@article {2124, title = {Analysis of the Phytochemical and Antibacterial Properties of the Indigenous Mizo Medicinal Plant, Helicia Excelsa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {823-828}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {823}, abstract = {

Background: Helicia excelsa (Roxb.) Bl. is a scarcely known medicinal plant and is native to Southeast Asia. It is most notably used for the treatment of gastric problems in the Mizo traditional medicine in India. Method: The leaves of H. excelsa were collected from Aizawl, Mizoram, India. An extract was prepared using chloroform. Qualitative phytochemical tests were performed to detect the important phytocompounds. The antioxidant activity was determined by total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total antioxidant content, DPPH- and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar well-diffusion method. Results: H. excelsa leaf contains amino acids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, phenols, phytosterols, proteins, and tannins. It showed inhibition in selected Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The phenol, flavonoid and total antioxidant contents were 4.52{\textpm}0.09 gallic acid equivalent (GAE mg/g), 64.27{\textpm}1.04 quercetin equivalent (QE mg/g), 11.39{\textpm}0.45 ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE mg/g) respectively. IC50 value of DPPH-scavenging activity was 5.67{\textpm}0.36. The ferric ion-reducing power showed concentration-dependent activity. The plant extract showed growth-inhibitory actions against Gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli, and Gram-positive species, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. :Conclusion H. excelsa leaf contains important bioactive compounds that need to be identified. The antioxidant and antibacterial activities support the basis of its medicinal application.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant, Helicia excelsa, Mizo traditional medicine., Plant extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.157}, author = {Lalbiakngheti Tlau and Lucy Lalawmpuii and P.B. Lalthanpuii and K. Lalchhandama} } @article {1992, title = {Antibacterial and Anti-quorum Sensing Activities of Erianthemum dregei{\textquoteleft}s Leaf Extract and Molecular Docking}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {279-285}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {279}, abstract = {

Background: The increasing incidence of multi-drug resistance among pathogens has propelled researchers to search for novel antimicrobial and anti-quorum sensing agents characterised by different mechanisms and high potency. Objective: The study aimed at investigating the antibacterial and antiquorum sensing properties of compounds from Erianthemum dregei and their molecular interactions with the target proteins. Methods: The methanolic leaf extract from E. dregei was evaluated for its chemical composition and antibacterial activity using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) and micro-dilution method, respectively. The inhibition of violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum (ATCC 07) was assayed as anti-quorum sensing activity using micro-dilution method. The molecular docking of the GC-MS ligands and penicillin-binding protein 2x (PDP2) and CviR was executed using AutoDock Vina. Results: The two volatile compounds namely phytol (93.58\%) and 3-tetradecyn-1-ol (6.42\%) were shown by GC-MS. The extract exhibited antibacterial activity against the selected bacterial strains with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 1.56 to 3.125 mg/mL. The maximum inhibition of violacein production of 53.93\% was observed at 1.56 mg/mL. Both compounds had docking scores of more than -6.0 kcal/mol against the target proteins. Conclusion: The results revealed that the extract is a potential source of antibacterial and anti-quorum sensing compounds and thus can have pharmacological applicability.

}, keywords = {Anti-quorum sensing activity, Antibacterial activity, Erianthemum dregei, Molecular docking}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.39}, author = {Tsolanku Sidney Maliehe and Tlou Nelson Selepe and Nokuthula Nomusa Mthembu and Jabulani Siyabonga Shandu} } @article {2007, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial Activity and Fatty Acids from Heliotropium Indicum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {350-352}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {350}, abstract = {

Heliotropium indicum are used in ethnomedicine for treating skin rashes, inflammation, tumors and various diseases of microbial origin. Previous work focused on phytochemical constituents, antibacterial activities and isolated compounds. The whole plant was air dried and pulverized (600 g). It was extracted with ethanol and concentrated to dryness in vacuo (20 g). Screening for phytochemical groups was performed using qualitative methods. The antibacterial activity was performed using agar diffusion and antifungal activity using ditch plate method. Compounds were characterized using Gas-chromatography Mass Spectrometry. The results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenols, saponins, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides. The results further showed the crude extract of the plant to be moderate to strong antibacterial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 12.0 + 1.6 mm and 25 +1.7 mm. the crude extracts of Heliotropium indicum demonstrated antibacterial properties which confirmed the traditional use of this plant in treating skin rashes and boil. In addition, the presence of Palmitate and Linoleic acid I the plant as revealed in this study justified the use of this plant in treating hypertension.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Gas-Chromatography Mass Spectrometry, Heliotropium indicum, Phytochemical.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.53}, author = {Idowu and Olajumoke Tolulope} } @article {1761, title = {GC-MS Profiling, Antioxidants and Antimicrobial Activity of Prickly Pear (Opuntiaficus-indica) Pulp Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {262-267}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {262}, abstract = {

The objective of this study was to evaluate phytochemical screening, antioxidants and antimicrobial activity of prickly pear pulp extract. Phytochemical screening was performed on the methanolic extract of the sample followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS).The antioxidant activity was determined by measuring total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The antibacterial activity was determined using paper disc method against two bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Total of 36 compounds belonging to phenolics, anhydrides, aldehydes, fatty acids and hydrocarbons were identified in the extracts. The highest content of total phenol and antioxidant activity (FRAP and DPPH) were found in methanol extract228.50 {\textpm} 3.67. mg GAE/100g DW, 118.63 {\textpm}3.86 mg TE/100g DW and 92.81\% respectively. The maximum zone of inhibition observed was 14.45 {\textpm} 0.67 mm against Staphylococcus aureus at methanol extract. It was concluded that fractions solvent plays important roles on the bioactive compound of prickly pear pulp extract and it can be used to control infectious diseases and prevent oxidative damage.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Antioxidants, Fraction, GC-MS, Prickly pear pulp}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.32}, author = {Zuhair Radhi Addai and Meethaq Satter Abood and Shrrog Hammed Hlail} } @article {1717, title = {Antibacterial Activity of Papaya (Carica papaya) Leaf and Seed Extracts Against Some Selected Gram-Positive and Gram- Negative Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1727-1733}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1727}, abstract = {

