, once a day orally for 15 days. Results: Tested on day 1 and 14 of treatment, the rats receiving 1.8 g/kg of the extract showed improvements in sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, wake episodes, and sleep cycle, which were significantly different from crocetin. Furthermore, tested on day 2 and 15 of treatment, the rats treated with 1.8 g/kg extract demonstrated superior sedative rating scale compared to crocetin. Conclusions: Results of the present study indicates the potential of Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr. flower extract to be used as an adjunct treatment for sleep disorder.
Keywords: Flowers; Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr.; Improvement; Rats; Sleep

Ethnobotanical Study of Qur`an Plants - Nurul Qamariah (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: In Islam, ethical teachings of biomedical ethics are linked with a Holy Qur`an and Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Al-Quran is one of the best reference books describing the importance of plants for medical benefits. There are 28 chapters (Surah) which mention specific name of plants in Al-Qur`an. This paper aims to compile the up-to-date information about some medicinal plants that mentioned in Al-Qur`an. Methods: Comprehensive and detailed information about plants has been collected from Ayat and Surah in the Qur'an which states the specific name of the plant. Plant identities are arranged in a systematic sequence of confirmed botanical names from literature such as books, journal articles, and online databases, followed by Indonesian names, English names, families, references from the Qur'an, parts used, chemical content, And medicinal properties. The pharmacological claims of plants mentioned in the Qur'an, enriched by the search for scientific evidence available in journals and books. Results: Based on the collected data, there are 27 plant species mentioned in Al-Qur`an. In this paper, plants species were arranged in a systematic order of identity of the plant, followed by Indonesian name, English name, Family, references cited from Holy Quran, Part used, Chemical constituents, and efficacy of herbal medicine that has been used both empirically and scientifically. Conclusion: In this paper, attempts have been made to compile up-to-date knowledge of 27 species medicinal plants mentioned in the Qur'an, which can be used as a quick reference guide for further studies in ethnobotany.
Keywords: Ethnobotanical study; Medicinal plants; Qur`an plants

Ethnobotanical Survey of the Medicinal Plants used in the Southern Mediterranean. Case Study: The Region of Bissa (Northeastern Dahra Mountains, Algeria) - Fatima Senouci; Adda Ababou; Mohammed Chouieb (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: The present study falls within the framework of valorization of medical plants and traditional knowledge’s in the Northeastern part of Dahra Mountain, Algeria. Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted between 2016 and 2018 in order to study the traditional and therapeutic use of medical plants amongst the local population. Data collected was analyzed using quantitative indices such as the Fidelity Level (FL) and Informant Consensus Factor (FIC). Results: The results revealed 70 medicinal species belonging to 38 botanical families, among which, five families were the most commonly used by the local population, especially the families Lamiaceae and Asteraceae. In term of species, the highest frequencies of medicinal use were shown respectively by Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. (6.49%), Pistacia lentiscus L. (6.11%), Myrtus communis L. (5.34%) and Thymus vulgaris L. (4.96%). Among the various parts of the plant, leaves were the most used part and decoction was the most frequent form of use. Finally, the gastro-intestinal system disorders were the most treated diseases with a percentage of 28.24%. Conclusion: This first ethnobotanical study conducted in the region of Bissa revealed a very rich local knowledge in term of traditional herbal medicine; this fact was reflected by the high diversity of species used in the treatment of several diseases. In light of this, it is therefore very important to subject some of the major species to further phytochemical and pharmacological studies in order to validate their traditional use and to probably discover new bioactive molecules.
Keywords: Algeria; Ethnobotany; Indigenous population; Medicinal plants; Traditional medicine

Ethnobotanicals used for the Treatment of Skin Diseases with Special Emphasis on Carbuncle Disease from Purulia District of West Bengal in India - Ghanashyam Mahato; Bangamoti Hansda; Nilanjana Banerjee (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: From time immemorial ethnic people of Purulia district of West Bengal are well acquainted with different plant resources for the treatment of various skin diseases including 'carbuncle' and others skin diseases. Carbuncle, caused by the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus is of major concern in this part of India, mostly dominated by tribes like Majhi, Munda, Santal, Birhor, Ho and Rajwar etc. Hot climate, overcrowded households, improper sanitation, very poor economic background and frequent burn accidents are of major issues for spreading of these bacterial infections. Objective: Present authors are trying to summarize these ethno-medicinal knowledge of the local, conservative traditional healers by using structured questionnaires given to them and are trying to analyze these information from scientific perspective. Materials and Methods: Plant samples were collected from March 2014 to May 2016, mostly during their flowering stage and a total of 62 people, both male (84%) and female (16%) were interviewed. Informant consensus factor, fidelity level and use value were calculated. Results: Fifty-nine herbal plants belongs to 35 families were recorded for the cure of various skin diseases, among which 10 plants are used individually during medication whereas 9 polyherbal formulations were used in various combinations during treatment. Five species of the families Moraceae and Asteraceae was found to be the most common medicinal plants, among which 44.89% are herbaceous in habit. Leaves (55.55%) are the most common plant part for their use. Conclusion: Therefore, the present paper has been written to document this rapidly vanishing huge knowledge of folklore which should be digitally conserved for futuristic approach on medicinal plants in India.
Keywords: Carbuncle; Ethnobotany; Fidelity level; Informant consensus factor; Purulia; Use value

Evaluation of Anthelmintic Potential of Leaves and Fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa - Rashmi Mallya; Fehmina Malim; Akanksha Naik; Milind Bhitre (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Zanthoxylum rhetsa of family Rutaceae is traditionally employed for treatment of intestinal worms, urinary tract infection, tooth ache, asthma, bronchitis and rheumatism. Thus, the objective of the study was to screen in vitro anthelmintic activity of leaves and fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa on Eisenia fetida and Tubifex tubifex. Material and Methods: Total methanol extract and solvent fractions of methanol extract were prepared by maceration and solvent solvent extraction process respectively. The chromatographic fingerprints of total methanol extracts of leaves and fruits were developed using HPTLC. Results: The leaf and fruit extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins, essential oils and saponins. The extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity as evidenced by decrease in paralysis death time in the treatment groups when compared to standard. Conclusion: The results suggest that fruits and leaves of Z rhetsa have promising anthelmintic activity and further studies are required to identify the phytochemicals responsible for anthelmintic activity.
Keywords: Anthelmintic; Fruit; HPTLC; Leaf; Phytochemicals; Zanthoxylum rhetsa

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Lemongrass Oil Against Oral Clinical Isolates – An In vitro Study - Paavai Ilango; Vasugi Suresh; Ayswarya V Vummidi1; Vanessa Ravel; Veejai Chandran; Arulpari Mahalingam; Vineela Katam Reddy (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: There are 1,200 oral species out of which 400 are potentially important and 20 organisms are periopathic. Periodontal flora plays the important role in initiation and progression of periodontal diseases. There are various conservative and surgical procedures to treat and prevent periodontal diseases. Local drug delivery agents reduce microbial burden, blocks collagenase activity and inhibits bone loss; out of which tetracycline is common in use. Unwanted side effects and resistance of microorganisms towards antibiotics due to their widespread use have modified the general prescription about their efficacy. Various researches elucidate that herbal extracts exhibit wide range of antibacterial activity. In recent years, Lemongrass essential oil gains scientific interest as it targets even the periodontal pathogens. The purpose of this study is to comparatively evaluate the antibacterial activity of lemongrass essential oil with that of tetracycline. Aim and objective: To comparatively evaluate the antibacterial activity of lemongrass essential oil with tetracycline against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Lactobacillus and to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of lemongrass essential oil. Study design: In vitro. Materials and Methods: It is an in vitro study done to demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of lemongrass against the oral microbes. Based on their involvement in various clinical conditions Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Lactobacillus were selected for the study. These organisms were inoculated to a solid media and incubated overnight aerobically at 37°C to obtain a pure culture. The culture was made as a suspension in sterile saline with the turbidity matching 0.5 Macfarland standard. This is used to make a lawn culture on the Mueller Hinton Agar. Antimicrobial effect of tetracycline was tested using standard disc of doxycycline 30 mcg (Himedia, SD012) and sterile disc was used to prepare lemongrass essential oil which contained 10 μl, 15 μl and 20μl. In each category 5 discs were tested to get a mean zone of inhibition. After 24 hours of incubation the zone of inhibition was measure in mm using a scale. The measured zone size was tabulated and compared among the groups. Results: The minimal inhibitory concentration of lemon grass essential oil was estimated to be 10μl. Statistically significant zone of inhibition and antibacterial zone was greater in lemongrass essential oil than tetracycline for Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus epidermis. Conclusion: Lemongrass essential oil showed higher antibacterial activity than tetracycline. Hence, it can be used as a good alternative to tetracycline or adjunctive in the treatment of periodontitis.
Keywords: Antibacterial; Lemongrass essential oil; Minimal inhibitory Concentration; Tetracycline

Evaluation of Anti-diarrheal and Anti-nociceptive Activity of Methanolic Unripe Fruit Peels Extract of Masua ferrea Linn. on Mice Models - Kishor Mazumder; Ziku Chandra Dey; Suparna Dey; Md. Fazlul Kabir; Minhazur Rahman; Sadiur Rahman Sajon (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Though traditionally the plant Masua ferrea has been used by south east Asian people in inflammation and septic conditions, the present study was designed to investigate the anti-diarrheal and anti-nociceptive activities of unripe fruit peel of Mesua ferrea on animal models. Methods: Various methods were employed for investigating these activities such as castor-oil induced diarrhea, castor-oil induced enteropooling and gastrointestinal motility test, acetic acid induced writhing test, tail immersion and hot plate methods. Results: From the experimental data it was found that the diarrheal episode was inhibited by 39.68% and 49.21% for methanol extract at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg respectively. The extract significantly lessened the intestinal volume for methanolic extract at 200 mg/Kg dose 0.54 ± 0.01 ml (p < 0.05) and at 200 mg/Kg dose 0.47 ± 0.02 ml (p < 0.01) compared to control 0.65 ± 0.03 ml in castor-oil induced enteropooling and also decreased intestinal transit 29.07 – 48.54% for methanolic extract comparable with standard (loperamide 5 mg/kg). Mesua ferrea peels significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001) reduced the number of writhing, increased latency to flick tail in tail immersion method and elevated the mean basal reaction time in hot plate method respectively. Besides, no delayed toxicity was observed in given doses. Conclusion: The methanolic extract exhibited highly significant anti-diarrheal and antinociceptive activity in a dose-dependent manner, which supports its use in traditional herbal medicine.
Keywords: Anti-diarrheal; Anti-nociceptive; Castor oil; Intestinal transit; Mesua ferrea; Tail immersion method

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Leaves, Barks, Stems and Fruits of Alphitonia philippinensis (Rhamnaceae) From Brunei Darussalam - Jamiuddin Ahmed; Kamariah Abu Salim; Linda B.L. Lim; Abdalla Mohamed Jama (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Phytochemical screening of Alphitonia philippinensis extracts revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins and steroids in different plant parts. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total flavonol content (TFlC) were measured using spectrophotometric methods where gallic acid and quercetin were the standards. Antioxidant activity of extracts was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2̉-azino-bis(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays using ascorbic acid and trolox were used as standards. Among the four different crude methanol extracts studies, leaves showed highest antioxidant capacity. EC50 values of the leaves extract from DPPH and ABTS method found 32 and 45 μg/mL respectively. The higher antioxidant activity of the leaves extract could be correlated with the presence of higher total phenolic content, total flavonoid, and total flavonol contents. According to antioxidant contents and assay results leaves extract possesses highest antioxidant property following fruits, barks and stems.
Keywords: Antioxidant property; philippinensis; Phytochemical investigation; Total Phenolic Contents

Evaluation of Anti-proliferative Potential and Antioxidant Activity of a Wild Edible Mushroom Macrocybe crassa (Sacc.) Pegler and Lodge - Amrita Pal; Anirban Chouni; Arpan Das; Ribhu Ray; Santanu Paul (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: This study aims to quantify the anti-oxidant activity of the methanolic extract of Macrocybe crassa and its anti-proliferative activity on normal and cancer cells. Methods: The anti-oxidant potential of the extract was determined by several in vitro assay system like DPPH radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion scavenging activity, percentage inhibition of lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity. Anti-proliferative activity was tested by MTT assay on breast cancer cell line MCF7, Human acute T lymphoblastic leukaemic cell MOLT-4 and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells or PBMC isolated from a healthy donor to check its cytotoxic effect on normal cells. Results: Results indicated that the methanolic extract of Macrocybe crassa shows appreciable anti-proliferative activity against breast cancer cell line MCF7 and negligible effect on MOLT4 cells. In contrast no significant anti-proliferative effect has been observed in normal PMMCs. Moderate anti-oxidant activity was recorded in methanolic extract. Conclusion: Methanolic extract of of Macrocybe crassa with moderate anti-oxidant activity and specific anti-proliferative effect on MCF7 holds a great promise can be used for isolation of bio molecules for treating Breast Cancer.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Macrocybe crassa; MCF7; MOLT-4; MTT Assay

Evaluation of Anti-psoriatic Potential of the Fruit Rind of Punica granatum L. - Janani Jacob; Gopalan R; Lakshmanaperumalsamy P; Ramanaiah Illuri; Damaji Bhosle; Gopala Krishna Sangli; Deepak Mundkinajeddu (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is universally known for its therapeutic properties due to its potential bioactive compounds. However, there is no established scientific study on antipsoriatic activity of pomegranate fruit rind. The aim of the study is to evaluate the anti-psoriatic activity of the isolated compounds and the extract from the fruit rind of P. granatum. In our previous study, the isolated compounds were evaluated for antioxidant potential. In continuation to the previous investigation, the present study is taken up to evaluate the extract and compounds for in vitro anti-psoriatic activity. Methods: Chromatographic techniques were employed to isolate the compounds from the aqueous acetone extract and in vitro anti-psoriatic activity was determined by thymidine phosphorylase inhibition assay. Results: From previous phytochemical investigation, three compounds were identified as Punicalagin, 2,3(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-D-glucose and Punicalin. In the present study, the extract and the compounds were evaluated for anti-psoriatic activity. The results reveal that the isolated three compounds showed inhibitory activity of 89% to 95% against thymidine phosphorylase. Aqueous acetone extract also exhibited 87% inhibition. Conclusion: Punica granatum is an ideal plant for further investigation to prove its anti-psoriatic activity.
Keywords: Anti-psoriatic activity; Punica granatum; Thymidine phosphorylase inhibition

Evaluation of Antispasmodic Effect of Arcapillin on Smooth Muscles of Rats - Lubna F. Abu-Niaaj; Ibrahim Katampe; Shtaywy S. Abdalla (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Arcapillin, 2',4',5-trihydroxy-5',6,7–trimethoxyflavone, is a flavone aglycone isolated from several Artemisia species, though, it was first identified from A. capillaris. The Artemisia species are used in folk medicine as a remedy for gastrointestinal and liver illnesses, hypertension, fever and inflammation. Studies indicated a potential role of arcapillin to relieve symptoms of liver disorders; however, there is no report yet in the literature of its effect on smooth muscles. Objective: Our study aims to evaluate the effect of arcapillin, isolated from A. monosperma, on the contractile activity of rat smooth muscles. Materials and Methods: Increased concentrations of arcapillin were tested on isolated rat ileum, pulmonary artery, trachea, and urinary bladder. The muscle contraction was recorded upon addition of arcapillin in eight cumulative concentrations of half log units in the range of [10-7 M -3×10-4 M]. Depending on the organ-containing muscles, the preparations were treated with arcapillin either at basal tonus or after pre-stimulated via a contractile agent; 10-3 M O-acetylcholine on ileum and 10-5 M L-phenylephrine on pulmonary artery rings. Control tissues were treated with sodium hydroxide in an equivalent concentration to that used to dissolve the flavone. Results: Arcapillin caused a dose-dependent relaxation on ileum preparation and pulmonary artery. The inhibition of the contractile activity of ileum was reversible within 60 seconds after washing off the flavone. The urinary bladder showed a slight increase in contraction at the highest concentrations starting at [10-4 M] of arcapillin. There was no observed effect on the contraction of tracheal smooth muscles by all tested concentrations of arcapillin. Conclusion: The antispasmodic activity of arcapillin may contribute to the pharmaceutical importance of A. monosperma in particularly to treat gastrointestinal disorders.
Keywords: Antispasmodic; Arcapillin; Artemisia monosperma; Flavone; Smooth Muscles

The Evaluation of Dietary Black Soybean and Purple Sweet Potato on Insulin Sensitivity in Streptozotocin - Induced Diabetic Rats - Abdul Gofur; Agung Witjoro; Erni Widya Ningtiyas; Evi Setyowati; Siti Aminatul Mukharromah; Mochammad Fitri Atho’illah; Sri Rahayu Lestari (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Hyperglycemia mediates the production of excess free radicals and reduces endogenous antioxidant in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Black soybean (BSB) is rich in antioxidant mainly from isoflavones, whereas the antioxidant of purple sweet potato (PSP) comes from high anthocyanin. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of BSB, PSP, and its combination on malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations, insulin and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) expression in T2DM rats. Methods: T2DM induced by high-calorie diet for five weeks and then injected with a low dose of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg BW) intraperitoneally. The DM rats then treated with black soybean (DM + BSB), purple sweet potato (DM + PSP) and the combination of BSB and PSP 1:3, 2:2, 3:1 respectively (DM + C1- 3). Treatments were given for thirty days. The effect of BSB, PSP and its combination evaluated by measuring SOD and MDA, necrosis in pancreas evaluated through hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and insulin and IRS-1 expression in pancreas through immunohistochemistry-fluorescence (IHC-F). Results: Our result indicated that there were no significant differences of BSB and the combination in decreasing MDA concentrations. The ratio of BSB and PSP combination of 2:2 increase SOD towards near normal, decrease necrosis, and improve insulin and IRS-1. Conclusion: The combination of BSB and PSP had the potential to improve insulin sensitivity through the increase of SOD, reduce necrosis, and improve insulin and IRS-1 expression.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Malondialdehyde; Necrosis; Superoxide dismutase; T2DM

Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Potential of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. Stem Bark as Abhava Pratinidhi Dravya (Substitute) of Rohitaka (Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem.) Against Paracetamol Induced Hepatotoxicity in Experimental Rats - Puneshwar Keshari; Pradeep; Sudhakar Bhat (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Rohitaka (Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem.) has been considered as threatened and listed as rare at international level (IUCN, 2000). In Ayurveda classics, Rohitaka is described as Yakritpleehgulmodarhara (useful in liver and spleenic disorders). Rhododendron arboreum Sm. is used by folklore practitioners for treatment of Jaundice and marketed as Rohitaka in Nepal. Aim: To evaluate Rhododendron arboreum Sm. as an effective pratinidhi dravya (substitute) in abhava (absence) of Rohitaka (Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem.) with special reference to hepatoprotective activity in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: In the present study, hepatoprotective effect of Choorna (powder) and Kwatha (decoction) of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. and Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. (Choorna-0.54 g/kg body wt. and Kwatha- 4.32 ml/kg body wt. p. o. for 10 days along with paracetamol toxicant 3 g/kg body wt. p. o. on 6th and 8th day) were investigated against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity. Silymarin (100 mg/kg body wt.) was used as standard hepatoprotective reference drug. Statistical Analysis Used: The obtained data were analyzed by ANOVA with Dunnet's multiple ‘t’ test and level of p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Paracetamol treatment led to elevated levels of liver marker enzymes and disorientation in histological observations which were significantly reversed by treatment with Rhododendron arboreum Sm. and Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. dependent on dosage forms. Conclusion: The study revealed that both the drugs have similar hepatoprotective effect and thus Rhododendron arboreum Sm. as “Abhava Pratinidhi Dravya” for Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. with special reference to hepatoprotective activity is justified.
Keywords: Abhava Pratinidhi Dravya; Choorna; Hepatoprotective; Kwatha; Rhododendron arboreum; Rohitaka; Substitute; Tecomella undulata

Evaluation of Immune Boosting Properties and Combating of Multiple Respiratory Viral Infections by fifteen Euphorbiaceae Plant Extracts - Howaida I Abd-Alla; Heba-tollah M Sweelam; Walaa A El-Kashak; Mounir M El-Safty (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: Fifteen Euphorbiaceae plant extracts were evaluated for their antiviral and immune boosting properties. Methods: The maximum non-toxic concentration of each extract in specific pathogen–free embryonated chicken eggs was estimated and their antiviral efficacy was determined in terms of reduction in viral titers, measured by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. The antiviral efficacy was compared with ribavirin. The active extract was further subjected to estimation of total polyphenolic and flavonoid contents. Also, GC/ MS analysis was used to analyze its unsaponifiable and saponifiable matters. Results: The cytotoxic concentration fifty (CC50) of Breynia distacha recorded the value of >200 and >300 for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1, respectively. This extract showed antiviral inhibition concentration (IC50) values of ≤ 2 and ≤ 3, respectively and antiviral therapeutic index of 100% compared with ribavirin as standard. The serum of the vaccinated chicks treated with B. distacha has recorded the highest HI titers (7.1 and 8.3 log2) at the day of 28 post vaccination with high protection percentage (100 and 90%) post NDV and AIV H5N1 challenge, respectively. Also, a high HI titer (6.9 log2) was recorded in serum of the vaccinated chicks treated with Aleurites moluccana, Jatropha curcas, Ricinus communis, Putranjiva roxburghii with protection percentage of 95-100% post-NDV challenge. GC/MS analysis allowed identification of 91.10% of the total unsaponifiable matter, (1-heptatriacotanol represented the major component, 24.61%) and 82.51% of the fatty acid methyl esters content (methyl palmitate represented the major component, 26.13 %). Conclusion: This study highlighted the potential of many Euphorbiaceae plants especially B. distacha, to be new candidate of plant-based prototypes that carry antiviral and immunogenic features against respiratory viral infections.
Keywords: Euphorbiaceae; GC/MS; Hemagglutination; Immune; Respiratory viral infections; SPF-ECEs

Evaluation of Pharmacological Properties of Caesalpinia bonducella Seed and Shell Extract - Vigasini Subbiah; Pannaga Nagaraja; Priya Narayan; Holenarasipur GunduRao Nagendra (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Caesalpinia bonducella L. is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Caesalpiniaceae. It is a prickly shrub widely distributed all over the world especially in Indian tropical regions such as Kerala, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Sri Lanka. There are claims that its leaves or seeds/ seed kernel possess antipyretic, antidiuretic, antibacterial, antiviral, antiestrogenic and antidiabetic activities Due to the above properties several preparations of the plant were used in folk medicine. Materials and Methods: The aqueous extract of Caesalpinia bonducella nut containing the seed and the shell, has been evaluated for qualitative analysis of secondary metabolites (tannis, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, coumarins, quinone and phenols), in-vitro anti -inflammatory, anti-diabetic assay, antioxidant, antimitotic and antimicrobial activity. The studies were carried out using HRBC membrane stabilization, inhibition of alpha amalyse enzyme, DPPH method, green gram growth inhibition, agar diffusion method respectively. Results: Our results indicate the presence of Alkaloids, Flavanoids and Saponins. We report in our study the antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial and antimitotic activity of Caesalpinia bonducella.
Keywords: Anti-diabetic; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-mitotic; Anti-oxidant; Caesalpinia bonducella

Evergreen Conventional and Modern Microscopic Methods for Solving Various Cases of Forensic Botany by Morphological and Histological Study - Astha Pandey; Shalvi Agrawal; Amruta D Patel; Dushyant Pendarkar; Jalpa D Bambhaniya (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: The study concerning forensic evidences commences from the physical examination. Microscopic examination serves a good preliminary technique and provides a relatively quick and non-destructive means of obtaining qualitative information without much sample preparation. Various plants or plant materials such as pollens at the crime scene or a rare plant type present near a murder victim can be helpful in connecting suspect to a victim or scene. For examination of such evidences, the initial step is the identification of collected botanical evidences. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) produces images that rely on secondary electrons image and is concerned primarily with the observation of surface topography. SEM images at all direction (X-Y-Z rotation) giving a three dimensional view of the sample under study. Methods: For morphological and histological examination, compound microscope and SEM has been used. Three plant specimens have been taken i.e. Cannabis sativa, Ricinus communis and Papaver somniferum. For compound microscopic examination, sample has been stained with saffranin dye and for SEM examination; sample surface has been coated with gold-palladium layer to make it conductive. Results: The morphological and histological examination by compound microscope and SEM revealed many characteristic features like ellipsoidal pollens in Ricinus, cystolythic trichomes in Cannabis, large oval stomata in poppy, etc. Conclusion: The microscopic examination of botanical evidences by such sophisticated technique like SEM holds a lot of scope in forensic investigations with minimal evidence destruction and maximum details can be obtained in a preliminary examination only without using other complicated techniques.
Keywords: Botanical evidences; Cannabis sativa; Papaver somniferum; Ricinus communis; Scanning electron microscope

Exploration of Anti-Urolithiasis Potential of Traditional Siddha Formulations Amukkara Chooranam and Karisalai Karpam Chooranam by Struvite Crystal Growth Inhibition Assay - D.Sivaraman; N.Anbu; N.Kabilan; M.Pitchiah Kumar; P.Shanmugapriya; G.J.Christian (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Urolithiasis is a medical condition characterized by formation of stone which comprises of calcium oxalate, magnesium ammonium phosphate and uric acid. Reoccurrence becomes the primary hindering factor in providing relief for urolithiasis; hence there is a need of alternate therapeutic strategy that may effectively combat and halt the formation and nucleation of the crystals. Objective: The main aim of the present investigation is to explore the anti-urolithiasis potential of the two versatile siddha formulations Amukkara Chooranam (AKC) and Karisalai Karpam Chooranam (KKC) using diffusion gel growth technique. Materials and Methods: Silica hydrogel matrix was divided in to three groups which were control, AKC and KKC treated groups. Test drugs were screened at two dose levels of 0.5% and 1%. The efficiency of the formulations was screened by comparing the crystal size of the control and treatment medium. Results: The average size of the crystals in the control medium was found to be 2.12 ± 0.22 cm, whereas the crystal size was significantly decreased in medium contains 0.5% and 1% of AKC with the size of 1.4 ± 0.15 and 1.14 ± 0.18 cm. Similar type of findings were observed in medium consist of 0.5% and 1 % KKC with the size of 1.52 ± 0.13 and 1.08 ± 0.17 cm. Conclusion: Results clearly indicates that both the siddha formulations offers maximum percentage inhibition on the crystal growth in the tested medium, this efficacy may be due to presence of versatile phytocomponents present in the formulations.
Keywords: Amukkara Chooranam; Crystals; Karisalai karpam chooranam; Lithotripsy; Polyherbal; Traditional medicines

Extraction and Identification of Cactus Opuntia dillenii Seed Oil and its added Value for Human Health Benefits - Alya Jameel Ali Alsaad; Ammar B. Altemimi; Salah Naji Aziz; Naoufal Lakhssassi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Cactus Opuntia dillenii presents multiple health benefits. The current study aims to investigate the seed composition and content of prickly pear fruits from Iraq. Results obtained showed that Opuntia dillenii contained 9.5% of seeds of the entire fruit while extracted oil presented 6.5% of total seed composition. Fatty acid analysis revealed that the polyunsaturated linoleic acid (72.9%), the saturated palmitic acid (15.12%) and stearic acid (7.51%) presented the main seed fatty acids of Opuntia dilleniid. Other essential oils were detected but at low percentage. Interestingly, stearic acid content in Cactus oil presented 7.51%, which is much higher than soybeans (~3%) that are considered as the largest source of animal protein feed and the second largest source of vegetable oil worldwide. Stearic acid presents neutral effects on the concentration of blood serum LDL cholesterol and does not exhibit cholesterolemic effects on human health. The analysis of cactus seed oil demonstrated a strong antioxidant ability estimated by their capability to reduce oxidation. Treated cake with BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) at concentration of 0.02 mg/100g of butter from cactus seed-oil exhibited lower peroxide values ranging from 0.67 to 1.5 milli-equivalents (meq) peroxide per 1 kg of oil throughout 15 days of storage time at 4 °C. In contrast, treated cake with 0.11 mg/100g of butter from cactus seed-oil presented lower peroxide values ranged from 0.69 to 2.5 meq peroxide per 1 kg of oil among all treatments. Because of its high-saturated fatty acid composition (>22%) and rich linoleic acid (72.9%) composition, Opuntia dillenii present an alternative source with several health benefits by lowering cholesterol risks and for biodiesel production.
Keywords: Cactus; Cake; Fatty Acid; GC-MS; Peroxide value; Seed-oil

