@article {1878, title = {Pharmacognostic Profile of Simplicia and Ethanolic Leaves Extract from Indonesian Piper betle var. nigra}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {610-618}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {610}, abstract = {

Piper betle var. nigra has potency as an herbal medication. Thus it can be used as a source of medicinal raw materials. Piper betle var. nigra simplicia and extracts must be controlled to obtain unswerving quality and ensure their pharmacological effects by standardizing them through several specific and non-specific parameters. Specific parameters were analyzed organoleptically in the ethanol extract, namely having a thick consistency, brownish-green or blackish-green color, a mild peculiar odor, a bitter, cherish taste, and a slightly spicy flavor. The microscopic simplicia powder profile is as follows: the lower epidermis with idioblasts in oil cells contour and upper epidermis, sclerenchyma, covering hairs, and transport bundles ladder-type thickening, and idioblasts in oil cells contour. Extract content analysis of simplicia and black betle leaves ethanol extract showed water-soluble extract content of 2.77\% and 12.45\% and ethanolsoluble extract content of 1.38\% and 19.1\%. Secondary metabolites in the ethanol extract are flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and steroids. The non-specific parameters of the simplicia and extract are as follows; total ash content of 12.1\% and 7.43\%; acid insoluble ash content of 4.45\% and 1.57\%; drying shrinkage of 14.5\% and 15.85\%; total lead (Pb) contamination 47.5 ppm and 1.2 ppm; and the total cadmium (Cd) contamination \<0.2 ppm. The total bacterial contamination in the extract was 4.3x105 colonies/g. The total yeast contamination was 8.3x105 colonies/g and volumetric mass density of the water-soluble extract of 0.96 g/mL and the volumetric mass density of the ethanol-soluble extract of 1.01 g/mL.

}, keywords = {Black betle, Non-specific parameters, Piper betle var. nigra, Specific parameters, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.143}, author = {Herman and Fajar Prasetya and Supriatno Salam and Hifdzur Rashif Rijai and Hadi Kuncoro and Rolan Rusli and Agung Rahmadani and Hady Anshory Tamhid and Kuswandi and Dewanto Harjunowibowo and Islamudin Ahmad and Laode Rijai} } @article {1333, title = {Standardization of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb. Bulbs and Total Flavonoid Content from Three Locations in Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {73-80}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Background: Dayak Onion (Eleutherine bulbosa Urb.) is a typical plant of Kalimantan which is traditionally used by the Dayak community as a medicinal plant. Dayak onion bulbs have been proven had many pharmacology activities. Objective: This study aims to determine the nonspesific and specific parameters of 70\% ethanol extract of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb. Total flavonoids was also quantified Methods:. Eleutherine bulbosa Urb was extracted with maseration method used etanol 70 \% as solvent. Determination of non-spesific includes by determined specific gravity, water content, total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, residual sovents, heavy metanol contamination, microbial contamination, mold and yeast contamination. Determination of specific parameters included extract identity, organoleptic extract, water/ethanol soluble content, chromatography profile. Total flavonoid content were quantified with colorimetric method. Results: there were no significance difference between nonspesific and specific parameters Eleutherine bulbosa Urb from three different locations. Measurement of total phenol content and total flavonoid content respectively form South Borneo were ; 6,499 {\textpm} 0,5248 mg QE/g extract, from central borneo were 7,585 {\textpm} 0,0437 mgQE/g extract, and from east borneo were 5,035 mg {\textpm} 0,3887 mgQE/g extract. Conclusion: it can be concluded that bulbs of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb from three locations have characters to similar between each other and bulbs of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb form central borneo had the highest total flavonoid content.

}, keywords = {Eleutherine bulbosa Urb., Flavonoids, Non-specific parameters, Specific parameters, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.11}, author = {Rahmi Muthia and Helmina Wati and Wahyudin Bin Jamaludin and Kartini and Finna Setiawan and Muhammad Fikri and Abdul Wahhab} } @article {1148, title = {Standardization Bark of Cinnamomum burmannii Nees Ex Bl. from Five Areas of Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {578-588 }, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {578 }, abstract = {

Background: The Cinnamomum burmannii Nees ex Bl species is a native plant that grows in many places in Indonesia. The bark of Cinnamomum burmannii Nees ex Bl (C. burmannii bark) in Indonesia is commonly used as a medicinal ingredient, but information related to specific and non-specific parameters of C. burmannii bark from several regions in Indonesia is very limited. Objective: To investigate the standardization C. burmannii bark from five areas of Indonesia. Methods: Determination of non-specific parameters and specific parameters of C. burmannii bark and metabolite profile of essential oil of C. burmannii bark Results: We found there are differences in the nature of C. burmannii bark from five regions in Indonesia. Conclusion: It can be concluded that C. burmannii bark from Mount Kerinci is the best. C. burmannii bark from Mount Kerinci showed that it had the strongest odor and the highest water-soluble extract and alcohol soluble extract as well as the highest essential oil content and the highest cinnamaldehyde content.

}, keywords = {Cinnamaldehyde, Cinnamomum burmannii Nees Ex Bl, Metabolite profilin, Non-specific parameters, Specific parameters, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.87 }, author = {Budiastuti and Yusnia Wahyu Andini and Intan Ayu Cahyasarl and Riesta Primaharinastiti and Sukardiman} } @article {1050, title = {Influence of Extraction on the Yield, Phytochemical and LCMS Profile from Standardized Kemuning Leaf (Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1455-1462}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1455}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mahanimbine alkaloid is carbazole alkaloids found in kemuning (Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack) potentially as antihyperlipidemia. Chemical compounds from plants can be obtained by extraction. The aim of this study was to determine influence of extraction solvents on the yield, phytochemistry and LCMS profiles from standardized kemuning to produce safe and quality medicinal raw materials. Materials and Methods: The study was used kinds of ethanol concentration with different polarity as a solvent for extraction. Solvent 40\%, 70\% and 96\% of ethanol were used for maceration of simplicia from Bogor, West Java. The extract obtained was evaluated for the content of alkaloid compounds for LCMS then extracts were selected to be proceed to standardized extract quality. Results: The LCMS results showed that all 40\%, 70\% and 96\% ethanol extracts contained Candidate Mass 354,19014 compounds which were thought to be e alkaloids based on the m/z value. Phytochemical screening in all extracts contained alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and steroids/triterpenoids. 96\% ethanolic extract contained non-specific parameter such as content of compounds soluble in water 22,73\%, soluble in ethanol 17,37\%, drying down 9,10\%, water content 18,36\%, total ash content 4,18\%, the yield of extracts was 33,45\%, microbial contamination \<3,0.104 (7,0.104) colony/g and mold yeast number 0 colony/g. The total gravimetric alkaloid level was 1,031\%. Conclusions: 96\% ethanolic extract of kemuning contains mahanimbine alkaloids and has met the standard quality requirements of extracts.

}, keywords = {Murraya paniculata, Non-specific parameters, Pharmacognosy, Specific parameters, Standardization of extracts}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.225}, author = {Elly Wardani and Yahdiana Harahap and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Anton Bahtiar} }