Background: Medicinal plants are well-known natural sources of remedies, used in the treatment of innumerable diseases since antiquity. Wide range of medicinal plant extracts are used to treat several infections as they have potential antimicrobial activity. Objectives: This study was aimed to investigate antibacterial activity of Carica papaya leaf and seed with different solvents against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. The leaves and seeds of Carica papaya were dried, powdered and extracted with 80\% of Acetone, Ethanol, Methanol and water. Disc diffusion method was used for the antibacterial assay and measuring the zone of inhibition, and the MIC was determined by broth macro dilution method. Results: The highest percent yield of crude extract72.5\% was obtained from Carica papaya leaf with Methanol, Ethanol and Acetone as solvents while, the lowest yield 24\% was obtained from Carica papaya seed with Acetone extract. All Crude extracts from the different plant parts showed antibacterial activity. Accordingly, Carica papaya Seed with Ethanol extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity 14.3{\textpm}1.2 (mm) against P. aeruginosa which was lower than standard antibiotic disc Ciprofloxacin with inhibition zone of 25.9 {\textpm}0.00 (mm), while the lowest inhibition of 3.8{\textpm}0.5 (mm) was recorded from Carica papaya leaf with Ethanol crude extract against E. coli. The MIC of 12.5mg/ml was observed from Ethanol crude extract of Carica papaya seed on P. aeruginosa. Crude seed extract of Ethanol showed the highest antibacterial activity. The results of the antibacterial assay of the crude extract of Carica papaya (leaf and seed) with four different solvents showed zone of inhibition against all tested bacteria. However, among the plant parts of Carica papaya included in the current study, the seed of Carica papaya were found to be the best source of antibacterial agents. Conclusion: In this study, limited (only leaf and seed parts) of Carica papaya was tested for its antimicrobial activity. So, the same work should be carried out on different parts of Carica papaya plant like; bark, root, flower and fruits on antibacterial activities so, as to have a clear picture of the spectrum of antibacterial activity of the plant.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Bacterial pathogens, Carica papaya, Medicinal, MIC.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.223}, author = {Eshetu Dagne and Beyene Dobo and Zufan Bedewi} } @article {1665, title = {Standardization Extracts and Simplicia of Limau Sundai Peel (Citrus x aurantiifolia {\textquoteright}sundai{\textquoteright}), Determine Content of Nobiletin and Antibacterial Activity Test}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1323-1331}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1323}, abstract = {

Introduction: One type of oranges typical of West Sumatra, which is widely used as traditional medicine is sundai lime (Citrus x aurantiifolia {\textquoteright}sundai{\textquoteright}); Aims: therefore, it is necessary to standardize extracts and Simplicia, determine the content of nobiletin, and antibacterial activity test. Methods: The standardization method was used refer to Farmakope Herbal Indonesia. TLC Densitometry was used to determine the content of the nobiletin, and the diffusion method to antibacterial activity test. To get a good standardization, the sundai lime was taken from three regions: Bukittinggi, Pariaman, and Solok. Results: From these three regions, conclusions drawn from the macroscopic fruit peel slices were uneven and had distinctive odors. The outer surface is brown, and the inner surface is yellowish-white. From the microscopic was identified fragments in sundai lime peels consisting of hair covering, ladder-shaped transport, parenchyma with secretion cells, oxalate crystals, and parenchyma tissue and stomata. Water-soluble extract content of Simplicia <= 24.90 \%, and ethanol-soluble extract content <= 17.66 \%. Non-specific parameters are loss on drying <= 5.65 \%, total ash content <= 5.14 \%, and acid insoluble ash content <= 0.80 \%. The specific parameters were crude extract, black, characteristic odor, Rf of nobiletin was 0.75. Rendement extract >= 18.80 \%. Non-specific parameters of extract were water content <= 18.37 \%, total ash content <= 3.93 \%, and non-acidic ash content <= 0.27 \%. The nobiletin content in the sundai lime extract Pariaman was 0.33 \%, Solok 0.59 \%, and Bukittinggi 0.47 \%. The antibacterial test with diffusion method in three regions has moderate activities as concentrations of 20\% and 15\%. Conclusion: Sundai lime had Antibacterial activity.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Citrus x aurantiifolia({\textquoteright}sundai{\textquoteright}), Nobiletin, standardization, Sundai lime peel fruit, TLC Densitometry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.167}, author = {Elidahanum Husni and Friardi Ismed and Awaliana} } @article {1153, title = {Fumaria indica (L), a Famous Medicinal Herb of Tribal Regions of Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh: Broad Spectrum Antibacterial and Phytochemical Profilng Against Some Pathogenic Microorganisms}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {619-623}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {619}, abstract = {

This work describes the broad spectrum antibacterial properties of methanolic and chloroform extracts of Fumaria indica herb in different concentrations (50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml and 150 mg/ ml) against Bacillus subtilis(MTCC 10110), Staphylococcus aureus(MTCC96), Escherichia coli (MTCC 77), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC1688) and Klebsiella pneumonia (MTCC4032) using agar well diffusion method compared to standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Results have shown significant activities against the tested microorganisms viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa than other strains. Minimum inhibitory as well as minimum bactericidal concentrations against Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia were evaluated. The study indicates the possible potentiality of F. indicato act as an active antibacterial agent in the modern drug formulations. As the target plant species serves for the tribal medicinal purpose in several tribal regions of Madhya Pradesh, hence, the aim of the present study is to link comparatively the possible traditional use of this herb with the modern antibiotic usage.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Fumaria indica, Phytochemicals, Tribes, Zone of Inhibition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.92 }, author = {Shoket Ali and Shikha Bansal and Ravi Prakash Mishra} } @article {1227, title = {Green Algae Halimeda macroloba in Spermonde Archipelago: Phytochemical and in vitro Antibacterial Studies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1000-1004}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1000}, abstract = {

Background: Green algae Halimeda macroloba compounds active against human, fish, and shrimp pathogenic bacteria. It is one of the marine natural organisms (MNO) which is a diverse source of secondary metabolites. Objective: We have set our goal towards determining the antimicrobial potential of crude extracts of green algae H. macroloba. Materials and Methods: Three crude mixtures of Marine Natural Product (MNP) were obtained from macroalgae Halimeda macroloba (Lae-Lae island, Spermonde Archipelago) by extraction (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol were used as solvents). Results: Theses mixtures (phytochemical tests showed they contained steroids, terpenoids, and alkaloids) were screened for their activity against shrimp pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio harveyi (M-120), Aeromonas hydrophilla\ and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (T-170)). The obtained results confirmed weak antibacterial activity of studied extracts of H. macroloba. The ethyl acetate extract was the most potent antimicrobial agent at a concentration of 4 μg/25 μl. The inhibition zones for the growth of A. hydrophilla (the most susceptible microorganism) and V. harveyi were at 8.27 mm and 8.23 mm, respectively (inhibition zone was 15.2 mm for ciprofloxacin which was used as a positive control). Conclusion: They might be even used in the future as alternatives to conventional drugs in aquaculture.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Halimeda macroloba, Phytochemical screening, Shrimp Pathogenic Bacteria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.141}, author = {Lulu Adilla Latifah and Nunuk Hariani Soekamto and Akbar Tahir} } @article {1215, title = {In vitro Antibacterial and In silico Toxicity Properties of Phytocompounds from Ricinus communis Leaf Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {977-983}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {977}, abstract = {