An Eye-Catching Review of Aegle marmelos L. (Golden Apple) - Kausik Bhar; Sumanta Mondal; Padilam Suresh (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Plants and their products are a major source for food and medicine that are highly beneficial for various animals and humans. This article focuses on complete profile of Aegle marmelos L. which belongs to the family Rutaceae, is commonly known as bael, widely available in several places in India. Ethnobotany: Traditional use of A. marmelos for various diseases includes abdominal disorders, ulcer, cholera, diarrhea, nerve disorders, gonorrhea, heart disorders, dog bite, jaundice, snake bite and many more. A number of biologically active compounds isolated from various parts of A. marmelos which belongs to various chemical groups. Phytochemistry: The isolated components belong to Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Vitamins, Coumarins, Tannins, Carbohydrates, Flavonoids, Fatty Acids, Essential Oils and some other miscellaneous compounds. Pharmacological Activities: The plant also possess various pharmacological activities such as Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antidiarrheal, Antidiabetic, Antiproliferative, Cytoprotective, Hepatoprotective, Antifertility, Analgesic, Antiarthritis, Contractile, Antihyperlipidemic, Cardioprotective, Radioprotective, Anticancer, Antiviral, Antiulcer, Immunomodulatory and Wound Healing properties. Conclusion: Hence this review can be a good reference for researchers who are willing to undertake further investigation about A. marmelos.
Keywords: Aegle marmelos; Ethnobotany; Pharmacological activities; Phytochemistry; Traditional use

Flavonoids in Passiflora incarnata L. Dry Extract of Russian Origin - Guseinov MD; Bobkova NV; Svistunov AA; Tarasov VV; Bokov DO; Sergunova EV; Kovaleva TYu (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Flavonoids are one of the main classes of biologically active substances providing the pharmacotherapeutic effect of passionflower (Passiflora incarnata L.) preparations. In this article studies on the standardization of Passiflora incarnata L. dry extract (PDE) by flavonoids are presented. The aim of this work was to study the composition and content of flavonoids in PDE with the help of precise modern physicochemical methods. Materials and Methods: PDE was prepared from crude herbal drug – P. incarnata herb of Russian origin. Reverse phase HPLC-UV analysis was performed with Agilent 1100 liquid chromatograph. Chromatographic column was Atlantis C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 μm); analytical wavelength – 350 nm; mobile phase – 0.01% formic acid solution and methanol: acetonitrile (25:75); column temperature – 35°C; analysis time – 90 min; flow rate of the mobile phase – 0.8 ml/min in gradient elution mode. Commercially available samples of flavonoids were used for identification and quantitative determination. Results: 20 compounds of flavonoid structure are presented in the PDE. 9 flavonoid compounds have been identified, they are: isovitexin, vitexin, rutoside, hyperoside, luteolin, kaempferol, kaempferitrin, orientin, and isoorientin. The content of vitexin is 0,867 ± 0,011%, the total flavonoids content in terms of vitexin is 3,762 ± 0,049%. Conclusion: The obtained data will be used to create regulatory documentation for drugs based on PDE.
Keywords: Dry extract; Flavonoids; Passiflora incarnata; standardization

Flavonoids of East Asian Species Serratula manshurica Kitag - Myagchilov Aleksey V; Sokolova Larisa I; Gorovoy Peter G; Dmitrenok Pavel S (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Aim/ Background: The flavonoid composition of the East Asian species Serratula manshurica Kitag. (Family Asteraceae) growing in the Primorsky Territory, the Amur region and in the South of the Khabarovsk Territory of Russia was studied. Materials and Methods: Flavonoids quercetin-4’-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (1) and apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (2) were isolated from Serratula manshurica by methods of liquid extraction and recrystallization. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by UV, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. Separation and quantitative content of flavonoids in the extracts of the aerial part (Leaves, stems, inflorescences) of Serratula manshurica was observed by RP HPLC. Results and Conclusion: The change in the amount of some flavonoids in various phenological phases in the overhead part of Serratula manshurica Kitag was studied. It was revealed that the maximum concentration of flavonoid aglycones in the plant was observed during the before budding in the budding period and their glycosides prevaily in the flowering phase. Widespread across the Far East, Serratula manshurica is promising and renewable source of bioactive compounds.
Keywords: Flavonoids; Leaves; NMR spectroscopy; Serratula manshurica; Steams

Formulation and Characterization of Bitter Melon Extract (Momordica charantia) Loaded Phytosomes - Rhatih Eka Sasongko; Silvia Surini; Fadlina Chany Saputri (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: Phytosomes are a novel drug delivery system that offers better absorption and bioavailability for extract or phytoconstituents. The aim of this study was developing bitter melon extract load phytosomes with appropriate characteristics for transdermal delivery. Methods: Three formulas were developed, F1, F2 and F3 with weight ratios of extract and phosphatidylcholine were 1: 1, 1: 2 and 1: 3, respectively. Bitter melon fruit was extracted using a maceration method and the marker compounds were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Phytosomes were prepared using thin layer method and then characterized, in terms of morphology, particle size distribution, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency. Results: The results of pytosomes characterization reveals that the F3 was the optimal formula. It has a spherical shape, particle size (DV-mean) was 282.3 ± 16.4 nm, zeta potential value at -39.2 ± 0.14 mV and entrapment efficiency of 90.06 ± 1.07 %. Conclusion: Bitter melon extract loaded phytosomes with a weight ratio of extract and phosphatidylcholine 1:3 (F3) was selected as an optimal formula with appropriate characteristics for transdermal delivery.
Keywords: Bitter melon; Momordica charantia; Phytosomes; Thin layer method; Transdermal delivery

Free Radical Scavenging Capacity and Total Phenolic Contents in Peel and Fleshy Crude Extracts of Selected Vegetables - Chanate Wanna (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Context: Vegetables are sources of natural antioxidants which have beneficial health-promoting properties. Aims: This research was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant potentials and total phenolic contents in vegetable extracts. Settings and Design: The experiment was divided two groups using six vegetable peels and fleshes, including potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), carrot (Daucus carota L.), bitter gourd (Monordica Charantia L.), pumpkin (Cucurbita moschana Duchesn), Chinese radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Materials and Methods: The samples were extracted with 95% ethanol for 24 hrs and then analyzed the antioxidant activities by DPPH and FRAP assay and total phenolic contents was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Statistical analysis used: All the analysis was done in triplicate, and values are represented as means ± standard deviations. The data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significance differences between mean values were determined by Tukey’s multiple comparison tests (p < 0.05). Pearson correlation coefficient was determined between the antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents using SPSS version 21. Results: The results revealed that antioxidant activities were different statistically significant in each group (p < 0.05). Carrot peel was the most potent in DPPH radical scavenging activity (61.80 ± 6.14%) and reducing power (0.75 ± 0.25 mM Fe2+/g extract) and potato flesh could inhibit DPPH radical (35.60 ± 0.63 %) and had the highest FRAP value (0.61 ± 0.78 mM Fe2+/g extract). Pumpkin peel and Chinese radish flesh had the most total phenolic contents as 110.45 ± 22.49 and 142.15 ± 3.53 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. Although no correlations was between antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents in extracts but were significant correlations between DPPH and FRAP assay in vegetable peels and fleshes as 0.931 and 0.819, respectively. Conclusion: This study substantiates the potential of vegetable peels to be used as functional foods and natural free radical scavengers.
Keywords: Antioxidants; Free Radicals; Total Phenolic Contents; Vegetable fleshes; Vegetable peels

Free Radicals Scavenging Activity and Oxidative DNA Damage Protecting Property of Methanol Extract from Honeycrisp Apple - Williams Kweku Darkwah; Matthew Nkoom (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objectives: This research reports the qualitative phytochemical constituents and considers the in vitro free radicals scavenging activities based on DPPH and nitric oxide assays and oxidative DNA damage protection activity of methanol extract from Honeycrisp apple. The foremost interest for this research was to use standard measures to determine nitric oxide scavenging activity, DPPH-scavenging activity and DNA damage protecting activity to assess the antioxidant potential of methanol extract from the apple. Materials and Methods: Concentrations of apple extracts with the intervals 20 μg/ml to 100 μmg/ml were prepared and mixed with suitable volumes of reagents and the corresponding absorbances read at the respective wavelength. Results: The outcomes of this research specify that methanol extract of Honeycrisp apple contain multiple phytochemical compounds that can expertly shield the body against oxidative stress caused by free radicals and might then be used as a source of potent natural antioxidant compounds. The IC50 values of methanol extract from Honeycrisp apple varied from 10.30 to 36.29 μg/ml which indicates the high radical scavenging activity of the sample. Conclusion: The DNA damage defensive potential of the extracts was also revealed, which could be used in cancer inhibition.
Keywords: DNA damaging; DPPH; Free Radicals; Honeycrisp apple; Nitric oxide; Phytochemicals

Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry Analysis of Methanol Extracts from Marine Red Seaweed Gracilaria corticata - Venkataraghavan Ragunathan; Jayashree Pandurangan; Thiruchelvi Ramakrishnan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: The objective of the work is to analyse the methanol extract of marine red macro algae species Gracilaria corticata using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to reveal the presence of various secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds present in the algae and study its diverse properties. Methods: Gracilaria corticata was collected along the shore of Mandapam and was identified and authenticated. The methanol extract of the algae was prepared and analysed using GC-MS Perkin-Elmer, Clarus 680 model to reveal the various bioactive present in the algae. Results: The analysis revealed several bioactive compounds:undecane; 2-decyloxirane (2.023%); Methy n-tridecanoate;n-hexadecanoic acid (74.198%); eicosanoic acid (2.262%); nonanoic acid (2.084%); oleic acid (6.609%); oleic acid (4.156%); pentadecanoic acid (2.176%); bicycle [3.2.1] oct-3-en-2-one,3,8-dihydroxy- 1-1methoxy-7-(7-methoxy-1, 3 benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-methyl-5 (2.901%);N-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl) dodecanamide (2.048%); and cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol,4-methyl (1.542%). The bioactive compounds from methanol extract of algae after GC-MS analysis and their essential medicinal properties were studied in this research work. Conclusion: Gracilaria corticata has potential against bacteria, fungi, free radical scavenging, etc and can used in the drug discovery and development sector.
Keywords: Bioactive compounds; GC-MS; Gracilaria corticata; Medicinal properties; Secondary metabolites

Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) Analysis, Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Emblica officinalis Fruit Extract - Ali Mohammed Mohammed Ali Al-Samman; Kahkashan; Nadeem Ahmad Siddique (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html -->Introduction: Emblica officinalis is one of the common plants being used traditionally in different ways to search for cures and relief from various diseases. Among these diseases, Emblica officinalis had many of medicinal uses in treating a wide variety of bacterial and fungal infections. In this study, Ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) was efficiently used for the preparation of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Embelica officinalis fruits (EOFE). The phytoconstituents was detected through GC-MS/MS analysis to confirm antimicrobial effect of EOFE. Materials and methods: The extraction was carried out at 20ºC, for 20 min using a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1: 60 w/v. The extracts were subjected to GC-MS/MS analysis. The in-vitro effect of extracts against twenty one microbial strains was investigated by an agar well diffusion method in different concentrations (25 μg/mL-1000 μg/mL). Results: The percentage yield was found to be 41.33% w/v and 23.0 % w/v with water and methanol, respectively. Phenol,3,5-bis1,1 dimethylethyl, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and heptasiloxa ne1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13-tetradecamethyl were confirmed by GC-MS/MS analysis. Effectiveness of extracts against Gram negative bacteria; Providencia alcalifaciens and Gram positive bacteria; Bacillus pumilis, Bacillus polymyxa and fungal strains; Neurospora crassa, Aspergillus brasileinsis and Cladosporium oxysporum are reported for the first time. Aqueous extract revealed excellent antibacterial activity at 50 μg/mL and antifungal activity at 100 μg/mL whereas methanolic extract showed antifungal activity at 250 μg/mL. Conclusion: Results highlight the considerable inhibitory effect of EOFE against various microbial species was mainly due to the presence of phenolic compounds and other phytocompounds.
Keywords: Antibacterial; Antifungal; Emblica officinalis; GC-MS/MS; Ultrasonic assisted extraction

GC-MS Analysis of Bio-active Compounds in Ethanol Extract of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Fruit Peel - Md. Mahmudul Hasan; Md. Rezuan Al Mahmud; Md. Gaziul Islam (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. has long been used in folkloric medicine for treating arthralgia, fever, hemorrhoids, muscle pain and rheumatism. But no reports were found regarding phytochemical constituents in P. roxburghii fruit peel. Therefore, this study was designed to analyze extract of P. roxburghii fruit peel (PRFP). Methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the ethanol extract of PRFP was carried out by using a GC-MS equipment. Results: The GC-MS analysis has revealed the existence of different phytochemical compounds in the ethanolic extract of PRFP. The major compounds in PRFP extract are Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)- (4.56%), 6-Octen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl- (41.07%), Geraniol (2.45%), (1R,2S,5R)-2-(2-Hydroxy-2-propanyl)-5-methylcyclohexanol (14.09%), 2,6-Octadiene, 2,6-dimethyl- (7.04%), p-Menthane-3,8-diol, cis-1,3,trans-1,4- (3.39%), 2,6-Octadien- 1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate (6.69%) and 13-Docosenamide, (Z)- (2.83%). A total of 25 compounds identified representing 99.98% of total ethanolic extract. Conclusion: Overall finding suggests that PRFP contain various phytocomponents and is recommended as an important source of pharmaceutical ingredients.
Keywords: Ethanol Extract; Fruit peel; GC-MS; Pharmaceutical ingredients; Putranjiva roxburghii

GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Phytochemicals in Methanol Extract of Aerial Part and Callus of Dipterygium glaucum Decne - Choudhary D; Shekhawat JK; Kataria V (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: This study was designed to evaluate the phytocomponents present in aerial part and in vitro induced callus methanol extracts of Dipterygium glaucum by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Methods: GC-MS analysis of aerial part sample and callus produced from leaf of D. glaucum extracted in methanol solvents was performed using GC-MS QP 2010 Plus (Shimadzu, Japan) system comprising an auto sampler (AOC-20i) and a gas chromatograph interfaced to a mass spectrometer. Results: This study was carried out to identified and comparative analysis of bioactive phytochemicals from aerial part extract and callus extract of D. glaucum. This analysis revealed that both the extracts have 69 different types of phytochemical components in varying quantities. Some of the important phytochemical compounds were Stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol, Campesterol, Squalene, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Stearic acid, Myristic acid, Quinazoline, Linalyl acetate etc. These chemical compounds have anticancer, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antioxidants properties. Conclusion: This study represents the detection and identification of different phytochemical compounds from aerial part and callus extract of D. glaucum. Thus, due to the presence of various important bioactive phytocomponents this plant is recommended as a pharmaceutically important plant.
Keywords: Callus; Campesterol; Capparidaceae; Fatty Acid; Stigmasterol; Terpenoids

Glucosinolates, Degradation Products and Myrosinase Activity in Raphanus sativus Linn. - Maria Carmen S. Tan; Marissa G. Noel (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
This research was conducted to assess the gluocosinolate (GSL), isothiocyanate (ITC) and myrosinase content in two cultivars of Raphanus sativus Linn. (white and red) roots. LC-ESIMS investigation was done on desulfated GSLs since this methodology has been previously established for efficient GSL analyses. The major GSLs: sinigrin (1) 1,2-dihydroxy-2-phenylethyl glucosinolate (2), 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin (3), glucoraphasatin (4) and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin (5) were found in red radishes; whereas, only 1 and 4 were obtained in white radishes. Myrosinase was analyzed in the tubers due to its ability to catalyze and hydrolyze GSLs into ITCs. This β-thioglucosidase enzyme was found to be over 10 times more active in red tubers (2.05E-02 units) than in white radishes (1.55E-03 units) and the results were linked to the presence/absence of the outer covering of the tubers. Due to the promising medicinal properties of the aglucone derivative of compound 4, 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate (6), the ITC analog was monitored using gas chromatographic mass spectral analyses after myrosinase-mediated hydrolysis. From the results, it can be construed that the occurrence of GSLs 1-5 and the bioactive agent 6 were inherent in the R. sativus cultivars evaluated.
Keywords: GC-FID; GC-MS; Glucosinolates; Isothiocyanates; LC-ESI-MS; Myrosinase

Gymnema sylvestre (Gurmar): A Potent Herb with Anti-diabetic and Antioxidant Potential - Suparna Laha; Santanu Paul (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html -->Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder with high blood sugar level. Type 2 is the common form. The herbal remedies for diabetes treatment is an area of research with a huge potential for the progress in the growth of inexpensive alternative medicine with low or no side effects. In this paper, reviews mainly focused on traditionally used medicinal herb, Gymnema sylvestre and its bioactive components and their mode of actions. Method: Relevant information was collected from scientific journals, research papers, books and various medicinal reviews. Result: This review provides a comprehensive report on Gymnema sylvestre having antidiabetic and antioxidant activity due to its bioactive compounds like oleanines (gymnemic acid, gymnema saponins), dammarenes (gymnemasides), anthraquinones, flavones, hentriacontane, pentatriacontane, phytin, resin, tartaric acid, formic acid, butyric acid, lupeol, β-amyrene related glycosides and anthraquinones, alkaloid like gymnamine, flavonoids, cinnamic acid, folic acid, ascorbic acid etc. Conclusion: Considering the presence of bioactive compounds present in Gymnema sylvestre, this review is aimed to summarize the information of the chemical constituents and their antidiabetic activities and specially to detect the relation between antioxidants and antidiabetic compounds regarding blood sugar reduction in diabetes.
Keywords: Alternative medicine; Anti- diabetic; Antioxidant; Bioactive compounds; Gymnema sylvestre

Hairy Root Technology: Effect of Etiolation on Datura sp. Transgenic Root Induction and Hyoscyamine Production - Boualem HARFI; Lakhdar KHELIFI (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Hyoscyamine, because of its medicinal properties, is an important tropane alkaloid. In order to implement a biotechnological process for its production, hairy roots of Datura species resulting from genetic transformation by Agrobacterium rhizogenes A4 strain have been the subject of this work. In the in vitro alkaloids production programs, optimization of the transformation is a crucial step for obtaining a large number of root lines allowing the selection of efficient lines. Methods: The conditions for hairy roots induction were explored by studying the effect of Datura sp. in vitro seedling etiolation on the genetic transformation. The first step was the establishment of Datura in vitro plantlet cultures followed by the hairy roots induction with A4 strain of A. rhizogenes. The confirmation of the genetic transformation was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of rolB gene in the roots. After hyoscyamine extraction, it was analyzed (quantitatively and qualitatively) by gas chromatography. Results: 343 root lines were obtained in total, 96 root lines from non-etiolated Datura in vitro seedlings and 247 root lines from etiolated in vitro plantlets. After the selection of six transgenic root lines, tow root lines from each species (D. tramonium, D. tatula and D. innoxia), one from non-etiolated in vitro plantlet and one from etiolated in vitro plantlet, the most hyoscyamine content was 8.43 mg/g D.W. obtained with D. tatula etiolated in vitro seedling. Conclusion: The etiolated in vitro plantlets seem more favorable to hairy roots induction.
Keywords: Datura sp.; Etiolation; Gas chromatography; Hairy roots; Hyoscyamine

HerbalDB 2.0: Optimization of Construction of Three-Dimensional Chemical Compound Structures to Update Indonesian Medicinal Plant Database - Rezi Riadhi Syahdi; Jasmine Tiara Iqbal; Abdul Munim; Arry Yanuar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: Development of novel drugs is an important challenge in the pharmaceutical world and industry. In-silico methods are often considered in refinement / correction processes of drug design because they may lower the costs. The in-silico drug discovery process requires a three- Dimensional Structure (3DS) of the chemical compounds as input. Computational 3DSs often exhibit structural mismatches thus affecting the validity of the in-silico drug design process. In a previous study, a 3DS database with 1405 of Indonesian herbal compounds was developed, named HerbalDB. In this database, various structural mismatches were identified in some of the 3DSs. Our study aimed to identify and correct the structural mismatches in the herbalDB and to determine the best method in creating correct 3DS of chemical compounds. Methods: Structural mismatches in the herbal database were identified by molecular visualization. Results: The identification process yielded 170 compounds with structural mismatches that were corrected with 10 different parameters using the MarvinSketch and VegaZZ software, evaluated by molecular visualization. Conclusions: based on 3DS of chemical compound visualization, *.mol and *.sdf file format created using Dreiding force fields of MarvinSketch are the best method to construct the proper structure of Indonesian medicinal plant’s chemical compound database compared with MMFF94, AMBER and CHARMM forcefields.
Keywords: Herbal database; MarvinSketch; Three-dimensional structure; VegaZZ

A High Antibacterial Efficacy of Fruits of Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers from Nepal. GC-MS and Antioxidative Capacity Analyses - Gan B Bajracharya; Pratigya KC (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Biological activities of the plant materials may vary with different geographic origin. Litsea cubeba fruits are consumed in Nepal as a spice ingredient and are considered to be possessed antibacterial property. Objectives: Aims of this work are: to compare phytoconstituents present in litsea oil by GC-MS analysis, and to evaluate antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the volatile oil and the fruit extracts. Materials and Methods: Hydrodistillation of L. cubeba fruits was performed to obtain litsea oil followed by extractions with boiling methanol. Fractionations of the extract provided hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts. The oil and extracts were analysed for the phytochemicals present. They were evaluated by using antibacterial susceptibility, brine-shrimp lethality and antioxidant capacity assays. Results: All together 49 compounds (accounting 93.66%) were identified in the litsea oil by GC-MS. Monoterpenes being dominant components, the oil constituted 15.96% of citral (geranial and neral). Other major constituents were capric acid (12.44%), β-caryophyllene oxide (7.69%), linalool (5.96%), eucalyptol (5.13%) and cis- β-terpineol (4.22%). Litsea oil, hexane extract and dichloromethane extract displayed very effective antibacterial property. Ethyl acetate extract (LC50 = 21.52 μg mL‒1) and litsea oil (LC50 = 31.62 μg mL‒1) were found highly cytotoxic against brine-shrimp nauplii. Ethyl acetate (IC50 = 124.57 μg mL‒1) and dichloromethane (IC50 = 271.08 μg mL‒1) extracts displayed a modest DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Conclusion: Phytoconstituents present in the L. cubeba fruits from Nepal were analysed. Litsea oil and the extracts have displayed high antibacterial and potentially anticarcinogenic activities.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Brine-shrimp assay; DPPH assay; GC-MS analysis; Litsea oil; Minimum bactericidal concentration

Honokiol and Magnolol Induce Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells - Worawat Songjang; Arunya Jiraviriyakul (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Ovarian cancer is a major cause of cancer-related death among women. The growth, persistence, and cancer metastasis are causes of poor prognosis and high mortality rate. Honokiol and magnolol are derivative compounds extracted from the root and stem bark of Magnolia officinalis. Many studies have reported that honokiol and magnolol have anti-tumour effects on various types of cancer. The present study investigates the anti-tumour effect of these compounds on human ovarian cancer. Methods: Ovarian cancer cell lines, SKOV3 and ES-2 cells were tested with honokiol and magnolol to determine their responses including the cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, induction of cell apoptosis and metastasis ability. Result: The results indicate that low concentrations of honokiol and magnolol suppressed the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells through induction of cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 and down-regulation of the cyclin D1 protein. These compounds also exhibited an anti-metastatic ability mediated by inhibiting migration, adhesion, and MMP activities. Additionally, high concentrations of honokiol and magnolol could activate cell death associated with the apoptosis signalling pathway, either along an intrinsic or extrinsic pathway. Conclusion: The data provides evidence that honokiol and magnolol have potential anti-tumour properties and minimal toxicity on normal cells, and could therefore be applied in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Keywords: Apoptosis; Honokiol; Magnolol; Metastasis; Ovarian Cancer; Proliferation

HPLC Quantification of Hydroxycinnamic and Organic Acids of Canadian Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) - Fidan Suleymanova; Olga Nesterova; Alexey Matyushin (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html -->Background: Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine across the world for several hundred years. According to literature data, S. canadensis contains various groups of biologically active substances, including tannins, flavonoids, etc. The aim of the study was to identify and quantify hydroxycinnamic and organic acids in aerial parts of Canadian goldenrod, as these groups of substances demonstrate a broad spectrum of therapeutic activities. Materials and Methods: Ethanolic extracts of S. canadensis, gathered in Central Russia, were analyzed using highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCA) determination was carried out by HPLC method with UV detection at 330 nm using HCA reference standards (RS). Organic acids (OA) determination was performed in the same manner, utilizing UV detection at 210 nm and corresponding OA RS. Results: It was established that S. canadensis HCA composition is represented by cichoric, caffeic, chlorogenic, quinic and ferulic acids. The total HCA content in was 1.16 g ± 10.7 mg / 100 g. Main OA, found in S. canadensis, are ascorbic, citric, tartaric, succinic, gallic, malic, oxalic and fumaric acids, with the total OA content of 426.5 mg ± 6.4 mg / 100 g. Conclusion: The described HPLC method was successfully used for analysis of S. canadensis aerial parts ethanolic extracts. The method can be utilized for HCA and OA identification and quantification in both herbal raw material and herbal medicinal products containing Canadian goldenrod.
Keywords: Canadian goldenrod; HPLC; Hydroxycinnamic acids; Organic acids; Solidago canadensis

The Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agaradh and Computational Studies - S. Deepa; K. Sujatha; D Velmurugan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Aim/Background: The present work was carried out to identify some of the bioactive components present in the Brown seaweed Turbinaria ornata by GC-MS technique, and to ascertain its medicinal properties. Materials and Methods: GC-MS analysis of some of the potent volatile constituents present in the pet ether of Turbinaria ornata was performed. MD simulations were performed for complex structures of human secretory PLA2 and P38 kinase. GC-MS chromatogram showed peaks indicating the presence of various compounds of interest. The interpretation of the mass spectrum of GC-MS was done using the Database of Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology (IICPT). Twenty compounds were identified in pet ether extract of Turbinaria ornata. All 20 compounds were screened using PASS online activity prediction server, for the possession of anti-inflammatory potency and the selected target proteins were subjected to molecular docking studies. MD simulations were also performed for the top listed compound 16 which was identified from D3P extract (2,3-Diphenylcyclopropyl)methyl phenyl sulfoxide, trans-). Similarly, the complex structure of PLA2 (phospho-ethanolamine, PE) and P38 kinase (3-(2-pyridine-4-ylethyl)-1H-indole) were simulated for comparative study. Results and Conclusion: Based on the in silico results, the binding affinities for compounds of T. ornata were judged against known standards for its capability to restrain inflammation and to promote possibility for scheming potential antiinflammatory lead from natural compounds were discussed.
Keywords: Bioactive components; Brown algae; GC-MS; Molecular docking and simulation studies; T. ornata

Immunomodulator Activity of Ethanol Extract of Tapak Liman Leaves (Elephantopus scaber Linn.) - Yufri Aldi; Dwisari Dillasamola; Gita Rahma Yanti (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Tapak Liman (Elephantopus scaber Linn) is a medicinal plant in Indonesia which traditionally used as a treatment for fever, gout, dysentery, hepatitis, and infections. Aim: This study aims to determine the immunostimulants activity of tapak liman extract with carbon clearance method and to determine the percentage and total leukocytes and relative lymph weights. Materials and Methods: Twenty white male mice divide assigned to 1 control group and 3 experimental groups. It treated by oral administration of tapak liman extract; 10, 30, and 100 mg/kgBW. After six days of administration, mice intravenously injected with 0.1 ml/10gBW colloidal carbon. Blood obtained from the mice tail at; 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th and 15th minutes. The determined absorbance then calculated to obtain the phagocytotic index, the percentage and the total of leukocyte cells and lymph weights. Results: Phagocytosis index increased significantly at 1, 12, 1.24 and 1.47. The percentages of neutrophil segment are 57%, 60% and 60%, for lymphocytes are 3, 80%, 32.80% and 34.20%, monocyte cells are 4.60%, 3.00% and 2.60%, neutrophil are 3.40%, 3.20%,2.20%, and for the eosinophil cells are 3.20%, 1.8% and 1.20%. Total leukocyte cells are 10,760, 11,630 and 15,880 cells/microliter. The relative lymph weight of each dose in the sequence is 0.36, 0.49 and 0.66. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of tapak liman leaves (Elephantopus scaber Linn) can increase the immunity of mice.
Keywords: Carbon clearance; Elephantopus scaber Linn.; Immunomodulator; Leucocytes; Lymph