Background: The rapid occurrence of multiple drug resistance and adverse side effects of aliphatic medicine threatens human health. Medicinal plants are known to possess phytocompounds with antibacterial activity and less toxic effects. Objective: This study aimed at determining the chemical composition of the methanolic Ricinus communis{\textquoteleft} leaf extract and evaluate their antibacterial and toxic effects. Methods: R. communis leaves were extracted by acetone, chloroform, ethanol and methanol. The extracts were assessed for antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10102), Escherichia coli (25922), Staphylococcus aureus (25923) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) using agar-well diffusion and microwell dilution methods. The extracts were screened for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids. The chemical constituents of the methanolic extract were analysed by gas chromatography {\textendash} mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). In silico toxicity of the phytocompounds were investigated using PreADMET tool. Results: The methanol extract showed the antibacterial activity against the bacterial strains, with the MIC values of 1.56 mg/mL against B. cereus, 3.13 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL against P. aeruginosa and E. coli. The extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, tannins, terpenoids and saponins. The GC-MS showed phytocompounds namely hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (0.62\%), tridecanoic acid (0.76\%), pentafluoropropionic acid, nonyl ester (0.85\%), 10-octadecanoic acid, methyl ester (2.93\%) and cis-vaccenic acid (94.84\%). Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester was predicted not to have mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Moreover, all compounds exhibited low inhibitory risks against hERG gene. Conclusion: R. communis leaf extract has potential to be used as a safe source of therapeutic compounds.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Chemical compounds, Ricinus communis, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.138}, author = {Sandile Nduduzo Mboyazi and Mduduzi Innocent Nqotheni and Tsolanku Sidney Maliehe and Jabulani Siyabonga Shandu} } @article {1155, title = {Investigation of Secondary Metabolites and its Bioactivity from Sarocladium kiliense SDA20 Using Shrimp Shell Wastes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {636-644 }, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {636}, abstract = {

Introduction: In this study we isolated bioactive compounds using different chromatographic techniques from culture filtrate of Sarocladium kiliense SDA20 grown in fermentation media containing shrimp shell waste as substrate under optimum conditions. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of crude extract and purified compounds were evaluated. Methods: The test fungi strain Sarocladium kiliense SDA20 was isolated from Egyptian soil and identified by18 S ribosomal RNA. Optimization conditions were carried out in fermentation media containing shrimp shell waste as sole carbon source, inoculated by 106 spores/ml of Sarocladium kiliense SDA20 at pH 7.0 produce 84.5\% of the total toxins. Different chromatographic techniques for ethyl acetate extract of culture filtrate of fungi were used resulting in isolation of pure compounds were elucidated spectroscopically and comparing their data in literature. GC/MS analysis of extract was used for identification of other chemical compounds. Antibacterial and biofilm activity was evaluated using MTT assay. Results: Five compounds for the first time were identified: Cholest-5-en-3-ol (C1), Palmitic acid (C2), Oleic acid (C3), Nicotinamide (C4), Tricin (C5). GC-MS analysis showed the presence of twenty-seven compounds. Antibacterial activity of crude and pure compounds displayed a strong inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis. C1, C4, C5 showed moderate activity against Escherichia coli, followed by C2, C3. Meanwhile,\ Staphylococcus aureus was less susceptible to pure compounds with low activity of C3, C5. The crude extract and pure compounds displayed biofilm inhibition activity against four pathogenic bacterial strains. Conclusion: Shrimp shell wastes are one of the economic bioproducts used for the production of bioactive secondary metabolites from fungi.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Antibiofilm activity, GC/MS analysis, Sarocladium kiliense SDA20, Secondary metabolities, Shrimp waste shell}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.95 }, author = {Dina M Eskander and Sherien MM Atalla and Ahmed A Hamed and Ezzel -Din A El-Khrisy} } @article {1174, title = {Nutrient Content, Active Compound and Antibacterial Activity of Padina australis against Aeromonas hydropilla}, journal = {Active compound, Antibacterial activity, Padina australis, Nutrient content,}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {771-776}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {771}, abstract = {

Background: Padina australis is one of the brown macroalgae that possess several compounds that can be used for various medicinal properties. Objective: This study aims to analyze the nutrient content, active compounds, and antibacterial activity of Padina australis against Aeromonas hydropilla. Methods: The nutrient content and phytochemical composition of P. australis were examined in this study. The antibacterial effect was evaluated using the disc method against A. hydropilla. Results: The nutrient content of P. australis include 38.5\% carbohydrate, 2.07\% fat, 13.89\% protein, 16.12\% water, 33.34\% ash, 8.54\% total amino acid, and minerals (11.36\% calcium, 0.22\% iron, and 1.81\% potassium). Phytochemical analysis showed that P. australis contained phenols, tannin, flavonoid, and steroid. These compound may be responsible for inhibiting A. hydropilla, with an inhibition zone of 10.5 mm for water extract of P. australis and 10 mm for methanol extract P. australis. Conclusion: This study revealed that P. australis produced antibacterial effect against A. hydropilla which could be potential for further antimicrobial agent development.

}, keywords = {Active compound, Antibacterial activity, Nutrient content, Padina australis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.110}, author = {Yuliana Salosso and Siti Aisiah and Lumban Nauli Lumban Toruan and Wesly Pasaribu} } @article {1246, title = {Phytochemical and Antibacterial Activity of Cardiospermum halicacabum Against Wound Pathogens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1303-1310}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1303}, abstract = {

Background: Plants serve as an important source for curing various medical ailments for a wide variety of human and animal diseases. It is therefore necessary to prove the biological activities of the selected plants scientifically using modern technology. The current study focuses on the use of Cardiospermum halicacabum in their wound healing applications. Cardiospermum halicacabum is a well-known plant that has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic properties and it is also used to treat joint pains, muscle tears, back pain, etc. Materials and Methods: In this study methanolic extracts of the active compounds from Cardiospermum halicacabum were tested for its phytochemical attributes by qualitative method, GC-MS, and the antioxidant properties were also assessed. The bactericidal activity and Minimal Inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the plant extract has been evaluated in both Gram +ve and Gram -ve microorganisms using the disc diffusion method. Results: The results obtained showed the presence of significant antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The plant extract was found to be more active against Gram positive microbes compared to Gram negative microbes. The extract has the radical scavenging activity of about 77\%. And the GCMS results showed the presence of different phytocompounds which are greatly known for their pharmacognistic activities.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, Cardiospermum halicacabum, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.179}, author = {Sathish Kumar Karuppannan and Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath and Mohamed Khalith SB and Darul Raiyaan GI and Sundarapandian Subramanian and Kantha Deivi Arunachalam} } @article {1081, title = {Potential Anti-acne: Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.) from Central Kalimantan-Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {52-57}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Background: Research development has been carried out by exploring antimicrobial agents from herbal sources that can be further developed as anti-acne drugs. Some previous studies reported that bawang dayak has antibacterial properties. However, the study of bawang dayak as anti-acne in Indonesia was limited so that it becomes one of the reasons why this study should be developed. Objective: This study was aimed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of bawang dayak ethanol extract and to determine the antibacterial activity of the chloroform fraction and the ethyl acetate fraction of bawang dayak extract. Methods: The MIC value was determinate by measured initial absorbance and final absorbance of ten variations of concentration of extract using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The antibacterial activity of chloroform and ethyl acetate fraction was performed using the disc diffusion technique, with five variations of concentration against P.acnes, S. epidermidis, S. aureus. Results: The decrease in absorbance value occurred at a concentration of 0.19\%, 1.56\% to 100\%, which means that at that concentration can inhibit bacterial growth. The antibacterial activity showed that both the chloroform fraction and ethyl acetate fraction of bawang dayak extract were active against all the tested bacteria, whose inhibition zones were in the range of 5.8 {\textpm} 0.9 - 23.6 {\textpm} 2.3 mm. However, the ethyl acetate fraction of bawang dayak extract showed better antibacterial activity than chloroform fraction of bawang dayak extract. Conclusion: In this study, it was found that the concentration of 0.19\% is the MIC of bawang dayak extract against P. acnes. The highest antibacterial activity was produced by 20\% of ethyl acetate fraction of bawang dayak extract against S. aureus.

}, keywords = {Acne-causing bacteria, Antibacterial activity, Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb., Minimum inhibitory concentration}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.9}, author = {Susi Novaryatiin and Syahrida Dian Ardhany} } @article {856, title = {Antibacterial Activity of Carica papaya Leaves and Allium sativum Cloves Alone and in Combination against Multiple Strains}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {600-602}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {600}, abstract = {

Aim: Screening of natural extracts is a focused intensive study that aims to find active principles sorted from plant resources both safe and environmental friendly. The present study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of direct crude extracts of Carica papaya leaves and Allium sativum cloves alone and in combination against multiple drug resistant strains. Methods: Two Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and three strains of Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Carica papaya leaves and Allium sativum using Agar Disk Diffusion Method. Results: The results of this study showed that both extracts showed moderate antibacterial activity against the test bacterial strains and the potency of the extracts was increased when these two extracts were combined. Conclusion: These extracts directly can be used as natural alternative preventives to control various food poisoning diseases and preserve food stuff avoiding healthy hazards of chemically antimicrobial agent applications.

}, keywords = {Allium sativum cloves, Antibacterial activity, Bacillus cereus, Carica papaya leaves, crude extract, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.95}, author = {Srividya Lonkala and A. Rama Narsimha Reddy} } @article {924, title = {Antibacterial Activity of Coastal Plants and Marine Sponges from Kei Island Indonesia against Bacterial Fish Pathogens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {812-817}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {812}, abstract = {

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of coastal plants and marine sponges extracts against fish bacterial pathogens. Methods: Samples were extracted by maceration and the extracts were examined for their antibacterial activities against Streptococcus sp. BJ0509, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Aeromonas hydrophila BA03 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus 29S by means of paper disc diffusion method. Active extracts were partitioned and purified by column chromatography. The purified substance was tested for Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against seven bacterial fish pathogens namely Streptococcus sp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi, Photobacterium damselae, Aeromonas hydrophila and A. dhakensis. Results: The highest antibacterial activity against all bacteria used in the assay was demonstrated by OKA 6, a bark extract sample of a coastal plant, Diospyros maritima. It showed a diameter of inhibition zones against Streptococcus sp. BJ0509, S. aureus ATCC 6538, A. hydrophila BA03 and V. parahaemolyticus 29S of 19, 33, 18, and 18 mm, respectively. The column chromatography fraction of OKA 6 inhibited the growth of S. aureus ATCC 6538 with MIC of 3.125 μg/mL. The MIC of this fraction against seven bacterial fish pathogens ranged \< 0.098 to 3.125 μg/mL. The antibacterial activity of partially purified substance obtained from column chromatography fractionation of OKA 6 was higher than those of oxytetracycline and kanamycin. Conclusions: This result indicates that antibacterial activity of the partially purified substance is potentially higher than those of the commercial antibiotics tested. It further indicates that OKA 6 extract from D. maritima can serve as a promising resource for the development of therapeutic agents against bacterial infections in aquaculture.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Bacteria, Coastal plant, Fish pathogen, Marine sponge, Secondary metabolite}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.130}, author = {Andi Hamdillah and Alim Isnansetyo and Indah Istiqomah and Indun Dewi Puspita and Desy Putri Handayani and Takushi Kaneko} } @article {940, title = {In vitro Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Senecio asperulus and Gunnera perpensa from Mohale{\textquoteright}s Hoek, Lesotho}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {730-739}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {730}, abstract = {

Background: Traditional medicinal plants have been widely used to treat or manage various ailments for centuries in Lesotho. With an increase in multi drug resistance and undesired adverse events to current drugs challenges, there is a need for alternative drugs. Aim: In this study we aimed at the investigation of antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Senecio asperulus and Gunnera perpensa roots extracted in three solvents of different polarities. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial activity was determined using the disc diffusion method, while antioxidant activity was determined using free radical scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. The Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage in vitro model was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of both plants. Resveratrol was used as a positive control. Results: Methanol extracts of Senecio asperulus inhibited microbial growth even at the lowest concentration of 50 μg/ml. Senecio asperulus dichloromethane extract was active on most bacteria with MIC{\textquoteright}s between 50 μg/ml and 500 μg/ml. However, the water and methanol extracts of Gunnera perpensa had no activity against all organisms tested. Aqueous extracts of Senecio asperulus and Gunnera perpensa showed free radical scavenging activity yielding EC50 values of 100 μg/ml and 25 μg/ml, respectively. The aqueous extracts of Senecio asperulus showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity from 50 to 200 μg/ml. while the methanol extract was at 200 μg/ml and with no cytotoxicity. No anti-inflammatory activity was observed from all Gunnera perpensa extracts using LPS-induced macrophages, this suggests that this species may be using other mechanisms for anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusion: The antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities observed from water extracts of Senecio asperulus support its ethnomedicinal use for the management of inflammation related diseases.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory activity, Antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, Gunnera perpensa, Medicinal plants, Senecio asperulus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.116}, author = {Mfengwana Polo-Ma-Abiele H and Mashele Samson S and Manduna Idah T} } @article {1032, title = {Isolation and Structural Elucidation of Allantoin a Bioactive Compound from Cleome viscosa L.: A Combined Experimental and Computational Investigation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1391-1400}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1391}, abstract = {