Impact of Solvent on the Characteristics of Standardized Binahong Leaf (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) - Dwitiyanti; Yahdiana Harahap; Berna Elya; Anton Bahtiar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Binahong is a plant that has the potential to be used as a traditional herbal medicine in Indonesia, and has several kinds of classes of compounds, one of them is a flavonoids glycosides (vitexin). Previous research reported that binahong leaves have pharmacological activities as antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, antibacterial, and others. A traditional plant that has proven efficacious needs to be standardized to ensure the quality and its safety. Objective: This study aimed to characteristics of binahong leaves simplicia obtained from Bogor, West Java. Materials and Methods: The crude extract was obtained by the maceration method using 40%, 70%, and 96% ethanol solvent. The selected extract then standardized, which includes macroscopic and microscopic observations and sets the standard parameter values binahong leaf extract. Parameters LCMS to identify active compounds semiquantitatively. Results: The yield of binahong ethanol extract from 40%, 70%, 96% showed a value of 10.9%, 11.4%, and 12.32%, respectively. From these results, 96% ethanol extract has proceeded for standardization. Macroscopic observation results showed that binahong leaves simplicia has a fine and notched form with 5-10 cm long and 3-7 cm diameter. The microscopic binahong leaves contain palisade tissue, parenchymal tissue, chlorophyll grains, rosette Caoxalate crystals, and spiral type. Phytochemical screening of binahong leaves showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and phenolic compounds.The standardization of binahong leaves ethanol extract down showed a levels of ethanol-soluble extract> 14.8%, water-soluble extract content > 13.5%, drying < 10%, water content < 8.9%, total ash content < 7.2%. LCMS profiles showed that ethanolic extract 40%, 70%, and 96% all contained vitexin at retention time 5.02 minutes, and m/z values 433.1111. Conclusion: 96% ethanolic extract of binahong leaves contains vitexin with pharmacognostic parameters carried out following the standards listed in the Indonesian herb pharmacopeia.
Keywords: Anredera cordifolia; Extract; LCMS; Simplicia; standardization

In silico Analysis of Flavonoid Glycosides and its Aglycones as Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor - Stefandi J Wijaya; Arry Yanuar; Rosita Handayani; Rezi Riadhi Syahdi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: HIV continues to be a major global public health issue, having claimed more than 35 million lives so far. In 2016, 1 million people died from HIV-related causes globally. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is one of HIV’s vital enzymes for virus reproduction. If the enzyme is inhibited, the virus multiplication could be significantly decreased. There are currently many treatments for HIV, but more effective treatment is always needed because of the possibility of drug resistance and side effects for long-term use. Based on the previous study, there are some natural compounds with high affinity to the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase enzyme. Some of these compounds are flavonoid glycosides. Aims and Method: This study was aimed to learn more about in silico HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities of flavonoid glycosides using docking method. Results: The results showed that the most recommended flavonoid glycosides are those with the lowest binding energy, which were kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside and quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside. This was due to the interactions of all three flavonoid rings and sugar moiety with key amino acid residues, which were Leu100, Lys101, Glu138, Tyr181, His235 and Tyr318. Conclusion: Flavonoid glycosides with rhamnose as glycone showed lower binding energy on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
Keywords: Flavonoid; Glycosides; HIV; Molecular docking; Reverse transcriptase

In vitro Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Senecio asperulus and Gunnera perpensa from Mohale's Hoek, Lesotho - Mfengwana Polo-Ma-Abiele H; Mashele Samson S; Manduna Idah T (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Traditional medicinal plants have been widely used to treat or manage various ailments for centuries in Lesotho. With an increase in multi drug resistance and undesired adverse events to current drugs challenges, there is a need for alternative drugs. Aim: In this study we aimed at the investigation of antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Senecio asperulus and Gunnera perpensa roots extracted in three solvents of different polarities. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial activity was determined using the disc diffusion method, while antioxidant activity was determined using free radical scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. The Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage in vitro model was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of both plants. Resveratrol was used as a positive control. Results: Methanol extracts of Senecio asperulus inhibited microbial growth even at the lowest concentration of 50 μg/ml. Senecio asperulus dichloromethane extract was active on most bacteria with MIC’s between 50 μg/ml and 500 μg/ml. However, the water and methanol extracts of Gunnera perpensa had no activity against all organisms tested. Aqueous extracts of Senecio asperulus and Gunnera perpensa showed free radical scavenging activity yielding EC50 values of 100 μg/ml and 25 μg/ml, respectively. The aqueous extracts of Senecio asperulus showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity from 50 to 200 μg/ml. while the methanol extract was at 200 μg/ml and with no cytotoxicity. No anti-inflammatory activity was observed from all Gunnera perpensa extracts using LPS-induced macrophages, this suggests that this species may be using other mechanisms for anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusion: The antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities observed from water extracts of Senecio asperulus support its ethnomedicinal use for the management of inflammation related diseases.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory activity; Antibacterial activity; antioxidant activity; Gunnera perpensa; Medicinal plants; Senecio asperulus

In vitro Antidiabetic Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs by Glucose Uptake Method - Sangeetha DN; S. Rajamani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Medicinal plants play a key role to cure many diseases from time immemorial. The usage of medicinal plants in traditional medicinal system is the vital process of India. Diabetes Mellitus is a systemic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, abnormal elevated levels of lipid and fat in blood and hypoinsulinaemia. The current epidemic of diabetes indicates the need of proper and effective medications that are limited in their potency to have many side effects. Thus, introduction of alternative and complementary medicine is now in picture. Objective: The main objective of this work is to evaluate the in vitro anti diabetic activity of methanolic extracts of Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs in skeletal muscle cell line. Methods: The in vitro cytotoxicity was performed for leaf extract (Methanol) on L-6 (Rat skeletal muscle) cell line to find toxic concentration of the leaf extract by MTT assay. Glucose uptake activity of test substance was determined in differentiated L-6 cells. Results: In Glucose uptake assay, Methanol Extract exhibited moderate toxicity to skeletal muscle cell line and glucose uptake assay it shows dose dependent glucose uptake. Glucose uptake rate increased with the increasing concentration of the leaf extract. Conclusion: The results of the current study clearly demonstrated the antidiabetic potency of methanolic leaf extract obtained from Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs. under in vitro model.
Keywords: Antidiabetic activity; In vitro cytotoxicity; Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs; L-6 cell line; Methanolic leaf extract; MTT Assay; Skeletal muscle Cell Lines; Therapeutic agents

In vitro Antioxidant Properties and α-Glucosidase Inhibition of Combined Leaf Infusions from Psidium guajava L., Syzygium polyanthum L., and Annona muricata L. - Ika Rahayu; Pamela Hendra Heng; Kris H Timotius (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Guava (P. guajava), bay (S. polyanthum), and soursop (A. muricata) known as natural medicine. Limited report is available on their antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of leaf infusion. The aims of this research were to compare the antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of leaf infusion from guava, bay, and either as individual or combined infusions, and to analyze the chemical composition of the leaf infusion. Methods: Air dried leaf powder of guava, bay and soursop were infused separately with boiled aquadest. The infusions were analyzed for their antioxidant activity against DPPH. The α-glucosidase inhibitory assay was conducted against α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Then the infusions scanned with UV-Vis spectroscopy and analyzed with LC-MS. The synergism activities of the combined infusion were measured. Results: Antioxidant activities of leaf infusions of guava and bay showed a comparable result IC50 12.53 ± 0.55 and 10.76 ± 0.20 μg GAE/mL, but the infusion of soursop showed lower (IC50 19.77 ± 0.35 μg GAE/mL) than BHT as positive control (11.6 ± 0.31 μg GAE/mL). If soursop infusion was not added, then the mixture of the guava and bay infusion showed an antioxidative synergistic effect. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the guava, bay and soursop infusion (0.083 ± 0.01; 0.025 ± 0.007; 0.533 ± 0.039 μg GAE/mL, respectively) were stronger than acarbose (1285 ± 148 μg/mL). The α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the combined infusions showed a synergistic effect. The main constituents of the guava infusion were identified tentatively as chrysin and caffeoylquinic acid, for the bay infusion it was caffeoylquinic, and for the soursop infusion it was luteolin. Conclusions: There is a significant synergism of antioxidant activity of Guava and Bay mixture. The combined infusion of Bay and Soursop or Guava and Soursop showed antagonistic effect.
Keywords: Anonna muricata; Leaf infusion; Psidium guajava; Synergism; Syzygium polyanthum; α-glucosidase

In vivo Comparative Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Root Bark, Stem and Leaf Extracts of Capparis erythrocarpus (Capparaceae) - Emmanuel Kofi Kumatia; Stephen Antwi; Henry Brew-Daniels; Alfred Ampoma Appiah; Augustine Ocloo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: The root bark powder of the medicinal plant Capparis erythrocarpus is used at the Centre for Plant Medicine Research (In Ghana) against inflammatory pain disorders. The whole plant is destroyed to obtain the root bark which constitutes only 11.1 % of the plant. Hence, the plant is going extinct. We therefore sought to evaluate anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the root bark, stem and leaf of C. erythrocarpus in order to explore them as substitute(s) anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent to the root bark. Methods: Carrageenan induced paw oedema assay was used to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity. Hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing assays were employed to ascertain analgesic activity. Results: The extracts of the root bark (CRB) and leaf (CL) produced significant (p<0.05) antiinflammatory activity of 48.93 and 37.42 % at 50 and 200 mg/kg p.o. respectively whereas the stem extract (CS) was inactive. Moreover, the extracts produced significant (p<0.05) analgesic activity. The analgesic activity (178.20 – 248.70 %) of the extracts were higher than that of morphine (136.70%) at 5 mg/kg i.m. in the hot plate assay. CS (200 mg/kg p.o.) produced the highest analgesic activity (54.61%) among the extracts and diclofenac sodium (41.15%) at 5 mg/kg p.o. in the writhing assay. Conclusion: These results indicates that the leaf of C. erythrocarpus can be substituted for the root as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. Whiles, the stem can also be used as analgesic agent. This will save the plant from extinction.
Keywords: Hot plate; Oedema; Pain; Phytochemical constituents; Writhing assay

In vivo Toxicopathological Evaluation of a Purified Bioflocculant Produced by Arthrobacter humicola - Mayowa Oladele Agunbiade; Sabiu Saheed; Esta Van Heerden; Carolina Henritta Pohl (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: In spite of the commendable flocculating activities of microbial flocculants, a good number of them potentiate significant toxicity. This study evaluated the in vivo toxicological implications of treatment with the Purified bioflocculant (PB) from Arthrobacter humicola using OECD guidelines. Materials and Methods: In the acute toxicity assessment, a single oral administration of 2000 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) of PB was given to the Wistar rats and the animals were observed for 2 weeks. The daily dose toxicity testing was performed through daily oral treatment with graded doses (50, 200 and 500 mg/kg b.w.) of PB for 4 weeks. Clinical signs of toxicity, behavioral changes, hematological and biochemical parameters were thereafter evaluated. Results: PB at 2000 mg/kg b.w. produced no treatment-mediated signs of toxicity, behavioral changes or mortality in the animals. Thus, its no-observed-adverse-effect level was estimated to be above 2000 mg/kg b.w. In the repeated dose toxicity testing, treatments with PB also revealed no significant differences in the feeding patterns, lipid profiles, hematological and clinical biochemistry parameters when compared with the control group. Although, at 500 mg/kg b.w. PB, a significant increase was observed in the serum activities of alkaline phosphatase, nonetheless, cage side observations recorded no treatment-induced signs of toxicity and macro-histopathological examinations of all the investigated organs also revealed no obvious morphological changes. Conclusion: The overall results suggested that PB was well tolerated by the animals and is endowed with monosaccharides bearing functional groups of flocculation importance, thus, suggesting its potential application as a safe actinomycetes bioflocculant for water treatment.
Keywords: Actinomycetes; Arthrobacter humicola; Bioflocculant; Hematological; Polysaccharides; Wastewater treatment

Influence of Extraction on the Yield, Phytochemical and LCMS Profile from Standardized Kemuning Leaf (Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack) - Elly Wardani; Yahdiana Harahap; Abdul Mun’im; Anton Bahtiar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Mahanimbine alkaloid is carbazole alkaloids found in kemuning (Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack) potentially as antihyperlipidemia. Chemical compounds from plants can be obtained by extraction. The aim of this study was to determine influence of extraction solvents on the yield, phytochemistry and LCMS profiles from standardized kemuning to produce safe and quality medicinal raw materials. Materials and Methods: The study was used kinds of ethanol concentration with different polarity as a solvent for extraction. Solvent 40%, 70% and 96% of ethanol were used for maceration of simplicia from Bogor, West Java. The extract obtained was evaluated for the content of alkaloid compounds for LCMS then extracts were selected to be proceed to standardized extract quality. Results: The LCMS results showed that all 40%, 70% and 96% ethanol extracts contained Candidate Mass 354,19014 compounds which were thought to be e alkaloids based on the m/z value. Phytochemical screening in all extracts contained alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and steroids/triterpenoids. 96% ethanolic extract contained non-specific parameter such as content of compounds soluble in water 22,73%, soluble in ethanol 17,37%, drying down 9,10%, water content 18,36%, total ash content 4,18%, the yield of extracts was 33,45%, microbial contamination <3,0.104 (7,0.104) colony/g and mold yeast number 0 colony/g. The total gravimetric alkaloid level was 1,031%. Conclusions: 96% ethanolic extract of kemuning contains mahanimbine alkaloids and has met the standard quality requirements of extracts.
Keywords: Murraya paniculata; Non-specific parameters; Pharmacognosy; Specific parameters; Standardization of extracts

Influence of Milk on Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Power of Black Tea - KM Meselhy; Ghada A Abdel-latif; Amany A sleem; Walaa Ayman; Maram K Imam; Kholoud A Kassab; Sherouk Eissa (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Tea leaves are rich in several polyphenolics and flavonoidal compounds that could potentially have health-promoting properties. The objective of the present study was to analyze the antioxidant capacity of black tea and to study the effect of addition of fresh milk and packed milk on the phenolics concentrations and antioxidant efficacy. Methods: The black tea infusion (BT), black tea infusion with fresh milk (BTFM) & black tea infusion with packed milk (BTPM) samples were comparatively analyzed for total phenolics, flavonoids and HPLC profiling of major phenolic content. All samples were investigated for their total antioxidant capacity and glutathione level in different organs (brain, liver, kidney and heart). Results: The results shown that BT(black tea infusion) had higher total phenolics and flavonoids followed by BTPM (black tea infusion with packed milk) and then the BTFM (black tea infusion with fresh milk). The analytical HPLC results obtained also indicated that BT contained higher amount of catechins and garlic acid derivatives than BTFM, and BTPM may be due to chelation of free phenolics with some fats and protein in the tested milk samples, which reduces the levels of free phenolics significantly. Concerning antioxidants capacity both tested milk samples reduced antioxidant capacity to more than 50% in different tested tissues. Conclusion: We conclude that black tea is a valuable source of antioxidants and that the inhibitory effect of milk on the total antioxidant capacity may be related to complex formation of the fat & protein content of the milk with major phenolics in the black tea.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Black tea; Glutathione; HPLC. Flavonoids; Milk; Phenolics

Inhibition of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP IV) Activity by Some Indonesia Edible Plants - Muhammad Saiful Amin; Fadlina Chany Saputri; Abdul Mun’im (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html -->Background: Some edible plants are promising to control blood sugar level. These plants contained phenolic substances that suggested to be able to inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP IV). Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of several selected Indonesia plants on inhibiting of DPP IV activity and to determine the total phenolic content of the most active extract. Methods: Twelve Indonesia edible plants were macerated using 80% ethanol at room temperature. DPP IV activity was evaluated by using glycyl-prolyl-7-amino-4-methyl coumarin (Gly-Pro-AMC) substrate and the inhibitory effect of extracts were determined based on the level of free AMC group by measuring its fluorescence on excitation wavelength 350-360 nm and an emission wavelength 450-465 nm using a microplate reader. Total phenolic contents of the active extracts were determined with Folin-Ciocalteu 1:4 on 765 nm using microplate reader. Total anthocyanins from extract were determined using the pH differential method. Results: Among the tested samples, the extract of Ipomoea batatas roots at a concentration of 10 μg/mL showed the highest inhibition, followed by Cajanus cajan leaves and Gnetum gnemon rind, with percentage inhibition of 28.8, 24.9 and 24.1, respectively. I. batatas extract have an IC50 value of 65.53 μg/mL, while the IC50 value of the positive control Sitagliptin 9.37 μg/mL. Total phenolic content from the extracts of I. batatas, C. cajan and G. gnemon rind extract were 279.3; 152.8; and 141.3 mg GAE/gram, respectively. Total anthocyanin from I. batatas extract was 462.14 mg cyanidin- 3-glucoside/L. Conclusion: The extract of I. batatas showed the highest inhibition on DPP IV among other plants investigated and showed high content of phenolic compound and anthocyanin that correlated with activity as inhibitor DPP IV.
Keywords: Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4; Indonesian edible plant; Ipomoea batatas

Inhibitory Effects of Different Varieties of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Tubers Extracts on Lipoxygenase Activity - Sendangratri; Rosita Handayani; Berna Elya (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) with purple, orange and white varieties can be differentiated by their skin and flesh tubers’ colors. Research on anti-inflammatory activity of this plant is still limited although has been used traditionally. Objective: This study aimed to determine IC50 value of sweet potato tubers extracts in inhibiting lipoxygenase activity. Methods: Dried tubers of sweet potato were macerated with ethanol 70%. Each extracts were tested for soybean lipoxygenase inhibitory activity, phytochemical screening and total flavonoid contents. IC50 value and total flavonoid contents obtained from each extracts were analyzed statistically. Results: IC50 value of purple, orange and white sweet potato tubers extracts are 46.09, 52.12 and 63.69 μg/mL respectively. Each extracts contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and glycosides. Total flavonoid contents in purple, orange and white sweet potato extracts are 8.45±0.41; 7.57±0.03; and 6.12±0.14 mgQE/g extract respectively. Conclusion: Total flavonoid contents and IC50 values of each extracts are strongly correlated and inversely proportional with significance value of 0.026 and correlation value of -0.999 which indicate that the higher total flavonoid contents, the stronger inhibitory activity.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Ipomoea batatas L; Lipoxygenase; Sweet potato tubers; Total flavonoid contents

Inhibitory Effects of Sangketan (Achyranthes aspera L.) Roots Extract on Arginase Activity and Determination of Its Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents - Dieah Siti Rahmawati; Berna Elya; Arikadia Noviani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Achyranthes aspera, or commonly called as Sangketan in Indonesian is a wild plant that is used as a traditional medicine. The roots of Sangketan can be used as a wound healer by involving the role of arginine and its metabolites, nitric oxide, that directly affect the wound healing process itself. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the potential of Sangketan roots extract in inhibiting arginase activity. Methods: The roots were extracted using multistage ultrasound-assisted extraction method with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol solvent. Each extract from different solvents was tested for the inhibition of arginase activity using a microplate-based colorimetric method, followed by determination of total phenolic concentration and total flavonoid concentration. Results: The results of inhibition test of arginase activity by n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts were 9.56; 17.58; and 29.77% sequentially/respectively at concentration of 100 μg/ml; the total phenolic concentration were 3.91; 4.83; dan 11.18 mgGAE/g of sample respectively; and the total flavonoid concentration are 0.29; 0.80; and 0.88 mgQE/g of sample respectively. Conclusion: From this research, it can be concluded that Sangketan roots extract had low potency of arginase inhibitory activity.
Keywords: Achyranthes aspera; Arginase; Inhibitory effect; Sangketan; total flavonoid content; total phenolic content

The Interactive Antimicrobial Activity of Conventional Antibiotics and Petalostigma spp. Extracts Against Bacterial Triggers of some Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases - Aishwarya Ilanko; Ian Edwin Cock (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html -->Introduction: An increase in antibiotic resistance and a corresponding decrease in antimicrobial discovery have directed researchers towards alternative therapies, including plant-based medicines. However, synergistic combinations of plant extracts with conventional antibiotics are a far more effective approach in overcoming resistance and potentiating the activity of antibiotics that are otherwise ineffective against resistant bacterial strains. Methods: In this study, Petalostigma spp. (native Australian medicinal plants) extracts were combined with a range of conventional antibiotics and tested against various microbial triggers of autoimmune diseases. The fruit and leaves were extracted separately with solvents of varying polarity and investigated for the ability to inhibit bacterial growth using disc diffusion and liquid dilution MIC techniques. Results: The methanolic and water extracts showed low to moderate inhibitory activity against several microbes. However, combinations of the mid-low polarity extracts with conventional antibiotics proved significantly more effective in inhibiting the growth of Proteus mirabilis and Acinetobacter baylyi (bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis respectively). In total, 14 different combinations proved to be synergistic. Notably, two antibiotics (chloramphenicol and erythromycin) with no inhibitory activity against P. mirabilis alone were shown to have substantial activity when tested in combination with Petalostigma spp. extracts. Conclusion: Although the mechanisms of synergy are still unclear, studies indicate that compounds within Petalostigma spp. may mimic the actions of resistance modifying agents, thus potentiating the activity of several antibiotics that are relatively ineffective alone. Isolation of these agents may be highly beneficial in drug design against several bacteria including the microbial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.
Keywords: ankylosing spondylitis; Conventional antimicrobials; Drug combinations; Efflux pump inhibitor; Interaction; Medicinal plants; multiple sclerosis; rheumatoid arthritis; Synergy

Investigation of Secondary Metabolites and Cytotoxicity of Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) - Dina M Eskander; Ezzel -Din A El-Khrisy; Mary H Grace; Marian Nabil; Mahmoud I Nassar; Marwa M Mounier (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: The aim of this study is to isolate and identify sterols and terpenes from the chloroform/methanol extract (3:1) of aerial parts of Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) and evaluation of cytotoxic activity of crude extract and phytol for the first time from this plant. Methods: Different chromatographic techniques for the aerial parts of Jacquemontia pentantha extract were used resulting in isolation of eight compounds. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 1HNMR, 13CNMR, EI/MS spectrometry and by comparing their data with those reported in the literature. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay. The mode of action of the extract was predicted by using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay Kit for Tubulin beta (TUBb). Results: Eight compounds for the first time from this plant were identified as Palmitic acid (1), Phytol (major) (2), Stigmast-4-en- 3-one (3), mixture of α-amyrin (4) and β–amyrin (5), 1,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexaen-3- ol,2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl (all-E) (6) and mixture of α– amyrin acetate (7) and β-amyrin acetate (8). The extract showed potent cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 breast carcinoma cell line as well as HCT-116 colon carcinoma cell line at different concentrations (100-6.25 ug/ml) with IC50 (21.8 ± 0.9) and (40.9 ± 1.3) respectively. Phytol showed potent cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 cell line at different concentrations (100-12.5 ug/ml) with IC50 (60 ± 2.4), while it had no cytotoxic effect on HCT-116 cell line. The extract showed significant TUBb polymerization inhibition activity. Conclusion: The extract of aerial parts of Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) and also phytol compound has cytotoxic activity due to the presence of phytochemicals such as sterols and terpenes.
Keywords: Cytotoxic activity; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Jacquemontia pentantha; MTT Assay; Sterols; Terpenes

Investigation on Pharmacognostic Parameters of Sirunagapoo (Mesua ferrea L): A Traditional Indian Herbal Drug - Perumal Rajalakshmi; Vellingiri Vadivel; Natesan Ravichandran; Pemaiah Brindha (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html --> <!-- x-tinymce/html --> Introduction: Flower buds of Sirunagapoo (Mesua ferrea) are used in Siddha system of medicine as carminative, astringent and anti-vatha. It is traditionally used to treat various diseases like cough, venerial, white discharge, diarrhea, over-bleeding and peripheral neuritis. It is one of the major ingredients in Amukkara choornam, Inji choornam and Elathi choornam which are used for indigestion, loss of appetite and gastritis. Methods: Pharmacognostic characters of M. ferrea flower bud were studied through powder microscopy. Both ethanol and aqueous extracts were investigated for phytochemical screening, total phenolic content, in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and the ethanolic extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis. Results: Powder microscopy of flower buds of M. ferrea revealed the presence of brachysclereids, macrosclereids, starch grain, crystals and parenchyma cells. The powdered material exhibited 6.07% of loss on drying, 2.93% of total ash, 11.34% of water-soluble extractive and pH value 5.35. Data showed the presence of sterols only in ethanol extract and phenols, flavanoids, saponins and coumarins in both ethanol and aqueous extracts. Ethanolic extract was found to contain higher concentration of total phenols (1030 mg GAE/L) when compared to aqueous extract. Totally forty compounds were detected in GC-MS analysis and the major compound is eugenol (61%) and cinnamaldehyde (15%). In vitro studies revealed antioxidant in terms of DPPH free radical scavenging property (IC-50 = 229.7 mg/ml) remarkable anti-inflammatory activity using RBC membrane stabilization assay (70.27%) were noted. Conclusion: This study provides the pharmacognostic standards, phytochemical profile, major volatile compounds and in vitro properties of Mesua ferrea flower bud.
Keywords: GC-MS; In vitro studies; Mesua ferrea; Pharmacognosy; Phytochemicals

In-vitro Anti-diabetic and Antioxidant Efficacy of Methanolic Extract of Encephalartos ferox leaves - Michael Chukwuka Ojo; Foluso Oluwagbemiga Osunsanmi; Godfrey Elijah Zaharare; Rebamang Anthony Mosa; Nkosinathi David Cele; Michael Osawemi Oboh; Andy Rowland Opoku (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Diabetes mellitus has been identified as one of the global cause of disability and death. Objectives: The study aim to investigate the in-vitro antidibetic and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Encephalartos ferox leaves. Materials and Methods: The plant was screened for its Phytochemical composition. The plant material was extracted with methanol and the methanolic extract was screened (in-vitro) for its antioxidant activity using ABTS and DPPH assays. The potential antidiabetic activity of the plant extract was evaluated against some carbohydrates (α- amylase and α-glucosidase) and lipid (pancreatic lipase) digestive enzymes. The inverted intestinal sac model was also used to investigate the effect of the extract on intestinal glucose absorption. The anti-protein glycation activity of the extract was determined using haemoglobin. Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of most of the phytochemicals (Tannins, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, Alkaloids etc) that were screened for. The crude extract exhibited the antidiabetic potential as it significantly (P< 0.05) inhibited α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase in a dose dependent fashion. The extract also effectively reduced intestinal glucose absorption. The extract further showed antioxidant activity by efficiently scavenging ABTS and DPPH radicals with IC50 values of 68.3 μg/ml and 308 μg/ml, respectively. The extract also inhibited haemoglobin glycation, thus displaying the anti-protein glycation potential. Conclusion: It is apparent that E. ferox extract could serve as scaffold for diabetic therapy. For future study, cytotoxicity profile and in vivo investigation of the antidiabetic activity of the crude extract are essential.
Keywords: Diabetic; Flavonoids; Hyperglycaemia; Hyperlipidemia; Hypoglycaemic; Protein- glycation

Isolation and Structural Elucidation of Allantoin a Bioactive Compound from Cleome viscosa L.: A Combined Experimental and Computational Investigation - Lakshmanan G; Sivaraj C; Ammar A; Anantha Krishnan D; Gopinath S; Saravanan K; Gunasekaran K; Murugesan K (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Allantoin, a crystalline compound was isolated from the methanolic extract of Cleome viscosa and it was reported for first time from this plant. The structure of Allantoin was elucidated by single crystal XRD and it was further confirmed through FTIR and ESI-MS spectroscopy techniques. It was crystallized in monoclinic crystal system with the space group P2i/c. Electronic structure characterization of the isolated Allantoin was done through density functional theory calculation. The atomic charges, dipole moment, frontier molecular orbital and the electrostatic potential map of the molecule in the gaseous phase and in the active site have also been analyzed. The optimized geometry was used for molecular docking to identify the possible binding mode. Furthermore, the in vitro antibacterial activity of the isolated Allantoin against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was evaluated. Maximum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of isolated Allantoin results showed 4 μg/mL for B. subtilis and 8 μg/mL for S. aureus, E. coli and K. pneumoniae.
Keywords: Allantoin; Antibacterial activity; Cleome viscosa; Molecular docking; XRD