Allantoin, a crystalline compound was isolated from the methanolic extract of Cleome viscosa and it was reported for first time from this plant. The structure of Allantoin was elucidated by single crystal XRD and it was further confirmed through FTIR and ESI-MS spectroscopy techniques. It was crystallized in monoclinic crystal system with the space group P2i/c. Electronic structure characterization of the isolated Allantoin was done through density functional theory calculation. The atomic charges, dipole moment, frontier molecular orbital and the electrostatic potential map of the molecule in the gaseous phase and in the active site have also been analyzed. The optimized geometry was used for molecular docking to identify the possible binding mode. Furthermore, the in vitro antibacterial activity of the isolated Allantoin against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was evaluated. Maximum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of isolated Allantoin results showed 4 μg/mL for B. subtilis and 8 μg/mL for S. aureus, E. coli and K. pneumoniae.

}, keywords = {Allantoin, Antibacterial activity, Cleome viscosa, Molecular docking, XRD}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.215}, author = {Lakshmanan G and Sivaraj C and Ammar A and Anantha Krishnan D and Gopinath S and Saravanan K and Gunasekaran K and Murugesan K} } @article {575, title = {Bactericidal Kinetics and Antibiofilm Efficacy of Pimarane-Type Diterpenes from Viguiera arenaria Against Cariogenic Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {429-434}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {429}, abstract = {

Background: Dental caries is an infectious disease related to biofilm formation. Among the microorganisms presents in the oral microbiota, Streptococcus mutans can form biofilm on the tooth surface in the presence of dietary carbohydrates. This study aimed to evaluate the bactericidal kinetics and antibiofilm efficacy of ent-pimara-8(14),15-dien-19-oic acid (compound 1) and ent-8(14),15-pimaradien-3\β-ol (compound 2) obtained from Viguiera arenaria against oral pathogens; this study also aimed to determine the effect of these compounds on the morphology and architecture of the S. mutans biofilm by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: The bactericidal kinetics revealed different results depending on the tested bacteria. Compound 1 eliminated the viable bacteria within 24 hs of incubation. In the antibiofilm assay, compound 1 displayed promising results against S. mitis (ATCC 49456 and clinical isolate) and L. casei (clinical isolate), whereas compound 2 was not active at the evaluated concentrations. Conclusion: Compound 1 is an important metabolite in the search for new antibacterial agents against cariogenic bacteria both in the sessile and planktonic modes. The SEM image of Streptococcus mutans in the presence of compound 1 suggested that this metabolite acts by disrupting the bacterial membrane disrupting the bacterial membrane and/or cell wall and causing microrganism death.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Bactericidal kinetics, Scanning electron microscopy, Streptococcus mutans, Viguiera arenaria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.70}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/503}, author = {Juarez Henrique Ferreira and Rafael Martinez Garcia and Fariza Abr{\~a}o and Yadira Arnet Fernandez and Regina Helena Pires and S{\'e}rgio Ricardo Ambr{\'o}sio and Rodrigo Cassio Sola Veneziani and Carlos Henrique Gomes Martins} } @article {478, title = {Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Hydro-Alcohol and Aqueous Extracts Obtained from the Lamiaceae Family}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {81-91}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {81}, abstract = {

Context: Plant from the Lamiaceae family are considered as dietary spices and medicinal herbs traditionally used in medicine for the treatment of several pathologies. Objective: Evaluation of the in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanol and aqueous extracts of nine Moroccan plants from the Lamiaceae family against six bacterial strains regularly implicated in toxiinfection. Method: The antibacterial activities of hot (HAE), cold (CAE) aqueous extracts and ethanolic extracts (EE) were evaluated using agar-well diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and IC50 against six foodborne bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed as well. Results: In the present study, the ethanol extracts were rich in polyphenols, with middling values of flavonoids, and relatively poor in condensed tannins. The presence of saponins, essential oils, irroides, alkaloids, anthocyanins, and aldehydes was recorded. The effect of the extracts was directly bactericidal for B. cereus and L. monocytogenes; for the other strains, the MBC value was twice higher than that of MIC. However, the ethanol extract (EE) of O. majorana and T. satureioides showed the highest antibacterial activity. With the principal component analysis, it was demonstrated that the nine Lamiaceae family plants possess a powerful antibacterial effect, correlated with their phenolic content. Statistical analysis: Analysis of variance was performed by uni-varied ANOVA in the software SPSS 22 Fr. Conclusion: The active compounds were thermostable and soluble in ethanol and water. The antimicrobial activities of the plants extracts investigated may contribute to understand their involvement in traditional medicine against many microbial infections.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Aqueous Extract., Flavonoic Content, Hydro-Alcohol Extract, Lamiaceae Family, Phenolic compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.16}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/402}, author = {Ramdan Btissam and El Malki Fatima and Eddarraji Kamal and Greche Hassane and NHIRI Mohamed} } @article {732, title = {Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) as a Source of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1143-1148}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1143}, abstract = {

Introduction: Endophytic fungi are becoming an important source of new natural bioactive products. Many interesting endophytic fungi have been isolated from traditional medicinal plants. Crocus sativus L. (saffron) is one of the most expensive and rarest spices in the world, used as a dye, aroma and for medicinal purposes. This study reports on the molecular characterization of endophytic fungi isolated from roots of saffron plants growing in Taliouine- Morocco, and the examination of the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of secondary metabolites extracted from these endophytes. Methods and Material: The fungi were isolated from sterilized saffron root fragments and identified using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA gene sequence analysis. Three endophytes were fermented and extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and chloroform (CHCl3). The antibacterial activity of fungi extracts was evaluated using the Agar Diffusion Method against six strains, Bacillus sp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Pseudomonas putida, Pantoea sp., Luteibacter sp. and Escherichia coli. The antioxidant activity was tested by using the \α,\α-diphenyl-\β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) analysis and \β-Carotene bleaching test (BCBT) methods. Results: Sixty fungal isolates were recovered and purified from saffron roots. ITS rDNA sequences were 99-100\% identical to three different species: Rhizopus oryzae, Aspergillus fumigatiaffinis and Aspergillus niger. Both Rhizopus oryzae extracts had high antibacterial activity against most of the bacteria tested, while Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae extracts showed an antioxidant capacity using DPPH and BCBT methods, respectively. Conclusion: The fungal endophytes inhabiting saffron roots could be a potential source of natural plant bioactive secondary metabolites especially for antibacterial and antioxidant purposes.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, Crocus sativus L., Endophytic fungi, ITS rDNA, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.195}, author = {Imane Chamkhi and Laila Sbabou and Jamal Aurag} } @article {556, title = {Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Extracts Commonly Used in Algerian Traditional Medicine against Some Pathogenic Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {x}, pages = {XX-XX}, type = {x}, chapter = {XX}, abstract = {

Introduction: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of hydromethanolic extracts of Berberis vulgaris, Cassia angustifolia, Cinnamomum cassia, Cistus monspeliensis, Nigella sativa, Punica granatum, Rhus tripartata, Withania frutescens and Zingiber officinale against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative reference bacterial strains. Methods: The evaluation of antibacterial activity for different extracts of each plant was carried out using the disc diffusion method and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: The plant extracts showed zone of inhibition ranging from 06.0 to 23.0 mm against one or more tested bacteria, and their efficacy in terms of MICs where ranged from 0.1 to 12.8 mg/mL. The Refluxed and Macerated extracts of these plants have shown relatively similar results in terms of diameters of inhibition and MICs. The extracts of B. vulgaris, C. monspeliensis and P. granatum demonstrated relatively high activity as compared to the other plant extracts mainly against S. aureus, E. faecalis and E. cloacae. Conclusion: Findings of this study indicate that hydromethanolic extracts of these plants have antibacterial activity against the different tested bacterial strains. This activity supports their use in treatment of infections caused by such resistant bacteria.

Key words: Medicinal plants, Hydromethanolic extracts, Antibacterial activity, Inhibition zones, MICs, Bacterial resistance.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Bacterial resistance., Hydromethanolic extracts, Inhibition zones, Medicinal plants, MICs}, doi = {10.5530/jppcm.2018.2s.xx}, author = {Mohamed Senouci Bereksi and Hafida Hassa{\"\i}ne and Chahrazed Bekhechi and Djamel Eddine Abdelouahid} } @article {588, title = {Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of some Medicinal Plants Extracts Commonly Used in Algerian Traditional Medicine against some Pathogenic Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {507-512}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {507}, abstract = {

Introduction: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of hydromethanolic extracts of Berberis vulgaris, Cassia angustifolia, Cinnamomum cassia, Cistus monspeliensis, Nigella sativa, Punica granatum, Rhus tripartata, Withania frutescens and Zingiber officinale against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative reference bacterial strains. Methods: The evaluation of antibacterial activity for different extracts of each plant was carried out using the disc diffusion method and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: The plant extracts showed zone of inhibition ranging from 06.0 to 23.0 mm against one or more tested bacteria, and their efficacy in terms of MICs where ranged from 0.1 to 12.8 mg/mL. The Refluxed and Macerated extracts of these plants have shown relatively similar results in terms of diameters of inhibition and MICs. The extracts of B. vulgaris, C. monspeliensis and P. granatum demonstrated relatively high activity as compared to the other plant extracts mainly against S. aureus, E. faecalis and E. cloacae. Conclusion: Findings of this study indicate that hydromethanolic extracts of these plants have antibacterial activity against the different tested bacterial strains. This activity supports their use in treatment of infections caused by such resistant bacteria.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Bacterial resistance, Hydromethanolic extracts, Inhibition zones, Medicinal plants, MICs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.83}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/516}, author = {Mohamed Senouci Bereksi and Hafida Hassa{\"\i}ne and Chahrazed Bekhechi and Djamel Eddine Abdelouahid} } @article {728, title = {Functional Ingredients and Medicinal Prospects of Ethanol Extract from Macrocybe lobayensis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1154-1158}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1154}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mushrooms are a good source of bioactive components and have been traditionally consumed across the globe for maintaining health. However, information concerning medicinal activity of ethnically popular macrofungi still remains limited. Aim: Therefore, the present study was aimed for determination of functional constituents and therapeutic efficacy of a less explored mushroom, Macrocybe lobayensis that has been habitually used in local diets. Method: In this context, an ethanol extract was prepared from dried basidiocarps and characterized by spectrophotometry and HPLC to identify bioactive constituents. Alongside, the fraction was also subjected for evaluation of medicinal properties namely antioxidant and antibacterial effects. Results: The formulation was found to be consisted mainly of phenolic compounds (pyrogallol\> cinnamic acid\> p-coumaric acid\> p-hydroxybenzoic acid). As a result, the fraction exhibited strong antioxidant activity evident by the ability of quenching DPPH and ABTS radicals, chelating capacity of Fe2+ as well as reducing components with EC50 of 1000 to 2264 \μg/ml. Besides, the formulation also emerged as a potent source of antibiotic as it inhibited growth of investigating microbes in order of Staphylococcus aureus\> Escherichia coli\> Bacillus subtilis\> Salmonella typhimurium\> Listeria monocytogenes. Conclusion: Thus, the outcome might encourage use of M. lobayensis as natural antioxidant and antibacterial agent in pharmaceutical, cosmetic or food industries.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant potential, Ethanol Extract, Wild edible mushroom}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.197}, author = {Somanjana Khatua and Krishnendu Acharya} } @article {509, title = {High Antioxidant and Phenolic Contents Related to Antibacterial Activity against Gastrointestinal Pathogenic Bacteria of Some Thai Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {341-348}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {341}, abstract = {