Isolation of Oxoaphorpine Alkaloid from Bark of Cryptocarya Ferrea - Nurdin Saidi; Khalijah Awang; Mustanir Yahya (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Extraction, isolation, identification and characterization of the compounds isolated from the bark of Cryptocarya ferrea yielded three known oxoaphorpine alkaloids. They are o-metilmoschatoline 1, ateroline 2 and subsesiline 3. Structural elucidation was established through spectroscopic methods 1D-NMR and 2D-NMR, UV, IR, and Mass Spectrometry and comparison with the published data.
Keywords: Atheroline; Cryptocarya ferrea; O-moschatoline; Subsessiline

LC-MS Analysis of Phytocomponents in the Methanol Extract of Piper Sarmentosum Leaves - Cutt Fazzlieanie Bactiar; Nur Azlina Mohd Fahami (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Piper sarmentosum is a cultivated plant that grows wildly in the tropical and subtropical region including in Malaysia. It has a wide usage in traditional medicine and have a variety of active chemical constituents. Aim: The aim of this study is to isolate and identify the active compounds from the methanol extracts of leaves of P. sarmentosum. Methods and Materials: The fresh leaves of Piper sarmentosum were collected from the Ethnobotanic garden of Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) after being identified and confirmed by a plant taxonomist from Medicinal Plant Divison (Voucher specimen code no: FRI 45870). The methanolic extraction procedure were performed at FRIM labrotory. The extract was then sent to Research and Instrumentation Management Centre (CRIM) UKM for Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) analysis. Results: Fifteen compounds were isolated from the fresh leaves of Piper sarmentosum. Six of these have been previously isolated from the roots and essential oil of this plant: (2) Naringenin, (3) Methyl piperate, (5) Beta-Asarone, (6) Brachyamide B, (8) Piperitol and (9)(10) Guineensine. (1)(12) Didymin, (4) Quercetin, (7) Amurensin (11) Hesperidin, and (15) Difucol are new for P. sarmentosum (Piperaceae). Conclusion: From the result, it is evident that Piper sarmentosum contains various bioactive compounds. (1)(12) Didymin, (4) Quercetin, (7) Amurensin, (11) Hesperidin, and (15) Difucol are new natural compounds that have not been reported before.
Keywords: Flavanoids; Lignan; Liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis; Naringine; Piper sarmentosum

Liquid Chromatography Single Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (LC/SQ MS) Analysis Reveals Presence of Novel Antineoplastic Metabolites in Ethanolic Extracts of Fruits and Leaves of Annona muricata - Yahaya Gavamukulya; Esther N Maina; Amos M Meroka; Edwin S Madivoli; Hany A El-Shemy; Gabriel Magoma; Fred Wamunyokoli (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Annona muricata, a tropical plant species belonging to family Annonaceae is one of the most used plants in folk medicine because of its many medicinal uses. Despite its wide usage, there is still need to continue scientifically evaluating its medicinal properties in order to avoid any adverse effects. Elucidating the detailed chemical composition of this plant is a significant step towards this evaluation. Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct LC MS analysis on the ethanolic extracts of fruits and leaves of Annona muricata for detection of novel metabolites. Materials and Methods: Leaves and fruits of Annona muricata were collected from Eastern Uganda during the month January 2018. Extraction was conducted using the tissue homogenization method and the extracts were analyzed on an LC/SQ MS detection system. The results were obtained by analyzing the MS spectra using the retentions time and fragmentation patterns on the NIST Library. Results: The study revealed that the fruits extracts contain 1,3-Dimethylthiourea and (4-chlorophenyl)-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-[(Z)-3-(dimethylamino) prop-1-enyl]quinolin-6-yl]-(3-methylimidazol-4-yl)methanol, which are reported antioxidant and antineoplastic agents. The leaves contained 2,4,6-Tribromoaniline another antioxidant and antineoplastic agent, while compound (dichlorozirconium(2+);dimethyl-bis(2-methyl-4- phenylinden-1-id-1-yl)silane was found in both extracts of fruits and leaves. Conclusion: The current study suggests that ethanolic extracts of fruits and leaves of Annona muricata contain compounds which are potent antioxidant, antineoplastic and therapeutic agents for various conditions and paves the way for the development of several treatment regimens from these plant parts. Finally, the compounds reported in this study have been identified for the first time as being found in Annona muricata.
Keywords: Annona muricata; Antineoplastic; Antioxidant; Ethanolic extracts; LC/SQ MS; Phytochemicals

Macro-Microscopic Identification of Dried Flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. and its Differentiation from Adulterant Rhododendron arboreum Sm. - Nartunai Govindarajan; Susikumar Sundharamoorthy; Narayanan Kannan; Ilavarasan Raju (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. (Fam.Malvaceae) is a small evergreen shrub cultivated in gardens throughout India. The decoction of flowers is used in Indian system of Medicine for bronchial inflammation, urinary astringent and cardio tonic, to promote growth and to prevent graying of hair. The dried flowers of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. (Fam.Ericaceae) are morphologically looking similar to Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and used as adulterant in the market. Hence, the morphological, Micro-morphological and powder microscopical studies on dried flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Rhododendron arboreum was carried out and reported. Objective: To identify the dried flowers of Hisbiscus rosa-sinensis macro-microscopically and to differentiate it from adulterant Rhododendron arboreum. Methods: The morphology and powder microscopy were observed following standard methods and photographed. Results: The colour, taste, arrangement and appearance of calyx, corolla and stamen, trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, sclereids, oil globules and pollen grains are found to be differentiating diagnostic characters in raw drug/powdered form of dried flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Rhododendron arboreum. Conclusion: The finding of present study is helpful in standardization of formulation consists of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis as ingredient in their powdered form and also for authentication/identification of dried flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.
Keywords: Adulteration; Hibiscus rosa-sinensis; Macro-microscopy; Rhododendron arboreum; Semparathai

Macroscopic and Microscopic Studies of Polyscias guilfoylei L. H. Bailey Leaves (Araliaceae) - Siti Marwah Lestari; Berna Elya; Sutriyo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: The leaves of Polyscias guilfoylei L. (Araliaceae) were reported to have medicinal value. Therefore, authentication of the leaves of Polyscias guilfoylei L. is important to ensure the reproducible quality of herbal raw materials. Objective: This study aims to evaluate macroscopic and microscopic parameters of the leaves of Polyscias guilfoylei L. Methods: Organoleptic, macroscopy, and microscopy of fresh leaves and microscopy parameters of leaves powder were observed. Results: Organoleptic and macroscopic studies found that the leaves had a smooth surface with green color, pinnate venation, elonged to lanceolate shape, cuspidate apex, serrated margin, broad base steam, a bit of distinctive smell, and characteristic taste. The leaves microscopy indicated the presence of anisocytic and paracytic stomata, druses type of calcium oxalate crystals, spiral type xylem, and essential oil were found. Conclusion: The results obtained can be used as quality control parameters, especially diagnostic features for the herbal raw material of Polyscias guilfoylei L.
Keywords: Araliaceae; Morphological studies; Plant anatomy; Polyscias guilfoylei; Puding leaves

Medicinal Plants in Basic Care: A Study of Clinical Practice - Carlos A.S. Souza; Wesley M.G. Andrade; Thaís S. Ramos; Alex J. S. Filho; Anderson L. Freitas; Tamires C. Lima; Ângelo R. Antoniolli; Wellington B. Silva; Francilene A. Silva (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
According to World Health Organization, 80% of world population uses traditional practices for primary health care, and 85% of this shares the use of medicinal plants or plants-based preparations. Thus, the present work had as objective to investigate the profile of herbal medicine use as well as the conditions to the alive pharmacy implementation in four basic health units in the city of Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil. For such, 84 family health professionals were interviewed about the use of medicinal plants. Concerning the indication of medicinal plants, 41.67% of the health staff prescribes medicinal plants, 55.95% reported never having prescribed medicinal plants and 2.4% abstained from responding. Despite the intention to use phytotherapy as a therapeutic practice, this practice is not yet fully inserted in the analyzed units due to factors such as lack of training and specific protocols to assist professionals in the use of medicinal plants and phytotherapics.
Keywords: Brazilian Unified Health System; Healthcare Unit; Phytotherapy; Traditional and Complementary Medicine

The Medicinal Plants Used in Anjir Pulang Pisau, Central Kalimantan-Indonesia - Susi Novaryatiin; Indah Indah (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: The use of medicinal plants in Anjir Pulang Pisau Village has been carried out for a long time through knowledge that is passed down through generations to family members. But there is no documentation of local knowledge about medicinal plants. Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the use of medicinal plants in Anjir Pulang Pisau Village, Central Kalimantan-Indonesia. Methods: The data were collected through individual interviews using semi—structured interviews. Information regarding the local names of the plant, medicinal uses, parts used, methods of preparation, and administration route were documented. Results: A total of 28 medicinal plants were identified. The family Anacardiaceae, Lamicaeae, Poaceae, and Myrtaceae had the highest proportion of medicinal plants used (7% each). The most frequently utilized medicinal plant parts were roots (47%). The plant species used to treat the high percentage of disease was Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe. (16%). In terms of frequency of medicinal plant uses, the highest percentage of plant species (21%) was used to treat wound. Majority of the plant remedies in this study were prepared by decoction (40%), and most medicinal plant preparations were taken orally (75%). Conclusion: Further research is needed to identify unidentified family and plant species. Pharmacognostical and pharmacological studies are also needed for the identification of chemical compounds and proving the efficacy of medicinal plants used by local people.
Keywords: Curcuma zedoaria; Ethnomedicine; Kahayan Hilir; Pulang Pisau; Traditional Knowledge

A Methanolic Extract of Ocimum basilicum Exhibits Antioxidant Effects and Prevents Selenite-induced Cataract Formation in Cultured Lenses of Wistar Rats - Thiraviyam Anand; Mahalingam Sundararajan; Muniyandi Anbukkarasi; Philip Aloysius Thomas; Pitchairaj Geraldine (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: An extract (Methanolic) of the Ocimum basilicum leaf was analysed for potential to abrogate experimental formation of cataract in-vitro. Methods: Phytoconstituents were first detected in O. basilicum extracts (Aqueous or methanolic) by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis. The putative antioxidant activity of these extracts was then assessed by measuring in-vitro radical-scavenging activity, ion-chelating potential and reducing potency. Potential cytotoxicity of the extract on Human lenticular epithelial B3 (HLE-B3) cells was also sought. Finally, possible prevention of cataract formation by the methanolic extract was gauged in selenite-exposed lenses obtained from Wistar rats. There were 3 groups (8 Lenses in each): Group I (Lenses incubated in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium [DMEM] alone); Group II (Lenses incubated in DMEM with sodium selenite [100 μM/ml]); Group III (Lenses incubated in DMEM with selenite [100 μM/ml] and the O. basilicum methanolic extract (200 μg/ml DMEM). Gross lenticular morphology was assessed. Levels of lenticular malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also measured. Results: A higher intensity of antioxidative activity was noted in the methanolic extract than in the aqueous extract. The methanolic extract exhibited negligible cytotoxicity. On morphological examination, marked opacification was seen in all 8 Group II lenses whereas there was no opacification in 7 of 8 Group III lenses. Near normal mean levels of reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde, were noted within Group III lenses. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of the O. basilicum leaf appears to prevent selenite-induced cataract formation in-vitro.
Keywords: Antioxidants; Cataract; Crystallins; Ocimum basilicum; Oxidative stress; Phytoconstituents

Micromorphology of Salt glands and content of marker compound Plumbagin in the leaves of Plumbago zeylanica Linn - Madathilparambil Vasu Sudhakaran (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Salt glands are highly specialized epidermal structures developed in recretohalophytic plants, intended for salt storage (reservoir) and as a means to alleviate the salt stress of the saline habitat by exo-recreto releases excess salts from the mesophyll tissues to the surrounding environment. Plumbago zeylanica Linn belongs to the family Plumbaginaceae is an important medicinal plant and espoused as a source for the drug Chitraka. Aim: The present study concerns the delineation of micromorphological characteristics of the paradermal and cross sections of the leaf epidermis, lamina, salt glands, petiole and mucilage secreting glands of the calyx of the flowers of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Materials and Methods: Delimiting the morpho-histological profile of the leaves and to develop the chromatogram of the methanol extract of the leaves and quantification of the marker compound plumbagin in the leaves using High Performance Thin- Layer Chromatographic (HPTLC) method. Results: Distribution of uniseriate, cruciate type clothing trichomes, characteristic contour of midrib, presence of amphistomatic epidermis with anisocytic stomata, crystals in idioblast of ground tissues of petiole and mesophyll, large palisade ratio, small stomatal index, multicellular salt gland structure with 8 cells, cuticular secretory cells, crescent shaped petiole, densely distributed mucilage secreting glands on the calyx of flowers were features characteristic of the taxon. The HPTLC finger printing profile of the leaves revealed six phyto-constituents. Densitometric scanning of plumbagin had shown the absorption spectra λ max at 270 nm. Spectral matching by overlaying the absorption spectra of standard marker compound with the phto-constituents present in the methanol extract of sample could fail to obtain any spectral matching at λ max 270 nm, suggestive that dried leaves of P. zeylanica did not contain any appreciable amount of Plumbagin. Calibration data obtained by polynomial regression had revealed that dried leaves of P. zeylanica Linn contained below 105 ng/μl of plumbagin in methanol extract of leaves.
Keywords: Absorption spectra; Chromatogram; Halophytes; Plumbagin; Salt glands; Stomatal index

Microscopic Characters, Phytochemical Screening Focus on Alkaloid and Total Phenolic Content of Uncaria gambir Roxb. and Uncaria sclerophylla Roxb. Leaves - Aditya Sindu Sakti; Fadlina Chany Saputri; Abdul Mun’im (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: Uncaria gambir Roxb. and Uncaria sclerophylla Roxb. are medicinal plants widely grown in Indonesia. Genus Uncaria is well known for catechin content that has potent antioxidant activity. Uncaria also was reported containing alkaloid that has antihypertensive action. This study aims to provide microscopic characters and phytochemical profiles associated with the phenolic and alkaloid compounds contained in these two species of Uncaria. Methods: Microscopic characteristics were performed on fresh leaf samples using a microscope. Presence of alkaloids from ethanol and chloroform extract of U. gambir and U. sclerophylla leaf were performed using Dragendorff reagents. Thin Layer Chromatography profile was developed in the mobile phase that consisted of acetone: chloroform (8:2). Total Phenolic Content was determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method using microplate reader spectroscopically at λ = 765 nm. Results: Microscopy of U. gambir leaf revealed the presence of vascular bundle fragment, oil fragments, parenchyma cells, midrib transverse-section and lower epidermis with paracytic stomata. Whereas in U. sclerophylla can be observed midrib transverse-section and lower epidermis unicellular with trichomes. Both U. gambir and U. sclerophylla positively contain alkaloids. Chloroform extract showed the presence of alkaloids while ethanolic extracts showed negative results. The TLC profile shows the presence of catechin compound in the ethanolic extract, whereas in the chloroform extract does not show the presence of catechin. The total phenolic content of U. gambir and U. sclerophylla leaf ethanolic extract and chloroform extract was 7.309; 5.734 and 0.437; 0.161 mg of gallic acid equivalents each gram sample, respectively. Conclusion: Microscopic characteristics, TLC and phytochemicals obtained can be used for the authentication of Uncaria gambir Roxb. and Uncaria sclerophylla Roxb leaf.
Keywords: Microscopic Characters; Phytocemical Screening; Thin Layer Chromatoghraphy; total phenolic content; Uncaria gambir; Uncaria sclerophylla

Mineral Content Analysis of Polyherbal Energy Bar Using X-Ray Fluorescence Technique - Mansi Chitkara; Rajneet Kohli; Inderjeet Singh Sandhu; Didar Singh; Gagandeep Kaur; Rakesh Kumar Sindhu (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Aim: The objective of the present study was to develop a novel energy bar which is nutritious and cost effective. Materials and Methods: The components used for the novel energy bar were banana, orange, peanuts, raisins, cocoa butter, stevia leaves and oats. Mineral contents of energy bar were analysed by XRF technique. Results: The mineral contents were present in comparable amount. Major elements viz. K 17.15%, P 4.57%, Mg 1.43%, Ca 0.93%, Na 0.66%, S 0.54%, Fe 0.15%, Zn 0.05% and Cu 0.02% were present in energy bar. Conclusion: Minerals are good for overall growth of body. The energy bar also contains no preservatives, binding agents and sugar free. So, the energy bar is major source of energy and minerals for all age group individuals.
Keywords: Calcium; Energy bar; Iron; Mineral content; Polyherbal; Potassium

Modification of Hexavalent Chromate Hepatotoxicity by Ethanol Extract of Moringa oleifera in Wistar Rats - Akinwumi Kazeem A; Osifeso Olabode O; Jubril Afusat J; David Olaitan O (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: The association of hexavalent chromate toxicity with oxidative stress necessitated the search for antidote from medicinal plants with antioxidant properties. One of such plants is Moringa oleifera. Objective: To investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidative properties of ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera (EEMO) against potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) induced hepatocellular damage and oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty rats were assigned into six groups of five animals each: distilled water, 12 mg/kg bd.wt K2Cr2O7, 3.5 mg/kg bd.wt EEMO, 7.0 mg/Kg bd.wt EEMO, 3.5 mg/Kg bd.wt EEMO+K2Cr2O7, 7.0 mg/kg bd.wt EEMO+K2Cr2O7. The EEMO was administered consecutively for thirty-five days, while K2Cr2O7 was injected intraperitoneally once weekly before the animals were sacrificed. Liver function and oxidative stress markers including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione -S-transferase (GST) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were monitored in the serum and liver. Histopathology of the liver was also carried out. In addition, proximate analysis of the powdered leaves and phytochemical composition of EEMO were also evaluated. Results: The K2Cr2O7 significantly (p < 0.05) increased AST, ALT and MDA levels coupled with decreased SOD and GST activities as well as hepatic lesions when compared with control. However, the two doses of EEMO modified the hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress towards that of control. The EEMO is rich in phenolics and other phytochemicals including hexamethylquercetagetin and hexa-Omethylmyricitin that may account for the observed antioxidative and ameliorative effect. Conclusion: Our results suggest that ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera modify hexavalent chromate hepatotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Hepatotoxicity; Moringa oleifera; Oxidative stress and potassium dichromate

Molecular Docking Studies of Phytochemicals from Leucas aspera Targeting Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis Subcellular Proteins - Vivek Jagadeesan Sharavanan; Muthusaravanan Sivaramakrishnan; Ram Kothandan; Shanmugaprakash Muthusamy; Kumaravel Kandaswamy (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html -->Objective: Bacterial subcellular proteins play a vital role in cell division, pilus assembly and virulence. In addition, such proteins were perceived as potential antimicrobial targets. Therefore, in this article we attempt to screen for potential phytochemicals that can target those subcellular proteins. Methods: A computational screening for phytochemicals from Leucas aspera with better bioavailability followed by molecular docking studies for better understanding of interaction between phytochemical and target proteins. Results: erythro-2-(4-allyl-2,6- dimethoxyphenoxy)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) propan-1-ol and Leucasperone B from Leucas aspera possess great binding affinity (> -100 kcal/mol) towards one or more bacterial subcellular protein targets and possess bioavailability. Conclusion: Based on the docking result we claim that erythro-2-(4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) propan-1-ol and Leucasperone B could serve as an effective antimicrobial compounds to treat bacterial infections.
Keywords: Antimicrobials; Computational screening; Docking; Phytochemicals; Subcellular proteins

Momordica Charantia L. Variety from Northeastern Brazil: Analysis of Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Components - William Antonio Sagástegui Guarniz; Kirley Marques Canuto; Paulo Riceli Vasconcelos Ribeiro; Hilania Valeria Dodou; Karla Nascimento Magalhaes; KellenMiranda Sá; Patrícia Georgina Garcia do Nascimento; Karine Lima Silva; Gleilton Weyne Passos Sales; Mirian Parente Monteiro; Nadia Accioly Pinto Nogueira; Sikiru Olaitan Balogun; et al. (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Momordica charanthia L., Curcubitaceae, is a pantropical food and medicinal plant. The plant is included in the Official List of Brazilian Medicinal Plants of interest to the Brazilian Unified Health System. The study aimed to perfom microbiological studies with extracts of Momordica charanthia L. including chemical characterization of the active extracts. Methods: The antimicrobial activity was evaluated with the hydroalcoholic and acetone extracts of M. charantia leaves, fruits and seeds from northeastern Brazil using microdilution broth technique on the selected clinical bacterial and fungal strains. Extracts that presented antimicrobial were subjected to ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-ESI-MS). Results: The in vitro antimicrobial assays demonstrated that the leaves extracts presented good antibacterial effect against four Staphylococcus aureus strains, and a weak antifungal activity agaist Candida albicans. Fourteen compounds were identified in the hydroalcoholic extract, while 12 were found in the acetone extract. The most important compounds were kaempferol, quercertin and triterpenoids like cucurbitacins. Conclussion: The present study demonstrated the potential antibacterial activity of M. charantia L. from northeastern part of Brazil, in addition to important phytochemical metabolites known to possess antibacterial activities, particularly against microrganisms of clinical importance. The UPLC phytochemical profile of the Brazilian variety is reported here for the first time. The phytochemical profile of the LHE and FAE demonstrated the presence of biologically and pharmacologically active compounds. There is lack of biological and pharmacological studies to support the medicinal uses of this important plant. The Brazilian variety of M. Charantia could be a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of infections.
Keywords: Antibacterial; Antifungal; Ethnopharmacology; in vitro activity

Morpho-anatomical Observations on Homoeopathic Plant Drug Hygrophila spinosa T. Anderson - Digvijay Verma; Shilpi Singh; Renu Arya; Soundararajan Rajan; Bhopal Singh Arya; Anil Khurana; Raj Kumar Manchanda (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine synonym Hygrophila spinosa T. Anderson is used in the homoeopathic system of medicine belongs to the family Acanthaceae. Plant contains terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids and is traditionally known as an aphrodisiac, renal tonic and for its health-promoting properties, this drug is most popularly used by homoeopathic practitioners for the treatment of urticaria, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, nausea etc. Complete morphological characterization of whole plant has not been reported so for. This study may provide complete information on the basis of morphological, anatomical and powdered studies. That will assist to differentiate between adulterants and authentic raw drug to maintain the quality of drugs. Objective: The aim of the present study is to examine the morpho-anatomical, powder and fluorescence analysis of whole plant i.e. root, stem, and leaf of the plant used in homoeopathy. Material and methods: The macroscopical, microscopical and powdered analysis of drug was performed. For morphological study simple observational methods applied while for anatomical and bio-statistical parameters microscopy including powder microscopy was performed by using different methods. Results: The drug was in form of dried pieces of leaves, small quadrangular pieces of stem with spines and roots. Microscopy showed few features like aerenchymatous cortex in the middle region of root; semi-quadrangular outline, four vascular bundles at each corner in young stem and developing fascicular vascular bundles between them, in mature stem 6 vascular bundles viz. 4 vascular bundles at corner and 2 vascular bundles present in between opposite to each other; broad cortical aerenchyma in mature stem, leaf amphistomatous, anomocytic stomata, crescent-shaped meristele in leaf. Conclusion: Present study can assist the diagnostic characters of Hygrophila spinosa may be taken as pharmacognostical standards for the identification of plant drug.
Keywords: Drug; Homoeopathy; Macroscopy; microscopy; Organoleptic

Neuroprotective Effect of Sacha Inchi Oil (Plukenetia volubilis L.) in an Experimental Model of Epilepsy - Oscar Herrera-Calderon; Ricardo Ángel Yuli-Posadas; Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo; Edwin Enciso-Roca; César Franco-Quino; Victor Chumpitaz-Cerrate; Linder Figueroa-Salvador (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Experimental studies have demonstrated that fatty acids such as omega 3 and 6 have anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, cardio protective and anti-tumor effects. Objective: The main objective was to determine the protective effect of sacha inchi oil on pentylenetetrazoleinduced seizures in albino mice. Material and Methods: Thirty male Balb/C albino mice of 8 weeks of age were purchased from the National Institute of Health (Lima-Peru). The animals were divided into 5 groups of 6 animals each one. Group I: Control; PTZ (pentylenetetrazole 80 mg / kg, s.c.). II: PTZ + Diazepam (1 mg / kg; s.c.). Group III, IV, V: PTZ + sacha inchi oil at single doses of 250, 500, 1000 mg / kg respectively orally. Sacha inchi oil was administered 30 minutes before induction of seizures by PTZ. Next, various parameters such as latency, seizure frequency, duration and score were scored according to Racine scale. The program Graph Pad Prism v.4 was used for statistical analysis. Results: As result, the experimental group treated with sacha inchi oil at maximum dose of 1000 mg/kg showed better results in response to PTZ induced seizure; low levels of seizures, frequency and duration (P<0.001; ANOVA, P <0.001 Post-hoc Dunnett test). Conclusion: It is concluded that Sacha inchi oil presented anticonvulsant effect at the highest doses tested being very similar to Diazepam. The main mechanism could be by reducing free radical and improving GABA levels in the brain.
Keywords: Convulsion; Epilepsy; Omega; Pentylenetetrazole; Plukenetia Volubilis; Sacha inchi

Neuroprotective Effects of Ganoderma curtisii Polysaccharides After Kainic Acid-Seizure Induced - Ismael Leon-Rivera; Juana Villeda-Hernandez; Elizur Montiel-Arcos; Isaac Tello; Maria Yolanda Rios; Samuel Estrada-Soto; Angelica Berenice Aguilar; Veronica Nunez-Urquiza; Jazmin Mendez-Miron; Victoria Campos-Pena; Sergio Hidalgo-Figueroa; Eva Hernandez; et al. (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Epilepsy is one of the major neurological disorders affecting world population. Although, some Ganoderma species have shown neuroprotective activities, the effects of polysaccharides isolated from Ganoderma curtisii on epileptic seizures have not been reported. Objective: The aims of the present study were to determine whether treatment with a polysaccharide fraction (GCPS-2) from a Mexican Ganoderma curtisii strain can reduce seizures, and the increases in the levels of apoptotic molecules and inflammatory cytokines in kainic acid-induced seizure mouse model. Materials and Methods: Rats were separated in groups: Control group received 2.5% Tween 20 solution; GCPS-2 groups were administered GCPS-2 (10, 40, or 80 mg/kg); KA group received KA 10 mg/kg; GCPS-2+KA received GCPS- 2 and 30 min later KA. Pathological changes in neuronal morphology, expression of B-cell lymphoma-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin1-β and tumor necrosis factor-α) in the rat hippocampus and cortex were determined by immunohistochemistry. Results: Ganoderma curtisii soluble polysaccharides (GCPS-2) inhibited convulsions in rats. Moreover, treatment with GCPS-2 reduced the increased levels of apoptotic signaling molecules (Bcl-2) and proinflammatory mediators (in the kainic acid-treated hippocampus and cortex). Conclusion: Ganoderma curtisii soluble polysaccharides have a neuroprotective potential against epilepsy, partially through its ability to inhibit neurotoxic events in the in vivo hippocampus and cortex.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Anticonvulsant; Ganoderma curtisii; Neuroprotective; β-glucan