Objective: Thai medicinal plants were used as the traditional medicines and as part of everyday plants diet. Plants contain a mixture of phytochemical and exhibit a lot of functional food and medicinal properties. This project aims to investigate the potential of selected Thai medicinal plants according to the properties of their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Methods: The eighteen plants were extracted using maceration method with 95\% ethanol. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and FRAP assay. The total phenolic content was evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar disc diffusion method. The extract which exhibited high antioxidant and antibacterial activity was selected to observe morphological changes by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: The extract of Caesalpinia sappan showed the highest activities on both antioxidant assayed by FRAP method and total phenolic contents, however, exhibited high antioxidant assayed by DPPH compared to Bauhinia strychnifolia extract. Moreover, the extract of C. sappan showed the excellent antibacterial activities against six pathogenic bacteria in Gastro-intestinal tract. The morphological change by SEM was selected for further investigation antibacterial activities of C. sappan extract. The results showed that the inhibitory effect to those bacterial strains could be caused by the disruption of the cell membrane and decrease biofilm formation after treatment with the extract. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of C. sappan exhibited strong antioxidant and antibacterial activities against the six pathogenic bacteria. This result suggested that C. sappan could be applied to use for medicinal purpose and functional products.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, Caesalpinia sappan, Scanning electron microscope, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.58}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/488}, author = {Parichat Phalanisong and Kanit Vichitphan and Jaehong Han and Sukanda Vichitphan} } @article {558, title = {In vitro Study of Antibacterial Activity of Hydro-Alcohol Morrocan Plants Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {519-526}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {519}, abstract = {

Context: Several aromatic and medicinal Morrocan plants have been used traditionally in pharmaceutical products and traditional medicine for the treatment of several pathologies. Objective: Evaluation of the protective power of nine Moroccan plants ethanol extracts against some strains of bacteria. Method: The antibacterial activities of ethanolic extracts (EE) were evaluated using agar-well diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and IC50 against nine foodborne bacteria [Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus (PN15 and 25923), Escherichia coli (TF2 and ATCC 25929), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P116 and 195) and Salmonella enterica]. Screening of chemical constituents was carried out as well. Results: We noted the presence of leuco-anthocyanins, anthocyanins, essential oils, alkaloids, and aldehydes in the extracts. The strains of S. enterica followed by S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were the most resistants to the extracts effect. The principal component analysis (APC) demonstrated that the highest antibacterial activity was that of L. nobilis and O. europaea ethanol extract (EE), which was directly bactericidal on all the strains tested with the exception of P. aeruginosa. While, R. tinctorum, S. indicum and L. sativum were characterized by the lowest activity. Statistical analysis: Analysis of variance was performed by uni-varied ANOVA in the software SPSS 22 Fr. Conclusion: The active compounds were soluble in ethanol. The antimicrobial activities of L. nobilis and O. europaea may contribute to understand their involvement in pharmaceutical products and traditional medicine against many microbial infections.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Chemical composition, Hydro-Alcohol Extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.85}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/518}, author = {Ramdan Btissam and E I Malki Fatima and NHIRI Mohamed} } @article {514, title = {Isolation, Characterization and in vitro Pharmacological Activities of Tagetes Erectus Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {384-393}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {384}, abstract = {

Tagetes erectus (family: Asteraceae), commonly known as \‘African marigold\’, is an ornamental plant widely distributed in India. The plant has been used in traditional medicines in India and elsewhere in the treatment of cold, bronchitis, rheumatism and inflammation. The flavonoid quercetin has been isolated from the methanol extract of the plant by column chromatography and identified by co-TLC, comparison of its melting point, UV, IR and NMR spectra. Quercetin content has been estimated as 1.22 (\±0.26) \% in the methanol extract of Tageteserectus whole plant based on HPTLC method using the solvent systemchloroform: methanol (8.5:1.5). The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation (oil yield 0.04\% v/w) and 25 compounds comprising 93.9\% of the constituents were identified by GC-MS analysis. Monoterpenoids Predominated the oil (78.5\%), with piperitone as the major compound (40.1\%) followed by terpinolene (12.7\%) and limonene (12.0\%). The in vitro antioxidant assays of the methanol extract showed moderate activity with IC50 values 109.45 (\±1.22) g/ml for DPPH radical scavenging assay and 201.53 (\±4.48) g/ml for superoxide scavenging assay and the marker compound quercetin showed IC50 values 26.40(\±1.75) and 13.87 (\±0.54) g/ml respectively. Reducing power assay also showed moderate activity. Antibacterial activity of the methanol extract and the essential oil against gram positive and gram-negative bacteria were done using disc diffusion method. The essential oil showed remarkable activity against the tested organisms, while the extract showed only moderate activity.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Disc diffusion method, DPPH radical scavenging assay, Flavonoids, Quercetin, Terpinolene}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.64}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/495}, author = {Resmi S and Divya V Nair and Athulya Subhash and Rose Jose and Vishnu V and Subin Mary Zachariah} } @article {634, title = {Pharmacological Studies of Oxalis Pes-caprae L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {705-711}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {705}, abstract = {

Background: Oxalis pes-caprae is also called as \“sourgrass\” or soursob. The roots, stems and leaves of Oxalis pes-caprae have high medicinal values and have the function of antiinflammatory and analgesia, clearing heat, removing toxicity. In present study Oxalis pescaprae belonging to family oxalidaceae evaluated for pharmacological activities like cytotoxicity, phtotoxicity, antibacterial and antifungal bioassays. Materials and Methods: Cytotoxic activity was performed by brine shrimp bioassay using methodology of Atta- ur- Rahman et al., 2001. The phytotoxic activity was investigated by applying Lamna minor (as test species) following Atta-ur-Rahman et al., 2001. Anti-bacterial screening was conducted following Rathan (2000). Anti-fungal screening was carried out using agar well diffusion method following Perez et al. (1990) and Atta-ur-Rahman et al. (1991). Results: Its ethanolic extract showed highly significant (100\%) cytotoxicity with LD50 8.98 at 1000 ppm. Lemna minor phytotoxicity assay showed that O. pes-caprae chloroform extract showed 90\% inhibition at 1000 ppm with FI50 0.1048. Antibacterial bioassays showed that all the samples of the plant were significant against Xanthomonas, Clavibacter machengnitis and Bacillus at 1000, 1500 and 2500 ppm doses. Dose dependent antifungal activities against test species (Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium and Fusarium solani) were noticed for all the extracts at 100 and 1000 ppm. Conclusion: Pharmacological potentials showed that this plant can be used in upcoming time for extracting numerous active constituents for their pharmacological preparations.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Antifungal activity, Cytotoxic activity, Oxalis pes-caprae, Pharmacology, Phytotoxic activity, Whole plant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.117}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/655}, author = {Syeda Naila and Muhammad Ibrar} } @article {321, title = {Antibacterial Activity Of Shin{\textquoteright}iseihaito (Xinyiqingfeitang) And its Components Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {310-314}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {310}, abstract = {