A New LC/MS/MS Method for the Analysis of Phyllanthin in Rat Plasma and its Application on Comparative Bioavailability of Phyllanthin in Different Formulations after Oral Administration in Rats - Nguyen Van Long; Chu Van Men; Anh Vu Tuan; Nguyen Van Manh; Thanh Chu Duc; Ha Bui Thi Thu; Hoang Van Luong; Le Bach Quang; Pham Gia Khanh (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: A simple, short UPLC/MS/MS method for quantitation of phyllanthin in rat plasma in less than 2 minutes have been developed and fully validated. The validated method was used to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of phyllanthin in PA extract and phospholipid complex of PA extract in rat. Methods: The separation was carried out on Acquity C18 (50 x 2.1 mm; 1.7 μm), with a mobile phase of 10 mM aqueous amonium acetate and acetonitrile (10:90; v/v), at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Felodipin was used as internal standard. Phyllanthin is extracted from a small volume of rat plasma (100 μl) by means of liquid-liquid extraction method with tert butyl methyl ether. Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry was applied in positive mode at capillary voltage of 4000 V for both phyllanthin and IS, cone voltage of 24 V for phyllanthin and 20 V for IS, desolvation temperature of 360oC, cone gas flow of 25 L/h, collision energy of 12 V for phyllanthin and 10 V for IS. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to monitor the transitions at m/z (Q1/Q3) 436.41/355.36 for phyllanthin and 384.20/352.18 for IS. Results: The linear calibration curve of phyllanthin was obtained over the concentration range of 0.5 – 100 ng/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were less than 7.08 % and the accuracies were within ± 7.55%. The Cmax values of phyllanthin from two different preparations in rat plasma after oral administration of 2.0 mg/kg were 11.44 and 31.44 ng/ml, and the AUC values were 18.07 and 41.43 h.ng/ml, respectively. Conclusion: A simple, short UPLC/MS/MS method for quantitation of phyllanthin in rat plasma in less than 2 minutes have been developed and fully validated. The bioavailability of phyllanthin from the phospholipid complex of PA extract in rat plasma was significantly improved compared with that of raw PA extract after oral administration.
Keywords: LC-MS/MS; Pharmacokinetics; Phospholipid; Phyllanthin; Plasma; Quantitation

Niacin Regulates Glucose Reactive Protein (GRP78), Protein Carbonyl Content (PCC) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in the Hyperglycemic Human Lens Epithelial Cells - Nina Handayani; Hidayat Sujuti; Nur Permatasari; Achmad Rudijanto (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Niacin is part of the chemical structure of coenzymes nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). Previous studies suggested that a high niacin intake could decrease the prevalence of cataracts, which may delay the onset of diabetic cataract. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of niacin on the hyperglycemia-induced osmotic stress and oxidative stress in human lens epithelial cells. Materials and Methods: Human lens epithelial cells were cultured in a high glucose condition. Oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl content (PCC) and glucose reactive protein (GRP), were measured using TBARS analysis (MDA) and ELISA (PCC and GRP) after 72 h incubation. Results: The MDA levels increased after high glucose administration relative to that in the control group (p <0.05). Further, the groups that were co-treated with niacin showed decrease in the MDA levels for all doses of niacin and the lowest mean MDA level was obtained with 100 μM niacin. There was a decrease in the PCC levels for all doses, whereas the lowest mean PCC level was observed at a 100 μM niacin dose. The GRP levels increased after high glucose administration as compared with the control group. Also, the groups that were co-treated with niacin exhibited statistically significant reduction. Conclusion: These results suggest that niacin can inhibit the osmotic stress and oxidative stress which may lead to the progression of a diabetic cataract. Also, it may maintain lens transparency by acting as a precursor for glutathione biosynthesis and an antioxidant.
Keywords: Diabetic cataract; Glucose; GRP78; MDA; Niacin; Oxidative stress; PCC

A Novel Poly‐herbal Formulation Hastens Diabetic Wound Healing with Potent Antioxidant Potential: A Comprehensive Pharmacological Investigation - Pulak Majumder; M Paridhavi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html -->Objective: Currant investigation was aimed to evaluate the wound healing and antioxidant potentials of the novel Poly-herbal Formulation (PHF) in diabetic rat’s models and in-vitro antioxidant assays respectively. Methods: The wound models viz., excision, incision and dead space by using wistar strain albino rats were adopted for this investigation. The free radical scavenging assays were employed for investigation of Antioxidant potential in poly herbal formulation. The constraints studied for assessment of wound repair were percentage closing percentage of wound, tensile strength of repaired tissue, breaking strength of granulation tissue and valuation of hydroxyproline content on dried tissue. The histopathological sections of granulation tissues obtained in dead space wound model were studied for the distribution of collagen and other histopathological changes. Four groups were used in this study with six animals each. Group I and Group II acts as normal control and diabetic control whereas Group III and Group IV was used as glibenclamide treated (1mg/kg b.w.) and PHF (500 mg/kg b.w.) treated group respectively. On the other hand the various antioxidant assays like DPPH, scavenging assays, hydrogen peroxide assay etc. were investigated. Results: The PHF has been significantly healing the wounds in diabetic rats within 18 days, while diabetic control rats healed the wound about 86.12% in the same conditions and time. The wound breaking strength and histopathological studies of healed skin was signified the results. Significant (p<0.01) increase in wound breaking strength as well as epithelialization and the level of hydroxyproline was observed in PHF treated animals comparison with diabetic control group. PHF has also shown significant antioxidant potential in in-vitro assays. Conclusion: All these investigation indicates the significant wound healing and antioxidant potential of PHF in the experimental animal groups in diabetic condition.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Diabetes; Poly herbal formulation; Streptozotocin; Wound model

Olea europaea and Its Constituents Promote Bone Health by Enhancing Osteoblast Differentiation and Proliferation: A Review - Ruszymah Bt Hj Idrus; Aminuddin Bin Saim (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: The human bone is in a constant state of balance between bone resorption and bone formation, maintained by the osteoclasts and osteoblasts respectively. Association of Mediterranean diet and bone health has been prevalently studied in recent years. Olive and its constituents have been suggested to be the major contributor to the benefits of the Mediterranean diet in bone health. Method: In this review, cellular and molecular mechanism of bone homeostasis and the influence of olive and its constituents were discussed. Result: Many studies ranging from clinical, animal and in vitro cell culture reported benefits of olive and its constituents in bone health. Olive and its constituent exerted its beneficial effect in bone health through stimulation of bone formation as opposed to inhibition of bone resorption. Conclusion: Olive and its constituents promotes osteoblast differentiation and proliferation.
Keywords: Bone; Hydroxytyrosol; Oleuropein; Olive; Osteoblast

Optimization Method for Determination of Swelling Factor Linum usitatissimum Seeds - S Dhanalakshmi; C N Hemalatha; Sai Ramya Bharathi; C Dhivya; S Vanishree; V Rekha; V Vijayalakshmi; A Hari priya; Sai Monisha (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Aim: Aspire of the investigation is to amend the method for determination of swelling factor of seeds, so it can be determined to optimize the minimum errors which will be reproducible. Swelling factor is play key role if the phytoconsitituent rich in mucilage and polysaccharide which constitute a diverse class of biological macromolecules. Background: Sugar molecules play a broad range of physiochemical properties which are widely used for applications in Pharmacy and the present investigation work is related to determine the effect of parameters such as quantity of seed, volume and nature of solvent, time interval of agitation, time of measurement of result, Effect of quantity of seeds on swelling factor determination. Solvent Optimized technic gives superlative results over IP method. Methods: The swelling factor of Linum usitatissimum was evaluated by using different polar to non-polar solvents by using the standard procedure. During the determination, the role of physical parameter were calculated by comprising the swelling factor with agitation and temperature. Results: According to the observations, the lower concentration levels of swelling index used as an alternative binder to starch. keeping one parameter as variable while all other parameters constant, it was observed that the swelling index of gives better results using the solvents plain distilled water, seeds moistened with alcohol. It was also observed that agitation at every three hours till the process of 24 hours is maintained would give better results, keeping one parameter as variable while all other parameters constant.
Keywords: Formulation parameter; Seed; Swelling index

An Overview of Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potentials of Punica granatum L - Janani Jacob; Rajiv P; Gopalan R; Lakshmanaperumalsamy P (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is considered as “A pharmacy unto itself” in Ayurvedic medicine and also used in several other systems of medicine. The plant belongs to the family Lythraceae containing pomegranate as a predominant species. Various parts of the plant exhibits significant pharmacological activities due to its wide range of potential bioactive compounds. Many biological activities proved its antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti- athersclerotic, antidiabetic actions and many more. This article provides a review of phytoconstituents of Punica granatum and its diverse array of biological properties.
Keywords: Bioactive compounds; Lythraceae; Pharmacological activities; Phytoconstituents; Punica granatum; Traditional medicine

Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Antimicrobial Activity of Root of Careya arborea - Bandenawaz Ramadurga; Rakesh Kumar Jat; Shrishailappa Badami (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Careya arborea is known for its traditional medicinal properties and reported for potent antitumor, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and many other activities. Its stem bark, leaves and fruits were studied biologically, but so far its root has not been studied. Aim: The aim of the present study is to standardize the root of Careya arborea and its extracts pharmacognostically and also to screen its extracts for their antimicrobial activities against several bacteria and fungi using standard procedures. Materials and Methods: Loss on drying, extractive and ash values, fluorescence and phytochemical analysis of the root and its extracts were studied using standard procedures. Antimicrobial activity was carried out by determining minimum inhibitory concentration. Results: Among all the extracts, the successive ethyl acetate extract was found to be the most active with lowest MIC values against L. acidophilius, S. aureus, C. freundii, P. aeruginosa and M. luteus. The successive chloroform extract was also found to be highly active against P. aeruginosa and fungi, M. furfur and C. albicans. Conclusion: The results are helpful in standardizing the root of the plant and since several of the root extracts possess antimicrobial properties, there is a need to isolate its constituents.
Keywords: Antibacterial; Antifungal; Careya arborea; standardization

Pharmacognostic Profile of Root and Stem of Indigofera Tirunelvelica Sanjappa - Srinivasa Naidu Parijatham Kanchana; Agnel Arul John Nayagam; Sandra Horta (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: The focus on herbal plants as medicine is increasing rapidly because of their efficacy and less side effects. The medicinal plants are great alternative as they are renewable and non exhaustive resources. In India these medicinal plants have been part of the people’s life dating back from centuries. Objectives: The present study is aimed to evaluate anatomical characterization of stem and root of Indigofera tirunelvelica Sanjappa for the first time which can be used in the identification and standardisation of Indigofera tirunelvelica Sanjappa. Results: The stem and root of the plant were evaluated for their microscopic features. In that histochemical localisation of secondary metabolites and transverse section of stem and root were studied. The histochemical localisation result reveals the presence of terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids and lignin were found in epidermal, cortical and xylem regions of the stem. Alkaloids, Terpenoids, phenols and lignin were found in the different areas of root. Conclusion: The present study thus emphasis the potentiality of the plant as a drug.
Keywords: Alkaloid; Flavonoid; Indigofera tirunelvelica Sanjappa; Root; Stem

Pharmacognostic Specifications, Quercetin and Quercitrin Quantification in Bauhinia malabarica Leaf - Paphitchaya Thetsana; Chayanon Chaowuttikul; Chanida Palanuvej; Nijsiri Ruangrungsi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. is a tropical tree that found throughout Thailand. Leaves have a sour taste and have been used in Thai remedies for wound healing, diuretic, dysentery and emmenagogue. Objective: This study aimed to focus on pharmacognostic specification and quantitative analysis of quercetin and quercitrin in B. malabarica leaves. Methods: Various methods such as macroscopic and microscopic evaluations of B. malabarica leaf were studied along with physico-chemical parameters and quantitated quercetin and quercitrin using RP-HPLC. Results and Conclusion: Whole plant, structures of dried powder crude drug, cross section of midrib and leaf measurement were established. Paracytic stomata and multicellular trichome were found on lower epidermis. B. malabarica leaves from 15 sources throughout Thailand were examined the pharmacognostic specification according to WHO guideline. Physico-chemical parameters showed that loss on drying, total ash, acid insoluble ash and water content should not be more than 8.00, 7.08, 1.79 and 8.28 % of dry weight while ethanol and water soluble extractive values should not be less than 13.78 and 16.47 % of dry weight respectively. Quercetin and quercitrin were the markers for quantitative analysis using RP-HPLC with diode array detector in B. malabarica ethanolic extract. Quercetin and quercitrin contents were found to be 0.18 g and 0.38 g in 100 g of dried crude drug. Method validation was determined according to ICH guideline. All results were in the acceptable range and could be used for identity, safety, efficacy and quality of B. malabarica leaves in Thailand.
Keywords: Bauhinia malabarica Roxb; HPLC; Leaf measurement; Pharmacognostic specification; Quercetin; Quercitrin

Pharmacognostic Studies and Artemisinin Content of Artemisia Annua L. Grown in Togo - Messan Koffi Adjogblé; Batomayena Bakoma; Kossi Metowogo; Kodjovi Dotsè Amouzou; Yao Potchoo; Kwashie Eklu-gadegbeku; Kodjo A Aklikokou; Menssanvi Gbeassor (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: Artemisia annua grown in Togo is used as an antimalaria drug. The present study shows a detailed analysis of pharmacognostic evaluation of leaf powder and root that will be used for the purpose of identification, authentication, and consequent standardization. Materials and Methods: Both the leaf and root were evaluated for their macroscopic and microscopic features. The physicochemical parameters of the leaf powder and its phytochemical screening were done based on its total phenols and flavonoïd content. Artemisinin content was also performed using weigh method after extraction. Results: Physicochemical evaluation yielded water, alcohol, acetone, methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether soluble extractive values which are 2.25%, 1.25%, 4.22%, 8.12% and 3.77% (w/w), respectively. Fluorescence analysis imparted characteristic colors to the leaf powder when observed under visible, UV light 254 and 365 nm. Phytochemical screening of leaf powder showed the presence of alkaloïds, flavonoïd, and anthracene derivatives. Total phenols and flavonoïd content were 32.5 ± 0.67 mEq Gallic Acid/100 mg and 11.3 ± 1.52. mgEq Quercetin/100 mg, respectively. Artemisinin content value was 0.009% (w/w). Conclusion: Various pharmacognostic parameters which were evaluated assisted in identification and standardization of A. annua leaf in powder and crude form.
Keywords: Artemisia; Artemisinin; Flavonoid; Pharmacognostic; Total Phenols

Pharmacognostic Studies of the Leaves, Stem and Root of Capparis erythrocarpos Isert (Capparaceae) - Twumasi Mary A; Ekuadzi Edmund; Mante Priscilla K; Boakye-Gyasi Mariam E; Mensah Merlin LK; Woode Eric (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: The roots of Capparis erythrocarpos are used traditionally across Africa for the management of pain, arthritis and other forms of inflammatory conditions. Owing to its proven efficacy, it has gained commercial value, particularly as a key ingredient in several herbal products and alcoholic beverages. The increased scarcity owing to demand outstripping supply lend the roots of C. erythrocarpos to adulteration. This paper presents a detailed pharmacognostic evaluation of the leaf, stem and root of C. erythrocarpos which will be used in its identification and consequent standardization. Methods: The leaf, stem and root were evaluated for their macroscopic and microscopic features as were the physicochemical parameters and phytochemical screening done. Results: Leaves are alternately arranged, have collateral vascular bundle, crystal sheaths and a pericyclic fibre. Actinocytic stomata and secretory cells were contained in powdered leaves. The stem showed lenticels and thorns, stellate and branched trichomes which leave off cicatrices in older stems. The powdered stem and roots contained stone cells, secretory cells and scalariform vessels. However, the roots lacked thorns, trichomes and had smaller secretory cells. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves, stem and roots were slightly acidic to neutral. Ash values of leaves, stem and roots are (16.58 ± 0.09) % w/w, (5.01 ± 0.09) % w/w and (6.53 ± 0.19) % w/w respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaves, stem and roots showed the presence of glycosides, flavonoids and tannins. Conclusion: The determined parameters for the leaf, stem and root of C. erythrocarpos constitute quality parameters for their unequivocal identification.
Keywords: Capers; Cicatrices; crystal sheaths; Herbal medicine; Morphological features; Physicochemical parameters

Pharmacognostic study of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.: A Review - Sonia Singh; Bhupesh C Semwal; Dr Prabhat Kr Upadhaya (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. has the vernacular name of, “Mundi” and “East Indian globethistle, family Asteraceae. It is a spreading aromatic herb. It is indigenous at Rater of Chhindwara District, M.P and even found in most of the moist damp places of tropical zones of Garhwal Himalaya. The herbs contain a deep cherry coloured essential oil and a bitter alkaloid Sphaeranthine. It also contains many other active ingredients, namely, eudesmenolide-7α- hydroxy eudesm-4-en-6, 12-olide, 2-hydroxycostic acid, β-eudesmol, ilicic acid, methychavicol, α-ionone, d-cadinene, α-terpinene, citral, geraniol, geranyl acetate, sphaerene, indicusene and sphaeranthol. The herb has been investigated for many diseases and used in ethnomedicne. The review of this medicinal plant can revealed some important and valuable information with respect to pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects. The main objective of this paper is to gather some valuable information with respect to its standardization, which has been done along with active ingredients by some researchers.
Keywords: Alkaloids; Ethnomedicine; Flavonoids; Gorakhmundi; Mundi; Pharmacological uses; S. indicus

Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Evaluation of Cordia sebestena L. - Endang Hanani; Sri Harsodjo Wijono Soewandi; Hayati; Nellysa Revita (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Cordia sebestena L. belongs to family Boraginaceae is commonly known as “Geiger Tree” in Indonesia, it is generally found in Indonesia included Jakarta, and many other countries. Some researchers have revealed the presence of several pharmacology activities. Thus this study is an attempt to present an overview of pharmacognostic and phytochemical evaluation reported on this plant. Objective: In the present investigation, various pharmacognostic standards have been investigated to prove the authenticity of the plant for the claimed traditional uses. This will help in the identification of powder drug prior to using in medicine. Methods: Macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical evaluation, of the drug was performed using standardized procedures as mentioned in the WHO and Indonesian Herb Pharmacopoeia guidelines.Thin layer chromatography profile was done using some different mobile phase system to the identification of the drug. Results: The physicochemical parameters such as moisture content, ethanol- and water-soluble extractive, total ash, acidinsoluble ash value, were determined. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, steroids, terpenoids in the ethanolic extracts of leaf of this plant. The TLC profile of n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extract were carried out 5, 7 and 2 spots respectively. Conclusion: The present study on pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical standards could be useful information for authentication and preparation monograph for C.sebestena.
Keywords: Boraginaceae; Chromatography Profile; Fluorescence; Microscopic; Physicochemical

Pharmacognostical, Physicochemical Standardization and In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Punica granatum Linn fruit - Mohd Amir; Niyaz Ahmad; Md Sarfaroz; Wasim Ahmad; Sayeed Ahmad; Mohd Mujeeb (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html --> Introduction: Punica granatum Linn. fruit (Family: Punicacea), known as Pomegranate is ethno-medicinally prescribed in various part of world for treatment of different diseases it is used as antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anticancer and antiparasitic agent. Method: The present study was thus undertaken to find out the necessary pharmacognostical standards for evaluating the fruit of P. granatum. Different assessment such as macroscopical characters, microscopical studies, physicochemical evaluations (loss on drying, moisture content by Karl Fischer titration, ash values, extractive values) and TLC/HPTLC finger print profiling were performed and the relevant quantitative and qualitative parameters were reported. Invitro antioxidant activity is also performed by HPLC-DPPH method. Results: Fruit of P. granatum are Reddish brown in color, Globular and Oval, smooth, 5.0 o 12.0 cm in diameter. Powdered fruit confirmed the presence of Stone cell, Endospermic cell, Group of stone cells, Nonlignified fiber, Starch grain and Lignified fibers and vessels. TLC of the extracts was also carried out in the current study. Physicochemical standards quantified include loss on drying (36.62 ± 4.17 %), moisture content (32.15 ± 3.64 %) total ash (8.58% ± 1.06 %), water soluble ash (7.15 ± 0.97 %), acid insoluble ash (0.45 ± 0.03 %). Safety profile of plant part was recognized by quantify microbial limit test, pesticide residue and heavy metals (Cd, As, Hg and Pb) evaluation. Here is no visible microbial growths were seen in sample. Pesticide residue and heavy metals were observed to be present within the acceptable limits. Conclusion: Scientific investigations do not yet exist to identify the exact plant part and to determine its quality and purity. These studies provided referential information for accurate identification and standardization of this herbal material. These analyses will also be useful to distinguish P. granatum from the closely associated to other species of Punica.
Keywords: DPPH; HPLC; Pharmacognostical; Punica granatum; Quality control

Pharmacognostical Studies and Determination of Total Flavonoids of Paitan (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray - Vera Ladeska; Ema Dewanti; Deviana Indah Sari (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray is one of the plants used in traditional medicine and belongs to Compositae family. In different parts of Indonesia, it is commonly known as “paitan and kembang bulan”. The study provides an early description of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray) and complete the monographs data extract. This plant prospects to the main source of the raw material for the herb-drug product and some parameters identified were needed to ensure the safety, quality and efficacy of the product. The present study is to evaluate macrosand microscopic characteristic of the Indonesian plant and its quality parameter including fluorescence, physicochemical characteristics and phytochemical screening. Moisture content, ethanol and water-soluble extract was determined, and were discovered to be 11,27%, 4,73% and 18,01%. Total ash value and acid insoluble ash value were determined which was 10.29 and 0.72 % respectively. Phytochemical screening of aqueous ethanol extract of Tithonia diversifolia showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and triterpenoids. The result showed that average content of flavonoid total is 69.1653 mg QE/g extract.
Keywords: Pharmacognostical; Physicochemical; Phytochemical; Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray)

A Pharmacognosy Approach to the Botanical Source of a Cinnamon Fruit Traded as Nāgakeśara and Sirunagappu in Raw Drug Markets - Chinnapillai Arunachalam; Balasundaram Maheshwari; Govindarajan Nartunai; Raju Ilavarasan; Koppala Narayana Sunil Kumar; Parameswaran Sathiyarajeswaran (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Adulteration and substitution of Nagakesara is a well-established fact in the medicinal plant literature though it is referred by the authors of important Ayurvedic texts to cure piles, dysentery, hiccup etc. The botanical identities of controversial sources of Nagakesara are flowers of Mesua ferrea L. and Ochrocarpus longifolius Benth. and Hook. f., Calophyllum inophyllum L., Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. and perchance their allied species. Though immature fruits of some Cinnamomum species are also reported to be sold as Nagakesara/Sirunagappu in the crude drug markets there are no pharmacognostic studies available for the identification and analysis of this crude drug. Materials and Methods: In this study, marketed Nagakesara/ Sirunagappu samples were procured from Chennai raw drug market and analyzed as per the standard methodologies for pharmacognostic studies. Results: Macro-microscopical characters and chemical identity of the samples of immature fruits were established to derive set of characters for the identification of this marketed material. The proposed results would help in identification of this crude drug while used as substitute drug for the official source. Conclusion: The botanical Nagakesara or Sirunagappu is neither stamen nor flower, but it is fruit of Cinnamomum species. As Western Ghats is habitat for several similar looking species of Cinnamomum, there is necessity to study the pharmacognostical characters of all species of Cinnamomum before concluding the botanical source of this ambiguous raw drug of Ayurveda and Siddha.
Keywords: HPTLC; Lauraceae; Market substitute; Quality standards; Siddha; ulteration

Phenolic Profile and In Vivo Cytotoxic Activity of Rice Straw Extract - Meselhy KM; Shams MM; Sherif NH; El-Sonbaty SM (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Previous work of our team exhibited that rice straw (RS) has antitumor activity in vitro and inhibit proliferation of liver, lung, prostate, and breast cancer human cell lines. In this work, we extended our research to screen the antitumor activity of RS ethanol extract as a single treatment and in the presence of combined radiotherapy with a low dose of gamma radiation against murine Ehrlich solid carcinoma (EAC) model. Objective: To evaluate the most common waste in Egypt RS to screen out its in vivo cytotoxic activity and as combined therapy with radiotherapy. Method: Tested sample RS was investigated for its content of phenolics by LC/MS/MS, in addition, ethanolic extracts of the tested sample were investigated as antitumor on female mice inoculated with EAC cells as a single treatment and in the presence of combined radiotherapy with a low dose of gamma radiation (LDR). Results: LC/MS/MS revealed that rice straw was rich in phenolic acids (vanillic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acid) along with catechin and flavonoids aglycones (quercetin, apigenin, and kaempferol). Rice straw and/or exposure to a low dose of γ-radiation caused a marked suppression of tumor growth and induced significant reduction in VEGF level & in IL-6 level with significant elevation in IL-10 serum level. Rice straw caused a significant down regulation in the gene transcription level of MCL1 and b-catenin, and a significant up-regulation of Caspase-3 and Bax gene expression. RS extract and LDR (EC + RS + R group) revealed that there was a mild form of necrosis with severe apoptosis in the tumor cells. Conclusion: From the aforementioned results, it can be concluded that RS/LDR effectively and synergistically work towards inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. These findings were well supported with histopathological studies suggesting that RS/low dose gamma radiation can serve as a good therapeutic agent against cancer but still need further clinical studies.
Keywords: Cytotoxic; Histopathology; LC/MS/MS; Phenolics; Rice straw

Phytochemical Analysis, In vitro Antioxidant Capacity and Toxicity Assessment of Copaifera paupera Oleoresin - Danae Liviac; Paola Raunelli; Rafael Alvis; Silvio Puente; Ivan Best; Oscar Reategui (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html -->Introduction: The present study was taken to determine the phytochemical analysis, the antioxidant activity in vitro (FRAP and TBARS methodologies), the oral acute toxicity and antigenotoxicity of the oleoresin Copaifera paupera. Methods: The oleoresin was tested for in vivo cytoprotective capacity using the Micronucleus Test and the Comet Assay in mice bone marrow cells and mice erythrocytes cells, respectively. Results: The oleoresin had low levels of total flavonoids and phenol content and also of antioxidant capacity. Orally, the LD50 appeared to be > 5000 mg/kg (no toxic or low toxic). The results showed all the doses evaluated (180 360, 720 and 1440 mg/kg) antigenotoxic effect by reduce the DNA damage induced by cyclophosphamide, being a 100 % DNA damage reduction at the highest dose evaluated. Conclusion: According to the Micronucleus test, the oleoresin Copaifera paupera had the ability of increase the cell proliferation despite the exposition of cyclophosphamide. (abstract is not arranged properly, improper sentences)
Keywords: Antigenotoxicity; Comet assay; Copaifera paupera; Micronucleus test; Oleoresin; Phytochemical analysis

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Support for the Traditional Uses of Zingiberacea Species in Suriname - A Review of the Literature - Dennis RA Mans; Meryll Djotaroeno; Priscilla Friperson; Jennifer Pawirodihardjo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
The Zingiberacea or ginger family is a family of flowering plants comprising roughly 1,600 species of aromatic perennial herbs with creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes divided into about 50 genera. The Zingiberaceae are distributed throughout tropical Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Many members are economically important as spices, ornamentals, cosmetics, traditional medicines, and/or ingredients of religious rituals. One of the most prominent characteristics of this plant family is the presence of essential oils in particularly the rhizomes but in some cases also the leaves and other parts of the plant. The essential oils are in general made up of a variety of, among others, terpenoid and phenolic compounds with important biological activities. The Republic of Suriname (South America) is well-known for its ethnic and cultural diversity as well as its extensive ethnopharmacological knowledge and unique plant biodiversity. This paper first presents some general information on the Zingiberacea family, subsequently provides some background about Suriname and the Zingiberacea species in the country, then extensively addresses the traditional uses of one representative of the seven genera in the country and provides the phytochemical and pharmacological support for these uses, and concludes with a critical appraisal of the medicinal values of these plants.
Keywords: Pharmacological activity; Phytochemical composition; Rationale; Suriname; Traditional uses; Zingiberaceae