Objective: Shin\’iseihaito (xinyiqingfeitang in Chinese, SSHT), a formula in traditional Japanese Kampo medicine and Chinese medicine comprising nine crude drugs, Gypsum, Ophiopogon Tuber, Scutellaria Root (SR, root of Scutellaria baicalensis), Gardenia Fruit, Anemarrhena Rhizome, Lilium Bulb, Magnolia Flower, Loquat Leaf, and Cimicifuga Rhizome (CR, rhizome of Cimicifuga heracleifolia), is commonly used to treat sinusitis associated with purulent nasal discharge and reddish nasal mucosa. We evaluated anti-bacterial activity of SSHT extract on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), one cause of bacterial sinusitis. Materials and Methods: Sterile paper disks impregnated with SSHT extract, the combination of crude drugs composing SSHT according to the traditional pharmacological theory, or each component were placed on Mueller-Hinton agar plates inoculated with several strains of MRSA isolated from the patients. The diameter of inhibitory zone was measured after 18\–24 h incubation. Results: SSHT extract showed antibacterial activity against 128/190 (66.8\%) MRSA clinical isolates. The effect of the extract of SSHT without heat-clearing drugs (SSHT\–HC) or without exterior-releasing drugs (SSHT\–ER) were significantly lower than that of SSHT extract. Each water extract of SR, Loquat Leaf, Magnolia Flower and CR showed significant anti-MRSA activity, and SR extract exhibited the largest inhibitory zone. Conclusions: SSHT has antibacterial activity against MRSA clinical isolates, and SR mainly contributes to the antibacterial activity of SSHT against MRSA clinical isolates.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Scutellaria baicalensis, Shin{\textquoteright}iseihaito, Sinusitis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.53}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.53}, author = {Toru Konishi and Masaaki Minami and Toshiaki Makino} } @article {253, title = {Comparative Antimicrobial Study of Ethanolic Extract of Leaf and Rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {208-212}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {208}, abstract = {

Introduction: Curcuma longa L., botanically related to ginger belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. It is extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha medicine as a home remedy for various diseases. Aim: The present study is to compare the antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extracts from rhizome and leaf of Curcuma longa Linn. Method: In vitro disc diffusion method and serial dilution method has been used to determine the antimicrobial potency against various bacterial pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis by comparing the zone of inhibition shown by both the test extracts at different concentration (25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml, 300 mg/ml) and there MIC value has been evaluated. Ethanol and Ampicillin were used as negative and positive control for the study. Result: The leaf and rhizome extract showed maximum zone of inhibition at 300 mg/ml concentration, which was about 7.6 mm and 8 mm on the bacterial strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa and least effectiveness for other bacterial strain such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. The recorded MIC value was at 6.25 mg/ml which showed 3.991\% inhibition for rhizome extract and 3.129\% inhibition for leaf extract. Conclusion: The rhizome extract was found to be more potent antimicrobial agent than the leaf extract and can be used in future studies.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, antimicrobial agent, Bacterial stain, Curcuma longa L, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Turmeric}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.35}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/302}, author = {Nikhil Singh and Sangeeta Gupta and Vaibhav Rathore} } @article {101, title = {Antibacterial activity of Shin{\textquoteright}iseihaito (Xin Yi Qing Fei Tang) against Streptococcus pneumoniae}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {20-23}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Objective: Shin\&$\#$39;iseihaito (Xin yi qing fei tang in Chinese, SSHT), a formula in traditional Japanese Kampo medicine and Chinese medicine comprising nine crude drugs, Gypsum, Ophiopogon Tuber, Scutellaria Root (SR, root of Scutellaria baicalensis), Gardenia Fruit, Anemarrhena Rhizome, Lilium Bulb, Magnolia Flower, Loquat Leaf, and Cimicifuga Rhizome, is commonly used to treat sinusitis associated with purulent nasal discharge and reddish nasal mucosa. We evaluated anti-bacterial activity of SSHT extract on Streptococcus pneumoniae, the major cause of bacterial sinusitis. Materials and Methods: Sterile paper disks impregnated with SSHT extract or each extract of its component were placed on sheep blood agar plates inoculated with Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 49619). The diameter of inhibitory zone was measured after 20-24 h incubation. Results: SSHT extract and each water extract of Ophiopogon Tuber, SR, Gardenia Fruit, Anemarrhena Rhizome, Lilium Bulb, Magnolia Flower, and Cimicifuga Rhizome showed significant antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, and SR extract exhibited the largest inhibitory zone. SR extract was partitioned into AcOEt, BuOH, and water layer, and water layer was further separated into 80\% EtOH soluble and insoluble fraction. Among them, only 80\% EtOH soluble fraction was exhibited antibacterial activity. In this fraction, we found baicalin as the major compounds, and baicalin exhibited antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae in concentration-dependent manner. \ Conclusion: SSHT has antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, and SR and its major constituent baicalin contribute to the antibacterial activity of SSHT against Streptococcus pneumoniae.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Baicalin, Scutellaria baicalensis, Shin{\textquoteright}iseihaito, Sinusitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.4}, author = {Toru Konishi and Masaaki Minami and Zhixia Jiang and Tetsuya Arai and Toshiaki Makino} } @article {88, title = {Inhibition of Bacillus anthracis growth by Australian native plants used traditionally as antibacterial medicines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {389-396}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {389}, abstract = {

Introduction: Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It is often fatal if left untreated. Many Australian plants have documented therapeutic properties as general antiseptics, inhibiting the growth of a wide variety of bacterial species. This study examines the ability of selected Australian plant extracts to inhibit B. anthracis growth. Methods: Solvent extracts were prepared using plants with documented ethnobotanical usage to treat bacterial infections, or published antibacterial activity. The extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay for the ability to inhibit the growth of an environmental strain of B. anthracis. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Results: Methanolic and aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus baileyana and Eucalyptus major displayed potent antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion assay against B. anthracis. The methanolic extracts were particularly potent with MIC values as low as 290 \μg/mL (E. major methanolic extract). Tasmannia insipidia and Tasmannia stipitata extracts also inhibited B. anthracis growth, albeit with low efficacy. The E. baileyana and E. major methanolic leaf extracts as well as the E. baileyana aqueous leaf extract induced significant mortality in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay, with LC50 values substantially \<1000 \μg/mL, indicating the toxicity of these extracts. Conclusion: The potent inhibitory bioactivity of the E. baileyana and E. major extracts against B. anthracis demonstrate their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of anthrax. However, their toxicity indicates that their use may be limited to the treatment of the cutaneous form of the disease, or for sterilisation of infected sites.

}, keywords = {Anthrax, Antibacterial activity, Bacillus anthracis, Eucalyptus, Scaevola spinescens, Tasmannia stipitata, Traditional medicine., Zoonotic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.13}, author = {Mitchell Henry Wright and Anthony Carlson Greene and Ian Edwin Cock} }