Phytochemical Characterization of Rhizome, Fruit, Leaf and Callus of Rheum emodi Wall. using GC-MS - Ruchi Singh; Preeti Chaturvedi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Rheum emodi is an immensely useful medicinal herb of Himalaya having remarkable antidiabetic and anticancerous activities reported mainly from rhizomatous portion of the plant. The present study reports Gas Chromatographic- Mass spectroscopic characterization of both the conventionally used part i.e., the rhizome as well as other parts of R. emodi including callus to exploit the nonconventional parts for future use. Objective: To explore the bioactive constituents in the methanol extract of rhizome, fruit, leaf and callus of R. emodi. Methods: Phytochemical characterization of the plant extracts was performed by using GC-MS QP 2010 Plus. Various constituents were identified after matching their mass fragmentation pattern with data available in GC-MS library of National Institute of Standards Technology (NIST) and Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data’s, New York (Wiley). Results: Total of 95 bioactive compounds were obtained in methanol extract of R. emodi out of which rhizome, fruit, leaf and callus revealed 31, 38, 27 and 47 compounds respectively. Two anthraquinones, chrysophanol (43.97%) and physcion (3.23%) were obtained from rhizome whereas fruit possessed only physcion (4.66%). Conclusion: The present findings characterizes and helps to supplement the chemical profile of the plant for its futuristic role in nutritional, pharmaceutical and therapeutic industries.
Keywords: Callus; Fruit; GC-MS analysis; Leaf; Rheum emodi; Rhizome

Phytochemical Composition, Proximate Analysis and Antimicrobial Screening of the Methanolic Extract of Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst ex a. Dc (ebenaceae) - Abdullahi Aliyu Ebbo; Dahiru Sani; Mohammed Musa Suleiman; Abubakar Ahmed; Adamu Zoaka Hassan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Aim: Diospyros mespiliformis is one plant used by the natives for the treatment of certain diseases including wounds. In this present study, preliminary screening of the methanolic leaf extract of D. mespiliformis was carried out for its phytochemical and proximate constituents in addition to investigating its antimicrobial activity against four bacteria species. Methodology: Preliminary phytochemical and proximate analysis were carried out using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity was conducted using the whole in-plate and broth serial micro dilution assays on two Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhymurium) and two Gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). Results: The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, anthraquinones, flavonoids and volatile oil. Similarly, preliminary proximate analysis of the root, bark and leaf extracts of D. mespiliformis exerts revealed the presence of carbohydrate, crude protein, moisture, lipid and nitrogen, ash and fibre. The extract demonstrated greater inhibitory activity on P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and E. coli (MIC=156.25 μg/ml) than on S. typhymurium (MIC=312.5 μg/ml). Conclusion: These findings revealed that the crude methanolic extract of D. mespiliformis and its fractions demonstrated broad spectrum antimicrobial activity in a dose dependent manner.
Keywords: Antimicrobial; Diospyros mespiliformis; Extract; Phytochemical; Proximate

Phytochemical Compounds Of Cichorium intybus by Exploring its Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities - Dina Kanj; Karim Raafat; Abdalla El-Lakany; Safaa Baydoun; Maha Aboul-Ela (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html -->Introduction: The current study aims to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Cichorium intybus n-hexane extract on diabetes mellitus and its antioxidant effect in vivo in alloxinated animals. Diabetic neuropathy improvement was also tested as well as insulin levels and histology of the pancreas were performed. Methods: The chromatographic standardization of C. intybus extract was performed using isocratic HPLC, which indicated the presence of numerous phyto-constituents. The hexane extract was studied for its effect on blood glucose levels and painful diabetic neuropathy (DN) in diabetic mice. Hyperalgesia and mechanical-allodynia were evaluated using thermal stimuli, pain response to radiant energy experiments and a mechanical sensitivity test respectively. Subsequently, after eight weeks of being alloxinated, BGL, body weight, antioxidant activity, insulin levels and glycated hemoglobin were recorded to evaluate antidiabetic potential and the DN. Results: The administration of Cichorium intybus extract (50, 75 and 100 mg/kg) and a combination of Cichorium intybus extract and Camellia sinensis (50 + 200 mg/kg, respectively) have revealed an acute hypoglycemic effect ranging from 14.15% and 42.4%. The sub-chronic anti-diabetic effect ranged from 23.41% and 44.8%. They diminished hyperalgesia and tangible allodynia significantly (p<0.05), (n=7 per group). The powerful neuroprotective properties might serve as potential lead-compounds for further analysis. Conclusion: The histological study and the potent antioxidant effect showed that they could assist in the management of diabetes mellitus and DN by amelioration of insulin levels and regeneration of pancreatic beta cells.
Keywords: Antidiabetic effects; Antioxidant; Cichorium Intybus; Phytochemical analysis; Serum insulin

Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activities of Crude Extracts from Acacia Senegal Leaf Extracts - Edwina O Uzunuigbe; Foluso O Osunsanmi; Priscilla Masamba; Rebamang A Mosa; Rebamang A Mosa; Andrew R Opoku; Abidemi P Kappo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Acacia senegal (Fabaceae) Wild is a leguminous tree with economic values, but its leaves are under-utilised. Objective: To investigate the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potential of crude extracts from A. Senegal’s leaves. Methods: Methanol and acetone crude extracts of leaves of A. senegal were prepared by maceration using organic solvents, methanol and acetone respectively. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of the crude extracts were evaluated using Association of Agricultural and Chemist (AOAC) protocols. Antioxidant activities of the crude extracts were determined using 2, 2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) respectively. Results: The crude extracts (acetone and methanol) showed vary quality of phytochemical constituent including flavonoid, alkaloids, carbohydrate, saponins, tannin, steroids, and terpenoids. Acetone crude possessed significant (P < 0.05) higher total flavonoid and proanthocyanidin content in comparison with methanol extracts. Whereas, methanol crude extract possessed significant higher total phenol content compared with acetone crude extract. The crude extracts showed antioxidant activities as evidence in scavenging ABTS and DPPH radicals. However, acetone crude with lower IC50 of 0.09 mg/mL possessed significant higher ABTS scavenging ability compared to methanol (0.07 mg/mL) and ascorbic acid (0.07 mg/mL). Conclusion: The crude extracts could serve as a promising natural antioxidant agent in management of oxidative stress diseases. For further studies, bioactive compounds need to be ascertained.
Keywords: ABTS; Acacia Senegal; Antioxidants; crude extract; DPPH; Free Radicals

Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Potential of Crude Extracts from Lippia Javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng Leaves - Foluso Oluwagbemiga Osunsanmi; Godfrey Elijah Zharare; Andy Rowland Opoku (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Oxidative stress is implicated in most life threaten diseases. Objectives: This study evaluated the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Lippia javanica’s crude extracts. Methods: Phytochemical screening was carried out on pulverized Lippia javanica leaves using standard protocols. Crude extracts were prepared using various solvents (hexane, acetone, ethylacetate, methanol, dichloromethane respectively), and percentage yields calculated. The antioxidant activities of crude extracts were monitored with DPPH, ABTS and nitric oxide (NO) radicals using spectra techniques. Results: The phytochemical presents in Lippia javanica were tannin, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids and phenols. Percentage yield increased in order; Acetone > Methanol, > Dichloromethane > Ethyl-acetate > Hexane. All the crude extracts showed differ degrees of antioxidant potential as evidence by significantly (P < 0.05) scavenging DPPH, ABTS and NO radicals, Acetone crude extract showed the lowest IC50 (2.22 × 10-3 and 2.42 × 10-3 mg/ml) toward DPPH and ABTS radical respectively in comparison to other crude extracts, and the positive controls (Ascorbic acid and Butylated hydroxyl anisole), Hexane crude extract showed the lowest IC50 (3.95 × 10-1 mg/ml) toward NO radical compared with other treatments. Conclusion: Therefore, this study proves that Lippia javanica crude extracts are good source of natural antioxidants in alleviating oxidative stress diseases. Isolation of bioactive compounds from crude extracts are desirable for future studies.
Keywords: ABTS; Antioxidants; DPPH; Lippia Javanica; Phytochemicals

Phytochemical Constituents and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Madang Gatal (Schima wallichii) Choisy Stem Bark - Galuh Widiyarti; Winda Fitrianingsih (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html -->Introduction: Madang gatal (Schima wallichii) Choisy is one of typical Indonesian plants that used traditionally as insomnia and hypertension drug. Background: The environment is highly polluted by free radicals which may contribute to the aging process of tissue and cause chronic diseases. The aims of the research were to study the phytochemical constituents and free radical scavenging activity of Schima wallichii stem bark. Materials and Methods: Extraction of S.wallichii stem bark was carried out by maceration method using methanol and then the methanol extract was partitioned using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol successively. The methanol extract was then screened to determine the presence of different classes of secondary metabolites. The ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to silica column chromatography followed by exclusion chromatography on sephadex LH-20 to yield two partially purified isolates, SA and SE4. FTIR and GC-MS analyses indicated SA asa mixture of pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl esterand patchouli alcohol, while SE4 was made up predominantly of pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, 13-hydroxy methyl ester. Free radical scavenging activity was performed by using2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical oxidation method. Results: The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenes and quinones. All tested samples, methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol extracts showed strong antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 8.58, 17.36, 8.17 and 8.79 μg/mL, respectively. The isolates showed strong antioxidant activity with SE4 exhibiting an IC50 value of about 5.5 times stronger than quercetin used as a standard antioxidant.
Keywords: 13-hydroxy methyl ester; 14-methyl-; antioxidant activity; Chromatography; DPPH; Pentadecanoic acid; Schima wallichii stem bark

Phytochemical Identification and Anti-Oxidant Study of Essential Oil Constituents of Ocimum basilicum L. Growing in Iraq - Abed S. Ahmed; Abo Khthr M. Fanokh; Mahood A. Mahdi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Essential oil of Iraqi growing Ocimum basilicum (Thia basil) was studied for their chemical components investigation and antioxidant activity. Methods: Essential oils of leaves and stems of Ocimum basilicum were collected using hydrodistillation by Clevenger apparatus. Components of the collected essential oils were examined by the techniques such as Gas chromatography and Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results: The analysis showed that the major components of essential oils were linalool (48.69%), 1,8-cineole (14.00%), trans-α-bergamotene (8.23%) and eugenol (6.64%). The antioxidant investigation was achieved using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as a radical scavenger and bleaching of β-carotene/linoleic assay. The essential oil displayed strong inhibition with 110.8% against autoxidation of linoleic acid, while the scavenging of DPPH radical gave a value of IC50 145.35 μg/mL. Conclusion: The results signify that essential oils of O. Basilicum could be used for pharmaceutical studies and preservative in the food industry. This is the first study of the essential components of new cultivate of Thai basil in Iraq.
Keywords: DPPH; Linalool; O. basilicum; Thai basil; β-carotene

Phytochemical, in vitro Antioxidant and in vivo Safety Evaluation of Leaf Extracts of Tragia plukenetii - Srinivasa Reddy Bonam; Sathish Kumar Manoharan; Vijayapandi Pandy; Anji Reddy Raya; Rama Rao Nadendla; Manjunathan Jagadeesan; Ankem Narendra Babu (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
In principle, this figure represents non-toxic effect of TP. As all the treatment groups are non-toxic, we have optimistically represented the figure. Due to the manual error while copying the figure 4, BE image was taken from different group instead of actual one. This has been rectified in the corrected image of figure 4. In ground reality, however, the present modifications in the figure do not alter the scientific meaning of the figure or the outcome of the study conclusions. Read more...
Keywords: Nil

Phytochemical, in vitro Antioxidant and in vivo Safety Evaluation of Leaf Extracts of Tragia plukenetii - Srinivasa Reddy Bonam; Sathish Kumar Manoharan; Vijayapandi Pandy; Anji Reddy Raya; Rama Rao Nadendla; Manjunathan Jagadeesan; Ankem Narendra Babu (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: To investigate the phytochemical properties, in vitro antioxidant and in vivo safety profile of leaf extracts of Tragia plukenetii (TP). Methods: TP leaves were obtained from the south part of India (Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh) and it was extracted with different solvents (benzene extract (BE), chloroform extract (CE) and methanolic extract (ME)). These TP extracts were analyzed for the in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH reducing power, β-carotene-linoleic acid complex and iron chelation assays followed by in vivo acute oral and dermal toxicities using Swiss mice and Wistar rats respectively. Results: The present study results revealed ME exhibited an effective and powerful antioxidant activity when compared to a standard antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). ME was found to be effective in DPPH, β-carotene-linoleic acid complex and iron chelation assays respectively. In vivo acute oral toxicity study revealed that mice treated with up to 5000 mg/kg of BE, CE and ME did not show any signs of toxicity. Furthermore, similarly, acute dermal toxicity study demonstrated that BE, CE and ME did not exhibit any signs of dermal toxicity up to 1000 mg/kg in rats. Conclusion: TP extracts possess an excellent antioxidant activity with a devoid of any signs of acute oral and dermal toxicities.
Keywords: Dermal toxicity; DPPH assay; Iron chelation; Oral toxicity; Tragia plukenetii.; β-carotene-linoleic acid complex

Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity Study of Methanol Extract of Stems and Roots of Codonopsis clematidea from Trans-himalayan Region - Pushpender Bhardwaj; Mohan Singh Thakur; Sahil Kapoor; Ashwani Kumar Bhardwaj; Ajay Sharma; Shweta Saxena; Om Prakash Chaurasia; Raj kumar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Aim: The present report aimed to study the therapeutic and phytochemical properties of stems and roots of trans-himalayan plant Codonopsis clematidea. Material and Methods: The crude samples of stems and roots were explored for their chlorophyll, carotenoid and carbohydrate content in order to understand the matrix of these two plant parts. The extraction of phytochemicals was carried out by three different methods viz. sonication, maceration and soxhlet in methanol to identify the best extraction method. Further, analysis of Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) and Total Polyphenolic Content (TPC) were carried out using rutin trihydrate and gallic acid as a reference standard. Antioxidant capacity was estimated using three methods viz. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. In addition to this, GC-MS analysis was also performed for the identification of volatile constituents of Methanol Extract of Stems (MES) and Methanol Extract of Roots (MER). Results: The MES and Dimethylsulfoxide Extract of Stems (DES) were found to have higher Chlorophyll a (Cha) content in comparison to Chlorophyll b (Chb) and Carotenoids (Cca). Carbohydrate profile showed that stems and roots have the highest content of fructose in comparison to other sugar moieties. The soxhlet method showed the highest percentage extractive yield in the stems as well as roots. Results revealed that the MES showed higher antioxidant potential as compared to the MER. A correlation has also found to exist between the results of TPC, TFC and antioxidant assays, since TPC and TFC are key constituents responsible for the antioxidant potential. Conclusion: These results have been found to suggest the richness of MES in natural phenols, flavonoids and antioxidants. Further, study should be conducted over identification and characterization of compounds present in the extract.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Codonopsis clematidea; Fructose; GC-MS; MER; MES

Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Effect of Ethanol Leaf and Trunk Bark Extracts of Cordyla pinnata (Lepr. Ex A. Rich.) Milne-Redh. (Caesalpiniaceae) - Alioune Dior FALL; Serigne Ibra Mbacké DIENG; Abdou SARR; Mbaye DIENG (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant effect of ethanol leaf and trunk bark extracts of an African wild plant, Cordyla pinnata (Lepr. Ex A. Rich.) Milne-Redh. C. pinnata is used in Senegalese folk medicine to treat asthenia, spasm and various infections. Methods: The phytochemical investigation of the extracts was done using physico-chemical reactions while antioxidant effect was assessed by DPPH and FRAP assays. Results: Tannins, flavonoids, cardiotonic heterosides and triterpenoids were present in leaf and trunk bark extracts of C. pinnata. Meanwhile, anthracenic derivatives were detected in the leaf extract of C. pinnata. In DPPH assay, IC50 values of the leaf, trunk bark extracts and ascorbic acid were respectively 21.07 ± 0.11 μg/ml, 19.53 ± 0.42 μg/ml and 0.33 ± 0.11 μg/ml. In FRAP assay, the leaf and trunk bark extracts and ascorbic acid reduced significantly ferric ion. Ascorbic acid was seen to be more active in FRAP assay than the leaf and trunk bark extracts of C. pinnata. Conclusion: Ethanol leaf and trunk bark extracts of C. pinnata had revealed antioxidant activity.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Cordyla pinnata; Leaf; Phytochemical screening; Trunk bark

Phytochemical Screening, HPTLC Fingerprinting and Invitro Antioxidant Activity of Root Extract of Asparagus racemosus - Kalaivani Selvaraj; Girija Sivakumar; Aruthra Arumugam Pillai; Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan; Srinivasa Rao Bolla; Geetha Royapuram Veeraraghavan; Gayathri Rengasamy; Joel P Joseph; Janardhana PB (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Asparagus racemosus is a climber shrub used in Indian medicine for centuries. It has been used as galactogogue and nerve tonic in folk medicine. The recent research on A. racemosus has revealed its disease fighting properties such as anti-bacterial, immunomodulatory, cardio protective, anti-stress, etc. Phytochemicals present in the plants are associated with their therapeutic capabilities. Hence, phytochemical screening of a therapeutic plant is essential. Materials and Methods: A preliminary qualitative screening of phytoconstituents present in the ethanol and aqueous extract of the plant was done. high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) was used to create a phytochemical fingerprint of the plant extract. Further, a series of antioxidant assays, i.e., 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DDPH) radical, Nitric oxide (NO) radical, Superoxide (SO) radical and 2,2'-azinobis( 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays were done. Results: The phytochemical screening and the HPTLC fingerprint showed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenoids, saponins etc. They also showed free radical scavenging property and hence can be used as potential primary antioxidant. Conclusion: A preliminary screening created a phytochemical profile of A. racemosus extracts. These phytoconstituents may be linked to the various known therapeutic applications of the plant. This may aid in further extensive studies for identifying and isolating compounds with potential therapeutic value in A. racemosus.
Keywords: Antioxidants; Asparagus racemosus; Chromatography; Phytochemistry; Phytoconstituents; Therapeutics

Phytochemical Study and Biological Activities of Hydro-Alcoholic Extract of the Leaves of Bridelia ferruginea Benth and its Fractions - Batomayena Bakoma; Sabrina Sanvee; Kossi Metowogo; Yao Potchoo; Kwashie Eklu gadegbeku; Kodjo Aklikokou; Menssanvi Gbeassor (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Context and purpose: The roots of B. ferruginea are used in traditional Togo medicine in the treatment of diabetes. Studies have shown that leaves have a low antihyperglycemic effect. This study aims to improve the effect of leaves. Methods: The hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves underwent a fractionation (separation in cold alcohol) and an OGTT (Oral Glucose tolerance test) on healthy mice, a phytochemical screening and antioxidant tests (in vitro: DPPH and ex vivo: AAPH) were performed on the extract and its fractions. Results: Phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins as well as the absence of condensed tannins, alkaloids, saponosides and anthracene derivatives. The extract also showed antioxidant activity. The supernatant fraction showed antihyperglycemic activity at 100 mg / kg in the 30th and 60th after glucose administration. Phytochemical screening of the supernatant revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins. The supernatant also showed more pronounced antioxidant activity than the total extract. Conclusion: In view of these results, the most active fraction obtained by the separation technique in cold alcohol is the supernatant.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Bridelia ferruginea; Diabetes; Fractionation; OGTT

Phytochemical Study of Odorous Celery Root (Apium graveolens L.) Grown in the North Caucasus - Tsakhkhaeva Zuhra Sarmanovna (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Context: Flavoring celery (Apium graveolens L.) from the umbrella family (Apiaceae) is a common food plant, its use as a spice has been known since Ancient Greece. Stems, leaves and root are widely used in cooking in various dishes: soups, salads and side dishes. Celery fragrant has mild laxative, diuretic, antiseptic, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, enveloping and wound healing properties. Aims: The aim of our research was the phytochemical study of celery root odorous, quantitative definition of flavonoid, carotenoid, polysaccharides, tannin, free organic acids, essential oils and lipid. Methods and Material: The research material was dried and chopped celery fragrant root passing through a 3 mm sieve. We carried out quantitative determination of biologically active substances in the celery root odorous by the following methods: flavonoids (In terms of rutin) by the spectrophotometric method; carotenoids by the photocolorimetric method; essential oil, polysaccharides, lipophilic substances by the gravimetric method; free organic acids and tannins by the titrimetric method. Statistical analysis used: The results of the studies are given in the table. Statistical data processing was performed according to the method “Statistical processing of the results of a chemical experiment and biological tests” presented in State Pharmacopoeia XI [1]. The sample size (n) is 6, the confidence level (P) is 95%, the student criterion (t (P, f) is 2.57). Results: For the first time, we carried out a quantitative assessment of the content of seven groups of biologically active compounds of celery root odorous, grown in the North Caucasus: essential oil - 2.04 ± 0.01%, flavonoids - 1.44 ± 0.01,% lipophilic substances - 4, 05 ± 0.01%, carotenoids - 3.03 ± 0.02%, free organic acids - 2.38 ± 0.02%, tannins - 8.06 ± 0.01%, water-soluble polysaccharides - 8, 33 ± 0.01%, pectin substances - 3.45 ± 0.01%, hemicellulose A - 1.54 ± 0.01%, hemicellulose B - 1.47 ± 0.01%. Conclusion: Celery root odorous grown in the North Caucasus is a source of biologically active compounds.
Keywords: Carotenoids; Essential oil; Flavonoids; Free organic acids; Polysaccharides; Tannins

Phytosomal Nanoparticles Preparation of Curcuminoids to Enhance Cellular Uptake of Curcuminoids on Breast Cancer Cell Line MCF-7 - Nguyen Van Long; Bui Thi Thu Ha; Anh Vu Tuan; Hoang Van Luong; Nguyen Tung Linh; Thanh Chu Duc; Phung Cao Dai; Chul Soon Yong; Chu Van Men (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: Curcuminoids, the bioactive compounds extracted from Curcuma longa consisting of Curcumin (CUR), demethoxycurcumin (DMC) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), have shown promising biological effects, including anticancer activity. This study sought to prepare a physically stable phytosomal nanoparticles of curcuminoids (Curs-Phyto) to facilitate uptake of curcuminoids on breast cancer cells line, and further increase the cytotoxicity against cancer cells. Methods: The evaporation combined extrusion technique was employed to prepare phytosomal curcuminoids nanoparticles. The interaction between curcuminoids and phospholipid by a hydrogen bond was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). Their physicochemical characterizations and stability in simulated gastric and intestinal media were investigated. The effects of Curs-Phyto on MCF-7 cells were evaluated by flow cytometry, MTS assay and cell cycle analysis. Results: We found that the Curs-Phyto were formed at a spherical shape with good size (~ 180 nm), a narrow size distribution (PDI < d0.2), high complexation rate (~ 87%, 95%, and 90% for BDMC, DMC, and CUR respectively) and high loading capacity of curcuminoids. More importantly, the Curs-Phyto showed the increased cellular uptake and enhanced cytotoxicity against MCF- 7 cancer cells, compared to free curcuminoids. Conclusion: These results indicated that the phytosome could be a promising oral delivery system for curcuminoids for cancer treatment.
Keywords: Cellular uptake; Curcuminoids; FACS analysis; Nanoparticle; Phytosome

The Potential Herbs of Medicinal Forests from Central Kalimantan as a Inhibitor of Staphylococcus aureus - Rezqi Handayani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Central Kalimantan is one of the largest provinces in Indonesia with a wealth of medicinal herbaceous plant species. This province was the origin of various medicinal plants such as tabat barito, akar kuning, pasak bumi and some other medicinal plants that were useful for human health. Methods: This paper explain about inhibitory test extracts etanol of Hati Tanah (Angiotepris Sp) tubers and Sangkareho leaves (Callicarpa longifolia Lam.) in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with concentration 1%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. Both plants has been utilized by the community as a traditional medicine to treat minor to moderate injuries such as postpartum. Results: The results for extract Hati Tanah was 15.63 mm, 16.97 mm, 25.42 mm, 28.40 mm and the results for and Sangkareho leaves was 1 mm, 2.68 mm, 3.9 mm, 6.2 mm. Inhibitory test studies have also been performed on the N-Butanol fraction from ethanol extract Hati Tanah tubers of the soil at the same concentrations and bacteria. The inhibited zone results was 15.65 mm, 23.20 mm, 24.15 mm, 26.25 mm. Conclusion: Medicinal forest plants origin of Central Kalimantan is Hati Tanah tubers and Sangkareho leaves has potential as a traditional medicine in inhibiting and killing Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
Keywords: Inhibitory test; Medicinal forest; Staphylococcus aureus; Traditional medicines

Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation of Hypnea valentiae with Antigluconegenesis Activity in Goat Eye - S Dhanalakshmi; S Jayakumari (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
ROS is known to the main spark off the pathogenesis of cataract. In the Red seaweed the protein content along with Carotenoids are highly having the anti-oxidant activity to nullify the Oxidative stress. Along this ward, the Selected Red Seaweed where macerated in different solvent system. From that, the phytochemical parameters, were investigated. However, it showed that the Aqueous extract of Hypnea valentiae posse the protein, Carbohydrate, tannin and cartotenoids. The indexed extract pointed with the antigluconesgenesis effect in the isolated goat eye. The results suggest that the Hypnea valentiae extract under investigation can delay the diffusion onset and/or prevent the progression of cataract. In this, anti-cataract potential may be attributed to the presence of high protein and carotenoids. Photographic evaluation, further, confirmed the observation.
Keywords: Anti gluconeogenesis; Aqueous extract; Goat eye; Hypnea valentiae

Preparation and Evaluation of Nutraceutical Product Mixture of Seeds of Cucumis melo, Punica granatum, Linum usitatissimum, for Antioxidant, Prebiotic and Nutraceutical Potential - Meera Chandradatt Singh; Kishore N. Gujar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html -->Introduction: Pharmaceutical formulation scientists are currently developing new materials and formulations which vividly include Nutraceuticals. “Nutraceutical” is a substance that is considered a food or part of a food processed as pharmaceutical, which provides medical or health benefits, encompassing prevention and treatment of diseases. Materials and Methods: Under this research Nutraceutical Product Mixture was prepared using seeds of Cucumis melo, Punica granatum and Linum usitatissimum. Individually these three seeds are reported to contain rich nutrients along with antioxidants, probiotic soluble fibres and thus the mixture of three increased this potential. Individual seed and the mixture was evaluated by In- vitro and In-vivo methods for Nutraceutical Potential. Results: Proximate analysis of the mixture showed rich nutrient content and provided good combination of nutrients. Individual seed powder as well as mixture was tested for prebiotic potential using lactobacilli culture, which showed positive results. Each seed powder as well as mixture was tested for antioxidant potential using DPPH free radical scavenging assay, with promising results. It’s in- vivo effect was studied using Wistar albino rat as animal model. This study involved haemogram and lipid profile determination which showed certain promising results. The powder mixture was developed into two products namely capsule and health drink powder formula. Conclusion: The nutraceutical powder mixture of seeds of Cucumis melo, Punica granatum and Linum usitatissimum could be a promising product with antioxidant, prebiotic and nutraceutical potential for diabetic and cardiac patients where oxidative stress is a major underlying cause.
Keywords: Antioxidant potential; Cucumis melo; Linum usitatissimum; Nutraceutical potential; Nutraceuticals; Prebiotic potential; Proximate Analysis; Punica granatum

Preparation of Triphala Churna using the Ingredients Obtained from Local Market and Comparative Standardization - Gunji Venkateswarlu; Seru Ganapaty; Akula Murali Sri Sudhakar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: In the recent years there has been rapid growth in the field of herbal medicine most of the tradition systems of medicine are accepted universally after standardization only. it very important to develop an essential techniques to standardization of herbal related drugs. The present study standardization of Triphala Churna majorly focused on that area under WHO guidelines. Method: This polyherbal Churna used treat the constipation and other gastric disorders. In this study a prepared Thriphala Churna was comparatively standardized with the reference obtained from market. For the standardization of the above formulations were done by evaluating the macroscopical, microscopical, powder flow properties, extractive values, Physicochemical characters, heavy metal content detection, qualitavte and quantitive determination of tannins and alkaloids, TLC finger print, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and cytotoxic activity to assess the quality and safety and therapeutic activity of formulation. Results: The above parameters for the both formulation complies with the strands. The flow properties are poor. From the preliminary phytochemical test revealed the presence of various bioactive constituents. Majorly the concentration of tannins and flavonoids are high in water extract and also the water extract having the good anti-oxidant and in vitro cytotoxic activity. Hence the Triphala extracts may be used for various Ayurvedic preparations to chronic diseases like cancer.
Keywords: Cytotoxic activity; in-vitro anti-oxidant activity; standardization; Thriphala Churna; TLC finger print

The Prevalence, Attitude and Awareness of Herbal Medicine Products Use Among Pharmacy Practitioner in Jordan - Noha Abd Kareem Younis Younis (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: There has been a universal increase in the use of herbal medicine products (HMPs). Herbal medicine considered to be the oldest form of healing and treating different diseases. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence, attitude of HMPs use and awareness among pharmaceutical practitioner in Jordan. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire on a sample of 230 Jordanian pharmacy practitioner (pharmacist and pharmacy assistant), within 90 different private pharmacies in different cities of Jordan during the period of 6 months in the mid of 2018. The survey questionnaire included: the socio-demographic characteristics of participants, the source of information of the use of the HMPs, the attitude towards the use and safety of the HMPs and their combination with conventional drugs. Results: Out of 230 pharmacy practitioners interviewed in this study, the utilization rate of the HMPs use was just 41.7%. A large number of practitioners (58.3%) preferred conventional medicine because they believed that conventional medicine had better efficacy and better feedback than herbal products. A significant difference between pharmacist participants knowledge and work experience for more than 7 years (p-value=0.002). Majority of the participants (88.9%) reported that they had a narrow background about the safety of these products and hadn’t satisfied information regarding herb-drug interaction. Conclusion: This study counteracts other studies reported in Jordan, the usage of herbal medicine products among pharmacy practitioners isn’t prevalent and isn’t disseminated. They had fair information’s about the usage of the herbal products especially between the pharmacist, but they were less awareness about side effects and interactions of these products. It is crucial to refresh pharmacy practitioner knowledge periodically and enhance their information by arranging different programs focused on the rational use of these products, side effects and interactions by Jordanian pharmacist association, which had a potential role in this field. In addition, they must use reliable sources for information on herbal products in order to provide desired pharmaceutical care
Keywords: Conventional medicines; Herbal medicine products (HMPs); Pharmacy practitioner

Protective Effect of Terminalia catappa Leaves and Terminalia chebula Fruits on the Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic Anti-oxidant Levels in the Doxorubicin Induced Toxicity Rats - Panneerselvam Punniyakotti; Rengasamy Lakshminarayanan Rengarajan; Shanmugam Velayuthaprabhu; Kalaiyarasan Vijayakumar; Ramasamy Manikandan; Arumugam Vijaya Anand (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Oxidative stress plays an important role in chronic complications of diabetes, cancer, liver disorder etc. The free radicals such as superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxides are causing the oxidative stress and it involves the cellular damage. Evidences recommended that the natural medicines from plant sources are treated to overcome the oxidative stress complications. Objective: The aim of the present is to find the antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of Terminalia catappa leaves and Terminalia chebula fruits in the doxorubicin (DOX) induced toxicity rats. Methods: Oxidative stress is induced with a single dose of doxorubicin and then the animals were treated with a dose of various concentration of ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and T. chebula fruits (200, 300 mg/kg/b.w) for 21 days. After the treatment, lipid peroxide (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathiones- transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase levels are determined. Propranolol 25mg/kg is used as standard drug. Results: In the present study, after the treatment of doxorubicin the levels of SOD, CAT, GSH, GST, GPX, vitamin C, vitamin E levels are decreased and LPO level is increased. After the treatment of T. catappa leaves and T. chebula fruits the levels were returned to the normal level. Conclusion: The results proved that the ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and T. chebula fruits may protects the cells from oxidative stress induced by the doxorubicin induced toxicity rats.
Keywords: Doxorubicin; Enzymatic antioxidant; Non-enzymatic antioxidant; Oxidative stress; Termianlia catappa; Terminalia chebulla.

Protective Effect of the Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves of Chuquiraga spinosa Less and Baccharis genistelloides on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats - Robert Palomino-De-La-Gala; Hugo Justil-Guerrero; Jorge Arroyo-Acevedo; Juan Rojas-Armas; Cristian Aguilar-Carranza; Jaime Martínez-Heredia; Edwin Cieza-Macedo; Carlos García-Bustamante; Oscar Herrera-Calderon; Edwin Enciso-Roca; Roberto Chávez- Asmat; Lester Dominguez-Huarcaya (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common conditions affecting middle-aged men, with oxidative stress postulated as an important factor in its development. Objective: To evaluate the protective effect of the association of the ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga spinosa (ChS) and Baccharis genistelloides (BaG) on benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Materials and Methods: Sixty-six male rats were randomized into groups: 1) Inductor Group: Testosterone enanthate (ET) 25 mg/Kg on days 8 and 14 intramuscularly. 2) Group P80: Polysorbate-80 3% 10 mL / Kg. 3) Positive Group: ET + Dutasteride (DU) 0.5 mg / Kg, 4) ET + ChS 250, 5) ET + ChS 500, 6) ET + BaG250, 7) ET + BaG 500, 8) ET + ChS 250 + BaG 250, 9) ET + ChS 500 + BaG 500, 10) ET + ChS 250 + BaG 500, 11) ET + ChS 500 + BaG250. PSA, nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), prostate dimensions by ultrasound and histopathological findings were quantified as main markers. Results: Lower levels of NO, MDA and PSA were observed in all groups treated with extract compared to the Inductor group (p <0.01), with the reductive capacity of the mixture ChS 250 + BaG 500 and ChS 500 + BaG 250 compared with Dutasteride (p <0.05). The volume of the prostate was lower in the Dutasteride, P80 and ChS250 + BaG500 groups compared to the inducer (p <0.05). Regarding the histopathological study, it was observed that the association of variable doses (ChS250 + BaG500 and ChS500 + BaG250) had a better protective effect. Conclusion: Under experimental conditions, the association of the extracts of Chuquiraga spinosa and Baccharis genistelloides has an effect in the protection of BPH induced with testosterone, which could be linked to its antioxidant capacity of the extracts.
Keywords: Baccharis genistelloides; Benign prostatic hyperplasia; Chuquiraga spinosa; Dutasteride; Testosterone

Protective Role of Eurycoma longifolia Jack Root Extract Against High-Fat Diet Induced Testicular Damage in Sprague-Dawley Rats - Imad M Al-Ani; Norsidah Ku-Zaifah; Fakhria A. Al-Joufi; Rafidah H.Mokhtar; Norlelawati A. Talib; Ghasak Ghazi Faisal (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: The aims of this study were to investigate the adverse effects of the high-fat-diet (HFD) on the testosterone level and testicular structure of male rats as well as to examine whether Eurycoma longifolia (EL) is able to ameliorate these effects. Methods: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups each containing 6 rats. Group ND was given only normal diet, group NDEL was given normal diet and EL extracts (15 mg/ kg) dissolved in distilled water, group HFD was given only high-fat-diet and group HFDEL was given high-fat-diet and EL extracts (15 mg/kg). EL was administered orally for 12 weeks. The animal’s testosterone level was measured at week 0, 6 and 12. The rats were sacrificed at the end of 12th weeks and the testes samples were processed for histological examination Results: The testosterone level was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the in the treated rats with EL (NDEL and HFDEL) compared with ND and HFD groups. Treatment with HFD revealed a marked degeneration of the seminiferous tubule epithelium and disruption of interstitial cells of the testis thereby interfering with spermatogenesis. Treatment of HFD rats with El reduced the adverse effects of HFD and improved the morphological structure of the seminiferous tubules. Conclusion: These findings revealed that EL has ameliorative effects against the testicular damage caused by high-fat-diet.
Keywords: Eurycoma Longifolia; High-Fat-Diet; Seminiferous Tubules Tongkat Ali; Testis; Testosterone

Pteleopsis suberosa Engl. and Diels (Combretaceae) aqueous stem bark extract extenuates oxidative damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats - Aladodo Abimbola Raliat; Sabiu Saheed; Sulyman Olarewaju Abdulhakeem (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html -->Context: Pteleopsis suberosa Engl. and Diels (Combretaceae) is an ethnomedicinally valued deciduous shrub with significant therapeutic application against diabetes in West Africa. Aims: This study evaluated the hypoglycaemic and antioxidant activity of its aqueous stem bark extract (PSAE) over a 15-day experimental period in streptozotocin (STZ)-challenged diabetic rats. Methods and Material: STZ-induced diabetic rats were administered 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of the extract once daily and the blood glucose levels were monitored for 15 days. The bioactive constituents of PSAE were analyzed using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Results: Treatment with PSAE markedly (p< 0.05) ameliorated the concentrations of blood glucose and improved the lipid metabolism imbalance in the diabetic animals. Also, while PSAE significantly (p<0.05) improved glycogen and glutathione (reduced) levels as well as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, the concentrations of glucose and malondialdehyde coupled with the activity of α-amylase were significantly reduced in the liver of PSAE-administered diabetic animals when compared with those of the normal control and untreated diabetic groups. The observed improvements could be associated with the phytoconstituents of PSAE as evident from the results of the GC-MS analysis. Put together, the elicited effects compared favorably well with metformin (a standard hypoglycemic drug) and are suggestive of antidiabetic and antioxidant capabilities of the extract. Conclusion: The scope of the data presented in this study indicates that the extract ameliorated streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats and it is suggested to be mediated via antioxidant and concerted blood glucose lowering actions.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Arjunglycoside; Diabetes; Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; Hyperglycaemia; Pteleopsis suberosa

Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Organic Acids in Crude Herbal Drugs and Medicinal Herbal Preparations for Quality Control in Russian Federation by Modern Physicochemical Methods - Ekaterina Vyacheslavovna Sergunova; Alla Anatolyevna Sorokina; Dmitry Olegovich Bokov; Anna Igorevna Marakhova (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Organic acids (malic, citric, tartaric, oxalic, acetic, formic, isovaleric, ascorbic acids) make up a large group of biologically active substances and play an important role in plant and human metabolism. They are found in large quantities in the fruits of Rosaceae family medicinal plants that included in State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation. Standardization of crude herbal drugs containing organic acids by modern physicochemical methods is a high-priority task. Materials and Methods: The determination of total organic acids amount was carried out in aqueous extracts from different fruits of Rosaceae family plants by galvanostatic coulometry and potentiometry methods. Galvanostatic coulometry was performed with the help of the “Expert-006” coulometer with a current of 5 mA (integrated pH meter). Iodine as an electrogenerated titrant was used for ascorbic acid determination; electro generation of hydroxide ions was carried out for determination of total organic acids amount. A potentiometer “Aquilon pH-410” with attached glass and silver chloride electrodes was used for potentiometric determination of total organic acids amount. Individual organic acids have been determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultra-violet detection (RP-HPLCUV) method. The following conditions were established: Gilson HPLC system, Alltech OA- 1000 Organic Acids (6.5×300 mm, 9 μm) chromatography column, a gradient elution mode, component A of the mobile phase is 98% (0.1% phosphoric acid, 10 mM KH2PO4, solution in water) with 2% acetonitrile, component B is acetonitrile, the eluent feed rate is 1 ml/min. Results: Modern physicochemical methods for the analysis of biologically active substances, organic acids, for quality control of crude herbal drugs and medicinal herbal preparations, are developed and discussed. The optimal conditions for the qualitative and quantitative organic acid analysis are selected and described taking into account modern pharmacopoeial requirements. Conclusion: Galvanostatic coulometry and potentiometry methods, as well as RP-HPLC-UV, can be successfully used in the quality control of crude herbal drugs and medicinal herbal preparations, specifically fruits of Rosaceae family plants. Development and validation of analytical methods for monitoring the content of this BAS group is an important research area in the pharmacopoeial standardization of crude herbal drugs.
Keywords: Coulometry; Crude herbal drugs; High Performance Liquid Chromatography; Organic acids; Potentiometry; Redox titration; Titrimetric Methods

Quantitative Analysis of Hispidulin Content in Clerodendrum petasites Roots Distributed in Thailand - Thanyathorn Tangsongcharoen; Somchai Issaravanich; Chanida Palanuvej; Nijsiri Ruangrungsi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Clerodendrum petasites (Lour.) S. Moore (locally known as Mai-Thao-Yaai-Mom), belonging to the Verbenaceae family, is widely formulated into multi-herb remedy, Ben-Cha- Lo-Ka-Wi-Chian remedy, possessing antipyretic activity. C. petasites exhibits many biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, etc. The flavonoid hispidulin is one of the main active compounds present in C. petasites, containing anti-atheromatous, antitumor and antispasmodic effects. Objective: The present study aimed to determine the hispidulin content in the dried roots of C. petasites using HPLC technique. Methods: C. petasites dried roots, collected from twelve different areas, were extracted with ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus, and then subjected to HPLC-PDA to quantify hispidulin content. The quantitative method using HPLC-PDA technique was validated. Results: The optimized HPLC coupling with PDA detector (HPLC-PDA) was validated for the quantitative analysis of hispidulin content in C. petasites roots in terms of linearity (y = 210,200,536.6667x – 448,756.2667; R2 = 0.9997), accuracy (88.82-107.69% recovery), precision (0.66% RSD for repeatability precision; 1.17% RSD for intermediate precision), limit of detection (2.30 μg/mL), limit of quantitation (7.00 μg/mL), specificity (peak purity index = 1.0000) and robustness (% RSD < 1). The amount of hispidulin content in the extracts of C. petasites roots conducted from the validated method was found to be 0.0182 ± 0.0109 g/100 g crude drug. Conclusion: The HPLC-PDA analysis was able to effectively determine hispidulin in C. petasites roots. The hispidulin contents in C. petasites dried roots from various areas in Thailand were revealed which could be used for the specification of this crude drug with reference to its chemical marker.
Keywords: Ben-Cha-Lo-Ka-Wi-Chian remedy; Clerodendrum petasites; hispidulin; HPLC-PDA

Rationale for Manufacturing of Cut-Pressed Granules from Herbal Raw Material Rich in Essential Oil: An Example of Chamomile Flowers and Sweet Flag Rhizome - Olga Trifonova; Olga Evdokimova; Vera Prokofieva; Alexey Matyushin (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Currently, there are at least 43 different dosage forms present on the Russian Federation pharmaceutical market. A novel, unique dosage form – cut-pressed granules (CPG) – was developed in order to improve manufacturing characteristics and, therefore, quality of herbal drug products released in tea bags. However, treatment conditions may result in decreased levels of active substances in some of the plants, especially those containing essential oil, which is prone to degradation. The aim of this study was to assess feasibility of CPG manufacturing from herbal raw material rich in essential oil. Materials and Methods: Different morphological groups of raw material from two commonly used medicinal plants, chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) flowers and sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.) rhizome, were chosen as the objects of the study. Qualitative composition of lipophilic constituents in herbal raw materials and CPG was assessed using thin-layer chromatography. Essential oil content was determined by steam distillation. Results: The results confirmed equivalence of chromatographic profiles for the analyzed raw materials and CPG; thus, granulation didn’t affect qualitative composition of lipophilic components in chamomile flowers and sweet flag rhizome. The study also showed that the granulation process, in fact, promoted stability of the dosage form: during long-term storage the content of essential oil in all of the assessed cut-pressed granules was equivalent or higher than in corresponding herbal raw material. Conclusions: It can be concluded that Matricaria recutita L. flowers and Acorus calamus L. rhizome can be used as herbal raw material for CPG manufacturing.
Keywords: Chamomile; Cut-pressed granules; Dosage form; Essential oil; Herbal drugs; Sweet flag

Reduction of Colchicine Content from Radix Gloriosae Superbae Preparata - Sasithorn Tandhavadhana; Chayan Picheansoonthon (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Gloriosae Superbae Radix is a crude drug employed in Thai herbal remedies for several ailments. Colchicine is known as an active constituent in the roots. It was reported that 7-11 mg. of colchicine may causes lethal effect in human. In Thai traditional medical practice, the roots must be treated prior use to prepare Thai herbal preparations. However, pre-treated method has not yet been well established in any literature. This study aimed to document the pre-treated method and to quantitatively compare the amount of colchicine both before and after pre-treated. Methods: Firstly, interviewing with Thai traditional medicine experts and document the pre-treated methods of Gloriosae Superbae Radix to conclude the 2 commonly used methods. Two pre-treated methods (roasting and burning) were chosen for further study. Colchicine in Gloriosae Superbae Radix from 8 sources were analyzed before and after pre-treat by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results: After pre-treat by roasting and burning, amount of colchicine in root were significantly decreased by 40.61±9.55% (p=0.000) and 26.79±10.89% (p=0.001), respectively. Comparison of colchicine contents of samples after roasting and burning, the amount of colchicine decreased non statistically insignificantly (p=0.110). Conclusion: Pre-treats of Gloriosae Superbae Radix by roasting and burning had significantly reduce colchicine content. Both methods have been proven to be the effective ways in preparing certain potentially toxic crude drugs before using in compounding into Thai herbal remedies.
Keywords: Colchicine; Gloriosae Superbae Radix; HPLC; Pre-treat method; Thai herbal remedy

Reversible Hepatotoxicity of Cassytha filiformis Extract: Experimental Study on Liver Function and Propofol-Induced Sleep in Mice - Yori Yuliandra; Armenia Armenia; Rahmad Arief; Mifta Hul Jannah; Helmi Arifin (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: To study the liver toxicity of Cassytha filiformis L. extract and its reversibility in mice. Methods: A total of 108 male mice were used to investigate the hepatotoxicity of Cassytha filiformis extract (CFE) and the reversibility of its toxicity to the liver. Seventy-two mice were treated with CFE orally for 7 consecutive days. A half of these animals were used to study the sleep time on propofol-induced sleep that comprised the sleep onset time (SOT) and duration of sleep (DOS), while another half was used for the quantitation of serum alanine transaminase (ALT) activity. To investigate the reversibility of the liver toxicity, thirty-six mice were treated with daily CFE for 7 days. Activities of ALT and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined and the liver weight ratio was measured on day 0, 1, 3 and 7 after the termination of the CFE treatment. Data of liver toxicity determination were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s multiple range test, while data of the reversibility was analyzed by Pearson’s correlation. The significance level was taken at 95% of confidence interval. Results: CFE shortened the SOT and prolonged the DOS significantly compared with control (p<0.05). The activity of ALT was increased due to the toxicity of CFE. However, the ALT/ALP activities decreased and liver weight ratio increased gradually after the extract treatment was discontinued. The trend of these data was correlated significantly (p<0.05). Conclusion: Cassytha filiformis L. extract is toxic to the liver but the toxicity is reversible depending on doses.
Keywords: Cassytha filiformis; Liver function; Propofol; Reversible toxicity; Sleep time

Review on Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Genus Anthemis - Rima Boukhary; Maha Aboul-Ela; Abdalla El-Lakany (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Genus Anthemis of Family Asteraceae contains mainly flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones belonging to germacranolides, eudesmanolides, guaianolides, sterols and essential oils. The Plants of genus Anthemis have been known to have anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities due to their rich contents of important physiological and biological compounds. They are referred to as nature’s biological response modifier’s and are involved in energy transfer, photosensitization and morphogenesis. Several clinical studies have shown that people who take diets rich in flavonoids and sesquiterpenes have reduced risk of developing cancer and cardiovascular diseases. This article covers most of constituents of plants of genus Anthemis reported from 2002 up to 2018. Furthermore, the biological activities of plants of genus Anthemis will be presented.
Keywords: Anthemis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidant; Flavonoids; Sesquiterpenes

A Review on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks - Dwaipayan Sinha (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks. or the blue pine is one of the important conifer that grows all along the Himalayan range from Afghanistan in the west to Myanmar and China in the east covering the Himalayan regions of Pakistan, Nepal and India. It is found in the upper region of the mountains and often remains associated with other gymnosperms. The plant is of immense ethnobotanical relevance and finds extensive use among the people inhabiting the mountainous region. They are primarily valued for its timber and used for construction and infrastructural purposes. Medicinally the plant is very much important. Throughout the Himalayan region the plant is used for the cure of a number of diseases including treatment of fever, cough and cold, bone fracture, healing of injury and wounds, rheumatic pain, arthritis, inflammations etc. The plant is rich in terpenoids and flavonoids all of which possess strong antioxidant properties. Methods: Extensive literature survey was made in the internet with pubmed, google scholar forming the search platform to illustrate the traditional usage of the plant among inhabitants of various regions of Himalayas. Informations of traditional usage, chemical constituents and selected pharmacological activities of the plant were pooled from available research papers to frame the review. Results and Outcome: In this review, an attempt has been made to compile the ethnobotanical usage of Pinus wallichiana, its phytochemistry and pharmacological activity highlighting its potentiality as a cheap and affordable source of drugs for the benefit of population of Indian subcontinent and adjoining areas.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Arthritis; Conifer; Flavonoids; Himalaya; Terpenoids

Screening and Evaluation of Lectin and Anti-Cancer Activity from the Phloem Exudate/Sap of the Indian Dietary Ethnomedicinal Plants - Balaji Kyathegowdanadoddi Srinivas; Madhu Chakkere Shivamadhu; Preethi Saligrama Devegowda; Gurukar Mathew; Theethagounder Tamizhmani; Senthilkumar Gnanavadevel Prabhakaran; Shankar Jayarama (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: Lectins are extremely significant biomolecules to study several biological progressions. In this present investigation, we are screening the crude phloem exudate/ sap sample from different ethnomedicinal plants were evaluated for lectin and anticancer activity. Methods: The lectin activity of crude phloem exudate/sap samples were confirmed by haemgglutination assay and anticancer activity by using trypan blue, MTT and in-ovo CAM angiogenic assay. The tumor cell nuclei resulting in Giemsa stain, AO/EtBr stain, DNA Fragmentation and Caspase- 3 inhibitor assay. Results: Our experimental data show that the phloem exudate/sap sample S2 (Musa Acuminata), sample S4 (Euphorbia Geniculate) exerting the potent lectin activity, sample S5 exerting very low lectin activity against the trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes and decreases the cell viability in EAC cells in-vitro. Sample S2, S4 and S5 exerts significant cytotoxic effect against the various human cancer cell lines and regressed the neovasculature (development of new blood vessels) in the developing CAM embryos when compared to the other crude samples. The apoptotic inducing activity of crude phloem exudate/sap samples was revealed by DNA fragmentation assay, caspase-3 inhibitor assay and cellular morphology were studied by fluorescence staining methods. Conclusion: This study reports that some of the isolated crude phloem exudate/sap samples show potent lectin activity and anti-cancer activity in different human cancer cell lines. The further additional experiment needs to purify and characterize the bioactive lectin components from the potent sample which is responsible for pro-apoptotic, anti-angiogenic activity and mechanism involved.
Keywords: Angiogenesis; Apoptosis; EAC; Haemagglutination; Lectin; VEGF

Screening In vitro Anticancer Activity of Alseodaphne semecarpifolia Nees Stem Bark Extracts against some Cancer Cell lines - Chethankumara Ganadhal Puttaramaiah; Krishna Venkatarangaiah; Nagaraj Kakanahalli (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Cancer is considered as the prime lethal disease that affects different organs of the body. Even with the rapid developments in the medical sciences, there are no proper medicines to cure specific kind of cancer without side effects. The inhibition of tumour cell growth without side effects either by the use herbal or synthetic drugs is considered as an important target in cancer therapy. In traditional medicinal system A. semecarpifolia stem bark is the prime source of herbal drug to treat lymphatic and skin cancers. Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anticancer potential of A. semecarpifolia stem bark extracts against some cancer cell lines. Methods: The in vitro anticancer activity was evaluated against DLA, EAC, HeLa, HepG2 and L929 cell lines by trypan blue dye exclusion assay and SRB assay. Results: The results of the anticancer activity revealed that, when compared to standard drug Cyclophosphamide, SBPEE and SBCE of A. semecarpifolia showed significant anticancer activity against DLA and EAC cell lines, without causing any toxicity to the normal mouse fibroblast cells L929. Whereas, none of the three extracts showed cytotoxicity against HeLa, HepG2 and L929 cell lines. Conclusion: The present study suggested that, SBPEE and SBCE possesses significant cytotoxic activity against DLA and EAC cell lines, which confirms the traditional medicinal claim of A. semecarpifolia as a potent anticancer plant against lymphatic and skin cancer.
Keywords: Alseodaphne semecarpifolia; Carcinoma; Cell lines; Cell viability; Cytotoxicity; Lymphoma

Screening of Nasal and Hands Carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci Colonization among Lebanese Nutraceuticals Handlers - Nada El Darra; Karim Raafat; Iman El-Ghazzawi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Poor personal hygiene of the nutraceuticals handlers could be a potential source of diseases due to the high occurrence of bacterial contamination. Methods: A cross sectionnal study was conducted among Lebanese nutraceuticals handlers. A pretested structured questionnaire was used for collecting information on age, sex, marital status, service years, educational status, status of training of nutraceuticals-handlers. Results: Nasal and hands swabs were investigated for S. aureus, MRSA, CoNS and MRSE.Among 144 nutraceuticals handlers, 41% and 69% exhibited no bacterial growth in their nasal and hand swabs.The carrier rate of S. aureus was 11.8 and 5.6% for nose and hands in nutraceuticals handlers.The nasal and hands carrier rate of MRSA is 6.3% and 2.1%, respectively.MRSE presented a rate of 10.4% and 7.6% for the nasal and hands carriage. Conclusion: The findings showed that the Lebanese nutraceuticals handlers are a vehicle of different resistant bacterial strains in their nasal and hands carriage,which poses a significant risk to the Lebanese consumer.
Keywords: Carriage; Hands; Nasal; Nutraceuticals handlers; Resistant; S.aureus

Screening of Tyrosinase Inhibitor, Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity of Dried Sea Cucumber from Tomini Bay, Indonesia - Muhammad Nursid; Endar Marraskuranto; Azizah Kuswardini; Tjahyo Winanto (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Indonesia, as a tropical country, is one of the important producers of sea cucumbers (beche-de-mer). Sea cucumber is a marine invertebrate that contains attractive bioactive secondary metabolites and these metabolites can be used for health as well as cosmetics. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the activity of tyrosinase inhibitors, antioxidants, and cytotoxicity of sea cucumber methanolic extract. Methods: Dried sea cucumber samples were taken from Boalemo waters, Tomini Bay, Indonesia. Tyrosinase inhibitor assay was carried out spectrophotometrically using tyrosinase enzymes and L-DOPA as a substrate and antioxidant tests were carried out by DPPH method. Cytotoxicity test against human breast cancer cell line (T47D) was conducted using the MTT assay. Results: The study showed that Bohadschia vitiensis had the best tyrosinase inhibitor activity with IC50 value of 0.28 mg/ml. The DPPH free radical scavenging testing showed that all sea cucumbers had weak antioxidant activity. On the other hand, cytotoxicity assay revealed that several sea cucumbers had good cytotoxicity against T47D cells, where Holothuria atra and Bohadschia marmorata showed strong cytotoxicities with IC50 values of 23.0 and 28.1 ug/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the study, it can be concluded that the dried sea cucumber from the Tomini bay region, Indonesia, has the potential to be developed as a source of tyrosinase inhibitors and cytotoxic agents.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Cytotoxicity; Screening; Sea cucumber; Tyrosinase inhibitor

Secondary Metabolites from Pterocaulon alopecuroides and their Antiproliferative Activities - Quírico A Castillo; José M. Padrón; Anastacio Emiliano (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: To isolate secondary metabolites from the aerial parts of Pterocaulon alopecuroides, elucidate their structures and evaluate their antiproliferative activities on selected human cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of P. alopecuroides afforded five compounds, which were characterized using spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with data from the literature. Antiproliferative activities of all isolates were evaluated. Results: The compounds 7-(2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)-6-methoxycoumarin (1), 5,6-methylenedioxy- 7-(2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutoxy) coumarin (2), Dihydrokaempferol (3), 5,7,4´-trihydroxy- 6-(α,α-dimethylallyl)dihydroflavonol (4) and 5,4´-dihydroxy-7-(γ,γ-dimethylallyloxy)dihydroflavonol (5) were isolated. The antiproliferative activity of all compounds was evaluated in a panel of six human solid tumor cell lines showing GI50 values for the most active compounds in the low micromolar range. Conclusion: Compound 2 is reported for first time from P. alopecuroides. Isolated coumarins show no antiproliferative activity, whilst among flavonoids compound 5 showed the best antiproliferative activity.
Keywords: 4´-dihydroxy-7-(γ; 5; Antiproliferative activities; Coumarins; Flavonoids; Pterocaulon alopecuroides; γ-dimethylallyloxy)dihydroflavonol

Sequential Fractionation by Organic Solvents Enhances the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Fruits and Leaves of Terminalia bellerica from North Western Himalayas, India - Shikha Rangra Chandel; Vikas Kumar; Shikha Guleria; Nitin Sharma; Anuradha Sourirajan; Prem Kumar Khosla; David J. Baumler; Kamal Dev (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Terminalia bellerica belonging to family combretaceae is one of the major components of “Triphala”, an Ayurvedic formulation. Objective: To evaluate antioxidant potential in the ethanolic extract and its active fraction (chloroform, ethyl acetate, n- butanol and aqueous fraction) from fruits and leaves of Terminalia bellerica. Materials and Methods: Folin-Ciocalteau method and aluminium chloride method was used to quantify total phenolic and flavonoid content respectively in ethanolic extract and their fractions from fruits and leaves of T. bellerica. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using total antioxidant activity, DPPH, FRAP and total antioxidant activity methods. Results: Total phenolics (254.72±3.03 mg/g GAE and 227.52±1.38 mg/g GAE) and flavonoids (64.77±1.24 mg/gm RE and 75.57±1.38 mg/gm RE) content was higher in ethyl acetate fraction of both fruits and leaves sample of T. bellerica, respectively. The order of free radical scavenging activities was ethyl acetate fraction > crude ethanolic extract > n-butanol fraction > chloroform fraction > aqueous fraction. Similarly, ethyl acetate fraction of both fruits and leaves exhibited more antimicrobial activity as compared to that of ethanolic extract as revealed from agar well diffusion method with diameter of zone of inhibi¬tion of 14.0±1.41 mm, 21.0±1.41 mm, 14.0±1.41 mm, 14.5±0.71 mm in fruits and 18.0±1.41 mm, 22.5±2.12 mm, 15.5±2.12 mm, 14.5±3.53 mm in leaves against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, respectively. MIC values for fruits were 3.125 mg/ml, 0.375 mg/ml, 3.125 mg/ml, 3.125 mg/ml and for leaves were 1.5625 mg/ml, 0.19 mg/ml, 0.78 mg/ ml, 0.78 mg/ml against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, respectively. Conclusion: The present study provides the evidence for comparative antioxidant and antibacterial potential of ethanolic extracts of fruits and leaves of T. bellerica. . Moreover, leaves can be promoted to be used for therapeutics and natural antioxidants.
Keywords: Antimicrobial; Antioxidant; Ethanolic extract; Fruits; Leaves; Terminalia bellerica

Simultaneously Extraction of Caffeine and Chlorogenic Acid from Coffea canephora Bean using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction - Adisya Miftah Syakfanaya; Fadlina Chany Saputri; Abdul Mun’im (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html --> Background: NADES is an alternative solvent in the extraction of metabolites from plants which has many environmental benefits, such as low toxicity, biodegradability, can dissolve polar and non-polar compounds, low costs and simple preparation. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of natural deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (NADES-UAE) on enrichment of caffeine and chlorogenic acid in extract from green coffee beans (Coffea canephora). Methods: The powders were extracted using NADES-UAE method in several types of extraction condition, including the composition of NADES, water addition in NADES and extraction time. Caffeine and chlorogenic acid content were analyzed using HPLC, reverse phase system and C18 ODS-3 column. Results: The highest of caffeine and chlorogenic acid content was respectively, 7.89 mg/g and 28.62 mg/g (composition of NADES betaine: sorbitol [1:1.2] ratio and NADES-water addition [1:2] ratio for 30 min). Conclusion: This research showed that the composition of NADES, extraction time and water addition are important parameter in extracting caffeine and chlorogenic acid content in green coffee beans.
Keywords: Caffeine; Chlorogenic acid; Coffea canephora; Natural deep eutectic solvent; Ultrasonic assisted extraction

Some Pharmacognostic Studies of the Bird Cherry (Padus avium Mill.) and Mountain Ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) Fruits Collected from Moscow (Russia) - Ekaterina Vyacheslavovna Sergunova; Dmitry Olegovich Bokov (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Light microscopic analysis is appropriate pharmacopoeial method for quality control of fresh and fast-frozen Rosaceae family plants fruits. It is widely used for crude herbal drugs analysis and helps to identify significant anatomical and diagnostic signs. The aim of the research was to establish the identity characteristics of the dried and frozen fruits of mountain ash and bird cherry and to perform phytochemical analysis of studied objects harvested in Moscow. Materials and Methods: Light microscopic analysis was used for Rosaceae fruits identity estimation. The fruits of mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) and bird cherry (Padus avium Mill.) were collected in the fruiting phase on the territory of the Botanical Garden of Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University. Fruits samples were dried at the temperature of 60-80°C and frozen at the temperature of -18-20°C. The epidermis surface preparation and the fruit pulp squash preparation were prepared for microscopic examination. The photographs were obtained from an AXIO IMAGER D1 biological laboratory microscope (Carl Zeiss Microscopy) with the help of a Canon Power shot A 650 IS camera. The elemental composition of the P. avium and S. aucuparia fruits was determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XFA) using an S4 Pioneer X-ray spectrometer. Simple sugar analysis was performed by using reverse phase HPLC with refractometric detection, analysis of organic acids – by using ion-pair HPLC with UV-detection (210 nm) in the isocratic elution mode (Agilent 1260 Infinity LC). Results: Characteristic signs of the anatomical structure of dried and frozen S. aucuparia, P. avium fruits were determined. Diagnostic anatomical signs of S. aucuparia, P. avium fruits are: the form of epidermal cells, stone cells, inclusions of calcium oxalate (prismatic crystals and druses), vessels, parenchyma with biologically active substances (anthocyanins, carotenoids). The presence and content of Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr were evaluated. Organic acids profile of S. aucuparia, P. avium fruits is presented by citric, malic, oxalic, succinic, tartaric, fumaric, quinic, ascorbic, sorbic acids. Total content of simple sugars, presented by glucose, fructose, sucrose, is in the interval of 8-9%. Conclusion: The results of a comparative microscopic analysis of bird cherry and mountain ash dried and frozen fruits were obtained. They allowed to identify diagnostically significant elements of the anatomical structure that can be used to establish the fruits identity. The obtained data is of great value for S. aucuparia, P. avium fruits pharmacopoeial analysis in the Russian Federation.
Keywords: Anatomical Signs; Fruits; Mineral Composition; Organic acids; Padus avium Mill.; Rosaceae; Simple Sugars; Sorbus aucuparia L.

Studies on an in-vitro Investigation of Anti Diabetic Property of a Hemiparasitic Taxa Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh (Loranthaceae) - Ayan Kumar Naskar; Souradut Ray; Sanjukta Mondal Parui; Amal Kumar Mondal (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh, belong to the family Loranthaceae an unique hemiparasitic taxon, spreads almost all the entire forest in South West Bengal. It is generally stem hemi parasitic taxa and habitat mostly on aerial part of host plant having strong in spite of common root system. It is depend on the host plant for mainly water and to some extend carbon. It synthesizes its own food. The haustoria have penetrated to the vascular bundle mainly in the xylem tissue of the host plants. It has numerous medicinal values with a long history of its use in Chinese traditional medicines. Objectives: The present work deals with the anti-diabetic property medicinal aspect. Methods: The leaves extract mixed with the amylase enzyme then add the starch solution and allow the reaction for few minutes after that the reaction mixture interrupted with DNS. Results: The responsible enzyme i.e. Alpha-amylase breaks the large starch molecules which produces free glucose and simultaneously increases the blood sugar level and as a result hyperglycemia occurs. In this experiment increase the concentration of leaves extract which has decreased the activity of this potent enzyme. Conclusions: This study also reveals that, the plant’s leaves extracts have inhibitory activity on this key enzyme viz. alpha amylase which is very crucial data for drug preparation and other research purposes.
Keywords: Alpha-amylase; Dendrophthoe falcata; Loranthaceae; Medicinal value

Study of Molecular Docking of Vitexin in Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) Leaves Extract on Glibenclamide-CYP3A4 Interaction - Dwitiyanti; Yahdiana Harahap; Berna Elya; Anton Bahtiar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a disease that has a high prevalence in Indonesia. About 90-95% of all diabetes cases were caused by the failure or incapability of insulin target cells to respond to the insulin in normal state. The use of glibenclamide antidiabetic drugs with herbs has been occurred frequently in the community. Vitexin, one of active compounds in binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) leaves, has been known to have an antidiabetic effects. This study aimed to determine the molecular docking interaction of glibenclamide and vitexin in binahong leaves against CYP3A4 as antidiabetic drug. Method: Molecular docking methods were carried out using Autodock Vina software and interaction was visualized using discovery studio. Results: The study indicated that the value of glibenclamide complex free energy with CYP3A4 was -3.2 kcal/mol and the stability has increasing to -4.4 kcal/mol after docked with vitexin. The glibenclamide and vitexin complexes had 7 Pi alkyl hydrophobic bonds, 1 hydrocarbon hydrogen bond 1 Pi-cation electrostatic interactions, other interactions between Pi bond and sulfur atoms in cysteine amino acid residues, Pi bond interactions in phenylalamin aromatic groups with electron pairs oxygen atom. Conclusion: This study concluded that vitexin could improve glibenclamide stability.
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Glibenclamide; Molecular docking; Vitexin

Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp: A Potential Phytomedicine - Azlini Ismail; Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Ethnomedicinal plant is one of the important sources for drug discovery. Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp is one of the ethnomedicinal plants that is currently gaining attention for its various pharmacological potentials. This review evaluates its traditional uses, chemical profiles, toxicological aspects, nutritional values, as well as its pharmacological properties. From our literature search in Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, it was found that S. polyanthum has valuable therapeutic potentials including antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antitumor, antidiarrheal, acetylcholinesterase, inhibitory, and dental plaque inhibition properties. However, few research areas, especially its toxicological profiles, mechanism of actions, as well as identification of its bioactive compound, require more in-depth studies.
Keywords: Chemical; Nutritional; Pharmacological; Syzygium polyanthum; Toxicological

Tetrahydroxy Flavone from Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn Ex Benth. (Fabaceae) with Novel Kinase Activity - Augustine A. Ahmadu; Bilqis A. Lawal; Anas Haruna; Lukman Mustapha (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: The decoctions of the bark of Acacia auriculiformis are used in folkloric medicine to relieve pain and inflammation and as remedy for cancer. Objective: The aim of this work is to screen the extract and fractions of Acacia auriculiformis for protein kinase inhibitory activity and also to isolate and characterize chemical entities from this plant and evaluate their protein kinase inhibitory activity. Materials and Methods: Kinase inhibitory activity were assayed in appropriate buffer, with either protein or peptide as substrate in the presence of 15μM (33-P) ATP (3,000Ci/mmol; 10mCi/ml) in a final volume of 30μL. Controls were performed with appropriate dilutions of dimethyl sulphoxide. A portion of the Chloroform extract, ethylacetate and n-butanol soluble fractions of the stem bark of Acacia auriculiformis were screened against a panel of disease-related protein kinases and the active fractions was tested over a wide range of concentrations from 0.016 to 50μg/ml and the IC50 values were determined from the dose response curve. The most active fraction was subjected to chromatographic separation using Silica gel G column chromatography and sephadex LH-20 to give compound I. The structure of the isolated compound was elucidated using NMR and LCMS. Results: The Primary screening of the extract and fractions showed that the chloroform extract was inactive against all the protein kinases investigated, while the ethylacetate and n-butanol soluble fractions inhibited all the protein kinases tested. Compound I also inhibited all the kinases tested. The IC50 of the active fractions and compound were also evaluated. Ethylacetate fraction inhibited all the kinases tested with the highest activity against Haspine kinase with IC50 of 1.0 μg/ml, while n-butanol also gave the highest activity against Haspine kinase with 1C50 of 1.3 μg/ml. From the active ethylacetate fractions 3, 4’, 7, 8- tetrahydroxy flavone was isolated. The Compound exhibited the maximal activity against DYRK1A kinase with an IC50 of 2.05 μg/ml followed by CDK9 with an IC50 of 2.28 μg/ml. Conclusion: 3, 4’,7, 8- tetrahydroxy flavone was isolated was found to be a DYRK1A and CDK9 inhibitor which might justify the anticancer potential of this plant.
Keywords: CDK9; DYRK1A; Protein kinases; Tetrahydroxyflavone

Total Phenolic Contents, Quercetin Determination and Anti Elastase Activity of Melastoma malabathricum L. Leaves Extract from Different Method of Extractions - Thia Amalia; Fadlina Chany Saputri; Silvia Surini (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: Leaves of M. malabathricum has been detected to contain quercetin and other phenolic contents. Quercetin has been proven to have elastase inhibitory activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of extraction method on total phenolic and quercetin contents as well as elastase inhibitory activity of M. malabathricum leaves extracts. Methods: Leaves powder was extracted by two conventional methods, maceration and reflux. Two different concentrations of ethanol were used as a solvent, 70 and 96% ethanol. Leaves were also defatted with chloroform before further extraction. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and quercetin content was determined by using the high-performance liquid chromatography method. Elastase inhibitor activity of leaves extract was determined on human neutrophil elastase in vitro. Results: Generally, 96% ethanol obtained higher total phenolic and quercetin content than 70% ethanol. However, defatted extract of 70% ethanol contained higher total phenolic content than defatted 96% ethanol. The highest elastase inhibitory activity of the sample was obtained from 70% ethanol extract with the value of 89.50% at 200 ppm, which is no significant difference compared to quercetin with the value of 93.86%. Conclusion: Extraction methods and different concentration of solvents affect the total phenolic and quercetin contents of the extracts. M. malabathricum leaves have potential effect as anti-elastase as well as quercetin, where the anti-elastase activity of M. malabathricum leaves is not only due to quercetin.
Keywords: Anti-Elastase; Extraction methods; Melastoma malabathricum L.; Quercetin; total phenolic content

Traditional Usages and Phytochemical Screenings of Selected Zingiberaceae from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia - Ramadanil; Damry; Rusdi; Baharuddin Hamzah; Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Zingiberaceae is one of the significant components of the herbaceous ground flora of Southeast Asia tropical forests. This family includes some medicinally important species, in particular the members of genera of Alpinia, Curcuma, Etlingera and Zingiber (Van Balgooy, 2001). Objective: to identify the traditional usages and evaluate for phytochemical screening of selected Zingiberaceae from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Material and Methods: Zingiberaceae samples were collected from the Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), Central Sulawesi Indonesia and its surroundings and evaluated for their phytochemical contents by using TLC method with particular spraying reagents. Results: the plants were used by the local ethnics for different daily and medicinal purposes. All part of each selected species of Zingiberaceae contain flavonoid, tannins, saponins, triterpenoid and alkaloid although steroids were only found in the leaves of Etlingera flexuosa, Curcuma mangga and Alpinia galanga. Alkaloids were only found in the rhyzome of Etlingera flexuosa, Curcuma aerugynosa, Zingiber montanum. Besides it was also detected in leaves of both Alpinia rubricaulis and Etlingera acanthoides. Additionally, Alkaloids were also discovered in the stem of Ammomum aculeata, Alpinia galanga and Curcuma mangga.
Keywords: Central Sulawesi Indonesia; Phytochemical screening; Traditional usages; Zingiberaceae

Triterpenes and Sterols from Leaves of Hoya meliflua Merr - Vincent Antonio S. Ng; Raymond S. Malabed; Fernando B. Aurigue; Consolacion Y. Ragasa (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Introduction: Hoya plants are also called wax plants due to the waxy appearance of their leaves and flowers. Most species are cultivated as ornamental plants. In the Philippines, there are at least 109 species of Hoya; 88 of these are endemic to the country. One of the endemic species is Hoya meliflua often confused with H. diversifolia, which can also be found in other countries. This study is part of our research on the chemical constituents of Philippine native Hoyas. Methods: The compounds were isolated by silica gel chromatography and identified by NMR spectroscopy. Results: Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract from the leaves of Hoya meliflua afforded squalene and mixtures of β-amyrin (1a), α-amyrin (1b) and lupeol (1c) in about 1:1:0.25 ratio; oleanone (2a), ursenone (2b) and lupenone (2c) in about 1:1:0.3 ratio; β-amyrin cinnamate (3a), α-amyrin cinnamate (3b) and lupenyl cinnamate (3c) in about 0.5:0.3:1 ratio; and β-sitosterol and stigmasterol in about 5:1 ratio. Conclusion: The results of our study indicate that Hoya meliflua shares similar chemical characteristics with other members of the genus Hoya. The triterpenes and sterols obtained from H. meliflua were also identified from other Hoya species. It is interesting to note that although most Hoya plants have no known biological activity and medicinal property, the compounds isolated from H. meliflua possess diverse bioactivities.
Keywords: Apocynaceae; Hoya meliflua; Lupenone; Lupenyl Cinnamate; Lupeol; Oleanone; Squalene; Stigmasterol; Ursenone; α-amyrin; α-amyrin Cinnamate; β-amyrin; β-amyrin Cinnamate; β-sitosterol

Two Triterpenoid Saponins with alpha-glucosidase Inhibitory Activity from Harpullia pendula Seed Extract - Marian Nabil; Neveen S Ghaly; Iman AA Kassem; Mary H Grace; Farouk R Melek (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Background: Harpullia pendula Planch (family Sapindaceae) is a small to medium rainforest tree native to Australia. Objective: This study aims to isolate triterpenoid saponins from H. pendula and test them as α-glucosidase inhibitors. Materials and Methods: The saponin compounds were obtained using variable chromatographic techniques and characterized by spectral analysis. Results: Two new triterpenoid saponins were obtained as an inseparable mixture from H. pendula methanolic seed extract. Their structures were determined as 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→3)]-βD-glucuronopyranosyl22-OangeloylA1- barrigenol and 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→3)]-β-Dglucuronopyranosyl 22-O-(2-methylbutyroyl)-A1 barrigenol, respectively. The triterpene part 22-O-(2-methyl butyroyl) A1-barrigenol has never been characterized before. The α- glucosidase inhibitory activity of the two saponin mixture was evaluated invitro and proved to exhibit strong activity with IC50 value equals to 13.3 ± 5.0 ppm and IC90 value equals to 21.5 ± 8.0 ppm. Conclusion: Two new saponins were characterized from their mixture and found to exhibit α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.
Keywords: Harpullia pendula; Sapindaceae; Triterpenoid saponins

Validation of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Determination of Bromelain in Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L) Merr) Water - Novi Yantih; Alfadella Methananda; Yahdiana Harahap; Wahono Sumaryono; Lestari Rahayu (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: The aim of the present study was to validate HPLC method for analysis bromelain levels in pineapple water and application that method to determine the storage time of pineapple water. Methods: The reversed phase of HPLC method was tested and optimized before it is validated. The composition and the flow rate of the mobile phase is the optimized parameter. The analytical parameters validated were detection limits, linearity, accuracy and precision. Pineapple water was stored for 8 h at 10ºC and bromelain was determined using the validated HPLC method. Result: The optimum mobile phase composition was methanolwater (70:30) with a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The detector concentration-response was linear with coefficient of determination of 0.993. The accuracy of HPLC method at a recovery of 1 and 2% bromelain was 106.37 ± 1.94% and 98.12 ± 1.29% (n = 5), respectively. The precision, expressed as the coefficients of variation (CV), at 1 and 2% bromelain were 1.83 and 1.32% (n = 5), respectively. Bromelain level at zero time was 81.53%. After storage for 8 h at 10ºC, bromelain levels in pineapple juice appeared to decrease not statistically significant (p > 0.05), with to mean value of 78.46 ± 2.88%. Conclusion: The HPLC method developed was valid to analyze accurately concentrations of bromelain in pineapple water and it can be used to study the shelf life of pineapple water based on bromelain content. The bromelain content in pineapple juice was not statistically significantly different after 8 h storage at 10°C.
Keywords: Bromelain; HPLC; Pineapple water; Storage

Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database as Adenosine A2A Antagonist using AutoDock and AutoDock Vina - Nabilah Nurtika Salamah; Widya Dwi Aryati; Arry Yanuar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: Previous research found that Adenosine A2A antagonist allows to reduce motor fluctuations, dyskinesia, protect from neurodegenerative disorder in Parkinson’s disease in the human brain which is chronic progressive of losing dopaminergic neurons. The aim of this study is to explore Indonesian herbal compounds as Adenosine A2A inhibitor using virtual screening method. Methods: In this study, virtual screening of Indonesian herbal database as Adenosine A2A inhibitor was done by AutoDock and AutoDock Vina and was validated by database from A Directory of Useful Decoys: Enhanced (DUD-E). The method was validated by Enrichment Factor (EF) and Area Under Curve (AUC) of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve Results: Based on the validation results, grid box that was used in virtual screening using AutoDock is 60 × 60 × 60 with EF1% 16.5869 and AUC 0.8406. The two compounds Chitranone and 3-O-Methylcalopocarpin with binding energy -10.19 and -9.55 kcal/mol, respectively showing interaction with Adenosine A2A active site at residues ALA63, ILE66, ALA81, LEU85, PHE168, GLU169, MET177, TRP246, LEU249, ASN253 and ILE274. Conclusions: This study concludes that Chitranone and 3-O-Methylcalopocarpin could be proposed to be developed as Adenosine A2A antagonists.
Keywords: Adenosine A2A antagonist; AutoDock; Autodock vina; Indonesian herbal database; Parkinson’s disease; Virtual Screening

Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database as alpha-Amino-3- Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4 Isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) Antagonist - Rezi Riadhi Syahdi; Chindy Dwi Martinah; Arry Yanuar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: Ischemic stroke is one type of circulatory disturbance caused by blood clots that block blood flow to the brain. One of the impact of ischemia is nerve cell damage due to excitotoxicity. Inhibition of the ionotropic glutamate receptor such as the AMPA receptor, becomes an essential approach to the treatment of ischemia. This study aims to explore the possibility of an Indonesian herbal compound as an AMPA receptor antagonist. Methods: In this study, virtual screening of 2233 herbal compounds was performed by docking method using AutoDock to find the antagonist candidate of AMPA receptor from Indonesian herbal database. The virtual screening method was validated by an area under curve (AUC) of the ROC curve and enrichment factor (EF). Lipinski’s Rule of Five was used to filter the screening result. Results: The validation of virtual screening result showed that AUC was 0.9385 and EF 1% was 23.5550. The screening result of Indonesian herbal database showed top five compound sanggenol O, blazeispirol X, progesterone, nimolicinol and boeravinone F (-8.51; -8.39; -8.19; -8.17; -8.08 kcal/mol, respectively) and have interaction with TYR61 and THR91 residues of AMPA receptor. Conclusion: Five compounds of the Indonesia herbal database were shown as hits of AMPA receptor antagonist based on the docking method.
Keywords: AMPA receptor; AutoDock; Herbal plants; Neuroprotective; Virtual Screening

Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database for Discovery of Procaspase-3 Activators Using Autodock and Autodock Vina - Rezi Riadhi Syahdi; Ayu Annissa; Arry Yanuar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
Objective: Cancer is a disease where body cell grows abnormal, spread to every part of human body. Previous studies have found excessive expression of Procaspase-3 on cancer that must be activated to Caspase-3 to induce apoptotic in cells. Methods: Virtual screening of Indonesian Herbal Database was carried out to discover Procaspase-3 activators. This study was validated using enrichment factor (EF), receiver operating characteristics (ROC) area under curve (AUC) parameters. Among 1412 compounds were screened using Autodock and Autodock Vina software. Results: The virtual screening results using Autodock obtained the best ten compounds with binding energy -8.28 ~ -9.31 kcal/mol and Autodock Vina obtained the best ten compounds with binding energy -8.1 ~ -8.8 kcal/mol. Both virtual screening software showed two compounds in common, i.e., betulinic acid and maslinic acid. Conclusion: Betulinic acid interacts with Leu136A, Lys137A, Tyr195A and Pro201 residues in Autodock and Autodock Vina. While maslinic acid interacts with Leu136A, Lys137A and Pro201 residues in Autodock and Autodock Vina.
Keywords: Apoptotic; Cancer; Herbal; Procaspase-3 activator; Virtual Screening

Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database for Discovery of Procaspase-3 Activators Using Autodock and Autodock Vina - Rezi Riadhi Syahdi,; Ayu Annissa; Arry Yanuar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html -->Objective: Cancer is a disease where body cell grows abnormal, spread to every part of human body. Previous studies have found excessive expression of Procaspase-3 on cancer that must be activated to Caspase-3 to induce apoptotic in cells. Methods: Virtual screening of Indonesian Herbal Database was carried out to discover Procaspase-3 activators. This study was validated using enrichment factor (EF), receiver operating characteristics (ROC) area under curve (AUC) parameters. Among 1412 compounds were screened using Autodock and Autodock Vina software. Results: The virtual screening results using Autodock obtained the best ten compounds with binding energy -8.28 ~ -9.31 kcal/mol and Autodock Vina obtained the best ten compounds with binding energy -8.1 ~ -8.8 kcal/mol. Both virtual screening software showed two compounds in common, i.e., betulinic acid and maslinic acid. Conclusion: Betulinic acid interacts with Leu136A, Lys137A, Tyr195A and Pro201 residues in Autodock and Autodock Vina. While maslinic acid interacts with Leu136A, Lys137A and Pro201 residues in Autodock and Autodock Vina
Keywords: Apoptotic; Cancer; Herbal; Procaspase-3 activator; Virtual Screening

Wound Healing Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Selaginella Bryopteris on Rats (Retracted) - Shravan Kumar Paswan; Sajal Srivastava; Chandana Venkateswara Rao (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
This Article has been retracted due to Authors' request.

Xanthones Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Analysis (Applying ESR) of Six Different Maturity Levels of Mangosteen Rind Extract (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) - Marisca Evalina Gondokesumo; Bambang Pardjianto; Sutiman Bambang Sumitro; Wahyu Widowati (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019)
<!-- x-tinymce/html -->Background: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) is tropical fruit that known to contain bioactive compounds which has particular function as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. Mangosteen rind extract is known to have high contents of xanthone compounds which have antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. This study was aiming to determine the contents of xanthone derivatives using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and antioxidant activity of six different maturity levels of mangosteen rind extract using electron spin resonance (ESR). Method: Mangosteen was classified based on the maturity level by its visual characteristic and divided into six criteria of maturity. The mangosteen rinds were extracted through maceration and freeze drying method. Qualitative analysis of xanthone was obtained using LC-MS/MS. Antioxidant activity was determined using ESR spectrometer. To evaluate antioxidant activity, using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used as free radical scavenger method. Results: The LC-MS/MS analysis showed that the highest concentrations are filled by mangosteen rind with maturity level 6. Moreover, each maturity levels of mangosteen rind extract has different g value compared to DPPH free radical. Different g value indicated the different type of free radical and decreasing g value indicated the declining intensity of free radical. The higher decreasing of g value was mangosteen rind with maturity level 4, 5 and 6. Conclusion: Mangosteen rind extract contains xanthone and its derivatives and ESR analysis showed that different maturity levels on mangosteen rind has different antioxidant activity as indicated by declining free radical intensity.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Electron spin resonance (ESR); Free radical; Mangosteen rind extract; Xanthone Garcinia mangostana

Accumulation of Potential Photo-Protective Compound Groups in Mangrove (Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler.) Leaves - Haviah Hafidhotul Ilmiah; Tri Rini Nuringtyas; Laurentius Hartanto Nugroho (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2018)
Objective: To analyze the accumulation of potential photo-protective compound groups, include phenol, flavonoid, and tannin in the leaf tissues of Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler. Methods: The research used Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler leaves as materials. The total of compound groups and photo-protective ability level of each tissue was measured using spectrophotometry, while detection of compound group accumulations in the leaf tissue were observed using histochemical assay. Results: Epidermis extract contained the highest content of total phenolic compounds (phenol, flavonoid, and tannin), followed by those of mesophyll and whole leaf. Moreover, Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value of epidermis was also higher than those of mesophyll and whole leaf, considering that there were no significant difference of SPF value between mesophyll and whole leaf. Result of histochemical assay of S. caseolaris fresh leaf sections showed that phenol, flavonoid, and tannin were highly accumulated in the epidermis and some parts of mesophyll. Conclusion: Potential photo-protective compound groups of S. caseolaris leaves were accumulated in epidermis and mesophyll. However, epidermis showed the highest level of potential photo-protective compound groups than those of other tissues. Photo-protective ability of epidermis also showed higher value than those of mesophyll.
Keywords: Leaf anatomy; Photo-protective; Secondary metabolite; Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler; SPF